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Earl Horter (December 8, 1880 - March 29, 1940) was an American painter, illustrator, printmaker, teacher and art collector. He was instrumental in introducing modern art to Philadelphia as both an artist and collector of Cubist and abstract art. During the 1920s, he had one of the largest collections of modern art in the United States, and he was among the most prominent etchers of his generation. Early years and education Earl Blumner Horter was born on Dec. 8, 1880, to Jacob and Jeanette Horter (Blumner was her maiden name), a working-class family in Philadelphia. A student at the Germantown Boys Combined Grammar School in the 1890s, he began drawing as a young boy. As a youth, he was an apprentice to a commercial engraver and found a job designing bank notes. He was also said to be a draftsman who engraved stock certificates for the John Wanamaker department store. At age 19, he was living with his widowed mother and his occupation was listed as landscape artist on the 1900 U.S. Census. Over the years, he signed his name as “Earl” and “Earle.” Years as an artist, 1900-1919 Horter was a self-taught artist who never attended art school. He studied etching with George Senseney, the first color etcher in the United States who taught at the Art Students League in New York. Horter was enamored with the old-master drawings he saw in museums and galleries, especially the architectural work of Italian artists Vittore Carpaccio, Giovanni Battista Piranesi and French artist Charles Meryon. He felt that he could render the changes in the architectural landscapes of Philadelphia and New York in the same dramatic way as they had done with Old World structures. He wanted to “depict this tremendous epic of new cities emerging full grown out of the chrysalis of the old.” He was prolific during the 1920s and1930s, producing etchings, aquatints, watercolors, oil paintings, lithographs and drawings. He was most noted for his etchings of architectural structures and city-street scenes in Philadelphia, New York and European cities. He exhibited widely in Philadelphia, New York, Chicago and other cities in shows where etchings were predominant. He was often cited in newspaper articles - even today - as one of the most important etchers in American art history. His style was likened to his contemporary Joseph Pennell as well as James Abbott Whistler. Early on, he worked as a both a paid and freelance commercial artist. In 1903, he married the first of four wives and moved to New York. He was hired by the Calkins and Holden advertising agency based on his drafting skills. Horter worked at several other agencies, including Carlton Illustrators and the Cheltenham Advertising Agency. His first etching dates to 1908. In 1911, the New York Edison Company commissioned Horter and two other artists, including Pennell, to produce illustrations for its book “Glimpses of New York: An Illustrated Handbook of the City.” In 1914, he created an automobile ad for the Packard ’38’ Phaeton car and was included in the “Yearbook of American Etching. As a member of the Association of American Etchers, he was represented in its exhibition in1914 and the following year. In 1911, he was identified in the “Annual of the Society of Illustrators” as one of the new wave of artists. He had become a member of the society the year before. He exhibited in a society show in 1913 with an etching of Pittsburgh smelters. Also that year, the Brown Robertson Company, which published prints and art reproductions, included him in a show of etchings of New York streets. He was one of the 25 organizers of the New York Society of Illustrators in 1913 and was chosen as its secretary. He participated in its 1914 exhibition. In 1917, he helped form the Painter-Gravers of America, which promised to show nothing that had been shown before. Other members were Childe Hassam, George Bellows and John Sloan. Horter won a silver award in etchings and engravings at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco in 1915. He exhibited in 1915 at Keppel Galleries as part of a group exhibit. He had the first one-man show of his drawings and etchings in 1916 at Keppel. A writer for the New York Times extolled his watercolors but found his etchings uneven. Another writer hailed his works with a “Bravo." Horter participated for the first time in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts annual show in 1915 with the etching “Madison Square.” In 1916, he participated in the first exhibit by the newly formed Brooklyn Society of Etchers and the New York Society of Etchers. In 1919, the New York Tribune reproduced his etchings that had run in Century magazine of buildings in Old Philadelphia. Etchings by Horter and Pennell were used as illustrations in the 1915 book “Romantic America” by Robert Haven Shauffler. Around 1917, Horter returned to Philadelphia and began working for N.W. Ayer and Son, one of the largest advertising agencies in Philadelphia and the country. He rose to become its art director. Years as an artist, 1920-1929 Horter was making a good income from his commercial artwork, and he was very active as an artist and exhibitor. In separation proceedings in 1915, his second wife Elin noted that his annual income was $7,000 to $10,000. In the 1930 Census, he noted that his home in Philadelphia was worth $25,000. In 1923, the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company of New Jersey commissioned him to travel to Europe to sketch and draw whatever pleased him. The only requirement was that he use its Eldorado pencil. Horter booked a ship to Europe, bound for France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Greece and Portugal. He returned to the United States the next year. Horter created 55 drawings for Dixon ads over several years. His painting “Toledo” came out of that trip, and demonstrated his leanings toward Cubism. He produced several paintings of the Spanish city in oils and watercolors. “Toledo” was shown in the annual exhibit of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1925. His advertising work for Ayer was included in an exhibit by the company in 1923. The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, CA, has copies of five flyers from his original pencil drawings for Crucible. They include scenes from Philadelphia, Italy and France. Horter left Ayer around 1923, and became a freelance commercial artist while he continued his etching, painting and exhibiting. He was represented often in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts annual shows as an exhibitor and judge. In 1921, he was a judge for the watercolor competition and showed 10 pieces, including six nudes and another titled “Negro Head.” The academy bought his work “The Thames Bridge II” at the 1924 annual competition. Horter won the Philadelphia Water Color Club Prize in the 1936 annual. The academy bought his painting “Autumn in Rockport” that year. He exhibited with the Print Club of Philadelphia in 1922 and in 1928, took part in an exhibit of illustrations in Washington, DC, sponsored by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Horter was a member of “The Thirty-One,” a group of Philadelphia artists who organized a non-juried show of paintings from the “modern school” in 1923. The group wanted to show paintings that were original, progressive and beautiful. Among the members was his good friend Arthur B. Carles. Horter was also represented with paintings in "Thirty" showings in 1929 and 1932. Artist Franklin Watkins described The Thirty One endeavors as the first awakening to modernism and rejection of the traditionalism of the Pennsylvania academy. Horter's foray into modernism was influenced by that group, his trips to Europe and the encouragement of Carl Zigrosser, curator at the Museum of Modern Art. He began painting in the modern style and collecting its major European artists. Other influencers were Carles and Henry McCarter, also a member of The Thirty-One, and collector Albert C. Barnes. In 1929, he won first place in an advertising art show at the Philadelphia Sketch Club in the “illustration for full color reproduction” category. Years as an artist, 1930-1939 Like the 1920s, this was a busy decade for Horter, who was “here, there and everywhere these days, lecturing or exhibiting or winning prizes,” one newspaper writer noted. It was also a difficult time for him personally. The Depression had taken hold of the country, and his commercial work dried up, alimony payments became due and his expensive living strained his finances. By the early 1930s, he was painting in aquatint with its soft tones evoking moods. In 1930, he wrote a book titled “Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Modigliani” that was part of a Museum of Modern Art exhibit a year later. Some of his gallery and museum exhibits were: C. Philip Boyer gallery (Philadelphia), 1930 Memorial Art Gallery (Rochester (NY), 1932 Whitney Museum of American Art, 1932 Little Gallery of Contemporary Art (Philadelphia), 1932 Brooklyn Museum, 1933 Smithsonian Institution, 1932 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 1933 School Art League Alumni Association (Philadelphia), 1932 Wilmington Society of Fine Arts (Delaware), 1935 Philadelphia Art Alliance, 1937, 1939 Philadelphia Water Color Club, 1939 Delaware Water Color Show (also a judge), 1939 In 1932, he participated in the Art Institute of Chicago’s international watercolor show in June; his work was said to have a strong French point of view. In the first National Exhibition of Etching and Engraving at the Art Institute in April, his aquatint “Junk Shop” won third place. It also took home the Print Club of Philadelphia's Charles M. Lea Prize for best print in May, only the second time in its history that the prize was awarded to a Philadelphian. In December of that year, his etching “Light and Shadows” won the Charles M. Lea Prize for best etching in the First National Exhibition of Prints at the Print Club. In 1934, his watercolor “Chinatown, Night” won a $400 prize in an exhibit at the Art Institute. In 1933, Crillon Galleries in Philadelphia held a one-man show of 26 nudes in watercolor, pastel and drawing in various poses. “There is nothing left to say about the female nude which Mr. Horter has not said,” stated a newspaper writer. “His exhibit is remarkably comprehensive and again reveals to how many artistic devices he can turn his facile and gifted hands.” In 1936, he was among 20 painters and three sculptors to represent Pennsylvania in the National Exhibition of American Art at the Rockefeller Center. The Whitney Museum of American Art acquired one of his watercolors at its Second Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Watercolors and Pastels. His aquatint “Rainy Night, Chinatown” was selected by the Museum of Modern Art for an exhibit titled “Three Centuries of American Art” that was shown in Paris in 1936. In 1938, his aquatint “Along the Harlem,” which was created with African American artist Allan Freelon, won the Charles M. Lea Prize of $100 in an exhibit at the Print Club. Freelon studied with Horter in the late 1920s. Horter was among a group of artists who produced etchings on the life of George Washington sponsored by the George Washington Memorial Association. A portfolio of 20 etchings was presented to the White House in 1932. In the mid-1930s, he was commissioned by the American Art Foundation to create patriotic etchings. His was “Washington at Braddock’s Defeat.” In 1939, he was commissioned by the New Jersey Council to create reproductions of etchings of historic houses and buildings in the state. The reproductions were published weekly in local newspapers. Another of his commissions was a promotional poster for the city of Ridgewood, NJ, (1916). A versatile artist, Horter also made portraits, including one of President Lincoln as a young man without a beard and another of Dr. George H. Meeker, dean of the Graduate School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (1933). Horter also produced still lifes, some of which are in museum collections. His art collection During the 1920s, Horter amassed an impressive collection of modern art, African sculptures and Native American art. Over the years, he loaned some to museum exhibitions. Even his friend Carles - as well as Leon Kelly - used the collection as inspiration for his own modernistic works. Horter purchased his first painting in 1913 at the famous New York Armory show of modern art, which introduced Cubism and abstract art to America. He purchased 13 lithographs by French artist Édouard Vuillard. Horter bought his first Picasso for $180, according to Carles. Horter made his purchases with the income he earned as a commercial artist. "I work so hard, and when I'm done I look at the work of some great master - he seems so universal like a wonderful thunderstorm - or like looking over the edge of Vesuvius - and I the little firecracker that goes off with a hiss - thank God I can detect greatness here and there and worship it," he stated. Horter filled his Delancey Street home with the works of Pablo Picasso, Constantin Brancusi, Marcel Duchamp, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, Amedeo Modigliani and Juan Gris. He also purchased works by Charles Sheeler, an American precisionist painter, as well Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Maurice Denis, Käthe Kollwitz and Carles. At one point, his collection included 30 Cubist works by Picasso and Braque, two paintings by Gris and one by Matisse, and four sculptures by Brancusi. He owned Duchamp's “Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 1” (1911), Picasso's “Portrait of Daniel Henry Kahnweiler” (1910) and Sheeler's “Church Street El” (1920). Early in his collecting, he had about 80 African sculptures. He began collecting them in 1925 with the encouragement of Barnes, French art dealer Paul Guillaume and American photographer Alfred Stieglitz. Horter's collection contained a Guro mask from the Ivory Coast, Songye male figurines from Congo and a Kota reliquary guardian figure from Gabon. In 1934, the Philadelphia Museum of Art held a major exhibit of oils, watercolors and sculptures from his collection. There were eight Braque abstracts and still lifes, Duchamp's “Nude,” six Picassos, a Raoul Dufy, Matisse's “Portrait of a Lady,” Gris’ “Abstraction” and Giorgio de Chirico’s “Warriors.” Horter loaned “The Italian Woman” (1915) to the Museum of Modern Art for a Matisse exhibit in 1931. His book was included in the catalog's bibliography. In 1935, he loaned African sculptures in wood to the museum. In 1939, he loaned the museum a piece by Sheeler for its one-man show on the artist. The Arts Club of Chicago borrowed some works for a 1934 exhibition. In 1935, he loaned works to the Philadelphia Museum of Art for a show on abstracts. In 1936, Horter loaned works to the Memorial Art Gallery in Rochester, NY, for an exhibit on African art. During an exhibit at the Philadelphia Art Alliance in 1936, someone removed a Picasso abstract nude from the frame on a wall. Horter had donated the etching, which he valued at $500 and was insured. The Depression hit Horter hard, and he was forced to sell many of his famous works. He tried selling the entire collection to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, but its trustees were not interested. He sold the paintings to private individuals over the years, and many of the works eventually ended up in museum collections. He began focusing on increasing his holdings of Native American artifacts. By the late 1930s, he had accumulated about 1,500 pieces of Native American artifacts, including war bonnets and weapons. In 1969, his widow Helen showed her collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art for the first time since the 1934 Horter exhibit: three paintings by Sheeler, four by Carles, several by Braque and Picasso, along with works by Horter. In 1999, the Philadelphia Museum of Art re-assembled most of the collection, borrowing them from museums for the exhibit "Mad for Modernism." They had been dispersed to such institutions as the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Museum of the American Indian, and 40 other public and private collections. The Philadelphia Sketch Club, which he joined in 1919, presented a complementary show at the time. Years as a teacher Horter offered classes privately and at public institutions. He taught evening classes at the Graphic Sketch Club (now the Fleischer Art Center) in Philadelphia starting in 1930. Dox Thrash took printmaking classes from him and was one of his favorite students. Horter was just beginning to learn aquatint himself in the early 1930s. Horter and Thrash participated in an annual exhibition of prints by Philadelphia artists in 1939, where Horter won Honorable Mention for his aquatint "Alleyway, Philadelphia." Thrash was represented with the carborundum print "Repose." Thrash was inspired to co-develop the carborundum-print process after hearing Horter mention that no significant improvement had been made in printmaking in nearly a century. Horter also taught at the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art (now the University of the Arts), Stella Elkins Tyler School of Art at Temple University (now Tyler School of Art) and the University of Pennsylvania night school. During the summers, he taught at an art colony in Rockport, MA. He also gave private art classes in homes. A month after arriving at the museum school in 1933, he and another faculty member won the two prizes in the Philadelphia Watercolor Club exhibition. It was the first time the prizes had been awarded to two instructors at the school. He won $200 for best group picture. Marriages and personal life In addition to having a home in Philadelphia, Horter also had a place in Harvey Cedars, NJ. A small man in stature, he often wore the same suit, drove big cars, and loved hats, sailing and the company of women. He married four times - in 1903 to Edith, with whom he moved to New York. The next wife was Swedish; her name was Elin, whom he married in 1909. Their separation hearing in 1915 made newspaper headlines. In court, she accused him of reneging on a loan from her to pay alimony to his first wife. She also accused him of having an affair. Horter denied it (in his marriage certificate to his fourth wife Elizabeth, he listed the cause of his previous divorce as adultery; he didn't mention who was the adulterer). He said he was leaving Elin because she, like him, had expensive tastes in such things as art and furniture. His next two wives, Helen and Elizabeth, were also artists. Horter was with Helen when he lost the Delancey Street home in a sheriff's sale in 1937. He married Elizabeth in 1938. Death and aftermath Horter died of a heart attack on March 29, 1940, at his home "Beech Knoll" in the Chestnut Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia. (In 1939, he had mailed a Christmas card with an aquatint of the front of the house.) The night before, he had been at a banquet and symposium for a show at the Philadelphia Art Alliance. He had one son, Donald, with his second wife Elin. A month later, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts included in an exhibit a flora study said to have been completed a few days before he died. The Print Club displayed several of his works in an exhibit as a memorial. In November, the Art Alliance mounted a solo exhibition, with each of its galleries displaying different aspects of his works, from watercolors and oils to etchings to lithographs to commercial art. Woodmere held its own memorial show in 1941. The Philadelphia Sketch Club also held an exhibit, and Horter's “gang,” the male students he taught to etch, produced a brochure to accompany it. The brochure recounted the origin of the group: While having lunch one day, his students, who gave him the pet name “Bill,” kidded him about how easy it must be to etch. It was so easy, he agreed, that he could teach it to “this crowd of morons.” Horter's imprint was lasting. Every decade after his death, his works were shown often in museums and galleries. Today, very few people know his name. At an auction house in 2010, a house-cleanout man dumped a milk crate full of Horter etchings under a table for the auction house to sort. The man did not recognize his name. The auctioneer did. Selected Collections Philadelphia Museum of Art Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Metropolitan Museum of Art Library of Congress Free Library of Philadelphia Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco National Gallery of Art Whitney Museum of American Art Amon Carter Museum of American Art Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Garden Worcester Art Museum Carnegie Museum of Art Smithsonian American Art Museum Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art Brooklyn Museum Seattle Art Museum Minneapolis Institute of Art Yale University Art Gallery Mount Vernon Cincinnati Art Museum Art Institute of Chicago Woodmere Art Museum Selected Other Exhibitions Whitney Museum of American Art, 1978 Woodmere Art Museum, 1977, 2007 Cleveland Museum of Art, 1989 Tampa Museum of Art, 1995 References 1880 births 1940 deaths Modern painters American etchers American watercolorists 20th-century art collectors Cubist artists Abstract artists American illustrators American printmakers
Phymaturus sitesi is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is from Argentina. References sitesi Lizards of South America Reptiles of Argentina Endemic fauna of Argentina Reptiles described in 2011
Virgílio Pinto de Oliveira (24 June 1900 – 4 January 1965), commonly known as Bilú, was a Brazilian football manager and former player who played as a central defender. Career Bilú had his entire career associated with Santos, as a player and manager. He made his debut for the club in 1919, playing in 195 matches until 1930 and subsequently becoming a secretary in 1933. In 1935, after a short period as a General Sports Director, he was named the club's manager, being the first manager to lift a trophy, the 1935 Campeonato Paulista. Bilú left the managerial post in 1937, returning to his staff role. He became a director of the Amateur department in 1944, before returning to his previous role of General Sports Director in the following year, and also working as a manager for a brief period in 1945. Bilú became the club's vice-president in 1951, being later a General Secretary in 1953, and moving to the Social and Propaganda Director role in 1957. He was also a referee during the 1930s. Personal life Bilú's brothers Agnello, Ricardo, Randolfo and Américo, and his sister Iraídes, were all linked to Santos. Agnello was the club's president between 1914 and 1917, while Ricardo played for the club in 1913 and became a director; Randolfo and Américo also played for the club later on, while Iraídes was the club's dressmaker. Ricardo was also the husband of Ismênia da Silveira Pinto de Oliveira, the sister of Arnaldo and Oswaldo Silveira, both also Santos players. All of them were nephews of Sizino Patusca, Santos' first president. Honours Manager Santos Campeonato Paulista: 1935 References 1900 births 1965 deaths People from Santos, São Paulo Brazilian footballers Association football defenders Santos FC players Brazilian football managers Santos FC managers
