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Kabinett McConnell steht für folgende Regierungen in Schottland:
Kabinett McConnell I (2001–2003)
Kabinett McConnell II (2003–2007) | {
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If you are Walter Zuraek, please click here now to create your login!
Walter Zuraek Gutierrez has not joined the site yet. Do you know where Walter Zuraek Gutierrez is? If so, please click here to invite Walter Zuraek to join our site! | {
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In order to use Infrastructure integrations, you need to grant New Relic permission to read the relevant data from your account. Amazon Web Services (AWS) uses managed policies to grant these permissions.
New Relic highly recommends granting an account-wide ReadOnlyAccess managed policy from AWS. AWS automatically updates this policy when new services are added or existing services are modified. New Relic Infrastructure integrations have been designed to function with ReadOnlyAccess policies. For instructions, see Connect AWS integrations to Infrastructure.
If you're unable to use the ReadOnlyAccess managed policy from AWS, you can create your own customized policy based on the list of permissions, which specifies the optimal permissions required to fetch data from AWS for each integration. While this option is available, it is not recommended because it must be manually updated when you add or modify your integrations.
New Relic has no way of identifying problems related to custom permissions. If you choose to create a custom policy, it is your responsibility to maintain it and ensure proper data is being collected. | {
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German Black Metal Duo Imperium Dekadenz Present Gloomy New Single "November Monument" + Official Video
Published on Thursday, 8 December, 2022 - 22:09
From the depths of southwestern Germany's Black Forest, IMPERIUM DEKADENZ gathered their strengths from the dark to create their remarkable atmospheric black metal sounds. Into Sorrow Evermore, the new album from this sinister unit, will be unleashed on January 20, 2023 via Napalm Records! Keeping up with the sorrowful reality of existence, the duo addresses themes of depression, death and desperation. With eight new tracks, IMPERIUM DEKADENZ stick to their haunting roots and conquer the upper echelons of the black metal world.
Like the current dreary season, the band captures gloomy feelings in the second single, "November Monument". Along with an official music video, it is the picture-perfect illustration for their relentlessly honest words. Steady drums and emotionally charged guitar lines merge with omniscient whispers and angry growls. Since breaking the scene with their critically acclaimed debut, ...und die Welt ward kalt und leer in 2006, the band has developed their own ambient sound with a strong emphasis on melodic structuring and raw tunes that are influenced by the second wave of Norwegian black metal without losing its unique trademarks.
IMPERIUM DEKADENZ on "November Monument":
"November is a monument to death and darkness and yet it also represents the beginning of a new cycle. Travel with us into the dark wings of melancholy and through this season, full of reflection and relinquishment
Watch the official video for "November Monument" HERE
On their new album, IMPERIUM DEKADENZ continue their unique journey with dark, ambient sounds, luring the listener into suffocating spheres of black metal. Opener and title track "Into Sorrow Evermore" starts off with classic tremolo-picked black metal guitars and hard-hitting drums, building a gloomy atmosphere with the thrilling sound of vocalist Horaz spurring the album's immersion. "Truth under Stars" lures with pummeling blast beats accompanied by tragic guitar melodies as deep growls complement them to envelop the signature grim mood of the band. "Aurora" showcases melancholic pianos, accompanied by trudging drums as icy guitars swoon with a distorted but lush melody, building up to a serene guitar solo that cries its sorrows to the sky. The influence of various metal genres can be witnessed in songs like "Elysian Fields" and "Awakened beyond Dreams", while in between, "Forest in Gale" ensures characteristic style devices in mid-tempo speed, inducing a shift before delivering drama and dynamics. IMPERIUM DEKADENZ closes the album with "Memories … a Raging River", rightly encompassing all vicious vibes of the album into one final song. The album's flow mimics life itself, beginning with high energy that slowly fades into melancholy as it lives on.
IMPERIUM DEKADENZ state:
"In the dark and cold season, in a world that threatens to sink into its rising shadows, our new album 'Into Sorrow Evermore' rises from the fog of uncertainty. Melancholic, powerful, poignant, a reflection of the isolation and upheaval of recent years, but also a shadowy dream of what may come. Once again, we are happy to share our world and fill hearts. Into the darkness we strive, guided by our dreams, driven by the relentless time!"
Pre-order Into Sorrow Evermore NOW! | {
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. . . She's prettier without makeup.
1. The struggle of knowing that you're actually ok but not seeing or feeling it. 2. Giving up on events because you feel like you can't prepare yourself good enough for it. 3. Having a non-standart eyelid that causes all this guru-approved moves with eyeshadows blend together and look like shiner/dirt. ME. | {
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Published 04/22/2019 05:27:43 am at 04/22/2019 05:27:43 am in Can You Mix Vinegar And Pine Sol.
can you mix vinegar and pine sol gleaming spotless hardwood floors that smell like your favorite pine sol scent heres how to get em .
diy laminate floor cleaner your grandmother would be proud of diy laminate floor cleaner your grandmother would be proud of, how to freshen your towels and get rid of that mildew stink classy how to freshen your towels and get rid of that mildew stink classy clutter, amazing window cleaning hacks youve probably never heard of use a sponge brush dipped in pinesol or white vinegar to clean your window tracks, , brands the clorox company pinesol, cleaning products combinations to never mix bleach and ammonia cleaning products combinations to never mix bleach and ammonia, evergreen scented vinegar for cleaning ,cleaning products you should never mix cleaning tips bleach vinegar, are natural cleaning products as effective as those with strong if you would like to be alerted when new experimental results are posted please like my facebook page, keep flies away with pine sol the gardening cook keep flies away with pinesol, super simple ways to clean the inside of your microwave jillee microwave cleaning. | {
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} |
Local artisanal games handcrafted in Portland, Oregon.
Learn the Byzantine rules of Portland recycling!
A game you should never ever play.
You're a cloud. And you hate pedestrians.
Help Moe and Joe keep their host's bloodstream clean. | {
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Q: Eclipse doesn't take chanegs into account, have to rebuild manually I am running Unit Tests on some code, and discovering a few errors. The problem I am facing is that when I change the code, the tests results are not changing unless I manually run Maven to rebuild the project. Any change to my code is only effective after a manual rebuild.
Just for trying, I wrote a dummy test class:
public class Test {
@Test
public void testTest () {
assertEquals(0,0);
}
}
At first, Eclipse was not detecting any test, ending after 0 seconds and zero tests. After rebuilding, it was working. I then changed the line to assertEquals(0,1), and had to rebuild again for the test to fail.
I tried to reinstall Eclipse completly, but it did not fix the problem. I have no idea of what could be causing it.
| {
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} |
INTERESTED IN THE FOOD FUTURES LAB?
IFTF's Food Futures Lab identifies and catalyzes the innovations that have the potential to reinvent our global food system. We help stakeholders—multinational food companies, farmers, chefs, entrepreneurs, and more—make sense of emerging technologies, social behaviors, and scientific breakthroughs and take action toward a more resilient, equitable, and delicious future of food. Our research explores the motivations, drivers, and impacts of food innovation. We take the long-term view—one that encompasses multiple scales, uncertainties, and radically different possibilities for the future of food. We leverage foresight frameworks and processes to enable groups to imagine—and create—the futures they want for their organizations, their communities, and the world.
MAP new technologies, social behaviors, and scientific breakthroughs that will transform the global food system.
DEVELOP FORESIGHT based on research and futures thinking methodologies.
IMMERSE stakeholders in possible futures through maps, videos, artifacts from the future, and in-person workshops and conferences.
BRIDGE community initiatives, leading-edge innovators, and large organizations for robust research and collaboration.
CATALYZE ACTION to make the future today.
In addition to our research and projects with food brands, we catalyze long-term futures thinking across a global network of food innovators to help expand their impact. Our foresight inspires people around the world to build new solutions for urgent food futures.
We're a co-founder of the Food Innovation Program—a first-of-its-kind graduate degree that combines classroom learning with prototyping and a global exploration of food innovation hubs—with Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Future Food Institute.
We shaped challenges at the Food Hackathon: Nutrition for All, and designed Rethink Food to Remake the World, an ideation framework for the Bimbimbap Hackathon.
IFTF taught a "Thinking Like a Food Futurist" master class to students and young entrepreneurs at the 2017 global Thought for Food Summit, held in Amsterdam.
We partnered with Meat and Livestock Australia's Young Value Chain Innovators program to create a three-day Future Food Experiences design workshop with farmers and food technologists from across the region.
Contact us at [email protected] to learn more about our special projects and how to collaborate with us.
The Food Futures Lab is supported in part by IFTF's Future 50 partnership—a circle of future-smart organizations that think strategically about near-term choices to reshape the long-term future. Future 50 draws on a half century of futures research from our labs focusing on society and technology, the economy and the environment, food and health. Its goal is to create the perspectives and expert viewpoints, the signals and the data, to make sense out of disruptive forces in the present. Grounded in a framework of Foresight-Insight-Action, the Future 50 partnership invests in critical research, boundary-stretching conversations, and strategic experiments that will shape the business, social, and civil landscapes of tomorrow. | {
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Gardai appeal for help in the search for missing 13-year-old Jorja O'Keefe
Gardai are concerned for her welfare
Missing Jorja O' Keefe (Image: An Garda Síochána)
Gardaí have appealed for help in the search for missing 13-year-old Jorja O'Keefe.
The teenager went missing from the Clondalkin area shortly after 9am on Monday.
Jorja is described as being approximately 5 foot 4 inches in height with a thin build, long brown hair and blue eyes.
She was last seen wearing a bright coloured top, black cycling shorts and white runners.
Jorja was also carrying a blue rucksack and her hair was tied up.
Gardaí and Jorja's family are concerned for her welfare.
A garda spokeman said: "Anyone with information on Jorja's whereabouts are asked to contact Clondalkin Garda Station on (01) 666 7600, the Garda Confidential Line on 1800 666 111, or any Garda Station. "
For all the latest headlines straight to your inbox sign up for our free newsletter
Gardai renew appeal for help in search for missing 12-year-old Reece Thornton
RTE viewers furious after 'very upsetting' Rotunda documentary | {
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Rebels and Nomads: Have White Southerners Found Sanctuary in the Republican Party?
Abstract: During the last 30 years, the Republicans have become an interesting assortment of economic, international, and social conservatism, with each leg of the triad having more prominence at distinct times. Examining key votes throughout this period, we assess how the most recent converts to the party, those from Southern states, align with Republicans from other regions on each of these three dimensions. We also estimate the relative importance of each of the three dimensions annually during this period. Finally, we examine whether the unstable equilibrium that haunted the Congressional Democrats through the first half of the Cold War era has merely found a new resting place in the Republican Party. In order to analyze these issues, we analyze House roll call votes from 1975 - 2000 to determine how closely Southern and non- Southern Republicans are aligned. Next, we examine various issue dimensions, determining how party cohesion is affected when different sets of issues take on greater legislative importance. Our findings confirm that issue dimensions affect party cohesion and that regional differences are an important distinction when analyzing House Republicans in a modern context. | {
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Errata, Author Corrections
About CMR
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in the 21st Century
Jeannette Guarner, Mary E. Brandt
Jeannette Guarner
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
For correspondence: [email protected]
Mary E. Brandt
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00053-10
Fungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and the use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients. Because histopathologic examination of tissues detects fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus, it is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates or results from PCR testing. However, there are very few instances where the morphological characteristics of fungi are specific. Therefore, histopathologic diagnosis should be primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include the presence or absence of tissue invasion and the host reaction to the infection. The pathology report should also include a comment stating the most frequent fungi associated with that morphology as well as other possible fungi and parasites that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alternate techniques have been used to determine the specific agent present in the histopathologic specimen, including immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR. In addition, techniques such as laser microdissection will be useful to detect the now more frequently recognized dual fungal infections and the local environment in which this phenomenon occurs.
Fungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients (109). Some of the changes in endemic fungal infections can be attributed to climate changes, extension of human habitats, ease of travel, and shifting populations. At-risk populations for opportunistic fungal infections or disseminated endemic fungal infections include patients who have received transplants, those prescribed immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agents, HIV-infected patients, premature infants, the elderly, and patients undergoing major surgery. Thus, a shift in the mycoses encountered in the health care setting has occurred. Prior to the 21st century, bloodstream infections were more frequently caused by Candida spp., and agents of invasive pulmonary infections included primarily endemic mycoses and Aspergillus spp. Today, fungi previously considered nonpathogenic, including mucoraceous genera (formerly called zygomycetes) and a variety of both hyaline and dematiaceous molds, are commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. In addition, diagnosis of infection versus colonization with these fungi is a frequent problem that has important treatment implications for these patients. Furthermore, advances in diagnostic radiology and in patient support (such as platelet transfusions, etc) have allowed greater ability to pursue specific diagnoses by collecting tissue biopsy specimens from body sites formerly not available for histopathologic examination.
The advantages of obtaining these specimens have created a series of diagnostic challenges because of the limited amount of tissue obtained and the architectural distortion produced by these new procedures. In addition, the therapeutic armamentarium now available and the presence of resistance of these fungi to different drugs have compounded the diagnostic challenges. Histopathology continues to be a rapid and cost-effective means of providing a presumptive or definitive diagnosis of an invasive fungal infection. However, the use of fungal silver impregnation stains (Grocott or Gomori methenamine silver [GMS]) cannot alone solve these challenges, and newer diagnostic techniques may be required. Microbiologists, pathologists, and clinicians need to be aware of the limitations of tissue diagnosis, the pitfalls of morphological diagnosis, and the tests that can be performed with tissue and other samples to make organism-specific diagnoses. In this review we present epidemiologic, clinical, and morphological findings and interpretation pitfalls regarding the most frequently encountered yeasts and molds, as well as alternative testing that can be performed with other samples. Table 1 summarizes the clinical presentations and host reactions produced by the mycoses discussed in this review, Fig. 1 to 3 summarize the morphologies of these fungi and the differential diagnoses for each, and Table 2 summarizes the alternate testing that can be performed with specimens that were not sent to the pathology laboratory. Additionally, we present methods that can be used for diagnosis of specific yeasts and molds in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue submitted for histopathologic diagnosis, as well as a series of scenarios that should help guide the diagnosis and treatment of patients with mycoses.
Clinical presentation of and host reaction to the more common mycoses
Morphology, description, diagnosis, and comment for endemic fungal infections that present as yeasts in tissues. All photographs are of Grocott methenamine silver (GMS)-stained specimens except for the inset in the second row, which is a mucicarmine stain. For each type of infection, alternative testing and correlation with culture, epidemiologic, and clinical features are necessary. (The photographs of Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides spp. are reprinted from the CDC Public Health Image Library collection.)
Alternative testing that can be performed with nontissue specimens based on the morphology present in tissue and the suspected fungi
MORPHOLOGIES OF ORGANISMS IN TISSUES IN VARIOUS DISEASES
Diseases Where Yeasts or Yeast-Like Structures Are Usually Seen in Tissues
Blastomycosis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when blastomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Blastomycosis was first described by Gilchrist at the end of the 19th century as a dermatologic infection caused by a protozoan (58). Today we know it is caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, and the majority of cases involve primarily lung disease. The organism has been isolated from moist soil rich in organic debris in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys and around the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River, which include multiple states in the United States (southeastern, south central, and upper midwestern states) and several Canadian provinces (99). Blastomycosis was so prevalent in Chicago that it has been referred to as "Chicago disease" (118); however, sporadic cases have been reported from areas where the disease is not endemic, such as Colorado, Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska in North America, and from other countries around the world (150).
Inhalation of the B. dermatitidis conidia is the usual route of infection, and a variety of responses can occur in the lung, including asymptomatic infections, acute and chronic pneumonia, and fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (99, 118). In general, acute pneumonia is rarely identified outside outbreaks. More frequently, pulmonary blastomycosis is diagnosed in cases of chronic pneumonia or when a lung neoplasia is suspected. In 20 to 40% of cases the disease has become systemic at the time of diagnosis and there is skin, soft tissue, bone, genitourinary (GU), or central nervous system involvement (9, 87, 99, 118). In rare cases skin lesions without lung involvement have been described, suggesting direct cutaneous inoculation. The skin lesions most frequently described are painless ulcers or verrucous lesions. Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients appears to be more severe and more frequently fatal (99). It should be noted that in patients with central nervous system involvement, diabetes mellitus is an important predisposing factor (9).
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set blastomycosis apart. B. dermatitidis in tissue appears as yeasts that measure 8 to 15 μm in diameter, have thick refractile cell walls, and may show a single, broad-based bud (Fig. 1). The yeasts can be observed in a variety of specimens, including sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, fine-needle aspirates from lung, skin, or other lesions, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and surgical resections (9, 87). The thick refractile cell wall of this organism gives the appearance of a space between the fungal cell contents and the surrounding tissue when hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is used. Inside the cell wall, the multiple nuclei of the yeast stain with hematoxylin. Occasionally, B. dermatitidis can show smaller yeast forms, the so-called microforms. In addition, B. dermatitidis can be seen with a variety of routinely used preparations and stains such as KOH and Papanicolaou stain. The contour of the yeast is best highlighted by staining the cell wall with fungal silver stains such as GMS or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain (87, 118). The inflammatory reaction accompanying the yeasts is primarily granulomatous with various degrees of neutrophilic infiltrate; thus, it has been described as pyogranulomatous inflammation (118). It needs to be remembered that blastomycosis can be concomitantly present with neoplasias and tuberculosis.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.Few studies have systematically compared the presence of broad-based budding yeasts in histopathologic or cytologic specimens with culture or other diagnostic methods that would confirm the diagnosis of blastomycosis. A retrospective study of 53 patients showed that Coccidioides immitis, Candida albicans, or Aspergillus was recovered from 4 pathologic specimens (10%) demonstrating broad-based budding yeasts in direct histopathologic examination (118). An earlier study of patients with blastomycosis commented that a high percentage of their cultures were overgrown with Candida (87). This suggests that not all broad based-budding yeasts in the 8- to 15-μm size range are Blastomyces. Since histopathologic or cytologic results can usually be provided before the culture is available, there is pressure to use these results to guide treatment, particularly because B. dermatitidis can take up to 3 weeks to grow or may not grow at all from these specimens. The sensitivity of culture varies depending on the sample that was obtained and may range from 62% to 100% (87, 96). The diagnostic yield of histopathology will depend on the expertise present in the center where the patient is seen (99). Because of the possibility of histopathologic false-positive results, pathologists should describe the yeast and budding pattern that are observed in the tissue specimen and should list the yeasts that can have this morphology in the report comment field (Fig. 1). In addition, alternative tests are necessary to determine that the patient truly has blastomycosis, especially in cases from areas where the disease is not endemic or when the clinical picture is not typical.
(iv) Alternative testing.Blastomycosis antigens can be detected in the urine and serum by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The sensitivity and specificity for antigen detection have been reported to be above 90%; however, cross-reactivity occurs in patients with histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei (50). Because of the cross-reactivity, it is important that antigen tests for both blastomycosis and histoplasmosis be ordered. Detection of antibodies to B. dermatitidis in serum using traditional complement fixation and immunodiffusion has poor sensitivity and specificity; however, as antigens have been better purified and used in radioimmunodiffusion and EIAs, the sensitivity and specificity of serology have significantly improved (99). Cultures of the lesion should be encouraged, particularly in regions where the disease is not endemic.
Cryptococcosis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when cryptococcosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Human cryptococcosis is caused by several Cryptococcus species, including C. neoformans and C. gattii. C. neoformans is responsible for the majority of infections found in immunocompromised individuals, while C. gattii causes infections in immunocompetent and compromised hosts (72). C. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) and C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) have a worldwide distribution and are found primarily associated with pigeon guano. HIV infection is the most frequent predisposing factor for cryptococcal disease; however, other conditions are associated with cryptococcosis, including underlying lung, liver, or renal disease, immunosuppressant use, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. C. gattii (serotypes B and C) has been found in eucalyptus and other tropical and subtropical trees in a more limited geographic distribution, including Australia, Papua New Guinea, parts of Africa, Mexico, and southern California. In 1999, C. gattii was first reported as a human pathogen in Vancouver Island, Canada, and it has now been found to cause disease in other areas in British Columbia, Canada, and in the northwest United States (Washington and Oregon) (53).
Independent of the species, humans inhale cryptococcal yeasts or basidiospores, and thus the lung is the primary infection site (53, 72, 90). Few exposed individuals remain asymptomatic, while the majority display pneumonia, cryptococcomas, or pleural effusions. From the lung, cryptococci can disseminate to the central nervous system (producing meningitis or cryptococcomas), skin, bones, or other tissues. C. gattii is associated with a higher incidence of solid lesions in the lungs and brain than C. neoformans. The frequency of disseminated disease is dependent on the immune status of the patient: in immunocompetent individuals the most frequent presentation is pulmonary, while immunosuppressed patients commonly present with central nervous system involvement.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set cryptococcosis apart.Cryptococci are encapsulated, spherical to oval yeast that measure 5 to 10 μm in diameter and have narrow-based budding (Fig. 1) (31, 56). A thick polysaccharide capsule gives these organisms the characteristic appearance of having a clear space around them that can be seen in tissue sections with H&E stains. When testing CSF, India ink can be used as a negative stain to highlight the capsule. Because of the capsule, the buds appear separate from the mother cells. The polysaccharide capsule stains with Alcian blue and Mayer's or Southgate's mucicarmine stain. As with all other yeasts, the wall of the organism stains with GMS and PAS stains. In addition, cryptococci stain with Fontana-Masson stain because they contain melanin.
The inflammatory reaction against cryptococci seen in histopathology varies from well-formed granulomas where the organisms are found inside macrophages and giant cells to minimal inflammation with abundant extracellular organisms that efface the tissue architecture (31, 56). The granulomatous inflammatory reactions also show a spectrum from abundant necrosis to fibrous granulomas. In some instances the fibrosis is intense, with the fibroblast having plump spindle cells in a storiform pattern accompanied by a background of lymphocytes and plasma cells, giving the appearance of an inflammatory pseudotumor (151). Some authors have correlated the inflammatory reaction to the immune status of the patient and the presence or absence of capsule.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.In some patients with cryptococcosis, the yeast may produce lesser amount of the characteristic polysaccharide capsule; thus, these organisms may resemble other yeasts of similar size, such as Candida spp. or Histoplasma. Staining these specimens with Fontana-Masson stain may prove that the yeast produces melanin, which is characteristic of cryptococci. The use of cryptococcal antigen tests with serum and CSF may not be helpful for patients with poorly encapsulated cryptococci, because most of the serologic tests detect antigens present in the capsule (56).
(iv) Alternative testing.Cryptococcal antigen testing using latex agglutination or EIA can be performed with serum and CSF. These techniques show a sensitivity and specificity of above 90%; however, false-negative results can occur due to low fungal burden or a prozone phenomenon, while false-positive results have been seen in patients infected with Trichosporon spp. or Klebsiella pneumoniae, in those with positive rheumatoid factor, or if the reagent was incubated with the specimen beyond the recommended time. The presence of antigens or yeast forms in the various fluids and tissues is important for diagnosis and for determining the amount of cryptococci present, but continued infection can be determined only by cultures (72). Cultures, particularly using canavanine-glycine-bromthymol blue medium, which turns blue in the presence of C. gattii, are helpful to determine the species of Cryptococcus and are indispensable for determining antifungal susceptibility when indicated. However, it should be noted that breakpoints for antifungal drugs have not been established for Cryptococcus spp.
Histoplasmosis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when histoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Histoplasma capsulatum is found worldwide in old buildings, caves, and soil rich in bird and bat droppings; nevertheless, there are areas of endemicity, including the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys in the United States, Central and South America, southern Europe, parts of Africa, and southeastern Asia (78). In most areas of the world human histoplasmosis is caused by H. capsulatum var. capsulatum; however, in western and central regions of sub-Saharan Africa the African clade of Histoplasma capsulatum, formerly named H. capsulatum var. duboisii, can be found (93). Although histoplasmosis can occur in outbreaks when old buildings are renovated/demolished or groups of tourists visit caves, most cases are sporadic.
Histoplasmosis is acquired by inhaling microconidia, and depending on the amount of fungus inhaled and immune status, the host may show no symptoms or may have acute or chronic pulmonary disease or disseminated infection (22, 78). Once inhaled, the conidia are ingested by lung alveolar macrophages, where the organisms convert into the yeast phase. The phagocytized organisms survive inside macrophages for weeks and can disseminate as the macrophages travel in the lymphatic system. H. capsulatum is an intracellular pathogen that can remain viable inside macrophages until specific cell-mediated immunity kills the organisms. Disseminated disease occurs upon initial infection or as reactivation of latent disease in individuals who have T-cell immunodeficiencies such as AIDS, hematologic malignancies, or solid organ transplants or who use corticosteroids or tumor necrosis factor antagonists (63).
Patients with high exposure loads or those who are immunosuppressed can present with acute pneumonia or ARDS (32, 78). As macrophages travel to mediastinal lymph nodes, patients may present with mediastinitis, and as macrophages disseminate through the body, the organisms spread to other organs, forming nodules. Usual sites of dissemination include the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Although rare, central nervous system infection can occur. Chronic cavitary histoplasmosis that may be clinically indistinguishable from tuberculosis is a frequent presentation of older patients with emphysema or immunocompetent individuals exposed to lower fungal loads.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set histoplasmosis apart. H. capsulatum var. capsulatum in tissue is an oval 2- to 4-μm yeast that may show narrow-based buds (Fig. 1) (32). With H&E stain, the basophilic yeast cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding tissue by a clear zone corresponding to the cell wall. The cell wall is highlighted with GMS and PAS stains. Because the yeasts are initially ingested by macrophages, they appear to be clustered, and some authors have suggested that this is an important diagnostic feature. This clustering within histiocytes and occasionally within neutrophils is the presentation of Histoplasma in fluids stained with Papanicolaou stain or blood smears stained with Giemsa stain (60). African histoplasmosis shows similar clustering inside phagocytic cells (particularly large multinucleated giant cells), but the yeasts are larger (8 to 15 μm in diameter) than with H. capsulatum and may be pigmented.
Few lung tissue samples from patients with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis have been studied, and these have shown nodular areas of parenchymal and vascular necrosis associated with lympho-histiocytic vasculitis (105). The histopathologic picture resembles that for lymphomatoid granulomatosis, but scattered small granulomas with small yeasts in the parenchyma should suggest the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Chronic lung infections that radiographically appear as coin lesions show typical granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis and calcified material (32). Yeasts are usually found in this necrotic calcified material, which can be lost during processing and cutting of the tissue. In immunosuppressed patients, sheets of macrophages filled with yeasts characterize disseminated disease. The collections of macrophages distort the organ architecture and produce necrotic areas. Because the morphology of H. capsulatum is not specific, it is important to perform clinico-epidemiologic correlation.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.Several fungi can be confused with H. capsulatum var. capsulatum when studying tissue sections (22, 60): the small variant of B. dermatitidis (in these cases the presence of broad-based budding and seeking larger forms can be helpful in making the diagnosis of blastomycosis), capsule-deficient cryptococci (in these cases size variation and looking for weakly positive mucicarmine-staining yeasts may suggest the diagnosis of cryptococcosis), endospores of Coccidioides spp. (looking for remnants of a ruptured spherule or an intact spherule is paramount for diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis), Pneumocystis jirovecii (this organism lacks budding and has an intracystic focus), Penicillium marneffei (this organism shows formation of a transverse septum rather than budding), and Candida glabrata (this organism may show more size variability than in histoplasmosis, and the inflammation is primarily neutrophilic).
In addition, several protozoa can also show intracellular organisms of similar size, including the agents of leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and Chagas' disease, which should be differentiated from histoplasmosis (32, 60). The histopathologic difference between these organisms and Histoplasma is that H&E stains the entire protozoan and none shows the halo produced by the fungal cell wall. Kinetoplasts (a distinct hematoxylin-stained bar to the side of the nucleus) should be observed if the patient has leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease. Infected cells in toxoplasmosis and Chagas' disease are somatic (cardiomyocytes or neurons) rather than histiocytes.
In summary, definitive diagnosis of histoplasmosis can be difficult with tissue sections, and if a portion of the tissue specimen was not sent for cultures, alternative testing should be considered.
(iv) Alternative testing.Cultures for Histoplasma using blood samples can aid in the diagnosis of disseminated disease. However, since these are primarily intracellular organisms, lysis-centrifugation methods should be used to release the yeasts from histiocytes. Furthermore, the organism grows slowly, so cultures require incubation for 4 to 6 weeks before they are called negative (77). Although testing for antibodies can be performed using complement fixation or immunodiffusion, production of antibodies may not occur in immunodeficient patients (22, 78). False-positive serology can occur in patients with lymphoma, tuberculosis, and other fungal infections, particularly blastomycosis. Detection of antigen in urine and serum can be performed using EIA with various results. Antigen is concentrated in the urine, making Histoplasma antigen detection in this specimen more reliable. Similarly to antibody testing, there are false-positive results with antigen testing. The cross-reactivity with blastomycosis is particularly problematic because histoplasmosis and blastomycosis have overlapping endemicity and histopathologically these yeasts can sometimes be confused. Nonetheless, in patients with nondisseminated histoplasmosis the antigen burden is lower, and thus sensitivity is lower. Combining the results of detection of antigen in urine and serum may increase the sensitivity in patients with pulmonary histoplasmosis (157). Diagnosis of exposure to Histoplasma has been performed using intradermal reaction to histoplasmin, but this reagent is not available in the United States (55).
Coccidioidomycosis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when coccidioidomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Coccidioides immitis is endemic in California desertic areas, in particular the San Joaquin valley (1, 117). Coccidioides posadasii is present in desertic regions of northwest Mexico, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and West Texas and in desertic areas in Argentina, Paraguay, and parts of Central America (5). However, very little difference in morphology or clinical presentation has been found between the two species. There is a clear correlation between the incidence of disease and environmental factors: coccidioidomycosis increases when there are rainy summers followed by dry winters, following earthquakes, or when humans settle and develop the previously mentioned desertic areas. In any of these instances, Coccidioides arthrospores are released in higher numbers than the usual baseline (117).
Humans inhale the arthroconidia, which in the lung are transformed into multinucleated spherical structures that contain hundreds of endospores (117). It is estimated that up to 60% of individuals exposed have no symptoms, while the remainder may present with what appears to be acute community-acquired pneumonia (1, 5). In those patients with acute pneumonia, the chest X rays show lobar infiltrates and adenopathy. Several erythematous rashes (multiforme, nodosum, or toxic) are reflections of immune response to the acute infection. The majority of acute pulmonary infections known as "valley fever" resolve; however, in a minority of patients the infection may become chronic progressive, showing either a cavity or nodule. Extrapulmonary disease can occur in members of certain risk groups, including African Americans, Asians, pregnant women, patients with diabetes, or patients receiving corticosteroids for a variety of conditions. The most common sites of dissemination include skin, lymph nodes, bones, and joints; nonetheless, the most feared complication is extension to the central nervous system. Besides acquisition of infection through the respiratory route, there are rare reports of direct inoculation of skin, giving rise to primary cutaneous lesions, or acquisition through transplanted organs (21, 102, 116).
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set coccidioidomycosis apart.Spherules of various sizes (10 to 100 μm) with multiple endospores (2 to 5 μm) are characteristic of coccidioidomycosis and can be seen with routine H&E staining (116, 142). The walls of some of the spherules may appear to be ruptured, and the endospores spill into surrounding tissues. Active lesions contain multiple organisms, while resolving or residual lesions usually show lower number of organisms. GMS highlights spherule walls and endospores (Fig. 1). In contrast, reactions with PAS stain vary with age of the structures: young endospores and spherules stain strongly, while staining fades as the organisms mature. Occasionally, mycelia can be observed in cavitary lung or skin lesions (142). The sensitivity for histopathologic detection of Coccidioides is 84%, and that for cytology is 75% (1).
The inflammatory reaction to endospores is predominantly neutrophilic, while reaction to spherules is granulomatous. Thus, early in the infection the lesions tend to show pyogranulomas because the concentration of spherules and endospores is high. Lymphocytic clusters of B and T cells around well-formed granulomas with necrosis have been described and appear to be an important response to coccidioidomycosis (88). Eosinophils can be abundant, releasing eosinophilic major basic protein, and can create the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon (an intense rim of eosinophilic material around the fungal elements) (127).
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis. Rhinosporidium seeberi, a mesomycetozoan parasite that causes palate and nasopharyngeal polyps, produces large sporangia (some can be seen with the naked eye) with multiple internal endospores. R. seeberi has very similar morphology, but its sporangia and endospores are larger than Coccidioides spherules, and its inner sporangial wall stains with mucicarmine. When coccidioidomycosis is suspected, it is important to look for spherules; endospores outside spherules or young spherules without endospores can be confused with Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Emmonsia, Candida, Pneumocystis, and other yeasts (142). It also needs to be remembered that in immunosuppressed patients, more than one infection may coexist; thus, in areas of endemicity, Pneumocystis and Coccidioides could be found in the same specimen.
(iv) Alternative testing.In the United States, Coccidioides spp. are select agents that are governed by specific rules related to their possession, use, and transfer. These fungi grow easily in the laboratory (93% sensitivity), and the arthroconidia can be easily aerosolized; thus, it is mandatory that all work with mycology cultures is performed using a class II biological safety cabinet (1, 142). Because of the culture constraints, laboratories have studied genomic assays targeting either internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) or proline-rich antigen (Ag2/PRA) for diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with up to 98% sensitivity (5).
Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides can be an important diagnostic tool. Today, IgM and IgG are generally measured using EIA and/or immunodiffusion; however, some laboratories continue to use tube precipitin to measure IgM and complement fixation to measure IgG antibodies (142). False-negative serology has been seen in up to 38% of patients with hematogenous infection and 46% of fatal cases (1). Detection of antigens in the urine using EIA has been shown in 71% of patients with coccidioidomycosis but shows cross-reaction in 10% of patients with other endemic mycoses (49).
Candidiasis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when candidiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Candida albicans colonizes the human oropharynx and vagina, and a small number of viable organisms can be cultured from these surfaces (38, 153). Superficial infections in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract occur when there are microbial imbalances caused by fluctuations in reproductive hormones, antibiotic use, and immunosuppression that may have causes ranging from HIV infection to diabetes (38, 52). Invasive candidiasis occurs primarily as a health care-associated infection, and patients at risk include those receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, or total parenteral nutrition and those with vascular access devices, recent surgeries, malignancies, and neutropenia (40). C. albicans is the most frequent species isolated from the blood, accounting for one-third to two-thirds of bloodstream isolates (38). Certain species are associated with particular risk factors; for example, Candida parapsilosis is seen in patients with hyperalimentation or indwelling devices or in neonates, while Candida glabrata is seen in patients who are receiving azoles. Once Candida organisms gain access to the blood, secondary seeding into all organs can occur. Common localizations include the liver and spleen in neutropenic hemato-oncologic patients, the endocardium in those with prosthetic heart valves or other intravascular prosthetic devices, and the eye in those with longstanding candidemia (160). Candida organisms are capable of forming biofilms in catheters and devices, permitting their growth even when achievable doses of appropriate antifungal agents are given (40, 160).
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set candidiasis apart.In tissues Candida organisms appear as mats of yeasts measuring 3 to 5 μm in diameter intermingled with pseudohyphae (also referred to as filaments) (Fig. 2) (94). The filaments may show periodic constrictions. The organisms can be seen with H&E, GMS, and PAS stains. The predominant Candida species that does not produce filaments is C. glabrata. Histopathologic examination of specimens is very important to define invasion of tissues and vessels, since growth from skin, lung, and the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract is only indicative of colonization (40).
Morphology, description, diagnosis, and comment for fungal infections that present with hyphae or pseudohyphae in tissues. All photographs are of Grocott methenamine silver (GMS)-stained specimens except for the inset in the fourth row, which is a Fontana-Masson stain. The brown color observed in the fungal element is melanin. For each type of infection, alternative testing and correlation with culture, epidemiologic, and clinical features are necessary. (The photograph in the fourth row is reprinted from the CDC Public Health Image Library collection.)
The usual host reaction, whether in superficial or invasive candidiasis, consists primarily of neutrophilic inflammation with some lymphocytes and macrophages, fibrin, and coagulative necrosis (94). Giant cells and granulomas can be seen but are sparse. As Candida organisms invade blood vessels, they can cause mycotic aneurysms or thrombophlebitis. Necrotizing vasculitis has been described in candidemia, but organisms are not observed in the necrotic vessels, supporting the concept that Candida soluble fractions cause the necrotizing lesions (141). In patients with neutropenia the necrosis is usually accompanied by hemorrhage, and few lymphocytes and macrophages can be observed. In patients with endocarditis and vegetations, platelets are an important component (20). In gynecologic Pap smears, superficial Candida infections are associated with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei with perinuclear halos; these changes can be confused with low-grade, squamous intraepithelial lesions (104).
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis. Candida spp. are yeasts that can produce pseudohyphae, and they thus require differentiation from other yeasts and molds that produce true hyphae in tissue. The most frequent differential diagnosis is with Aspergillus spp. and Trichosporon spp. (94). Elongated Candida pseudohyphae can appear to be branching but are differentiated because pseudohyphae are slender and do not have septations. Germinating Candida blastospores can also appear to be branching but can be distinguished by the absence of a constriction between the base of the blastospore and the germ tube. Histoplasma is the differential diagnosis for C. glabrata, since pseudohyphae will not be produced by these species.
(iv) Alternative testing.Blood cultures are indispensable for diagnosis in invasive disease, although positive blood cultures are estimated to occur in 50 to 70% of cases. The peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization assay can be used to identify the most common species of Candida in smears made from positive blood culture bottles. Multiplex-tandem PCR detection of Candida spp. in whole blood, serum, or plasma has yielded better and faster results than blood cultures; however, this method is still for research use only and will need to be validated if used for diagnostic purposes (85). Detection of β-d-glucan in serum has been used, but the sensitivity and specificity will vary with the type of patient and the cutoff value used for the test (167). Sensitivity is lowest (57%) when using single specimens from patients with candidemia in the intensive care unit or monitoring once weekly with liver transplant patients, while it is highest (97%) when using a low cutoff value (60 pg/ml). Specificity ranges from 44 to 92% with single specimens from patients with candidemia using high cutoff values (80 pg/ml).
Diseases caused by other fungi and organisms resembling fungi that display yeasts or yeast-like organisms in tissue.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when yeasts or yeast-like organisms should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Pneumocystis pneumonia was an unusual infection until 1982, when AIDS appeared in the western world (28). Until the advent and widespread use of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), Pneumocystis pneumonia was frequently diagnosed in patients with AIDS and was associated with high mortality. Although the prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia in the United States has dropped, it continues to be a problem in patients with AIDS who have suboptimal access to HIV testing and health care, patients receiving immunosuppressant medications chronically, or those with altered immune status (79, 83). Pneumocystis is an interesting organism that has protozoan and fungal characteristics and has been classified as both at different times in history (112). In addition, the species that is pathogenic to humans (previously named P. carinii) has recently been renamed P. jirovecii. Although the mode of transmission of Pneumocystis is not known, an airborne mechanism is suspected since the majority of infected patients present with pneumonia. Extrapulmonary disease has been documented but is very rare (112).
Sporothrix schenckii is the cause of lymphocutaneous and fixed cutaneous lesions traditionally associated with injuries that occur during handling of contaminated soil, plants, and wood. Transmission in persons who handle sick animals but do not recall having had a skin injury has also been documented, particularly in cases involving children and cats (10). Most of the lesions occur in exposed areas, predominantly in hands, arms, and face, with rare instances of systemic disease affecting bone, joints, meninges, and other internal organs. Erythema nodosum and arthralgias (without infection of the joints) have been described in patients with cutaneous and lymphocutaneous disease. Although S. schenckii is found worldwide, infections are more common in tropical and temperate climates. Outbreaks of this disease in humans and animals in South Africa and Brazil have been described (144).
Of all the Penicillium species, P. marneffei is the most frequent cause of pathology in humans (98). Disseminated disease with this organism is seen primarily in immunosuppressed patients, particularly those with AIDS, who have resided in or visited Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, and the southern part of China) (48). In some areas it is the third most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS, after tuberculosis and cryptococcosis. The disease presents with fever that may be accompanied with chills, weight loss, anemia, cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory symptoms, and osteoarticular lesions.
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, which occurs mostly in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina, with occasional cases in countries in Central and South America (126). Rare cases have been documented in other countries decades after the patient resided in a country where the disease is endemic, suggesting reactivation of paracoccidioidomycosis that had been acquired at an earlier age. Exposure to P. brasiliensis does not guarantee the development of active disease. Hormonal, genetic, immunologic, and nutritional statuses appear to determine if the patient will present with acute or chronic or with localized or disseminated disease. In adults the disease predominates in males, which has been supported by in vitro studies showing that 17β-estradiol blocks or delays the transition from the mycelial or conidial forms into the pathogenic yeast forms (139). The majority of patients present with lung disease, which can disseminate hematogenously to bone marrow, adrenal glands, brain, and other tissues, or the organisms are expectorated and lesions can form in the oropharyngeal tract. In the lung the disease can present as interstitial infiltrates or cavities. Less frequently, P. brasiliensis is inoculated directly into the skin or oral mucosa, causing lesions in these areas. If there is lymphadenopathy, the necrotic contents may drain into the skin.
R. seeberi (described above) is another organism that cannot be cultured and for which animal models do not exist. It has been placed phylogenetically at the divergence between fungal and animal organisms (6). The organism causes rhinosporidiosis, a disease characterized by polyploid tumors that occur primarily in the nose, nasopharynx, and ocular areas (27). Rarely the disease can disseminate to other mucous membranes or cutaneous sites as well as viscera. Rhinosporidiosis occurs in hot tropical climates in all continents, and cases have been reported from Uganda, Sri Lanka, India, Brazil, Argentina, Texas, and other locations.
Another unusual fungus that can be present in histopathologic specimens is Emmonsia crescens. This dimorphic fungus is inhaled or inoculated into the skin when humans are in close contact with rodent burrows and aerosolized conidia. The amount of conidia inoculated will determine the presentation: small inocula are asymptomatic and present as walled-off granulomas, while larger inocula can result in acute severe pulmonary disease. The disease is known as adiaspiromycosis or haplomycosis, due to the presence in tissue of adiaspores, which are large, thick-walled structures formed by transformation of hyphae. Emmonsia pasteuriana has also been reported in a patient with AIDS (47); this species does not produce adiaspores in tissue.
(ii) Morphological characteristics.In tissue sections stained with H&E, Pneumocystis pneumonia presents as foamy intra-alveolar eosinophilic exudates with minimal inflammatory infiltrate. In Papanicolaou-stained respiratory cytology specimens, the organisms blend into the mucous blue-green background. GMS staining demonstrates that the foamy material in tissue sections or cytologic specimens corresponds to multiple organisms which are thin-walled spheres of 2 to 5 μm that have an intracystic focus (capsular dot) (Fig. 3) (64). Collapsed organisms are usually found intermingled with intact organisms. Atypical inflammatory reactions to Pneumocystis have been documented, including interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, granulomas, hyaline membranes, and interstitial lung infiltrates (64). In these instances, it is difficult to suspect that Pneumocystis is present in the lesion.
