Clain Jones, Montana State University soil fertility Extension specialist, suggests Montana irrigated wheat famers consider providing additional nitrogen to their crop, calling it the most important management factor to produce high protein levels this year.
In an effort to maximize the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the crop and increase protein for the 2017 harvest, Jones recommends several nitrogen application methods for Montana farmers. In general, Jones said, protein is more likely to increase with late-season nitrogen. He said the decision to apply late-season nitrogen to increase protein depends on whether nitrogen can be applied without substantially damaging the crop and if the expected protein response and discount are sufficiently high to justify the cost of fertilizer and application.
Jones, who manages MSU’s Soil Fertility Extension Program in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences in the College of Agriculture, encourages agricultural producers to consider using nitrogen to boost protein sooner rather than later.
Nitrogen applied before heading will most likely improve yield if soil moisture is available, while nitrogen taken up during and after heading should increase protein, he said.
The ability to incorporate nitrogen fertilizer with rain or irrigation is more important than application exactly at flowering, according to Jones. The later that foliar nitrogen is applied, the greater the risk of leaf burn, Jones said.
“A consideration of nitrogen application with irrigation water is the risk of scab, which increases with irrigation within five days of flowering,” he said.
Nitrogen concentration in the flag leaf (uppermost leaf of the stem) at heading can be measured to determine whether a late-season nitrogen application will boost protein, according to Jones.
The ratio of fertilizer cost to protein discount may influence whether applying additional nitrogen is justified at a given flag-leaf concentration. For example, according to Jones, with a 45 cent discount per one percentage point protein and urea at $433 per ton, the flag leaf nitrogen concentration needs to be below about 4 percent to cover the fertilizer expense. If either the protein discount is lower or the cost of fertilizer higher, then the critical flag-leaf nitrogen needs to be lower yet, to justify additional nitrogen, Jones said.
For example, 30 pounds nitrogen per acre is expected to boost irrigated wheat protein by about one point for a 60 bushel-per-acre yield, but only half a point for a 120 bushel-per-acre yield, according to Jones’s review of the research pubished in the MSU Extension bulletin, Practices to Increase Wheat Grain Protein http://msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/EB0206.pdf.
However, Jones cautions that there may be a limit to how much late-season nitrogen can be applied to boost protein due to increased risk for lodging and leaf burn at high nitrogen rates.
Applying liquid nitrogen with fertigation is the best mid-to-late-season application option to limit stand damage and prevent leaf burn, Jones said. If nitrogen is applied with a flat fan, Jones suggested that no more than 30 pounds nitrogen per acre of urea ammonium nitrate solution, or 45 pounds nitrogen per acre of liquid urea, should be applied to minimize burn and yield loss.
Response to nitrogen is also dependent on sufficient sulfur, Jones said.
While nitrogen for boosting protein should be addressed now, especially on spring wheat fields where yield goal will likely be met or exceeded, Jones recommends reading an issue of The Soil Scoop, “Nitrogen Management for Grain Proteinhttp://landresources.montana.edu/ soilfertility.