A deposit gauge is a large, funnel-like scientific instrument used for capturing and measuring atmospheric particulates, notably soot, carried in air pollution and "deposited" back down to ground. Design and construction Deposit gauges are similar to rain gauges. They have a large circular funnel on top, made of stone so it's not corroded by acid rain and mounted on a simple wooden or metal stand, which drains down into a collection bottle beneath. Typically the funnel has a wire-mesh screen around its perimeter to deter perching birds. Most are made to a standardized design, known as a standard deposit gauge, introduced in 1916 and formalized in a British Standard in 1951, which means the pollution collected in different places can be systematically studied and compared. The bottle is removed after a month and the contents taken away for analysis of water (such as rain, fog, and snow), insoluble matter (such as soot), and soluble matter. Early history The first gauges of this type were developed in the early 20th century by Dr W.J. Russell of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Coal Smoke Abatement Society. Between 1910 and 1916, the design was refined and standardized by the Committee for the Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution, a group of expert, volunteer scientists studying air pollution of which Sir Napier Shaw, first director of the Met Office, was chair. The first scientific paper featuring deposit gauge measurements was titled "The Sootfall of London: Its Amount, Quality, and Effects" and published in The Lancet in January 1912. Over the next few years, deposit gauges were deployed in a number of British towns and cities, allowing rough comparisons to be made of pollution in different parts of the country. According to pollution historian Stephen Mosley, by 1949, some 177 gauges had been deployed across Britain, so creating the world's first large-scale pollution monitoring network, but the number increased dramatically after the Great London Smog of 1952, reaching 615 in 1954 and 1066 in 1966. Modern use Although deposit gauges were inaccurate and their limitations were well known from the start,, their widespread introduction still represented a considerable advance in the study and comparison of pollution at different times of the year and in different places, and they soon paved the way for more accurate instruments and better methods of data collection and analysis. Today, though, air pollution is more likely to be measured with automated, electronic sensors, deposit gauges are still occasionally used. Modern variants on the standard deposit gauge include the so-called "frisbee" gauge, in which the deposit collector is shaped like an inverted frisbee. See also Rain gauge Air pollution sensor References Air pollution Measuring instruments Scientific instruments
Phymaturus somuncurensis is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is from Argentina. References somuncurensis Lizards of South America Reptiles of Argentina Endemic fauna of Argentina Reptiles described in 1973
The Rugby World Cup qualification process determines the nations that will participate at the Rugby World Cup. History The first three World Cups did not have any qualifying process. All the teams that attended were invited to participate. The 2002 Women's Rugby World Cup had the first and only qualification match, it was between Hong Kong and Japan, with the latter qualifying. The rest of the teams were invited to the tournament. The 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup qualification was identical to the previous tournament as they only had one qualifying tournament in Asia. Kazakhstan qualified, although it was not their first appearance. In 2008, the Rugby World Cup Limited Board chairman, Bernard Lapasset announced a global qualification process for the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup. However, not all member unions of the International Rugby Board were given an opportunity to qualify. The 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup qualification had six teams that qualified automatically and six teams that qualified via regional tournaments. Africa had it's first regional qualification. The introduction of the repechage tournament in the 2017 World Cup qualifiers gave Hong Kong their first World Cup appearance. Seven teams automatically qualified for the tournament, England, Canada, France, Ireland, New Zealand, USA and Australia. The remaining five spots were determined through regional tournaments. Qualification competition entrants over time References Rugby World Cup qualification Rugby World Cup (women's)
Bharaas () is a Pakistani television family drama aired on ARY Digital from 28 September 2020 to 4 February 2021. It is produced by Humayun Saeed and Shahzad Nasib under Six Sigma Plus. It stars Omar Shehzad,Dur e Fishan, Furqan Qureshi and Zubab Rana and in lead roles. Bharaas is the story of couple Zoya (Dur-e-Fishan Saleem) and Hassan (Omar Shahzad) who love each other and gets married but their envious cousins Kamal (Furqan Qureshi) and Kiran (Zubab Rana) wants to destroy their relationship. Cast Omar Shahzad as Hassan (Main male protagonist) Dur-e-Fishan Saleem as Zoya (Main female protagonist) Zubab Rana as Kiran (antagonist) Furqan Qureshi as Kamal (antagonist) Salman Saeed as Mansoor; Hassan's elder brother, residing in Canada Behroze Sabzwari as Javed; Mansoor and Hassan's father Shaista Jabeen as Fazeela; Mansoor and Hassan's mother Shaheen Khan as Almas; Kiran's mother and Javed's sister Rabya Kulsoom as Sasha; Zoya's younger sister Khaled Anam as Mubarak Ali (Abbi); Zoya and Sasha father Shazia Qaiser as Mumtaz; Kamaal's mother and Mubarak's sister Musaddiq Malik as Taimoor; Sasha's boyfriend Tara Mahmood; Taimoor's step mother Syeda Tuba Anwar as Mina; Zoya's friend Noreen Mumtaz as Mahira;Taimoor's step sister Imam Syed as Jamal; Taimoor's father Atabik Mohsin as Ramzi; male nurse hired for Javed by Zoya Naeem Malik as Adeel; police officer who arrests Kamaal Sohail Masood as Shakeel; Mubarak's friend Kaiser Rafik Sheraz Dilawar Reception The serial received positive reviews from the audience for its intriguing storyline. Fishan's portrayal as Zoya received praise for her performance. Also Rana and Qureshi portrayals as antagonist were well received by the viewer's. It also grabbed good trp's throughout its run. Awards and Nominations References ARY Digital original programming Pakistani television series 2020 Pakistani television series debuts 2021 Pakistani television series endings
Karl George Emeléus (4 August 1901 in London–18 June 1989 in Belfast) was an English experimental physicist who spent half a century on the staff at Queen's University Belfast. His early research in detection of nuclear radiation led on to a lifetime of research into the conduction of electricity through gases. Biography Emeléus was the son of Karl Henry Emeléus and Ellen Briggs, the brother of inorganic chemist Harry Julius Emeléus and the father of petrologist Henry Emeleus. In 1928 he married Florence Mary Chambers, and they had four children – three sons and one daughter. He was known professionally as K. G. Emeléus or simply KGE, and by family and friends as George. Education Emeléus was educated at Hastings Grammar School and at St John's College, Cambridge and was awarded BA in 1922. Upon graduation, he joined the Cavendish Laboratory where he worked as a research student under Ernest Rutherford and James Chadwick. Working with the latter he built a large Wilson cloud chamber and this led to his lifelong interest in gaseous electronics. He then worked with Edward Appleton and in 1925 followed him when he was appointed to a post at King's College London. There, in 1926, he completed his thesis on "Methods for detecting single ionizing particles", for which Cambridge awarded him a PhD. Career In 1927 he joined Queen's University Belfast (QUB) as a lecturer in Physics and later became Professor of Physics (1933–66). Early in his career he wrote the book The Conduction of Electricity Through Gases. Electronics grew out of this sort of work in the early 20th century. During his long tenure at QUB he researched extensively into the conduction of electricity through gases, publishing more than 100 papers. He continued publication of his research almost until his death. Books The Conduction of Electricity Through Gases (Methuen, 1929, second edition 1936, third edition 1951) Discharges in Electronegative Gases,Taylor & Francis Ltd (Jan 01, 1970), Awards He was awarded the title Commander of the British Empire in 1965 and was a member of the Royal Irish Academy. The Karl George Emeléus physics prize was established in 1984 by former students and friends for physics students at QUB. References External links People educated at Hastings Grammar School Alumni of King's College London Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge 20th-century British physicists English physicists Experimental physicists Plasma physicists Academics of Queen's University Belfast 1901 births 1989 deaths
Sudhanshu Rai is an Indian film director, actor and storyteller. He is mainly known for, web series Detective Boomrah and film Chaipatti. Early life Rai was born in Gorakhpur. He pursued his MBA from IBS, Bangalore in 2008. Career As a Filmmaker Rai made his acting and directorial debut in 2021 with Chaipatti, which was premiered on YouTube and subsequently released on OTT platforms Disney+ Hotstar and MX Player. A year later in 2022, he released his first web series Detective Boomrah wherein he was the director and also the lead actor. As a storyteller He began conceiving and narrating stories in 2018 on his official YouTube channel "Kahanikaar Sudhanshu Rai" and in 2020, he started his weekly radio storytelling show, "Kahaniyaan - Kahanikaar Sudhanshu Rai Ke Saath" on ISHQ 104.8 FM. It was during the initial storytelling days that he created the character of "Detective Boomrah", which is now a web series. Filmography Radio Show Kahaniyaan Kahanikaar Sudhanshu Rai Ke Saath (12 episodes)) Character Detective Boomrah Stories The Christmas Man The Killer Bhai Sahab Chale Bangkok The Prisoner Adhyapak Ram Mangu Chitrakaar Holi Wala Dost References Indian film directors Living people Indian actors
Federal Government College, Ikole is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Ikole, Ekiti State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Viktor Ignatov (; born October 15, 1968, Novosibirsk) is a Russian political figure and a deputy of 7th and 8th State Dumas. After graduating from the university in 1993, Ignatov started working as an assistant to the deputy of the State Duma Ivan Starikov. On December 21, 1997, Ignatov was elected deputy of the Novosibirsk Regional Council of Deputies of the 2nd convocation. In 2000 he was appointed the Advisor to the Governor of Novosibirsk Oblast. From 2001 to 2004, he was a member of the Federation Council from the Novosibirsk Oblast constituency. On December 11, 2005, he was elected deputy of the Novosibirsk Regional Council of Deputies of the 4th convocation. In May 2014, he became the first deputy to the Mayor of Novosibirsk. In September 2016, Ignatov was elected deputy of the 7th State Duma from the Novosibirsk Oblast constituency. Since September 2021, he has served as a deputy of the 8th State Duma. References 1968 births Living people United Russia politicians 21st-century Russian politicians Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation) Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Phymaturus spurcus, the climber lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is from Argentina. References spurcus Lizards of South America Reptiles of Argentina Endemic fauna of Argentina Reptiles described in 1921 Taxa named by Thomas Barbour
The 2022 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu European Championship, officially called the 2022 European Jiu-Jitsu IBJFF Championship, was an international jiu-jitsu event organised by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJFF) held between 15 and 20 February 2022 in Rome, Italy. Rome was selected as the host city for the first time as the European championship had been previously held, until 2019, in Lisbon, Portugal. Men's medallists Adult male black belt results Women's medallists Adult female black belt results Teams results Results by Academy See also Asian IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship European IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship Pan IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship World IBJJF Jiu-Jitsu Championship Notes References Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions Brazilian jiu-jitsu European Championship Brazilian jiu-jitsu European Championship Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in Italy International sports competitions hosted by Italy Sports competitions in Rome European Championship Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions in Italy European Jiu-Jitsu Championship
Fauzia Najjemba (born 7 October 2003) is a Ugandan footballer who plays as a striker for Kazakhstan Women's Football Championship club BIIK Kazygurt and the Uganda women's national team. Early life Najjemba was raised in Nakifuma and belongs to the Baganda. Club career Najjemba has played for Kampala Queens FC in Uganda. International career Najjemba capped for Uganda at senior level during the 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification. References External links 2003 births Living people People from Mukono District Ugandan women's footballers Women's association football forwards BIIK Kazygurt players Uganda women's international footballers Ugandan expatriate women's footballers Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan Expatriate women's footballers in Kazakhstan Ganda people
The 2022 TCU Horned Frogs baseball team represents Texas Christian University during the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Horned Frogs play their home games at Lupton Stadium as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They are led by head coach Kirk Saarloos, in his inaugural year as head coach and tenth season at TCU. Previous Season The 2021 TCU Horned Frogs baseball team notched a 41–20 (17–7) record. The Frogs claimed a share of the Big 12 regular season championship as well as the outright Big 12 Tournament championship. TCU received the #6 national seed in the 2021 NCAA Tournament and hosted the Fort Worth Regional. The Horned Frogs were eliminated from the Tournament by cross-metroplex rival Dallas Baptist. At the conclusion of the season, long-time TCU head coach Jim Schlossnagle departed the TCU baseball program and was replaced by 9-year assistant coach and former major league pitcher Kirk Saarloos. Saarloos retained Associate Head Coach Bill Mosiello, promoted John DiLaura from Volunteer Coach to Assistant Coach, retained student assistant coach and former TCU pitcher Matt Purke, and added former TCU-standout Kyle Winkler as the program's new Volunteer Assistant Coach. Winkler and Purke, both former All-American pitchers, were teammates on TCU's first-ever College World Series team in 2010. Personnel Coaching Staff Schedule & Results \|- ! style="" \| Regular Season (6–1) \|- valign="top" \|- bgcolor="#bbffbb" \| February 18 \|\| 5:00 pm \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. San Diego St* \|\| #17 \|\| Salt River Fields at Talking StickScottsdale, AZ \|\| W5–3 \|\| Perez(1–0) \|\| Brodell(0–1) \|\| Ridings(1) \|\| Unknown \|\| 1–0 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="#ffbbbb" \| February 19 \|\| 1:00 pm \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. California* \|\| #17 \|\| Salt River Fields at Talking StickScottsdale, AZ \|\| L6–7 \|\| Reinertsen(2–0) \|\| Thomas(0–1) \|\| — \|\| Unknown \|\| 1–1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="#bbffbb" \| February 20 \|\| 10:00 am \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. Houston* \|\| #17 \|\| Salt River Fields at Talking StickScottsdale, AZ \|\| W10–0(8) \|\| Walker(1–0) \|\| Wright(0–1) \|\| — \|\| Unknown \|\| 2–1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="bbffbb" \| February 22 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Stephen F. Austin* \|\| #17 \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| W11–1 \|\| Brown(1–0) \|\| Dewberry(0–1) \|\| – \|\| 3,731\|\| 3–1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="bbffbb" \| February 25 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. Nebraska* \|\| #17 \|\| Globe Life FieldArlington, TX \|\| W4–1 \|\| Krob(1–0) \|\| Perry(0–1) \|\| Ridings(2) \|\| 4,912 \|\| 4-1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="bbffbb" \| February 26 \|\| 2:00 pm \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. Nebraska* \|\| #17 \|\| Globe Life FieldArlington, TX \|\| W8–3 \|\| Cornelio(1–0) \|\| Schanaman(0–2) \|\| Bolden(1) \|\| 5,476 \|\| 5-1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- bgcolor="bbffbb" \| February 27 \|\| 1:00 pm \|\| FloSports \|\| vs. Nebraska* \|\| #17 \|\| Globe Life FieldArlington, TX \|\| W5–3 \|\| Walker(2–0) \|\| McCarville(0–1) \|\| Ridings(3) \|\| Unknown \|\| 6-1 \|\| — \|\| StatsStory \|- \|- bgcolor="" \| March 1 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| N/A \|\| vs. UT-Arlington* \|\| #16 \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 4 \|\| 3:00 pm \|\| SECN+ \|\| at Kentucky* \|\| #16 \|\| Kentucky Proud ParkLexington, KY \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 5 \|\| 12:00 pm \|\| SECN+ \|\| at Kentucky* \|\| #16 \|\| Kentucky Proud ParkLexington, KY \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 6 \|\| 12:00 pm \|\| SECN+ \|\| at Kentucky* \|\| #16 \|\| Kentucky Proud ParkLexington, KY \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 8 \|\| 11:00 am \|\| ACCN+ \|\| at Louisville* \|\| \|\| Jim Patterson StadiumLouisville, KY \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 11 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Army* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 12 \|\| 2:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Army* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 13 \|\| 1:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Army* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 15 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Texas A&M–Corpus Christi* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 18 \|\| 6:30 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Baylor \|\| \|\| Baylor BallparkWaco, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 19 \|\| 3:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Baylor \|\| \|\| Baylor BallparkWaco, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 20 \|\| 1:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Baylor \|\| \|\| Baylor BallparkWaco, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 22 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Abilene Christian* \|\| \|\| Crutcher Scott FieldAbilene, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 25 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Kansas State \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 26 \|\| 2:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Kansas State \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 27 \|\| 1:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Kansas State \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| March 29 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Abilene Christian* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \|- bgcolor="" \| April 1 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. West Virginia \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 2 \|\| 2:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. West Virginia \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 3 \|\| 12:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. West Virginia \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 5 \|\| 6:30 pm \|\| \|\| at UT-Arlington* \|\| \|\| Clay Gould BallparkArlington, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 8 \|\| 6:30 pm \|\| LHN \|\| at Texas \|\| \|\| UFCU Disch–Falk FieldAustin, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 9 \|\| 5:00 pm \|\| ESPNU \|\| at Texas \|\| \|\| UFCU Disch–Falk FieldAustin, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 10 \|\| 12:00 pm \|\| ESPNU \|\| at Texas \|\| \|\| UFCU Disch–Falk FieldAustin, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 12 \|\| 6:30 pm \|\| \|\| at Dallas Baptist* \|\| \|\| Horner BallparkDallas, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 14 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Texas Tech \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 15 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Texas Tech \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 16 \|\| 2:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Texas Tech \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 19 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. UT-Arlington* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 22 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Oklahoma State \|\| \|\| O'Brate StadiumStillwater, OK \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 23 \|\| 5:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| at Oklahoma State \|\| \|\| O'Brate StadiumStillwater, OK \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 24 \|\| 12:00 pm \|\| \|\| at Oklahoma State \|\| \|\| O'Brate StadiumStillwater, OK \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 26 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ESPN+ \|\| vs. Dallas Baptist* \|\| \|\| Lupton StadiumFort Worth, TX \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 29 \|\| 6:00 pm \|\| ACCN \|\| at Florida State* \|\| \|\| Dick Howser StadiumTallahassee, FL \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- bgcolor="" \| April 30 \|\| 5:00 pm \|\| ACCN \|\| at Florida State* \|\| \|\| Dick Howser StadiumTallahassee, FL \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \|- \| Legend: = Win = Loss = Canceled Bold = TCU team member \|- \|"*" indicates a non-conference game."#" represents ranking. All rankings from D1Baseball on the date of the contest."()" represents postseason seeding in the Big 12 Tournament or NCAA Regional, respectively. \|- Rankings References TCU Horned Frogs TCU Horned Frogs baseball seasons TCU Horned Frogs baseball TCU