Morphology, description, diagnosis, and comment for fungal infections that show characteristic yeast morphology in tissues. Except for the last row, which shows an H&E-stained asteroid body, all photographs are of Grocott methenamine silver (GMS)-stained specimens (including the inset of S. schenckii, which is counterstained with H&E). For each type of infection, alternative testing and correlation with culture, epidemiologic, and clinical features are necessary. (The photographs of Pneumocystis, Penicillium marneffei, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are reprinted from the CDC Public Health Image Library collection.)
S. schenckii in tissues appears as round, oval, or cigar-shaped yeasts of 2 to 6 μm or larger in diameter that may show narrow-based or tube-like budding (34). S. schenckii yeasts are not easy to identify with H&E stains, and thus GMS and PAS stains should be used to highlight their contour. In cases of sporotrichosis, star-like, eosinophilic material (Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon) surrounding yeasts can be observed in 40 to 92% of cases (24, 138). These structures have been called asteroid bodies, and Sporothrix has been demonstrated in the centers of these structures using immunohistochemistry (138). The infection is usually present in a background of granulomatous inflammation with neutrophils and microabscesses and various degrees of fibrosis. The epidermis in cutaneous lesions shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and microabscesses. Yeasts are most abundant in the microabscesses. In epidermal microabscesses, the yeasts may be mixed with hyphae. S. schenckii has also been identified using fine-needle aspiration of lesions (57).
P. marneffei yeasts are small (2 to 5 μm in diameter) and do not bud but divide by fission, thus resembling a sausage with a transverse septum (Fig. 3) (98, 168). These transverse septa will appear to be thicker than the wall of the yeast when using the GMS stain. P. marneffei yeasts are usually found inside macrophages and thus appear in clusters with occasional single extracellular organisms. Immunosuppressed patients show an anergic necrotizing host response with abundant infected macrophages accompanied by various degrees of necrosis; however, in patients where immunity is less compromised, granulomatous and abscess formation have been described. P. marneffei has also been identified using fine-needle aspiration of a lymph node (89).
P. brasiliensis in tissue sections stained with H&E are spherical yeasts that vary in size from 4 to 60 μm and have an optically clear space between the fungus and surrounding tissue (92). The pathognomonic "pilot wheel" created by multiple buds surrounding the parent cell is highlighted with GMS but may be difficult to observe with H&E stains (Fig. 3). Not all yeasts show buds around the entire circumference. The yeasts are usually found inside multinucleated giant cells. The host reaction ranges from mixed granulomatous and neutrophilic inflammation to necrotic granulomas surrounded by fibrosis. The epidermis in skin lesions shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. In the bone marrow there may be coagulative necrosis with osteonecrosis (129).
Diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis can be performed only using histopathology. R. seeberi presents as large (50- to 100-mm) round structures that can be seen with the naked eye as yellowish pinhead-sized spots in the polyp (27). Microscopically, these structures vary in size, corresponding to different stages in the development of the organism, and have a densely eosinophilic wall that either encloses smaller round structures or can be empty and containing amorphous eosinophilic material. Microscopic features of this organism are enhanced by using GMS, PAS, and mucicarmine stains (164). The host response is predominantly granulomatous inflammation admixed with fibrosis and granulation tissue. The epidermis and mucosal epithelium show hyperplastic features, and R. seeberi can be seen in these cellular layers.
On H&E staining, adiaspores are the primary feature of pulmonary adiaspiromycosis. Adiaspores are thick, double-walled spherules that measure 20 to 400 μm or more and are empty or contain eosinophilic hyaline globules (162). When stained with GMS, the entire wall thickness stains and shows fenestrations. Adiaspores usually elicit a granulomatous inflammatory reaction.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.The differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis includes Histoplasma. In the usual clinico-pathologic setting, the intracystic body of Pneumocystis is the key to differentiate this organism from Histoplasma. However, Pneumocystis may be difficult to differentiate from Histoplasma when present inside granulomas or when there is extrapulmonary disease.
S. schenckii should be differentiated from Candida (the presence of pseudohyphae may be useful unless it is C. glabrata), Histoplasma (finding clusters of organisms may indicate histoplasmosis), and Leishmania (by finding kinetoplasts). In addition, Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies (pigmented elliptical structures seen in sarcoidosis) have been confused with S. schenckii (34). The presence of the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon is an important distinctive feature of sporotrichosis.
P. marneffei should also be differentiated from Candida, Histoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leishmania, and this can be achieved by finding the characteristic P. marneffei transverse septum that occurs during fission of the organism.
Paracoccidioidomycosis may not show the characteristic multiple budding but may show only one or two buds. Since C. neoformans, S. schenckii and Lacazia loboi may have two and three buds, these fungi should be considered in the differential diagnosis. L. loboi is the cause of a nodular skin infection that histopathologically forms chains of cells connected to one another by a tubular structure in a granulomatous background (121). The diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis should be considered only when yeasts are variable in size and multiple teardrop and tubular buds are seen coming from a parent cell. Because of the variability in size, many yeasts can be confused with P. brasiliensis if organisms are present in low numbers and the characteristic "pilot wheel" is not seen.
Morphologically, coccidioidomycosis and rhinosporidiosis show either a spherule (Coccidioides) or a sporangium (Rhinosporidium) containing distinct endospore-like structures; however, R. seeberi sporangia are larger and mucicarmine positive, and the clinical setting is different from that of coccidioidomycosis (27).
The differential diagnosis for adiaspiromycosis in tissues has usually been helminthic infections, since there are no other fungi with these histologic characteristics (42). Helminths will show musculature and internal organs that are not present in adiaspiromycosis. Adiaspores may collapse and form various shapes that resemble other fungi, helminths, or pollen grains. Adiaspores are distinguished from Coccidioides spherules in that spherules contain endospores while adiaspores are empty.
(iv) Alternative testing. Pneumocystis cannot be recovered in culture, and thus alternative testing is usually performed using direct immunofluorescence. Although β-d-glucan in serum cross-reacts with Candida and Aspergillus organisms, it has been shown to have good sensitivity for detection of Pneumocystis (83). In addition to cultures for detection of S. schenckii, a skin test (sporothricin) has been used in areas of endemicity outside the United States. P. marneffei can be cultured from blood, skin lesions, or aspirates from lymph nodes. Serologic testing specific for P. marneffei has been studied in Southeast Asia (48). Serologic tests detecting IgG antibodies against P. brasiliensis are available in countries where it is endemic and are used for diagnosis and to follow up treatment(123). Skin tests using paracoccidioidin also have been used for epidemiologic studies (75). Alternative testing for rhinosporidiosis does not exist. Molecular diagnosis with fresh tissues has been used for several of these infections, using either specific primers for these fungi or panfungal primers (23, 45, 83).
Diseases Where Hyphae Are Usually Seen in Tissue
Aspergillosis.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when aspergillosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.The genus Aspergillus encompasses a large number of molds that reproduce asexually by producing unbranched chains of conidia from a bulbous structure called a vesicle (13). Aspergillus spp. are ubiquitous in the environment and have been used for centuries to ferment rice to produce sake or soybeans to produce soy sauce. In industry, Aspergillus niger is used to produce citric acid and numerous commercial enzymes. The genus has evolved to survive in a variety of habitats from damp basements and decaying vegetation to colonization of mammals. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most frequently associated with human disease, but other species, including those that are important for industry (A. niger), can cause disease in immunosuppressed hosts. Besides the host immune status, genetic predisposition to disease with Aspergillus spp. is an important component.
Aspergillosis encompasses three entities: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis/aspergilloma, and invasive or systemic aspergillosis (13, 136). ABPA is an exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of fungi, most frequently A. fumigatus, in cystic fibrosis and steroid-dependent asthma patients. These patients may be asymptomatic with infiltrates on chest X rays or have symptoms of bronchiectasis with copious production of sputum that contains brown specks or hemoptysis in addition to wheezing, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnostic criteria for the different stages have been established for the disease (2, 59, 119). However, all have in common the recognition of specific immunity toward Aspergillus antigens, which are not standardized tests (136). Once the patient has reached the fibrotic stage, the disease is not reversible; thus, diagnosis at earlier stages is important. Related to ABPA is allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, a hypersensitivity reaction to noninvasive fungal elements, particularly of the Aspergillus spp. (29, 145). Both ABPA and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis show allergic mucin with noninvasive hyphae, respiratory atopy, positive skin tests to the etiologic fungal organism, elevated total IgE, peripheral eosinophilia, association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, and a favorable response to steroids. In addition, ABPA shows elevated fungus-specific IgE and IgG antibodies.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis usually occurs in nonimmunocompromised individuals with a variety of predisposing conditions (152). Lung cavities caused by tuberculosis are the most frequently described predisposing condition; however, emphysema, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other infections have been described. As the lung tissue is destroyed by the fungus, a cavity forms or enlarges and a fungus ball or aspergilloma can be produced. From the pathologic perspective, two different entities with similar signs and symptoms have been described: thin-walled aspergillomas and chronic cavitary/necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (136). In patients with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, further immunosuppressive conditions can be encountered, such as diabetes, HIV infection, advanced age, chronic steroid use, malnutrition, or alcohol abuse (155). These entities evolve slowly over several months to years. Hemoptysis is the most common sign and the one associated with life-threatening events. Some aspergillomas are asymptomatic and found only when an X ray is performed for other reasons, or the patient may have cough, fever, weight loss, and malaise. Patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis have serologic or microbiologic evidence that an Aspergillus sp. is involved in the process.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a disease that occurs in severely immunocompromised patients, including patients with prolonged neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients, patients with AIDS, premature newborns, and patients with chronic granulomatous disease (65, 148). The disease most frequently involves the respiratory tract, and the signs and symptoms include fever, cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Pleuritic chest pain may be present if there is lung infarction. In a computed tomography (CT) scan, there is a lung nodule with the halo sign (ground glass opacity surrounding the nodule) or with the air crescent sign that occurs when there is fungal vascular invasion and hemorrhage. Neurological signs of stroke or seizures indicate that the fungus has reached the central nervous system. An international consensus defining proven, probable, and possible invasive fungal infections for research purposes was published in 2002 and revised in 2008 (7, 43). It is important to notice that the highest level of certainty for proven invasive fungal infections includes demonstration of fungal elements in diseased tissue obtained by either a biopsy sample or fine-needle aspiration of the lesion; however, the procedures to obtain these specimens may not be possible because of the host's underlying condition. In those cases, clinicians will have to rely on alternative testing.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set aspergillosis apart. Aspergillus spp. are usually described as thin (3- to 12-μm), septate, acute-angle (45°) or dichotomous branching hyphae (Fig. 2). Vesicles with conidia can be observed when the fungi are present in cavitary lesions or sinuses. However, it needs to be remembered that multiple Aspergillus species may cause aspergillosis, and this description may not reflect the characteristics of all species or changes that may occur after antifungal treatment. For example, with A. niger infection, calcium oxalate crystals may be found in respiratory specimens. A. terreus is the only Aspergillus species known to produce round or pear-shaped aleurioconidia directly along the lateral hyphal walls.
In ABPA, the lung appears to have thick, tenacious mucous material in normal, fibrotic, or bronchioectatic airways. Microscopically, the mucus contains inflammatory cells (mostly eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages), Curshmann's spirals (desquamated epithelium with eosinophils), Charcot-Leyden crystals, and scant hyphae. The bronchial wall may show a spectrum of changes that include inflammation with eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages, granulomas, vasculitis, interstitial fibrosis, and microabscesses (136). The presence of microabscesses with hyphae could represent an early stage of invasive aspergillosis. The diagnosis of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis is one of exclusion and is based on histopathologic demonstration in mucosa obtained during surgery of scattered hyphae in the inspissated allergic mucus (mucus showing laminated concretions of pyknotic and degranulated eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals) with no fungal invasion or necrosis (145). Some authors describe scattered, mild granulomatous inflammation in the mucosa of the sinuses (41).
The fungus ball in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis consists of hyphae enmeshed in necrotic material. In thin-walled aspergillomas the reaction surrounding the fungus ball consists of fibrosis, while in chronic cavitary/necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis there is a necrotic tissue layer with abundant hyphae surrounded by granulation tissue and an outer layer of fibrosis (155). Additional reactions in the cavity wall may include granulomas, eosinophils with formation of the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon around hyphae, calcium oxalate crystalloids, and hemorrhage or hemosiderin-laden macrophages (170). Differentiation of cases with chronic cavitary/necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis from those with invasive aspergillosis may be difficult, since vessels in the wall of the cavity may show hyphal invasion and various degrees of thrombosis. Aspergillomas are usually parenchymal lesions, but if the aspergilloma arises in a bronchiectasis, it will be bronchocentric.
In tissue from neutropenic patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, angioinvasion is demonstrated by the presence of septate, right-angle-branching hyphae in the vessel wall and hemorrhage (154). The lesions result in either wedge-shaped pulmonary infarctions or a well-circumscribed spherical nodule with a vessel in the center (65). Because of the patient's neutropenia, these lesions show little inflammatory reaction.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.A study of 122 specimens showed concordance in 83% of cases with septated, acute-angle-branching hyphae in histology and the presence of Aspergillus spp. in culture, while Scedosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Pseudallescheria spp., Phialophora verrucosa, and Trichophyton spp. were recovered in culture from discordant cases (86). Cultures of the allergic inspissated mucus of patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis have yielded multiple species of Aspergillus, Bipolaris spicifera, and Curvularia lunata as well as Staphylococcus aureus. For these patients nasal swabs are not useful for diagnosis (145). Fontana-Masson stains may be useful to demonstrate pigments in dematiaceous organisms (Bipolaris and Curvularia).
Cases with dual infection with Aspergillus spp. and Candida or mucoraceous genera have been described and pose important diagnostic dilemmas. To be able to identify dual infections, it is crucial to have alternative diagnostic testing of tissues such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, or PCR, which at this time are available only for research use (70, 147). In addition, in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, cultures are positive in only 50% of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens (148), and organisms recovered from BAL fluid samples may reflect colonization rather than the actual pathogen. Lastly, detection of Aspergillus spp. in blood cultures in cases with invasive disease is approximately 5%.
(iv) Alternative testing.Galactomannan and (1→3)-β-d-glucan are components of the Aspergillus cell wall and can be measured using commercially available EIAs. Galactomannan can be measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens using the Platelia Aspergillus test (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Different studies of this test have shown sensitivities that range from 40 to 100% and specificities of from 56 to 100%, depending on the population of patients tested and the cutoff values used (62, 97, 167). The most important problem with galactomannan testing is that false-positive results occur in approximately 50% of patients taking antibiotics (piperacillin, amoxicillin, or ticarcillin), 100% of patients receiving substances that contain products of A. niger fermentation (plasmalyte), and various percentages of patients with infections with other fungi, including Penicillium, Paecilomyces, Alternaria, and Histoplasma. Serial galactomannan testing of sera from patients at risk is one strategy to define whether the patient is colonized, has invasive disease, or is responding appropriately to treatment.
The (1→3)-β-d-glucan is a characteristic fungal cell wall constituent common to a broad range of fungal pathogens. The commercially available assay is the Fungitell kit (Associates of Cape Cod, East Falmouth, MA) (114). Circulating (1→3)-β-d-glucan was detected in patients with systemic fungal infections, including invasive aspergillosis, candidemia, and Pneumocystis pneumonia (3, 120). False-positive reactions are known to occur in some patients who are receiving piperacillin/tazobactam (101).
Mucormycosis (zygomycosis).
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when mucormycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Even though diseases caused by ribbon-like, pauciseptate, hyaline molds were originally described in the 1800s, the nomenclature of these molds has not been completely settled (132). The names that have been given to these molds in the medical literature include Zygomycota (currently regarded as invalid) and Mucorales. It is currently accepted that the broader subphylum Mucoromycotina has two orders, the Mucorales and the Entomophthorales. Fungi classified as Entomophthorales were originally identified as parasites or pathogens of insects that occasionally cause mucocutaneous disease in immunocompetent human hosts. Conversely, those fungi classified as Mucorales cause a spectrum of predominantly angioinvasive disease in immunosuppressed patients (109). Of the Mucorales, Rhizopus is the genus most frequently causing human disease, while Mucor spp. cause disease in fewer than 20% of cases.
Mucorales genera are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil and decomposing matter (132). Their spores are easily airborne, which can cause contamination of laboratory media; thus, finding these molds in clinical cultures has to be correlated with the patient's history and clinical findings to define whether the cultured mold should be considered the cause of disease. Inhaled spores cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of immunosuppressed persons. In immunocompetent or immunosuppressed hosts, spores can be inoculated into the skin and subcutaneous tissues by trauma, needle exposure, or insect bites, and they can be ingested, causing gastrointestinal disease. In immunosuppressed patients, cutaneous lesions have been linked to adhesive hospital products such as the tape used for maintaining intravenous devices or tubing in place.
Host defense against the Mucorales genera is primarily through macrophages that inhibit germination of spores and neutrophils that use the oxidative burst to kill proliferating hyphal elements; thus, patients who have diseases affecting the function of these two cell types will be at risk for infection (132). Diabetic ketoacidosis causes dysfunction of macrophages and is the most frequent risk factor for sinusitis and rhinocerebral infection. As expected, cancer chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation have emerged in the past 2 decades as major risk factors for invasive pulmonary mucormycoses. In addition, these fungi thrive when iron is present in the host, and those patients receiving iron-chelating agents such as deferoxamine to reduce iron overload are also at risk. Other risk factors include prematurity and injection drug use. If host defenses are poor, the spores germinate in the original inoculation site and invade tissues, including blood vessels. During the initial phases of the infection there is edema, but as the hyphae invade blood vessels the tissue undergoes necrosis and has a characteristic black color. In contrast, immunocompetent individuals infected with Entomophthorales produce an intense inflammatory response and present with a mass in the skin, respiratory sinuses, or gastrointestinal tract.
The three most frequent primary clinical manifestations of mucormycosis are rhinocerebral, pulmonary, and cutaneous infections. Any of these primary manifestations can give rise to disseminated disease. Patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis have fever and nasal discharge. Those with pulmonary mucormycosis have fever, multiple pulmonary nodules, and pleural effusions. Mortality due to disseminated disease is extremely high but varies depending on the associated risk factor and clinical presentation (137). Early detection at the primary site is imperative to institute surgical and antifungal treatment. For diagnosis, tissue should be obtained for both culture and histopathology.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set mucormycosis apart. Mucorales genera can be seen in biopsy and cytologic (needle aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) specimens. Tissue identification of these molds is a very important diagnostic tool, since it distinguishes the presence of the fungus as a pathogen in the specimen from a culture contaminant and is indispensable to define whether there is blood vessel invasion. Mucorales genera produce nonpigmented, wide (5- to 20-μm), thin-walled, ribbon-like hyphae with few septations (pauciseptate) and right-angle branching (132). The hyphae may vary in width, appear folded or crinkled, and be sparse or fragmented. In lesions exposed to air, thick-walled spherical structures can form at the ends of the hyphae (35). Routine H&E stains may show only the cell wall with no structure inside. In cytologic specimens the hyphae will be highlighted with Papanicolaou and calcofluor white stains. On occasion the hyphae are very degenerate, and many of the characteristics may not be appreciated in the specimen; however, the pathologist should mention that degenerate hyphal elements are observed in the specimen, since this identifies the source where the fungus is found and will rule out contamination if there are questions about contamination in the culture. Stains that can help highlight the fungal wall include GMS and PAS stains, although fragmentation and necrosis of the fungal elements may cause these stains, in particular GMS, to be either faintly positive or negative (Fig. 2).
In immunosuppressed hosts, the hyphal elements will be found with abundant necrosis, hemorrhage, and blood vessel thrombosis (12). Important diagnostic features include identification of fungal elements invading the blood vessel wall or inside their lumen. Sparse neutrophilic inflammation can be found in the periphery of the lesion. Entomophthorales infections in immunocompetent hosts are accompanied by intense granulomatous inflammation with abundant neutrophils and eosinophils, fibrosis, and granulation tissue (111). The Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon in these cases can be prominent. Sporulation can occasionally be observed.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.The major morphological differentiation between Mucorales genera and other molds is with other fungi that produce nonpigmented hyphae in tissue, including Aspergillus spp., other hyaline septated molds (such as Fusarium and Scedosporium), and Candida spp. (132). The presence of abundant septation and acute-angle branching should suggest the diagnosis of Aspergillus spp. or another hyaline septate mold, while yeasts with pseudohyphae should suggest Candida spp. Poor staining of hyphae with GMS should suggest mucormycosis. To be able to specifically identify Mucorales in tissues or to detect dual infections by Mucorales genera and other fungi, it is important to use immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, or PCR (70, 147).
(iv) Alternative testing.Culture of the tissue specimen is indispensable for organism-specific diagnosis. Attention to using gentle processing, is important since aggressive grinding of the tissue may render the fragile fungal elements nonviable (132). Mucorales genera are fast-growing fungi, but unfortunately, the yield of cultures is low. Although serologic tests have been attempted, they are not recommended.
Diseases caused by Fusarium, Scedosporium, and other hyaline septated molds.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when hyaline septated molds should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Infections caused by colorless septate fungi are referred to as hyalohyphomycoses (109). The major organisms included in this category are Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Acremonium spp., Schizophyllum spp., Phaeoacremonium spp., and Trichosporon spp. These organisms are ubiquitous in nature, leading to frequent mucocutaneous and inhalational exposure, and the distinction between colonization and infection may be difficult to assess in immunosuppressed patients with positive cultures. Although histopathology has limitations, it remains crucial because it provides information regarding tissue invasion. Neutropenia is an important risk factor for invasive disease caused by all of the hyaline molds (39, 113).
Fusarium spp. can cause superficial infections such as keratitis, onychomycosis, sinusitis, and cutaneous infections in normal hosts (113). It has been recovered frequently from wounds and skin of burned patients and has been described in association with contaminated water supplies. Invasive infection, particularly in the lung, has been seen in patients with hematologic malignancies, prolonged neutropenia, and graft-versus-host disease and is second in frequency to infections by Aspergillus spp. in these patients. Skin lesions that result from disseminated disease are painful, pruritic nodules that evolve to have central necrosis, giving a characteristic "bull's eye" appearance, and eventually ulcerate to produce ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesions. Dissemination can occur to all organs, including the heart (26). Fusarium spp. are frequently recovered from blood cultures in patients with disseminated disease, and Fusarium solani is the most common species encountered. In addition, Fusarium has the ability to produce toxins, and mycotoxicosis can occur in animals and humans when they ingest food contaminated with a toxin-producing species (113).
Scedosporium spp., and for some species their sexual state Pseudallescheria spp., are also ubiquitous in soil and water and can cause disease through inhalation of conidia or direct inoculation of mucous membranes and skin (39). These organisms can cause a range of diseases similar to those observed with Aspergillus, from allergic responses in sinuses and lungs and colonization of lung cavities with formation of fungus balls to invasive pulmonary and disseminated organ involvement. Disseminated disease caused by Scedosporium spp. is seen primarily in patients with AIDS, primary immunodeficiencies, and hematologic malignancies and patients who have received transplants and/or corticosteroids. However, pneumonia or brain abscesses can be observed in normal hosts and should be particularly considered after near drowning in polluted water. In addition, individuals who participate in agricultural activities may present with white-grain mycetomas caused by Scedosporium spp. that involve skin, soft tissues, and bone.
Lastly, Trichoderma spp. have been observed in patients undergoing dialysis in addition to those with the typical causes of immunosuppression (109). Paecilomyces spp. are a cause of keratitis and endophthalmitis (109). Organisms of both of these genera as well as Scopulariopsis spp., Acremonium spp., Schizophyllum spp., Phaeoacremonium spp., and Trichosporon spp. can cause invasive diseases with clinical presentations indistinguishable from those caused by Aspergillus.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set hyaline molds apart.In tissue the features of hyaline septated molds are similar to those seen with aspergillosis (113). The fungi invade vessels and cause thrombosis and necrosis of the surrounding tissues. Microscopically the hyphae are septated, show acute-angle branching, and are not pigmented (Fig. 2). The contours of the hyphae and presence of septa are highlighted by using PAS and GMS stains. Occasionally, the hyphae of hyaline fungi swell and appear globose.
Fusarium and Scedosporium may show prominently constricted hyphae with varicosities and intercalated chlamydoconidia (163). Fusarium spp. can sporulate in tissues, and thus there may be a combination of yeast-like structures and hyphae in histopathologic preparations (113). Scedosporium spp. rarely sporulate in tissues but can do so in patients with fungus ball cavities; in this case the ovoid conidia are pigmented, correlating with the melanin-like pigment of the colonies (39).
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.These organisms cannot be distinguished from each other or from Aspergillus spp. Thus, the presence of nonpigmented, septate hyphae with acute-angle branching in tissue should not be signed out as "compatible or suggestive of Aspergillus," since there are important treatment implications (67). These organisms should be signed out descriptively, and a comment stating that the fungal elements could correspond to Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Acremonium spp., Schizophyllum spp., Phaeoacremonium spp., or Trichosporon spp. should be added (Fig. 2). When the hyphae of these fungi appear globose, the differential diagnosis is with fungi in the Mucorales genera. In these instances, the width of the hyphae can be assessed at the areas of septation, since these areas are less affected by the swelling.
(iv) Alternative testing.Blood cultures for Fusarium have a high yield compared to those for Aspergillus because of adventitious sporulation in tissue. However, caution has to be exercised when these fungi are cultured, since these molds are ubiquitous in the environment and frequently cause contamination or colonization. The (1→3)-β-d-glucan test is positive in these infections and cannot help distinguish them from other invasive fungal infections, including candidiasis (113). If culture is not available, galactomannan testing should be performed to try to differentiate hyaline molds from Aspergillus spp. It is important to make organism-specific diagnoses of these molds because some Fusarium species and Scedosporium frequently demonstrate resistance to azoles and echinocandins, thus requiring combination therapy (36, 113).
Diseases caused by Bipolaris/Curvularia and other dematiaceous fungi.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when dematiaceous fungi should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Dematiaceous fungi are naturally pigmented molds whose hyphae and conidia contain melanin. Dematiaceous fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, plants, and organic debris worldwide. More than 60 genera have been implicated in human disease (130). Melanin is considered an important virulence factor, since disruption of pigment production by Exophiala dermatitidis leads to reduced virulence in animal models (44).
Dematiaceous molds primarily cause skin and soft tissue infections that are preceded by trauma or environmental exposure, and they can give rise to three clinical entities: eumycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, and phaeohyphomycosis (54, 109). The name "chromo" comes from the Greek root meaning color, while "phaeo" also comes from the Greek and means dusky, with both names indicating the color of the lesion or the pigment production by the causative organism. Table 3 presents the differences among these three clinical entities. In addition, dematiaceous fungi can cause a variety of other clinical syndromes, including onychomycosis, keratitis, allergic disease, pneumonia, brain abscesses, and disseminated disease. In patients with respiratory syndromes, the infection is acquired by inhalation of conidia. The dematiaceous fungi most frequently associated with eosinophilia and allergic sinusitis or allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis are Bipolaris and Curvularia (130). The clinico-pathologic characteristics of allergic diseases are similar to those described for Aspergillus. Pneumonia, brain abscesses, and disseminated disease are frequently seen in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected patients, those who have received a transplant or are receiving corticosteroids, and patients with cancer, diabetes, or chronic diseases (11). However, brain abscesses have also been described in immunocompetent hosts (131). It is postulated that brain abscess and disseminated disease are secondary to a primary pneumonic focus rather than skin disease. Cladophialophora bantiana is the dematiaceous fungus most frequently associated with brain abscesses (130). Mortality is low for patients with superficial diseases, but once the disease becomes disseminated, mortality increases to approximately 80%.
Clinical presentation of dematiaceous molds
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set dematiaceous fungi apart.Diagnosis of these entities requires histopathologic examination of the tissues and culture. Although biopsy specimens are best for histology and culture, scrapings of the lesions can also be used. The biopsy specimens should be obtained from areas with pigment, as these are sites where fungi can be found. All dematiaceous fungi show pigmented hyphae; however, the degree of pigmentation will vary. The pigmented round cells characteristic of chromoblastomycosis, which are also called "copper penny lesions" or sclerotic bodies, may show internal septations. In cases where pigmentation is not evident with H&E stains, Fontana-Masson staining may be necessary to demonstrate the melanin pigment (54). The hyphae tend to be thin (2 to 6 μm wide) but are irregularly swollen (also referred to as toruloid or moniliform) with prominent septa that show constrictions (Fig. 2) (33, 135). The frequency of branching will depend on the fungus. The hyphae may show terminal or intercalated vesicular swellings with thick walls resembling chlamydoconidia. Pigmented yeast-like cells can also be seen and may show septation and budding. In addition, GMS and PAS stains can be used to highlight the fungal wall. The fungal elements are usually seen in multinucleated giant cells or in the extracellular necrotic material. Specific morphological features have been described for the three distinct skin and soft tissue entities.
Mycetomas are characterized by the production of grains. Dematiaceous fungi produce black grains while other fungi (usually Scedosporium and Acremonium) or bacteria produce white grains. Histologically, grains are interwoven mycelial aggregates that are lined with intense eosinophilic material (Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon) (30). The grains are localized in dermal abscesses and sinus tracts that connect the abscess to the skin surface. The sinus tracts are surrounded by granulation tissue and granulomatous inflammation.
Chromoblastomycosis forms characteristic sclerotic bodies in tissue or muriform cells. These are darkly pigmented, thick-walled, round to polyhedral fungal elements that have undergone septation in multiple planes (124). They are usually found in the dermis or epidermis, including the keratin layer, and are surrounded by connective tissue and neutrophilic inflammation. Fungal elements are found singly or in clusters. In chromoblastomycosis, the epidermis usually shows an intense reaction with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. The inflammatory infiltrate is primarily granulomatous with microabscesses.
The phaeohyphomycotic cyst presents histopathologically as a single dermal lesion with minimal changes in the epidermis (33). The cyst wall consists of dense collagenous tissue and granulomatous inflammation with abundant giant cells. In the center of the cyst there are foci of geographic necrosis and foreign bodies, presumed splinters that carried the infection. Fungal elements (yeast-like structures and septated hyphae) can be found throughout the lesion. When phaeohyphomycosis becomes disseminated in patients with cancer, fungal elements can be observed in 83% of specimens (11). The inflammatory reaction in disseminated disease is usually nonspecific (neutrophils and mononuclear cells), with only one-fourth of the specimens showing necrosis and even less commonly granulomas.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.The different dematiaceous fungi cannot be distinguished from one another by histology. Some dematiaceous fungi may show very little melanin and may appear as hyaline hyphae; thus, a Fontana-Masson stain is needed to highlight the pigment. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting Fontana-Masson staining, since many Aspergillus spp., some Mucorales genera, and Trichosporon can also show positive staining (80).
(iv) Alternative testing.Cultures should be obtained to have an organism-specific diagnosis. Because dematiaceous fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, contamination of cultures occurs frequently. A study in a cancer center showed that only 11% of 348 specimens from which dematiaceous fungi were cultured could be associated with cases of proven or probable invasive fungal disease (11). Thus, finding the fungal elements by histopathology is indispensable for diagnosis. Serodiagnostic tests are not available for these infections.
Dermatophyte disease.
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when dermatophytes should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Superficial mycoses are believed to affect 20 to 25% of the world population (4). Dermatophytes are the predominant cause, with three main anamorphic (asexual or imperfect) genera infecting humans: Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum (165). Dermatophytes are found worldwide, usually associated with keratinous material that serves as the source for human and animal infections. Some species have more restricted geographic locations; for example, Trichophyton soudanense is primarily found in central Africa, while Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, and Epidermophyton floccosum are distributed worldwide. Migration of populations has resulted in changes in the distribution of the different dermatophytes. In addition, there has been a decline of these infections with improvements in living conditions and the use of antifungal agents.
Dermatophytes are acquired through contact of an individual with conidia present in soil, animals, or objects (e.g., combs, shoes, or clothing) (100). Certain conditions that allow longer contact between conidia and skin (spaces between nails) and have the appropriate humidity and temperature (interdigital areas or hair) are more prone to harbor these infections. These infections are designated tinea or ringworm, followed by the affected body site. Examples include tinea unguium or onychomycosis (in nails), tinea cruris (in the groin), tinea corporis, tinea circinata, or tinea glabrosa (in the extremities), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea capitis or tonsurans (in the scalp) and tinea barbae (in the beard). All tineas have a similar clinical pattern, showing a ring of scaling inflammatory skin that is accompanied by burning and itching. If there is an intense reaction in hair follicles, the disease is known as Majocchi's granuloma.
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade the keratin of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts by virtue of their keratinolytic proteases (161). These fungi express carbohydrate-specific adhesins that allow attachment to epithelial cells, and they produce multiple serine and metallo-endoproteases that allow digestion of the keratin network. Dermatophytes cause chronic skin disease since they adapt and are not rapidly eliminated by the host immune response. Trichophyton cell wall mannans are capable of inhibiting lymphoproliferative responses in vitro and may also be responsible for inhibiting turnover of the stratum corneum. The host response is primarily delayed-type hypersensitivity and varies in degree depending on the host immune status and the infecting dermatophyte. In addition, there is an association between dermatophyte infections and allergy, particularly asthma.
Besides dermatophytes, other fungi can cause superficial skin and hair infections (8). The clinico-pathologic presentations and the responsible fungi are presented in Table 4. The two most important groups are Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. Malassezia infections cause tinea versicolor and are particularly associated with application of oils and lotions, use of corticosteroids, exposure to sunlight, hydrosis, and possibly seborrheic dermatitis (100). In patients with AIDS, superficial Candida infections are common and include cheilitis (painful fissures in the lip commissures) and a variety of mucocutaneous lesions, including atrophic plaques, pseudomembranous lesions, or leukoplasia (125).
Clinical presentation of dermatophytes
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set dermatomycosis apart.To detect dermatophytes in the keratin skin layer, it is necessary to use GMS or PAS stain since these are hyaline fungi that are difficult to observe in the keratin layer using H&E (66). Hyphae and aleurioconidia can be visualized and are particularly prominent in hair follicles. The host reaction to the fungus is very variable. In the keratin layer there may be mild hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis. In acute lesions the epidermis shows spongiosis and neutrophilic microabscesses. Lastly, the dermis shows various degrees of perivascular lymphocytes and plasma cells, and in some cases there may be prominent papillary dermal edema (71). When a dermatophyte causes severe inflammation of hair follicles and shafts, it is called kerion if the infiltrate is primarily neutrophilic or Majocchi's granuloma if chronic with prominent mononuclear inflammation. In both instances giant cells can be present and frequently contain fragments of hyphal elements. On rare occasions dermatophytes can invade the epidermis and dermis, producing nodular lesions that resemble mycetomas.
(iii) Pitfalls in morphological diagnosis.Superficial fungal infections caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dermatophytes. In comparison with dermatophytes, these organisms tend to stain basophilic with H&E. In the case of Candida spp., it is indispensable to make sure that the infection is superficial and no vascular invasion is present. If dermal or vascular invasion is observed, it is important to rule out skin manifestations of systemic fungemias.
(iv) Alternative testing.Lesion scrapings can be clarified with potassium hydroxide (KOH), and then either viewed under a light microscope or stained with calcofluor white and viewed under a fluorescence microscope. This will identify the presence of fungal elements but will not determine which fungus is present. Cultures are important to differentiate between dermatophytic disease and superficial skin infections caused by other fungi or yeasts. Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) changes color with production of alkaline metabolites produced by dermatophytes, potentially allowing faster identification than when using traditional fungal culture media. The diagnosis should be established before starting treatment because of the length, cost, and potential side effects of the drugs used. In addition, knowing the dermatophyte species may help establish preventive measures with pets or other possible sources of reinfection. PCR testing of skin scrapings and other specimens has been used to identify dermatophytes and other fungi that can cause onychomycosis and superficial skin infections; however, PCR testing has not been approved in the United States for diagnostic purposes (76).
Diseases caused by other molds (coelomycetes).
(i) Epidemiologic and clinical situations when coelomycetes should be considered in the differential diagnosis.Fungi that in the asexual stage produce conidia inside a fruiting body-containing cavity lined by either host or fungal tissue are known as coelomycetes. The fruiting body can have a variety of shapes (spherical or disc-like), and the cavity opens to the environment through an ostiole or pore (156). In general these fungi infect plants and thus are found ubiquitously in the environment. Humans acquire these organisms during contact with infected plants or soil through cuts or punctures in the skin. Coelomycetes cause superficial skin infections, onychomycosis, and keratitis/endophthalmitis and can occasionally become systemic in immunocompromised hosts (51). All these fungi are pigmented and cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis and black-grain mycetomas. A number of fungi are considered to be in this group; Phoma spp., Colletotrichum spp., and Nattrassia mangiferae are some examples.
(ii) Morphological characteristics that set coelomycetes apart.It is important to perform histopathologic studies in these cases, since coelomycetes are ubiquitous and culture contamination may occur. The fungal elements are quite pleomorphic and can be moniliform, bead-like yeasts to short branched or unbranched hyphae. Some tissues can display yeast-like elements, depending on the plane in which the tissue was cut. The fungal elements show pigment.
(iii) Alternative testing.These fungi can be difficult to identify because they do not produce reproductive structures in tissue although they show moderate to rapid growth. Thus, panfungal PCR amplification with sequencing of the product has been used to identify cultured isolates (51).
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE USED FOR IDENTIFICATION IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC MATERIAL
Histochemical Staining
Methods.Histopathologic examination of tissues to detect fungi is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates, including fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus. Histopathology can also provide rapid presumptive diagnosis of the fungus while waiting for fungal culture results, or it may provide the only available material when no culture growth occurs or cultures were not ordered. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens, surgical resection specimens, and autopsy material should always start with H&E staining of the tissue. GMS and PAS staining should be performed if a fungus is suspected after review of tissue sections because of presence of an inflammatory tissue response or when there is high clinical suspicion even if the H&E stain is unrevealing. In addition, mucin (mucicarmine) or melanin (Fontana-Masson) stains can be extremely useful for identification of Cryptococcus (mucin and melanin) and dematiaceous fungi that may not produce abundant pigment (melanin). Table 5 presents the different stains and alternative methods for fungi that can be used in tissue sections. It is important to remember that some fungal infections, particularly during the acute phases, give rise to neutrophilic or suppurative inflammation, so epidemiologic circumstances and clinical history may also prompt the need to use these special stains. In immunosuppressed patients there may be no inflammation but necrosis may be present because of fungal invasion of blood vessels and associated thrombosis. Fungal invasion of blood vessels weakens the wall and can result in hemorrhage. Communication between clinicians and pathologists is invaluable to define the cases in which GMS, PAS, Fontana-Masson, or mucicarmine stains may be useful to highlight fungi. As the use of less invasive procedures has become more prevalent in medicine, cytologic specimens have become common samples. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is a frequent specimen used to diagnose pulmonary infections (81). Other cytologic specimens include sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and fine-needle aspirates of lesions. Most fungi can be visualized with the routine stains used for cytologic preparations, including Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains; however, the wall of the fungi is not highlighted with either stain. In order to stain the fungal wall, GMS and PAS stains can be used in cytologic specimens. Calcofluor white, an alternative stain that highlights the fungal elements, can be used with fresh cytologic specimens if a fluorescence microscope is available; alternatively, potassium hydroxide wet preparations can be studied using bright-field or phase-contrast microscopy. Bronchoalveolar lavage and cerebrospinal fluid specimens can also be used for detection of fungal antigens.
Stains and alternative methods that can be used with tissue sections
Retrospective studies that correlate culture results with histopathology and cytology showed that the overall accuracy for microscopic morphological techniques can vary from 20 to 80% (140, 143, 158). The lowest correlation has been reported for invasive septate molds (158). Even though GMS and PAS stains were used more frequently in the cases correctly diagnosed than those misclassified, special stains did not significantly improve pathologists' diagnostic capabilities (140). Misclassification of cases occurs when the pathologist has a false sense of his or her ability to categorize fungal organisms by genus based on microscopic morphology alone, when inappropriate terminology is used such that other potential molds within a particular category are not included in the differential diagnosis, or when there is a lack of knowledge of morphological mimics of yeasts and hyphal forms. The misclassifications with greater potential for adverse consequences occurred when there were few, folded, fragmented, and/or necrotic fungal elements in the specimen and the structures could not be adequately categorized as septate versus pauciseptate hyaline molds. Therefore, clinicians need to be aware that misclassifications in histopathologic examination occur in at least 20% of cases, and pathologists need to give as much information as possible without overextending their diagnostic capabilities (140, 143).
In order to avoid misclassifications, pathologists should describe the fungal elements observed in the sample and refrain from trying to offer a specific diagnosis. Pathologists need to remember that there are very few instances where morphological characteristics are specific. Some groups have suggested the use of templates or synoptic reporting for the diagnosis of fungal infections. In Fig. 1, 2, and 3 we have suggested templates for reporting on histopathologic specimens according to the morphological characteristics found. It is important to recognize that the diagnosis is primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include whether or not there is invasion of the tissues and vessels, the amount of fungal elements observed, and the host reaction to the infection (inflammation, necrosis, or hemorrhage). The comment section of the report should clearly state the fungi most frequently associated with that morphology as well as other possible organisms (fungi and parasites) that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. All pathology reports should also include a statement in the comment section regarding the importance of correlating clinico-epidemiologic features and results of cultures and other laboratory tests.
Advantages.Histopathology is indispensable in some instances to define whether an organism recovered in culture represents contamination, colonization or true infection. Tissue and vascular invasion and necrosis are important histopathologic features that can help make the distinction.
Fungal cultures may not always grow; thus, histopathologic presumptive diagnosis may be the only evidence of a fungal infection. For example, Mucorales genera are molds that usually grow within 24 to 48 h; however, if the original specimen is ground too aggressively, the hyphal elements may be destroyed and the culture may not grow (132). In immunocompetent individuals with a chronic solitary nodule caused by an endemic mycosis, yeasts may be observed in tissue sections but the culture may not grow because the yeasts are nonviable (166). Poor recovery of Aspergillus spp. and other septate hyaline molds in cultures has been attributed to previous treatment, use of prophylactic antifungal medications, or possible differences in the physiologic states of the mold in vivo versus in vitro (158). Another situation that can result in loss of ability to recover an organism in culture even when a viable organism was initially present in the clinical material is when a small quantity of biopsy material is sent to the microbiology laboratory with a request for multiple cultures, such as for aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and fungi, all of which require inoculation of multiple media and slide preparations. Sometimes this small amount of material must be even further split between microbiology and histopathology. Lastly, certain fungi, such as Pneumocystis, do not grow using current microbiology practices and require detection using histopathologic or cytologic techniques (140).
In some instances, fungal cultures may take weeks to be completed, and thus a preliminary histopathologic diagnosis of a fungal infection may be ready before the culture and may provide sufficient information for clinicians to start treatment. For example, Scedosporium, Sporothrix, Blastomyces, and Coccidioides may take up to 3 to 4 days to grow and Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides may take more than 2 weeks; thus, the histopathologic diagnosis could be available earlier than culture results (140).
