wip: afl-untracer
MODIFY
examples/afl_network_proxy/afl-network-client.c
examples/afl_network_proxy/afl-network-client.c
@@ -282,7 +282,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (send(s, buf, len, 0) != len) PFATAL("sending test data failed");
int received = 0, ret;
- while (received < __afl_map_size && (ret = recv(s, __afl_area_ptr + received, __afl_map_size - received, 0)) > 0)
+ while (received < __afl_map_size &&
+ (ret = recv(s, __afl_area_ptr + received, __afl_map_size - received,
+ 0)) > 0)
received += ret;
if (received != __afl_map_size)
FATAL("did not receive valid data (%d, %d)", received, ret);
@@ -297,3 +299,4 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
return 0;
}
+

MODIFY
examples/afl_network_proxy/afl-network-server.c
examples/afl_network_proxy/afl-network-server.c
@@ -333,7 +333,6 @@ static void usage(u8 *argv0) {
}
-
int recv_testcase(int s, void **buf, size_t *max_len) {
int size, received = 0, ret;
@@ -341,16 +340,15 @@ int recv_testcase(int s, void **buf, size_t *max_len) {
while (received < 4 && (ret = recv(s, &size + received, 4 - received, 0)) > 0)
received += ret;
- if (received != 4)
- FATAL("did not receive size information");
- if (size < 1)
- FATAL("did not receive valid size information");
+ if (received != 4) FATAL("did not receive size information");
+ if (size < 1) FATAL("did not receive valid size information");
// fprintf(stderr, "received size information of %d\n", size);
*buf = maybe_grow(buf, max_len, size);
// fprintf(stderr, "receiving testcase %p %p max %u\n", buf, *buf, *max_len);
received = 0;
- while (received < size && (ret = recv(s, ((char*)*buf) + received, size - received, 0)) > 0)
+ while (received < size &&
+ (ret = recv(s, ((char *)*buf) + received, size - received, 0)) > 0)
received += ret;
if (received != size)
@@ -358,6 +356,7 @@ int recv_testcase(int s, void **buf, size_t *max_len) {
// fprintf(stderr, "received testcase\n");
return size;
+
}
/* Main entry point */

MODIFY
examples/afl_proxy/afl-proxy.c
examples/afl_proxy/afl-proxy.c
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ static void __afl_start_forkserver(void) {
static u32 __afl_next_testcase(u8 *buf, u32 max_len) {
- s32 status;
+ s32 status, res = 0xffffff;
/* Wait for parent by reading from the pipe. Abort if read fails. */
if (read(FORKSRV_FD, &status, 4) != 4) return 0;
@@ -186,6 +186,9 @@ static u32 __afl_next_testcase(u8 *buf, u32 max_len) {
/* we have a testcase - read it */
status = read(0, buf, max_len);
+ /* report that we are starting the target */
+ if (write(FORKSRV_FD + 1, &res, 4) != 4) return 0;
+
if (status < 1)
return 0;
else
@@ -206,12 +209,12 @@ static void __afl_end_testcase(void) {
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
/* This is were the testcase data is written into */
- u8 buf[1024];
+ u8 buf[1024]; // this is the maximum size for a test case! set it!
u32 len;
/* here you specify the map size you need that you are reporting to
afl-fuzz. */
- __afl_map_size = MAP_SIZE;
+ __afl_map_size = MAP_SIZE; // default is 65536
/* then we initialize the shared memory map and start the forkserver */
__afl_map_shm();

ADD
examples/afl_untracer/Makefile
+all: afl-untracer
+
+afl-untracer: afl-untracer.c
+ $(CC) -I../../include -g -o afl-untracer afl-untracer.c -ldl
+
+clean:
+ rm -f afl-untracer *~ core

ADD
examples/afl_untracer/README.md
+# afl-untracer
+
+afl-untracer is an example skeleton file which can easily be used to fuzz
+a closed source library.