Thymus piperella is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southeast Spain. It is used as a culinary herb, as a flavor in a digestif called 'herbero', and to soften and flavor preserved olives. References piperella Herbs Endemic flora of Spain Plants described in 1767 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Simone de Montmollin (née Götz; born 20 July 1968) is a Swiss politician, businesswoman, and oenologist. She began her career in the medical field, working for the European Society of Cardiology before founding her own medical communications company, Götz & Cie Cardio Diffusion, in 1991. De Montmollin left the medical field to become an oenologist, and served as the director of the Swiss Union of Oenologists, worked as a communications specialist at Agroscope, and served as chairwoman for the 42nd World Congress of Vine and Wine in Geneva. In 2008 she was elected, as an Independent, to the Geneva Constituent Assembly. She later joined FDP.The Liberals and was elected to the Grand Council of Geneva, serving from 2013 to 2018. In her last year on the council, she was the president of the Committee for Environment, Agriculture, and Management. In 2019, de Montmollin was elected to the National Council, where she is a member of the Committee for Science, Education and Culture and the Delegation for Relations with the French Parliament. Early life and family De Montmollin was born Simone Götz in Lausanne on 20 July 1968. Her father was from Neustadt an der Weinstraße in Germany and moved to Switzerland in the 1950s. De Montmollin's grandfather, a German soldier, was killed on the Eastern Front during World War II. Her mother, who is Swiss, is from Sigriswil. She is the youngest of four children and grew up in Mies. Her father died when she was twelve. Career Medical field and oenology De Montmollin started an apprenticeship at a pharmacy when she was 16 years old. She studied business management and management in the medical field in Lausanne. Upon completing her studies, she lived in England before finding employment with the European Society of Cardiology. In 1991, she founded a medical communication company called Götz & Cie Cardio Diffusion, which she managed until 1996. In 2001, she graduated with an oenology degree from the École d'ingénieurs de Changins. In 2003, she was appointed as chief of the editorial staff at Objectif, the Changins Alumni Journal. From 2003 to 2019, de Montmollin was the director of the Swiss Union of Oenologists and worked as a communications specialist at Agroscope from 2014 to 2017. In 2019, she was the chairwoman of the organizing committee for the 42nd World Congress of Vine and Wine in Geneva. As a freelance oenologist, de Montmollin works with private and public Swiss and international organizations on viniculture projects. Politics In 2008, de Montmollin was elected as an Independent to the Geneva Constituent Assembly, where she worked on introducing a constitutional article on agriculture. In 2013, she was elected as, a member of FDP.The Liberals, to the Grand Council of Geneva. She was a committee member for Environment, Agriculture, and Management, serving as the committee's president from 2017 to 2018. She also was a member of the Social Commission. De Montmollin was re-elected to the council again in 2018 with 21,682 votes. In 2019, de Montmollin was elected, receiving 32,402 votes, to the National Council. She was elected alongside Christian Lüscher. She is a member of the Committee for Science, Education and Culture and of the delegation for the relations with the French Parliament. She supported the abolition of the stamp duty tax, which is required by Swiss companies when they issue shares or bonds to increase equity. Personal life She is married to Alexandre de Montmollin, an oenologist, and has two daughters. Her husband's family is part of the Swiss nobility originally from Auvernier in the Canton of Neuchâtel. References 1968 births Living people 21st-century Swiss women politicians Canton of Geneva politicians FDP.The Liberals politicians Simone Nobility of Neuchâtel Oenologists People from Lausanne Swiss nobility Swiss people of German descent Swiss winemakers Swiss women company founders Women members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Casey Manierka-Quaile, also known as Casey MQ, is a Canadian musician. He is most noted as a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Original Song at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022 for "And Then We Don't", a song he cowrote with Tika Simone for Thyrone Tommy's film Learn to Swim. Formerly associated with the band Unbuttoned, he released his solo debut album babycasey in 2020. In the same year he was one of the creators of Club Quarantine, a popular Zoom-based online club night for LGBTQ audiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 he followed up with the remix album babycasey: ultra. He has also been a member of the reunited lineup of 1980s New Wave band Spoons, and was one of the producers on Cadence Weapon's Polaris Music Prize-winning album Parallel World. References 21st-century Canadian musicians Canadian pop musicians Canadian electronic musicians Canadian songwriters Canadian gay musicians Canadian record producers Living people Queer musicians
Federal Science College, Ogoja is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Ogoja, Rivers State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Hattie Mae Whiting White (May 22, 1916 – July 30, 1993) was an American educator and politician. As the first Black member of the Houston Independent School District's board in 1958, she was also the city's first Black elected official in the 20th century. Early life and education Hattie Mae Whiting was born in Huntsville, Texas, the daughter of David Wendell Whiting and Hattie Gooden Whiting. She was raised in Houston, where she attended Booker T. Washington High School and Houston Colored Junior College, and trained as a teacher at Prairie View State Normal & Industrial College. Career Whiting taught school until she married in 1941. She served on the Metropolitan Council of the Houston YWCA, and the Houston Association for Better Schools. In 1958, White was elected to the Houston Independent School District (HISD) board, as its first Black member, and as the city's first Black elected official since Reconstruction. Despite controversy and violent racist threats, White was outspoken in favor of school desegregation and federal funding programs, and was re-elected in 1961 and 1964. She was defeated for re-election in 1967, and in a run for the Texas legislature in 1968. White returned to schoolwork after her political career, and retired from teaching in 1986. In 1985, she gave an oral history interview to Jon Schwartz, for the documentary This is Our Home It is Not For Sale; the video is now in the audio/video collection of the University of Houston. White was honored with the Houston YWCA's Lifetime Achievement Award. The HISD administration building was named for her, and the current Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center was named in her memory in 2006. Personal life Hattie Whiting married optometrist Charles E. White in 1941. They had five children together. She died in 1993, aged 77 years, in Houston. References 1916 births 1993 deaths American educators People from Huntsville, Texas School board members in Texas Houston Independent School District Prairie View A&M University alumni Texas Southern University alumni American civil rights activists
Phymaturus tenebrosus is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is from Argentina. References tenebrosus Lizards of South America Reptiles of Argentina Endemic fauna of Argentina Reptiles described in 2005
The 2022 SMU Mustangs football team will represent Southern Methodist University in the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Mustangs will play their home games at Gerald J. Ford Stadium in University Park, Texas, a separate city within the city limits of Dallas, and compete in the American Athletic Conference (The American). They will be lead by first-year head coach Rhett Lashlee. Schedule SMU and The American announced the 2022 football schedule on February 17, 2022. Schedule Source: References SMU SMU Mustangs football seasons SMU Mustangs football
Wenxi railway station () is a railway station in Wenxi County, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China. It is an intermediate stop on the Datong–Puzhou railway. See also Wenxi West railway station References Railway stations in Shanxi
The 2022–23 Super League Greece, known as Super League 1 Interwetten for sponsorship reasons, is the 87th season of the Super League Greece, the top Greek professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1959. After 3 consecutive seasons the league will be held without Play Off and Play Out. Teams Fourteen teams will compete in the league – the top twelve teams from the previous season, one team of play-off winner and one team promoted from the Super League 2. Stadiums and Locations Personnel and Kits Managerial Changes Season Statistics Top Scorers Top Assists Awards Best Goal MVP Month References External links Official website Super League Greece seasons
Federal Government College, Buni-Yadi is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Buni-Yadi, Yobe State, Nigeria. The principal is Bibinu Samuel Ahmed. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Aftershock is an 2022 American documentary film, directed and produced by Paula Eiselt and Tonya Lewis Lee. It follows Omari Maynard and Bruce McIntyre, whose partners died due to childbirth complications, which were preventable, as they fight for justice. It had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2022. Plot Shamony Gibson and Amber Rose Isaac died due to childbirth complications which were preventable. Their partners Omari Maynard, Bruce McIntyre, and other fathers fight for justice and build communities of support. Release It had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2022. Shortly after, ABC News, Onyx Collective, and Hulu acquired distribution rights to the film. It will also screen at South by Southwest on March 13, 2022. Reception Aftershock received positive reviews from film critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 100% approval rating based on reviews from 12 critics, with an average rating of 8.10/10. References External links 2022 films 2022 documentary films American documentary films Documentary films about death Documentary films about health care Documentary films about pregnancy Hulu original films
Fayaz Khan Kheshgi () is a Pakistani Pashto musician. He has also served as union council Nazim. In March 2021, he was awarded Tamgha-i-Imtiaz by Government of Pakistan in recognition of his outstanding achievements in Pashto music. Awards Tamgha-i-Imtiaz (2021) References Living people Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz Pakistani musicians Pakistani male singers Pashto-language singers
Phymaturus timi is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is from Argentina. References timi Lizards of South America Reptiles of Argentina Endemic fauna of Argentina Reptiles described in 2019
Federal Science And Technical College, Zuru is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Margret Kunihira (born 9 September 2004), also spelled Margaret Kunihira, is a Ugandan footballer who plays as a winger for FUFA Women Super League club Kampala Queens FC and the Uganda women's national team. Early life Kunihira belongs to the Toro people. Club career Kunihira has played for Kawempe Muslim Ladies FC and Kampala Queens in Uganda. International career Kunihira capped for Uganda at senior level during the 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification. References External links 2004 births Living people Ugandan women's footballers Women's association football wingers Uganda women's international footballers Toro people
The tree of knowledge or tree of philosophy is a metaphor presented by the French philosopher René Descartes in the preface to the French translation of his work Principles of Philosophy to describe the relations among the different parts of philosophy in the shape of a tree. He describes knowledge as a tree. The tree's roots are metaphysics, its trunk is physics, and its branches are all other sciences the principal of which are medicine, mechanics and morals. This image is often assumed to show Descartes' break with the past and with the categorization of knowledge of the schools. Description Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: References External links Concepts in epistemology Metaphysics Philosophical analogies René Descartes Trees in culture
Federal Government College, Daura is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Daura, Katsina State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Federal Government College, Kaduna is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Rottboellia purpurascens is a species of swamp grass native to tropical Western Africa and the Congo Basin. It grows tall stalks, with long leaves. References Panicoideae Flora of West Tropical Africa
Federal Government Girls College, Gusau is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is an all girls' secondary school situated in Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
The 2022 International GT Open will be the seventeenth season of the International GT Open, the grand tourer-style sports car racing series founded in 2006 by the Spanish GT Sport Organización. It will begin on 1 May at the Circuito do Estoril and will end at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 16 October after seven rounds of two races each. Entry List References International GT Open seasons
Federal Government College, Okposi is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Okposi, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. History Federal Government College, Okposi was founded in 1965. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Federal Science And Technical College, Otukpo is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. History Federal Science And Technical College, Otukpo was founded in 1989. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
is an upcoming role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus. It is the sequel to Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers (1997) and the fifth installment of the Devil Summoner series, itself a part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise. It is planned to be released worldwide in August 2022 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. Premise Soul Hackers 2 takes place in the 21st Century and is set during a war between the Yatagarasu and the Phantom Society, two opposing factions of Devil Summoners. The story follows two supernatural "Aion" beings named Ringo and Figue, who descend into the human world from their birthplace in the data stream of information, in order to avert a cataclysmic event that they predict will doom humanity. Gameplay Soul Hackers 2 is a turn-based RPG that features a battle system derivative of the Press Turn system featured in the mainline Shin Megami Tensei games. Battles involve a party of four characters and the element affinities present in other Megami Tensei titles. Characters take turns using a combination of physical attacks and magic Skills that summon demons to perform elemental attacks. Should the player manage to successfully exploit an enemy or enemy group's weakness to a particular Skill, they are able to perform a Skill known as "Sabbath", which targets every weakened enemy in battle and deals immense damage involving every active party member. It is conceptually similar to the "All-Out Attack" Skill that appears prominently in the Persona series. Additionally, demon encounters can alternatively be resolved through negotiation, allowing the party to raise said demon's enthusiasm for recruitment into their party. New demons can also be manually summoned by virtue of demon fusion, allowing two or more recruited demons to be fused together to summon a new demon type while carrying over selected or randomized Skills from either respective demon. Another aspect carried over from the Persona games and Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE (2015) is the implementation of light social simulation elements. Outside of battles, the player controls the main protagonist, Ringo, allowing her to freely roam around the main city setting and visit various landmarks such as shops to purchase and equip new clothing, armor, items and various weapons that can be used in battle. Additionally, the player can also elect to spend time with other party members outside of combat, strengthening their bonds and enabling specific abilities that can thereby be used between party members in combat. Development Soul Hackers 2's development team comprises various returning staff members from other Atlus and Megami Tensei titles. A selection of staff involved in the game's development were announced alongside the game's reveal. It is directed and produced by the duo of Mitsuru Hirata, who previously helmed the Atlus RPG Radiant Historia (2010), and Eiji Ishida, who previously directed the original Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey (2009) and served as a gameplay designer on Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne (2003) and Devil Summoner: Raidou Kuzunoha vs. The Soulless Army (2006). In addition, both previously worked together on Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE. Ishida remarked that prior to the game's announcement, a sequel to the original Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers (1997) was oft-requested by fans, but feared that the game itself was at risk of becoming obscure due to the original game's age, compounded by the time between the game's re-release on Nintendo 3DS in 2012, and the decision made to revive the series. He further expressed concern at the reaction that would be drawn from the game's new aesthetics and mechanical changes to gameplay, stating that he was "nervous about whether people will accept them or not". Hirata observed that the original game had a dedicated fanbase surrounding it, but claimed that there were likewise, a number of players that only knew of the original Soul Hackers in passing and were interested in it. Ishida stated that he had begun planning to develop a sequel to Soul Hackers due to its distinct aesthetic among the other Megami Tensei titles, suggesting that "[I thought] it would be possible to make use of the technology, people, and occult elements of the first game, as well as the relationship between those elements, to create a new game with a modern feel". The game's music will be composed through an external collaboration with the production team Monaca, which previously supervised the creation of numerous anime and video game soundtracks. Japanese manga artist Shirow Miwa will serve as the game's primary character designer. Release Soul Hackers 2 is scheduled to be released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in August 2022. It will launch in Japan on August 25, 2022, and overseas the following day in English and Japanese audios with English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) subtitles. In Japan, the game's release will also be accompanied by a Soul Hackers 25th Anniversary Special Edition Box Set for the PlayStation versions of the game, featuring commemorative packaging, an art book featuring concept illustrations, setting art and various staff interviews, an arrangement album featuring modern compositions of songs from the original Soul Hackers, and a figurine of a Jack Frost variant called Ai-Ho kun, modeled after the game's main protagonist, Ringo. Ai-ho kun will also be available as a summonable demon in the game as downloadable content (DLC), accompanied by another DLC set featuring accessories that customize Ringo to resemble Mary, a supporting character in the original Soul Hackers. A first-print edition of the game available on launch day will be bundled with DLC costumes modeled after the main cast of Persona 5 (2016), in addition to accompanying music DLC that enables the option to play Persona 5's miniboss theme "Keeper of Lust" as the main battle track. The game will be published by Atlus themselves in Japan, and its Atlus West subsidary will release the game in North America. Meanwhile, parent company Sega will publish the game for European territories, as has been done with recent Megami Tensei titles. Notes References External links Upcoming video games scheduled for 2022 Atlus games Japanese role-playing video games Megami Tensei spin-off games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 5 games Role-playing video games Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists Video game sequels Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Series X and Series S games
Dunvegan West Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park in Saddle Hills County, Alberta, Canada. The park was created on 20 December 2000 and has an area of . The park consists of several separated parcels of land along the south bank of the Peace River from Dunvegan west to the British Columbia border. Ecology The park protects part of the Peace River parkland ecological subregion which is the smallest subregion in Alberta, accounting for only 0.5 percent of the area of the province. The park also contains the dry mixedwood subregion of the Boreal Forest. The river and creek valley cliffs are home to nesting bald eagles, golden eagles, and falcons. The valleys provide year-round habitat for deer and elk. Activities The park is not developed with camping facilities so only backcountry camping and hiking is permitted. Hunting and fishing are allowed with proper permits. Canoeing and kayaking on the creeks running into the Peace River are permitted. See also Peace River Country List of Alberta provincial parks List of Canadian provincial parks References Parks in Alberta
Ploufolia is an extinct genus of plants in the order Nymphaeales. It existed in northeastern Spain during the Upper Albian period. One specimen of a species named Ploufolia cerciforme was discovered in 2010 at the Utrillas Formation, near Plou, Teruel Province; the genus name is derived from the locality of Plou. References Nymphaeales Early Cretaceous plants Fossil taxa described in 2010 Prehistoric angiosperm genera
Federal Science And Technical College, Doma is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Doma, Benue State, Nigeria. History Federal Science And Technical College, Doma was founded on 28 September, 2008. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Federal Government College, Ikirun is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Ikirun, Osun State, Nigeria. History Federal Government College, Ikirun was founded in 1995. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
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Chasmopodium afzelii is a species of swamp grass native to Sierra Leone and Togo. It grows with 2-4 m tall stalks, and with 25-50 cm long smooth leaves. References Poales Flora of West Tropical Africa
Tika Simone, also sometimes credited as TiKA, is a Canadian rhythm and blues singer. She is most noted as a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Original Song at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022 for "And Then We Don't", a song she cowrote with Casey Manierka-Quaile for Thyrone Tommy's film Learn to Swim. A prominent performer on Toronto's live music scene in the 2010s, she released her full-length debut album Anywhere But Here in 2021. References 21st-century Canadian women singers 21st-century Black Canadian women singers Canadian rhythm and blues singers Canadian songwriters LGBT musicians from Canada Queer musicians Black Canadian LGBT people Musicians from Toronto Living people
Yuncheng railway station () is a railway station in Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong, China. It is an intermediate stop on the Beijing–Kowloon railway and was opened in 1996. The station will be rebuilt and will become an intermediate stop on the currently under construction Beijing–Shangqiu high-speed railway. References Railway stations in Shandong Railway stations in China opened in 1996
Federal Government College, Ikom is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is a mixed secondary school situated in Ikom, Cross River State, Nigeria. History Federal Government College, Ikom was founded in 1989. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
Margaret Bandele Olayinka (born 14 September 1958), popularly known as Iya Gbonkan, is a Nigerian veteran actress. See also Cinema of Nigeria References Yoruba actresses Actresses in Yoruba cinema Living people 1958 births Place of birth missing (living people)
Chasmopodium caudatum is a species of swamp grass native to central and western Africa. It grows with 2-4 m tall stalks, and with 25–50 cm long leaves. References Panicoideae Flora of West Tropical Africa
Federal Government Girls College, Kabba is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is an all girls' secondary school situated in Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria. History Federal Government Girls College, Kabba was founded in 1995. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