Disadvantages.In the previous sections we have discussed the pitfalls for each fungus in the comparison of its morphology with those of other fungi or parasites. In addition to these pitfalls, pathologists must differentiate possible fungal structures from stained normal human tissue structures. Particularly when using GMS stains, normal tissue structures that can be confused with yeasts include neurosecretory granules and melanin, while hyphae require differentiation from collagen fibers, basement membranes, and other silver-staining filamentous structures. Figure 4 shows neurosecretory granules, which compared to any of the yeasts tend to be irregular, smaller, and located inside neurosecretory cells, while basement membranes and collagen fibers tend to show lower staining intensity and less sharpness than hyphae. To aid in the recognition of these different tissue structures and fungi, it is important to colocalize the GMS-stained structures in tissue sections (usually from a consecutive level) stained with H&E or PAS stain. The combination of GMS counterstained with H&E, instead of Light Green, is a way to achieve the colocalization in one slide. In addition, pathologists should assess the presence or absence of internal structures that can be observed in fungi (nuclei and cytoplasm) which stain with H&E but not with GMS.
Diagnostic pitfalls. When using GMS stains, normal tissue structures can appear as yeasts or hyphae. (A) Neurosecretory granules (arrow). (B) Collagen fibers, with one even showing a "pseudoseptum" (arrow). (C) In specimens with few organisms, hyphae cut transversally can appear as yeasts that may have "pseudobudding" (arrows).
Another disadvantageous occurrence that can happen during interpretation of special stains is when the sample shows some transversally cut hyphae, which then appear as yeasts that may even appear to be budding (Fig. 4). In these cases it is important to go deeper into the block to see if more fungal elements cut longitudinally are present in the sample.
Histopathology usually cannot provide the fungal genus and species, which are very important for treatment. For example, a case with hyaline septate hyphae includes in the differential Aspergillus spp., Fusarium, Scedosporium, and others. Thus, treatment should be with voriconazole, which is effective for all these fungi; however, treating with or adding amphotericin B should be done only for A. fumigatus and F. solani. Itraconazole or echinocandins could be used for A. fumigatus but would not be effective for F. solani or Scedosporium (140). Detection of yeasts with pseudohyphae suggests Candida spp. with a differential diagnosis that includes septate hyaline molds; thus, fluconazole could be used to cover most Candida spp. but would lack activity against C. krusei, C. glabrata, or the other septated hyaline molds.
Infections with more than one fungus have been reported in burn and immunosuppressed patients (70, 143). Even though histopathology might be expected to be an adequate method to identify these double infections, the morphological diversity may be subtle and not appreciated. Thus, other tests should be used to determine if more than one organism is present.
In immunosuppressed patients, isolation of different fungi during short periods of time may raise the question of whether there are either different fungal infections in different locations, subsequent infections by different fungi, or an infection with two different fungi in which one of the organisms had intrinsic resistance to the treatment given. In Fig. 5 we present an example of a neutropenic patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who was diagnosed first as having an invasive mold (by culture A. fumigatus) in the lung and then 3 days later with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (by culture Fusarium spp.) and died 22 days later with disseminated fungal infection (suspected mucormycosis by immunohistochemistry). The sequence of photographs stained with GMS shows the usual difficulty in distinguishing hyaline septated molds from those that are pauciseptated by using histopathology, particularly in the second and third samples, where morphological characteristics could have been altered because of previous treatment of this patient with amphotericin B and voriconazole.
Sequential specimens stained with GMS (magnification, ×120) showing mold infections in a neutropenic patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (A and B) Hyaline septated hyphae in the lung. The culture was positive for Aspergillus fumigatus. (C) Hyphae (by culture a Fusarium sp.) in a nasal debridement sample obtained in the same patient 3 days after the lung biopsy. The morphology of fungal elements could be confused with mucormycosis, since there are few septations and the hyphae twist and turn. (D) Hyaline pauciseptated hyphae in a lung specimen obtained at autopsy 22 days after the nasal debridement. The specimen stained positive using immunohistochemistry for mucormycosis. The morphology of the hyphae is distorted, probably due to previous antifungal treatment.
Methods.Immunohistochemistry refers to the use of antibodies to detect targets (fungal antigens) in tissue sections so that the morphology of the target as well as the surrounding tissues can be seen. For these assays it is necessary to cut a very thin section of the tissue (similar to that used for histopathology) and place it on a glass slide. The tissue can be fresh frozen or paraffin embedded. Tissue that has been embedded is usually formalin fixed, which can cause distortion of antigens, particularly if fixation has been lengthy. In general, pathologists prefer to use formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues since this is the routine histopathologic procedure that renders the material noninfectious and easily stored at room temperature. For performing the assay, paraffin needs to be removed from the tissue, which is usually done with reagents that dehydrate the tissue. The tissue needs to be rehydrated and either treated with enzymes or subjected to other antigen retrieval techniques that will make fungal antigens available for the antibodies, and then the antifungal antibodies are applied. In some methods the primary antibody has been enzyme or fluorescence labeled, while other procedures call for a secondary labeled antibody whose target is usually the Fc portion of the primary antibody. Once the labeled antibodies have been incubated for an appropriate amount of time, the tissue sections are washed to remove unbound antibodies. If fluorescent labels are used, the tissue section can be visualized with a fluorescence microscope. Although fluorescent antibodies have been used for fungi in specialized centers, this labeling method does not permit visualization of surrounding tissues and the preparations are not permanent. In the case of enzyme labels such as peroxidase, the color needs to be developed with the appropriate substrates and the tissue then counterstained, enabling visualization of the fungus and the surrounding tissues.
The choice of the primary antibody is very important to define the best targets. Antibodies used in other methods such as immunodiffusion or complement fixation have been tested in immunohistochemical assays, since there are few commercially available antibodies specifically validated for immunohistochemistry in FFPE tissues (128). Immunohistochemical reagents that detect Aspergillus spp. and mucormycetes in tissue are commercially available (AbD Serotec). It is very important to validate these assays, starting with extensive assessment of cross-reactivities of the primary antibodies with cultures and tissues that have been treated in a manner similar to that for the unknown specimens that will be tested (73). The widespread presence of common antigens in fungi has resulted in very few clinically useful specific primary antibodies. For example, several studies using a variety of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Aspergillus antibodies have shown a broad range of cross-reactivities with other hyaline septated molds, mucormycetes, and some yeasts (122, 128, 146).
Studies of immunohistochemical assays for fungi have reported uniformly distributed staining of the fungal organism (128), although we have noted that nonviable hyphae may not show staining when these assays are used, particularly in tissues with mucormycosis. In addition, antigen staining has been noted outside the fungal organisms, similar to what has been well documented in immunohistochemical assays for bacterial infections (149). To be able to adequately interpret immunohistochemical assays, it is imperative to use appropriate antibody controls (an irrelevant antibody of the same type [monoclonal versus polyclonal]) in a sequential patient tissue slide so as to define the amount of nonspecific staining present for each case (46).
Advantages.In theory, immunohistochemistry for fungi has many advantages, including the combination of morphology (the fungal element itself, its localization in the tissue, and the inflammatory reaction) with specific detection of the organism using specimens that are routinely processed in pathology laboratories to render them noninfectious. Multiple automation platforms are commercially available for immunohistochemical assays, reducing the cost and turnaround time. Lastly, enzyme-labeled antibodies result in a permanent record of the reaction. As new non-cross-reactive antibodies are developed and tested using this technique, immunohistochemistry may provide an inexpensive and rapid alternative to more costly assays that do not combine morphology with detection of the specific fungus. In addition, double-staining immunohistochemical assays will permit the simultaneous detection of more than one fungus in tissue sections (70, 73, 143).
Disadvantages.At this time, many of the available antibodies cross-react with multiple fungi and cannot be used for detection of specific organisms. Evaluation, verification, and validation of the antibodies and immunohistochemical assays must be performed in the laboratory before results can be used for patient care purposes. Since antibodies are analyte-specific reagents (ASR), verification and validation in the United States must follow federal regulations (25).
Methods. In situ hybridization refers to the use of probes to detect the presence of specific fungal nucleic acids while preserving the tissue morphology so that the morphology of the fungus and the tissue reaction to the organism can be visualized. For these assays, a thin tissue section is placed on a slide and the hybridization is performed directly on the slide. Similarly to immunohistochemistry, the tissue can be either frozen or FFPE. If the tissue is paraffin embedded, preparation of the tissue sections before hybridization includes deparaffinization and rehydration. After rehydration, proteins bound to nucleic acids should be digested using enzymes (pepsin or proteinase K). Tissues are then prehybridized with a solution that contains formamide, salmon sperm DNA, and yeast RNA to decrease the amount of nonspecific binding of the probe to DNA and RNA in the tissues. The tissue DNA is then denatured and hybridized with the probe of choice. After the hybridization, excess or unbound probe is washed using different concentrations of standard saline citrate. The probe is then detected in a variety of ways, depending on how the probe was labeled. Lastly, the tissues are counterstained.
Most probes used to detect fungi using in situ hybridization assays have been unique, organism-specific rRNA (18S, 28S, or 5.8S) targets for various molds and yeasts (67 – 69, 82, 103). rRNA is distributed through the organism in large amounts, providing ample opportunity for hybridization. rRNA probes have shown strong signals when hybridized to their homologous target. For Aspergillus, another target that has also been used is alkaline proteinase (108). Choosing the size of the probe is important for penetration of tissues and can have a significant impact on signal intensity (61). Probes of between 400 and 750 bp seem to have the best penetration. Most frequently probes have been labeled with digoxigenin, and an immunohistochemical assay using antidigoxigenin is used for detection. Probes with over 200 bp have more digoxigenin labels, and thus their signal is stronger. Probes have also been designed with locked nucleic acids, which are modified nucleotides linked through a methylene unit, or peptide nucleic acid-labeled probes that provide uncharged, neutral backbones have been used (103, 110). Both the locked and peptide nucleic acid probes improve hybridization and help reduce the time of detection, making in situ hybridization assays much more rapid to complete (3- to 4-h assays). Various systems, such as catalyzed reported deposition, have been used to enhance detection (68, 69).
The probes that have been used are for the most part genus specific. Probes for Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Sporothrix, Pneumocystis, Candida, Fusarium, and Pseudallescheria have shown strong signals with good analytic specificity (67 – 69, 82). On the other hand, probes for Histoplasma showed very low sensitivity when the organism was demonstrated in an area of necrosis (69). Also, some Aspergillus probes have shown cross-reactivity with other septate hyaline molds, particularly Fusarium (67). In some assays, probes for Mucorales genera have been difficult to interpret because of high background and low signal intensity, in addition to uneven distribution of the signal in the hyphal elements (68).
In most published reports, in situ hybridization is performed in cases where fungal elements can be first demonstrated with routine histopathologic stains, since GMS and PAS stains have shown better sensitivity than hybridization assays as a screening method for detection of fungal elements (67 – 69). In situ hybridization is used to confirm and identify the specific organism present in the tissue. Thus, each case usually requires in situ hybridization with an array of probes designed to identify the fungi in the differential diagnosis. However, hybridization may be uneven, and nonstaining hyphal elements may represent either infection by another fungus for which there is no probe or nonviable portions of the organism. The use of multiple probes in one case can potentially demonstrate the presence of dual infections.
Advantages. In situ hybridization offers the highest degree of specificity compared to histochemical stains and immunohistochemistry (the other morphology-based techniques). As with histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization assays performed with FFPE tissues have the advantage of using noninfectious specimens that are routinely processed in pathology laboratories. Automated platforms for in situ hybridization already exist; however, costs are higher and the turnaround time is usually longer than for immunohistochemical assays. At this time, differentiation of Fusarium from other septate hyaline molds is very important clinically and has been demonstrated using in situ hybridization (67, 103). Although probes for all fungi are not yet commercially available, probes that are used in other settings, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization for Cryptococcus and Candida spp. in blood cultures and CSF, could potentially be validated for in situ hybridization platforms for FFPE tissue (91, 95).
Disadvantages. In situ hybridization is not a screening method, since GMS and PAS stains are more sensitive for detection of fungi (67 – 69). Once a yeast or mold has been detected in tissue using histochemistry, a panel of probes should be used to define the genus present. The panels should be constructed based on the fungi in the differential diagnosis for that tissue and that patient population. Although more expensive, the use of panels will allow for detection of single and dual infections. At this time, probes for in situ hybridization assays in tissues are not commercially available. Laboratory-developed assays should be evaluated, verified, and validated in the laboratory before results are used for clinical diagnosis and patient care as indicated by federal regulations (25).
PCR-Based Methods
Methods.The PCR has been used to detect fungal DNA in FFPE tissues. FFPE tissue is not the sample of choice. Fresh nonembedded tissues have shown a sensitivity for PCR detection of fungi of 97%, while the sensitivity of paraffin-embedded material is only 68% (84). The fungal DNA extracted from FFPE specimens can be degraded and in low concentration, and it often contains substances that inhibit protein digestion or DNA amplification. However, when fungal elements are detected in FFPE tissue sections and fungus culture is not available, PCR can in some cases determine the organism that is causing the infection. Depending on the DNA extraction method, the nucleic acid quality, determined as the percentage of samples in which a human housekeeping gene control is recovered, can vary from 60 to 90%, and consequently the PCR efficiency is between 57 and 93% (106). Each tissue sample needs to be tested with a human control DNA to determine the quality of the nucleic acid extracted.
Either of two approaches can be used for analyzing extracted DNA preparations: one is to target sequences specific to a particular organism; the second is to amplify a gene that is present in all fungi (i.e., panfungal) and then sequence the fungal DNA. Genus-specific PCR probes that have been used with FFPE samples include those for Aspergillus, Rhizopus, B. dermatitidis, Coccidioides, H. capsulatum, and P. brasiliensis (14 – 16, 18, 19, 23). The majority of the published assays target specific rRNA genes (18S, 28S, and 5.8S), the intervening internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2), or particular portions of the fungal genome and use nested or seminested PCR methods. The second approach of amplifying a panfungal gene and then sequencing the product is very appealing because this approach is expected to detect a large variety of fungi that can infect humans (84, 133). For this approach, primers should include sequences present in multiple copies within the fungal genome but contain highly variable regions that allow species identification. Primers for the ITS1 and ITS 2 regions have been used for the amplification reaction (106). The PCR product(s) obtained is then visualized, purified, and sequenced. The identification is made by comparing the sequence to those in a sequence database such as GenBank (37).
There is no side-by-side comparison of culture with PCR from FFPE tissues. A prospective study comparing culture to PCR from fresh frozen tissue showed that cultures were positive in 63% of cases while PCR was positive in 96% (134). However, results from retrospective studies have shown that once tissues are formalin fixed, PCR positivity can be as low as 60% (106). Studies that compare all detection methods for fungi, including histopathology, PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry performed with FFPE tissues, are not available. Histopathology still appears to be the best screening tool to define the presence of fungal elements and verify that the fungus is causing disease in the tissue (19); however, to define the specific fungus or fungi present, nucleic acid detection (PCR or in situ hybridization) is probably more specific than immunohistochemistry at this time.
Advantages.Although morphology is not preserved, the great advantage of PCR in FFPE tissue samples is determination of the specific agent that has been observed by histopathology. With the use of PCR it has become evident that infections with multiple agents are more frequent than previously suspected (70, 84, 106, 133). To detect double infections, it is necessary to use panels of primers for more than one organism.
Disadvantages.Nucleic acids obtained from FFPE material are frequently damaged (cross-linked) or may contain PCR inhibitors and thus may be unable to generate an adequate PCR product, may not display homology to the primer used, or may generate a product that cannot be sequenced (84). Selection of the DNA extraction method is crucial to obtain the best yield from this material (106). In addition, when fungal elements are scant in tissues, the amount of DNA obtained may be insufficient to perform a PCR assay.
The choice of PCR primer is important. There is insufficient variation in the ITS1 region to differentiate certain species, including C. neoformans, some Candida spp., and Fusarium spp.; thus, analysis of other regions should be considered (37, 84). In addition, false-positive results with specific H. capsulatum primers and difficulties in identifying Coccidioides in formalin-fixed tissues have been reported (15, 17). A Mayo Clinic study of 147 FFPE samples showed that histology found more coccidioidomycosis cases than PCR (19). Lastly, it is estimated that 10 to 20% of the sequences in GenBank are misidentified (106).
PCR assays continue to be labor-intensive and costly. The turnaround time for paraffin material is still approximately 4 to 5 days (for deparaffinization, DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing). At this time, PCR assays for tissues are not commercially available, so laboratory-developed assays should be evaluated, verified, and validated by the laboratory before results are used for clinical diagnosis and patient care as indicated by federal regulations (25).
Laser Microdissection
Methods.Laser microdissection combines microscopy with laser technology to enable the study of specific cell types. Once the cells of interest are isolated, a variety of studies/tests can be performed using these cells specifically, and the results are not masked or diluted by surrounding cells or tissue constituents within the tissue sample. Two microdissection technologies are available: laser capture microdissection and laser cutting (107).
Tissue sections (usually thicker than the ones used for histopathology) are placed in special slides that allow for easy separation from the rest of the specimen. The tissue can be fresh frozen or FFPE and can be stained with H&E or by other methods that permit visualization of the desired cells in a bright-field microscope. A narrow-beam laser is used to focus on (for laser capture) or cut around (for laser cutting) the cells of interest. Capture microdissection uses an infrared laser, while cutting microdissection uses a UV laser. The cells that have been targeted or cut out are collected in a plastic cap or tube.
An important aspect of microdissection is that the tissue preparation before the tissue is placed on the slides must be tailored to the secondary test. Preparation includes fixation (or lack thereof) and staining. Exposing the tissues to the smallest amounts of chemicals ensures the least alterations to the sample for subsequent tests. Possible secondary tests include PCR for nucleic acids, electron microscopy for cellular organelles, and mass spectrometry or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteins (115, 159). If prepared correctly, the microdissected cells can even be cultured.
Until now laser microdissection has been used primarily for diagnosis and research on neoplastic diseases, but several researchers have reported using this technique to study infectious diseases (74, 169). Use of this tool in the ecology of dual fungal infections would enable us to better understand the pathophysiology in these cases. Laser microdissection has been used for identification of a single hypha of A. fumigatus from fresh frozen bird tissues (115). Although DNA sequences were obtained from 60% of the animals, a PCR product was not obtained from the remainder, suggesting that the amount of DNA will depend on the number of hyphae and the number of intact nuclei selected.
Advantages.The greatest advantage of laser microdissection is that the elements to be tested can be specifically selected. Thus, dual infections and the local environment in which this occurs can be studied in detail. Another advantage is that the material obtained will not be contaminated with nonfungal tissues.
Disadvantages.Laser capture microdissection instruments are expensive, and many laboratories may not have one or be able to afford them. From the technical perspective, there is the possibility that certain components may not be preserved because the heat in the laser may destroy the elements selected for secondary testing (107). Contamination may occur if a microdissection system requires using particular devices to select the cells, compared to placing the cells in the tube where the second test will take place. The disadvantages that occur for the secondary testing will be the same as those observed in these tests, with the added disadvantage of potentially obtaining very small amounts of material. Another disadvantage that has been reported is that intact fungal nuclei must be obtained for DNA extraction. Particularly with mucormycete organisms that are pauciseptate, hyphal material may be successfully collected but may not contain nuclei.
INTERPRETATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
Fungal Elements in Tissue but All of the Specimen in FormalinThe situation where fungal elements are in tissue but all of the specimen is in formalin is relatively frequent for several reasons: (i) cancer is the most frequent diagnosis of lesions that are resected or biopsied, and the routine procedure for tissues obtained in operating and endoscopy rooms is to place them in formalin so that morphology for cancer diagnosis is preserved; (ii) not all lesions are studied using frozen sections (iii) when a frozen section is obtained and shows fungal elements, the pathologist may not think it necessary to remind the surgeon that a sterile portion of the lesion should be sent to the microbiology laboratory for cultures; and (iv) communication between infectious disease physicians and surgeons is not always established before the tissue is obtained. Training and better communication among surgeons, interventional radiologists, pathologists, and infectious disease physicians needs to take place so that this situation decreases to a minimum.
However, when fungal elements are seen in tissue but the entire specimen is in formalin, the pathologist should describe the fungal elements, define as part of the diagnosis line whether tissue invasion by the fungi is occurring, and provide a comment that enumerates the fungi that can display the morphological features described (see "Histochemical Staining" above) (Fig. 1, 2, and 3). Identifying the pathology caused by the fungal elements (inflammatory reaction, invasion of vessels, necrosis, or hemorrhage) tells the clinician that the fungi are not contaminating or colonizing the tissue. Descriptive diagnoses of the fungal elements together with a comment listing the fungi with consistent morphology are important to guide treatment (140). For example, the presence of septated, nonpigmented hyphae will result in treatment with voriconazole plus amphotericin B since Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Scedosporium could have that morphology, while a patient whose tissue displays pauciseptate hyphae will receive amphotericin B or posaconazole since this morphology most probably corresponds to the Mucorales genera. If the pathologist observes more than one type of fungal element in the tissue (for example, pauciseptate hyphae and yeasts with pseudohyphae), this should be noted, particularly in view of the increasing numbers of dual infections that are being reported.
In addition, alternative testing that is relevant to the clinico-epidemiologic presentation of the patient and can be performed with nontissue specimens (serology, antigen detection, skin testing, and blood cultures) can be suggested to clinicians by the microbiology laboratory and infectious disease specialist (as presented for each fungal infection in this review). Lastly, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR with FFPE samples have already been validated for research purposes in some centers, enabling detection of specific fungi when the entire specimen is placed in formalin.
Positive Cultures but Tissue without Fungal ElementsThe situation where there are positive cultures but tissue without fungal elements can occur in four instances: (i) the fungus present in the cultures is a colonizer in the patient; (ii) the fungus present in the culture is a contaminant in the laboratory; (iii) tissue is sampled from two different areas, with one sample sent to microbiology and the other to pathology; or (iv) the pathologic specimen has not been extensively studied with adequate special stains. In this situation it is important to know the pathology that was observed in the specimen and the location and number of colonies found in the plates. When only one or two colonies are observed at the area of inoculation of the plate and there is minimal pathology in the tissue sections, it is reasonable to think that the fungus present in the culture may be a colonizer. When only one or two colonies are observed away from the area of primary inoculation of the plate and there is minimal pathology in the tissue sections, it is reasonable to think that there was contamination of the fungal culture. It is also possible that the surgeon sampled two different areas of the tissue and that the one containing viable fungi was sent to microbiology while the second sample, not containing the fungal elements, was sent to pathology. Thus, there will be positive cultures, but the tissue will not contain fungal elements. Lastly, the specimen sent to pathology may not have shown the pathology usually associated with fungal infections and thus the pathologist may not have asked for special stains, or the fungal elements may be so sparse that they could have been missed. In any of these instances it is indispensable to correlate the laboratory findings (pathology and microbiology) with the clinical presentation of the patient and determine if alternative testing is required. For example, if a Fusarium colony was found in the middle of the plate and there was necrosis or hemorrhage in the tissue sample from a severely neutropenic patient, obtaining blood cultures may be a reasonable alternative test since invasive infections with Fusarium can be found in the blood. However, in the same scenario, if the organism cultured had been an Aspergillus sp. or a member of the Mucorales genera, obtaining blood cultures would not be helpful.
In instances where the tissue sections show pathology (inflammation, necrosis, or hemorrhage), it is important that the pathologist, clinician, and microbiology laboratory communicate to define the need to examine deeper in the tissue block and verify that slides were stained with GMS and PAS stains. Any fungus in low abundance may be difficult to identify, and deeper sections stained with GMS and PAS stains may be necessary. In addition, hyphae in patients infected with Mucorales genera may be quite distorted and negative or faintly GMS positive; thus, using PAS stains is indispensable. If the pathology present in the tissues is consistent with allergic fungal disease, finding the fungal elements may be difficult. Appropriate alternative testing may be required, depending on the culture findings, the pathology encountered, and the clinical presentation.
Fungal Elements in Tissue but Cultures without GrowthThe situation where there are fungal elements in tissue but cultures without growth can occur in three instances: (i) when the tissue in the microbiology laboratory is ground too aggressively and the fungal cells are destroyed; (ii) when the fungus in the tissue is not viable; or (iii) when tissue is sampled from two different areas, with one sample sent to microbiology and the other to pathology. Mucorales genera are particularly prone to be destroyed with aggressive processing of the tissues. Thus, it has been recommended that the sample not be ground or homogenized but instead that direct plating of larger tissue pieces on fungal media should be routinely performed. If the pathology specimen shows hyphae with few septations compatible with Mucorales genera, positive growth should occur within 3 days, and the microbiology laboratory can then give the clinician a presumptive diagnosis. If growth has not occurred in the expected time, it is possible that there will be no growth. However, because Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides grow slowly in vitro, fungal cultures are usually incubated for at least 4 weeks in most laboratories.
Nonviable fungi in tissue are frequent in chronic, walled-off infections with endemic yeasts, such as in cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, or coccidioidomycosis. This could also happen if the patient has received antifungal medications. It is also possible that the surgeon sampled two different areas of the tissue and that the one containing fungi was sent to pathology while the second sample, not containing the fungal elements or containing nonviable fungi, was sent to microbiology. Thus, there will be negative cultures but the tissue will contain fungal elements. Regardless of the reason for the lack of growth, fungal elements in tissue causing pathology should be treated as described in the first situation, i.e., where there are fungal elements in tissue but all of the specimen is in formalin.
Discrepancy between Culture Results and Histopathologic FindingsA discrepancy between culture results and histopathologic findings can occur because either (i) the characteristic morphology of the fungus has been altered due to use of antifungal medications or host responses or (ii) there is a dual infection and only one fungus is growing in culture. With more cases being studied using PCR, it has become evident that dual infections are more frequent than previously realized. Although the selection of cases from the CDC study may be biased (due to difficult cases being sent for diagnosis to a reference facility), dual infections may occur in up to 20% of cases (106). In these situations, the pathologic description may refer only to the most abundant fungus present in the specimen, and the second fungus may not have been mentioned. If a second fungus is not mentioned but grows in the culture, the results may appear to be discrepant. Reasons for the recovery of only one fungus in instances of dual infections include too-aggressive processing where larger fungal cells are destroyed but smaller ones survive, the growth of one fungus inhibiting the growth of the second, or inappropriate culture conditions such that only one fungus can be recovered.
The true frequency of dual fungal infections is not well established, and the technology that exists can now permit studies that address this important question. Dual-color immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization as well as laser microdissection followed by panfungal or specific PCR could be used to address this issue.
Discrepant results can appear problematic but can be solved by reviewing the patient's clinical history to see if the patient has received antifungals or how long the infection has been present and by reviewing with the pathologist the morphological characteristics of the fungal elements present in the slide. Providing descriptions of the fungal elements in the tissue sections for the diagnosis with a comment listing possible organisms that can show that particular morphology should help decrease the number of discrepancies between culture results and histopathology.
Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology
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Jeannette Guarner was brought up in Mexico City, where she obtained her medical degree from LaSalle University. She did her residency and surgical pathology fellowship at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. After residency she returned to Mexico City, where she was the Director of the Clinical Laboratory at the National Cancer Institute. In 1997 she returned to Atlanta and worked at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the Infectious Disease Pathology Branch. During her 10-year tenure at CDC, she was involved in the histopathologic study of high-profile outbreaks, including the U.S. anthrax bioterrorism attack, the introduction of West Nile virus to the Americas, and the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. In 2007 she joined the faculty at Emory University as Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. She continues to do research on the diagnosis and pathogenesis of infections using histopathologic material as a guest researcher at CDC.
Mary E. Brandt, a native of Philadelphia, PA, received her B.S. at Chestnut Hill College, an M.S. in clinical microbiology at Thomas Jefferson University, and a Ph.D. in microbiology and immunology at Temple University. She joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1991 and is now the Chief of the Mycotic Diseases Branch. She directs the CDC Fungus Reference Laboratory and the CDC mold identification training course. She is a mycology section editor of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology as well as an associate editor or editorial board member of several clinical microbiology journals. Her research interests include the detection, identification, and molecular epidemiology of medically important fungi.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2011, 24 (2) 247-280; DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00053-10
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Mavis Staples Mavis Staples artist page: interviews, features and/or performances archived at NPR Music
Mavis Staples' latest album, We Get By, is out now. Myriam Santos/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Myriam Santos/Courtesy of the artist
In 'We Get By,' Mavis Staples Keeps Singing For 'Change'
May 25, 2019 • Nearing 80, the solo artist has a new album out. Decades after she brought a gospel score to the civil rights movement with The Staple Singers, she remains hopeful in her enduring mission for change.
Compton rapper YG. His latest release, 4REAL 4REAL, is on our short list for the best new albums dropping on May 24. Courtesy of the artist hide caption
New Music Friday: Our Top 7 Albums Out On May 24
May 24, 2019 • The best new albums out this week include a stirring call for social justice from soul and gospel legend Mavis Staples, rapper YG's remembrance of Nipsey Hussle, lo-fi rock veterans Sebadoh and more.
Mavis Staples' We Get By comes out May 24. Myriam Santos/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
For Mavis Staples, The Work Is Never Done
May 16, 2019 • Mavis Staples is a living embodiment of gospel music's place in the civil rights movement, but We Get By Proves that she's no static symbol of the past.
In this month's Heavy Rotation, a pop-meets-pensive bop from SOAK illuminates under a disco ball. Ellius Grace/Chromatic Publicity hide caption
Ellius Grace/Chromatic Publicity
Heavy Rotation: 10 Songs Public Radio Can't Stop Playing
March 30, 2019 • Hear SOAK's disco-ball beat that won't quit, Faye Webster's breezy soliloquy and a raspy battle cry from Mavis Staples.
Mavis Staples Chris Strong Photography/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Chris Strong Photography/Courtesy of the artist
More Than 50 Years In, Mavis Staples Is Still Delivering Messages Of Hope And Justice
February 20, 2019 • She's a political activist and a rock star. In this session, hear lots of music and legendary stories from Mavis Staples.
Mavis Staples On World Cafe
Jon Batiste led a star-studded cast, including Mavis Staples, through the civil rights-themed set A Change Is Gonna Come. Adam Kissick/NPR hide caption
Adam Kissick/NPR
A Change Is Gonna Come, Live In Concert : Newport Folk 2018
December 22, 2018 • Jon Batiste led a star-studded cast — including Mavis Staples, the Dap-Kings, Chris Thile and Brandi Carlile — through the civil rights-themed set.
Andrew Hozier-Byrne joins NPR Music's Bob Boilen in the studio to discuss the music that informed his 2018 EP, Nina Cried Power. Mulography - Anthony Mulcahy hide caption
Mulography - Anthony Mulcahy
Hozier: Why The Civil Rights Movement Still Resonate
October 2, 2018 • Irish singer/songwriter Hozier sits down with NPR Music's Bob Boilen to discuss the lifetime of listening that led to his new EP, Nina Cried Power, and what American blues means to him.
Guest DJ: Hozier On Why Music From The Civil Rights Movement Still Resonates
IMAGEClockwise from upper left: Wolf Alice, Jackie Shane, William Patrick Corgan, Loney Dear, Mavis Staples, Flikka Courtesy of the artists hide caption
Courtesy of the artists
New Mix: Billy Corgan, Mavis Staples And Jeff Tweedy, Wolf Alice, More
September 12, 2017 • This week's essential new music includes a piano ballad from Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan, a powerful look at race relations in America from soul singer Mavis Staples and more.
Mavis Staples Wonders, 'If All I Was Was Black'
September 11, 2017 • The veteran gospel and R & B singer collaborates with Wilco's Jeff Tweedy for a new album she hopes will "change the world."
Bjork performs during the Coachella Music Festival in April 2007 in Indio, Calif. Karl Walter/Getty Images hide caption
Karl Walter/Getty Images
Turning The Tables
The 150 Greatest Albums Made By Women
July 24, 2017 • NPR's list of the greatest albums made by women, from 1964 to the present.
Russel Hobbs from Gorillaz. Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Pusha T And Mavis Staples Join Gorillaz For 'Let Me Out'
April 6, 2017 • Gorillaz just keeps trickling out the jams from its very stacked album Humanz, due April 28.
All proceeds from Arcade Fire and Mavis Staples' new single will go to the ACLU. Courtesy of the artists hide caption
Hear Arcade Fire's New Song With Mavis Staples, 'I Give You Power'
January 19, 2017 • Just in time for Friday's inauguration, Arcade Fire and Mavis Staples team up to deliver a message for all elected officials: "I give you power / I can take it away."
"I tell you," Mavis Staples says, "I watch the news sometimes and I think I'm back in the '60s." The gospel legend was recently recognized at the Kennedy Center Honors. Chris Strong/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Chris Strong/Courtesy of the artist
For Mavis Staples, The Music Of The Civil Rights Era Couldn't Be More Relevant Today
December 10, 2016 • The gospel legend is now a Kennedy Center honoree. She discusses developing an iconic voice at a young age, her family's confrontations with racism and why she's a big fan of Chance The Rapper.
Luther Dickinson. Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Songs We Love: Luther Dickinson (feat. Mavis Staples), 'Ain't No Grave'
January 27, 2016 • With a little help from one of the legendary voices in Southern soul, a North Mississippi Allstar pays tribute to his late father, Memphis music legend Jim Dickinson.
08Ain't No Grave (feat. Mavis Staples)
Ain't No Grave (feat. Mavis Staples)
Blues & Ballads (A Folksingers Songbook) Volumes I & II
On the new album Into The Deep, the seasoned instrumentalists of Galactic team up with a host of singers including Macy Gray and Mavis Staples. Courtesy of the artist hide caption
After 20 Years, New Orleans Band Galactic Lifts Off With New Voices
July 19, 2015 • The band might not have a permanent lead singer, but on the new album Into The Deep, the musicians show just how well they've learned to play with others.
Join us as we celebrate Day Of The Dead, Alt.Latino style. Omar Torres/AFP/Getty Images hide caption
Omar Torres/AFP/Getty Images
Alt.Latino
Alt.Latino Lays Out A Sonic Altar For Dia De Los Muertos
October 30, 2014 • Celebrate Saturday's holiday (and, by extension, lost loved ones) with laughter, tears and music.
Mavis Staples performs at the 2014 Newport Folk Festival. Adam Kissick for NPR hide caption
Adam Kissick for NPR
Mavis Staples, Live In Concert
August 3, 2014 • Mavis Staples, whose titanic career spans the civil rights movement, Soul Train and solo work with Curtis Mayfield, Prince and Jeff Tweedy, closed the 2014 Newport Folk Festival on Sunday, July 27.
Mavis Staples In Concert
Mavis Staples performs at the 2011 Newport Folk Festival. Shantel Mitchell for NPR hide caption
Shantel Mitchell for NPR
Mavis Staples: Newport Folk 2011
August 1, 2011 • Hear the singer and civil-rights icon in a concert from the Newport Folk Festival.
Mito Habe-Evans/NPR Music
An Interview With Newport Folk Producer Jay Sweet
July 30, 2009 • All Songs Considered host Bob Boilen recently spoke with festival producer Jay Sweet about what's in store for the Newport Folk Festival.
Hear An Interview With Newport Folk Festival Producer Jay Sweet
Wiqan Ang
Folk Alley
August 1, 2009 • The former lead singer of The Staple Singers has spent her career navigating the worlds of blues, gospel, pop, soul and folk.
Listen · 1:14:35 1:14:35
Mavis Staples. Chris Strong/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
January 20, 2014 • Staples' gospel-rooted solo recordings have captivated artists such as Bob Dylan and Prince, and helped pave the way for contemporary soul music. Over the course of her 50-year career, Staples has become a legend on the strength of her huge vocals and messages of hope.
Mavis Staples performs at the 2013 Waterfront Blues Festival at in Portland, Ore. Anthony Pidgeon/Redferns via Getty Images hide caption
Anthony Pidgeon/Redferns via Getty Images
'I'll Take You There': The Staple Singers' Rise From Church To Fame
January 18, 2014 • The group's sound broke down musical walls and inspired civil rights leaders. NPR's Arun Rath speaks with biographer Greg Kot about his new book, I'll Take You There: Mavis Staples, the Staple Singers, and the March Up Freedom's Highway.
More from Mavis Staples | {
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Song lyrics by Jackson United. Check-out these awesome song lyrics by the artist, learn every word of your favourite song and sing it like Jackson United. Get one of the 29 lyrics and watch the video by artist Jackson United. | {
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Why Governments Levy Taxes
By: Mark Kennan
Reviewed by: Sari Luciano, BS, Accounting/Business
••• Photo by Mike Kline (notkalvin)/Moment/GettyImages
6 Tips to Save Using the Most Popular Food Delivery Apps
Governments provide a variety of services to the people they serve. In order to pay for these services, the government levies taxes on the citizens and companies who benefit from these services. The government must also make payments on any money borrowed to sustain operations. Also, the government levies taxes to alter the behaviors of its citizens and the companies that do business in the country.
National Defense Spending
One of the primary functions of national governments is to provide for the common defense of the nation. Today, this requires having a standing army which involves expenses for salaries, supplies, equipment, training and housing. This also includes the expenses for research and development of new technologies and weapons. According to the Tax Policy Center, military spending accounted for approximately 50 percent of all United States discretionary expenditures in 2015.
Funding Government Programs
Governments provide a number of services to their citizens that are paid for with taxes. The specific services will vary from government to government depending on the scope of the government, such as whether it is a local government or a national government, and its reach, meaning how much power the citizens believe the government should have. These programs can include police forces, schools and health care. The government also protects corporations and their products through trade regulations and copyright laws. In order to uphold copyrights, the government must set up a court to hear the cases and determine damages.
Government Debt Payments
Most governments carry significant debt that they must pay interest on. Many times the government has unexpected expenses such as wars, or a recession will limit the tax revenue but not the need for services, so the government needs to borrow money to pay for them. According to the Department of the Treasury, the United States debt is over $21 trillion. Some of this debt is owed between government agencies, but most of it is owed to individuals and companies, both American and foreign. In 2015, according to the Tax Policy Institute, debt payments accounted for about 6 percent of the United States' expenses.
Effects on Individuals
Taxation is a passive way for governments to affect the behaviors of its citizens on top of bringing in money. Citizens must choose what to spend their limited supply of money on so by offering tax breaks or imposing tax increases on certain products the government can affect what people buy. For example, if the government wants to reduce the number of SUV's that are sold, it can impose extra taxes on these vehicles. Or if it wanted to increase hybrid car sales it can offer a tax incentive for individuals to buy these cars.
Effects on Companies
Just as taxes can affect the choices that individuals makes, taxes can also be passed to affect the way that corporations do business. For example, if the government wants to encourage more employers to offer retirement plans to their workers, the government can pass a law that gives a tax break to companies that sponsor retirement plans for employees. Similarly, if the government wanted to increase the production of clothing made within its borders, it could pass a higher tax, or tariff, on any imported clothing to make it easier for clothing made in the country to compete.
Tax Policy Center: The Numbers: How does the federal government spend its money?
TreasuryDirect: The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It
US Annual Budget
Based in the Kansas City area, Mike specializes in personal finance and business topics. He has been writing since 2009 and has been published by "Quicken," "TurboTax," and "The Motley Fool." | {
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The Stable, if you didn´t already know, have launched their very own cider awards for the first time this year. Renowned for its pizza and a broad range of premium ciders along with live music have got together some of the best and well-known cider-minds in the country.
"The Stable awards shortlist covers a broad range of cider styles from the traditional to ciders pushing the boundaries with innovative techniques. It's a modern approach to a cider competition that is super exciting and inclusive."
The batten has now been passed over to the Stable customers to shortlist it to 5!
The vote will officially begin on the 3rdof May and it`s up to the punters, that´s you guys, to pick out your favourite cider over the next 6 months. So don`t panic, take your time, get to know all of these cracking ciders and make your vote count!
But before you start wetting that whistle of yours, we've gone to the trouble of giving you a bit of background on the 8 contenders.
A keeved cider from this boutique cidery, which specializes in keeved ciders. Fresh bittersweet cider apples are partially fermented creating a natural sparkling cider with natural residual sugar. If you`re on for a spicy pizza, then get on this one to soothe that heat!
Made from 100% Golden Delicious apples from Elgin in the Western Cape. This cider has indeed travelled far to reach our shores but it`s a vibrant and fresh number, that`s easy going and will surely delight a number of you.
Another keeved cider which has made it to the final 8, interesting indeed considering there`s not that many keeved ciders produced in the UK. Complex cider which comes with the keeved cider territory. Think more savory flavour profiles, like caramel and biscuit than a fruit driven cider. This is definitely a marmite of a cider…you`ll either absolutely love it or you won`t.
One for the hop mad loving crowd.
Born out of a chance meeting between our cider maker and godfather of US craft brewing Dan Kopman of Schlafly Brewery. This cider has been infused with Ella and Willamette hops. Expect an exciting zingy profile with a real citrus edge. A supereb example of cider innovation!
A blend of bittersweet and bittersharp cider apples to create a balanced medium to sweet sparkling cider. Their description doesn`t really entice me…but will it deliver on what matters…the taste.
Another cidery that has been making cider for hundreds of years…that`s great…but let's talk about the cider. It`s full-bodied with good structure, which normally means that it's food friendly. A delicious easy drinking cider.
A lightly carbonated, medium sweet cider made from organic cider apples with some blackcurrants added to it, to give it that natural red tinge. Flavoured ciders account for 25% of the market, some of which are pretty distasteful and some are pretty darn good, depending on how they`re made. So ladies and gents, stay open-minded and give it a try.
So there you have it. It's a great line-up of ciders and one that caters for all real cider drinking lovers.
Crafty Nectar are thrilled to be involved in this great event, whereby the smaller cideries can get a little bit more support and limelight.
Small cideries are popping up all the time and as a big cider drinking nation, we need to give them all the love we can, to help this industry grow in the right direction. Support the small cider-makers by drinking real cider, full of flavour and free of concentrate. Not a bad deal is it.
So get to your nearest Stable…get tasting and then get voting! Good luck to all of the cideries and may the best cider win! | {
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It's the easiest way to increase your Klout score.
A few days later, Phillips asked Matt for his advice on a Cardinals-Brewers game. The over/under for the game was 7.5 runs. Matt told her to take the over. She said she was betting $3,000 on the game. She sent him the betting slip to prove it, and he thought this was way over the top. Well, he thought to himself, at least I'm not betting against her.
The final score of the game? 5-2. She lost her $3,000, and she was mad. She responded by sending him an invoice for $5,000 through Nilesh Prasad.
"She said I owed her that money in addition to thousands more for reasons unbeknownst to me," he told Deadspin. "She said if I didn't paypal it to her that night she would have the LAPD come to my apartment and rob me. I told her I don't carry cash, and kept a hunting knife by my bed for three weeks." (According to a screengrab of a Gchat conversation, she told him the LAPD would "cordially come by" his apartment to take the money).
In another instance, Phillips and Prasad allegedly manipulated the college student behind the NBA Memes Facebook page into letting him give them control of the account, after which they removed him as an administrator and began using the page to redirect traffic to their own Sports Comedy Network.
Funny story: Ever since she was exposed as a fraud, Sarah Phillips gained 2,000 followers.
I've gained about 100 since I took her avi. Men are still stupid. News at 11.
Which got us thinking: Could other Tweeters improve their online following by making a similar move? Check out these edited Tweets and tell us, would you be more likely to follow them? | {
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'Nomination has really brought the staff team together' - care firm in running for South Wales Argus Health & Care Award
Newport's Arian Care nominated for South Wales Argus Health and Care Award
By Dan Barnes Multimedia Reporter
A NEWPORT care and support service has been nominated for one of this year's South Wales Argus Health & Care Awards.
Arian Care has been put forward for the Together We Achieve Award which seeks to reward teams working together to deliver improved patient care and public health.
The firm holds a contract with Newport City Council and also provides services on behalf of the local health board and has a number of self funding packages of care and support.