+
+It is faster and requires less memory than qemu_mode however it is way
+more course grained and does not provide interesting features like compcov
+or cmplog.
+
+Read and modify afl-untracer.c then `make` and use it as the afl-fuzz target
+(or even remote via afl-network-proxy).

ADD
examples/afl_untracer/afl-untracer.c
+/*
+ american fuzzy lop++ - afl-untracer skeleton example
+ ---------------------------------------------------
+
+ Written by Marc Heuse <mh@mh-sec.de>
+
+ Copyright 2019-2020 AFLplusplus Project. All rights reserved.
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+
+ HOW-TO
+ ======
+
+ You only need to change the following:
+
+ 1. decide if you want to receive data from stdin [DEFAULT] or file(name)
+ -> use_stdin = 0 if via file, and what the maximum input size is
+ 2. dl load the library you want to fuzz, lookup the functions you need
+ and setup the calls to these
+ 3. in the while loop you call the functions in the necessary order -
+ incl the cleanup. the cleanup is important!
+
+ Just look these steps up in the code, look for "// STEP x:"
+
+
+*/
+
+#define __USE_GNU
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include "android-ashmem.h"
+#endif
+#include "config.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "debug.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/shm.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include <sys/ucontext.h>
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__LP64__)
+#include <mach-o/dyld_images.h>
+#else
+#error "Unsupproted platform"
+#endif
+
+#define MEMORY_MAP_DECREMENT 0x200000000000
+#define MAX_LIB_COUNT 128
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+u32 __afl_map_size = MAP_SIZE;
+#else
+__thread u32 __afl_map_size = MAP_SIZE;
+#endif
+
+u8 __afl_dummy[MAP_SIZE];
+u8 *__afl_area_ptr = __afl_dummy;
+
+typedef struct library_list {
+
+ u8 *name;
+ u64 addr_start, addr_end;
+
+} library_list_t;
+
+library_list_t liblist[MAX_LIB_COUNT];
+u32 liblist_cnt;
+u32 use_stdin = 1;
+
+static void sigtrap_handler(int signum, siginfo_t *si, void *context);
+
+/* read the library information */
+void read_library_information() {
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+ FILE *f;
+ u8 buf[1024], *b, *m, *e, *n;
+
+ if ((f = fopen("/proc/self/maps", "r")) == NULL)
+ FATAL("cannot open /proc/self/maps");
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "Library list:\n");
+ while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f)) {
+
+ if (strstr(buf, " r-xp ")) {
+
+ if (liblist_cnt >= MAX_LIB_COUNT) {
+
+ WARNF("too many libraries to old, maximum count of %d reached",
+ liblist_cnt);
+ return;
+
+ }
+
+ b = buf;
+ m = index(buf, '-');
+ e = index(buf, ' ');
+ if ((n = rindex(buf, '/')) == NULL) n = rindex(buf, ' ');
+ if (n &&
+ ((*n >= '0' && *n <= '9') || *n == '[' || *n == '{' || *n == '('))
+ n = NULL;
+ else
+ n++;
+ if (b && m && e && n && *n) {
+
+ *m++ = 0;
+ *e = 0;
+ if (n[strlen(n) - 1] == '\n') n[strlen(n) - 1] = 0;
+
+ liblist[liblist_cnt].name = strdup(n);
+ liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_start = strtoull(b, NULL, 16);
+ liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_end = strtoull(m, NULL, 16);
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s:%x (%x-%x)\n", liblist[liblist_cnt].name,
+ liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_end - liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_start,
+ liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_start, liblist[liblist_cnt].addr_end);
+ liblist_cnt++;
+
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+#endif
+
+}
+
+library_list_t *find_library(char *name) {
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+ u32 i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < liblist_cnt; i++)
+ if (strncmp(liblist[i].name, name, strlen(name)) == 0) return &liblist[i];
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__LP64__)
+ kern_return_t err;
+ static library_list_t lib;
+
+ // get the list of all loaded modules from dyld
+ // the task_info mach API will get the address of the dyld all_image_info
+ // struct for the given task from which we can get the names and load
+ // addresses of all modules
+ task_dyld_info_data_t task_dyld_info;
+ mach_msg_type_number_t count = TASK_DYLD_INFO_COUNT;
+ err = task_info(mach_task_self(), TASK_DYLD_INFO,
+ (task_info_t)&task_dyld_info, &count);
+
+ const struct dyld_all_image_infos *all_image_infos =
+ (const struct dyld_all_image_infos *)task_dyld_info.all_image_info_addr;
+ const struct dyld_image_info *image_infos = all_image_infos->infoArray;
+
+ for (size_t i = 0; i < all_image_infos->infoArrayCount; i++) {
+
+ const char * image_name = image_infos[i].imageFilePath;
+ mach_vm_address_t image_load_address =
+ (mach_vm_address_t)image_infos[i].imageLoadAddress;
+ if (strstr(image_name, name)) {
+
+ lib.name = name;
+ lib.addr_start = (u64)image_load_address;
+ lib.addr_end = 0;
+ return &lib;
+
+ }
+
+ }
+
+#endif
+
+ return NULL;
+
+}
+
+/* Error reporting to forkserver controller */
+
+void send_forkserver_error(int error) {
+
+ u32 status;
+ if (!error || error > 0xffff) return;
+ status = (FS_OPT_ERROR | FS_OPT_SET_ERROR(error));
+ if (write(FORKSRV_FD + 1, (char *)&status, 4) != 4) return;
+
+}
+
+/* SHM setup. */
+
+static void __afl_map_shm(void) {
+
+ char *id_str = getenv(SHM_ENV_VAR);
+ char *ptr;
+
+ if ((ptr = getenv("AFL_MAP_SIZE")) != NULL) {
+
+ u32 val = atoi(ptr);
+ if (val > 0) __afl_map_size = val;
+
+ }
+
+ if (__afl_map_size > MAP_SIZE) {
+
+ if (__afl_map_size > FS_OPT_MAX_MAPSIZE) {
+
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Error: AFL++ tools *require* to set AFL_MAP_SIZE to %u to "
+ "be able to run this instrumented program!\n",
+ __afl_map_size);
+ if (id_str) {
+
+ send_forkserver_error(FS_ERROR_MAP_SIZE);
+ exit(-1);
+
+ }
+
+ } else {
+
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Warning: AFL++ tools will need to set AFL_MAP_SIZE to %u to "
+ "be able to run this instrumented program!\n",
+ __afl_map_size);
+
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ if (id_str) {
+
+#ifdef USEMMAP
+ const char * shm_file_path = id_str;
+ int shm_fd = -1;
+ unsigned char *shm_base = NULL;
+
+ /* create the shared memory segment as if it was a file */
+ shm_fd = shm_open(shm_file_path, O_RDWR, 0600);
+ if (shm_fd == -1) {
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "shm_open() failed\n");
+ send_forkserver_error(FS_ERROR_SHM_OPEN);
+ exit(1);
+
+ }
+
+ /* map the shared memory segment to the address space of the process */
+ shm_base =
+ mmap(0, __afl_map_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shm_fd, 0);
+
+ if (shm_base == MAP_FAILED) {
+
+ close(shm_fd);
+ shm_fd = -1;
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "mmap() failed\n");
+ send_forkserver_error(FS_ERROR_MMAP);
+ exit(2);
+
+ }
+
+ __afl_area_ptr = shm_base;