The Battle of Thacia took place in the autumn of 545, in Thacia (now Bordj Messaoudi, in Tunisia). The Byzantine loyalists led by John Troglita confront the Berber rebel Antalas and his ally Stotzas, a renegade Byzantine. In the clash, the outnumbered Byzantines are defeated and Jean is killed, but not before mortally wounding Stotzas. The Byzantine rout triggers a crisis in Carthage. Background After the death of the governor of Carthage, Solomon, in the battle of Cillium against Antalas, his nephew Sergius, who had inflicted arrogant treatment on the Laguatans tribe and provoked the rebellion of the Berbers, was appointed governor in Africa. Emperor Justinian sent his military commander Areobindus to share command with Sergius. Meanwhile, the leader of the Berber rebels Antalas joined forces with Stotzas, a renegade Byzantine soldier who had led an unsuccessful rebellion against Byzantine Carthage a few years earlier. Battle In 545, Areobindus sent a general named John Troglita to confront the rebels at Thacia. Troglita's army was considerably outnumbered by the rebel forces as General Serge refused to send reinforcements. Since Jean and Stotzas were longtime personal enemies, they began with a fatal duel. According to the account of Procopius of Caesarea, the two commanders come out of their ranks and ran against each other. When Stotzas advanced, Troglita fired an arrow at him that landed in the right groin. Stotzas was seriously injured but still breathing. After having placed their failing chief at the foot of a tree, the Berber and Byzantine soldiers of Stotzas launched a general assault against Troglita and his troops, and put them to flight. Troglita's horse crashed downhill, throwing him to the ground. While trying to get back onto the saddle, he was captured by the rebels, and killed. John the Armenian, brother of Artabanes, also died in this meeting. Consequences With the defeat of Thacia, Justinian realizes that the dual command of Africa is harmful. In the fall of 545, Serge was relieved and Areobindus replaced him. Areobindus was assassinated in March 546 by the dux of Numidia Guntarith who took office. Guntarith is also assassinated two months later. References Bibliography Primary sources Battles involving the Byzantine Empire Byzantine North Africa 545 Medieval Tunisia 540s conflicts 540s in the Byzantine Empire
The Tay Viaduct, also known as the West Railway Bridge, is a single-track railway viaduct in Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It is around long. It carries the Scottish Central Railway, via a pronounced curve, across the River Tay to and from Perth railway station, to the west. Built in 1864, the work of London's Francis Freeman & Lee, it replaced an earlier double-track timber viaduct dating from 1849. The first pier of today's structure is for a double track, but the line is now single. The viaduct has seven iron girder spans on the city side of the river, ten stone arches on Moncreiffe Island, and six iron girder spans to the east of Moncreiffe Island. The earlier bridge had 25 arches and an iron swing bridge. The bridge has two spans across the Tay from Perth: the first is to Moncreiffe Island; the second is from Moncrieffe Island to Barnhill on the river's eastern banks. It has a pedestrian walkway on the outer edge of its curve. The curve is less severe than its predecessor's was. The current structure has 17 chains. References External links Tay Viaduct – RailScot Bridges in Perth, Scotland Bridges completed in 1864 Viaducts in Scotland Steel bridges Railway bridges in Scotland
Federal Government College, Azare is a Federal Government owned secondary school, run by the Federal Ministry of Education. It is an all girls' secondary school situated in Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria. References Secondary schools in Nigeria Government schools in Nigeria
HD 33875 (HR 1700) is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. With an apparent magnitude of 6.26, it is barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located at a distance of 421 light years but is receding at a rate of . HD 33875 is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of either A1 V or A0 V depending on the source. At present it has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.84 times the radius of the Sun. It shines at 49.2 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,392 K, which gives it a white glow. HD 33875 is a fast rotator, spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of . References Mensa (constellation) A-type main-sequence stars Mensae, 20 Durchmusterung objects 033875 023737 1700
The 2022 George Mason Patriots baseball team will represent George Mason University during the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Patriots played their home games at Spuhler Field as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They are led by head coach Bill Brown, in his 41st season at Mason. Previous season The 2021 team finished the season with a 14–29 (7–17 Atlantic 10) record, and finished in last place in the South Division of the Atlantic 10. They did not earn a berth into the 2021 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament nor the 2021 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. Preseason Coaches Poll The Atlantic 10 baseball coaches' poll was released on February 15, 2022. George Mason was picked to finish tenth in the Atlantic 10. Personnel Roster Game log Rankings References External links GMU Baseball George Mason Patriots George Mason Patriots baseball seasons George Mason Patriots baseball
Gary Sinise is an actor of the stage and screen Over his career he has earned various awards for his performances in film, television and theatre. This includes a Golden Globe Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award and a Tony Award. He was nominated for the Academy Award for his role in Forrest Gump (1994). Sinise first starred in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's classic novel Of Mice and Men which he also directed and produced. He is perhaps most known for his role as Lieutenant Dan Taylor in the Robert Zemeckis film Forrest Gump (1994) opposite Tom Hanks, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He continued acting opposite Hanks in Ron Howard's Apollo 13 (1995), and Frank Darabont's The Green Mile (1999). He earned Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances as Harry S. Truman in Truman (1995), and the title role in the television film George Wallace. On stage he has earned four Tony Award nominations including for his performances in The Grapes of Wrath and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. He earned the Tony Award's Regional Theatre Award alongside the Steppenwolf Theatre Company. Sinise is known as a supporter of various veterans' organizations and founded the Lt. Dan Band (named after his character in Forrest Gump), which plays at military bases around the world. For his humanitarian work and work with veterans he has earned numerous awards including the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bushin 2008, The Kennedy Center Award for the Human Spirit in 2018, the American Spirit Award from The National WWII Museum and The Congressional Medal of Honor Society Patriot Award in 2020. Major associations Academy Awards Golden Globe Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Primetime Emmy Awards Tony Awards Honorary awards Over the years, Sinise has received numerous honors for his humanitarian work and his work on behalf of military veterans and families. 2007 - the Bob Hope Award for Excellence in Entertainment 2008 - the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush. 2008 - Ellis Island Medal of Honor from the National Ethnic Coalition 2008 - Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Cal State Stanislaus 2009 - Spirit of the USO Award from the USO 2012 - Boy Scouts of America Leader of the Year 2012 - United States Navy, Honorary Chief Petty Officer 2012 - Spirit of Hope Award from Department of Defense 2013 - Civic Statesmanship Award 2013 - Honorary Marine 2016 - FDNY, Honorary Battalion Chief 2017 - James Cardinal Gibbons Medal from The Catholic University of America 2018 - The Kennedy Center Award for the Human Spirit (Citizen Artist) 2018 - American Spirit Award from The National WWII Museum 2018 - Grand Marshal, Rose Bowl Game, Honorary 2019 - The Eisenhower Award from Business Executives for National Security 2019 - Marine Corps League Honorary Membership 2020 - United States Naval Academy, Honorary Graduate 2020 - The Congressional Medal of Honor Society Patriot Award Theatre awards Drama Desk Awards Obie Awards Outer Critics Circle Awards Miscellaneous awards Chicago Film Critics Association Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics National Board of Review Saturn Awards Satellite Awards Location Managers Guild Awards References Sinise, Gary
Asia Nakibuuka (born 2002 or 2003) is a Ugandan footballer who plays as a defender for FUFA Women Super League club Kawempe Muslim Ladies FC and the Uganda women's national team. Club career Nakibuuka has played for Kawempe Muslim Ladies in Uganda. International career Nakibuuka capped for Uganda at senior level during the 2021 COSAFA Women's Championship and the 2022 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification. References External links 2000s births Living people Ugandan women's footballers Women's association football defenders Uganda women's international footballers
Yuncheng railway station may refer to: Yuncheng railway station (郓城站), a railway station in Yuncheng County, Heze, Shandong, China. Yuncheng railway station (运城站), a railway station in Yanhu District, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China.
Ambrogio Santapau was a 16th-century Sicilian nobleman. Originally, marquis of Licodia, a title he inherited from his father Porzio, in 1563 King Phillip II of Spain granted him the first title of a prince in Sicily as prince of Butera. He had loyally served the royal interests in Sicily as maestro giustiziere, Captain General, and President of Sicily (1546-1548). He was inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1548. As stratigotus of Messina, he vigorously defended Torre Faro against a pillaging expedition by Hayreddin Barbarossa. He had no offspring and was succeeded by his brother Francesco Santapau. It is likely the Santapau family descended from the branch that included the Catalan admiral Ponce or Ponzio de Santapau. References Date of birth unknown Date of death unknown Sicilian nobility 16th-century Sicilian people
Lauren Macuga (born 2 July 2002) is an American alpine ski racer on the U.S. Alpine Ski Development Team. In 2019, she was just one of three women to join the U.S. national Alpine ski team. She is currently a student at Park City Winter Sports School and is coached by Jay Hey. Macuga also competed in the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in alpine skiing and started in her first World Cup in December 2021. Early life Macuga was born on July 2, 2002, in Park City, Utah. She began competing in skiing at seven years old. Career In 2011, Macuga joined the Park City Ski and Snowboard's club team at the age of 8. In the same year, she was invited to participate in NASTAR nationals and championed her age group. Macuga attends Park City Winter Sports School and participates in the Park City Ski & Snowboard Club. Macuga joined the Park City Ski & Snowboard FIS women's team for the first time in 2019, trained by Jay Hey. Because she had no previous racing experience, Macuga had to work her way up from 990th place by participating and placing in various FIS events. Macuga placed 3rd in the last race of the FIS season, giving her enough points to qualify to be a US Team nominee at 445th place. Her place on the Team was confirmed a month later by U.S. Ski and Snowboard Alpine development director Chip Knight, and she is one of two women from Utah on the team. On March 18, 2019, Macuga made her debut in the Nor-Am Cup in Downhill skiing at the Sugarloaf ski resort. She has been on the U.S. Ski & Snowboard Alpine D Team for 3 years after first joining the team in 2020. Alongside Zoe Zimmerman, Macuga was one of the first two mentees of Alice Merryweather. References 2002 births Living people American female alpine skiers Alpine skiers at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics People from Park City, Utah
Christian Maria Oskar Herwartz, SJ (16 April 1943 – 20 February 2022), was a German Catholic priest. He was a member of the Society of Jesus, active as a worker-priest, author and blogger. After three years as worker in France, he lived from 1978 to 2016 with other Jesuits in a community in Berlin that offers beds for people in need, regardless of nationality, faith and reason. Herwartz is regarded as the founder of the movement, adapting the order's spiritual exercises to life in the streets. The community held regular peace prayers in Berlin until 2020. Life Herwartz was born in Stralsund, the eldest of six brothers. His father Oskar Herwarth (1915–2002) was a soldier who was a U-843 commander in World War II, and later became a captain of the German Navy. The family moved often, and Christian left higher school without his Abitur. After two years of practice (Praktikum) of mechanical engineering at a shipyard in Kiel he became a soldier of the German Army, reaching the rank of . In 1967, he applied to be accepted as a conscientious objector. He then planned to become a mechanical engineer and serve in foreign aid (Entwicklungshilfe). In 1969, Herwartz completed the Abitur at the in Neuss. He became a novice of the Society of Jesus the same year. As a novice, he followed four weeks of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola and the prescribed "experiments" in a hospital, a psychiatry and among homeless people. He then studied philosophy for two years at the order's Munich School of Philosophy, followed by studies of theology at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt that he completed in 1975. He focused on liberation theology. Worker-priest Beginning in 1975, Herwartz lived in the Jesuit community in Toulouse to learn about the worker-priest movement. French worker-priests had followed French forced labourers in Germany. He then worked as a driver for a moving company and as a worker in aluminum processing. He was ordained as a priest in Frankfurt in 1976, but kept it a secret from his employer, because priests tended to be regarded as socialist. When he joined a trade union in 1977, he was fired. He then trained in Strasbourg to be a machinist and worked in Paris for a temporary work agency. He lived in Berlin from 1978 in a community he had co-founded, working as a machinist for Siemens. Herwartz was unemployed from 2000. He began to reflect his religious existence publicly in books and on the internet. Community In 1978, Herwartz founded a community in Berlin, together with the Jesuits Michael Walzer, who died in 1986, and Peter Mustó. It was located in workers' quarters, first in Wedding, then in Kreuzberg, and from 1984 on at Naunynstraße 60 where the community welcomes people in need. They were joined in 1980 by the Swiss Jesuit Franz Keller, who died in 2014. The project was supported by the order. The community has been open for guests and housemates. Herwartz and Keller had no individual rooms, but lived in communal rooms with several beds. Hundreds of people from more than 70 nationalities and many religious backgrounds lived there, on average 16 at a time. Some had been released from prison or homeless. Each Saturday morning, a breakfast was open for everybody from the streets. The community held peace prayers at several locations in Berlin, including a monthly interfaith peace prayer at the Gendarmenmarkt from 2002 to 2020. The community continued on after Herwatz left. Social engagement Herwartz was an activist for prisoners, and joined political discussions with them. He was imprisoned twice, once in 1987 because of his boycott of the , and in 1997 for insulting a policeman during a demonstration at the Siemens gate. He was a member of the group Ordensleute gegen Ausgrenzung, fighting exclusion. They met regularly from 1995 for prayer vigils in front of the prison for the deportation prison in Berlin-Köpenick until it was closed. Exerzitien auf der Straße Herwartz is regarded as the founder of the movement, adapting the order's spiritual exercises to life in the streets. He began in 1998, together with Alex Lefrank, also a Jesuit and mentor of spiritual exercises, leading exercises in the streets for a group of three Jesuits. They first offered a public program in 2000: they "tried to seek meditation, reflection, perhaps even the experience of closeness to God in the noise, dirt and misery of the big city" ("zu versuchen: eine Meditation, eine Reflexion, vielleicht sogar das Erlebnis einer Gottesnähe im Lärm, im Dreck und im Elend der Großstadt zu suchen"). In retirement, Herwartz intensified the programs with greater conceptual depth and more publicity. The movement found followers in Germany and worldwide. Later life In 2016, Herwartz left the community for health reasons. He moved to the Canisius-Kolleg, and maintained his activities for the street exercises. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he moved to his order's retirement home in Berlin-Kladow in March 2020 to protect himself better from exposure to the coronavirus. Herwartz died at the in Berlin-Kladow after surgery on 20 February 2022, at the age of 78. Awards Herwatz was honored with the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was awarded the Ecumenical Prize in 2013. Publications "Fremdarbeiter" in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: Christian Herwartz et al. (eds.): Damit alle leben können. Mainz 1973, pp. 43–79. Exerzitien in städtischen Brennpunkten. In: Geist und Leben 74 (2001), pp. 269–302. (ed.) Gastfreundschaft – Der ständige Wechsel vom Gast zum Gastgeber und wieder zum Gast. Berlin 2004 (online). Auf nackten Sohlen. (= Ignatianische Impulse 18). 2nd edition, Echter, Würzburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-429-02839-8. (ed. with Renate Trobitzsch) Geschwister erleben. Berlin 2010 Brennende Gegenwart. Exerzitien auf der Straße. (= Ignatianische Impulse 51) Echter, Würzburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-429-03428-3. (ed. with and Unheilige Macht. Der Jesuitenorden und die Missbrauchskrise. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2nd edition, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-17-023289-1. (with Sabine Wollowski) Brücke sein. Vom Arbeiterpriester zum Bruder. Edition Steinrich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-942085-31-1. Dem Auferstandenen heute begegnen. Eine Standortbestimmung von Exerzitien auf der Straße. In: Geist und Leben 87 (2014), pp. 252–260. (ed. with Maria Jans-Wenstrup, Katharina Prinz, Elisabeth Tollkötter, Josef Freise) Im Alltag der Straße Gottes Spuren suchen. Persönliche Begegnungen in Straßenexerzitien. , Neukirchen-Vluyn 2016, 2nd edition 2019, ISBN 978-3-7615-6270-3. (ed. with Nadine Sylla) Einfach ohne. Berlin 2016 References External links Exerzitien auf der Straße / Respektvolles Hören und Sehen Meine Berufung. Ein 68er erklärt, warum (in German) jesuiten.org 15 February 2019 (interview, in German) 11 April 2017 (in German) Diocese of Berlin 21 January 2013 Keller, Claudia: Klöster in Berlin: Die Mönchs-WG. Jenseits von Eden. (in German) Der Tagesspiegel 24 June 2014 Hommerich, Luisa: Zur Hölle. Porträt Christian Herwartz (in German) Der Freitag 2015 1943 births 2022 deaths People from Stralsund 20th-century German Jesuits 21st-century German Jesuits Workers' rights activists People in Christian ecumenism 20th-century German non-fiction writers 21st-century German non-fiction writers Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany‎
Sir Pita Lus (16 September 1935 – 1 October 2021) was an outspoken Papua New Guinean politician who played an important role in the country's independence in 1975 and is credited with having persuaded Michael Somare, the country's first prime minister, to run for parliament. Early life Pita Lus was born on 16 September 1935 in Lehinga (or Lahinga) village in the Maprik District of what is now the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). He did not learn to read and write until he was 24. His father died in prison in Rabaul after being convicted of the murder of a white labour recruiter who was trying to take away the brother of Lus. In 1949 he left home and went to Rabaul and, later, Kavieng in search of work on plantations, being employed as a cook and a labourer. After a brief return to Maprik, he went to Manus Island in 1952, where he found a job as a labourer working for the Australian Navy. There he became a spokesman for the labourers in a strike against the long working hours. After seven years on Manus, Lus returned to Maprik in 1959, approached a missionary with the South Seas Evangelical Church for help to learn to read and write and attended a Bible college. Subsequently, he was recruited as a missionary to work in the Maprik District. He became well known in the area, which served him well when he decided to become a candidate in the national elections. Political life Lus was a successful candidate in the first democratic election in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1964 for the new House of Assembly under the Australian colonial government, winning the seat of Dreikikier. He was re-elected in 1968, having transferred to the Maprik constituency, which he would represent until 2002. In the House of Assembly, Lus was regarded as an outspoken critic of the colonial government. During his first two years as a member, he voted against the administration in 22 of the 30 votes held. He was an early advocate of self-government and was known for his humour and, occasionally, violence in parliament. Together with Michael Somare, Albert Maori Kiki, Barry Holloway, Cecil Abel, Joseph Nombri and others, Lus was a founding member of the Pangu Party in 1967, opening a branch in Maprik. He considered that Somare, also from East Sepik, was the best person to lead PNG to independence. Lacking the charisma of Lus, Somare had doubts that he could be elected but Lus convinced him to stand in the Wewak constituency for the 1968 House of Assembly election and spent much of his time campaigning for Somare. Papua New Guinea became a self-governing territory on 1 December 1973, at which time Somare appointed Lus as the Minister of State for Police. He held several other ministerial appointments after that. Lus always claimed responsibility for the date of full independence. When together with Somare and several others who were discussing the best date for independence in 1975, Lus announced that 16 September was a good date, to which the others agreed. It was his birthday. In later life Lus campaigned for redress from the Japanese government for damage caused to Papua New Guinea during World War II. Honours and awards Lus was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1979. After his death it was announced that the Maprik district hospital would be renamed as the Sir Pita Lus Memorial Hospital and that a foundation had been started in his name to provide education for students in the Maprik District. Death Lus died at home on 1 October 2021. His casket was first transferred to PNG's capital, Port Moresby, for a Lying in State at the parliament, before being returned for a funeral service in Maprik. He was buried in his home village. References External links Interview with Lus 1935 births 2021 deaths Papua New Guinean knights Pangu Party politicians People from East Sepik Province Government ministers of Papua New Guinea
The 2022 GT Cup Open Europe will be the fourth season of the GT Cup Open Europe, the grand tourer-style sports car racing series founded by the Spanish GT Sport Organización. It will begin on 22 May at the Circuit Paul Ricard and end on 16 October at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya after five double-header meetings. Entry List References GT Cup Open Europe seasons
Moncton High School may refer to: Moncton High School (1898) Moncton High School (2015)
Cada may refer to: People David Čada (born 1986), Czech football player Joe Cada (born 1987), American poker player Josef Čada (1881–1959), Czech gymnast Petra Cada (born 1979), Canadian table tennis player Places Azohouè-Cada, Benin Tori-Cada, Benin Other CADA, Argentine Athletics Confederation Cada is Spanish for every and each.