On a daily basis the company and its staff work to support individuals with all aspects of daily life.
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The service has been set up to provide individuals with a voice and support individuals to achieve goals and outcomes that are important to them.
A spokesperson for Arian Care said: "To receive the nomination is really appreciated, as carers do an amazing job each and every day that makes a real difference to the lives of those they visit.
"Care companys provide support and services to the most vulnerable within our society.
"As a company the nomination for this award has really brought the staff team together as everyone is feeling really proud that we have been recognized for all our hard work."
The Health & Care Awards are a chance to recognise those individuals who often go unnoticed but provide such an important role in society.
"Awards like this make people feel appreciated and that the work they do is valued and important," continued the Arian Care spokesperson.
" It takes a special type of person to be able to work within the care sector and for those hardworking staff members to have something back gives a sense of enormous wellbeing."
The company not only supports the individual in receipt of the service, but also works to set up links with their families and friends.
This helps to ensure that relationships are maintained and works with unpaid carers to provide respite support so that unpaid carers are provided with some down time.
Based on the positive feedback that Arian Care has received for its service model and quality of services being provided, the company is planning to expend in the near future into neighbouring authorities.
Nominations are still open in the Health & Care Awards.
If you know of an individual or organisation like Arian Care who you feel are worthy of recognition then why not nominate them?
To submit your nomination for free, visit newsquestevents.co.uk/swa-health-care-awards
Newport drug dealer jailed for 22 years over dad's 'horrific' killing
Caerleon campus sold to housing developer for more than £6million
Newport workers call for reform of 'completely unreasonable' parking restrictions in some areas of the city
More than 1,500 parking tickets have been issued in Newport in just over two weeks
Cwmbran High School's governing body could be removed over 'insufficient progress'
'Professional' thief jailed after stealing designer goods during brazen shoplifting spree
Taxi was 'deliberately set on fire' in Newport street
£25,000 handed out by Welsh Government to refurbish Pontypool toilets
Schools to get extra INSET day every summer for the next three years | {
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With the ongoing suspension of Broadway performances due to Covid-19 continuing until further notice, Broadway theatres are now offering refunds and exchanges for tickets purchased for performances through January 3, 2021. Official return to be announced at a later time. | {
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I think this post either outright confuses or at least obfuscates the relevant elements of quantum mechanics. Greater clarity is needed to avoid confusion in the reader – for instance, Everettian QM does not say that literally any logically possible world exists. It posits that what occurs in measurement is entanglement rather than wavefunction collapse, and as such what we experience of the world is one of potentially many super imposed states.
However it's not true that -any- state is superimposed. Only the currently entangled ones. How this works into the future is unclear to me, if indeed it happens.
Everettian QM is also one possible interpretation, some might say the most ridiculous one.
This post is called a "Strategy of Everything", so it does conflate aspects of various theories. It combines the "Many Worlds Interpretation" with the "cosmological multiverse theory" and elements of the "Many Interacting Worlds" theory. The key takeaway in these areas is quantum phenomena is macroscopically real and manifests as a quantum multiverse described by Everett and Deutsch in their interpretations. This post describes one wave function for the entire multiverse, where systems become entangled with the environment and branch or happen all the time. Scaled up, other "worlds" may exist. Everett took his theory seriously to account for the observable world and other versions of the world. It is still underdeveloped but has testable aspects. BTW, I don't pretend to be an expert or theorist on any of this. I just like the various theories and interpretations of them. Decided to give it a try.
I suppose my criticism is perhaps a bit unfair if your aim was to unify a range of different theories, interpretations, and conjectures, in order to produce a possible scenario for how the science and technology could develop. But as a warning to someone else with limited background in quantum mechanics, I'd advise you not start here, because the boundaries between the three are not clear.
I appreciate your comments and feedback. I do agree that fundamental aspects of QM like granularity, relationality, and indeterminacy (or unpredictability) need to be explained better. Key information theory points also need to be unpacked more. The point of the blog was combining QM, AI and RAS into one ecosystem and uniting multiverse and many-worlds theories where the ecosystems exist. There are "boundaries" in all of this, but efforts like LQG seek to unite QM and general relativity into a theory of everything. I don't really believe in the boundaries we typically accept. Once again, thank you. | {
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Tomorrow Microsoft and Electronic Arts launch what is arguably the first must-have title for the 5 month old Xbox One gaming system. Titanfall is exclusive to the Xbox one gaming system. The game is a first person shooter where teams of players battle for dominance on foot and in giant robots called Titans.
This week marks the launch of a new console generation. This has been the longest period ever between subsequent generations of video game consoles. The Xbox 360 launched in November 2005 and the Playstation 3 launched a year later in November 2006. It's hard to believe it – but these systems are 8 and 7 years old respectively. In terms of technology they are effectively fossils.
Last year I couldn't recommend the original Microsoft Surface RT. The device had great potential – but was hampered by performance issues, software issues, horrible marketing, and a ridiculous price point. (I should also note that the pro model had horrendous battery life) Microsoft has addressed many of these issues in the latest iteration of the tablets and for the past two weeks I've been putting the New Surface Pro 2 (8GB Ram/256GB Storage) through it's paces. I must say this is one of the best computing devices that I've ever owned. Microsoft has truly built a device that is without compromise.
I hadn't used my professional camera equipment since leaving the Emerald City for the Motor City. The stress of the relocation combined with two experiences with Bridezillas made me a bit camera shy. However I decided that rediscovering photography would be a great stress reliever. This time instead of focusing on developing a photography business – I am going to focus on photography as a hobby only. And under no circumstances will I photograph a wedding again. | {
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Self-doubt can be a beast.
Just when you think things are looking up, self-doubt creeps in and stops you in your tracks. It wonders who do you think you are. Reminds you of all the things that can go wrong. Throws a hissy fit when you so much as stick your little toe outside of the comfort zone.
But what if I were to tell you that self-doubt is perfectly normal. In fact, Dr. Daniel Friedland, this week's podcast guest, did an informal survey on self-doubt at the San Francisco International airport. Of the 314 people surveyed, guess how many experienced doubts of self-worth.
The truth is, all of us struggle with self-doubt. Even the most successful achievers deal with self-doubt and impostor syndrome. All the time.
In fact, there are benefits to having self-doubt. It keeps us safe, socially appropriate, connected, and moving toward self-actualization. In other words, if we didn't have self-doubt, we'd probably do and say a lot of things we'd regret.
This past weekend I hosted a mastermind event here in San Diego. I think my attendees were surprised to learn that I deal with self-doubt all the time. It's an everyday thing that I've chosen to accept. Because the truth is, it's not going anywhere.
* The #1 cause of overreacting, and how you can rewire your brain to respond more appropriately and avoid burnout.
* How that one person in Dr. Friedland's survey was able to turn off self-doubt.
* How to use your brain to unlock your ability to connect with others, be more creative, and feel a greater sense of significance.
* Why stress isn't as terrible as the media makes it out to be … but only if your see it THIS way.
* Why a "wandering mind" while meditating is actually a GOOD thing.
Plus, you'll hear from our friend, Dr. Heidi Hanna, host of the upcoming (and much-needed) Global Stress Summit.
Thank you Sean for this super useful and informative interview! You have improved the quality of my life the past few years with the information you've shared on your radio shows. | {
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This property is located in the gated community of Westerhall Point and sits facing west on a slope which overlooks the water front. The area has a Residents' Association and is governed by strict covenants. The property features 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms with a large living room and half-moon shaped patio. There is some need for remodeling and upgrading throughout the house. The surroundings are beautifully landscaped and there is adequate space along the front of the property to erect a private jetty. The property is in close proximity to a gas station, several restaurants and supermarkets. The Maurice Bishop International Airport is approximately 20 minutes away. | {
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Turning the conventional wisdom on its head, Janine Benyus, author of Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature and founder of the Biomimicry Institute, argued that carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere can become the source of a new, regenerative agricultural system at SXSW Eco in Austin, Texas. Instead of treating carbon dioxide emissions as a waste product that needs to be reduced, it can instead fuel our food production. We can mimic the functions of prairie ecosystems to store all of that excess CO2 and create a more sustainable food production system.
"Nature has no landfills; everything has a second life," Benyus argued. Carbon dioxide is already the basis of a complex system of "upcycling" in nature. A tree absorbs carbon dioxide, sequestering it as it grows. When it dies, it's decomposing trunk is taken over by fungi, which consume the carbon. This fungi is then eaten by voles, which are then eaten by owls, and on the cycle goes.
In contrast, in prairie ecosystems, where there are perennial grasses like wheat, plants store carbon deep in the soil through long roots, some that go as far as 20 feet deep. Prairie grasses evolved the ability to do this. In a fully-functioning prairie, bison and other grazers would prune grasses all the way down to the ground. To survive, these grasses had to store much of their energy (and carbon) way down in the roots. Sustainable agricultural practices that preserve perennials through the use of crop diversity could then not only produce food but also help us store the excess carbon in the atmosphere.
Restoring the natural ecosystem functions of grasslands, as well as forests, has other benefits. Scientists have found that plants work together in a natural "world wood web" to communicate and share resources underground, with the aid of "common mycorrhizal networks," systems of fungi that are helpers of plants. These fungi colonize plant roots and aid in phosphorous, nitrogen and water absorption from the surrounding soil and then they form networks in between the plants. For example, under a forest floor, there is a web of life, "a chemical conversation" that leads to constant interchange. The conversation is about opportunities, like new resources, and threats, like insects. She explained how in a functioning ecosystem carbon stored in roots under a tree could end up being transferred to where it's most needed, perhaps to a shrub a half a mile away. Mycorrhizal networks then increase the amount of carbon that can be stored exponentially.
In monocultures, this mycorrhizal communications network has been told "we don't need you." Tons of bags of phosphorous and nitrogen are dumped on fields each year. In these farmlands, the underground conversation is over. There is no longer any exchange of carbon, water, and nutrients, and the subterranean communications network dies. To recreate this natural of nutrient exchange and removal, industrial corn and wheat fields in the Midwest use poorly-designed drainage pipes to carry water and chemicals, which then make their way to the Mississippi River and out to the Gulf of Mexico, where they create enormous dead zones. That system is clearly not optimal.
Benyus thinks growing demand for organic food can help restore natural agriculture systems' bio-sequestration function. Some 70 percent of produce is grown by small shareholders, who account for a third of humanity. These farmers in Africa, India, South America, and Southeast Asia have been largely left out of the "green revolution," which involved Western aid agencies pushing large-scale industrial farming techniques on developing countries. According to Benyus, more and more large food manufacturers are contracting out with small-scale shareholders because industrial farms can't keep up with demand. These farmers commonly support a diversity of crops, don't grow monocultures that strip the soils, and therefore have less need for added chemicals. It's important that these small shareholders keep doing things the way they have been, Benyus said. And the 6.8 billion acres of degraded industrial farmland on the planet provide an enormous opportunity. If that land was healed using sustainable farming techniques, the impact could be significant.
Biomimetic approaches could also be used to improve water efficiency. New filtering technologies that mimic aquaporins pull out pollutants by attraction rather than pushing them through a membrane that can easily get clogged. "Imagine a giant tea bag that with antibiotics jumping into it." Gardeners and landscape architects are experimenting with bio-irrigators, plants that naturally redistribute water. "Some shrubs have both shallow and deep roots. They use the deep roots to push water far down into the soil where they bank it for later use. Then, when they need it, they pump it back up and distribute via shallow roots. These plants help each other. It's a self-watering landscape." Another firm in Australia has created a natural septic system based in soil profiles. In this system, clean water eventually percolates back up to the surface.
To learn more about this concept, check out Peter Byck's film Carbonnation. See some short clips and related TED talks.
Sounds familiar. Permaculture? The Land Institute?
Good to keep getting this message to new audiences.
Big Ag will never change… it has been this way since Secretary Earl Butz set up today's current ag policies in the Days of Nixon. Just to give you an example of how bad it is, The Ag Lobby is dead set against the Open fuels Standards Act, which would allow Methanol to become an approved fuel for cars. There is no possible way for Ag to meet the total demand for fuel for cars with ethanol (but together with methanol they could) and they even must use methanol (as a catalyst for the production of Biodiesel) and yet they are fully intent on keeping methanol from becoming a part of the vehicle fuel equation.
Farm sizes continue to get larger because the only way for farmers to make a profit on razor thin profit margins is to ever increase their production volume. More and more Class A farm land is purchased by foreign investors as well as non farm investors. Every one wants a piece of a farmer's hide but no one but farmers are actually interested in doing the work. Since the average age of farmers continues to get older, who will farm these farms in the future?
The US government has used food exports as a weapon and given where the world population and global climate change is headed, will be tempted to use this leverage ever more frequently. All the while adding to the mono crop, unsustainable agricultural practices that continue to cause major environmental problems for US citizens.
The USDA is equally responsible as they have set food standards influenced by the Corn lobby in which 10,000 or more products in the average grocery store have corn or corn by-products as ingredients. It is no wonder that US citizens have weight issues and high instances of diabetes. One would expect the high cost of healthcare alone would dictate a change in these policies set by the USDA. | {
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Welcome to 8tracks radio: free music streaming for any time, place, or mood. tagged with sad, depressed, and The Smiths. You can also download one of our free apps to enjoy internet radio on your favorite device.
S H E L T E R.
I wanna be somebody else. | {
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Christmas Gingham Scrapbook Bundle & Freebie!
Get them while they last!
Spring and March elements, papers, kits, templates and more all FREE! Available today: they might not be available next week.
Subscribe to this blog to get more announcements. Click on the image to go to the download site.
If you appreciate freebies and want to see more please leave a comment.
Faster than a Lapbook, More Fun than a Book Report!
Follow Robin Sampson's board Digital Scrapbook Freebies on Pinterest.
How to Make a Simple Lapbook & Free Blue Templates! | {
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Moss Acres is located in the northeastern fringe of the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania, where many species of moss have been growing for millions of years. From one of our properties, we package and ship substantial quantities of moss for gardening enthusiasts, landscape architects, designers and contractors.
Moss Acres is not open to public hiking or viewing, but enthusiasts have the opportunity to experience moss in the woods of Honesdale, PA, at our spring and fall workshops. Moss Acres staff and experts are on site to instruct moss enthusiasts and landscape professionals on moss culture, uses in the landscape, moss identification, moss for green roofs, and most importantly, hands on training for how to best establish a moss garden. Visit the Moss Workshops section to learn more.
Moss Acres is owned and operated, by Al Benner, son of renowned horticulturist, retired professor and "moss guru", David Benner.
Dave Benner began gardening with moss in lieu of grass at his woodland garden in New Hope, Pennsylvania back in the early 60's. Since then he has converted his entire two woodland acres into a lush, cool green oasis by growing moss with wildflowers and evergreen groundcovers on a terraced hillside with meandering paths. This spectacular garden bursts into color in early May when the wildflowers peak, and remains a vibrant green the balance of the year due to the vast array of mosses and other evergreen groundcovers that are also growing on the hillside. The Benner garden has been featured in over twenty-five books and magazines through the years, and Dave still conducts tours of his woodland moss gardens in early May.
When it comes to knowledge and experience with growing moss in the landscape, the Benner name is well known. Not only do Moss Acres' customers receive a unique selection of the highest quality mosses, but they are also privy to over thirty-five years of expertise on how to best utilize the techniques for growing moss in the landscape.
The Benner garden has also been captured on a video entitled Made in the Shade, and in a booklet entitled Gardening with Moss. Both of these informative pieces, along with a wide range of accessory items that make growing moss even easier, are also available through Moss Acres.
Right: Al's Father, Dave Benner. | {
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Imagine the sound of the waves crashing on shore, the warm ocean breeze, and the sand beneath your toes. In Imagine the Beach, students are invited to use their imagination and senses to take a trip to the beach in their mind's eye. Colorful photographs support students' learning as they practice visualizing and classifying information. | {
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We would be glad if you kindly contribute to Beluganos. You can directly contribute by following methods:
1. Raise issue (about software or document)
1. Raise enhancement request
1. Create pull-request
All contributing described in the above can perform on github.com. If you prefer to use e-mail, please contact `msf-contact-ml [at] hco.ntt.co.jp`. Moreover, when you want to raise pull-request, please kindly send to master branch.
## Contact
If you need any support, please feel free to contact `msf-contact-ml [at] hco.ntt.co.jp` or Github issue page. | {
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Representativeness of the sample: The selection of a representative population is important to ensure that the results of a given survey provide an unbiased estimate of the attitudes or practices of the target population.
Adequacy of response rate: Ensuring the survey response rate is sufficiently high is important to minimize the likelihood that any systematic differences between respondents and non-respondents will influence results.
Missing data within completed questionnaires: In addition to the response rate and differences between respondents and nonrespondents, one must also consider the extent of missing data within a questionnaire. A survey may be completed by the majority of a study sample, but a substantial amount of missing data due to items that were not answered by survey respondents may introduce bias.
Conduct of pilot testing: Risk of bias is decreased if investigators have conducted a formal assessment of the comprehensiveness, clarity and face validity of a questionnaire with a field-test in a subset (e.g. 5 to 10 individuals) drawn from the larger sample. Such "pilot" assessments may ensure survey feasibility, readability of included items and assessment of whether they are subjectively perceived by respondents as addressing what they are designed to measure.
Established validity of the survey instrument: The degree to which survey items evaluate the theoretical concept(s) the survey is focused on are important considerations. A survey should produce similar responses as other established surveys evaluating related constructs.
We have used our enhancement of the response options from the Cochrane risk of bias instrument and applied a similar approach to our instrument for assessing risk of bias in cross-sectional surveys. We frame each criterion as a question, and have provided 4 response options for each one: definitely yes (low risk of bias), probably yes (low risk of bias), probably no (high risk of bias), and definitely no (high risk of bias). Response options are framed to facilitate dichotomization of studies as being either "low risk of bias" or "high risk of bias" on an item-by-item basis, which may be especially relevant for subgroup analyses based on risk of bias or pooled estimates restricted to studies at low risk of bias. The instrument includes, for each item, examples of study design that would lead to low risk of bias, higher risk of bias, and high risk of bias. In situations involving higher risk of bias, evaluators may need to carefully consider the context of an item in relation to the study being evaluated when choosing to rate as "probably yes" (low risk of bias) or "probably no" (high risk of bias).
In our commentary addressing rating of the conduct of RCTs, we noted that, traditionally, systematic review authors have provided a single rating of risk of bias for a particular study. When dealing with cross-sectional surveys of attitudes and practices, authors should consider reporting risk of bias on a domain-by-domain basis rather than assigning an overall risk of bias rating. Such an approach may be especially relevant when all domains do not have the same weight for risk of bias, or when domains may be associated with one another.
Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D'Amico R, et al. Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7:iii-x,1-173.
Downs S, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of methodological quality both of randomized and nonrandomized studies of health care interventions: Summation of the conference. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:377-384.
Reeves B, Deeks J, Higgins JP, et al. Including non-randomized studies. In: Higgins J, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.0.1. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
Sterne JAC, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. 6 Akl EA, Sun X, Busse JW, et al. Specific instructions for estimating unclearly reported blinding status in randomized trials were reliable and valid. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(3):262-7. | {
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My old R1100RS is just over 44,000 miles old now and I just completed fitting a new speedometer cable. I ordered it the day after (Thursday) the old one broke and the part arrived this morning from Sherlocks. The old cable broke about 30mm from the wheel end.
It is easy enough to fit, turn the key in the ignition to undo the steering lock, and use this to make access to the removal of the two side panels by the dashboard easier. There is a small screw on each side down the opening around the steering – this mounts into the top end of the fuel tank so on my bike one is spinning away the captive screw. The panels have another two long screws at the top of each panel, then they slide out. If you have slim fingers then you can get to the back of the speedo from this stage, but to make it easier I removed the two rubber mounted 10mm bolts either side of the instruments. Note the routing of the existing cable (I forgot one bit) it goes down from the back of the speedometer, goes through a wee hoop on the front mudgard then goes to the drive from the front wheel.
Undo the knurled wheel on the back of the speedometer, and undo the screw holding the clamp at the other end. Fit the new one, putting it through the wee hoop and fitting the splines around the flat drive at the wheel end. Screw the clamp in, and spin the wheel to check the other end turns. In my case it did! Then screw the other end finger tight. I spun the wheel to see if anything would happen, but it didn't, so I'll be leaving the proper test to tomorrow when it isn't as windy. | {
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The Graveyard Files
During the latter years of the 19th century a Foreign Cemetery was established in Kaohsiung, then known as Takow. The plan on the right, from the British Foreign Offices files, was drawn in 1905.
Today, almost all trace of the graveyard has gone and very few of the once more than thirty gravestones can be found by even the most diligent searcher willing to risk local taboos.
However, those men, women and children who were buried in the cemetery after ending their days in Takow have some interesting tales to tell.
[British Crown Copyright]
As with many tales about Takow, the story begins with Robert Swinhoe, the eminent Victorian naturalist and British consular official.
In 1864, desiring to construct a house at Takow, Swinhoe had used his own money to purchase a site at ShaoChuanTou. Swinhoe enclosed part of the site with a wall and set a watchman inside in preparation for the construction of a consulate that could also serve as a suitable home for himself and his young wife Christina. Yet official permission for the construction was never to come, and Swinhoe was forced to rent a house on the other side of the Takow Lagoon to house the pregnant Christina.
Swinhoe ceased to live in Takow in 1866, although he remained Taiwan's British Consul until 1873. The British consulate was housed in rented buildings at Takow until it was moved up to Tainan in 1872. Indeed the British were not to build a consulate at Takow until 1879.
The site purchased by Swinhoe in 1864 thus lay vacant and unneeded for any consular construction. Accordingly Consul William Gregory sought permission in 1871 to enclose a small area as a Foreign Cemetery and to build a chapel thereon. Thus was the Foreign Cemetery born.
However Swinhoe, who died in 1877, was never reimbursed for the cost of either the site or the graveyard.
Foreign Cemetery
The Foreign Cemetery was thus established by public subscription in 1871.
"The Takao foreign cemetery."
The Messenger and Missionary Record of the Presbyterian Church of England n.s. 4 (1 November 1879): 209.
(Courtesy John Shufelt)
Graveyard List
(Information from Presbyterian Church records, Davidson, Otness and Myers)
CLAREY, John 1863 Irish gunner on the barque 'Pathfinder' who died after 20 years of service on the China coast.
CRUZ, Fernandez de la 1858
RAWERT, Captain Haus 1859 German captain of the schooner 'Magto' who was murdered by wreckers when his vessel was stranded during a typhoon just north of Takow. His death and burial are luridly described by Captain Lindsay Anderson in 'A Cruise on an Opium Clipper'.
OHM, T. W. 1886 Possibly a non-resident of Taiwan who was brought to Takow when already dead for burial.
MEWES, Jacob 1864
BROWNE, David Tidewaiter in the ICMC.
EGGERT, John 1882 German.
HULSE, Friedrich Wilhelm 1882 German. Died aged 41.
WICKHAM, Benjamin Robert 1880 Died aged 30.
WILSON, Robert 1877 Died aged 32.
KRAAL, Patrick Charles 1883 Agent of Elles & Co from 1873.
STENT, George Carter 1884 ICMC at Takow 1882-4. Died aged 50 (see below).
VOSTEEN, Charles Henry 1884 This infant, the son of Captain Hermann Vosteen, seemingly died of 'marasmus' (lack of breast milk) at only 14 days despite being born strong and healthy . Captain Vosteen, who was probably German, arrived in Taiwan in 1869 and became a well-known harbour pilot and trader at Takow where he stayed until 1895.
HARWOOD, John William 1880 Died aged 40.
HOPKINS, William 1880 Irish seaman on the barque 'West Glen', who was drowned while crossing the bar at Takow (see Hopkins link).
BELL, John 1880 The lone American (USA) buried at Takow.
WARREN, Mary Donnithorne 1884 Died in 1884 with her daughter. Wife of Consul Warren (see below).
LORD, Percy 1895 British surgeon in the Royal Navy who died at Takow in 1895.
ROGISTER, Alphonse Hermann 1889 German tidewaiter with ICMC. Died aged 38.
FLETCHER, Conway Knox 1893 British ICMC Assistant who died aged 24 on 2nd March . Gravestone still standing (2004).
OLLIA, Dajibhai Dadabhai 1896 Parsee merchant doing business as a commission agent for Ollia & Co at Tainan and Takow from c1886 until his death in 1896. He was killed in a riot over a camphor dispute.
GUE, George 1876 British tidewaiter in the ICMC at Takow from c1861 where he succeeded Pickering in this position. Died aged 39.
ELIOTT, George J. 1878 English tidewaiter in ICMC.
BOHNCKE, August W. 1879 German tidewaiter in the ICMC. Died aged 32.
KROHN, Claus 1879 German master of the 'SS Sin Taiwan' who died off Anping.
WILBRAND, Captain H D J 1874 German national who died in the wreck of the British barque 'Caroline Hutchings'.
RITCHIE, Rev Hugh 1879 Served at the English Presbyterian Mission on Taiwan from 1867 to 1879 when he died of fever. His son Robert died at the age of three and was buried in the graveyard in 1873. Ritchie died 6 years later at the age of 39 and was buried next to his son. (For more see below)
MILLIS, I 1875
ANDERSON, H
JOSEPHSON, J
NEWMAN, Charles 1871 British stoker on the 'HMS Dwarf' who apparently drowned while attempting to pole a raft (tek-pai) across the lagoon at night.
ANDERSON, J. 1871
KOORDERS, Catharina Maria
ASMUSSEN, Asmus Friedrich
Graveyard Tales
George Carter Stent (1833 - 1884)
George Carter Stent, who was buried in the Takow Foreign Cemetery in 1884, was the Assistant-in-Charge at the Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs (CMC) in Takow at the time of his death. His life was both adventuresome and literary.
From his own writings we can learn that he was a private in the 14th (King's Light) Dragoons during the Indian Mutiny, and for his service he received the Indian Mutiny Medal. His memoirs of the King's Light, entitled "Scraps from my sabretasche: Being personal adventures while in the 14th (King's Light) Dragoons", were published in 1882 by W H Allen & Co. (London).
Stent was also an early Western authority on palace eunuchs in Ching [see G. C. Stent, Chinese Eunuchs, in Journal of the Royal Society, North China Branch. no, XI, 1887]. Although his study of palace eunuchs was made late in imperial Ching rule, the eunuchs' clinic which he described is known to have existed in the preceding Ming Dynasty, and it is assumed that many of its methods were in use long before the Ming era. In Stent's time there were only around 2,000 eunuchs employed in the Forbidden City, for the Manchu emperors had been determined to keep their numbers down. Another reason for the greatly reduced number of eunuchs may have been that during the previous fifty years, the Manchu Dynasty was ruled by a regent, Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi, for two successive little boy emperors, which would have considerably lessened the need for concubines.
W H Allen & Co also published The Jade Chaplet, in Twenty-four Beads. A Collection of Songs, Ballads, etc., from the Chinese, by Stent in 1874. This book contains translations of some of the old Chinese ballads on the subject of the Emperor Ming Huang of the T`ang dynasty, although his verse is considered as poor in quality.
Stent also published several dictionaries, including A Chinese and English Pocket Dictionary (Shanghai: Kelly and Co.; Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford & Co., 1874), A Chinese and English Vocabulary in the Pekinese Dialect (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1877), and A Dictionary from English to Colloquial Mandarin Chinese (Shanghai: Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs, 1905).
As Assistant-in-Charge at Takow, Stent prepared the Takow Trade Report for the year 1883 which touches on the vagaries of the opium market as well as expressing concern over the possible complicity of compradores in the collapse of two foreign firms, including Elles & Co.
Dr W W Myers records Stent's death in the ICMC Medical Report for Takow, shedding light on both the life Westerners led in the East and on Stent's dedicated character. Myers attributes his death to 'Enthetic disease'. This is most probably a reference to syphilis, which was a steady killer of men who had spent years in the Far East, Swinhoe being allegedly another victim. Myers wrote that Stent 'exhibited but few general symptoms until about 10 days before death ... (although he) complained of subjective sensations of heat, quite out of keeping with actual atmospheric conditions. To relieve this he soaked in cold water during the greater part of the afternoon, and slept naked on his verandah all night. He positively refused to admit that he was ill, and went about his duties as usual'.
A much fuller account of George Carter Stent's life can now be found in the Personnel Files. (click here)
Mary Donnithorne Warren
The unfortunate Mary Warren was the wife of the British Acting-Consul Pelham Warren. The couple were probably the first to live at the British Consular Residence that had been built on the hill at ShaoChuanTou in 1879, and she certainly the first death. Once again, Dr W W Myers records the strange details of Mrs Warren's tragic death, which he attributes to 'direct and concentrated drain-poisoning', in his 1884 Medical Report for Takow.
Myers relates that, while 'for some time prior to death the patient had been complaining of obscure symptoms, general languor, loss of flesh, rising unrefreshed in the morning, with occasional attacks of diarrhoea and fever, (the) most careful and frequent examinations failed to detect any organic derangement'.
He added that the 'very position of the house, on the summit of a hill, removed from all other habitations, coupled with the apparent absence of any reason for ... a sewer', led to the discounting of foul air as a problem.
However, a 'day or two before (her death) a peculiar odour was detected on coming up the hill, and this, after careful tracing to its source, was found to emanate from a split tile which some animal in running across had broken, and here the foulest gas was literally hissing up. Excavations were at once commenced, and a choked drain was discovered leading to the kitchen door, and filled with a mass of the foulest putrefying matter. Both the foreigners, who stood in the open air, superintending the cleansing and laying open of the sewer were seized with severe headache, and one suffered in addition from vomiting and purging'.
The British Consular Residence in 1910
Myers explains 'that the kitchen and other out-offices formed one side of a quadrangular court surrounded by high walls, and opposite to them was the back of the dwelling-house, with a door which acted as a strong up-take for the air circulating chiefly on the bed-room side of the house. The rush of air through this door was very strong, and thus all the foul emanations from the upper opening of the drain were directly driven up and along the sleeping apartments. This drain was undoubtedly intended originally to convey rain water only from the courtyard, for discharge over the adjacent side of the hill; but situated as it was, in close proximity to the kitchen, of course it formed a most tempting receptacle for culinary and household slops.'
It is possible that the building was not lived in for a period thereafter. A strongbox, containing many Land Deeds, was reportedly stolen from the building some months later, and after 1885 a new Consulate was built at Anping.
Reverend Hugh Ritchie (c.1840 - 29 September 1879)
(from Campbell's 'Missionary Success in the Island of Formosa')
The Reverend Hugh Ritchie was sent by the English Presbyterian church to Formosa as a missionary in 1867. The post was vacant as the previous missionary, David Masson, had been swept overboard and drowned off the coast of China before even reaching Taiwan.
Ritchie began his missionary work on 13 December 1867 when he joined Dr James Maxwell of the English Protestant mission at Takow. At the beginning, their proselytising met with strong resistance, culminating in the burning of a church in May 1868.
However, Ritchie learnt both Hokkien and Hakka, and succeeded in founding ten churches in the Takow area. Rev George Mackay, who arrived at Takow in December 1871, stayed with Ritchie for three months before leaving to establish a new Presbyterian mission in the north at Tamsui. In 1875, Ritchie became the first missionary to visit the east coast.
Ritchie's account of his journey to the east coast was published as "Notes of a Journey in East Formosa" in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal 6 (1875) on pages 206-211.
Ritchie came to Taiwan with his wife, and together they raised several children, including a son, Robert Ritchie, who died at the age of three in 1873 and was buried in the Takow cemetery. Ritchie died of fever on 29 September 1879 at the age of 39 and was buried beside his son in the Takow graveyard.
Ritchie's wife continued their work of promoting the education of women, and was instrumental in the founding of the Tainan Presbyterian Girls' School in 1887. The picture on the right shows the first graduating class. Although rebuilt in 1923, the school continues today as the Chang Jung Girls High School. | {
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Today marks the Chinese New Year holiday, and according to Chinese tradition each new year brings with it a different animal which is supposed to symbolize the tone for the year. 2015 is the year of the goat, which symbolizes that the upcoming year will be calm and gentle. Contrary to this symbolism, however, volatility has been the word in the corn and bean markets this week. Tuesday we saw nice gains in both markets, followed by losses yesterday, and now today we gained back those losses. Corn closed up 6c at 3.89 ¾, and beans were up 11 ½ cents to close at 10.07 ¼.
The first of the 2015/16 USDA Outlook Conference figures were released this morning, which pegged corn acres for the upcoming year at 89 million acres, and bean acres at 83.5 million acres. The corn acre number was in line with what the market expects, but the bean number came in as a surprise, and may have acted as a bullish force on the bean market. Keep in mind, however, that these acre numbers are a real rudimentary guess at industry expectations, and are not derived from any actual farmer surveys. Also, it is worth noting that at last year's Outlook Conference, the USDA estimated bean acres for 14/15 at 79.5 million acres, whereas actual total soybean acres for the past year were 83.7 million acres. If nothing else, this preliminary acre estimate at least stimulated a market rally for producers to sell today.
The corn trade benefitted from some spillover support from the bean market, along with a positive ethanol production report. Weekly production numbers were slightly higher than last week, while weekly stocks were slightly lower, suggesting small increase in demand.
Look for weekly export sales numbers tomorrow, along with the USDA's release of the initial 15/16 balance sheet. | {
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Financial Daily Dose 1.11.2021 | Top Story: U.S. loses 140k jobs in December as virus surge hampers recovery
Aaaand we're back. Hope all have stayed safe and healthy. Let's get to business.
Friday's Jobs Report saw the U.S. recovery thrown in reverse, with employers cutting 140,000 jobs in December amidst "rising coronavirus cases and delayed government aid." The decline was the first "since last spring's mass layoffs and followed five straight months in which hiring had slowed." The figures capped a year in which a Covid-addled economy lost more than 9 million jobs - NYTimes and WSJ and Marketplace
New rules out this weekend from China's Ministry of Commerce aim to "punish global companies for complying with Washington's tightening restrictions on doing business with Chinese companies" and allow Chinese officials to "issue orders saying that companies do not have to comply with certain foreign restrictions." The measures are seen as a counter to recent White House actions against Huawei and other Chinese companies and a warning to the incoming Biden administration – NYTimes and WSJ
NCR Corp. is in negotiations with Cardtronics to buy the ATM operator, "seeking to snatch it away from a pair of investment firms including private-equity giant Apollo Global Management Inc. that earlier agreed to buy" the company - WSJ
The Times looks back on a rough first week of full Brexit for Britain, with implications of the new deal "being felt by businesses up and down the country as food deliveries are delayed for not having the right customs paperwork, logistics companies halt shipment of goods, and retailers discovery their supply chains might be obsolete." In other words, headache-city for Boris and his mates - NYTimes
A consideration of Twitter and Facebook's moves last Friday to silence the outgoing president and what they do to crank "up the heat on a free-speech debate that has been simmering for years" - NYTimes and WSJ and Bloomberg and TechCrunch
Last week, Boeing agreed to pay $2.5 billion to end a DOJ criminal investigation into its "737 MAX debacle," but a spate of other legal and business challenges remain for the U.S. planemaker (and the Saturday crash of one of its 737-500s into the Java Sea won't help its cause any) - WSJ
Another scandal-plagued entity—Deutsche Bank—has reached a deal with U.S. federal authorities in which it will pay $130 million to resolve "allegations that it violated laws against bribery by using middlemen and hiding its payments to them as part of a global effort to win business" - WSJ and Law360
Swiss lender Credit Suisse Group has legal matters on the mind as well, revealing Friday that it "has set aside an extra $850 million to cover litigation in the U.S. over residential mortgage-backed securities, bringing the total amount to almost $1.2 billion and pushing the bank's results for the last three months into the red" – Law360
Procedural bickering over what prosecutors will be allowed to show jury members has given us more insight into damning emails involving ex-Theranos-CEO Elizabeth Holmes, including evidence of exchanges that the Feds suggest reveal her knowledge of and role in perpetrating the fraud at the blood-testing startup - Bloomberg
We almost hate to even bring it up, but yeah. Bitcoin hit 40k - Bloomberg and MarketWatch
Meet Dr. Linda Zall, the woman who—it turns out—acted as Mother Nature's spy (thanks to some moonlighting for the CIA) for the better part of the last 3 decades - NYTimes
Financial Markets Litigation | {
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Paulson to Keep Reserve to Stay Flexible; October Producer Prices Fell Record 2.8%
In The Wall Street Journal on Monday there was an interesting article based on an interview with Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson. On a day when Atlanta's SunTrust Bank received its own $3.5 billion capital injection of capital from the TARP program along with 21 other financial institutions, it is important to remember that these injections are being and will be put to work over the coming months. There has been recent data showing an increase in loans being made by banks, and we will see how this trend continues.
Paulson Will Keep Reserve to Stay Flexible for Future
By Deborah Solomon
Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson is unlikely to use what remains of the $700 billion Wall Street rescue fund to launch substantial new programs, preferring to keep money in reserve for unforeseen emergencies and to preserve flexibility for the Obama administration.
In an interview Monday, Mr. Paulson said the financial system is stabilizing, and he is thinking about how the remaining $410 billion could be best utilized, but that he doesn't plan to tap it unless a further need arises.
"I'm going to do what we need to do to keep the system strong and to react the ways we need to react during the nine weeks I'm here, but I'm not going to be looking to start up new things unless they're necessary or it's just clear that they need to be done or [that they] make great sense," Mr. Paulson said. "I want to preserve the firepower, the flexibility we have now and those that come after us will have."
Congress approved a $700 billion bailout in October after Mr. Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke insisted a broad response was needed to prevent an economic meltdown. Mr. Paulson was allowed immediate access to $350 billion, with a second tranche available upon issuing a written notice to Congress. Lawmakers would have 15 days to deny such a request.
Mr. Paulson's decision is a signal that the Bush administration is unlikely to heed demands by some in Congress that the rescue funds be used to help mitigate mounting home foreclosures. That has been a thorny issue, prompting clashes within the administration over the intent of the fund and the best way to help homeowners. Mr. Paulson has already ruled out using the money to assist U.S. auto makers.
His decision also in effect hands the choice of how to spend the remaining $350 billion to the next White House. Obama advisers haven't said publicly how they might use the money.
On Tuesday, Mr. Paulson could face a hostile reception from lawmakers when he testifies about the bailout, including Treasury's decision to forgo its initial plan to buy bad loans from banks and other entities, and instead inject capital directly into banks. Mr. Paulson plans to tell Congress that Treasury couldn't pursue its first option because after investing $250 billion in banks, it didn't have enough left to make a meaningful impact.
"We recognized that a troubled-asset purchase program, to be effective, would require a massive commitment of TARP funds," Mr. Paulson plans to say, according to a draft of his prepared testimony, referring to the Troubled Asset Relief Program.
Mr. Paulson defended that decision, saying Treasury's equity-purchase program has helped stabilize the financial sector and limited the potential for the future collapse of any big financial institution. "We've turned the corner in terms of stabilizing the system. There's no longer this worry out there that some systemic institution is going to fail."
Still, Mr. Paulson acknowledges that dropping the asset-purchase plan will leave a key problem unresolved: "These institutions are still clogged with these assets. They're going to need to write them down, sell them over time, take losses," he said.
Mr. Paulson added that he is working with the Fed to develop a lending facility that would encourage investors to buy some of these assets.
If Mr. Paulson doesn't request the second TARP installment, he could avoid some political backlash from Congress. In addition to criticizing the Treasury's switch of plans, lawmakers might seek to add new conditions to the funds, such as requiring that participating companies make more loans or refrain from using the money for dividends or acquisitions.
The Treasury's use of the $700 billion has shifted since Mr. Paulson won broad authority on how to deploy it. But many lawmakers still expect him to do more to help homeowners in danger of foreclosure. Treasury initially planned to use leverage it would earn from buying residential loans and mortgage-backed securities to encourage lenders to help troubled homeowners. But having dropped that approach, there is no alternative for aiding homeowners through the TARP.
Last week, Democratic Rep. Barney Frank said he expects Treasury to use some of its $700 billion to reduce foreclosures.
Mr. Paulson seemed to rule out embarking on any large-scale foreclosure-mitigation program through the rescue fund, though. He argues that the TARP money is meant to be invested, and that most foreclosure programs would require a direct expenditure of taxpayer dollars that won't likely be paid back.
Instead, the Bush administration is likely to focus on programs already in place, including a plan to have mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are under government control, help halt preventable foreclosures. The voluntary plan, which officials hope will be adapted by other mortgage holders, would enable certain borrowers to receive loans that would make their mortgage payments at most 38% of their monthly income.
Pressure has been building within the administration to do something broad to attack the foreclosure problem. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. Chairman Sheila Bair, a Bush appointee, has criticized policy makers for not doing enough to help homeowners.
Ms. Bair has been pushing a plan within the administration to use some of the $700 billion to have the government share in the loss of any modified loan that falls into default.
But many within the Bush administration are opposed, arguing that her plan provides an incentive for banks to foreclose on homeowners and gives a windfall to investors who own the securities backing the loans.
In the interview, Mr. Paulson said Treasury has "spent a lot of time on the FDIC program" and is "working to see if we can come up with something that works."
"Foreclosures are a significant problem, they're an economic problem," Mr. Paulson said. But finding a solution is complicated, he said, because "the issues then become, 'How effective are the individual programs going to be, where did the money go, is it going to banks or is it going to homeowners, and what's the cost-benefit analysis?'"
The Treasury developed an alternative to the FDIC's plan that would encourage banks to lower interest rates on certain loans by having the government finance part of the modification through TARP, according to people familiar with the effort. However, Mr. Paulson rejected the proposal because it would be an expense rather than an investment.
Separately, the Treasury on Friday provided $33.56 billion of capital to 21 domestic financial institutions, bringing the total number of companies getting a cash infusion to 30 (SunTrust's $3.5 billion included), the agency said in a report yesterday.
October Producer Prices Fell Record 2.8%
U.S. producer prices fell a record 2.8% in October, the most since 1947, as gasoline prices plummeted a record 24.9%, the Labor Department reported Tuesday. Overall finished energy goods prices fell 12.8%, the most since 1986, while food prices declined 0.2%. Excluding food and energy, core producer prices rose 0.4% in October. Analysts polled by MarketWatch were looking for a decrease of 1.6% in overall PPI, and a 0.1% increase in the core rate. Producer prices are up 5.2% over the past 12 months. Further back in the production pipeline, prices for intermediate goods fells a record 3.9% in October, while prices for crude goods fell a record 18.6%
Sources: The Wall Street Journal, MarketWatch
Labels: Congress, economy, Paulson, Producer Prices Index, TARP, Wall Street Journal
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Can social media really cause depression?
Written by Lauren Sharkey on February 10, 2019 — Fact checked by Jasmin Collier
The notion that social media has a negative impact on mental well-being is widespread. The researchers who conducted a new long-term study, however, say that this might not be the case.
A new study examined the role of social media in depression.
The supposed effects of social media on young people sound drastic enough to make anyone switch off their cell phone.
Some studies have indicated that young people can develop an addiction to social media.
Meanwhile, other studies have linked this with poor sleep, poor self-esteem, and potentially poor mental health.
However, new research has now dispelled the belief that social media use can bring about depression.
Previous studies have made this claim based on measurements from a single point in time, but this new study took a long-term approach.
"You have to follow the same people over time in order to draw the conclusion that social media use predicts greater depressive symptoms," says lead study author Taylor Heffer, of Brock University in St. Catharine's, Canada.