+#else
+ u32 shm_id = atoi(id_str);
+
+ __afl_area_ptr = shmat(shm_id, 0, 0);
+
+#endif
+
+ if (__afl_area_ptr == (void *)-1) {
+
+ send_forkserver_error(FS_ERROR_SHMAT);
+ exit(1);
+
+ }
+
+ /* Write something into the bitmap so that the parent doesn't give up */
+
+ __afl_area_ptr[0] = 1;
+
+ }
+
+}
+
+/* Fork server logic. */
+
+static void __afl_start_forkserver(void) {
+
+ u8 tmp[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+ u32 status = 0;
+
+ if (__afl_map_size <= FS_OPT_MAX_MAPSIZE)
+ status |= (FS_OPT_SET_MAPSIZE(__afl_map_size) | FS_OPT_MAPSIZE);
+ if (status) status |= (FS_OPT_ENABLED);
+ memcpy(tmp, &status, 4);
+
+ /* Phone home and tell the parent that we're OK. */
+
+ if (write(FORKSRV_FD + 1, tmp, 4) != 4) return;
+
+}
+
+static u32 __afl_next_testcase(u8 *buf, u32 max_len) {
+
+ s32 status, res = 0xffffff;
+
+ /* Wait for parent by reading from the pipe. Abort if read fails. */
+ if (read(FORKSRV_FD, &status, 4) != 4) return 0;
+
+ /* we have a testcase - read it if we read from stdin */
+ if (use_stdin) status = read(0, buf, max_len);
+
+ /* report that we are starting the target */
+ if (write(FORKSRV_FD + 1, &res, 4) != 4) return 0;
+
+ if (status < 1)
+ return 0;
+ else
+ return status;
+
+}
+
+static void __afl_end_testcase(void) {
+
+ int status = 0xffffff;
+
+ if (write(FORKSRV_FD + 1, &status, 4) != 4) exit(1);
+
+}
+
+#define SHADOW(addr) \
+ ((uint32_t *)(((uintptr_t)addr & 0xfffffffffffffffc) - \
+ MEMORY_MAP_DECREMENT - \
+ ((uintptr_t)addr & 0x3) * 0x10000000000))
+
+void setup_trap_instrumentation() {
+
+ library_list_t *lib_base = NULL;
+ size_t lib_size = 0;
+ u8 * lib_addr;
+ char * line = NULL;
+ size_t nread, len = 0;
+ char * filename = getenv("AFL_UNTRACER_FILE");
+ if (!filename) filename = getenv("TRAPFUZZ_FILE");
+ if (!filename) FATAL("AFL_UNTRACER_FILE environment variable not set");
+
+ FILE *patches = fopen(filename, "r");
+ if (!patches) FATAL("Couldn't open AFL_UNTRACER_FILE file %s", filename);
+
+ // Index into the coverage bitmap for the current trap instruction.
+ int bitmap_index = -1;
+
+ while ((nread = getline(&line, &len, patches)) != -1) {
+
+ char *end = line + len;
+
+ char *col = strchr(line, ':');
+ if (col) {
+
+ // It's a library:size pair
+ *col++ = 0;
+
+ lib_base = find_library(line);
+ if (!lib_base) FATAL("Library %s does not appear to be loaded", line);
+
+ // we ignore the defined lib_size
+ lib_size = strtoul(col, NULL, 16);
+#if (__linux__)
+ if (lib_size < lib_base->addr_end - lib_base->addr_start)
+ lib_size = lib_base->addr_end - lib_base->addr_start;
+#endif
+ if (lib_size % 0x1000 != 0)
+ WARNF("Invalid library size 0x%zx. Must be multiple of 0x1000",
+ lib_size);
+
+ lib_addr = (u8 *)lib_base->addr_start;
+
+ // Make library code writable.
+ if (mprotect((void *)lib_addr, lib_size,
+ PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC) != 0)
+ FATAL("Failed to mprotect library %s writable", line);
+
+ // Create shadow memory.
+ for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+
+ void *shadow_addr = SHADOW(lib_addr + i);
+ void *shadow = mmap(shadow_addr, lib_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+ MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON | MAP_FIXED, 0, 0);
+ fprintf(stderr, "Shadow: %s %d = %p-%p for %p\n", line, i, shadow,
+ shadow + lib_size - 1, lib_addr);
+ if (shadow == MAP_FAILED) FATAL("Failed to mmap shadow memory");
+
+ }
+
+ // Done, continue with next line.