Richard Jean-Marie "Rick" Schulte (January 24, 1963 – June 14, 2008) was an American football guard who played one season with the Buffalo Bills in 1987. College career Schulte played with the Fighting Illini, starting 26 games over three seasons (1982–1984) at left guard. In 1984, Schulte was a co-captain of the team in addition to receiving the Bruce Capel Award. Professional career Schulte, who worked as a communications company salesman, was a replacement player for the Bills during the 1987 NFL players' strike. He played three games with the Bills before being placed on injured reserve and later being released from the team. Schulte also had brief stints with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, and Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders of the National Football League as well as the Arizona Outlaws of the United States Football League, though he did not play a single game with any of these teams. Death Schulte died in Tempe, Arizona on June 14, 2008, from an apparent heart attack at the age of 45. References Schulte, Rick Schulte, Rick American football guards Buffalo Bills players Schulte, Rick People from Chicago People from Illinois Players of American football from Chicago Players of American football from Illinois
The 2022 LA Galaxy II season is the club's 9th season of existence, and their 9th season in the USL Championship, the second tier of the United States Soccer Pyramid. Squad information Transfers Transfers in Transfers out Competitions Friendlies USL Championship Standings Western Conference Regular season The full schedule was released on January 12, 2022. And the kickoff times were announced on January 27, 2022. All times in Pacific Time Zone. See also 2022 in American soccer 2022 LA Galaxy season References External links LA Galaxy II seasons LA Galaxy II LA Galaxy II LA Galaxy II
Brad Boney is an American author of gay and lesbian fiction. Two of his novels have been finalists for the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Romance. Personal life Born in Findlay, Ohio, Boney lived in Washington, D.C. and Houston before settling in Austin, Texas. Boney attended New York University. Awards Publications Yes (2016) Brothers Across Time (2018) Austin trilogy The Nothingness of Ben (2012) The Return (2013) The Eskimo Slugger (2014) References Living people 21st-century American writers American gay writers New York University alumni Writers from Ohio Writers from Austin, Texas
Azerbaijan is scheduled to compete at the 2022 Winter Paralympics in Beijing, China which takes place between 4–13 March 2022. It will be the first time Azerbaijan competes at the Winter Paralympics. Rauf Mursalov is Chef de Mission. Mehman Ramazanzade is scheduled to be the flagbearer for Azerbaijan during the opening ceremony. In 2008, he competed in powerlifting in the men's 100 kg event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics held in Beijing, China. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline. Cross-country skiing Azerbaijan has qualified one athlete to compete in cross-country skiing. See also Azerbaijan at the Paralympics Azerbaijan at the 2022 Winter Olympics References Nations at the 2022 Winter Paralympics 2022 Winter Paralympics
The history of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant is concerned with the early years of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, the Knights Hospitaller, through 1309. The Order was formed in the later part of the eleventh century and played a major role in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, in particular, the Crusades. This lasted until the West was expelled from the Holy Land, with the Order conquering Rhodes in the early fourteenth century. Among the most important internal events of the early years of the kingdom were the foundation of the Military Orders, which included the Hospitallers, the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Order. Unlike the Hospitallers' beginnings as a benevolent organization, the Templars and Teutonic knights began with a military mission. These three major Orders would play a major role in the military activities of the kingdom, sometimes cooperatively, sometimes not. On the battlefield they frequently shared among them the most important tactical roles, the vanguard and rear-guard. At the time of the Crusaders’ capture of Jerusalem in 1099, the master or regent of the Hospitallers was a certain Gerard who had helped found an Amalfitan hospital around 1070. The Hospitallers were formally recognized by the pope in 1113. Ruling the Hosptiallers after 1120, Gerard's successor Raymond du Puy decided that it was not enough for his Order to guide and entertain pilgrims, that it must also be ready to fight to keep the pilgrims' routes open. The distinctive badge of the Knights Hospitaller was the white cross that they wore on their tunics over their armour, and they were a major force in the Holy Land throughout the West's entire enterprise there. The Order continues to this day in various guises, including the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The histories of the Order began with the original Latin sources of the First Crusade and related charters and papal bulls concerning the early Kingdom of Jerusalem. In the later twelfth century, William of Tyre offered an account of the Hospitallers, some of which has been verified, some of which was the fantastical story known as the Miracula. By the end of the thirteenth century, an Italian nobleman published the first real Hospitaller history, although the legends of the Miracula continued to be promulgated. The definitive history of the Order was first written by French historian Joseph Delaville Le Roulx in the late nineteenth century. The history of the Hospitallers in the Holy Land through the early fourteenth century is closely intertwined with that of the Crusades in the Levant. Early History The first to write officially of the history of the Knights Hospitaller was William of Santo Stefano, a Hospitaller and historian who preserved much of the early records of the Order between 1278 and 1303. William knew of two foundational narratives of the Hospitallers. The first was the popular story of beginnings of the Hospital before the time of Christ known as the Miracula. The second account was one recorded by the twelfth-century archbishop and historian William of Tyre and, while recognizing earlier hospices in Jerusalem, set the date of the founding of the Hospital in the eleventh century by a group of merchants from Amalfi. The Miracula legend The legendary Miracula attempted to link the origin of the Order to the events of the Roman occupation of the Holy Land and the life of Christ. This was officially promulgated by the Order's second Grand Master Raymond du Puy in his Riwle, a tale lasting into the later thirteenth century. This legendary account begins before the time of Christ with a King Antiochus, the Greek occupier of Jerusalem in the second century BC. Antiochus wanted to punish Menelaus, a high priest of the Jews who had violated the Tomb of David, but divine intervention prevented this and he built a hospital instead. This hospital was supported by alms from Judas Maccabeus and later entrusted to Zacharias, father of John the Baptist, one of its first masters. His successor, known only as Julian the Roman, was guardian when Christ himself visited the hospital, which later sheltered the Virgin Mary and the apostles during the Passion. Christ reappeared here after the Resurrection, doubted by Saint Thomas here, the false converts Ananais and Sapphira were struck down, and the Seven Deacons were elected. Mary lived there for three years, and from there ascended into Heaven. Conceived prior to the conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the Miracula was promulgated as gospel for many years afterwards by popes and kings. Through the late 13th century, this legend continued to be promoted to raise funds. Some even claiming that Saint Stephen Protomartyr had been the first Master and attributed fantastical feats to actual early Grand Masters. The legend was repeatedly rewritten between the 13th and 15th centuries, but was debunked thanks to the efforts of William of Santo Stefano. The medieval accounts of the Hospital The medieval legend of the Hospital beginning in the days of the Maccabees contains some elements of truth. There is some evidence of an early hospice destroyed when the Roman emperor Titus conquered Jerusalem in AD 70. In the historical record, there is also an earlier Hospitale Hierosolymitanum, a hospital that had existed in Jerusalem ever since the early days of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 603, pope Gregory I commissioned the abbot Probus, originally from Ravenna and previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build a hospital in Jerusalem. The resulting bimaristan––Persian for hospital––was built at Muristan in the Christian Quarter of the Old City to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Charlemagne enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library to it, lasting for two centuries. The monks responsible for the service of the church and the hospice belonged to the Order of Saint Benedict. These monks requested a solution to a dogmatic controversy from pope Leo lll, which was given by the Council of Aix la Chapelle in 809. Charlemagne then obtained protections from Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid with a tax collected from pilgrims. This arrangement was continued by successive emperors and caliphs. As late as the rule of Louis II of Italy, diplomatic relations continued with the sons of al-Rashid, and the situation of the Christians remained stable in Palestine. This is verified from a letter read at the Eighth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 869 from Theodosius of Jerusalem to Ignatios of Constantinople that states: "The Muslims show much kindness toward us, giving us permission to build our churches and prohibiting our behavior, by acting justly and inflicting injury or violence on us in no way." About that same time, the Frankish pilgrim Bernard the Monk visited Jerusalem and reported the existence of the hospice and the church near the Holy Sepulchre, at the foot of the hill, reporting no incidents with the Muslims. Bernard reported that the hospice was associated with a church devoted to St. Mary, although not necessarily the eleventh century church described below. The tenth century was a turbulent one in the Holy Land, but Christians, both local and those at pilgrimage, were relatively safe. The Byzantine campaigns led by Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes of 968–975 subjugated Syria to the Greek empire. Jerusalem was occupied in 970 by the Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate. However, these disturbances did not adversely affect the Latin establishments in the Holy Land, reflected in the important donation in 993 by Hugh the Great, margrave of Tuscany, to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and to the monastery of the Church of Jerusalem. Destruction and restoration of the Holy Sepulchre By the beginning of the eleventh century, the Christians of the Holy Land were under the dominion of the Fatimids, enjoying considerable autonomy. Their persecution began under the reign of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the son of a Christian mother and brought up largely by Christians. In 1104, he began his rebellion against his early influences, passing ordinances against the Christians, confiscating Church property, having mosques built atop of churches, and ultimately burning the churches themselves. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was a primary target of the sultan's rage. On 18 October 1009, al-Hakim ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and its associated buildings. Processions were prohibited, and a few years later nearly all of the convents and churches in Palestine were said to have been destroyed or confiscated. The Basilica of Bethlehem was the only one spared. Beginning in 1012, al-Hakim began allowing Christians and Jews to return to their faith and rebuild their ruined houses of worship. From the middle of the twelfth century, the weakness of Charlemagne's successors had resulted in the care of protecting the Christians in the Holy Land passing to the Byzantine emperors. After the death of al-Hakim in 1021, his son and successor Ali az-Zahir allowed the reconstruction of the Holy Sepulchre to commence and the role of protectorate was ofﬁcially transferred to the Byzantines. Christian pilgrimage began again in earnest, reaching a fever pitch in 1033, believed to be the thousandth anniversary of the crucifixion. It wasn't until 1042 that the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos undertook to reconstruct the church, and pilgrim protections were exercised by the emperor's forces. In the year 1065, Easter fell on the same date as it had in AD 33, and pilgrimage was at its height. The situation of the Christians were not significantly threatened during this period, as pilgrimages and donations continued, especially from England. Interactions between the churches of Jerusalem and the Constantinople remained active. This continued unabated until the capture of Jerusalem in 1073 by the Seljuk Turks under Atsiz ibn Uwaq. The resulting treatment of pilgrims was a major impetus to the call to crusade by pope Urban II in 1095. The Amalfitans The account of William of Tyre begins in the eleventh century and has been confirmed in its general structure by other contemporaneous sources. It is clear that merchants from Amalﬁ, struck by the precarious situation of the Christians in the Holy Land, were the catalyst behind the hospital. These merchants obtained from the Fatimids, with whom they were in frequent commercial relations, permission for the Latins to establish a church and a hospice in Jerusalem. The time at which this concession was granted has been difﬁcult to specify, with early chroniclers of the First Crusade giving different dates. Ekkehard of Aura stated that the Hospital never ceased to exist in Jerusalem. William of Tyre placed the date at 1023 with the patron saint John the Almoner, the charitable seventh-century patriarch of Alexandria. Tyre's account was supported by the anonymous Historia belli sacri, and represents a belief that lasted into the early 20th century. Sicard of Cremona reported the date as 1086. The medieval Italian chronicler Amatus of Montecassino recorded the establishment of hospitals in Jerusalem and Antioch by the initiative of a rich and pious Amalfitan named Mauro of Pantaleone with close family ties to the Abbey of Monte Cassino. An anonymous Amalfitan chronicler reported that archbishop Giovanni of Amalfi (1070 – 1082) went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and was welcomed by Amalfitans who had founded, a few years before in 1070, two hospices in the Hadrianic forum for the treatment of sick pilgrims, one each for men and women. It is this latter interpretation that is borne out by archeological evidence, and is accepted by modern historians. The Hospital of St. John was therefore believed to have been founded shortly before 1070 in Jerusalem, as a dependency of the Benedictine house of the Church of Saint Mary of the Latins. The founding Amalfian merchants dedicated this hospice to St. John the Baptist, reflecting the pre-sixth century Basilica of the Crucifix in Amalfi dedicated to the Assumption. Shortly thereafter, a second hospice for women was founded and dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene. The hospital, in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, was to provide care for sick, poor, or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. The Egyptian governor of the city had allowed the Amalfitan consul to choose a suitable site, now the Monastery of St. John the Baptist. The hospice was staffed mainly by Amalfitans, who took the usual monastic vows and were under the direction of a Master, who in turn was under the Order of Saint Benedict established in Palestine. The facility had no apparent endowments, relying instead on the merchants and Benedictines of Amalfi. No documents from before 1099 have survived. The Church of Saint Mary of the Latins and her dependent houses must have established during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir, grandson of the despoiler al-Hakim. This would have been after 1063, when the Christian Quarter was re-established, and before 1070, when the Seljuks first challenged Fatimid rule of Jerusalem. Mauro of Pantaleone died in 1071 and the pilgrimage of Giovanni of Amalfi must have been in the next decade. The foundation of the Hospital is then dated to the late 1060s, with its opening a few years later. This is consistent with the statements of pope Paschal II in his bull of 1113 which recognized the many pious donations made for "ad sustentandas peregrinorum et pauperum necessitates, vel in Hierosolymitane ecclesie vel aliarum ecclesiarum parrochiis et civitatum territories." Twelfth-century pilgrim texts confirm the existence and location of the hospice and church of St. John. There is some confusion as to the role of the Hospital in its early years, either a proper infirmary or simply a boarding house. William of Tyre called it xenodochium. Others, including Amatus of Montecassino and Albert of Aachen, called it a hospitale. Both interpretations are likely correct as it would be difficult to maintain a lodging house serving pilgrims without also providing medical services. Origins, 1070–1140 The first century of the Hospitallers were dominated by two figures. The first is regarded as the founder of the hospital, the Benedictine Gerard who served for nearly half a century. The second is a French knight named Raymond du Puy who turned the Order into a military organization. Gerard and the First Crusade Around 1080, the Abbot of the Church of Saint Mary of the Latins appointed a Benedictine lay brother Pierre-Gérard de Martigues to lead the Hospital as its rector. Then about 35 years of age, de Martigues was later known as Blessed Gerard, although he was not recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church. He was possibly one of the frates conversi who came to the Holy Land to serve at the abbey. His date of birth was around 1040 and his place of birth is traditionally regarded as being Martigues, Provence. A number of hypothetical histories of Gerard and his family have been proposed and rejected. Just prior to the Siege of Jerusalem of 1099, much of the Christian population had been expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimids to prevent collusion with the Western besiegers. Following the capture of the city by the Crusaders, the Eastern Christians were gradually returned. Gerard remained behind with some fellow serving brothers to tend to the sick in the hospital. Shortly thereafter, the Hospital was detached from Saint Mary's and acquired a measure of autonomy under its institutor Gerard. It began receiving privileges and donations in its own name from at least 1100 onward. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for the organization throughout the kingdom and beyond. In the immediate times after the First Crusade, the Hospitallers were not an established Order, military or otherwise. But Gerard himself stands as one of the major protagonists of the early Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and is regarded as a "Crusader without a sword." The Order's earliest archives, now at the National Library of Malta, contain at least four versions of a royal confirmation of the Hospital granted by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1110. The archives also contain acts given in 1112 by Latin patriarch Arnulf of Chocques and Ehremar, then archbishop of Caesarea. The independence of the Hospital was ensured on 19 June 1112 when pope Paschal II took Saint Mary of the Latins under the protection of the Holy See. This is the date of the birth of the new institution representing the hospital, and the papal privilege granted by the pope on 15 February 1113 with his well-known bull Pie postulatio voluntatis was the ratification of the status quo. This privilege recognized the Hospital as an independent order, and it was subsequently confirmed by Callixtus II in his papal bull Ad hoc nos disponente dated 16 June 1119, addressed to Gerard (instituor ac prepositus Hierosolymitani xenodochii). This was repeated by Honorius II in a bull issued 1123. Innocent II continued the confirmation on 16 June 1135 with his bull Chritianae fidei religio, granting the Hospital extensive privileges. Among other documents preserved is a papal letter of Celestine II giving the Hospitallers jurisdiction over the Santa Maria Alemanna (Church of Saint Mary of the Germans) in Jerusalem. Both popes referenced Gerard as the Order's founder and predecessor to the Grand Master Raymond du Puy. Paschal's papal bull also recognized the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre that date to 1099. A letter from pope Alexander III in 1172 welcomed Jobert of Syria, hoping he would continue the work established by Gerard. After 1113, there were numerous charters, deeds and records kept, and many of the documents specifically related to Gerard. While Gerard is regarded as the first Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, it is not strictly correct as that title did not exist until middle of the 13th century. However, the Order's tradition, expressed in the Chronicle of the Deceased Masters, identifies Gerard as the first Master in a text dated 1357. In the early part of the twentieth century, Gerard was described as thus. It is unclear what the village of Hessalia (casal Hessilia, or Es Silsileh) might refer to, but the bakehouses were apparently ovens that were an important source of income to their operator. By 1118, the hospital had also acquired property in the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli. The early records of the Hospitallers is confusing as there were a number of brothers named Gerard. However, Blessed Gerard was likely the one who raised the True Cross to the Crusaders in the First Battle of Ramla in 1101, with Fulcher of Chartres writing of a venerabilis abbas Gerhardus, qui tunc Crucem Dominicam semper lateri regis contiguus praeferebat. Much that is known about Gerard is from the many donations to the Order naming him in particular. Godfrey of Bouillon, the first Latin ruler of Jerusalem, gave some property to the hospital, and his successor Baldwin I of Jerusalem granted it one-tenth of the spoils of the victory at Ramla. The most renown of the donations is that of Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, who gave a gift of 1000 bezants to Latin patriarch Dagobert of Pisa with the stipulation that one third of the gift was to go to the hospital. The patriarch unfortunately kept the gift for himself, contributing to his downfall. In 1118, Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch, confirmed Hospitaller properties in the principality, including ones offered directly to Gerard, the leader of the Hospitallers, when they met in Jerusalem. Later documents from to the years immediately following his death and mention his name likely in accordance with an established custom. Miracula and Gerard A papal bull of Celestine III in 1191 and another of Innocent IV in 1254 continued to acknowledge the Miracula fable as official history. While recognizing actual historical details, they referred also to the miracle related to the Blessed Gerard. According to this account, Gerard lived in the Holy City, caring for the poor and the sick. During the siege of Jerusalem of 1099, he climbed upon a parapet each day and, rather than stones, threw small loaves of bread to the besieging Crusaders. The Muslim defenders discovered Gerard while he was helping the Christian troops and took him before the "sultan," likely referring to the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem Iftikhar ad-Daula. For evidence, the sack of loaves was presented, but Gerard's accusers could only find stones in his bag. The loaves had miraculously turned into rocks. Gerard was freed and continued helping the Crusaders each day until 15 July 1099. The successful Crusaders praised him, making donations to the hospital. These accounts led to his hagiography, with him dying in coelesti sede collocato, posted on a heavenly throne. According to other versions, the Muslims believed that Gerard was hoarding money and not paying the proper taxes, and he was arrested and tortured, leaving him crippled for the rest of his life. The medical tradition of the Hospitallers As the Hospitallers evolved, their original medical tradition became secondary to their military role. They had grown out of a single hospice in Jerusalem, and its original charter said nothing of military activities, nobility or knighthood. It later became predominantly military but the maintenance of its medical and charitable traditions remained of spiritual and moral significance, important to enjoy the continued support of European donors. Much of the knowledge of illness and their treatments were brought from the West. Nevertheless, they also acquired local practices from the Muslims in the East as reported in various sources, including Albert of Aachen. Many of these were magical or religious, such as beliefs in relics and miracles, which were also features of the Western medicine in the same timeframe. Many of the medical, liturgical and other regulations concerning the Order's hospital functions were applicable not only to a conventional hospital, but to the unique situation of the kingdom. There was considerable confusion in the statutes between pilgrims and other travellers, between charity and hospitality, between medical hospitals and other types of hospice, and the infirmaria fratrum available only to the Hospitaller brethren. There was also a distinction between the donats––members of the Hospital who pledged obedience to it––and those pensioners who could purchase their own board and lodging as required. The Hospitallers' original concern was directed increasingly to those poor or pilgrims who became ill, while continuing the hospice mission. This expressed an approach to give practical help to the suffering as an end in itself rather than as a means through which the agent of the good works might hope to secure salvation. The Latin chronicles of the First Crusade have been of help in dating the early years of the hospital. Twelfth-century pilgrim texts, such as that of Benjamin of Tudela, also confirm the existence and location of a hospice and church of St. John. Some describe the Holy relics found there. It is clear that Gerard transformed the Hospital into a major enterprise, extending the original buildings to meet the increased in flux of pilgrims. Sæwulf was probably the first pilgrim to visit Jerusalem following the First Crusade, writing the following. An anonymous pilgrim wrote the following. An early account by German pilgrim John of Würzburg is among the most detailed. Around 1165 he wrote the following in his Descriptio terrae sanctae. Libellus de Locis Sanctis, written by an unknown monk Theoderich, is a 12th-century travelogue of Palestine used by Christian pilgrims to the Holy Places. It described the hospital as well as the roles of the military orders as follows. Theoderich's account repeats some of the Miracula stories. Other travelers' accounts showed admiration of his charitable activities as can be found in the library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS). Death and beatification of Gerard The last document that mentions Gerard is dated 19 June 1119 and his death is estimated to have occurred on 3 September 1120, a date which is not universally accepted. He left behind the legacy as the leader of a group of friars, the head of a religious entity and the founder of a new institution that administered to pilgrims and the poor. His main activity was philanthropy. In the anonymous Chronicon Sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, written before 1124, it was stated that: Crusader historian Fulcher of Chartres also wrote of Gerard's death in his narrative account Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium written during the reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem. A universal tradition has that Gerard was beatiﬁed, and it is with a "halo of sanctity" that his memory prevailed in Hospitaller histories. Absolute proofs of Gerard's canonization are lacking. However, the secular cult of which he was the object throughout the Middle Ages is an indication of the heavenly reward which the popular voice attributed to his virtues. In actuality, most twelfth-century saints are in the same situation as Gerard, claiming no ofﬁcial attestation of sanctity. In the case of Gerard, the persistent epithet of blessed (beatus), under which his memory has survived the centuries, points in favor of his canonization as during the High Middle Ages the term beatus was equivalent to sanctus. If Gerard was never designated as a saint, it is likely because the tradition which beatiﬁed him was so firmly established from the beginning that it did not allow itself to alter that which became an integral part of Gerard's name. Raymond du Puy After the death of Gerard, there were two interim rectors of the Hospital before a Grand Master was elected. The first was Pierre de Barcelone who served from 1120 to 1121/1122. Nothing more is known of de Barcelone, except that he was succeeded by a brother of the Order, Boyant Roger, serving from 1121/1122 to 1123. There few traces of his rectorship other that a donation in 1120 from a certain Attone, Count of Abruzzo, who gave property now belonging to the Commandery of Fermo as a reward for the way in which the count had been received by the Hospitaller brothers. There is also evidence of property acquired in the cities of Bethlehem, Antioch, Margat, Acre, Alexandria and Constantinople, as well as in Syria and other regions of the East. Raymond du Puy (1083–1160) was a knight from France who formally succeeded Gerard as the second Grand Master of the Order, serving from around 1122 or 1123 until 1160. His assumption of the magisterium followed that of the two interim rectors, and his role in the Order before that time is unknown; his first official act was recorded on 9 December 1124. Information on Hospitaller activity during Raymond's early years as Grand Master is limited and in those years, the Order was dedicated to a social mission. Raymond divided the membership of the Order into clerical, military, and serving brothers, and established the first significant Hospitaller infirmary near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. He also had dealings with the Order's business in Spain. Raymond gave the Hospitaller its first statutes, bearing his name, and the Rule of the Hospitaller is believed to have been composed around 1130. What is certain is that it predates 1153, as it was approved by pope Eugene III after 1145 and before 7 July 1153, the date of his death. Then, and only then, did the Hospitaller officially become an Order. From 1135 to 1154, the Order enjoyed an exemption from local religious authorities. Raymond also introduced the Order's Great Seal, or leaden bulla, that remained in use from the twelvth century until 1798. Until 1278, when Grand Master Nicolas Lorgne introduced a separate conventual bulla, there was no distinction between the seal of the Grand Master and that of the Order itself. The general design of the seal featured, on the obverse, the Grand Master kneeling in prayer before the patriarchal cross. This image was usually accompanied with the sacred letters alpha and omega, which referenced the Second Coming of Christ. The central image was surrounded by a legend with the Master's name followed by the official designation CVSTOS. In the rooms of the Salles des Croisades (Hall of Crusades) at the Château de Versailles there is a full-length portrait of Raymond du Puy painted in 1842 by Alexandre Laemlein in the Third Room of the hall. In the Second Room, there are two battle scenes: Defense of Celesyria by Raymond Dupuy painted by Édouard Cibot in 1844 and Raymond of Puy takes Body of Turks as Prisoners, by an unknown artist. Both scenes represent military action in Syria around 1130. The First Crusade ended with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, but it took another four years to complete the capture of Acre, occurring in 1104. From the first years of the establishment of a Crusader presence in Acre, the Hospitallers received donated properties in the region. In 1110, Baldwin I of Jerusalem granted the Order permission to begin construction of a commandery located north of the Sainte-Croix church. In 1130, the Orders' buildings were damaged during work at the church and the Hospitallers decided to move near the north wall of the city. This was to become the Hospitaller Commandery of Saint-Jean-d'Acre. In 1127, Pons of Tripoli gave the castle Coliath to the Hospitallers––the first of the Order's castles––which was to remain in their possession until seized by the Ayyubids in 1207. In 1149, the first testimony of the commandery is in a document concerning the construction of the Saint-Jean-d'Acre church. In 1169, a pilgrim described the commandery of the Hospitallers of Acre as a very impressive fortified building. In 1143, Celestine II gave the Hospitallers jurisdiction over the Santa Maria Alemanna, a hospital formed in 1128 to accommodate German pilgrims and other various Crusaders. Although formally an institution of the Hospitallers, the pope decreed that the Prior and the brothers of the domus Theutonicorum (house of the Germans) should always be Germans themselves, so a tradition of a German-led religious institution could develop during the twelvth century in the kingdom. The latter became the Teutonic Order, formed in 1190. Raymond is also took over the management of the leprosarium outside Jerusalem that eventually split off to become the Order of Saint Lazarus, becoming its seventh Grand Master just before his death. In 1156, a conflict broke out between Raymond and Fulk of Angoulême, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem. The patriarch had complained that the Hospitallers did not respect his ecclesiastical rights. He accused them of a variety of religious infractions and some personal affronts. The Order's ospital, installed opposite the Holy Sepulchre, competed with it by the beauty and height of its buildings and when the patriarch preached, his voice was covered by the Hospitallers' bells. The Hospitallers had seen fit to respond by invading the Holy Sepulchre with an armed force. Fulk resolved to go to pope Adrian IV and ask for the withdrawal of the papal bull of Anastasius IV of 21 October 1154 which confirmed the prerogatives of the Order. Fulk led a contingent of various bishops and archbishops of Outremer to Rome in the spring of 1155. Their case was eventually pleaded before the pope, finishing in endless debates. Fulk returned to Jerusalem in the autumn of 1155 with no satisfaction. Constitution and organization The Rule of the Hospitaller was formulated by Raymond and was based on that of the Augustinian Canons. It was similar to those of the Templars, with statutes regulating the life of the brethren, the terms of admission to the Order, the maintenance of discipline and punishments. The Order was divided into the three classes of knights (fratres milites), chaplains (fratres capellani), and sergeants-at-arms (fratres servientes armigeri), with affiliated brethren (confratres) and donati, which were regular subscribers for which it was granted privileges and the ultimate right to become one of their knights. The aristocratic rule confined the coveted admission to the lawful sons of knights or other family members.members of knightly families. The leaders were generically called bailiffs (bailivi). The high offices in the Order were held by knights and the ecclesiastical roles were filled by chaplains. The masters of the squires and turcopoliers (cavalry commanders), were held by sergeants. The Hospitallers were at the outset a healing brotherhood as opposed to the Templars which was purely military. This role was diminished as their military function grew, but it never disappeared. The Order's chapters were charged with building, furnishing, and improving hospitals. The Hospitallers also welcomed women into their order, whereas the monastic and pure military rule of the Templars forbade mixing of the sexes. To wit, an Italian woman had founded the Saint Mary Magdalene hospice for women in connection with the Order. These sisters devoted themselves to prayer and nursing, fleeing to Europe in 1187 where they became a purely contemplative order. The basic organizational unit of the Order was the commandery or preceptory, consisting of a small group of knights and sergeants living under the rule of the Commander (Preceptor), supervising several properties. The commanderies were grouped into priories, under the rule of the Prior and these again into provinces the were ruled by Grand Commanders. These became national divisions called Langues. The organization was led by the Grand Master, elected, from the ranks of the knights aa process similar to that of the Grand Master of the Templars. They held office for life, but not absolute power, but were accountable to the General Chapter of the Knights which met periodically. The immediate subordinates of the Grand Master seven dignitaries known as the Conventual Bailiffs. They were the Grand Commander (Preceptor), Marshal, Draper (Grand Conservator), Hospitaller, Treasurer, Admiral, and Turcopolier. The Grand Commander, elected subject to the approval of the Grand Master, was the lieutenant, empowered to seal for him and, in the event of his capture by the enemy, to act as Master ad interim. The Hospitaller had his own seal and was responsible for everything concerning the Orders' hospitals. The Admiral was at sea what the Marshal was on land. The position of Constable reported to the Marshal and commanded up to several hundred knights plus any number of the mercenaries that were utilized in a particular campaign. The Turcopolier was head of the cavalries, the Master Esquire was in charge of horses, the Gonfanonier was the standard-bearer, and the Castellans(Châtelains) commanded individual castles. The functions of the officers was similar to that of the Templars. Militarization of the Order, 1140–1193 It was under the magisterium of Raymond du Puy that the Knights Hospitaller took on a more military character. An act of 17 January 1126 contains the first reference to a Constable of the Hospitallers, an individual named Durand, who had military responsibilities. This predated the formation of the Templars by two years, but the rise in influence of the Templars also contributed to the increased military mission of the Hospitallers. Nineteenth-century depictions in the Salles des Croisades show Raymond in battle as early as 1130. The first mention of their assuming a more militant role is related to the Crusader castle built at Bethgiblein, erected by Fulk of Jerusalem in 1135 as part of a string of fortifications to protect the kingdom. It commanded the road from Ascalon to Hebron, and Fulk donated the castle to the Order in 1136 for its operation and maintenance. Following the example of the Templars, Raymond developed protections for pilgrims by providing them with security in their travels to the Holy Places. As this transition progress, he hired knights and men-at-arms as mercenaries and participated, through intermediaries, in the defense of the kingdom. As early as 1154, a category of brother-priests was granted by pope Anastasius IV, it was not until the statutes of 1184 that physicians appeared among the Order's medical personnel. And in the military field, brothers-in-arms, recognized since 1160, were formalized and the Order became, in law, a religious-military order. From 1137 onwards, the Order appeared in the wars that the troops of the kingdom of Jerusalem waged against their many enemies which regularly attacked from all sides. Ascalon, because of its position on the seashore on the way to Egypt, was a permanent danger for the Christians, and the enemy made continuous incursions into the southern part of the kingdom. On the advice of Fulk, the Franks decided to fortify the position of Hisn Ibn Akkar, which belonged to the Hospitallers and was located east of Ascalon. The work, directed with speed by Latin patriarch William of Malines, was entrusted to the Hospitallers, who were thus placed in a vanguard position in the defense from the Egyptians. The Second Crusade and its aftermath When the Second Crusade began in 1147, the Hospitallers were a major force in the kingdom and the political importance of the Grand Master had increased. In June 1148 at the Council of Acre, Raymond du Puy was among the princes who undertook the decision to undertake the Siege of Damascus. The blame for the resulting disastrous loss was placed on the Templars, not the Hospitallers. In the Holy Land, the influence of the Hospitallers became preponderant with a decisive role taken in military operations due to the governance of Raymond. After the failure of the Second Crusade, attention again turned to the fortress at Ascalon held by the Fatimids. Amidst the Siege of Ascalon in 1153, a truce was held to enable each side to bury its dead. Baldwin III of Jerusalem held a council in his tent, with a relic of the True Cross present. After five months of siege, the position of the Franks had not improved. An Egyptian fleet had dispersed the Latin fleet, the Templars had suffered a serious defeat during the assault, and a good part of the knights had been massacred. The lay nobles, discouraged by the reverse, wished to abandon the siege, but Raymond and Latin patriarch Fulk of Angoulême persuaded Baldwin III to continue. The attack was renewed more vigorously than before and, three days later, on 19 August 1153, the besieged Muslims capitulated and the following day they evacuated the city. In 1156, Nūr-ad-Din and his brother Nasr-ad-Din routed a force of Hospitallers near their stronghold Qalaat el-Marqab close to Banias. After a peace treaty was broken by Baldwin III in February 1157, Humphrey II of Toron, master of Banias and the surrounding country, had to face the Zengids. He quickly realized that his forces alone would not be enough and called upon the Hospitallers. He exchanged their participation for half of Banias and the castles that depended on this city. His army, composed mostly of infantry, was 700 strong, including the Hospitallers. But this did not prevent the defeat near Ras el Ma on April 24, which led to the conquest of Banias on 10 May 1157. They were only able to defend the castle, which Baldwin III was able to resupply in order to maintain a garrison there. On 19 June, the king was surprised on his way back through Jacob's Ford and routed. He managed to return to Safed and then to Acre. Nūr-ad-Din gave up his attack on Banias and returned to Aleppo, fearing an attack by Kilij Arslan II. Humphrey later sold Banias and the castle Chastel Neuf to the Hospitallers. Administration of Crusader castles Under his magisterium, the Order received numerous donations, notably from the County of Tripoli, to help defend the Holy Land against the Muslims. It was under Raymond du Puy's magisterium that the Hospitallers received the first of its Crusader castles. The Order also obtained numerous privileges and exemptions from the papacy, providing it with the financial resources necessary for its independence and giving it freedom from the diocesan authorities, much to their displeasure. The principal Hospitaller strongholds were the Krak des Chevaliers, their major fortress in the Levant, occupied from 1142 to 1271, and Margat on the Syrian coast, their other major redoubt from 1186 to 1285. The principal castles operated by the Hospitallers include the following Coliath (La Colée or Qalaat al-Qlaiaat), near the coast north of Tripoli, 1127–1207 Qalansawe (Calanson), inland from Netanya, 1128–1187 and 1191–1265 Bethgiblein (Beth Gibelin), northwest of Hebron, 1135–1187 Krak des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad), near Homs, 1142–1271 Banias, near Mount Hermon, briefly around 1157 Belmont Castle, near Jerusalem, c. 1160 – 1187 Arab al-Mulk (Belda or Beaude), near Margat, c. 1160 – 1271 Belvoir Castle (Kawkab al-Hawa), near