"By using two large longitudinal samples, we were able to empirically test that assumption."
The real effect on mental health
The study focused on two separate groups of participants. One was made up of 594 adolescents in the sixth, seventh, or eighth grade in Ontario, Canada. The other comprised 1,132 undergraduate students.
The team surveyed the younger group once per year for 2 years. They surveyed the older students annually for a total of 6 years, starting in their first year of university.
The questions focused on how much time they spent on social media on weekdays and weekends, as well as how much time they spent on activities such as watching TV, exercising, and doing homework.
They also looked at symptoms of depression. For the undergraduate students, they measured such symptoms using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. They used a similar but more age-appropriate version for the younger participants.
Next, the researchers analyzed the data, separating it into age and sex. The findings — which now appear in the journal Clinical Psychological Science — revealed that social media use did not lead to depressive symptoms later on. This held true in both groups of participants.
The scientists also found that in adolescent females, higher depression symptoms predicted later social media use. Heffer points out that females of this age "who are feeling down may turn to social media to try and make themselves feel better."
Reducing social media fear
These findings suggest that overuse of social media does not lead to depression. More importantly, this may go some way toward dissuading public fear over the impacts of the technology.
As Heffer explains, "When parents read media headlines such as 'Facebook Depression,' there is an inherent assumption that social media use leads to depression. Policymakers also have recently been debating ways to tackle the effects of social media use on mental health."
It is likely that differences in factors such as personality play a part in how social media can impact mental well-being. For example, some young people might choose to use social media negatively as a comparison tool, while others may simply use it to stay in touch with friends.
Scientists will now need to further examine motivations such as these to help authorities, medical experts, and parents figure out the best path forward.
What is depression and what can I do about it?
Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD
Depression is a common mental health problem that involves a low mood and a loss of interest in activities. Learn more about the symptoms, different…
Mental health refers to people's cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being. We define mental health and explain the different disorders that may…
What are the signs of depression in men?
The signs of depression can vary between men and women. Men are generally more likely to feel anger and to engage in substance abuse and risky…
What are suicidal thoughts?
Medically reviewed by Jennifer Litner, LMFT, CST
In this article, learn about why some people consider suicide. It also covers what to do if you or a loved one experiences these thoughts.
How do I know I am feeling depressed?
Depression affects far more people than some may realize. Depression is a serious mental health condition that is often misunderstood and… | {
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UT-Knoxville Sex Week to feature 'BDSM' and 'Butt Stuff' workshops
Peter Fricke Managing Editor @FrickePete on Feb 16, 2016 at 3:44 PM EDT
Sex Week returns to UTK with 4-6 events per day focussed on topics such as French sexuality, Tinder Lovin' Care, and more.
"Sex Week" will be returning to the University of Tennessee-Knoxville in April, featuring events such as "50 Shades of Orange: BDSM 101," "Butt Stuff," and a drag show.
According to a schedule provided to Campus Reform, UT's fourth annual Sex Week will take place April 4-8, with between four and six events scheduled for each day.
Sex Week has been controversial since its inception in 2013, when several state lawmakers reacted with outrage to reports that the school would be spending $20,000 on events such as a condom scavenger hunt and an interactive BDSM workshop. Amidst threats from the legislature to cut the university's budget, UT agreed to cut more than half of the funding for the event, forcing organizers to conduct a last-minute fundraising campaign.
[RELATED: U of Tennessee to cut state funding for controversial Sex Week]
The event series came under fire again in 2014, leading legislators to pass a resolution calling on the school to allow students to opt out of paying student fees for programs they find "controversial or objectionable." University President Joe DiPietro endorsed the measure and UT implemented the opt-out provision later that year.
[RELATED: After Sex Week compromise with UT, legislature drops student funding bills]
Sexual Empowerment and Awareness at Tennessee (SEAT), the student group responsible for organizing Sex Week, boasts that it "was able to privately fundraise the lost funding in 36 hours with the public's help" in 2013, and has been able to rely on private donations to fund the program ever since.
This year's schedule includes some events that have been featured in past Sex Weeks—such as a drag show that SEAT claims has been among the most popular events in previous years—but also includes new programming such as a lecture on "Tinder Lovin' Care" and an event called "Tongue in Cheek: Oral Pleasures." Other events have disappeared from the schedule since last year, most notably a workshop titled "Road Head: The Role of the Automobile in American Sexuality."
[RELATED: UT to give students crash course of road head, history of sex in cars]
Full descriptions of this year's programming has not been made available on the Sex Week website, though the group does offer brief outlines of the eight topics it seeks to address through the events: abstinence, virginity, sexual orientation, safety, gender, pleasure, empowerment, and society and culture.
With regard to abstinence, SEAT promises that "the possibility of practicing a sex-positive form of abstinence will be explored in addition to sex education methods that teach abstinence without denying that sexuality is fundamental to the human experience."
The approach to virginity will focus on "the historical roots and manifestations of ideas about virginity, including its often gendered connections to religion and the prescribed set of sexual behaviors generally associated with 'losing' or 'keeping' one's virginity."
The group also asserts that "every program we host will be in a safe space and friendly towards the LGBTQ community, and several events will cover topics relating to LGBTQ sexuality," including asexuality.
The most controversial topic explored during Sex Week, however, is that of sexual pleasure, which SEAT describes as "a key element of the sexual experience." Throughout the week, they say, there will be numerous events "that teach participants how to define what they want and communicate that to their partners in a way that makes sexual activity pleasurable for all involved."
To that end, Sex Week 2016 will feature workshops such as "Ooh La La: French Sexuality," "How to Drive a Vulva," and "Polymer Pleasure: The Best Condom You've Never Had."
Follow the author of this article on Twitter: @FrickePete
Peter Fricke | Managing Editor
Peter Fricke is the Managing Editor for Campus Reform. He has previously worked on state and national political campaigns, and was a reporter for The Daily Caller News Foundation. His email address is [email protected].
20 Articles by Peter Fricke
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The Weekly Roundup: A bad lie and a hard truth
Social justice: critical thinking for the modern man.
Campus Reform Staff Sep 12, 2016 - 7:40 AM EDT | {
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The Canadian Clay & Glass Gallery is a long-standing site of excellence and a destination for contemporary art for international tourists and regional citizens. We present critically-acclaimed exhibitions that challenge ideas and perceptions of the definitions of art, craft and design today. With an emphasis on Canadian artists, our exhibitions also support international artists. Our Gallery Shop is recognized on its own merits as a fine craft gallery, showing the best of Canadian ceramic and glass work.
Did you know The Clay & Glass is an ideal spot to hold your next off-site meeting? | {
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"They can be stepped on. Their eggs are very well camouflaged. The other issue is that when people get too close, the parent birds often fly up off the eggs to try to scare away the intruder, but people are often not as receptive to the concerns of the birds that normal predators are, and so while the parents are up off the birds, the eggs are cooking in the sun, they're vulnerable to predators coming in and eating them," Wraithmell said.
Wraithmell said beach visitors should be careful to respect roped off and posted areas, but she said it's also important to keep a general eye out for wildlife at this time of year.
"If you see aggregations of birds, give them a wide birth. Once the chicks are hatched, they don't necessarily know that they're supposed to stay in the roped area, and in fact, many of them need to go down to the water in order to feed and stay cool," she said.
Wraithmell said often people "glorify" the image of a child running through a flock of birds at the beach, but said it creates chaos for those animals that can result in the death of a baby bird. Volunteers will be at many beaches this weekend, educating the public and even often even providing a way for visitors to see the birds safely. | {
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Tara Flakker joined the School of Communications in January 2014. Tara works in undergraduate academic advising with students who have the last names beginning with G and through M. Tara has five years of experience as an academic advisor and college counselor in Pittsburgh. Before higher education Tara worked in child and family therapy for five years. She enjoys assisting students as they pursue their passions and grow personally and professionally. | {
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he found was pretty disgusting and eye-opening.
understanding bus schedules, maps and job applications.
twice the nation's 21 percent.
literacy score of any group in the DC study.
and 2005 because of a lack of qualified job applicants.
pupil costs in the nation, a staggering average of $12,221 spent for each student!
condition (or to use the actual words from another DCPS report, "an all-time low").
capital are paying for this costly neglect.
pay for DC schools, I do have a right to ask.
the city. It is much higher for people in administrative, technical or professional fields.
highly-secure jobs that remain unfilled?
are so many people unmotivated?
receive drug counseling after testing positive for cocaine and marijuana in October 2005).
public education remain huge challenges, despite rising expenditures.
this bustling city one of the most prosperous and thriving areas of the country.
for the Great Society and other programs that they want our entire country to follow.
(socialist?) experiments that continue to run amuck.
prosperity or literacy. Far from it!
bureaucracies, despite all the platitudes, kill self-responsibility, creativity and productivity.
What you get, dear liberal social engineers, is Washington, DC.
socially disastrous experiment to the rest of our country.
should make everyone sit up and take notice.
though it is happening in the District of Columbia. | {
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Url canonique : www.lavoisier.fr/livre/documentation/english-english-marathi-dictionary/descriptif_3745737
Url courte ou permalien : www.lavoisier.fr/livre/notice.asp?ouvrage=3745737
English-English-Marathi Dictionary
Coordonnateur : Dhongde R V
This dictionary contains more than 50,000 up-to-date entries and related phrases and idioms; words with irregular forms and more than 200 illustrations. Like our other Bilingual Dictionaries, this has been specially compiled for learners of English, teachers, translators and general readers. The English base of the dictionary, taken from the Oxford Student's Dictionary, has been adapted for Indian readers. Covers a wide range of scientific and technical vocabulary. Includes words relevant to the Indian subcontinent. To make the dictionary more user-friendly detailed definitions and one-word equivalents in Marathi have been included for words that needed to be explained further for example, 'calorie', 'camcorder', 'microchip' and 'website'. The Marathi translation is simple and reflects the current usage of the language. A pronunciation guide using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) along with their Marathi equivalents is given for help in pronunciation. A separate section on Quick Grammar Reference has been added to the appendix for advanced learners of English.
Dr R V Dhongde retired as Professor of Marathi Linguistics at the Deccan College, Pune. He has also been Chairman, English Language Committee, Maharashtra State Textbooks Bureau, Pune; and has been in charge of the Sanskrit Encyclopaedic Dictionary project at the Deccan College Pune. He is the editor of the Compact English-English-Marathi Dictionary from Oxford University Press India. Dr Dhongde has co-authored a book on linguistic grammar of Marathi and won several State awards for his books on Marathi stylistics. He has also co-authored a book on linguistic grammar of Marathi in English and at present he is co-authoring a linguistic grammar of Konkani in English. He is also preparing a Marathi-English Dictionary.
Date de parution : 07-2017
Ouvrage de 1656 p.
Thème d'English-English-Marathi Dictionary :
© 2019 LAVOISIER S.A.S.
Ces ouvrages sont susceptibles de vous intéresser
English-English-Tamil Dictionary 49,02 €
Compact English-English-Tamil Dictionary 25,48 €
English-English-Kannada Dictionary 46,09 € | {
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Thank you for your valuable info. I have been following your website for a week now.
May i have more detailed prediction on Turkey as i live in Bursa/Turkey ? Seems like a devastating earthquake is not far than few months.
Hi, I do Turkey regularly. How do you mean 'it seems like a devastating earthquake is not far.... How do you know or feel this is coming. Do you have other means?
So far we have had Turkey, Japan and Mexico coming along.
Seismologists or scientists who study earthquakes always on Turkish TV Channels these days that tell about a coming earthquake over 7R soon and some Turkish Astrologers expect it to happen before March 2017 so they make us feel it is coming so soon. I saw your prediction region of Bosphorus on 21st November has medium risk that i think it can trigger a bigger earthquake.
I will be following your website i think it is like a goldmine very valuable info inside.
I also have started following your site since the Kaikoura earthquake last week here in NZ.
I live in Christchurch NZ and have been through the two we had in 2010 and 2011..
Can you see if Christchurch is due for another at some stage. specially since last weeks large earthquake may have stressed some of our faults in Christchurch.
as I dont have time right now to llok for Christchurch specifically as I have lectures to do, see also this morning's post on NZ and having seen the calendar there is a good peak tomorrow. JUST IN CASE there is a 5ver and people worry about it be a little ready for the next two days just in case a good aftershock comes to visit. Be Safe Be Good!
yes you are Petra but I use GMT for timing. UTC. | {
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Olfa's 60mm Rotary Cutter is able to cut through six layers of fabric and difficult materials. It features a durable handle with a blade cover for safety. The cutter is a rolling razor blade used to cut heavy fabrics into shapes, strips and pieces for sewing, quilting and craft projects. The blade is made of high quality tungsten carbide tool steel for unparalleled sharpness and superior edge retention. Designed for both right- and left-handed use. | {
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Distinguished Scottish painter John Houston was born in Fife in 1930. A talented footballer, he represented Scotland under-21s against England and played for Dundee United whilst at art school, but footballs loss was arts gain when a knee injury cut short his career and left him free to focus wholly on painting. He trained at Edinburgh College of Art, and went on to teach there, ending up as Deputy Head of the School of Painting and Drawing. It was at Edinburgh that he met Elizabeth Blackadder, a fellow student who was to become, in 1956, his wife. He was a member of the Royal Scottish Academy, the Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolours, and a Member of the Royal Glasgow Institute and in 1990 was awarded an OBE.
His work was described by William Packer as, "…characteristic of modern Scottish painting, direct in the statement, rich in colour and the actual stuff of the paint as it rests on the surface. It is a natural, sensual, almost hedonistic expressionism, yet it is in no sense indulgent…"
1958 57 Gallery, Edinburgh
1960, 62, 65, 67, 71, 75, 80, 90, 93, 97, 03 The Scottish Gallery, Edinburgh
1966, 68, 70, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84, 89, 92, 95, 98, 00 Mercury Gallery, London
1969 Wusthum Museum of Fine Arts, Racine, Wisconsin
Johnson Foundation, Racine, Wisconsin
Lane Gallery, Bradford
1970 Cerberus Gallery, New York
1970, 72, 74, 76, 79,86 Loomshop Gallery, Lower Largo, Fife
1974 Oban Art Society
Glen Pavilion, Dunfermline
1976 Scottish Arts Council, Gaelic College, Skye
1978 Lamp of Lothian Collegiate Centre, Haddington
1979 Middlesbrough Art Gallery and Museum
1983, 85 Mercury Gallery, Edinburgh
1985 Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
1985-6 Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh,
Portraits of Sir Alexander Gibson
1987 Talbot Rice Gallery, University of Edinburgh,
Works on Paper 1962-1987, and touring
1994, 99 Corrymella Scott Gallery, Newcastle Upon Tyne
1996 McGeary Gallery, Brussels
Roger Billcliffe Fine Art, Glasgow
Macaulay Gallery, Stenton, East Lothian
1999 Bohun Gallery, Henley-on-Thames
Glasgow Print Studio, Monoprints
2004, 10, 14, 16 Browse & Darby, London
2005 The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
2009 The Scottish Gallery, Edinburgh, Memorial Exhibition | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Dell OptiPlex Micro DVD/RW Enclosure Mount with adapter box, KitThe Dell OptiPlex Micro DVD+/-RW Enclosure is a mount specially designed for the Dell OptiPlex Micro. The mount securely houses an OptiPlex Micro together with an external DVD+/-RW module. It can be easily and conveniently mounted to a wall or under a desk enabling full optical drive access. The DVD+/-RW module is included with the mount. Also included is a power adapter box enclosure for 65W, 90W or 130W power adapters.
Uses a VESA bracket to securely mount the OptiPlex Micro and DVD+/-RW module to a wall or under a desk.
Includes the DVD+/-RW module. When mounting under a desk, the DVD+/-RW module can be flipped 180 degrees in the bracket and mounted right side up.
Includes a short USB Type B (module) to Type A cable approximately 80mm in length to connect the DVD+/-RW module to the OptiPlex Micro.
The Dell OptiPlex Micro DVD+/-RW Enclosure is a mount specially designed for the Dell OptiPlex Micro. The mount securely houses an OptiPlex Micro together with an external DVD+/-RW module. It can be easily and conveniently mounted to a wall or under a desk enabling full optical drive access. The DVD+/-RW module is included with the mount. Also included is a power adapter box enclosure for 65W, 90W or 130W power adapters. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Canadian, U.S. diplomats in Cuba suffer unexplained hearing loss
Michelle Carbert
A man lowers the Cuban flag while standing amidst flag posts installed outside the U.S. embassy in Havana, April 16, 2016. Canadian diplomats and their families in Cuba have experienced unexplained hearing loss and headaches that are believed to have been caused by a "sonic emission," according to the federal government.ALEXANDRE MENEGHINI/Reuters
Canadian diplomats and their families in Cuba have experienced unexplained hearing loss and headaches that are believed to have been caused by a "sonic emission," according to the federal government.
The disclosure comes after reports that a group of U.S. diplomats began suffering from unexplained hearing loss in the fall of 2016; officials with knowledge of the investigation into the case told the Associated Press that some of the affected diplomats were forced to return to the United States as a result of their symptoms. Global Affairs Canada said it is working with the United States and Cuba to determine the cause of the strange symptoms.
"The health and safety of our employees abroad is a top priority for Canada. We are aware of unusual symptoms affecting Canadian and U.S. diplomatic personnel and their families in Havana. The government is actively working – including with U.S. and Cuban authorities – to ascertain the cause," said Global Affairs Canada spokeswoman Natasha Nystrom.
Earlier: Trump's Cuba rollback will spare airlines, but could hurt demand
Opinion: For Cubans who flee to America in Trump era, freedom may be in peril
The Canadian government did not say when diplomats and their families experienced the symptoms. Ms. Nystrom said that the government doesn't have any reason to believe Canadian tourists and other visitors could be affected.
It's not clear if the symptoms experienced by the Canadian and American diplomats were related, or if they were deliberately targeted.
Speaking on background, a Canadian government official said the hearing loss and headaches were believed to have been caused by some sort of "sonic emission," but did not offer any more details. The official did not know if the affected diplomatic personnel and their families suffered any permanent health problems as a result, and could not say how many individuals were affected for privacy reasons.
A months-long U.S. investigation found that a group of American diplomats were attacked with an advanced sonic weapon that operated outside the range of audible sound and had been emitted either inside or outside their homes, according to the AP report. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said the United States retaliated by expelling two Cuban diplomats from Washington on May 23.
After 54 years of severed diplomatic relations, the United States reopened its Havana embassy in 2015 as a part of former president Barack Obama's effort to restore ties with Cuba. Canada helped facilitate talks between the two countries that led to the reestablishment of relations.
Canada established diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1945. It was only one of two countries in the hemisphere – the other being Mexico – that did not break relations with the Caribbean nation in the years that followed the Cuban revolution in 1959, according to Global Affairs Canada's website.
Former Canadian ambassador to Cuba James Bartleman said he is not surprised by this week's reports, given his experience as envoy from 1981 to 1983. Halfway through his posting, a series of strange events occurred: His family dog was poisoned, a trade officer had a dead rat nailed to their door and the embassy started receiving threatening phone calls. Fed up, he called out the Cuban government.
"I called up the Foreign Ministry and told them to call off their goons," he said. "I went down there and I really gave them hell."
Upon returning to the residence from the Foreign Ministry, everything appeared to be back to normal – there was even a veterinarian waiting at the front door ready to treat Mr. Bartleman's dog. He says he still doesn't know why he and his staff were targeted, and that he never forgave the Cuban government.
Another former Canadian diplomat who was once posted in Cuba said they never experienced anything kind of overt harassment or surveillance during their time in the country. The source, who asked to remain anonymous given the sensitivity of the continuing investigation, said any suggestion that diplomats were purposely targeted is not in sync with the Cuban government he knows.
Follow Michelle Carbert on Twitter: @michellecarbertOpens in a new window
U.S. expels two Cuban diplomats after bizarre incidents in Havana
Cuba's Raul Castro dismisses harsher U.S. tone under Trump
Canada reviewing U.S. sanctions on 13 Venezuelan government officials | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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Bruce O (right) and his wife, Nelio, ranked fourth in the Justice Department.
Investigation (FBI), Congressional media The Hill said Tuesday.
that Russian President Vladimir Putin has a video about it.
The X-files appeared to have been all fabricated as Bruce's concern.
got an X file and received a wiretap warrant.
reliable reporter" behind the X file.
file, she would not have given her a warrant for a wiretapping permit.
I am collecting my mouth.
deliberately hiding the fact that the allegations are true.
in his July and August parliamentary statements last year.
number of times Trump is elected."
Nelio, worked with Steel on Fusion GPS.
operation document called an X file.
for a while after Trump was elected president.
Watergate", and "some of them will be out of prison." | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
When your blow-dryer dies you've no choice but to purchase a new one, however, with the ever-changing technology in the hair tool world, there's almost too much to choose from. We're crazy about the T3 Featherweight Luxe 2I Dryer, a relatively new piece of hair equipment. It's certainly not cheap but it is definitely revolutionary and will change the way you manage your hair. It's super-fast, super-light and a superstar! While it is expensive, this baby is built to last.
One of the best things about the T3 Featherweight is the way your hair looks after using it. It delivers really healthy looking, bouncy hair – from the first time you use it. We'd go as far as to say that it gives salon results, at home and it's fast-working too, with blow-drying time cut by around 45-55%. Money well spent, especially if you want to save time and save on going to the hair salon.
How does it Care for your Hair?
What Else Makes the T3 Stand Out?
How does T3 Compare with other Brands?
Exceptionally gentle, yet hugely powerful, you'll find that the T3 produces huge amounts of air but in a very controlled environment. It also obviously boasts the latest in ionic technology which means that moisture is locked into every strand, rather than laying on top. This keeps hair frizz and static free. Results are shiny, voluminous hair that looks smooth and silky. Even if you have lots of hair or you want fast-drying, it's manageable because of the large cone at the end. It's really wide and is designed to dry large sections of hair quickly. Sealing the cuticle, hair gets amazing shine too.
With multiple heat settings, you choose the right one for your hair type. You don't really need to use a high heat setting because of the T3's excellent power. That means your hair is protected from too much heat (although we'd still recommend you use a suitable hair protection spray). Even if your hair is dry, coarse and over-frizzy, you'll find that the T3 manages it without any trouble at all and it genuinely lasts. Many blow-dryers start to lose their momentum after a few months of continuous use but this one doesn't and it won't overheat. That's why so many professional hair-stylists choose the T3; they know good quality when they see it!
Straight, curly, wavy or anything in between – this blow-dryer is by far and above the best possible tool on the market, even with its premium price point; it's worth the extra layout!
There are lots of strong brands on the market, for example, Rusk, GHD and BaByliss and each has their own lightweight hairdryers available.
The GHD air hair dryer is cheaper and it really does give a good finish. It blow-dries hair in half the time with a strong 2,100 watts and it also has a removable, patented air-filter which is what makes it so fast. Ionic technology also reduces frizz and static and it boasts variable power and temperature controls, plus a cool shot.
Ergonomically designed, it's a great blow-dryer. However, it doesn't cope as well with huge amounts of hair at once and we believe the T3 offers a more comfortable, faster drying experience. Nevertheless, the GHD is still a great product and highly rated. More on the GHD Air below.
The BaByliss Pro V1 Volare Ferrari Luxury Blow Dryer represents an ultra-efficient, professional blow-dryers. However, it isn't lightweight so you are in danger of wrist-ache if you spend a long time blow-drying. It's full-size and boasts a turbo button for extra-powerful air when you want to dry quickly.
There are two accessory nozzles so you can blow dry large amounts of hair at once and the grill is nano-titanium. That means it's ionic, so no more frizz or static. Tangle free cord and high performance makes this the choice of many professionals but we still stand with the T3 for a better, all-round experience.
RUSK has a lightweight blow dryer called the CTC which is extra light yet still delivers high power (1900 watts). It's ceramic and titanium so it reduces frizz and flyaway meaning hair looks luxuriously shiny. With seven different heat and speed settings, you can easily control airflow and temperature. It also comes with a diffuser and concentrator for precise styling.
The W8 represents an affordable blow-dryer which offers a super solution. It's made with ceramic and tourmaline which speeds up the drying process as both materials are excellent heat conductors. It's also exceptionally lightweight (hence its name). Easy to hold, it's small but powerful and emits far-infrared waves to penetrate each strand deeply so drying hair super-quick. A premier product from one of the world's best-loved hair tools manufacturers.
As discussed above, the GHD Air Hair Dryer is a phenomenal product. Rest-assured, GHD is a trusted brand all over the world, with years of experience in manufacturing quality hair tools.
This product comes with two concentrator nozzles, so it's good for drying small sections as well as large sections. It also has a long-lasting AC motor and advanced ionic technology for frizz-free, static-free hair. Ergonomically designed, it's comfortable to use whether you're left or right handed. Additionally, there are two speeds, three heat settings and a cool shot button. The dryer blow-dries hair in minimal time, leaving it super-shiny, soft and manageable.
From the same manufacturers as the T3 Featherweight comes the Micro Cura Hair Dryer. This small, neat blow-dryer is excellent for frizz-removal and delivering soft, shiny, healthy looking hair. It emits a high amount of air in a controlled environment while using ionic technology to seal the cuticle.
The dryer has three heat and two speed settings with a lock-in cool shot that really gives hair amazing volume and texture. It's also exceptionally quiet so you can blow-dry without waking everyone in the house. The extra-long 9 foot power cord gives you plenty of flexibility while you blow-dry and it comes with a two-year manufacturer's guarantee.
BaByliss remains one of our favorite hair tool manufacturers. The Ceramix-Xtreme delivers an excellent finish. It's the best budget, high quality blow-dryer, in our opinion. Lightweight and super-fast, this is an excellent all-round blow-dryer with multiple heat (four in total) and speed settings so you have plenty of choice.
With a 2000 watt motor and ceramic technology, it's a great heat-conductor and protects hair from damage with far-infrared heat. Extra-gentle, even the coarsest, frizziest hair looks shiny, manageable and healthy. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Mexican Lentil Soup, or Sopa de Lentejas, a warm taste of home. Comforting and cozy deliciousness. Hope you enjoy!
Nothing warms you up like Mexican Lentil Soup, or Sopa de Lentejas. A big bowl of this soup is comforting and satisfying.
My 10-year-old son loves riding his bike, video games, and lentil soup. Yes, you read that right – lentil soup.
Who knew lentils would ever compete with chicken nuggets?! He was such a picky eater as a kid. He's finally starting to enjoy other foods. YAY!
It's very, very easy to make lentils.
Add the lentils to a large stock pot.
Add lots of water and salt. Bring to a simmer then reduce the heat.
Cover and simmer until they are soft. Not "snuggly soft" – easy-to-chew soft.
To add more flavor, add 1/2 onion + 1 garlic clove.
Yes, you can buy a can of already cooked lentils, but here, you can control the salt.
I find already cooked stuff in cans too salty.
This lentejas recipe (lentil recipe) is incredibly easy and very adaptable.
In a separate stock pot, heat oil.
Then add diced carrots. Cook for 2 minutes, stirring constantly.
I had carrots on hand. (The Hubs promised to make carrot juice but he wasn't fast enough).
That's why they went into the pot.
You can also add calabacitas, Italian zucchini, or celery.
For a more complete meal, you can also add chicken, fish, beef.
All these ingredients would work here too.
Then add the onions. Cook for 1 minute, or until they are translucent.
Add garlic, tomato sauce, cooked lentils, and chicken broth.
For a completely vegetarian recipe or vegan recipe, use vegetable broth instead.
Lastly, stir and let everything simmer for 10 minutes.
Your entire house will smell of this delicious and comforting Mexican Lentil Soup, or Sopa de Lentejas.
The kind that makes you go … MMM!
My mom always served her Mexican Lentil Soup, or Sopa de Lentejas, with bolillo to soak up all the yummy juices from the bottom of the bowl and a few slices of bananas.
No, I'm not monkeying around. Many people in Mexico eat their Sopa de Lentejas (Mexican Lentil Soup) with banana. Don't knock it til you've tried it.
I used to think it was just her. My brother and I liked bananas, and that's the only way we would eat lentejas. But no, it's a real thing!
Some people will even add cloves or cinnamon to their soup, but again, I'm giving you my mom's lentejas soup recipe not theirs.
If you make it with cloves or cinnamon, invite me over please! I'm always ready to try things.
Mexican Lentil Soup, or Sopa de Lentejas, is a warm taste of home. A comforting and cozy bowl of goodness that's perfect on rainy days. Hope you enjoy!
In a large stockpot, add the lentils, water, bay leaves, salt, and 1/4 onion.
Cook until tender. About 25 minutes.
Meanwhile, prepare the carrots, dice the remaining onion, and finely mince the garlic.
In a separate stockpot, heat the oil and add the carrot.
Add the onion. Cook for 1 more minute.
Add the garlic, tomato sauce, cooked lentils, and chicken broth.
Serve with bolillo and bananas (if using).
Gracias amiga. I'll go and check it out. Thank you so much for all your support and social media love!
I was wondering, is it really 1 lbs of lentils? It just seems like a lot but I have not made the recipe yet! Thought it might suppose to be 1 cup?
It's a lentil package of 16-ounces, or 1 lb.
Thank you so much! The soup was delicious! I'm making it again tonight! I did add some ground red pepper for some spice and a bit of ground cinnamon.
That's awesome. Ground cinnamon sounds like a great addition. Enjoy! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
- Replacement Magura EBT bleed screw for several Magura brake levers.
- This bolt works as a bleed screw for the brake lever.
- Ideal to replace the existing bolt that comes with the lever, in case it's been damaged or lost.
- It's made of plastic, so it only needs to be done up carefully with 0.5Nm maximum. Applying extra torque might damage the bolt head or plastic thread, which won't be covered by warranty.
- Thanks to its exclusive design, this screw seals the brake circuit with an O-ring, so it no longer needs to be tightened as much as previous metal bolts.
- Uses a Torx T25 key fitting.
- This screw is compatible with 2014 Magura HS33 rim brakes and Magura MT disc brakes. Not compatible with other brakes.
- Since this bolt is made of plastic, it must be tightened very carefully, and always to 0.5Nm maximum. Applying extra torque might damage the bolt head or plastic thread, which won't be covered by warranty. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
A reflection of long walks on a snow covered ridge. An alpenglow of the dim winter light shining on some classic Alaskan snowy spines. This is based off one of my favorite places to be - Eddies ridge on Turnagain Pass.
This piece is hand embellished and signed in metallic gold. It takes around 10 days to print, 1 day to paint and 3-5 days shipping. I do the best I can to get you your print asap. Thank you for your patience. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
You can make yours however you like.... choose your favorite colors of floss, and start stitching. Soon you'll have a full circle of color and design.
Note: while all other cozyblue embroidery patterns come with more specific stitch and color guides, this one is full of random stitches and colors, so it does not.
the stitches used are: split, back, lazy daisy, stem, satin, and french knots.
Odds and ends of floss were used in the example, so there isn't a list of colors used. Cozyblue highly recommends lots of random colors -- this design is really fun when you don't over think it.
*finished size is approximately 6.5" high -- fits nicely in a 7" hoop. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
The racing season is now in full flight, with the springtime warmth coaxing Melbournites from their felt hats and opaque stockings and turning (some of them) into tandoori gnomes in polyester. I kid, I kid. I love the racing season – not because I'm a gamblin' woman but because I am an avid people watcher. There's no better or more entertaining day out than that had with friends at the races. Last weekend I had the pleasure of attending The Darley Cup at the Seymour Racecourse – a little place up the Hume Highway on the way to Shepparton. Today's blog looks back on that sunny Sunday with friends, enjoying a decidedly non-tandoori-tanned, relaxing day in the country.
Trackside in maxi-dresses with Sarah (left) and Iolanthe (right).
Unlike the city races where you can't really pop down a picnic rug without expecting someone to accidentally spill a Bacardi Breezer on it, the Seymour Races are an opportunity to pack a picnic, bring a thermos and watch the elegant horses steam by. Myself and my girlfriends had trackside position, and there was nary a Breezer to be seen. Instead, we enjoyed finger sandwiches, home-made sausage rolls, Donna Hay brownies and a carrot cake, all washed down with a piping hot espresso from the thermos. Old skool!
Fingers crossed for lucky number 88!
I had never before entered Fashions on the Field, and thought that the Seymour Races would be my chance at victory! I went with a 'Great Gatsby' theme in a Leona Edmiston art deco black/white/red maxidress, highlighted with Chanel-inspired pearls courtesy of Stylus Muse – all topped off with a silvery/black Mimco wide brimmed hat. I was quite chuffed with my getup.
This is the closest I have ever got to a beauty pageant, there I am – far left! Fashions on the Field, Seymour Races.
As Mother Ruby Assembly says – 'never go on stage with children or animals'. Miss 86 was stiff competition, but neither she nor I even placed. Dammit. However, there were some other notably well attired fashionistas at the country races such as….
I thought Miss 87 in her 1950's retro outfit with acid yellow shoes was a real standout – her hat had delicate navy ribbons on it to match her shrug.
I liked Miss 58's blush pink flower fascinator, and demure lace gloves. I think Miss 46 is channeling Kate Middleton successfully too.
There was also a 'matchy matchy couple' category, which was won by the beige n' marone couple on the right, with runners up being the kidlets to the left.
Having no luck in the fashion stakes, it was time to study the race form guide with Sarah.
Winners are grinners! Waiting for the race of the day to begin – The Darley Seymour Cup.
So to conclude …. no luck on my two $5.00 bets or number 88 for Fashions on the Field. But I DID win a beautiful day in the sun with wonderful company, lots of cunning fashion, the smell of freshly mown grass and a picnic to rival the best high teas. Ruby Assembly highly recommends the country races – see you at The Darley Seymour Cup 2012!
Looks like you had a great day. What a great way of experiencing the races in a more relaxed way! Looking lovely number 88, a winning look in my opinion! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Dark Dominion #11 Page 5 (Unpublished)
Dark Dominion #11 Page 17 (Unpublished)
Post by thebluescout on Oct 3, 2009 15:46:19 GMT -5
Whoa.
Rich Larson is in an excellent penciler. He works in advertising when he's not doing comics. He's very quiet and reserved.
I've got a lot of this series and I think the rest are going to be in order as far as the ones I've got, so expect only Dogs of War pieces for awhile. Posting these as I scan them. Having to stitch the scans together so each page you see posted is at least 3 scans stitched.
This page is quite memorable for me. The phone being left off the hook always stuck with me.
I like all the pages where he's half invisible...
Page #15 was already posted above. Four more pages to go from this issue.
Shooter continues to beat the hell out of drug dealers and keep their money.
My friend must still have page 24, because one of us owns a page with a close-up of the villainess' face in this book. I'll be getting it eventually. I buy pages from him periodically as he gets bored with them.
Okay. Didn't get a chance to post this last night. The last page I own from Dogs of War #1.
Unless I've got a page misplaced, I own page #'s:
5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 25
Moving on to issue #2.
Eerie World Trade Center shot in a comic with a terrorist theme.
Since these Dogs of War pages to not clearly indicate what is going on, I've decided to post my old synopsis.
Shooter and Mouse return from the Plasm world. He shows off his new talents to the military and they run him off. Upon returning to his apartment, he discovers that he has been evicted and the landlord has put all his belongings in storage. His significant other is seeing another man.
His mom is broke and desperate because she fell for a marketing scam that took her money. She's working two jobs. Shooter is fed up with the injustice and raids the headquarters of the Canadian company that cheated his mother out of her savings. He tracks down a company supervisor and destroys his car after the guy can't tell where the money went. Mouse loans him money to help his mom.
Later, while walking around in the park, he ponders how to pay back Mouse. A drug dealer assaults him and pulls a gun. Shooter kicks the drug dealer's posterior and keeps the drug dealer's money. Shooter decides that ridding the drug dealers from streets of New York is more profitable than other forms of employment. He continues.
Major Hawkins, one of the military guys from his earlier encounter tracks down Shooter. Shooter is hired to find Major Hawkins' missing grand-daughter who was abducted by someone connected to the child porn industry. Shooter, with the help of Mouse, follows the trail of the girls abduction to the office of a woman who heads a child porn business. The woman warns Shooter of her powerful connections. Shooter starts to leave, but he returns to perform an unmentioned act upon the woman as she screams off panel.
This issue begins one of the most unique and disturbing series of the 1990's. This series features a ruthless vigilante justice that singles out the evils of society offering little or no mercy.
Dogs of War #2 Synopsis
A bomb is detonated on Manhattan bridge by terrorist. Mouse and Shooter have been drinking for hours to celebrate putting the porn queen out of business in issue #1. On the cab ride home, Shooter insists on one stop at the hospital. Shooter sees fit to go track down the battered porn queen in the hospital and beat the hell out of her again. As one hospital employee states "it sounds like someone is murdering that woman in 14B". Shooter, ill from drinking, vomits afterwards.
While at the hospital, Shooter and Mouse learn of the bridge explosion. Patients are filling the emergency room. Shooter and Mouse head down to the bridge to save lives and pull wreckage from the partially collapsed bridge. Mouse gets home later and finds out his uncle was killed in the explosion.
A week later, Shooter and Mouse meet again. Mouse tells Shooter about the explosion and his uncle dying. Shooter insists on finding the people responsible and wants to "skrag those guys". Mouse insists that they do things his way and ultimately use the court system.
Meanwhile, at a consulate in New York City, we discover the terrorists involved are being protected there and plans are underway to smuggle them out of the country. Shooter goes invisible and infiltrates the FBI. He learns that red tape will stop the terrorists from coming to justice. Mouse and Shooter dress up to attend a consulate reception as uninvited guests. Shooter gets in first and finds the terrorists. Shooter also overhears their plan to escape the country.
Down below, Mouse is still held up at the door as Shooter starts attacking the terrorists. Mouse gets in as all security is sent to stop Shooter. They catch the terrorist, but the ambassador protecting them, gets away. Shooter catches up to the ambassador, but the ambassador protects himself behind secure doors. Shooter breaks a gas line because he knows that the ambassador smokes cigars. Shooter leaves. He warns everyone else to evacuate because a bomb will be going off soon. Ten minutes goes by, the ambassador exits his protective shelter and his lighter triggers a huge gas explosion. Injuries and deaths occur. Mouse and Shooter disagree on how justice should be administered. They part ways with their friendship seemingly ended.
www.comicartfans.com/Images/Category_42282/subcat_87795/002_pg22_Dogs_of_War.jpg[/img] | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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G - Listings
Paul Glist
BACK TO ORAL HISTORIES
Interview Date: November 30, 2016
Interview Location: New York City, NY
Interviewer: Seth Arenstein
Collection: Hauser Collection
Arenstein: Hi, I'm Seth Arenstein for the Hauser Oral History Project for The Cable Center. We're here in New York City at the end of November, 2016, and we're joined today by Paul Glist, who is a partner at Davis Wright Tremaine, LLP. Welcome, Paul.
Glist: Thank you.
Arenstein: Again, this is an interview we could have done in Washington, DC, saved ourselves the trip to New York.
Glist: It's all right, we're in the City.
Arenstein: Yes, it's a nice city. It's a great time to be in the City, too, right before the holidays. It's a fabulous time. Paul, welcome. Let's start at the beginning. Where were you born? Where were you educated? What made you interested in going to law school?
Glist: So, I was raised all over, in five different states, Johannesburg, London. We followed my dad's career around the globe. So I have many different hometowns, whatever is convenient. The rest of the family settled in Texas. So, during the Bush administration, I was from Texas. Very convenient. Went to undergrad in the East, Cornell. Went to law school at Stanford, got recruited out of school to DC. I went to law school, as opposed to anything else, because I enjoyed basically putting intellectual puzzles together and trying to solve problems in new ways. I had no idea that it would be as fun a career as it's turned out to be, but that's what took me into law school.
Arenstein: And your first job in Washington, DC was?
Glist: I got recruited out of school to Hogan & Hartson. They had a rotation program for young people like me, I started doing mergers and acquisitions, and started rolling up small cable companies into somewhat larger cable companies. I loved the people in the business and vice versa, and so I stuck with the industry.
Arenstein: And at about what year was that?
Glist: I started in 1978.
Arenstein: So were there any deals that stand out at this point that you remember, of smaller cable operators or smaller cable operations being rolled into bigger ones?
Glist: So, most of my work in the earlier years was for TelePrompTer, which was the largest company at the time, for TCI, for Continental, Telecable, but there was also a slew of smaller operators, from Allen's Cable TV, all the way through the alphabet to United and UA. And so at various times, we did different deals for different companies, and at all times, we were trying to move through the growing regulatory morass in Washington and the state capitals.
Arenstein: What was the atmosphere like in the state capitals and in Washington, regulatory-wise, regulation-wise? Was it like it is today or was it more informal?
Glist: Well, in terms of the big picture, cable was emerging from a period of basically a regulatory freeze. It was just coming into its own and there was a little cadre of people inside the Federal Communications Commission who were actually trying to promote this new technology. Which was very helpful, but at the same time, the large incumbent industry was the broadcasting industry and the telephone industry, and both of them were trying to suppress and regulate this industry. A lot of my job was to try to push back against the rent-seeking and keep the path opened for innovation for the cable business. In terms of the way business was done at the FCC, it was far less formal than it is today. You could, and we did, just walk into the building. There was no such thing as security. You'd walk into the offices of the primary regulators, put your feet on the desk, and just talk about how to resolve open issues at the time. And no such thing as social media at the time.
Arenstein: Right, and today -- correct me if I'm wrong -- today, if you or anybody goes in to meet with the commissioner, it's posted; it's known.
Glist: Oh, yes.
Arenstein: They tell you what time it is and all that kind of stuff.
Glist: Oh, everything is very strictly regimented. There's formal ex parte notice requirements that you file and report on what you said. I think if you fast-forward all the way to today, policy-making at the FCC in the last several years has morphed from that kind of casual model, or even an adjudicatory model where you're trying to weigh facts and select the best economic and technical policy over to one where you're driven by sound bites and social media, and tweets. It's as partisan as the Hill. So, it's a very different atmosphere at the commission today than it was at the beginning.
Arenstein: So as a lawyer, I know you parse your words, you choose your words carefully, I noticed you said it's a very different atmosphere today. Is it better or is it more difficult?
Glist: I find it more challenging. I'm a little bit nostalgic for a policy world that is fact-driven. I think that has a lot of advantages for society. That's sort of how independent agencies were designed to operate, and a lot of that is gone. I remain hopeful that we are emerging from a temporary dip into fact-free policy making but I'm unsure. I think many Washington observers have seen the same phenomenon outside of this little piece of the regulatory apparatus, It's why it's been a problem of decisions being made without careful reflection, and without being based in genuine fact.
Arenstein: Is there any advantage to transparency, what we call transparency today? In other words, to know that Paul went in and met with Commission Pai or somebody like that, and for me, as an outsider, to see on a website, or maybe in a publication, oh, you met with him at three o'clock on Thursday, the 14th of July and so you spoke about X, Y, and Z. Is there any advantage for us knowing that today, as opposed to the more informal times?
Glist: Of course. The debate should be held where the policy differences are aired openly. I have to say that the way it's actually run day-to-day is the ex parte notices don't necessarily reflect the behind-the-scenes machinations and that the extensive comments that lawyers work hours and hours on are scarcely read by anyone at the agency. Possibly by somebody in a Bureau. But all of the action is in the one-on-one meetings at the Eighth Floor, at the FCC Commissioner level and with their staff. The debate morphs over time until you're just on top of the so-called sunshine notice when they're seven days away from voting, and that's where the deals are made. So in theory, the transparency is a good thing. I'm in favor of more of that. In practice, we've still retreated from a world where the agency is weighing things with an independent judgment. It's become a highly partisan, largely fact-free zone.