+ continue;
+
+ }
+
+ // It's an offset, parse it and do the patching.
+ unsigned long offset = strtoul(line, NULL, 16);
+ if (offset > lib_size)
+ FATAL("Invalid offset: 0x%lx. Current library is 0x%zx bytes large",
+ offset, lib_size);
+
+ bitmap_index++;
+
+ if (bitmap_index >= __afl_map_size)
+ FATAL("Too many basic blocks to instrument");
+
+ uint32_t *shadow = SHADOW(lib_addr + offset);
+ if (*shadow != 0) FATAL("Potentially duplicate patch entry: 0x%lx", offset);
+
+ // Make lookup entry in shadow memory.
+#if ((defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__LP64__)) || defined(__x86_64__))
+ // this is for Intel x64
+
+ uint8_t orig_byte = lib_addr[offset];
+ *shadow = (bitmap_index << 8) | orig_byte;
+ lib_addr[offset] = 0xcc; // replace instruction with debug trap
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "Patch entry: %p[%x] = %p = %02x -> SHADOW(%p) #%d -> %08x\n",
+ lib_addr, offset, lib_addr + offset, orig_byte, shadow,
+ bitmap_index, *shadow);
+
+#else
+ // this will be ARM and AARCH64
+ // for ARM we will need to identify if the code is in thumb or ARM
+#error "non x86_64 not supported yet"
+ //__arm__
+ // linux thumb: 0xde01
+ // linux thumb2: 0xf7f0a000
+ // linux arm: 0xe7f001f0
+ //__aarch64__
+ // linux aarch64: 0xd4200000
+#endif
+
+ }
+
+ free(line);
+ fclose(patches);
+
+ // Install signal handler for SIGTRAP.
+ struct sigaction s;
+ s.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
+ s.sa_sigaction = sigtrap_handler;
+ sigemptyset(&s.sa_mask);
+ sigaction(SIGTRAP, &s, 0);
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "Patched %u locations.\n", bitmap_index);
+ __afl_map_size = bitmap_index;
+ if (__afl_map_size % 8) __afl_map_size = (((__afl_map_size + 7) >> 3) << 3);
+
+}
+
+static void sigtrap_handler(int signum, siginfo_t *si, void *context) {
+
+ uint64_t addr;
+ // Must re-execute the instruction, so decrement PC by one instruction.
+ ucontext_t *ctx = (ucontext_t *)context;
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__LP64__)
+ ctx->uc_mcontext->__ss.__rip -= 1;
+ addr = ctx->uc_mcontext->__ss.__rip;
+#elif defined(__linux__)
+ ctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_RIP] -= 1;
+ addr = ctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_RIP];
+#else
+#error "Unsupported platform"
+#endif
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "TRAP at context addr = %lx, fault addr = %lx\n", addr,
+ si->si_addr);
+
+ // If the trap didn't come from our instrumentation, then we probably will
+ // just segfault here
+ uint8_t *faultaddr;
+ if (si->si_addr)
+ faultaddr = (u8 *)si->si_addr - 1;
+ else
+ faultaddr = (u8 *)addr;
+ // u8 *loc = SHADOW(faultaddr);
+ fprintf(stderr, "Shadow location: %p\n", SHADOW(faultaddr));
+ uint32_t shadow = *SHADOW(faultaddr);
+ uint8_t orig_byte = shadow & 0xff;
+ uint32_t index = shadow >> 8;
+
+ fprintf(stderr, "shadow data: %x, orig_byte %02x, index %d\n", shadow,
+ orig_byte, index);
+
+ // Index zero is invalid so that it is still possible to catch actual trap
+ // instructions in instrumented libraries.