the Sea of Galilee, 1168–1189 Chastel Rouge (Qal’at Yahmur) on the Syrian coast, c. 1177 – 1289 Margat (Marqab), south of Latakia, 1186–1285 Qurfays (Corveis), near Margat, c. 1186 – 1271 Le Forbelet, in the Valley of Megiddo, c. 1168 – 1187 Castellum Beleismum (Chateau Saint-Job), southwest of Jenin, 1187–1189 Qula, northeast of Ramla, 12th century Chastel Neuf, in northern Israel, 1210– Selefkeh, in south-central Turkey, 1210 – mid-13th century Çamardı, in central Anatolia, 1210 – Burgata, in central Israel, 1248–1265 Tel Yokneam (Caymont or Cain Mons), southeast of Haifa, 1256–1262 Tel Afek (Recordane), east of Haifa, 1154–1291 Nephin, in northern Lebanon, 1282–1289. These are well-documented by the extensive works of archaeologists of the Crusades including early works of those of the Palestine Exploration Fund, founded in 1865, and T. E. Lawrence. Later archaeologists include Moshe Sharon, Hugh Kennedy, David Nicolle and Denys Pringle. Crusader invasion of Egypt Raymond du Puy died in approximately 1160, either during his stay in Italy or on his return to the Holy Land. He was succeeded by Auger de Balben sometime in 1160, reflected by the issuance of his first act dated 29 November 1160. The magisterium of de Balben was short, with the last known mention of him is on 11 March 1162, and the first mention of his successor is on 19 January 1163. There are some references to Arnaud de Comps as the successor to Auger and older lists refer to him as the fourth Grand Master. He is today considered by some to be the master who never existed, but his name appears in the chronological lists placed at the head of the statutes, and he continues to be kept in the lists of Grand Masters. Gilbert of Assailly was a French knight who became Grand Master of the Hospitallers in 1162 and it was under his magisterium that the Order became truly militarized. During his tenure the Order acquired territories in both the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch. Two acts of donation in 1168 and 1170 highlighted a transfer of regal rights to the Hospitallers and recognized military privileges above the common law, giving them a form of quasi-sovereignty. They also purchased the land for the Belvoir Castle and otherwise expanded their fortifications. Gilbert began the regulation of the constitution of the Order, and the first verified appearance of the brothers-in-arms occurred from 1160 to 1163. Gilbert is principally remembered for his actions related to the Crusader invasion of Egypt, particularly where he encouraged Amalric of Jerusalem to declare war on Egypt in order to expand territories of the kingdom. In the summer of 1164, a Frankish army accompanied by large contingents of Templars and Hospitallers was deployed. On 12 August 1164, this force was defeated at the Battle of Harim by Nūr-ad-Din, ruler of the Zengid dynasty. It was here that Raymond III of Tripoli was captured. Nūr-ad-Din pushed his advantage by taking the city of Banias on October 18, 1164, key to the passage between Tyre and Damascus. He later agreed to a treaty on the basis of half-sharing with the Christian troops of the territory of Tiberias. In 1167, Shirkuh, an ally of Nūr-ad-Din, gathered an army in Syria and came to set up his camp at Giza, opposite Cairo. Amalric unsuccessfully tried to cut the road to Shirkuh and withdrew to Ascalon to complete the formation of his army, which included Hospitallers. On 30 January 1167, he began his offensive. Shawar, vizier to the sultan, allied with Amalric and allowed the Christian troops to enter Cairo. On 18 March 1167, the Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of al-Babein, and returned to Cairo. They then besieged Alexandria and, after 75 days of siege, Shirkuh sued for peace. He left the land to Shawar, returned to Syria with his army providing the Christians, a significant financial compensation. Gilbert, still convinced that the conquest of Egypt would be a good thing, provided in October 1168 one thousand knights and turcopoliers to the army. In exchange he asked for Bilbeis and a vast territory between Syria and the sea. Amalric set out at the end of October. Reinforcements promised by Manuel I Komnenos had not yet arrived. On November 4, he seized Bilbeis and on November 13, he neared Cairo. The Egyptians were determined to defend themselves and a new alliance among Nūr-ad-Din, Shirkuh and Shawar was formed. After taking Tinnis, Amalric's fleet could not proceed up the Nile and was ordered to withdraw. On 2 January 1169, the troops of Jerusalem withdrew from Cairo. Amalric decided to send an embassy to the West to ask for assistance. This group included archbishop Frederick de la Roche and Guy de Mauny, the Grand Commander of the Hospitallers. In July 1169, the embassy was at the papal courts of Alexander III; in September and November, at the royal court of Louis VII of France; and then at the court of Henry II of England. After two years of absence, the embassy returned to Jerusalem empty-handed. In the fall of 1169, Amalric, with the help of the emperor and the Hospitallers, began his fourth campaign against Egypt. There again a financial treaty was made with the Hospitallers, with Bilbeis and the adjacent territory promised. The objective was Damietta, with the Greek and Frankish fleets laying siege by sea and by land at the end of October. But the expedition failed once more, and returned to Tyre on 7 December 1169. The latest expedition was a disaster, with Gilbert receiving much of the blame, rendering his position became untenable. Accused of having ruined the Order and neglecting its charitable vocation, he resigned, but then reconsidered. Heraclius of Jerusalem, as archdeacon of Jerusalem in 1169, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Alexander III to reinstate Gilbert. He was succeeded by Gastone de Murols, then Hospitaller Treasurer, who served an unnoteworthy term from 1170 to 1172. His election was not recognized by all the Order's knights, resulting in the first conflict in the Order's leadership. In 1171, Amalric left the Holy Land to visit Constantinople and he entrusted a Hospitaller named Jobert of Syria with the guardianship of his son Baldwin IV of Jerusalem as well as the regency of the kingdom. After Jobert became Grand Master in 1172, he successfully intervened to obtain the liberation of Raymond III of Tripoli, a prisoner of Nūr-ad-Din since his capture at Harim in 1164. Raymond borrowed from the Hospitallers in order to pay his ransom. In July 1174, Amalric died and the seneschal Miles de Plancy became regent to Baldwin IV. The next month, Jobert refused to commit to aiding Miles and Tancred of Sicily in their attack on Egypt. In December he joined the new regent Raymond in a planned attack on Saladin, now sultanHe and his forces were with the army that menaced Homs after Saladin had taken it. No battle was fought and the Franks left in exchange for the release of hostages and remission of ransoms. Saladin and the Third Crusade Jobert's magisterium ended with his death in 1177, and he was succeeded as Grand Master by Roger de Moulins. At that time, the Hospitallers formed one of the strongest military organizations of the kingdom, diverging from the origin mission of the Order. Among Roger's first actions was to urge Baldwin IV of Jerusalem to continue to vigorously prosecute the war against Saladin and, in November 1177, he participated in the Battle of Montgisard, winning a victory against the Ayyubids. Pope Alexander III called them back to the observance of the rule of Raymond du Puy between 1178 and 1180, issuing a bull that forbade them to take up arms unless they were attacked and urged them not to abandon the care of those sick and in poverty. Alexander III persuaded Roger to make a truce in 1179 with the Templar Odo de St Amand, then Grand Master, also a veteran of Montgisard. In 1184, Roger toured Europe with Odo's successor Arnold of Torroja and Latin patriarch Heraclius to plead with pope Lucius III to call for a new Crusade. After the death of Baldwin V of Jerusalem in August 1186, Roger opposed the ascension of Sibylla of Jerusalem and Guy of Lusignan to the throne and at first refused to hand over his key to the royal treasury when they were crowned in 1186. This placed him at odds with both Raynald de Châtillon and Templar Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort. At the end of 1186, Raynald de Châtillon, in defiance of the truce with Saladin, had captured a caravan going from Cairo to Damascus with the sister of the emir. The barons, gathered in Jerusalem by Guy de Lusignan, on 27 March 1187, had demanded that a reconciliation take place between Lusignan and Raymond III of Tripoli. Roger, Gerard de Ridefort, archbishop Joscius, Balian of Ibelin, and Renaud Grenier were appointed to negotiate with Raymond III in Tiberias when they had to face Muslim troops. Due to the foolish pride of Gerard de Ridefort, the kingdom engaged in the disastrous Battle of Cresson against Saladin on 1 May 1187, where Roger was killed by a spear wound. Roger was succeeded ad interim by William Borrel, who had served as Grand Commander for a brief time in 1187. Borrel appointed Armengol de Aspa as his successor as Grand Commander. On 2 July 1187, Saladin laid siege to Tiberias, capturing the city. After her castle fell, the Hospitaller commanders advised Guy of Lusignan not to provoke Saladin. But again on the advice of the Templars, particularly Gerard de Ridefort, the army set out to rescue the city. On 4 July, an army led by Raymond III of Tripoli was surprised at the Battle of Hattin. From the beginning, the Templars and Hospitallers could not withstand the attack. They asked Guy de Lusignan, for urgent help. Reinforcements were slow in coming and the defeat became a rout, with only a few escaping. The rest were killed, including William Borrel. The king and a number of nobles of the kingdom fell into the hands of the Ayyubids. The next day, Saladin put to death all the Hospitallers and Templars in captivity with the exception of Gerard de Ridefort. Hospitaller knight Nicasius of Sicily, later venerated as a martyr, is said to have been one of Saladin's victims. The king and most of the other captured nobles were taken to Damascus, to be released for ransom. The exception was Raynald de Châtillon who was beheaded by Saladin himself, exacting his revenge on Raynald's numerous offenses. Armengol de Aspa was elevated to Grand Master ad Interim after the death of William Borrel. The Muslim victory at Hattin opened the road to Jerusalem, with Saladin arriving there on 17 September, beginning the Siege of Jerusalemthree days later. The city was defended by a few knights and a small garrison of Hospitallers and Templars under the orders of Balian of Ibelin, then the highest-ranking lord in the city. They capitulated on 2 October 1187 and the Christians were allowed to evacuate the city in exchange for a ransom. The evacuation took place in three groups, the first under the orders of the Templars, the second under those of the Hospitallers and the last under the orders of the Latin patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem and Balian of Ibelin. They were escorted to the borders of the county of Tripoli. Ten friars of the Order were allowed to remain in Jerusalem to care for the wounded and sick. The Franks remained under attack at the Siege of Tyre, and Saladin came in person on 11 November 1187 to reinforce and support his troops. Armengol de Aspa led the Hospitallers in the defense alongside the Templars. By the beginning of 1188, the Franks had lost Judea, Samaria and Galilee, but retained Tyre. The castle at Margat was so difficult to assault that Saladin did not attempt a siege there. The Hospitallers had been defending Belvoir Castle since August 1187 and, on 2 January 1188, they left the fortress and decimated the Muslim troops, killing Saladin's general-in-charge Sayf al-Din Mahmūd and captured a large cache of arms. To the east, beyond the Jordan, al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, attacked the castles of Krak des Chevaliers and Montreal, both of which surrendered for lack of supplies at the end of September 1188. The Siege of Safed, taking the castle belonging to the Templars saw its capitulation on November 30. The Hospitallers held out until 3 January 1189 at Belvoir Castle, and only famine was able to overcome their resistance. Late in 1189, Armengol de Aspa abdicated and a new Grand Master was not chosen until Garnier of Nablus was elected in 1190. Garnier had been seriously injured at Hattin in 1187, but managed to reach Ascalon and recovered from his wounds. He was in Paris through that time waiting for Richard I of England to depart on the Third Crusade. He arrived in Messina on 23 September where he met Philippe Auguste and Robert IV de Sablé, soon to be Grand Master of the Templars. Among the Hospitallers in the force was the Italian Ugo Canefri. Garnier left Messina on 10 April 1191 with Richard's fleet, which then anchored on 1 May at the port of Lemesos. Richard subdued the island on 11 May despite the mediation of Garnier. They set sail again on 5 June and arrived in Acre, under Ayyubid control since 1187. There they found Philippe Auguste leading the Siege of Acre, a two-year attempt to dislodge the Muslims. The besiegers eventually got the upper hand and, under the helpless eyes of Saladin, the Muslim defenders capitulated on 12 July 1191. On 22 August 1191, Richard travelled south to Arsuf. The Templars formed the vanguard and the Hospitallers at the rear-guard. Richard travelled with an elite force ready to intervene where necessary. The Hospitallers came under attack on September 7, at the beginning of the Battle of Arsuf. Situated at the rear of the military column, Garnier's knights were under heavy pressure by the Muslims and he rode forward to persuade Richard to attack, which he refused. Finally, Garnier and another knight charged forward, and were soon joined by the rest of the Hospitaller force. Richard, despite the fact that his orders had been disobeyed, signaled for a full charge. This caught the enemy at a vulnerable moment, and their ranks were broken. Garnier thus played a large part in winning the battle, though in contravention of Richard's orders. The Hospitallers and the Crusades through 1254 Garnier of Nablus died in the second half of 1192 and his successor Geoffroy de Donjon assumed the position of Grand Master shortly thereafter. Geoffroy would serve until 1202, but would not commit the Order to supporting the Crusade of 1197 nor the Fourth Crusade. In the summer of 1202, he was with papal legate Soffredo Gaetani during a trip attempting to reconcile issues in the succession of rulers in the Principality of Antioch. On 23 March 1203, the second voyage to Antioch took place, but without Geoffroy de Donjon, who had vanished. Instead, the Order was represented by Pierre de Mirmande who became ad interim Grand Master, and the Templars by Grand Master Phillipe de Plessis. De Mirmande had been Châtelain of the Krac des Chevaliers and was Grand Commander when briefly elevated. He was soon formally replaced as Grand Master by Fernando Afonso of Portugal. Fernando Afonso was the illegitimate son of Afonso I of Portugal and had been a senior member of the Hospitallers in Iberia. He resigned in 1206, the first Grand Master to do so, and was replaced by Geoffroy le Rat. Le Rat died in 1207 after serving a short, unremarkable term. War of the Antiochene Succession Guérin de Montaigu was elected Grand Master in the summer of 1207. He was described as "the figure of one of the greatest masters of whom the Hospital has reason to be proud." He is believed to be the brother of Pierre de Montaigu who served as Templar Grand Master from 1218 to 1232. Like his two predecessors, Montaigu found himself involved in the affairs of Antioch in the War of the Antiochene Succession, begun with the opening of the will of Bohémond III of Antioch. The will directed his grandson Raymond-Roupen as successor. Bohémond IV of Antioch, second son of Bohémond III and Count of Tripoli, did not accept this will. Leo I of Armenia, as the maternal great-uncle, took the side of Raymond-Roupen. However, without waiting for the death of his father, Bohémond IV had taken possession of the principality. The Templars had aligned themselves with the bourgeoisie of Antioch and az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid sultan of Aleppo, while the Hospitallers sided with Raymond-Roupen and the king of Armenia. When de Montaigu took over the Hospitallers, nothing had changed. Leo I of Armenia had made himself master of Antioch and had re-established his grand-nephew there. But it was of short duration, and as the Count of Tripoli remained master of the city. Leo I supported his claims by confiscating the Templars' property in Cilicia, ruining Antioch's trade by raids, and even risking excommunication in 1210–1213. An agreement was reached between the king and the Templars, and the excommunication was revoked. On 14 February 1216, Antioch was put in the hands of Leo I and of his nephew Raymond-Roupen. The Antiochene nobility allowed the return of Bohémond IV and the escape of Raymon-Roupen, who later died in 1222. Bohémond IV exacted his revenge on the Hospitallers, taking back the castle of Antioch from them and their possessions of Tripoli were undermined. Honorius III interceded in their favor in 1225 and 1226, and his successor Gregory IX excommunicated Bohémond IV in 1230. He authorized Gerald of Lausanne, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohémond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers. With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers agreed to a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231. Bohémond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch. The Hospitallers renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them. Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See. The Fifth Crusade Guérin de Montaigu and the Hospitallers played a major role in the Fifth Crusade. After the first wave of troops arrived at Acre in the late summer of 1217, de Montaigu brought Leopold VI of Austria, Hugh I of Cyprus, and Andrew II of Hungary to Cyprus at the request of Innocent III. John of Brienne gathered them together in the presence of the three Grand Masters––Guérin de Montaigu, Pierre de Montaigu, and Hermann of Salza––for a council of war and to determine the course of action to be taken in Syria. They first attacked the fortress of Mount Tabor, which had to be abandoned, and later laid siege to Sidon, which was then refurbished. These were the only two significant actions taken from November to December 1217. The Crusaders ended their Syrian campaign and returned to Acre. The king of Hungary, giving in to discouragement, returned to Hungary in January 1218. The arrival of new pilgrims from Friesland and the north of Germany revived the Crusade. Before the winter of 1218, with the help of the Hospitallers, they re-established the fortifications of Caesarea and, with the Templars, the Château Pèlerin. But this was not enough to keep everyone busy, and an expedition to Egypt was decided. The Crusaders, the Latin patriarch Raoul of Merencourt, the prelates of the Holy Land, and the Grand Masters, were all under the orders of the king of Jerusalem, John of Brienne. They embarked from Acre in May 1218, beginning the invasion of Egypt in June. In a skirmish on 22 August 1219, Hospitaller Marshal Aymar de Lairon fell with thirty two of his companions. The Siege of Damietta was successfully completed in November 1219, and de Montaigu distinguished himself in battle. Placed in a critical position after the Battle of Mansurah in August 1221, the Crusading force negotiated with the Muslims on 30 August 1221 the evacuation of Damietta and the return to Acre. Thus the Fifth Crusade ended in failure. The Sixth Crusade In 1222, emperor Frederick II sent four ships to Acre to transport John of Brienne, Raoul of Merencourt, the legate Pelagius Galvano and the Grand Masters to Sicily to confer with him concerning his promise to go on Crusade.They embarked for Brindisi in September 1222 and met with the pope in Rome in January 1223. They had an interview with Frederick in Ferentino from 17 February to 26 March 1223, where Frederick committed to leave for the Holy Land in 1225. John of Brienne and de Montaigu continued their journey to France and England to ask for royal help, with no perceptible effect. Then the two separated, with de Montaigu going on to Bordeaux, returning to headquarters via Armenia. On his return to Palestine, he found turmoil and he tried vainly to reconcile the Hospitallers with the Templars. In 1228, he persuaded Gregory IX to break the truce holding between Christian and Muslim powers, but refused to serve in the army commanded by the excommunicated Frederick II. Guérin de Montaigu died in Palestine in 1228 and was succeeded by Bertrand de Thessy. Bertrand's election as Grand Master corresponds to the arrival of Frederick in the Holy Land. Frederick had been excommunicated in September 1227 and the pope asked the new Latin patriarch Gérold of Lausanne to promulgate the sentence of excommunication and to direct the three military orders to deny him obedience. Bertrand and the Templar Pierre de Montaigu refused to recognize him as king of Jerusalem, despite his marriage to Isabella II of Jerusalem in August 1225. Hermann of Salza, unused to disobedience of a German sovereign, fully supported the emperor. At the outset of the Sixth Crusade, Frederick led a small contingent south from Acre and in November 1228 took control of Jaffa. He was followed by the Templars and the Hospitallers one day's journey back, respecting the pope's position. They also viewed Frederick's engaging with the sultan al-Kamil in the midst of his troops negatively. Lacking a strong army, the emperor was not looking for confrontation but for negotiation. The negotiations began at the Hospitaller camp at Tel Afek, ending successfully on 18 February 1229, resulting in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth being returned to the Franks. This ten-year, six-month and ten-day peace treaty was to begin on 24 February 1229. In fact, it was better on the parchment it was written than it was in reality, as