Arenstein: What does that mean for the cable industry, that kind of atmosphere?
Glist: In many ways, it becomes a question of who is in power. And so --
Arenstein: Political power?
Glist: In political power, yes. If you have a strong chairman who has a fundamental trust in the operation of the marketplace and a fundamental distrust of the ability of government to manage the evolution of technology, then the cable industry does very well in an environment like that. On the other hand, if you're in an administration that has, I would call it a regulatory hubris -- a confidence that they know better than the market, they know better than the industry, they are willing to try to manage the economy, manage technology -- the cable industry doesn't do particularly well in an environment like that. I would say at this point when we are recording, we're coming out of an era in which Silicon Valley has held special favor with the Administration and has had many opportunities to seek rents from industries like cable -- to basically impose investment costs on the cable industry and reap the benefits for themselves. And that's part of the Washington game. They can succeed in a certain Administration, certain political power, and we'll see whether things change in the coming Administration.
Arenstein: Sure. So let's get back. I know we've skipped ahead. I couldn't resist asking you some of these questions. Back in, let's say, the early '80s, you're working on some of these deals, was there anything that attracted you particularly to cable? It sounds like you got a certain expertise in it, working on all these deals. Was there a point when you said "Gee, you know, I'd really like to stay working on these types of cases in this industry?" Were there any people in the industry that you met? I mean, it sounds like you met people like John Malone and Leo Hindery, who will be here tomorrow, actually. Tell us about some of that, some of the people you met.
Glist: So, I have to say that all of the pioneers and the entrepreneurs in the cable industry impressed me greatly. Because they were willing to take an enormous gamble on a new technology -- for that matter, a new economic model -- and build something that had never been built before, against great odds. They really were the Davids taking on the Goliaths. Hard from today's perspective to remember that --
Arenstein: Yes, yes.
Glist: -- cable was the upstart and the challenger.
Arenstein: Absolutely.
Glist: So first of all, the fight was intriguing. To take on a world in which three, maybe four, television stations were available in a market and turn it into an environment where you had this multiplicity of voices. And to move from an economic model where a program lived and died solely on the amount of advertising it could command to one fueled by a dual-revenue stream that could finance far more consumer choice, far more niche programming, and to do it with a business model that required enormous patience from the investment community. We had to invent a new economics to measure it. We had to measure, you know, earnings before interest, taxes, [depreciation and amortization], and EBITDA was invented in order to justify investment in the cable industry, so that investors would put the money in to build this incredibly capital-intensive infrastructure and reap the rewards way down the line. That's the kind of patience that I would love Wall Street to have today. We could invest in a lot more infrastructure if we had that. But, the cable guys were pressing all of these new models and they were doing it in a way -- you talked about informality at the FCC. You could make decisions around the kitchen table. And you could do it so quickly. You evaluated it, you made the decision, you went out, you executed it. You could turn on a dime. And of course, a lot of that is gone, as the industry has become Fortune 100. And that's understandable. But for, you know, an upstart like me, that entrepreneurial spirit was very attractive.
Arenstein: Your analysis is very interesting, Paul. I'd say maybe the only remnant of that kind of cable cowboys, as they used to call them, is ratings today and cable programming today, where again, on a network -- on a broadcast network, if you have a slight dip in ratings or if your ratings are poor, the rope is very, very short. The length of time you get to experiment with more shows is very short. As compared to with cable, which is still much -- in my opinion, much more experimental and entrepreneurial, in terms of programming.
Glist: Absolutely. And because there's the dual-revenue stream model, and because there is the bundle of programming that allows different audiences to pay for what they value most and get this wide array at what I will still defend as a reasonable price.
Arenstein: Okay, fair.
Glist: But the bundling and the dual-revenue stream allows audiences to be served that would never be served under a mass advertising model.
Arenstein: Agreed.
Glist: I think today, TV One is a good example, where wildly successful shows for a particular audience would never have been financed if you had to sell it to one of the big networks.
Arenstein: So I can't resist asking you. We'll get off the legal and regulatory track just a little bit. When you have time, are you a TV watcher? Are you a cable watcher? Are there particular programs that you like?
Glist: Oh, well...
Arenstein: It sounds like the answer's yes. I'm just betting here, I don't know. I'm fishing. I don't know.
Glist: I know you're fishing. Here's the -- self-deprecation is always good. So I sit down with my poor, long-suffering wife on the couch with the remote control in my hand I start going through and I complain that I find nothing to watch. And she says, "What are you talking about? I am never at a loss of finding something to watch." I am incredibly impatient when I am scrolling through the dial. I say to her, "Karla, it's the technology that I love. I love building the infrastructure. The programming, for me, is a nice to have." (laughter) So, I'm sorry to say my secret vices are things like Dr. Who reruns because I was a boy in London when it aired. It makes me feel nostalgic. But there you have it.
Arenstein: Huh. Because it's interesting because I'd never really heard an analysis of sort of the regulatory scene the way you were composing it, It just seemed to me that, oh, this is somebody who really cares about having a lot of different voices on the screen, and probably loves one or two obscure programs that, as you said, wouldn't be around if not for something like cable. Tell us about your home life. Where do you live now? You're based in Washington, DC.
Glist: I'm based in Washington, DC. I've got offices in other cities as well. I live in Alexandria, Virginia. Empty-nester now. The kids are settled, one in Denver and one in Austin. Great cities to visit, I might add. So, all's well.
Arenstein: So at what point -- I mean, again, you were not at cable at the very beginning, but pretty early on, maybe the adolescent years. Was there any point where you said, "Oh, wow, this industry has changed?" To your point earlier, in terms of the size and the magnitude of it, and the dollars, which kind of bring in more and more regulation and more and more legal requirements, etc. Was there a point where you looked back and said, "Wow, from these little mom-and-pop deals that we were doing, this is getting really big?" Was there a point?
Glist: Well, certainly when I started practice, the penetration was relatively low. And so some people regarded it as a niche practice. I was practicing in a law firm that probably had more broadcast lawyers than cable lawyers at the time. So there certainly was -- there was a change, but I think for me, I was trying to fight the fights to keep the path clear for this industry to develop. And so there were basically two developments that, to me, reflected the emergence of this industry into a major national player. Any new industry that's disruptive is going to attract opposition, and so it attracted opposition from the utilities. I had to fight a lot of fights that we can get into later about getting the physical plant up on the poles. But, it also faced a lot of rent-seeking from local governments in the franchise process. So in the earliest days of cable, franchising was basically something that one undertook in order to get the right to operate in the public right of way. And certainly in many rural communities in the early years, they were sweetheart franchises that put very few demands on the operator, and they were easy to manage. But as the cable industry began to develop suburban and urban markets, the demands from local franchising authorities began to escalate dramatically. And so, we had to simultaneously combat efforts by the utility industry to either kill or co-opt the business, and efforts from the local franchising authorities to saddle it with so many costs that it would have been uneconomic to actually develop to its full capacity. And those -- it was fighting those fights that really awakened me to the size and scope of this industry.
Arenstein: At about what time, would you say that -- what years, would you say, would that be?
Glist: Well, on the first point, the utility resistance, it certainly predated my entry into the business in '78. AT&T wanted to co-opt the business by only building a plant that could be leased to an operator under a tariff promise to never compete with the phone company. And then, the independent telephone companies around the country were trying to get into the cable business themselves, and they made it known to local franchising authorities that "That independent cable guy's never getting on my poles. You better give the franchise to me." So, there were those fights that predated my entry. I had the fortune, or misfortune, to join the industry in '78, when the pole attachment law was passed, the first federal act of Congress that addressed the cable industry. But that, at least, gave us the tool to discipline the overreach by the utilities. And so I had to fight all those fights. "Yes, it applies to your contract, utility, even if it was signed before this Act." "It's not an unconstitutional taking of your property." "This formula that we developed at the FCC, it gives you fair compensation." I have to say that in fighting that, one of my favorite cases, which I think helped -- I'd like to say helped usher in a new age for cable -- was Heritage. This was in -- it took until '91 to get a decision, but it was bubbling up before then. So the issue was this. Both the cable industry and the utility industry had discovered fiber optics. And one of my clients was in Dallas and the Dallas suburbs. And the Dallas Morning News had a problem. Their editorial offices were in downtown Dallas and their printing plant was in Plano. And we knew that we could overlash fiber to the existing support wire that sustained the coaxial cable and get them instant two-way communication between the editorial office and the printing plant, which would simplify their life enormously. I had to design this strategy -- it's one of the luxuries when you work with smart clients, that you can set your facts up, real facts, in a way that are going to help you in litigation. So what we did was we integrated a fiber run from the Morning News to the printing plant in Plano, integrated that fiber into a combination fiber/microwave backbone across the metroplex. We put some video over it and we put a lot of data over that line. And the utility took the position, "You cannot do this because that's not what cable does. You're not a cable company anymore." And so, I had to go to the FCC and then all the way up the appeal ladder and got a ruling. It's the first federal ruling that cable could use fiber, and it could run non-video services, and still remain a cable company with all of the attendant regulatory advantages that that offered. And so Heritage became this bedrock for the diversification of cable into non-video businesses. And so I'm very -- that's one of the highlights of the pole front, although there were a lot of pole wars.
Arenstein: Yes, of course. Could we talk a little bit, would you be able to talk a little bit about some of the people? Again, we touched on some of them but some of the people who are involved in some of these deals and some of the regulations and some of the folks that you've met? I would think you're kind of like a walking museum of cable here.
Glist: I've been called worse. (laughter)
Arenstein: So I want to get some reminiscences of some of the people that you worked with, and maybe some of the people you worked against.
Glist: First of all, on the legal front, I have to point out Gary Christensen. He was a South Dakota boy who went to the FCC and started doing cable television law there, and then eventually ended up at Hogan & Hartson in the cable practice there. I came under his wing when I was a pup. And he was a fabulous mentor. He had taught me how to practice world-class law with civility, and humility, and good humor, and to treat your adversaries with great respect because they were going to be your allies someday. And he introduced me into the cable world and to all of the great entrepreneurs. And on the client side, so many deserve mention, but Amos Hostetter was one of my favorites, a brilliant man. He built a fabulous company in Continental Cablevision. He introduced a lot of innovations in the business, in the management structure. I learned a lot just by observing how he worked with people inside his company, how he worked with local franchising authorities. Bill Arnold, in Texas, classic cable guy, basically, you know, out of the field into the regulatory arena, and a born Texas lobbyist. I worked with him on just about every issue that could arise at the state and federal level. Dick Green, who ran CableLabs for 20 years at least. And, of course, turned that into a vehicle not just for seminal research and development -- It was the platform for launching DOCSIS and the internet as we know it. But also, he was enlisted into many of the regulatory wars that were going on in Washington. It was my privilege to work with him on many of those wars. There is this chronic problem with a regulated technology business like cable that a lot of the regulators neither understand the current technology nor the direction that it can go in, left to its own devices, but are ready and willing to exercise their power on you. And so Dick and I, and the folks who reported to Dick, had to fight a lot of those fights -- on the Hill, at the FCC -- in order to try to protect against micromanagement of the business. I should also mention Dan Brenner, who is a lawyer but a client. The late Dan Brenner, dear friend of mine.
Arenstein: Yeah, mine, too.
Glist: He was a superb strategist and lawyer. Didn't hurt that he was a stand-up comic --
Arenstein: No, it didn't!
Glist: -- because we need a good sense of humor in this business to get through a lot of those dark moments, but he also was a wonderful client to work with through countless regulatory proceedings. I think I worked most intensively with Dan first when the '92 act was passed. And because the industry had pursued an unsuccessful strategy of expecting it to be vetoed, we didn't shape the contours of that law as you might ordinarily do on the Hill. And so we were saddled with this draconian over-regulatory piece of legislation that ended up costing us four years of development, and four years of infrastructure growth, and four years of programming, all the rest of it, not to mention the horrible rate-reg proceedings, just to name one out of many sets of rules. But I partnered with Dan and a few others in helping the industry get through all of that with some creative strategies that helped recover from what was one of the nadirs of its regulatory history.
Arenstein: You know, Dan said something about you that I want to read here. He said, "Paul has been involved in virtually every major issue facing the cable industry, and he's a splendid attorney, with a tremendous expertise in technology." I think we've heard that today. "He understands the day-to-day operating issues in a way few people do." That was the late Dan Brenner, who passed away a few years ago, as a judge in California.
Glist: Yes. Well, I take it with all humility. I loved Dan and he had a brilliant mind, I was happy to work as his partner for so long.
Arenstein: And he was so fast, too. It was like sparks coming out of his brain. Let's move on, here. We were talking about the '80s, we were talking about the early days of your career. Today. Let's talk about what you do today most of the time. Obviously, there are still -- actually I think there are somewhere around 1,000 very small cable operators in the country today, believe it or not. Some have 100 customers, some have fewer than that. What occupies your time mostly today?
Glist: So, I have to say that over the last few years, my time has been almost monopolized by some large proceedings that affect the entire industry. And so I'll take one as an example, it has to do with set-top boxes. Cable systems, as they grow more sophisticated, they basically built themselves out as end-to-end computer networks. There was the headend that had most of the smarts, but there were smart devices in the home that had to communicate with that. It was that architecture that enabled tiers of programming, and video on demand, interactivity, and apps to show up, and smart electronic program guides, and the X1 platform, and all of the rest. But the presence of the set-top box itself became a point of contention when Circuit City, God rest its soul, decided that, "I'm not too keen on the fact that I can't sell set-top boxes on retail shelves." Which I get. The evolution of the industry was a roll-up of many different technologies sourced from different vendors, and so there was no universal solution that one box could work across the country. So they obtained a law that required the FCC to work on building a retail market for set-top boxes. And through many twists and turns in the early 2000s, I worked to negotiate a deal with the consumer electronics industry that had a couple of steps in it, but the first step was, take the security that is present in the set-top box, put it into a little card that can fit into the back of a TiVo, for example, today, and then we'll work on more of an apps-based solution going forward. That was the deal in 2002. And we lived with that for many years. But this is, again, the hazard of being a regulated business. The consumer electronics industry, as the internet grew to be capable of transporting video in high def, began to think of this law as maybe a key for shortcutting their entry into the business of distributing copyrighted entertainment programming. And so, while we were trying to do deals -- and actually reached deals with them, reached a deal with Microsoft on how to get content onto a PC and into the Microsoft home domain, and we worked on a so-called two-way deal with big TV manufacturers that would allow the full boat, the guide and VOD and everything else to run. There was a pivot point in about 2009 or 2010 when the consumer electronics industry said, "You know something, I think I can get something -- a favor from the Federal Communications Commission." And so they basically said to the cable industry, "We're not doing that. We're going to go to the government and see if we can get a solution that will basically take your programming and unbundle it and give it to us to repackage as our own product. And we can mine the data, and we can put ads into it, and we can brand it as our own, and we don't have to negotiate those intricate copyright licenses with the content owners, nor do we have to respect them." Well, that was problematic for a lot of people, as you can imagine. And so, in 2010-2011, we fought that to a draw at the FCC, and we went on to do what we told the FCC we were working on anyway, which was to build up apps. And so in between 2011 and now, you saw the explosion of cable apps on smartphones and tablets and smart TVs and gaming stations, and Rokus, and you name it. And these were all ways to get the product, the full product, without a set-top box, which is what the cable industry wanted. We don't love set-top boxes. We love audiences. And yet, the FCC, under the outgoing administration, made another run at this for trying to give Silicon Valley this favor that Silicon Valley was wanting. Silicon Valley wants to be a multichannel video program distributor, but they don't want to deal with the copyright owners. And so for the last two, three years, the majority of my time has been addressing that issue on the Hill and at the FCC. As we sit, it looks like it's been fought to a draw again. We don't know. One never knows. This could rise from the grave again in a few years, but I'm hopeful that an administration that has greater faith in the market and greater faith in technology to find its own way will look around and say, "Wait a minute, these apps have evolved on their own through business necessity. Consumers don't actually need to rent a set-top box if they don't want to." If they reach the conclusion that the market's actually worked well, as I said at the start, cable does very well. Because we actually want to serve the consumer on the device that the consumer chooses. We just have to do it in a way that respects all those intricate copyrights that we have to negotiate and respect.
Arenstein: Are you upbeat about the possibilities or the potential for this to work out in a way that's favorable to cable? I'm not speaking about the Administration coming in necessarily, but just, a man of your experience, are you upbeat about it or are you unsure about it? As you said, it's kind of at a draw right now.
Glist: I'm upbeat about it. I think that as long as this law is on the books and has not been sunset under its provisions, people will periodically make a run at it. There were plenty of efforts over the last couple of years to make a run at getting some rent from the cable industry. Some people made a run at getting subsidized transport of their data from 5G cell phone towers to wireline facilities. People have prevailed upon the FCC to adopt a privacy rule just for internet service providers that basically leaves the market for tailored programming and tailored advertising and so-called two-way markets over to the edge. And so, there's plenty of rent-seeking going on with the FCC. But it's been my observation that yeah, regulation ebbs and flows, but in the end, technology prevails. And because the cable operators have constantly reinvented themselves in order to serve audiences as they are today and as they are evolving, it's going to happen in this little narrow issue of set-top boxes that I use for illustration. We went from broadcast retransmitters, where we were fighting over who's must-carry and who's not, you know, can I get a waiver of nonduplication rules or not. And we've moved the platform forward. We invented the internet as we know it. We've continued to pour investment into -- 250 billion from cable alone, in the infrastructure that supports broadband today. And not stop with DOCSIS, many generations of DOCSIS, full duplex DOCSIS, meaning equivalent speeds forward and backwards. Last night, this morning, the news broke that Cablevision is going to take fiber all the way to the premise. This is standard for cable. You go from coax hanging on poles to hybrid fiber coax to dropping the amplifier cascades, to going to node plus zero, going full duplex DOCSIS, to fiber to the prem. And simultaneously, you're inventing parallel methods of distributing your service in IP over wireless, and to customer-owned devices. That's the entrepreneurial spirit that attracted me to the business in the first place. It's still here.
Arenstein: Wow. That's a great answer. So, you know, my next question was going to be, when you talk to a young lawyer today and he or she says, "Gee, I've followed your career and you were in cable in the early days, and you've done all these landmark cases, and here we are today, It seems like all the battles are over." Which they're not, of course, but it seems like they are. So my question is do you counsel people? Do you counsel a young law student to pursue a career in cable law? I think the answer is yes, based on that very enthusiastic speech.
Glist: If people are already lawyers, know they want to be lawyers, then by all means. I counsel that them that the cable industry is not the sleepy, yesterday monopolist that many people say it is. We have ourselves as an industry to fault for not telling the message clearly enough. But it is not the case that all innovation takes place in Silicon Valley or at the edge of the 'net and no innovation takes place within the cable industry. If people reflect upon this enormous programming array, the broadband speeds and throughput that are offered, the new business models, the effort -- however slow -- the efforts by the industry to negotiate with Hollywood to get more choice in bundles, thinner bundles, more choices in ways that protect copyright, don't break the economics of the golden age of television, the new golden age of television, we're doing all of that. You, as a lawyer, not only can you be part of that, but you can come up with a bright idea, and this is an industry that will actually listen to people and try new things. I'll give you a case in point which is not pure communications law, if you don't mind.
Arenstein: Go ahead. Yeah.
Glist: Not many years ago, the Natural Resources Defense Council began to worry about the energy consumption of set-top boxes, and they began to go around to the state capitals asking for state legislation on the boxes. I would follow them around, writing opinion letters saying, "Wait a minute, you forgot about these three cases that I fought for, that preempts the states from regulating technology in the cable area," and so they were kind of stymied at the state level. They turned to the federal authorities and they began to get the Department of Energy interested and the California Energy Commission interested in it. Well, both of those agencies have a legitimate interest in energy conservation. We all do. But, their models were based on refrigerators that you buy. There are five basic chassis of refrigerators. You put them in the kitchen, they last 10 or 20 years, they're not connected to nothing, they never change. I can set an energy spec for them and if you need any changes over time, come get a waiver from me. And, you try to apply that model to the cable industry where boxes iterate with firmware updates almost overnight. They iterate with generations of hardware every 18 months. And those boxes are the delivery vehicle for networks that are changing hourly and offering new stuff, inventing new services. They don't match. So what do you do? So I put together a consortium of all of the cable operators, satellite companies, telephone providers in the United States and their equipment suppliers, and we all agreed to do something that had never been done in the US: a voluntary agreement on energy conservation for set-top boxes. And we created energy standards. We created a process for people to invent stuff without permission. We created a steering committee. We brought NRDC [National Resources Defense Council] and ACEEE [American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy], another energy advocate, on to the board. And not only has it worked, in the first three years, it saved over a billion dollars for consumers. It's on track to save a billion a year. It's saved over six million metric tons of CO2, greenhouse gases, just in the early years. This has received bipartisan praise from the Hill. They said, this is exactly how we should address problems. And the advocates are happy. The Department of Energy held a press conference to bless it. And this came out of a lawyer's head. All right? And so, you can conceive, lead, and execute a platform to solve new problems in very creative ways. That's a lot of fun. And you get to do social good at the same time. And, you get this win-win. You get energy conservation and you preserve the path for innovation. So, you don't have to go to the refrigerator regulator and say, "I want to invent 4K. I need a change in the law, and by the way, I have to go public with it and my competitors will know I'm about to launch." You don't have to do that. You can hit the market with the new invention and we have all the procedures in place to do it in an energy-efficient way without that kind of lag that innovative technologies can't stand. And so, there are going to be so many new challenges going forward that I think someone who wants to be a lawyer couldn't ask for a better business to work with because this has always been a business that has looked for -- we know we're regulated, but we have creative ideas of how to handle the underlying interests in the regulation, find win-win solutions where all the stakeholders can walk away happy.
Arenstein: I'll tell you, you know, when you were speaking, I just had to think that "Well, this sounds like a cable Vanguard-type speech," and sure enough, you are a cable Vanguard honoree. In fact, I think you're the only outside counsel to be awarded a Vanguard.
Glist: Well, I broke the glass ceiling. (laughs) Yes, I was the first outside counsel to receive a Vanguard. I can't tell you how honored I felt to be in the company of so many greats in the business. That was totally unexpected but greatly appreciated. I'm no longer the only one. But yes, the --
Arenstein: Okay. You were the first.
Glist: -- industry was good enough to award me with a Vanguard. I think that was 10 years ago.
Arenstein: Yeah, it was. It was 2006.
Glist: But I'll still bask in the glory anyway. (laughter)
Arenstein: Okay. And then, a couple of years before that, you were named to be a Cable Pioneer. I know that's kind of a difficult honor to receive because I believe, what, friends of yours or people who have done business with you are not able to nominate you. It has to be somebody outside that circle.
Glist: But somehow, I passed the gantlet. (laughter) Maybe I just hung around long enough in the industry. But yes, I was also very honored to be named a Cable Pioneer.
Arenstein: Paul, there are a couple of areas that you have done sort of slightly outside cable, and one of them that I wanted to touch on was the Tahirih Justice Center that you -- you joined the board in 2008, and you're currently the chairman. Tell us what that Justice Center does and whom it helps.
Glist: So, the Tahirih Justice Center is a national organization that is devoted to protecting immigrant women and girls from violence. And the kind of violence that we're protecting against is female genital cutting, honor crimes, that people will be seeking asylum for in this country -- they need help in getting that. Domestic violence within the immigrant community -- it's often difficult to even report that, if you fear your immigration status. Mail-order brides being sold into the homes of known abusers -- we got a federal law passed to protect against that. Forced marriage of US-born teenagers, who are told at 14, "We're shipping you back to Pakistan to marry your 50-year-old uncle. If you don't go, we'll kill you." So there's a host of issues that women and girls need protection from. And we're the only national organization that focuses on this community. There are many people who have all of their citizenship rights intact already, and they have access to resources, but this group has no other recourse because of the way US law is set up. So we provide the legal work at the retail level, we provide the policy work at the legislative level, on the Hill, in state capitals. We provide social workers for them, to help them through the adjustment issues. We provide medical care for them. We take them through the entire process and -- this is extraordinary, but we have a 99 percent success factor in litigation. I wish I had that in my commercial life.
Arenstein: How did you get interested in this, Paul?
Glist: Well, I became aware of this when the founder was actually a law student. It appealed to me, because it's grounded in principles of the equality of women and men, and the principle of human rights, and the principle of access to justice. And for me -- I'm a Baha'i -- these are spiritual principles for me. And so when an organization is formed that is inspired by that same spirit, then I want to be a part of it. I became a supporter early on, eventually ended up on the board, and here I am, chairing the board. But it's -- I have to say that I take a lot of pride and pleasure in the work that we do. We've helped 19,000 women so far. We're coming onto our 20th year next year of service. And we have just -- as we tape, we've just come off a presidential campaign with some very heated rhetoric that at the very least presents uncertainties about the protection that the immigrant community will enjoy, even under existing US law. So I say, now, more than ever, we need the work of the Tahirih Justice Center.
Arenstein: In 1984, you started teaching a course at the Practising Law Institute in New York about cable television and communications law. What is the Practising Law Institute, and do you still teach today?
Glist: I do. Practising Law Institute is a nonprofit that is devoted to providing continuing legal education to other practitioners. I started teaching cable law and different slices of it. Sometimes it was franchising, sometimes it was renewal, sometimes it was rate-reg at the height of the '92 Cable Act, privacy, where technology is going, which is what I currently teach for PLI. And for me, it's a great joy, because it gives me the opportunity to teach without grading papers. (laughter) That's a wonderful joy to do that. And at its best, PLI is a highly interactive exchange among very sophisticated and opinionated practitioners, and that's fun.
Arenstein: Paul, we want to end on a couple of sort of legacy questions, although you've really touched on so much legacy material, it's been great. I guess one of the things that I take away from this interview is that at some point, you and other legal minds looked at technology and concluded that there's absolutely no way we know where it's going, so we have to prepare legally for that. You have to, when you draft something, or you draft a regulation, you have to leave it open enough so that it can adapt to new technologies. What new technologies do you envision, coming down the road? What excites you? What sorts of -- are there pie-in-the-sky dreams that you would like to see from cable?
Glist: So, this is the fortunate thing about envisioning the future, is that we never do accurately. And so the things that all of us can see -- that the cable industry is going to have a mobile feature, whether it's MVNO on the wireless side, or federated Wi-Fi that covers large and small operators -- all of that is going to be put in place so cable operators will be able to offer the quad play. We are the platform that can offer the home for new programming that cannot be cultivated on a broadcast channel. I think there are many, many more opportunities for that, with virtual channels and VOD and the way that VOD is offered today with the opportunities for binge viewing if you want to go to the next series, it's almost quasi-linear in that way. That's all conventional thinking, what I have just described to you. It's the unknown. And cable operators -- you know, I take a lot of pride in what they've invented. But cable operators are also fast followers and fast responders. So that when a new way of doing business emerges, we are able to actually execute on it and put it into play on a very large scale, an economically efficient scale, and to do it in ways better than many others. And so whatever that is going to be, whether it's the perfectly skinny bundle, whether it's a new way of doing VOD, whether it's immersive video, whether it's broadband that allows the home to become virtually anywhere because the throughput is almost limitless, I don't know. But these are the folks who are going to bring it.
Arenstein: Another legacy question. What -- I think you've touched on this several times today, but -- what is a big story that's a big cable story that hasn't been told, that needs to be told?
Glist: It's retelling the story of how cable has invented so much of what we take for granted. And we owe it to ourselves and we owe it to the regulatory community and we owe it to the public to explain... We need to explain that there is no cloud. That internet is not free just because you can pick it up at a coffee shop. That programming is not free just because you don't see the price yourself. And all of that is an explanation that we owe. But I think there's also something on -- you alluded to Net Neutrality. I think this is a going-forward issue that we need to tell the story on. The cable industry has never been opposed to letting internet customers get wherever they want to on the net. They have not been the ones who block sites or bring it down to a trickle. Quite the opposite. We're the ones who keep expanding the sites, and expanding the capacity. If anyone's doing the blocking, it's programmers at the edge of the net who are actually blocking internet delivery of their programming to gain leverage in cable distribution negotiations. So there's all that. But you can, and we will as a society, come to agreement on general principles of no blocking, no throttling. But one does not have to kill the future of the internet by going as far as the last administration has gone. And they've done a couple of things that are very dangerous and need to be undone. One is, they've said that no one on the edge of the 'net may pay an internet service provider for the delivery of content to an internet service customer. And that's called destroying the two-sided market. You know, if you pick up a newspaper, you may be paying a subscription for the paper, but the advertisers are also paying the paper to reach you. And there's nothing even in the old telephone world that prohibited 800-number calling. And when I think about the future of the internet, there should not be a rule that says that an immersive game cannot sell its product to the public with high-throughput internet built into the price and the gaming company is the guy who picks up the freight. There's no reason that a green appliance should not be sold with permanent internet connectivity at a trickle built into the price for smart management of energy. There are so many business models that rely on this two-sided market and the Net Neutrality rules that were just adopted outlaw that. I think that is a terrible moment of micromanagement that's actually going to stop the internet's natural development towards more and more optimal models. I think that's a problem. It's a lack of regulatory humility that gets you there. So I'll draw this analogy. I know you're trying to get to the legacy question. I approach my legal practice with the understanding that law can contribute, but it is part of an overall solution. The overall solution, to get a complete answer, it has to fully account for policy and finance and business and tech and consumer relations, and all of that has to factor into the total solution. Law's a part of it. The same should be said by regulators about regulation. That regulation can be part of a solution. You know? But you've got to recognize that you as the regulator, you have not created the value of the cable industry. You have not created the value of the internet. And you need to start with the understanding that you may have a role to play, but it's a measured role. And you need to start from the do-no-harm philosophy. And then take it from there. And have respect for the wisdom and the entrepreneurial spirit and vision of the guys who are actually out there in the market, in the technology, who are inventing the future. You know, the cable guys I grew up with did that for a generation, and the current generation of cable guys are doing it again. And there needs to be a healthy respect for the wisdom in this industry. Industry's willing to work with regulators. But everything's got to reflect that balance.
Arenstein: Paul Glist, thank you so much. This was a lot of fun!
Glist: It's been a pleasure.
Arenstein: This was great. Thank you.
Glist: Thank you, Seth.
END OF INTERVIEW
Oral History Search
A - Listings
Colleen Abdoulah
James F. Ackerman
Michael Adams
Tonya Adams
Bill Adler
Greg Allshouse
Don Anderson
William Arnold
B - Listings
Ba - Bi
Barry Babcock
Bridget Baker
David Baldwin
Yolanda Barco
Peter Barton
Ralph Baruch
Ted Baum
Char Beales - 1999
Dick Beard
Bill Beaty
Sharon Becker
John Billock
Susan Bitter-Smith
Bj - Bz
Dianne Blackwood
Matt Blank - 1999
Roy E. Bliss
Roy L. Bliss
Ike Blonder
Lou Borrelli
Patricia Jo Boyers
J. Francis Bradley
Sean Bratches
Ed Breen
Argyle Bridgett
Julian Brodsky - 1998
Linda Brodsky
Robert Brooks
Martin Brophy
Stuart Brotman
Robert and Jeanne Burull
C - Listings
Ed Callahan
John Campbell - 1986
Ann Carlsen
Cynthia Carpenter
Carolyn Chambers - 1999
Charles Cheevers
Robert Clasen
Charles Clements
Keith Clinkscales
Lela Cocoros
Frank Cooper
Terry Cordova
Austin Coryell
Ron Cotten
Jim Cownie
Jack Crosby
CTAM Chapters - The Early Years
CTAM Chapters - The Middle Years
CTAM Chapters - The Later Years
CTAM Panel - Building the Mission
CTAM Panel - CTAM Grows
CTAM Panel - Second Decade
CTAM Panel - Why CTAM?
Craig Cuttner
D - Listings
Gerald Dash
G. Lewis Davenport
Tim David
Jim Y. Davidson - 1988
George Delaplaine
James DeSorrento
Development of Cable in Pacific Northwest
Development of Cable in Pennsylvania
Development of Cable in Texas
Hank Diambra - Archer Taylor
Hank Diambra - Penn State
Kristin Dolan
Bill Domurad
Tom Dowden - Hauser Project
Tom Dowden - Penn State
Lee Druckman
Pauline Dunn
Jim Duratz
Mark Dzuban
E - Listings
Phylis Eagle-Oldson
Ken Easton
Len Ecker
Steve Effros
Tom Elliott
Leslie Ellis - 2015
F - Listings
Jim Faircloth
Harold Farrow
Dave Fellows
Charlotte Field
Larry Flinn
Tony Fox
Tamara Franklin
Marlowe Froke
Bill Futera
F. Gordon Fuqua
Joseph and Irene Gans
George Gardner
Zalmon Garfield
John Gdovin
Henry Geller
Robert and Richard Gessner
Robert Gessner and Katherine Gessner
Tom and Jim Gleason
John Goddard
Leonard Goldenson
Henry Goldstein
Ross Greenburg
Gayle Greer - Hauser
Gayle Greer - WICT
Bill Griffeth
Ken Gunter
Madie Gustafson
H - Listings
Henry Harris
Hank Hain
Michael Hain
Jim Hall
Gordon Halverson
Kate Hampford
Ted Hartson
Beverly Harms
Gustave Hauser
Andrew Healey
Theresa Hennesy
Del Henry
Sue Herera
Bev Hermann
Ed Hewson
Earl Hickman
Les Hilliard
Leo Hindery - 2016
Jim Hirshfield
Leo Hoarty
Douglas Holloway
Ed Holleran
Ben Hooks
Edward Horowitz
Howard Horowitz
Ron Hranac
I - J - Listings
Gene Iacopi
Pearlena Igbokwe
Ron Insana
Burton Jablin
Herbert Jackson
R. Brian James
Ed Jarmain
Mike Jeffers
Jerrold Sales and Engineer Panel
James Jimirro
Brooke Johnson
Tom Jokerst
Ray Joslin
K - L Listings
Paul Kagan
Spencer Kaitz
Yvette Kanouff
Rob Kennedy
Jerald Kent
Peter Kiley
Dave Kinley
Larry Kisslinger
Ken Klaer
Kay Koplovitz - 1999
Scott Kurnit
John Kurpinski, Sr.
Mike LaJoie
Jake Landrum
Jay Larkin
Lucille Larkin
Gerry Laybourne - 1999
Richard Leghorn
H. F. Gerry Lenfest
Donald Levenson
Nathan Levine
Paul Levine
Phil Lind - 2001
Greg Liptak
Jerry Lindauer
Richard Loftus
Judi Lopez
Kenneth Lowe - 2005
M - O Listings
Martin Malarkey
Jeff Marcus - 2019
Kathleen Marron
John Matthews
Patty McCaskill
Doug McCormick
Kate McEnroe
Wayne McKinney
Bruce Merrill
Dan Mezzalingua
J. Patrick Michaels
Robert Miron
Chris Moseley
Everett Mundy
Richard Munro
Trygve Myhren
Nick Nicholas
Jerry Offsay
Ruth Otte
P - Q Listings
Susan Packard - Legacy
Susan Packard - WICT 20th
Mike Pandzik
Leroy "Ed" Parsons
Darlene Payne
Robert Pepper
Matt Polka - 2014
Rex Porter
Thomas Puckett
Pioneer Panel 1: History of The Cable TV Pioneers Part 1
Frank Ragone
Sandford Randolph
Leslie Read
Albert Ricci
Sandra Rice
Margaret Richebourg
Milford Richey
Jay Ricks
John Rigas - 2000
William Riker
Ralph Roberts
Robert Rosencrans - 2000
Shellie Rosser
Clive Runnells
S Listings
Brad Samuels
Satellite Launch, 25th Anniversary Panel
Steve Scully
Quentin Schaffer 2017
Sol Schildhause
Hub Schlafly
Robert Schmidt
Ray Schneider
SCTE Panel 1 - The Early Years
SCTE Panel 2 - The Middle Years
SCTE Panel 3 - The Current Years and the Future
Stan Searle
Gail Sermersheim - Hauser
Gail Sermersheim - WICT
Evan Shapiro 2014
Milton Shapp
Jacob Shekel
Robert Shema
Dan Shields
Gary Shorman
Steven Simmons
Keneth Simons
Jill Slavin
E. Stratford Smith 2000
Martha Soehren
J. C. Sparkman
Ed Spray
Julia Sprunt
Bob Stanzione
Peter Stern
Claude Stevanus
Bill Strange
Susan Swain - 2017
Alex Swan
Anne Sweeney - 2000
Israel "Sruki" Switzer
T - V Listings
Archer Taylor
Pat Thompson - 2018
Bud Tibshrany
Ben Tongue
Sid Topol - 2000
Leonard Tow
Jacob Trobe
Robert Tudek
Amy Tykeson
David Van Valkenburg
Carl Vogel
W - Z Listings
Priscilla Walker
John Waller
Albert Warren
Ruth Warren - 2000
Robert Weary
Steve Weed
Thomas Wheeler
Edward Whitney
Maggie Wilderotter
John Willey
Carl Williams
Louis Williamson
David Willis
Michael Willner
Cathy Wilson
Sharan Wilson
Tracy Jenkins Winchester
Timothy Wirth
Howard Wood
Wendell Woody
John "Dubby" Wynne
Dr. Rouzbeh Yassini
David Zaslav
Robert Zitter | {
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} |
A growing number of central banks across the region are turning to blockchain technology both for investment and as a way to address financial system limitations.
Southeast Asia is quickly becoming a haven for blockchain technology and its myriad applications, independent blockchain and crypto-focused website Modern Consensus reports.
On its article posted on April 12, Modern Consensus notes that more and more central banks from this region are embracing blockchain technology to provide better access to banking services, to improve interbank payments, and to add more alternatives for cross-border settlements.
"Serving the unbanked and leapfrogging inefficient interbank and international settlement systems are the major focus," the article says.
It went on to enumerate some of the Southeast Asian countries' respective foray into blockchain technology.
Cambodia's National Bank is looking at blockchain technology for payments by commercial banks and consumers. Authorities are also exploring the tech as a way to link unbanked Cambodians to commercial bank accounts to encourage them to save and achieve financial stability.
Its central bank, Bank Indonesia, is planning a 2020 rollout of its own cryptocurrency, the digital rupiah. Apart from this ambitious endeavor, Modern Consensus also notes that five of the country's major banks are looking at some of the applications of blockchain technology that can be of use to them. Indonesia just released its official regulations on cryptocurrency exchanges and digital assets.
Following suit in creating its own digital currency is Thailand. Its central bank, Bank of Thailand, also bared plans of releasing its own cryptocurrency although no further details have been released yet. Blockchain technology is also poised to be utilized for bond issuance, supply chain financing, and document authentication. At present, the tech is already being used for remittances and fund transfer.
Singapore's central bank, Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), is also exploring the possibility of its own digital currency although that plan has been shelved as of the moment. Presently, blockchain technology is being used for cross-border and smart-contract payments as well as funds and securities transfer. To add, BitChikka reported Singapore's e-commerce site Qoo10's plans to use blockchain technology for its platform transactions.
Modern Consensus notes the growing number of fintech initiatives in the country that have already been covered by BitChikka. These include the increasing number of licensed cryptocurrency exchanges both by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA). It also mentioned Unionbank's rolling out of cryptocurrency ATMs, Coin.ph's partnership with Western Union, and Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation's plans to release a peso-based stable coin to be circulated on Stellar-powered IBM Blockchain World Wire platform.
Among the countries encompassed by Southeast Asia, Vietnam seems to be the only one that clearly resists blockchain technology and the proliferation of cryptocurrencies. While that remains true in comparison to its neighbors (Vietnam recently banned digital asset trading and importing of crypto mining-dedicated computers), Modern Consensus notes a steady thawing of such mindset. In fact, Vietnamese company Linh Thanh Group just inked a partnership with blockchain-based KRONN Ventures AG. This agreement is seen as bringing the country a step closer to establishing its own licensed cryptocurrency exchange.
Southeast Asia is fast becoming one of the preferred regions for blockchain technology-run platforms and cryptocurrency exchanges. And with more blockchain-based plans in the pipeline, there is no indication that things will change anytime soon. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
No kind deed goes unnoticed. SheKnows Home & Living Editor Kelli Uhrich shares her moving experience with a stranger who offered her kindness.
Today we stood next to one another in line at the Phoenix Sky Harbor airport, waiting to move through the security checkpoint. You probably don't remember me, but I will never forget you. I was the woman with the frazzled hair, the sweat-dripping brow and the large plastic bag — the latter of which was clearly unplanned. I was the woman in the back of the line who thought she had adequately prepared for her business trip but quickly discovered she hadn't. You, on the other hand, were composed, collected and early for your flight. You owed me nothing. You didn't have to help me, but you did — and I don't know how else to say thank-you.
You see, this all began last night as I was packing for my trip. I wanted everything to be in order and nothing to be overlooked. I wanted to wake up this morning, throw my hair into some elegant curls and put my best self out into the world — but when I discovered my single oversight, all of my planning was for naught.
Business cards. An entire box full of them sits in the upper right-hand drawer of my desk at work, yet somehow, only three of them made it into my wallet. Three business cards for a business convention. Three opportunities to spread the word about SheKnows and network with other media outlets. Three. Only three.
That's where everything went wrong. Instead of heading straight to the airport, I was left with no choice but to drop by the office to pick up more cards. I left my home at 8 a.m., arrived at my office by 9 and then was off to the airport, arriving at Sky Harbor at 9:45.
The ticket in my hand explained that my flight departed at 11:05, but what I hadn't noticed was the boarding information: 10:25 a.m. That was the time I should have referenced in all of my planning, but I didn't.
But it didn't stop there. While checking my bag, I was informed that my items were too heavy. Fifty-seven pounds was seven pounds too much, which is why when you met me, I was carrying seven pounds worth of my luggage in a plastic trash bag. It's also the reason I was twitching anxiously as we wound in and out, moving like snails through the security checkpoint line. Perhaps I looked desperate enough that you took notice of me, standing amid hundreds of other travelers. Maybe you caught how frazzled I appeared and wondered if something were wrong.
I don't know your reasoning, but somehow, you were kind enough to offer me your place in line, there at the front, where I would be called next. For some reason, you were willing to ignore the angry stares you received from the other travelers, who were also waiting and had also prepared for their flights by arriving early. For some reason, unbeknownst to me, you offered kindness to a complete stranger, which leads me to suspect that you helped me because you are simply a good-hearted person who gives back to the world she lives in.
I don't know your name, where you live or how to get in touch with you. If I did, then this thank-you would be sent to you personally. But whoever you are, wherever you are, I wish you could know how much your good deed meant to me.
You see, as I neared Gate 23 today, an announcement blared through the loudspeakers. "Final boarding call for flight XYZ to Detroit," it said, and I began running when I heard it.
When I boarded the plane, I thought of you. When I landed in Detroit, I thought of you, too. And when I handed out my fourth business card this evening, I thought again of how a simple act of kindness literally saved me today.