+ if (index == 0) abort();
+
+ // Restore original instruction
+ *faultaddr = orig_byte;
+
+ __afl_area_ptr[index] = 128;
+
+}
+
+/* here you need to specify the parameter for the target function */
+static void *(*o_TIFFOpen)(char *filename, char *mode);
+static void *(*o_TIFFClose)(u8 *file);
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+ // STEP 1: use stdin or filename via commandline and set the maximum
+ // size for a test case
+
+ /* by default we use stdin, but also a filename can be passed, in this
+ case the input is argv[1] and we have to disable stdin */
+ if (argc > 1) use_stdin = 0;
+
+ /* This is were the testcase data is written into */
+ u8 buf[10000]; // this is the maximum size for a test case! set it!
+
+ // END STEP 1
+
+ // STEP 2: load the library you want to fuzz and lookup the functions,
+ // inclusive of the cleanup functions
+ // NOTE: above the main() you have to define the functions!
+
+ /* setup the target */
+ void *dl = dlopen("/prg/tests/libtiff.so", RTLD_LAZY);
+ if (!dl) FATAL("could not find target library");
+ o_TIFFOpen = dlsym(dl, "TIFFOpen");
+ if (!o_TIFFOpen) FATAL("could not resolve target function from library");
+ o_TIFFClose = dlsym(dl, "TIFFClose");
+ if (!o_TIFFClose) FATAL("could not resolve target function from library");
+
+ // END STEP 2
+
+ /* setup instrumentation, shared memory and forkserver */
+ u32 len;
+ read_library_information();
+ setup_trap_instrumentation();
+ __afl_map_shm();
+ __afl_start_forkserver();
+
+ while ((len = __afl_next_testcase(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
+
+// -> this still needs threading otherwise fuzzing stops when we crash
+
+ // STEP 3: call the function to fuzz, also the functions you might
+ // need to call to prepare the function and - important! -
+ // to clean everything up
+
+ // in this example we use the input file, not stdin!
+ u8 *file (*o_function)(argv[1], "wl");
+
+ // we have to release memory
+ if (file) (void)(*o_TIFFClose)(file);
+
+ // END STEP 3
+
+ /* report the test case is done and wait for the next */
+ __afl_end_testcase();
+
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+
+}
+

ADD
examples/afl_untracer/ida_get_patchpoints.py
+#
+# IDAPython script for IDA Pro
+# Slightly modified from https://github.com/googleprojectzero/p0tools/blob/master/TrapFuzz/findPatchPoints.py
+#
+
+import idautils
+import idaapi
+import ida_nalt
+import idc
+
+# See https://www.hex-rays.com/products/ida/support/ida74_idapython_no_bc695_porting_guide.shtml
+
+from os.path import expanduser
+home = expanduser("~")
+
+patchpoints = set()
+
+max_offset = 0
+for seg_ea in idautils.Segments():
+ name = idc.get_segm_name(seg_ea)
+ #print("Segment: " + name)
+ if name != "__text" and name != ".text":
+ continue
+
+ start = idc.get_segm_start(seg_ea)
+ end = idc.get_segm_end(seg_ea)
+ #print("Start: " + hex(start) + " End: " + hex(end))
+ for func_ea in idautils.Functions(start, end):
+ f = idaapi.get_func(func_ea)
+ if not f:
+ continue
+ for block in idaapi.FlowChart(f):
+ if start <= block.start_ea < end:
+ max_offset = max(max_offset, block.start_ea)
+ patchpoints.add(block.start_ea)
+ #else:
+ # print("Warning: broken CFG?")
+
+# Round up max_offset to page size
+size = max_offset
+rem = size % 0x1000
+if rem != 0:
+ size += 0x1000 - rem
+
+print("Writing to " + home + "/Desktop/patches.txt")
+
+with open(home + "/Desktop/patches.txt", "w") as f:
+ f.write(ida_nalt.get_root_filename() + ':' + hex(size) + '\n')
+ f.write('\n'.join(map(hex, sorted(patchpoints))))
+ f.write('\n')
+
+print("Done, found {} patchpoints".format(len(patchpoints)))

wip: afl-untracer