And so, I say thank-you — whoever you are, wherever you are. Thank-you for being a beautiful, kind-hearted woman who makes this world a better place. I promise to pay this kindness forward. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
NC State Launches Universitywide Genetics and Genomics Academy
November 5, 2021 Staff
Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost Warwick Arden and Senior Vice Provost for Academic Strategy and Resource Management and Chief of Staff Duane Larick today officially announced the launch of NC State's Genetics and Genomics Academy. The academy represents a universitywide, interdisciplinary effort to engage faculty, staff, undergraduate and graduate students in harnessing the power of science to serve society.
"The Genetics and Genomics Academy will build upon NC State's historic strength in genetics education and research," said Arden. "We formed one of the first genetics departments in the United States in the 1950s, and have since continued that tradition with the Genetic Engineering and Society Center and faculty cluster. Our newest academy will further our outstanding reputation as a top-tier Research 1 university making groundbreaking strides in genetics and genomics."
The Genetics and Genomics Academy will strengthen the university's graduate-level education and research initiatives and add undergraduate courses and other opportunities for campuswide engagement in genetics and genomics. In addition to various courses, the academy is working on constructing seminars on related interdisciplinary topics. To achieve the academy's goals, an executive committee will work closely with faculty, students and staff. The academy is also planning outreach efforts to engage the public in its work.
Fred Gould has been named executive director of the Genetics and Genomics Academy, effective November 1. Gould is a William Neal Reynolds Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
In his new role, Gould will be responsible for bringing together a group with diverse backgrounds and perspectives to develop a vision for the academy's work and future. He is the co-director of NC State's Genetic Engineering and Society Center, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Entomological Society of America.. Gould received his Bachelor of Science in biology from Queens College of the City University of New York and his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
"Our goal is to provide breadth and depth of educational and research opportunities so that no student leaves NC State without the opportunity for basic literacy in genetics and genomics," said Gould. "The power of genetics and genomics to impact society is growing rapidly, and NC State will be in the position to provide the public and policymakers with the accurate information needed for informed decisions."
Moving forward, the academy has already submitted a training grant application to the National Institutes of Health, and hopes to combine grant funding with the Provost's Office support to reach its goals.
In the spirit of advancing a culture of interdisciplinary excellence, the Genetics and Genomics Academy will bring together centers, institutes, related initiatives and all colleges across campus. This will be NC State's second academy, in addition to the recently-created Data Science Academy, all housed under the new Office of University Interdisciplinary Programs. | {
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} |
A remodel of an existing building on an industrial estate just off the A40 was the third build for Big Box Storage. This involved raising the roof by approximately 4m and then extending the whole building by 6m to the full height of the revised building.
The existing building was remodelled by demolishing the masonry elements to the front and removing the cladding. New fencing and an automatic sliding gate were erected in order to finish the remodel to an exceptionally high standard. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
We've been waiting for the chance to hold another famous Friday Night Drinks. Now that the clock has struck 12 on 2018 and the New Year is upon us, we're ready to throw a party. Summer is the best time of the year, so look forward to seasonal fruits, ice-cold drinks (with non-alcoholic options) and an opportunity to celebrate wins positively for February. Seriously, we're so excited! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
<span class="wiki-builder">This page was generated with Wiki Builder. Do not change the format!</span>
## Imperial Centurion
### Info
* **enemyId:** CabalMajorCenturionA
* **enemyName:** Imperial Centurion
* **cardId:** 205150
* **enemyTier:** Major
* **raceName:** Cabal
* **raceClass:** CabalCenturion
* **enemyWeapon:** ProjectionRifle
* **enemyShield:** SolarShield
### Stats
statType | statId
-------- | ------
assistsAgainst | assistsAgainstCabalMajorCenturionA
precisionKillsOf | precisionKillOfCabalMajorCenturionA
deathsFrom | deathsFromCabalMajorCenturionA
killsOf | killsOfCabalMajorCenturionA
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Buka Puasa buffet at the iconic Paya Serai Restaurant has once again made a comeback in March this year. During the month of Ramadan, Hilton Hotels around Malaysia invites guest on a gastronomy journey to savour over 250 authentic local dishes. Mise En Place was recently invited for a food review, and we were absolutely spoilt for choice with the widespread array of the all-time favourite Malaysian cuisines.
Flaunting the theme "Sajian Warisan Paya Serai", diners will get to enjoy an epicurean trip down memory lane through 35 years of Iftar at Paya Serai. During the food review, Mise En Place was able to savour a sumptuous display of Ramadan classics from kampung dishes, Arabian delights and secret recipes from fond memories and dishes inspired by the chef's mom's to the recent modern Ramadan on wheels, food truck concept.
We were honoured to speak with Executive Chef, Mohammad Badrul Mohammad Nor, who enlightened us on some of the cooking techniques and equipment used to prepare a buffet for a 1000-strong crowd a day. To prepare the dishes, a traditional cooking style is used in tandem with modern equipment such as combi ovens, broilers, grillers, hot plates, and high pressure stoves.
"With 1000 plus people to serve everyday, we have to use modern equipment as these machines help us prepare the dishes much faster and more efficiently. Dishes take a longer time to get cooked using traditional equipment and this will not help us with efficiency when we have such a large crowd to serve daily, during this Ramadan season", Chef Badrul explained.
If you have dined at Paya Serai during Ramadan throughout the years, be sure to indulge in all of the crowd pleasures under one roof this year. If you have this, don't miss out on this great opportunity to savour the diverse and unique flavours of the Malaysian cuisine.
Gather your loved ones and Jom Makan at Hilton Hotel Petaling Jaya!
Buka Puasa Buffet Dinner from 5th – 7th May 2019 from 7.00pm – 10.30pm – Adult: RM169 nett, Child: RM89 nett.
Buka Puasa Buffet Dinner from 8th May – 1st June 2019 from 7.00pm – 10.30pm – Adult: RM189 nett, Child: RM99 nett.
Buka Puasa Buffet Dinner from 2nd – 4th June 2019 from 7.00pm – 10.30pm – Adult: RM169 nett, Child: RM89 nett.
Applicable for 30 persons & above only.
For reservation, please call +603 7955 9122 or visit www.zestPJ.com.
Blog by HMEP © 2018, All Right Reserved. | {
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The mummy is a dusty old walker originally hailing from the hot lands of the far south. Opposite of the ghoul and other abandoned dead, the mummy is unable to make the journey to the underworld because it is bound to our world by elaborate funerary rites, either intentionally or by accident.
Sometimes less is more when saying goodbye, particularly when removing and pickling parts. These rites must be undone if the dead is to find peace. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Q: unable to group by when using two ctes with table1 as (
select club_results.goals_scored as goals_scored, club_results.goals_conceded as goals_conceded
from club_results
inner join club on club_results.club_id=club.club_id
),
table2 as(
select (club_results.goals_scored - club_results.goals_conceded) as goal_difference
from club_results
inner join club on club_results.club_id=club.club_id
)
select club.club_name, table1.goals_scored, table1.goals_conceded, table2.goal_difference,
case
when table2.goal_difference > 0 then 3
when table2.goal_difference < 0 then 0
else 1
end as points
from table1, table2, club
group by club.club_name;
I have two ctes and i want to group by the club_name but as all the other columns are not aggregated it is not allowing me to do so. I cannot figure out another way of doing it, potentially a subquery but wouldn't the same issue occur again?
The aim is to create a table of this nature but group by club_names.
A: If I follow you correctly, we can do this without CTEs, by properly aggregating the results table:
select c.club_name,
sum(cr.goals_scored) as goals_scored,
sum(cr.goals_conceded) as goals_conceded,
sum(cr.goals_scored) - sum(cr.goals_conceded) as goal_difference,
sum(
case sign(cr.goals_scored - cr.goals_conceded)
when -1 then 0
when 0 then 1
when 1 then 3
end) as points
from club c
inner join club_results cr on cr.club_id = c.club_id
group by c.club_id
There is a little trick with the use of sign, which we use to compare the goals scored and conceded ; but the important thing is that we need to do the comparison within the aggregate function, so the point computation is repeated for each and every game.
In Posgres we could also have expressed the point computation like this:
count(*) filter(where cr.goals_scored = cr.goals_conceded)
+ 3 * count(*) filter(where cr.goals_scored > cr.goals_conceded)
| {
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} |
Who Was Filibus?
After more than a century, the highly acclaimed 1915 silent thriller Filibus has been fully restored and will be screened at the Eye Filmmuseum in Amsterdam, which is hosting the 10th Women and the Silent Screen Conference this May 25–29. Not only has the museum done a loving restoration of the film but, in the process, they also answered a question that surrounded the movie and added to its success: what was the name of the actress who played Filibus?
"Who is Filibus?" In 1915, ads for the film's release posed this intriguing question, hinting at the mysterious multiple personas of the main character. But interestingly, the identity of the superb Italian actress who portrayed Filibus was never revealed. Her performances as Filibus, the Baroness Troixmond, and the cross-dressing Count de la Brive were subtle, graceful, brilliant, and decades ahead of her time. She would have become an international star — if the start of World War I a few months after the film's release had not cut short her career. For the past half-century, the starring role in Filibus has always been credited to the actress Cristina Ruspoli; her remarkably modern performance has been extolled in books and articles.
But doing research at the Eye Filmmuseum during the summer of 2018, intern David Emery made an astounding discovery. After reviewing photos of Ruspoli, he realized with astonishment that she was not the star of the film, but Leonora, the detective's sister! So, 103 years after the film was released, the original question took on a deeper meaning… Who was Filibus?
Emery had to become a detective himself to discover her true identity. Luckily, in its vast silent film collection, the Eye Filmmuseum had a number of other films by the Torino-based producer, Corona Films.
Going through the collection, Emery screened an obscure film, Signori Giurati (Gentleman of the Jury), and discovered in the minor role of the young daughter Helene, the actress who had starred in Filibus! Luckily, on the film print, she was credited as Valeria Creti, a little-known actress of her day and Creti's incredible performance can now be celebrated.
Directed by Mario Roncoroni and scripted by future science fiction author Giovanni Bertinetti, Filibus was recently remastered by the Eye Filmmuseum. A 2K Scan was created from a restored negative, with tinting and toning exactly matched to the original 1915 Desmet tinted-and-toned 35mm nitrate print. Luigi Fiorio was cinematographer.
To bring the film back to its flavor of the period — when the literary characters Fantômas and Arsène Lupin were worldwide sensations — Milestone hired young poet Austin Renna to write new intertitles based on an improved translation by Eye's archivist Elif Rongen-Kaynakçi. To go with this fantastical film, the Mont Alto Motion Picture Orchestra created and recorded a stunning score.
It was restored at Eye Filmmuseum by Annike Kross, Elif Rongen-Kaynakçi, Frank Roumen, Giovanna Fossati, Jan Scholten, Jeroen de Mol, and Leenke Ripmeester. The font design was created by Allen Perkins.
Filibus is a Milestone Films/Eye Filmmuseum Release. | {
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Senate probers: Apple sheltered $44B
Apple says it 'pays all its required taxes, both in this country and abroad.' | REUTERS
By Tony Romm
Senate investigators accuse Apple of wiring together a complicated system to shield billions of dollars in international profits from both U.S. and foreign tax collectors.
A report released ahead of Apple CEO Tim Cook's inaugural Capitol Hill appearance Tuesday alleges the tech giant took advantage of numerous U.S. tax loopholes and avoided U.S. taxes on $44 billion in offshore, taxable income between 2009 and 2012 — a characterization Apple flatly rejects.
The bipartisan Senate probe also charges for the first time that Apple's long established foreign entities, based in Ireland, don't actually have tax-resident status there or anywhere else. The company conducts most of its international business in the European country to take advantage of lower tax rates, according to the congressional report.
( Also on POLITICO: Opinion: End the political circus on tax reform)
Despite the findings, lawmakers behind the inquiry did not describe Apple's tax conduct as illegal — but they sharply rebuked the Cupertino, California-based tech heavyweight on Monday for its tactics.
"What we intend to do is to highlight that gimmick and other Apple offshore avoidance tactics so that American working families, who pay their share of taxes, understand how offshore tax loopholes raise their tax burden and how those loopholes add to the federal deficit," said Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich.), the chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. The panel initiated the probe with the backing of its top Republican, Sen. John McCain of Arizona.
Apple, meanwhile, emphasized it has contributed more than its fair share of jobs to the U.S. economy — and plenty of big bucks to the U.S. treasury, too. Its prepared testimony, also released Monday, said the company "pays all its required taxes, both in this country and abroad." And Apple stressed it does not use "tax gimmicks."
( PHOTOS: Politicians and cellphones)
Still, the Senate's report sets the stage for a fiery committee hearing Tuesday, one that also marks Cook's first time testifying on Capitol Hill. It's sure to be rife with theatrics: Levin's panel castigated Microsoft and Hewlett Packard just last year for their own, unique methods to allegedly lower their corporate tax payments. That hearing, however, didn't result in any meaningful changes to the companies' practices or U.S. laws.
Apple has been subject of its own spotlight since The New York Times in 2012 illustrated the company's controversial efforts to sidestep steep U.S. taxes. Much of the Times' initial report appears to be confirmed by the Senate's latest findings. But adding new fuel to the fire: Apple's decision to sell $17 billion in bonds to pay dividends and buy back stock, rather than tap some of the roughly $100 billion it's stashed overseas. If brought back to the United States, Apple would incur a 35 percent tax on those dollars — a reality that's prompted many businesses beyond the tech industry to avoid repatriating their foreign earnings.
For its part, Apple maintained in the advanced testimony that it is not dodging any U.S. taxes, funneling U.S. profits overseas or tapping revolving loans improperly, as the Senate committee explored last year.
Follow @politico
Still, leading lawmakers are furnishing 40 pages of new evidence suggesting Apple at least took advantage of legal loopholes in both the United States and Ireland.
At issue is the iPhone giant's corporate structure. Apple organizes its operations in two regions — Apple Inc., based in the United States, which handles the Americas; and a network of affiliates based in Ireland that sell products throughout the rest of the world. Much of Apple's international profits are directed toward Ireland because of its low tax rates, according to the committee.
However, Apple's top-tier "offshore holding company," called Apple Operations International, doesn't actually have an official tax residence, according to the committee's new findings. Without residency, it's able to exploit "the gap between the two nations' tax laws" — allowing Apple, for example, to rake in income of $30 billion between 2009 and 2012 without filing a corporate income tax return anywhere, the report concludes.
For context, Apple Operations International accounted for just under one third of Apple's total, worldwide net profits between 2009 and 2011, the company told investigators for their report. That confirms the Times' widely cited 2012 expose. Apple's profit, in total, came by way of dividends, or money sent back from its "lower-tiered offshore Apple affiliates" to the top entity, according to the Senate's findings.
Apple, however, rejected those allegations in the advance testimony . The company noted that Apple Operations International didn't meet the criteria to declare residency in Ireland, while arguing its dividends have "already been subject to tax in accordance with the laws of the countries where they were earned."
The company's other, lower entities abroad proved just as divisive. One of the links in the chain, called Apple Sales International, also operated as an Irish affiliate without an official tax residency. Senate investigators say it took advantage of foreign loopholes to pay a tiny $10 million in global taxes on about $22 billion in income in 2011, possibly because it's not reported the full amount of income on its Irish tax returns. Again, though, Apple said in testimony it's paid the appropriate taxes.
If anything, the divide between Capitol Hill and Cupertino may reflect the complexities of the international tax system.
Apple "through negotiations" with Ireland secured a special, lower corporate income tax rate, according to the Senate's report, at about 2 percent. That's lower than the 12-percent rate mandated normally under Irish law, and a far departure from the 35-percent corporate income tax rate in the United States. For that reason, Apple's international business structure seemed designed to funnel as much profit as possible back to its Irish parent, where taxes were the lowest, according to the report. Apple did not comment on its previous negotiations with Ireland.
Ultimately, Apple's setup also touches Washington: The report estimates the company between 2009 and 2012 relied on its complex foreign structure as well as a series of U.S. tax loopholes to "avoid … taxation of offshore income totaling $44 billion." To do this, the Senate committee's investigators say the company took advantage of IRS rules that overlook the lower rungs of its international business chain. Apple, however, plans to tell Senate lawmakers on Tuesday that it adopted this system because it made the most sense for its operations and shareholders.
Similarly, Apple adopted a cost-sharing arrangement between its U.S and Ireland-based operations. While Senate lawmakers cite that as yet another example of Apple avoiding U.S. taxes, the company argued it has helped galvanize its research and development work.
Despite the debate, lawmakers didn't say Monday Apple did anything illegal. Instead, the company appears to have taken advantage of existing loopholes in a tax code riddled with confusing complexities. In fact, Cook emphasized to POLITICO last week that Apple already pays roughly $6 billion just in U.S. income taxes — a point executives will make again on Tuesday.
Anticipating that argument at the hearing, however, the report prepared by Levin and McCain's staff casts doubt on Apple's numbers. Instead, investigators noted Apple's own calculations included deferred tax payments — money it's not paid the Treasury, but must if it brings back its foreign dollars. While it's a commonly accepted accounting practice, the Senate report said it still pegs Apple's actual federal taxes at $2.4 billion last year.
To that end, Levin and McCain reaffirmed in their report the need for tax reform — specifically to clamp down on companies that transfer intellectual property abroad to avoid U.S. taxes, while limiting the so-called "check in the box" rules that have allowed Apple to shield some of its internal sales from the IRS.
McCain argued forcefully for tailored reforms, even in the absence of a "grand bargain" tackling deficit reduction. Levin, too, said changes to U.S. law would be welcome outside comprehensive tax reform, which remains stalled.
"You cant justify this kind of profit shifting with [these] kind of gimmicks," Levin said.
CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story overstated how much Apple had avoided in taxes.
CORRECTION: Corrected by: David Cohen @ 05/20/2013 06:30 PM CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story overstated how much Apple had avoided in taxes.
Tim Cook, | {
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• To understand the philosophy and significance of codes and standards.
• To learn about the uncertainty associated with loads and load effects.
• To understand the fundamental principles of concrete analysis and design.
• To examine the design of individual elements and provide examples.
• To comprehend the requirements of overall structural behavior.
• To study the factors governing the choice of the structural system.
• To provide an overview for the requirements of Maintenance of Concrete Structures.
• To understand the nature of innovative technology and new materials.
This course is designed to meet the needs primarily of structural engineers or engineers working in various aspects of design and construction of concrete structures. Engineers involved in design, supervision, construction or planning will find many direct links with their practice and requirements and can put the information provided to use immediately.
pre-stressed concrete, pre-cast concrete, steel. | {
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President Rodrigo Duterte assured his fellow leaders at the 33rd ASEAN Summit Working Dinner at Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Center on November 13 that the Philippines will do its part to conclude an effective Code of Conduct (COC) for West Philippine Sea.
"The Philippines is prepared to do its part. In our role as Country Coordinator of ASEAN-China Dialogue Relations until 2021, we are committed to work with all concerned parties in the substantive negotiations and early conclusion of an effective Code of Conduct," he said.
"We likewise reaffirm our commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. This includes the peaceful settlement of disputes, the exercise of self-restraint, and the freedom of navigation and overflight in accordance with international law, especially the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea," he added. | {
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Place your Surprise Chick egg inside their house and keep them safe and sound as you carry them around! Watch in amazement as your chick hatches right before your very eyes. Listen to it tap and chirp inside the egg then it will hatch out and start to hop about! Once your super cute chick has hatched it can be re hatched again and again for endless fun! The more you pet your chick the more it will chirp and sing. Fold down the wall of your chick house and watch your chick explore! Its the best little nest in town! Includes exclusive Henny Penny the Sunny Chick" | {
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This shot was taken this morning around 7:45. Just a few more minutes laying in the bed and I would have missed it. Saturday, January 28, 2006.
Yeah, I know it's not real art and not an actual hand drawn illustration but this is the idea that came to my mind when I saw the Illustration Friday topic for the week "E is for ...". While Michael and I were just trying to remain as "bodies at rest" Micah demonstrates one of the more basic laws of physics, that old adage "bodies in motion tend to stay in motion" or something like that (did I just make that up? I never did study physics!). | {
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The largest open air art and architecture gallery in the country has been brought to life with an interactive new website.
Pictures show: Silvas Capitalis, Janus Chairs and Freya′s Cabin.
For the first time the Kielder Art & Architecture Programme in Northumberland has its own dedicated website, created by Newcastle based Sumo Design, to inspire art lovers across the globe.
Peter Sharpe, curator for the programme in Kielder Water & Forest Park said: "Kielder′s reputation and award-winning body of work is not only of interest to the general public but also a specialised arts audience both nationally and internationally. This dedicated new website enables greater access for all and really showcases the full scope of the programme′s success".
Elisabeth Rowark, director of Kielder Water & Forest Park Development Trust, added: "As a major tourist destination, advance information is crucial for attracting visitors and engaging our audience. We are really focussed on maximising the potential of modern digital platforms, such as the new website, to encourage dialogue, comment and audience response to be shared as widely as possible."
Award winning highlights of the art programme include Charles Barclays′ Kielder Observatory, James Turrell′s Kielder Skyspace and SIMPARCH′s Silvas Capitalis (the giant forest head).
The new website, funded by Arts Council England, www.kielderartandarchitecture.com looks set to increase visitor awareness and engagement with Kielder′s visual arts projects and provide in-depth information for those wishing to remotely access the projects for research or educational purposes.
Features include detailed insights into each artwork and the commissioning process, maps, downloadable trail guides, video content and an interactive space where visitors can add their own comments and images, find out about events, news and updates, and generate discussion and participation.
Jim Richardson, managing director at Sumo Design, said: "The artworks at Kielder are stunning so we simply wanted to let them speak for themselves. We used breathtaking, large images that inspire visitors to download a trail, explore this beautiful place and discover these intriguing creations".
A general visitor information website, www.visitkielder.com, and the Kielder Water & Forest Park Facebook page, also provide pre-visit information online.
The art and architecture programme at KW&FP has been running for more than fifteen years. There are now over 20 pieces to see, set in an area of 16 square miles, making the Park the largest outdoor public art gallery in the UK.
Recent commissions have won a number of national architectural awards including the Stephen Lawrence Prize, four RIBA Awards, two Civic Trust Awards, a Wood Award and the Northern Culture Award for ′Best Use of Public Open Space′.
Kielder Water & Forest Park Development Trust has had a working and financial partnership with Arts Council England for over a decade. During the last year, Arts Council has undertaken a review of its funding streams and as a result, the Trust has adopted a more proactive fundraising strategy. Funding from Arts Council is helping with the transitional period.
KWFPDT is currently working with the Paul Hamlyn Foundation to approve funding for a new architecture project starting this year at Kielder in association with Newcastle University and University College London. The Trust will also continue to fundraise for additional art and architecture projects from other private sources. | {
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Rocketry teaser: Madhavan presents the intriguing story of Nambi Narayanan
October 31st, 2018 | by vBollywood Author
The teaser of R Madhavan starrer Rocketry – The Nambi Effect starts with Prime Minister Narendra Modi announcing the successful launch of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The first few seconds of the over one-minute long video give the figures of how many times Russia and America made failed attempts to reach the Mars orbit but India achieved it in the first attempt only and that too by spending lesser money.
As soon as we begin to understand the achievement for the nation, we hear a voice asking, "What if I say we could have achieved this twenty years ago only?" He continues, "My name is Nambi Narayanan. I spent 35 years in rocketry and 50 days in prison. My nation paid the price of those 50 days and this story is about that. It's not about me." The Mars Orbiter Mission, India's first interplanetary spacecraft, entered the Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.
Nambi Narayanan was a senior official at ISRO and was charged with espionage in 1994. CBI dismissed the charges against him in 1996 and in 1998, Supreme Court declared him not guilty.
The fascinating story of Nambi has been directed by R Madhavan along with Anant Mahadevan. The teaser of the film has left Aamir Khan intrigued too. "Hey guys, check this out. Looks very intriguing to me. Love. a," Aamir tweeted.
Madhavan had earlier shared a video on Instagram where he said, "There are many personal stories in the world you would have heard about and many many more you have no clue about. But there are a few stories, knowing nothing about which means that you know very little about your own nation. Nambi Narayanan's story is one such story because when you hear this man's story and you see his achievements then I promise you, you will never be able to stay silent. Rocketry – The Nambi Effect, for those who don't know, will definitely become aware and for those who think they know, this will be a revelation. See the teaser on the 31st of October at 11:33 am sharp IST." Madhavan shared this post in English, Hindi and Tamil.
Rocketry – The Nambi Effect will be released in English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.
Photo courtesy: www.indianexpress.com
vBollywood Author
[email protected]
madhavan Nambi Narayanan Rocketry teaser
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History of Adams Center, New York
1864 Map of Adams Centre New York
This pleasant village, of 500 inhabitants, is situated on the upper lake ridge, which here forms a plain, three miles north of Adams, and ten miles by railroad from Watertown. The location is very favorable, and, being surrounded by a rich farming country, the place has become noted for its many comfortable homes, substantial business men, and beautiful streets. Settlement in this' locality was first made in 1816, by Luman and Hiram Arms, who opened a farm just north of the village site. The place was densely timbered with cedar and the hard woods of this section, and clearings were made with great difficulty. The first house where the village stands was built by a man named Priest, who sold out to Luman Arms before it was entirely completed. South of the village lived R. Warriner, who kept a tavern in a frame house as early as 1810 and continued it until about 1827. It was the first public-house in this locality, and was a great place of resort. Other settlers came to the Five Corners (now Adams Centre) in 1818, and in 1822 Hiram Arms built a wagon-shop, where the trade was carried on by him and his brother for more than forty years. Julius Palmer built another shop in 1850; and soon after Pliny Wright put up a building for a like purpose. Both places are now occupied as wagon-shops. A blacksmith, named Wellman, came in 1823, and others of the craft soon followed, and opened shops, several of which yet remain.
In 1827, Luman Arms built a substantial two-story house, which he opened as "Arms' Inn." Additions were made from time to time, and the house has ever been used for hotel purposes, being now known as the Talcott House. The house known as Merchants' Hotel was used as a private residence until 1867, when Dr. Wilder had it changed to an inn. After the completion of the railroad, a hotel was built near the depot by E. Oatman, which is generally used for this purpose.
Jonathan Davis built the first store, about 1830. His business increased so much that he erected a fine business block, where he remained a successful merchant many years. Upon retiring from trade he was succeeded by O. Davis and W. D. Arms. Calvin Green built a store in 1835, and Joseph Dewey another a little later, where Joseph Davis was in trade a number of years.
Union Block, the only brick structure in the place, was erected in 1860, by Hull & Whitford, general merchants at that time. The upper story forms a fine hall, which is used for town-meetings and public gatherings.
The first physician to locate permanently in the village was John T. Dickinson, who remained in practice many years. Several years after his settlement, A. P. Hale, an eclectic, located there; in 1846, E. R. Maxson began practice; in 1855, William O. Bailey, who still continues; about the same time C. D. Potter; and, later. Dr. Wilder. Besides Dr. Bailey, Dr. C. F. Wright is at present also in practice.
The manufacturing interests of the place are limited to the "Adams Centre Sash-and-Blind-Factory," O. De Grasse Greene, proprietor, and established by him in 1868. It is operated by water-power from a spring-pond, a view of which appears in this work. Mr. Greene is also a builder, and carries on his business on a large scale in several well-arranged buildings.
The "Handy Package Dye-Factory" was erected by Dr. C. D. Potter, in 1874, the manufacture of the dyes having commenced in 1870. A new building, 20 by 40 feet, two stories high, was erected in 1877, to accommodate the growth of the business. The factory is supplied with an engine, printing-presses, and employs ten hands. The goods are in great demand, and orders are received from all parts of the Union.
A resume of the business of Adams Center shows: architect, 0. De Grasse Greene; attorney, A. E. Corley; physicians, William C. Bailey, J. P. Wright; general merchants, Jacob Tittsworth, J. C. Heath, E. C. Crosby; druggist, M. D.. Tittsworth; furniture and undertaker, R. C. Langworthy; millinery, Mrs. J. E. B. Curry, Mrs. J. C. Heath, and Mrs. Jacob Tittsworth; grocer, George Horth; hotels, Talcott House, F. A. Talcott; Railroad House, B. K. Dewey; flour and feed store, Alvah Green; and express and station agent, Daniel Fox. There are also 3 wagon-shops, 3 blacksmith-shops, 2 cooper-shops, 1 tailor, 1 harness-maker, 2 shoemakers, and a few other shops.
The post-office at Adams Center was established at an early day, Danford Doty being one of the earliest post-masters. Since then the office has been held by C. Hubbard, D. Fox, C. D. Potter, and M. D. Tittsworth, the present incumbent. It was made a money-order office August 1, 1871, and the orders given and received amounted to $10,000 per annum; registered letters, 80; letters received daily, 225; sent, 320; newspapers per week, 1500.
The Adams Centre Cornet Band was organized in 1871, with fifteen members; J. C. Heath being the first leader. At present there are fourteen members, and George L. Fox is the leader. In September, 1876, the band competed for a silver service at the Jefferson County fair, receiving the prize. The instruments used are full nickel-plated, and the music executed consists of selections from classical writers.
The "Union Cemetery Association" of Adams Center was formed April 1, 1867, and nine trustees chosen, as follows: Luman Arms, Joel Dewey, Leonard R. Green, Abram Sheldon, A. J. Green, Eh A. Seely, Charles Potter, Peter W. Dyer, and Hiram Segur. Charles Potter was elected president, and E. A. Seely superintendent, which office he has held ever since. The association secured the old burial-ground, south of the village, which was set aside about 1808, and which contains the graves of a number of soldiers of 1812, and enlarged it to about four acres. The ground was surveyed into 344 lots, with appropriate walks and drives. John Cooley was the first interred in the new ground, April 30, 1867. The number of burials since that date has been 225; number in the old ground, 240. The cemetery is well situated, is enclosed with a neat fence, and presents a very fine appearance. The present officers are: Silas Chamberlain, A. J. Green, Henry Yates, E. A. Seely, Charles Potter, R. Q. Green, R. C. Langworthy, Hiram Segur, Leonard R. Green, trustees; R. C. Langworthy, president; and C. D. Potter, secretary.
The Adams Center Union Graded School
The first school-house in the village was a small plank building, near the forks of the road, erected in 1823, by L. and H. Arms, R. Warriner, and Major Earl. This was used until 1829, when a stone house was built, in which schools were taught until the present structure was erected in 1857. This is a two-story frame, with three rooms, and was occupied as a district school-house until 1876, when the school was graded, a board of education elected, and the house came under their control. The first board was composed of C. D. Potter, J. A. D. Snell, J. J. Witter, E. C. Crosby, T. Williams, W. Fuller, A. J. Green, Asa M. Green, J. Q. Arms. J. Q. Arms was elected president, C. D. Potter clerk, and J. C. Heath treasurer and collector. Rules and regulations for the government of the board and the school were adopted, and W. C. Porter employed as principal and teacher in the senior department. There are, besides, two assistants in charge of the primary and junior departments. The attendance is 120 pupils, and the school bears an excellent reputation.
The Seventh-Day Baptist Church of Adams Center NY
Adams Center Baptist Church
Adams Center Community Church/Seventh Day Baptist
About fifty members having withdrawn from the old Adams church, for the purpose of forming themselves into a church at the Center, on Dec. 17, 1852, they were organized with the above name. Abram Sheldon, J. W. Horton, and L. Allen were elected deacons. Meetings were held in the school-house until the completion of their church. In March, 1853, the "Adams Centre Baptist Society" 'was formed, with 32 members, and Oliver McKee, Ezra Hull, and Silas Glasier, trustees. The following summer a fine frame church, 44 by 60 feet, with a tower in front, was erected on the principal street of the village, at a cost of $6000. It was dedicated Jan. 12, 1854, by the Rev. Butterfield, of Oswego. In 1877 the house was thoroughly renovated, and, with the parsonage, presented to the society by Deacon Abram Sheldon, is estimated worth $10,000. The present trustees are Silas Chamberlain, Eli Seeley, and John Snell.
Since the formation of the church. Revs. Teeple, Blunt, Wardner, Mills, Garfield, Hammon, Sawyer, Maine, and Williams have been pastors. During Revs. Blunt and Sawyer's connection there were notable revivals, which augmented the membership of the church. At present it numbers 176. A Sunday-school was organized in 1854 by Rev. Teeple, which at present numbers 118 members. D. C. Maine is the superintendent.
Source: Durant, Samuel W. and Henry B. Peirce. History of Jefferson County, New York, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1878. p 249-250. | {
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Since its launch in 1988, Red Nose Day has become something of a British institution. It's the day when people across the land can get together to do something fun and raise money at to support vulnerable people in the UK and internationally.
And GovGrant HQ was certainly up to the task. Our lunch time pizza party saw everyone throw themselves into a board game challenge, with a full day's annual leave up for grabs. Players were paired up and went through highly competitive rounds of Guess Who, Connect Four and lastly Lifesize Jenga. Proving themselves to be up to the challenge were Vicci and Vanessa who tied for first place. Resulting in one last game of Jenga – winner takes all - congratulations Vicci on winning and enjoy your annual leave!
When you add in the proceeds from a fantastic bake sale we managed to raise over £218 for Red Nose Day 2019. | {
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Open back commercial shelving does not have a back and this gives easy access to stored items via either side of the device. These storage shelving items have a steel shape and this supports the shelves. The gauge of steel used to construct the shelves dictates the strength a particular unit will be able to support. Boxes and crates that have to be ready for quick access are usually stored on open back shelving manufactured from industrial strength steel see. Open back commercial and industrial shelving is a very good saver of horizontal space as the units are often taller than their girth. In offices smaller steel shelving units are used to retail outlet stationery and heavy folders of documents. | {
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The new Chicago Cubs vs Miami Marlins discount tickets is now available to our members! For a little while you can aquire great tickets - at the same time getting a discount. Now is the best time to buy your tickets - while they are on sale and before they sell out! Buy your tickets today to see Chicago Cubs vs Miami Marlins in Chicago.
Boxofficehero sells tickets at 10-60% below box office price. Pay what you want by making an offer for tickets - please remember to double-check event details (date, time and location) before purchasing. Tickets should be available until Sept 4th, 2013 or until they sell out.
WiseGuys Tip: When looking for game tickets through Livenation, keep in mind that Best Available is not always the best option... you may discover that "the best" is too costly or not what you expected. We suggest choosing a price level or a seating area to limit your search. | {
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Running Press stands in solidarity with all our BIPOC readers, illustrators, booksellers, educators, librarians, and colleagues. As a publisher, we know we can and must do better to support BIPOC writers, illustrators, and creators.
We will work to acquire more books by authors of color.
We will work to hire more diverse illustrators and artists.
We will increase our support and involvement with BIPOC-owned retailers that carry books.
We will showcase more diversity and inclusion on social media.
We will research and engage with social media platforms that support diversity and inclusion practices.
We will make diversity a part of our daily discussions, and we will honor and support inclusion and learning.
We will continue our support of Treehouse Books, a Giving Library and Literacy Center in North Philadelphia, and West Philadelphia Alliance for Children, an organization that stocks public school libraries in Philadelphia.
Change must happen, and we are grateful to be a publisher with the power to help all voices be heard. We are committed to being a part of the solution. Thank you for being a part of our community. | {
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where I attended as a child.
that I would serve one day.
or a hard thump on my head.
that come from all around.
Its people now have passed.
They worship here no more.
stands there, looking so alone.
please e-mail Grady Duncan (Link) and provide legal proof of your right to demand removal. | {
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Chelsea showed why they are back on top of the table last night in no uncertain terms as they swept aside a hapless Birmingham.
Carlo Ancelotti's team had seen both Arsenal and Manchester United sweep past them to claim the top two places in the table in the last couple of weeks as they stood idle due to the weather and the FA Cup.
But as a revitalised Joe Cole, who needed a good game to boost his England World Cup chances, sparkled, City were imperiously brushed aside.
Florent Malouda gave Chelsea an early lead after Cole had ripped apart the Birmingham defence, and Frank Lampard added two more to which the shot-shy Midlanders had no reply.
For the first time since August Chelsea had fallen off the top of the Premier League, in fact to third spot, while they were either inactive or on FA Cup duty.
But manager Ancelotti admitted before last night's game that might give his players a psychological edge, as they strived to get back to where they had been.
But Birmingham, the only team to stop Ancelotti's outfit from scoring against them in any competition this season, were no gimme. Manager Alex McLeish's side arrived unbeaten in 15 games, 12 in the league, and in superb form.
Chelsea though were unbeaten in nine and had hit 14 goals in their last three games without the soon-to-return Didier Drogba and his fellow African Nations Cup absentees – so something had to give.
In fact, it was Birmingham's defence. After just five minutes of sparring, Branislav Ivanovic found Joe Cole on the right. England star Cole zipped past left-back Liam Ridgwell and left him standing as he raced to the byline and pulled back a perfect cross to find Malouda waiting in the middle completely unmarked to nod in a simple goal.
Ancelotti had challenged his team in the match programme to show why they had been top of the table for so long, and it looked as though they were out to do just that. Joe Cole's runs down the right were causing City particular problems.
But the Midlanders have not embarked on this long unbeaten run for nothing and Cameron Jerome was unlucky to see his shot loop off his own strike partner Christian Benitez and drop just over Petr Cech's crossbar.
Chelsea were almost two up when John Terry got his head to Malouda's corner, but his effort was hacked off the line by Barry Ferguson.
Goalkeeper Joe Hart, who had played so well in the goalless draw between the two sides at St Andrews on Boxing day, then saved from Lampard, and tipped Joe Cole's shot round the post.
He went close again and Deco then tested the goalkeeper as Birmingham found it hard to gain any ground in a game in which Chelsea were dominating possession.
It seemed only a matter of time before a second arrived and it duly did, as City criminally gave Lampard too much space yet again.
Michael Ballack fed the ball to him 25 yards out, and England man Lampard needed no further invitation as he swivelled and drilled a sweet low shot into the far corner.
Birmingham were obviously given a rocket by McLeish at half-time as they came out for the second half in much better fettle.
But it was still Chelsea who made the first chance, when Ballack met Ashley Cole's cross at the far post, but Hart pulled off a fine save from his header.
Joe Cole once again mesmerised the City defence but saw his shot deflected over, and McLeish's team by that stage were in damage-limitation mode.
Ashley Cole then somehow shot straight at Hart from six yards, before Birmingham wasted virtually their only chance of the night, James McFadden dragging his shot wide after being put clean through.
Then in the final minute Malouda broke clear and fed Lampard who drilled his second goal of the night past a helpless Hart to complete a convincing victory.
Chelsea (4-1-4-1): Cech; Ivanovic, Carvalho, Terry, A Cole; Deco; J Cole (Zhirkov 81), Ballack, Lampard, Malouda; Anelka (Sturridge 88). Goals: Malouda 5, Lampard 32, 90.
Birmingham CITY (4-4-2): Hart; Carr, R Johnson, Dann, Ridgewell; Larsson, Ferguson, Bowyer, Jerome ((Fahey 56); Benitez, McFadden (Marcos Madera 72). | {
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A Taste of Monroe College
November 07, 2017 | BY Kiara Rodriguez, Community School Coordinator Long Island City High School
On October 26th, 2017, 30 Long Island City High School Juniors and Seniors traveled to the Culinary Institute of New York at Monroe College. The students, all participants of the Culinary Arts and Hospitality Program at Long Island City High School, were eager and excited as the bus arrived at the main entrance of The Dining Lab. The tour began with a demonstration of popular French dish-Sûpreme Poulet Chasseur Avec Polenta presented by Chef Enmely Soriano. The students crowded around the chef's table as she put together a beautiful dinner for two. There were audible "ooh's" and "ahh's" as she explained to them how to make the dish. Students were able to taste the food at the end of the demonstration. Excitement radiated from each student.
After the demonstration, Chef Soriano spoke to seniors interested in participating in America's Best High School Chef to discuss opportunities for tutoring and practice. America's Best High School Chef is an annual competition in which 40 high school students compete to win a full academic scholarship to the Culinary Institute of New York at Monroe College.
The field trip continued with a campus tour through the athletic center, the dining hall, lecture centers, and dorms. Students discussed amongst themselves college applications, financial aid, and room and board. One student exclaimed "When I go to college I think I want to live off campus!" After the tour, I sat down with Kevin* to listen to his thoughts about the tour and college & career readiness. When asked to highlight his favorite part, he answered, "I really enjoyed seeing the bakery because I want to be a baker one day." Kevin* is in the 11th grade and is a strong example of a student who has overcome incredible obstacles to achieve success. He entered Long Island City High School as a freshman with a difficult background. With the help of his family, teachers, and Zone 126, Kevin* has managed to pivot in the right direction. He has steadily increased his attendance since 9th grade and now stands at a 93% attendance rate this school year. Kevin* expressed that becoming a chef has never felt more real and attainable. "I definitely see myself attending Monroe College in the future," said a confident Kevin*. | {
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Two U.S. senators have introduced bipartisan legislation aimed at protecting American election systems from foreign interference.
The Securing America's Voting Equipment (SAVE) Act would help shield voting systems, registration data, and ballots from theft, manipulation, and malicious computer hackers.
Among various authorizations and mandates, the proposed bill includes the creation of a "Cooperative Hack the Election" contest: Participants work with vendors to uncover (and ultimately defend) threats to electronic voting systems.
The goal of the annual bug bounty program is to "strengthen electoral systems from outside interference"; discover the most significant vulnerabilities to earn an as-yet-unspecified award.
Hackers, however, may not "exploit" uncovered vulnerabilities or "publicly expose" them, according to the legislation.
The move comes after reports that election-related networks, including websites, in 21 states were targeted by the Russian government during the 2016 campaign.
If enacted, the SAVE Act would invite developers, network specialists, security experts, cyber criminals, and anyone with average computer skills who lives in their parents' basement to infiltrate nationwide systems.
It also facilitates information sharing, provides guidelines for best practices, and entitles states to additional funding to develop their own solutions to election threats.
The Department of Homeland Security in June confirmed that "a small number" of voting networks—including those in Arizona and Illinois—were successfully compromised last year. Reports also suggested that voter registration databases in 39 states were penetrated.
"Until we set up stronger protections of our election systems and take the necessary steps to prevent future foreign influence campaigns, our nation's democratic institutions will remain vulnerable," Heinrich added. | {
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This beautiful village is at just 5 km from Palermo and forms, together with it, a single urban agglomeration. Located on the Mount Caputo slopes, Monreale is one of the most loved and appreciated touristic destinations in the world, thanks to its wealth of history, art and culture. The Dome is particularly noteworthy, because it's a true masterpiece of the Arab-Norman art, made between 1172 and 1176 and became a UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. | {
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Affluence Corporation's OneMind technology subsidiary on display at the Intersec conference
OAK BROOK, IL / ACCESSWIRE / September 8, 2022 / Affluence Corporation (OTC PINK:AFFU), a leader in smart city and Internet of Things (IoT) software, announced today that OneMind Technology and its Hypervisor product will be on display at the Intersec Saudi Arabia Conference taking place in Riyadh to from September 13.the to 15the.
"I am pleased to announce that next week September 13the until the 15th we are at RICEC Riydah for Intersec Saudi Arabia invited as Technology Partner by Dell Technologies (NYSE: DELL)," said Stephane Eyme, CEO of OneMind Technologies. "We are very excited to be able to demonstrate how OneMind IoT Hypervisor solution can help add value to intelligence systems and manage and prevent security, protection and digital city incidents. Stop by the Dell Technologies booth and meet our team," said Eyme.
Intersec Saudi Arabia is a nexus for the emergency services, security and safety industry with a focus on digital cities. The program will have a special focus on business security, information security, homeland security and policing, physical and perimeter security, fire and rescue, and safety and health. The conference presents the most comprehensive industry showcase to date, bringing together key government leaders, agencies and heads of organizations with world-class featured speakers, innovative products and technology across sectors.
About Affluence Corporation
Affluence Corporation (AFFU.PK) is a diversified technology company focused on smart city software and innovative cloud solutions leveraging IoT, AI and 5G technologies. We are investing in mid-market companies to create a cohesive unit that brings together technology for the next generation of the Internet. For more information go to https://affucorp.com
See also ZwitterCo's innovative technology transforms performance and economics for industrial wastewater reuse
About OneMind Technologies SL
OneMind Technologies SL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Affluence Corporation. The OneMind Intelligent IoT Solution Builder is used to build applications for smart construction and smart city operations. Operating as systems of systems, OneMind connects data sources to a single point of knowledge to provide real-time insights into operational processes. It is a key component in enterprise solutions currently offered by several Fortune 50 companies that resell, distribute and integrate smart city enterprise solutions. OneMind Smart City solution is implemented in Barcelona, San Francisco, Guadalajara, Oslo and many other cities around the world. For more information visit https://www.onemindtechnologies.com
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. There are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, which include: general economic business conditions, competitive and technological factors, markets, services, products and prices, availability and cost of capital, success of growth initiatives, limited operating history and other factors discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commissions . Furthermore, this communication cannot be considered legal, accounting or investment advice, and is not, and cannot be considered, a solicitation to purchase securities issued by Affluence Corporation.
FONT: affluence corporation | {
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In the Account Enquiry window, view a transaction in more detail by clicking on the transaction line in the grid and clicking on the Edit Button. Some of the fields will differ depending on whether you are viewing the details of an invoice/credit or receipt/payment transaction. To return to the Main Tab screen. click on the Done button .
The transaction code number created by the system when this transaction was created. The Go To Button will open the transaction window.
The date the transaction was created.
The Event/Publication this transaction relates to.
This field displays the invoice/credit number.
This field displays the contract/order number this transaction relates to.
If the transaction was an invoice, any purchase order number given by the customer and entered onto the contract/order will be displayed here. If the transaction was a receipt/payment, this field will show the cheque number of the payment cheque if this method was used.
Displays the currency of the transaction and the exchange rate.
Displays the date the payment was due.
The payment method of the receipt/payment transaction.
The date the payment cleared.
This is a grid of the transaction lines. In the cases of receipts/payments there will be two or more lines, for invoice/credits there will be three or more lines. To view any of these lines in more detail, click on the line and press the Edit button. The tabs will appear.
Transaction Lines Tab - this first time shows the transactions.
Line DetailsTab - the Line Details tab show a description of the Item, or the bank account used and the home/secondary currency values.
Transaction Allocations - this window shows a record of allocations made on that transaction. Upon saving any full/part/auto will create an allocation reference to see what cash payments have been used against invoices. | {
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Advice of the Day for October 2nd, 2009!
If a friend has a birthday, try to get the wishes to them in the morning. The earlier you get to them, the less likely they are to think you forgot.
Having a bad day at work? Don't worry, even Tiger Woods shanks a shot every now and again. So buckle down, increase your mental toughness, and have a great back 9. | {
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Winner of the 2012 Responsible Whale Watching Operator's Award
Conscious Breath Adventures: Winner of the 2012 Planet Whale Responsible Whale Watching Operator Award!
Today I am excited to announce the outcome of the 2012 Responsible Whale Watch Operator's Awards at the World Whale Watching Operator's Conference at WhaleFest, organized and hosted by Planet Whale, located in Brighton, UK October 25-28.
My excitement is hard to contain and I am happy to report that on Friday afternoon Conscious Breath Adventures was awarded the top honor, being recognized and given the honor of receiving the Responsible Whale Watch Award for 2012!
This award is a happy and humbling acknowledgement of our efforts to provide the best whale watching and swim-with-whale experience possible for our guests while giving something back to the whales. Thank you to everyone involved!
The award is most gratifying to me because to qualify required both positive reviews from our guests and scrutiny from industry peers to win.
To qualify for consideration, a whale watching or whale swimming operator had to score five stars in five criteria from five reviewers on the Planet Whale Ethical Review and Rating System. The criteria are:
Safe approach to whales / dolphins
Valuable learning experience
Trip meets expectations
Minimal impact on the marine environment
Own research / support for conservation
Over the past two years we have been reviewed on Planet Whale, Conscious Breath Adventures has rated 5 stars across the board from our reviewers. The number and quality of the reviews is what caused Planet Whale to invite us to join the Planet Whale Watch Operator's Partnership for 2012.
To me, that is the best accolade we can ever get: the fact that our guests appreciate what we do and more importantly, how we do it. We could not have gotten where we are without our guests and we thank you all from the bottom of our hearts.
There were six operators which qualified for consideration. Next, fellow operators from the Whale Watch Operator's Partnership volunteered to judge the six to pick a final three contenders. The judges took a close look at each, starting with the Planet Whale reviews, then operator websites, TripAdvisor reviews, and anything else they could find about the company. The judges looked at the details from both the point of view of a potential customer and as a professional whale watch operator, using their understanding of the business to read between the lines.
Conscious Breath Adventures was privileged to make the final cut and was shortlisted to win an award. This is a great honor in and of itself, to be reviewed and judged by peers in the whale watch industry as worthy of recognition. To get to the final three required that guests and industry professionals all found something exceptional. We have tried for years to do our best for the whales and our guests; it's very nice to know that others feel we do a good job!
On Friday, the final day of the World Whale Watch Conference, the three finalists had one last chance to say a few words in person, or by video for those who could not attend, before a final vote was taken to determine the winner. After a few minutes to tally the votes the decision was announced with Monterey Bay Whale Watch coming in third, our good friends John and Linda Rumney of Eye to Eye Marine Encounters in Australia placing second, and Conscious Breath Adventures winning the top honor, the Responsible Whale Watch Award for 2012!
I was on hand to accept the award and say a few words of thanks, but not everyone who helped to achieve this accomplishment was there. To make up for that I would like to thank the people and organizations that made it possible. First, I'd like to thank the Dominican Republic's Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources and the Sub-Secretariat of Protected Areas & Biodiversity for creating and maintaining their model Sanctuary for the Marine Mammals of the Dominican Republic. Their stewardship is a model for all nations.
Second I'd like to thank my good friend and right hand man on the Silver Bank, Jeff Pantukhoff, founder and president of the WhaleMan Foundation. I've been friends with Jeff for many years and he has been involved with Conscious Breath Adventures nearly from inception. Jeff is an excellent guide in the water and has a rapport with marine mammals like no one else I know. I could not have done it without him, and certainly not as well! Thanks, Jeff!
Next I'd like to thank friend and guide Clare Omodei of Australia. I met Clare when I was on a trip with Jeff to swim with minke whales in on the Great Barrier Reef where she crewed for Eye to Eye Marine Encounters, and where I appreciated her competence and cheerful spirit. Clare quickly made the transition from minkes to humpbacks and did a great job for everyone. Thanks, Clare!
I'd like to thank Elisa Buller, captain and divemaster, for helping in the water on the Silver Bank in 2011 and 2012, and I look forward to working with her again in 2013. I met Elisa several years ago when we worked together in the Bahamas while taking guests swimming with the famous spotted dolphins that call the area home, and she has recently returned from working with the humpbacks in Tonga. Thanks, Elisa!
Many heartfelt thanks to Cloe Waterfield for helping with behind the scenes administration, helping with guest's needs from ashore during the season, and for her excellent series of posts in our Latest News blog. With a degree in marine biology and an eye for accuracy and education, Cloe has been a driving force in improving the education component of our operation, a key criteria for the award. Thanks, Cloe!
A shout out, too, to the excellent crews of the M/V Wind Dancer and M/V Sun Dancer II, for keeping us safe, comfortable, on schedule and very well fed! Their seamanship and professionalism is an asset to our operation and I would work with them anywhere. See you all next season!
To all my friends out there, too numerous to list here, who have helped, with keyboard, grinder or something else, through the blood, sweat and tears (you know who you all are), I simply say: thank you.
Of course I'd like to thank again all the guests that have joined us over the years, whether for only one week or many. I've met a lot of good people and made some good friends and without your continued support none of this would have been possible. You are friends of the whales and mine and always welcome on the Silver Bank.
And last, but not least, a whale-sized thank you to the humpback whales of the Silver Bank. When I first met them nearly fifteen years ago it was nothing short of a revelation and there is no way that I ever could have anticipated everything that would transpire in the years to come. Some of the most exhilarating and most dramatic experiences of my life have been in their company and for all the memories I am in their debt.
Capt. Gene Flipse
Conscious Breath Adventures
Ian Rowlands and Dylan Walker of Planet Whale congratulate Capt. Gene Flipse at the Conscious Breath Adventures booth at WhaleFest
cruise report (8)
Humpback Whales (51)
Latest News (1)
Marine Protected Areas (2)
NGO's (2)
Our Blog (2)
Ship Strikes (1)
Stellwagen Bank (1)
whale watching (3) | {
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The Data-Tech Partner Program provides our partners and customers with a simple and easy way to refer managed cloud opportunities across our full portfolio. Whether you are an affiliate, agent, digital agency, consultant, web designer or developer, we want to help you earn commissions by leveraging the Data-Tech brand in the marketplace to uncover new opportunities and easily refer our solutions to your customers and prospects.
Channel Partner: referral partner who may refer an opportunity and will receive a 15% monthly residual commission per the terms and conditions of the agreement.
The Channel Partner program is for established companies and business professionals. Channel Partners are trained and supported by Data-Tech. Channel Partners earn residual commission based on client commitment. Data-Tech will provide sales support, consult with the partner to address issues, identify opportunities and offer access to regular online webinar training and training videos.
Reseller: Individuals and/or companies who are reselling Data-Tech's products and services. Reseller Partners communicate directly with the customer as if it were their own. Reseller Partners earn revenue on a monthly re-occurring basis by invoicing customers directly and paying Data-Tech separately at a discounted rate.
Reseller partners will receive access through the partner's portal to product and marketing collateral, discounts and technical support. They have the ability to rebrand collateral through their own marketing department.
Pathfinder: referral partner who may refer a deal and who will receive a one time payout equal to one times monthly reoccurring revenue (MRR) with a max payout of $1,500.00.
Data-Tech will assist as needed during the sales process, including giving the presentation online, to ensure accurate and complete information is provided. Compensation is provided in a one-time payout on a per sale basis.
Data-Tech see's an opportunity to work with strategic partners. By referring opportunities the partner has the ability to earn either one time or residual compensation. This allows DT to incentivize non employees to market our goods and services and improve the company's revenues without having to pay additional salaries, tax and benefits.
Strategic partners are trusted advisors in their respective fields who are able to continually refer reoccurring business.
Differentiation: You can extend your service offerings beyond traditional infrastructure monitoring and maintenance to provide complete security as a service, allowing you to stand out from competitors.
Profitability: You can optimize your profitability by moving beyond selling just a license to selling a service with a recurring revenue stream. You can also take advantage of flexible volume licensing, and monthly billing options to further optimize your cash flow and profits. And of course, reduce costly help desk support calls and messy clean-ups with proven business-grade security.
Customer retention: Become a trusted advisor and critical partner in your customers IT security strategy. Increase your value and stickiness by integrating deeper across more points within your customer's IT infrastructure.
Support you can trust: Take advantage of Data-Tech's industry leading training, certification, and technical support that's available to you 24×7 at no extra charge. | {
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Every month, The Junque Drawer and the town of Salida hold events that strike the interest of anyone and everyone! From arts and activities festivals, to concerts and fairs, and even parades and car shows. Below you can find the dates, times, and locations of these events. | {
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Home > Texas > University of the Incarnate Word
University of the Incarnate Word (UIW)
4301 Broadway, San Antonio, TX
University of the Incarnate Word is a nonprofit private institution located in San Antonio, Texas and provides a large number of degree programs for students. The school maintains a Roman Catholic affiliation, which is evident in the role it plays in program curriculums and daily life at the school. Approximately 7,200 students are enrolled per year at UIW.
A list of some of the more popular programs offered are:
Students applying for admission are asked to submit an application, school records, standardized test scores and any requested letters of recommendations, which will then be reviewed by the school. An ACT or SAT exam may be required prior to applying, with scores between 860 to 1080 for the SAT exam and in a range of 17 to 23 for the ACT exam is common among students accepted to UIW. This school accepts roughly 90 percent of students applying annually. Of those admitted, around 31 percent attended the school. More information from the admissions office can be found here.
The cost of undergraduate tuition is close to $25,000 annually. Tuition prices may change for any number of reasons, and as such students should use the school's price of attendance calculator to understand their personalized cost estimate of attendance. Housing may be available for students who wish to live on-campus at an estimated cost of $6,300 for the year. Financial aid may be provided to students that meet the required requirements by way of scholarships, grants, and loans.
The University of the Incarnate Word Cardinals participate in several athletic programs, with competitions managed and overseen by the NCAA. Sports available may include the following:
Baseball (NCAA Division II)
Basketball (NCAA Division II)
Football (NCAA Division II)
Golf (NCAA Division II)
Students should visit the University of the Incarnate Word website to obtain a complete list of areas of study, student services, and more that is available at this school.
The admissions information below may give you an idea of the applicants University of the Incarnate Word accepts. The details may include admissions application requirements and recommendations, as well as any AP college credits that may be transferred.
Life Experience Credits
Total enrollment at University of the Incarnate Word is around 8,700 students, with undergraduate students making up about 74% of the total student population and graduate students making up the rest.
Per unit charges are around $940 for part time students
May provide a prepaid tuition option, which allows tuition to be purchased at current rates for enrollment at a future date
The table listed below helps break down the types of financial aid students receive and the percent receiving aid, as well as the average amount of aid per student per year.
Receiving Grants & Scholarships 99% $16,130
To support students and graduates, University of the Incarnate Word may offer services like those listed below:
Remedial instructional courses
The overall graduation rate of University of the Incarnate Word is approximately 40%.
Graduating in 5 Years 16%
Health Services Administration Program
Optometry (O.D.) Program
Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) Program
UIW is a Member of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), with many of the sports being in the NCAA Division II (with football) classification. The most popular sports played are listed below:
Baseball (Southland Conference)
Basketball (Southland Conference)
Football (Southland Conference)
Track and Field, Outdoor
Track and Field, X-Country
Get more information about the programs offered by University of the Incarnate Word by clicking the request information to the right.
Biology (B, M)
Biochemistry (B)
Vision Science, Physiological Optics (B)
Business Administration (A, B, M)
Accounting (B, M)
Organizational Behavior Studies (B, M)
Information Systems (A, B)
International Business (B)
Banking and Financial Services (B)
Business Economics (B)
Finance (B)
Sales Manager (B)
Animation (B)
Journalism (B)
Media Studies (B, M)
Radio and Television (B)
Communication and Media Studies (B)
Multimedia (B)
Elementary Education (B, M)
Education (D, M)
Mathematics Teacher Education (M)
Teacher Education, Multiple Levels (M)
Music Teacher Education (B)
Secondary Education (M)
Teacher Education and Professional Development
Art Teacher Education
Engineering Management (B)
English (B)
Apparel and Textiles Management (B)
Child Development (B)
Pharmacy (D)
Nursing (B)
Optometry (D)
Healthcare Administration (M)
Rehabilitation Science (B)
Health Services (B)
Nuclear Medicine (B)
Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA) (A)
Nursing Practice (D)
Clinical Nurse Leader (M)
Music Therapy (B)
Clinical Nurse Specialist (M)
Health and Medical Administrative Services
Community Health and Preventive Medicine
Family Practice Nurse
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse
History (B)
Nutrition (B, M)
Intercultural, Multicultural and Diversity Studies
General Studies (A)
Liberal Arts (A)
Mathematical Statistics and Probability (M)
Religious Studies (B, M)
Meteorology (B)
Psychology (B, M)
Organizational Psychology (M)
Kinesiology And Exercise Science (B, M)
Sports Management (B, M)
Golf Course Operation and Grounds Management
Criminal Justice (B)
Law and Justice Administration (B)
Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism
Theology and Religious Vocations
Christian Counseling (B)
Graphic Design (B)
Fine Arts and Studio Arts (B)
Fashion Design (A, B)
Interior Design (B)
Music Management (B)
Music Theory and Composition (B)
The list of schools below have been selected by researching which schools offer similar programs to University of the Incarnate Word.
The University of Texas at San Antonio in San Antonio, TX (12 miles away)
Texas State University in San Marcos, TX (43 miles away)
University of Houston - Victoria in Victoria, TX (100 miles away)
Texas A&M University - Kingsville in Kingsville, TX (139 miles away)
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi in Corpus Christi, TX (139 miles away)
Browse through our complete list of colleges in Texas
Find out what other private colleges are located in Texas
Find out what other Bible and Christian Colleges are located in Texas
Information displayed on this page has been obtained from Institution, State, and Federal data sources, including the US Dept. of Education's Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Survey 2010-2016. Information should be solely used for informational purposes only and may not be accurate for the current year. Contact University of the Incarnate Word for official up-to-date information.
Based on 2 Reviews for University of the Incarnate Word | {
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Q: How to round System.Decimal in .Net to a number of significant figures I have a System.Decimal number
0.00123456789
and I wish to round to 3 significant figures. I expect
0.00123
with the behaviour to be a rounding behaviour rather than truncation. Is there a bullet proof way to do this in .Net?
A: You can try this... But I don't guarantee anything... Written and tested in 20 minutes and based on Pyrolistical's code from https://stackoverflow.com/a/1581007/613130
There is a big difference in that he uses a long for the shifted variable (because a double has a precision of 15-16 digits, while a long has 18-19, so a long is enough), while I use a decimal (because decimal has a precision of 28-29 digits).
public static decimal RoundToSignificantFigures(decimal num, int n)
{
if (num == 0)
{
return 0;
}
// We are only looking for the next power of 10...
// The double conversion could impact in some corner cases,
// but I'm not able to construct them...
int d = (int)Math.Ceiling(Math.Log10((double)Math.Abs(num)));
int power = n - d;
// Same here, Math.Pow(10, *) is an integer number
decimal magnitude = (decimal)Math.Pow(10, power);
// I'm using the MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero . I'm not sure
// having a MidpointRounding.ToEven would be useful (is Banker's
// rounding used for significant figures?)
decimal shifted = Math.Round(num * magnitude, 0, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
decimal ret = shifted / magnitude;
return ret;
}
If you don't trust the (int)Math.Ceiling(Math.Log10((double) you could use this:
private static readonly decimal[] Pows = Enumerable.Range(-28, 57)
.Select(p => (decimal)Math.Pow(10, p))
.ToArray();
public static int Log10Ceiling(decimal num)
{
int log10 = Array.BinarySearch(Pows, num);
return (log10 >= 0 ? log10 : ~log10) - 28;
}
I have written it in another 20 minutes (and yes, I have tested all the Math.Pow((double), p) for all the values -28 - +28). It seems to work, and it's only 20% slower than the C# formula based on doubles). It's based on a static array of pows and a BinarySearch. Luckily the BinarySearch already "suggests" the next element when it can't find one :-), so the Ceiling is for free.
A: in example:
decimal a = 1.9999M;
decimal b = Math.Round(a, 2); //returns 2
A: SqlDecimal has fast methods to calculate and adjust precision.
public static decimal RoundToSignificantFigures(decimal num, int n)
{
SqlDecimal value = New SqlDecimal(num);
if (value.Precision > num){
int digits = num - (value.Precision - value.Scale);
value = SqlDecimal.Round(value, digits);
value = SqlDecimal.AdjustScale(value, (digits>0 ? digits : 0) - dstValue.Scale, True);
}
return value.Value;
}
A: try this ... decimalVar.ToString ("#.##");
| {
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October 2017 – Wait! What? Sorry.
Darkness approached as John's twin girls decided which house to visit last. They had visited houses around the neighbourhood collecting lollies and sweets of all kinds. Their final choice was a house with bodies all over the front lawn. The bodies had knives sticking out of them and realistic pools of blood around them, blood splatter marked the pavement leading to the house. This house took gruesome decorations to the next level.
Ruby and Violet knocked on the door. John knew the toddlers were enjoying their first trick or treating journey. They weren't your typical toddlers, they might look innocent in their princess outfits, but John knew they loved the gore and horror of halloween.
A tall man wearing a black cape opened the door. He wore a black cape that draped around his entire body. He could be a magician or a vampire, the face tattoos and mohawk didn't confirm either way, maybe he couldn't decide. It wasn't the best costume the girls had seen that evening.
"Trick or treat?" said Ruby and Violet in unison as they held out their overflowing bags of candy.
"Only if it's a good one," said Violet.
"A really good one," added Ruby.
A man wearing jeans and a t-shirt walked over to the doorway, clearly not thrilled to be there, but trying to put on a brave face for the girls.
"Ok girls, I'm gonna need a bit of room so come with me," the blood-thirsty magician took the girl's hands and lead them into the front yard, with John and Steve following.
"Yes," shouted the girls, filled with excitement.
The blood-thirsty magician waved his hand in front of the girls and the knife from before appeared. He showed the girls, and in one quick movement stabbed Steve in the chest.
Astonished, the girls stood in silence. John though, had worked it out. It was a trick knife with a disappearing blade.
For effect Steve gasped, but could only hold his laughter for a few seconds after seeing the girls astonishment.
Convinced the trick had worked, the blood-thirsty magician pulled away the trick knife and showed it to the girls. John was also eager to have a closer look as he knelt down next to his girls.
"Would you like a go?" said the blood-thirsty magician.
"Of course," said the girls.
The blood-thirsty magician put the knife in his hand and draped his cape over it, then removed it to reveal two knifes, which he offered to the girls. They eagerly grabbed them, and the blood-thirsty magician lined them up to stab Steve, who was now lying off to the side of the path with his eyes closed.
And with that the girls let fly, repeatedly stabbing Steve in the chest. But John noticed that this time was different, Steve was bleeding. And right then John realised what was happening. The blood-thirsty magician had switched the trick knife with real ones and John's girls were now stabbing Steve to death. The bodies and blood around them were not fake. This had been done before.
The blood-thirsty magician chanted as the girls stabbed the victim ferociously. John quickly grabbed his girls and turned towards the blood-thirsty magician.
"What have you done?" John grabbed the knives from his girls as the blood-thirsty magician looked on with a grin on his face.
John held the two knifes. The blood-thirsty magician's luck had run out, he had picked the wrong girls to trick.
John plunged the knives into Ruby and Violet's skulls. Ruby and Violet didn't feel a thing. In unison they advanced toward the blood-thirsty magician. They removed the knife embedded in their skulls and licked the blood-soaked blades.
The blood-thirsty magician wasn't grinning anymore, it was John's turn.
Would you put it in the top bins?
The time was nearly upon him, and he still didn't know the answer. He knew that if he chose the correct way it would lead him home. The turn was coming ever closer.
He had done this many, many a time before, but right now, after a fifteen year wait, the answer eluded him. How great his favourite cup would look in the hall.
Left or right? The question was simple, but never before had it been so difficult.
The time was now upon him, he strode in and buried the ball in the top right hand corner, the Cup was theirs.
I woke up on the right side of the bed today.
I normally sleep and wake up on the left side of my bed. And when I got up I felt slightly off, as if things had changed overnight.
Something was different, but I didn't know what until breakfast. Yesterday I was left handed, but today I poured my cereal with my right hand! I also poured my milk and ate my cereal with my right hand.
Just by waking up on the right side of the bed I became right handed!
I write right handed, I throw right handed, I kick right footed, I wink with my right eye, I part my hair to the right. I used to do all that on the left side of my body.
I even drive on the right side of the road now.
Am I happy we won?
No. All this win does is mask Australia's problems.
Three at the back: At first I was hopeful, I thought it would increase our versatility. But it hasn't, and it hasn't improved our defence or stamped our authority on games.
Wing-backs: The consequence of three at the back has been wing-backs, but they have to track all the way back. This limits our width in the attacking third, which is something we've needed recently.
Tim Cahill: He delivers. When Australia calls, he delivers. But why do we still need him to? And how much longer will he be able to?
I'm not happy, but I'm glad we progressed… by the width of a post.
Should I watch another episode?
It's 4AM, and that's normal. Bedtime is anywhere from about 2AM – 7AM, sometimes I don't even go to bed.
So, the reason I look at the time is to work out how much sleep I will get if I don't watch the next episode and go to bed now.
The next episode is 22 minutes. So, I need to add that to work out how much sleep I will get if I do watch the next episode.
I'm watching a comedy. I will laugh and I don't have to be alert for hidden clues like I do with the engaging crime drama I'm also watching.
Netflix decided for me. Maybe my thought process will be quicker after this episode. | {
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} |
This study uses bottom-up modeling framework in order to quantify potential energy savings and emission reduction impacts from the implementation of energy efficiency programs in the building sector in China. Policies considered include (1) accelerated building codes in residential and commercial buildings, (2) increased penetration of district heat metering and controls, (3) district heating efficiency improvement, (4) building energy efficiency labeling programs and (5) retrofits of existing commercial buildings.Among these programs, we found that the implementation of building codes provide by far the largest savings opportunity, leading to an overall 17% reduction in overall space heating and cooling demand relative to the baseline. Second are energy efficiency labels with 6%, followed by reductions of losses associated with district heating representing 4% reduction and finally, retrofits representing only about a 1% savings. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Be aware getting could be distracting in the greatest of that time period. Hearing the actual instructor or even lecturer as well as attempting to focus as well as know very well what he's stating is actually hard sufficient. After that attempting to chicken scratch lower massive information that you simply after that cannot decipher later on simply substances the issue.
When the subject material is actually partially visible — perhaps a few complicated formulations on the whiteboard or perhaps a medical test that can't be attracted very easily, then your job associated with recording as well as imagining the actual program is actually dual hard.
For those who have some type of physical impairment or even understanding trouble then your problem simply obtained actually tougher. After that you will find the actual language college students that originate from Asian countries to review in the united kingdom. The Glaswegian or even Tyne aspect highlight might be very difficult to allow them to realize as well as very in contrast to the actual British they have already been trained within their house nation. Therefore on their behalf the process associated with understanding as well as be aware getting is comparable.
Going back two decades college students having a particular understanding impairment happen to be provided the tone of voice recorder, or even Dictaphone along with a directional mic for them to report the actual course or even address and never have to create information simultaneously. This particular opens the actual college student to hear the actual instructor or even lecturer as well as truly realize this content.
The actual college student may then perform back again the actual documenting within the privateness of the personal research or even bed room and begin to create information within their personal period which will make feeling.
Using the introduction associated with Electronic Tone of voice Recorders (DVRs) nowadays there are a small amount of software program companies who've created COMPUTER applications to make use of these types of recordings as well as increase all of them along with pictures, PowerPoint delivering presentations as well as Ebooks so the college student includes a total audio-visual report associated with exactly what occurred within the address.
The actual DVR is definitely an additional device for that college student to consider also it frequently will get left out.
Because 2013 it's been trialling voice-recording Applications with regard to mobile phones having a cable television connection as well as mic combined with DVRs. It offers an identical means to fix the actual DVR having the ability to Sound Save label the actual tone of voice documenting from tips within the address or even course. The actual college student may then quick ahead in order to these types of book marks upon playback.
Nevertheless, till 2015 1 main disadvantage with regard to mobile phones had been the quantity of storage readily available for keeping tone of voice recordings together with pictures, pictures as well as all of the room necessary for Applications as well as individual information. Right now the majority of mobile phones arrive designed with sixty four in order to 128 GB associated with information storage space — nearly 10 occasions which obtainable 2 yrs back.
A few really sophisticated be aware getting Applications with regard to Google android as well as Apple company products happen to be released within 2015. These types of applications include limitless sound book-marking as well as pictures that are saved using the documenting with regard to later on add to some software package with regard to Macintosh as well as Home windows Computers that may be used to playback recordings, modify the actual book marks as well as pictures, include PowerPoint delivering presentations after which create comprehensive textual content information with regard to later on research or even modification.
Because almost most of us possess a smart phone or even pill it might sound right to make use of this particular answer not only within class as well as address corridor, however for business conferences, services, place of work conversations and several additional circles exactly where it is necessary for all of us in order to take part in the actual conference or even end up being liberated to focus on the actual speaker's demonstration. Creating a save requires much less period compared to writing lower illegible information. Even though you do not save while using Application, you are able to nevertheless include book marks on the following playback from the documenting. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Life on the flip side: coping with injury in GAA
Topic Lifestyle Insurance,Sponsorship
It's the other side of Dublin GAA, a life away from glory days and celebrations, away from the chase for Liam or Sam. It's going from, "100 miles an hour to nothing in the space of 5 seconds with no adjustment time." Life as an injured inter county player brings about dark times. Ex-Dublin football veteran Denis Bastick describes it as a "weight on your shoulders" stopping you from doing one of the things you love most in life.
Injuries vary, from banal niggles that make agile movement impossible to the horrors of broken cheekbones and repeat shoulder dislocations. Then there are injuries with potential long term consequences involving tendons, ligaments, and months and months of recovery. All for the love of the game.
An injury is something every Dub hopes to avoid
He may be young, but Dublin hurler Eoghan O'Donnell has had his fair share of injuries over the years. He echoes more experienced players in the other codes when he describes the feeling in the moments after an injury as "devastation". Not over the pain of the injury sustained but the thought of missing the rest of a game, league or championship. Working so hard all year for the pride of pulling on the blue jersey, only to have it all taken away in seconds.
For Bastick, watching the team go on without him during periods of injury was frustrating, "you want to be out there but you hope they do well and watch the areas around your position to see if you can pick up tips."
What gets the boys and girls in blue through?
Support from the team is definitely a factor for all the players, Bastick says:
"Being around the team you do get that bit of support… there's ways we can help each other out when we are injured because they are dark times for the individual."
For all the players, figuring out what you can do in addition to your rehab to keep yourself ticking over is key to success.
It's more difficult with an injury that needs a period of total rest, like a break. O'Donnell spent the balmy summer of 2013 in a cast from hip to ankle. As well as completely ruining his tan, it was a dark time for the U21 Leinster Champion.
"You have everything, you're flying, you're in top shape and then you're sitting on the couch or you are sitting at training watching and you have no power to help or contribute at all, it's a tough position to be in."
For Sinéad Goldrick, ex-captain of the Dublin ladies football team, having a plan really helped during an 8 week stint away from the game with a ligament injury. Disappointed and frustrated but thankful it wasn't her cruciate; "I had a goal at the end of it and a really good rehab programme. I took it week by week and was hitting the milestones and that drives you on."
Of course family and friends are very important during these times, they row in and offer the emotional support players need when they are not able to play.
Our four stars: Sinead Goldrick, Eoghan O'Donnell, Denis Bastick and Ali Twomey
Getting back in the game
The passion for the game is so strong the temptation is always to return too soon, a hard lesson learned by Ali Twomey, Dublin Camogie, following an ankle break. Determined to make it back to help her team in the first round of the championship, the gifted score-smith did more damage resulting in another few weeks out of the game...
"It is horrible knowing you're not playing…that killed me."
All the Dublin players praised the excellence of the physical therapy they had access to on their return to the game. When they do get back on the pitch, Goldrick cites belief in both the physios and the rehab programmes as contributing to a confident return.
Mentally, a bad injury can be hard to put to one side. Bastick has an injury list longer than most. On his return from the dreaded cruciate he remembers "not going into contact as much as I should, probably until you get that first bang on that knee…you realise I'm ok here now".
Denis Bastick has had his fair share of injuries
Being closer to the end than the beginning of his career, Bastick is most concerned about the long term damage his playing years may have done to his body. In his mid-thirties, he already has arthritis in some of his joints and faces the prospect of more difficulties as he gets older. He is concerned for younger players as GAA training becomes more and more professional.
"Younger guys have 4/5 different coaches between hurling, football, college and club. And everybody wants a piece of that player, there wouldn't be much collaboration and guys feel pressurised into doing it all. I think we'll see a lot more younger retirements."
His advice to younger players? "Enjoy and appreciate how lucky you are to be there; it could all change in the blink of an eye. I've seen players who have had bad injuries and haven't come back." Either way, he says, time goes by in the blink of an eye.
A personal injury, whether it is on the pitch or not, will have a significant impact on you physically, mentally and financially. Find out more about how personal injury insurance could help meet these unexpected costs.
[Video] #DublinOurTeam - Episode 6
7 Warm Up Tips from Joey Boland
How To Avoid Injuries While Working Out | {
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} |
Do you know what limit orders and stop orders are? Simply put, limit orders place limits at which you would want to buy an undervalued currency, or sell an overvalued currency. Likewise, stop orders are exactly the opposite, and place limits at which you would want to sell an undervalued currency or buy an overvalued currency to avoid making a bigger loss.
Combine the two and you have one of the most potent weapons in the forex arsenal: One Cancels the Other (OCO) Orders.
To put it in the easiest terms possible, OCO orders just mean that you're accounting for both possibilities, i.e. profit and failure. So the minute one order is fulfilled, the others is cancelled and becomes null and void.
In many situations this can be put to use to limit your potential losses, while maximizing your potential profits.
Let's assume that at the current exchange rate for Euro/US$ is 1.3228/32. What this means is that you can sell 1 Euro for 1.3228 US$ or sell 1.3232 US$ for 1 Euro. In other words, if you were to convert 1 Euro to 1.3228 US$ (by selling that 1 Euro), you wouldn't be able to immediately convert back for 1 Euro because you'd have to sell 1.3232 US$ for 1 Euro.
What this means is that you're going to be spending US$ 132,280 to buy 100,000 Euros, expecting the price to rise so that you can make a profit. But you've put an OCO order in, with a stop order at 1.3208.
However similarly, you have a limit order for 1.3328, so if the sale price of Euros to US$ rises to 1.3328, you'll sell it off immediately and get back $133,280 – which means that you'd have made a profit of $1,000 (100 pips).
Based on this example, you should see how setting up an OCO order can help you to define you acceptable loss margins and also determine when exactly you want to sell for a profit. If you didn't have such an order in the above example, and the sale price of Euros to US$ fell below $1.3 or something, you'd have stood to make a huge loss.
But as things stand, with the OCO, you'd avoid that scenario completely.
Now that you know how to use the full potential of One Cancels the Other orders, you'll find that you're much better able to manage your forex transactions! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Q: Pretty URLs for search pages I really enjoy having "pretty" URLs (e.g. /Products/Edit/1 instead of /products.aspx?productID=1) but I'm at a loss on how to do this for pages that let you search by a large number of variables.
For instance, let's say you have a page that lets a user search for all products of a particular type with a certain name and near a specific address. Would you do this with really long "pretty" URLs
/Products/Search/Type/{producttype}/Name/{name}/Address/{address}
or just resort to using url params
/Products/Search?productType={producttype}&name={name}&address={address}
A: This question is primarily about URL design and only incidentally about rewriting. Once you've designed your URLs to be cool, there are lots of ways to make them work including rewriting at the server level or using a web framework that does URL-based dispatch (I think most modern web frameworks do this these days).
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but I do agree with you that a lot of search urls are ugly. What makes them so? I think the primary thing that makes URLs ugly is cruft in the URL that doesn't add semantic meaning but is the result of an implementation detail, like (.aspx) or other extensions. My rule is that if a URL returns (X)HTML than it shouldn't have an extension, otherwise it ought to.
In the case of a search, the fact is that the standard search syntax does add meaning: it indicates that the page is a search, it indicates that the arguments are named and reorderable. The ugliness primarily comes from the ?&= characters, but really anything else you do will be to replace these same characters with more attractive characters like |-/, but at the cost of making the URL opaque to any software that wishes to parse it like a spider, a caching proxy server, or something else.
So think carefully about not using the standard syntax and be sure you have a good reason for doing it. I think in the case where your arguments have a natural order and must all be defined for the search to make sense and are compact, you could push it into the URL. For example, in a blog URL you might have:
/weblog/entries/2008
/weblog/entries/2008/11
/weblog/entries/2008/11/22
For a search defining the entries from 2008, nov 2008, and 22th of november 2008, respectively. Your URLs should be unique and unambiguous; sometimes people put in /-/ for missing search parameters, which I think is pretty compact. However, I would avoid pushing potentially long parameters, like a free-form text query, into the the URL.
/weblog/entries/containing/here%20is%20some%20freeform%20text%20blah%20blah is not any more attractive that using the query syntax.
If you are going to use the standard query syntax, then picking argument names that are meaningful might improve the attractiveness, somewhat. products/search?description="blah", though longer, is probably better than products/search?q="blah". At this point it's diminishing returns, I think.
A: You can get the "pretty" urls, but not through the prettiest of means..
You can set up your url to be something like:
/Products/Search/Type/{producttype}/Name_{name}/Address_{address}
Then a mod_rewrite rule something like:
RewriteRule ^Products/Search/Type/([a-z]+)(.*)?$ product_lookup.php?type=$1¶ms=$2 [NC,L]
This will give you 2 parameters in your product_lookup file:
$type = {producttype}
$params = "/Name_{name}/Address_{address}"
You can then implement some logic in your product_lookup.php file to loop through $params, splitting it up on the "/", tokenising it according to whatever is before the "_", and then using the resulting parameters in your search as normal, e.g.
// Split request params first on /, then figure out key->val pairs
$query_parts = explode("/", $params);
foreach($params as $param)
{
$param_parts = explode("_", $param);
// Build up associative array of params
$query[$param_parts[0]] = $param_parts[1];
}
// $query should now contain the search parameters in an assoc. array, e.g.
// $query['Name'] = {name};
Having the parameters as "pretty" urls rather than POSTs enables users to bookmark particular searches more easily.
An example of this in action is
http://www.property.ie/property-for-sale/dublin/ashington/price_200000-550000/beds_1/
- the user's selected params are denoted by the "_" (price range and beds) which can be translated internally into whichever param format you need, whilst keeping a nice readable url.
The code above is a trivial example without error checking (rogue delimiters etc in input) but should give you an idea of where to start.
It also assumes a LAMP stack (Apache for mod_rewrite and PHP) but could be done along the same lines using asp.net and an IIS mod_rewrite equivalent.
A: The MVC (Model View Controller) framework is designed specifically to tackle this issue. It uses a form of url rewriting to redirect actions to pages and provides just the functionality you're looking for. It makes handling pretty urls a breeze.
With regard to the length of URLs, id still use pretty urls but a particularly long URL may be an indication that you may want to reconsider your grouping of the items, alter the classification if you will so Products/{NAME}/{Address} without intermediary url parts.
Examples of the MVC framework can be found at:
.Net - http://www.asp.net/mvc/
PHP - http://www.phpmvc.net/
Java - http://struts.apache.org/
A: We have a similar url rewriting, and using IIS 6, we have the redirect defined as:
/content.aspx?url=$S&$P
This takes a url of the form
/content/page/press_room and makes it in the format
/content.aspx/url=/page/pressroom&
I'm not sure of the complete synyax options IIS has, but I'm sure what you want can be done in a similar way.
A: As mentioned before - using HTTP Post would be best but then you lose the ability for people to send the link to people/bookmark it. Leaving the query string in the URL isn't going to be too bad. I have it set up so that the url string is like this:
http://example.com/search/?productType={producttype}&name={name}&address={address}
And then for paginating the search results add in the page number before the query string (so the query string is customizable if needed.
*
*Page 1:
http://example.com/search/?productType={producttype}&name={name}
*Page 2:
http://example.com/search/2/?productType={producttype}&name={name}
*Page 3:
http://example.com/search/3/?productType={producttype}&name={name}
etc...
At the end of the day - the king of search 'Google' don't mind leaving the query string in the URL so it can't be too bad :)
A: You can find an answer about Routing in .NET here:
What is the best method to achieve dynamic URL Rewriting in ASP.Net?
There you can find different resources on the subject.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
Raiders Wire
Raiders RB Josh Jacobs sets NFL record in Week 12
Marcus Mosher
Josh Jacobs had a heroic performance in Week 12, totaling over 300 yards and two touchdowns against the Seahawks. His game-winning 83-yard touchdown was the best run of the season to help the Raiders improve to 4-7 on the season.
On the way to 303 yards, Jacobs set an NFL record. According to the NFL's research team, he is the first player in NFL history (since the merger) to run for over 225 yards and record 70 yards in a single game.
Jacobs has nearly 1,500 yards from scrimmage and nine touchdowns in 11 games this season. He is well on his way to becoming an All-Pro selection in his fourth year in the NFL.
Story originally appeared on Raiders Wire
Woman cleaning inmate holding cell gets stuck for 3
WOFL
IU basketball among Big Ten leaders in 3-point shooting. Yes, you read that right.
Arizona man charged with domestic violence murder of girlfriend: police | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Program pays those with science, technology or…
Program pays those with science, technology or math degrees to become teachers
DPS Logo
By Dave Herndon | [email protected] | Press and Guide
PUBLISHED: January 9, 2022 at 7:00 a.m. | UPDATED: January 9, 2022 at 12:06 p.m.
Dearborn Public Schools is again recruiting people interested in a unique partnership that will pay young graduates or mid-career professionals with science, technology, engineering, or math degrees (STEM) to go back to school to become teachers.
The TRUE program launched two years ago.
Those who go through the program have to agree to teach for three years in Dearborn Public Schools or Detroit Public Schools Community District.
The Wayne State Metro Detroit Teaching Residency for Urban Excellence (TRUE) Project is looking for those who already have a bachelor's degree in science, technology, engineering, math, or computer science.
John Rietz and a lifetime passion of teaching English at Henry Ford College
Inside the child welfare course that's changing students' lives
What student-discovered War of 1812 artifacts tell us
Dearborn school board reorganizes, recognized for School Board Appreciation Month
Dearborn, Dearborn Heights students eligible for Bloomfield Hills Financial annual Stock to Scholarship Challenge
The program will help participants get a master's degree in education and their teaching certification in 18 months. During that time, participants will receive a $40,000 living stipend and participate in a one-year residency in one of the two districts. Class costs are paid by the participant, minus any financial aid they receive. Participants also will receive mentoring throughout the program and for two years after graduating.
Through the program, participants will become eligible to teach high school or middle school classes in their field.
DPS and Wayne State are now recruiting for the next class of participants. Online information sessions are scheduled for Jan. 26 and Feb. 9. Both sessions are from 5 to 6 p.m. See the program's website at go.wayne.edu/trueproject for more information.
Those interested in attending need to register online.
"Even before the pandemic, Dearborn Public Schools like others around the state and country struggled to fill STEM-related teaching positions such as science, math, and computer science," said DPS Supt. Glenn Maleyko.
A severe shortage of teachers is even more pronounced for science, math, and technology teachers.
"The Metro Detroit TRUE Project will help Dearborn meet its goal of improving quality instruction for students," Maleyko said. "The district already worked with Wayne State's Teacher Preparation Intern Model before launching TRUE."
The next class of TRUE participants will start classes in May, but the new teachers could start teaching in the fall of 2023 while they finish their coursework.
The program is part of a federal Department of Education grant to recruit more qualified science, math and technology teachers. Wayne RESA and several others are also partners in the initiative.
"Even before the pandemic intensified the teacher shortage, Dearborn Public Schools was exploring ways to grow our own teachers," Maleyko said. "This program is a great way for qualified individuals to move into teaching, providing a quick, clear timeline and financial assistance to make the switch. Hopefully, we will get some great applicants interested in joining our staff." | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
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