the Muslims kept key strategic points. The emperor had achieved the goal of Jerusalem, allowing him to return to the Holy City and be crowned as king. On 18 March 1229, Frederick crowning himself, as no one wished to violate the papal orders. Returning to Acre in the face of hostility, he embarked for Italy on 1 May 1229. Bertrand de Thessy, the Templars, and patriarch Gérold of Lausanne representing the clergy of the Holy Land refused to accept the treaty as Antioch and Tripoli were excluded from the considerations. No effort had been made to protect the interests of these Crusader states. A further problem was the decision to leave two Christian shrines to the Muslims––the Temple of Our Lord (Mosque of Omar) and the Temple of Solomon (al-Aqsa Mosque). In addition, Gregory IX issued a papal bull in August 1229 to the Latin patriarch directing that the Hospitallers maintain jurisdiction over the Teutonic Knights in punishment for their following Frederick. The Hospitallers and Templars took advantage of the fact that they were excluded from the treaty and, in the fall of 1229, led a successful incursion into the north of the country against the Muslims of the fortress of Montferrand and a disastrous expedition to Hama in July and August 1230. Hope returned when Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the Treaty of Ceprano, and he returned to the Hospitallers and the Templars the goods confiscated in Sicily. The Order and the politics of the Holy Land, 1230–1244 Bertrand de Thessy died at Acre in 1231 and was succeeded by Guérin Lebrun. In 1233, the Hospitallers under Guérin took a leading part in the successful attack on the principality of Hama. The motive of this conflict was no more than the refusal of the emir to pay them the tribute due—seems to point to an increasing secularization of their spirit. The army gathered in the plain of the Beqaa Valley, at the foot of Krak des Chevaliers. It included Hospitallers, a Templar force under Armand de Périgord, and local knights under John of Ibelin and Henry of Antioch. They pillaged Montferrand and its surroundings, returning without incident. Guérin died after May 1236 and his successor as Grand Master was Bertrand de Comps. The Order at least twice began negotiating an alliance with the enemies of the Franks of the Holy Land, the Ayyubids. Gregory IX threatened excommunication and also accused them of wanting to come to an understanding with the Assassins against Bohemond V of Antioch with whom they were in open hostilities. He reproached them for paying tribute in exchange for their protection. On 13 March 1238, he formulated a new accusation against the Hospitallers, accusing them of a scandalous life and lax discipline. He accused them of supporting John III Doukas Vatatzes, son-in-law of Théodore Lascaris, the proclaimed emperor of Nicaea, by threatening the faltering domination of the emperors of Constantinople. Bertrand de Comps died as early as April 1239 and was succeeded by Pierre de Vieille-Brioude. Bertrand had died during the Barons' Crusade and de Vieille-Brioude was then Grand Commander of the Hospitallers. He was accompaning Theobald I of Navarre and his forces when they left France for the Holy Land in August 1239. Representing the Hospitallers, Templars and Teutonic Knights, de Vieille-Brioude advised Theobald against marching to Gaza to fight the sultan of Damascus, al-Salih Ismail. Ignoring their advice, he marched forward and at the Battle of Gaza on 13 November 1239, Theobald suffered such a bloody defeat there that de Vieille-Brioude and Armand de Périgord, had, with great difficulty, dissuaded him from attacking the next day at the risk of turning a defeat into a rout. He fell back to Jaffa and Ascalon. By the summer of 1240, de Vieille-Brioude was now Grand Master and gave consideration to the proposal of al-Salih Ismail who wanted to reconquer Damascus. The sultan offered the Franks the restitution of Safed, Beaufort Castle, the territories between Sidon and Tiberias, and those below the Jordan. These were divided between the two orders. Theobald, in the absence of the Hospitallers and a large number of Crusaders, had allied his remaining forces with al-Salih Ismail, who was to be defeated in his reconquest of Damascus. Theobald then fell back to Ascalon, implementing new fortifications, and leaving the Holy Land in September 1240. Shortly after the departure of Theobald, an English host arrived at Acre on 11 October 1240 led by Richard of Cornwall. He completed the fortifications of Ascalon in March 1241 when the treaty with the Ayyubids was presented for Richard's ratification. Richard, on the advice of de Vieille-Brioude, Hugh of Burgundy and Walter of Jaffa, ratified the treaty on 23 April 1241 and returned to England on May 3. Richard did not have great esteem for the Templars and the Hospitallers, who charged with defending the Holy Land, competing for their wealth instead of putting it at the service of the salvation of the kingdom. In his view, they were oblivious to the pope's orders, and were always ready to fight against each other. The conflict began as soon as Richard departed, with the Templars, refusing the truce initiated by Richard, attacked the Hospitallers and the Teutonic Order, who had accepted it. Armand de Périgord led the Templars in besieged them at Acre, cutting off their food, and to prevent them from burying their dead outside their convent. This occurred in the absence of de Vieille-Brioude who was fighting in Margat against an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo. The Loss of the Levant, 1244–1291 Pierre de Vieille-Brioude died in 1242 and was succeeded by Guillaume de Chateauneuf, a French knight who joined the Order in 1233, becoming Marshal in 1241. When de Chateauneuf took over as Grand Master, the Ayyubids had just left Jerusalem to the Christians. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was at its largest size since 1187. But these gains would be dramatically reversed within a few years. The loss of Jerusalem and Battle of La Forbie The Templars had began fortifying the city of Jerusalem in 1244 when the Khwarezmian invasion occurred, a force summoned by as-Salih Ayyub, the sultan of Egypt. They seized Tiberias, Safed and Tripoli and began the Siege of Jerusalem on 15 July 1244. Because of the agreement between Frederick II and al-Kamil, the walls were inadequately fortified and unable to withstand the attack. The patriarch of Jerusalem Robert of Nantes and the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers came to support the city's inhabitants and initially repelled the attackers. The imperial Castellan and the Grand Commander of the Hospital lost their lives in the battle, but no help from the Franks was coming. The defenders turned to their nearest ally, an-Nasir Dā’ūd, emir of Kerak, who cowed the Khwarezmanians into allowing safe-passage to the defenders. In the confusion, the inhabitants left Jerusalem, but looked back and saw the banners of the Christians flying on the city walls. Thusly deceived, they turned back and were all massacred, while the city was sacked. A combined force was assembled, consisting of Templars, the Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights, joining a Muslim army of Syrians and Transjordanians under al-Mansur Ibrahim and an-Nasir Dā’ūd. This army was placed under the command of Walter IV of Brienne and left Acre, now the headquarters of the Order, and departed on 4 October 1244. They fell on the Khwarezmians and the Egyptian troops commanded by Baibars, future sultan of Egypt, on 17 October. In the Battle of La Forbie near Gaza, the Muslim allies of the Franks dropped out at the first encounter with the enemy and the Christians found themselves alone. The unequal fighting ended in disaster––16,000 men lost their lives and 800 were taken prisoner, among them 325 knights and 200 turcopoliers of the Hospitallers. Guillaume de Chateauneuf himself was captured and taken to Cairo. Only 18 Templars and 16 Hospitallers managed to escape. It was then that Jean de Ronay, the Grand Commander, took over as Grand Master ad Interim, awaiting the release of de Chateauneuf. After the La Forbie campaign, only the castles of Safed and Ascalon had defended themselves against the onslaught. Ascalon was guarded by the Hospitallers and resisted Baibars' attack. The Khwarezmians continued to attack Acre and Jaffa. In the fall of 1245, it was the capture of Damascus by Egyptian troops aided by the Khwarezmians that which put Egypt and Syria in the hands of as-Salih Ayyub. In 1246, Muslim troops began unsuccessful sieges of Ascalon, Acre and the Templar stronghold of Château Pèlerin. Tiberias was captured on June 16, 1247, and shortly thereafter Ascalon fell. Latin patriarch Robert of Nantes had been present at La Forbie, barely escaping. In 1247 he sent a Relic of the Holy Blood to Henry III of England in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to convince him to go to the Holy Land. The authenticity of the relic was attested to by the seals of the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers and Templars. Henry had received numerous such relics from the Hospitallers since 1235, including pieces of the burning bush, a footprint of Christ and a spine of the Cross of Thorns. Seventh Crusade and its aftermath The loss of Jerusalem and the defeat at La Forbie essentially eliminated Western military power in the Holy Land. Louis IX of France was compelled to respond, taking the cross in December 1244, leading in the Seventh Crusade. He went to sea from Aigues-Mortes on 25 August 1248, disembarking in Cyprus three weeks later. He arrived with the queen Margaret of Provence and his brothers Charles I of Anjou and Robert I of Artois. Awaiting at Cyprus was Henry I of Cyprus and the representatives of the military orders, Jean de Ronay for the Hospitallers, and Guillaume de Sonnacfor the Templars. After landing in Egypt, the Crusader force met with initial successes at the Siege of Damietta on 6 June 1249 and at the Battle of Mansurah on 8 February 1250. It was in the fighting after the latter battle had been decided that de Ronay was killed. During the Battle of Fariskur on 6 April 1250 disaster struck the Frankish forces. Louis and many other were captured. After the disastrous results of the Crusade (which included the death of many leaders of the Hospitallers), Louis IX returned to Acre on 13 May 1250. He was urged on all sides to return to France, but he did not want to leave the Holy Land until he had secured the release of the prisoners. To hasten their release, he twice delegated Jean de Valencienne, a canon from Acre, who obtained the release of a large number of prisoners, including Guillaume de Chateauneuf and twenty five Hospitallers. The freed men arrived in Acre on 17 October 1250. After his release, Guillaume de Chateauneuf returned to the leadership of the Hospitallers. In 1254, a ten-year truce was concluded between Aybak, effectively ruler of Egypt, an-Nasir Yusuf, sultan of Damascus, and West, including the Hospitallers, Templars, barons of the Holy Land, Geoffrey of Sergines, a representative of Louis IX, and John of Ibelin. But internal conflicts of the Christians continued. The Genoese and the Venetians had shared possession of the Church of Saint Sabas, and each wanted exclusive possession, leading to the War of Saint Sabas. The pope thought he had solved the problem by committing the abbot to sell the church to the Genoese, but then reversed his decision. Those who had sided with the rights of Hugh II of Lusignan rallied around the Venetians, including the Templars, and those who had sided with Conradin, including the Hospitallers, rallied around the Genoese. The Hospitallers waited for the success of the Genoese fleet around Acre with the contingent gathered by Philippe de Montfort. But, on 24 June 1258, it was the failure of the Genoese fleet, the Venetians ruin their district in Acre by sharing it and the prisoners are led to Tyre. This marked the end of hostilities. Guillaume de Chateauneuf died in 1258 and was succeeded by Hugues de Revel. De Revel strengthened the Hospitaller domain by acquiring the Benedictine abbey on Mount Tabor, but the consent of archbishop Henry of Nazareth was not obtained until 1263. He also had direct contact with Baibars multiple times through 1268, but did not take sides in the First Battle of Homs in 1260. The siege of the Templar's fortress at Arsuf by the Mamluk army lasted for forty days, resulting in the town being razed and its surviving inhabitants sold into slavery. This led the Hospitallers to negotiate a separate truce for the Krak des Chevaliers and the fortress of Margat in 1267, but Baibars' armies caused the Fall of Krak des Chevaliers in 1271, which did not prevent de Revel from negotiating a truce the same year. Margat would remain in Hospitaller hands until 1285. Political intrigue in the Kingdom Hugues de Revel died in 1277 and his successor Nicolas Lorgne, formerly Castellan of the Krak des Chevaliers, became Grand Master by June 1278. Lorgne immediately involved himself in the politics of the kingdom. The claim of Hugh III of Lusignan to the throne of Jerusalem was contested by Maria of Antioch, who had ceded her claims to Charles I of Anjou. Charles appointed Roger of San Severino to administer the kingdom as his bailiff. San Severino landed at Acre on 7 June 1277. Hugh III's bailiff, Balian of Arsuf, surrendered the town without resistance. Although initially only the Hospitallers and the Venetians acknowledged Charles as the lawful ruler, the barons of the realm also paid homage to San Severino after he had threatened to confiscate their estates. The Mamluks had already confined the kingdom to a small coastal strip and Charles had ordered San Severino to avoid conflicts with Egypt. In 1278, Guy II Embriaco and the Templars assaulted Tripoli, but were met outside the walls by Bohemond VII of Tripoli. Bohemond was defeated, but the Templar fleet was scattered by a storm and Bohemond's fleet attacked and damaged the Templar positions, and a truce was mediated by Lorgne. The last conflict began in January 1282, when the Embriacos tried to take Tripoli by surprise, expecting to be greeted by their Templar allies. They soon discovered that Grand Master Guillaume de Beaujeu was absent and so sought refuge with the Hospitallers, who handed them over to Bohemond on condition that he would spare their lives. Guy's friends were blinded, but Bohemond had the Embriaco family taken to the castle at Nephin and buried up to their necks in sand in the moat. This last act further alienated the Genoese and John of Montfort, but Bohemund beat the latter in taking control of Byblos. The Mongols and Mamluks Nicolas Lorgne's policy towards the Mongols was perhaps more personal. In 1280, the Mongol invasion of Syria was met without serious resistance from the Mamluk defenders. The Hospitallers took advantage of the total disorganization that prevailed, made a sortie from the fortress of Margat with 200 knights and raided the region to take considerable booty. At the end of October 1280, on their way back, they faced a troop of 5,000 Turkoman horsemen whom they routed (losing only one sergeant-at-arms) despite their numerical inferiority. In February 1281, the emir of the Krak des Chevaliers, now under Badr al-Din Solamish, wanted revenge and attacked the Hospitallers with 7,000 horsemen. The Order deployed 600 horsemen and the emir's defeat was complete. The Hospitallers lost but one knight and 12 sergeants. The death of Baibars in July 1277 was a cause of rejoice in the kingdom. The new sultan of Egypt al-Mansûr Qalawun had quickly usurped Baibars' sons and made an agreement with the Mamluk na'ib of Damascus, Sunqur al-Ashqar, on 24 June 1281. He also concluded a truce with the Hospitallers at Acre and Bohemond VII to last over 10 years. The Hospitallers at Margat did not respect this treaty and joined the Mongol forces of Möngke Temür.After the defeat of the Mongols at the bloody Second Battle of Homs on 29 October 1281, al-Mansûr announced that he was going to take revenge for the failure of Margat. A letter from English Hospitaller Joseph of Chauncy to Edward I of England described the battle. The Hospitallers accumulated supplies and forces in the fortress of Margat and improved the defenses, but this did not prevent them from deploying a contingent of 100 horsemen composed of 50 lances taken from among the knights and 50 turcopoliers to the king of Armenia. On 17 April 1285, in spite of the agreement of peace, al-Mansûr attacked Margat. He set fire to a part of the walls and at the moment of taking advantage of the breach thus created the tower of Hope collapsed and came to obstruct the breach on May 23. The Hospitallers negotiated their surrender and Margat capitulated on May 25. They were allowed to leave with 2,000 gold coins and what 25 mules could carry. They left for Tripoli and Tortosa. Rather than destroy Margat as he did with other fortresses, al-Mansûr repaired its defences and placed a strong garrison there due to its strategic value The loss of Acre We are not certain that Nicolas Lorgne knew the fall of Margat as he died within weeks of the surrender of the fortress. Grand Commander Jacques de Taxi was appointed Grand Master ad interim prior to the arrival of Lorgne's successor Jean de Villiers in the Holy Land during the fall of 1286. On 17 March 1289, the Mamluks began the Siege of Tripoli. All the Christian forces were mobilized, including the Hospitallers, Templars and those led by Amaury de Lusignan. The destruction of the tower of the Hospitallers sealed the fate of the city on 26 April 1289. The role of de Villiers remains uncertain, but the strongholds of Nephin, in the Hospitallers' domain, and Batroun fell into the hands of the Mamluks. The only Frankish enclaves in the Holy Land that remained were Acre, Haïfa, Sidon, Tyre and Beirut. The death of al-Mansur Qalawun left a respite for the Christians, but his son al-Ashraf Khalil had sworn to his father to take Acre. The forces facing the Mamluks at the Siege of Acre in 1291 were divided into four components. The first were the forces of Jean de Grailly and Otto de Grandson. The second was led by Henry II of Cyprus and Konrad von Feuchtwangen, leader of the Teutonic Knights. The third was the Hospitallers led by de Villiers and included the Order of St. Thomas of Acre. Finally, the fourth was led by Guillaume de Beaujeu and Thomas de Sainville. The troops of al-Ashraf Khalil regrouped under the walls of Acre on 5 April 1291 and began their attack on 12 April. The besieged tried several sorties without success, even the arrival of reinforcements sent by Henry II of Cyprus, who was present in the city, were without effect. During the assault of 16 May, a breach was opened near the Saint-Antoine gate, but the Templars and the Hospitallers, led by Marshal Matthieu de Clermont, succeeded in repelling the Mamluks. During this respite, women and children embarked, but their boats could not sail due to the state of the sea. On May 18, the enemy resumed its assaults, at the Porte Saint-Antoine, de Clermont succeeded in repelling them but he was caught in the back by other troops who had crossed the wall. De Beaujeu was wounded and died shortly afterwards, Jean de Villiers was also wounded but saved by the valets d'armes and escaped by sea with seven Hospitaller knights, the only survivors, Matthieu de Clermont died near the Rue des Génois. All others surrendered. The Mamluks were masters of the city, sending the women and children to slavery, and killing all the men. Interlude on Cyprus, 1291–1309 The Hospitallers relocated to Kingdom of Cyprus following the fall of Acre. Taking refuge in Limassol at the Castle of Kolossi, Jean de Villiers held a General Chapter of the Order on 6 October 1292. He wanted to put the Hospitallers in a position to reconquer the Holy Land. He still enjoyed a persistent popularity by reforming the mode of election of the Grand Master. Postulants were still numerous, with recruitments were subject to the approval of the Grand Master. He prepared for the defense of Cyprus and the protection of Armenia, both of which were threatened by the Mamluks. Entangled in Cypriot politics, de Villaret formed a plan to acquire a new temporal domain, the island of Rhodes, then part of the Byzantine Empire. The death of Jean de Villiers occurred in the weeks following the organization of a second General Chapter on 30 October 1293. He was succeeded by Odon de Pins. De Pins faced an internal crisis in the Order which was led by Guillaume de Villaret, then Prior of Saint-Gilles. The dignitaries addressed pope Boniface VIII on 12 August 1295 in order to obtain a reform of the governance of the Order. As de Pins did not take into account Boniface's admonitions, he was summoned him to appear before the pontifical court. He was about to set out, but he died on 17 March 1296 in Limassol, and was succeeded as Grand Master by his challenger Guillaume de Villaret. One of the first tasks to which de Villaret devoted himself was to reduce the power acquired by the General Chapter. In 1301, it was under his magistracy that an administrative division based on the notion of the Hospitaller Langue, because it respected linguistic zones that are more or less homogeneous. After the loss of Acre, the balance of power in the Holy Land between Christians and Mamluks was clearly in favor of the latter, who continued to advance. However, the Christians could count on the Mongols of Persia led by Mahmud Ghazan Khan, whose expansionism pushed them to covet the Mamluk lands. His army took Aleppo, and was there joined by his vassal Hethum II of Armenia, whose forces included some Templars and Hospitallers, all of whom participated in the rest of the offensive. The Mongols and their allies defeated the Mamluks in the Third Battle of Homsin December 1299. The khan sent an ambassador to Nicosia to establish an alliance. Henry II of Cyprus, Hethum II and Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay decided to have him escorted to the pope to support the idea of an alliance, which became effective in 1300. While waiting for the results of this diplomatic initiative, Henry II, Guillaume de Villaret and Jacques de Molay raised a fleet for a raid on Egypt. The Christians, aboard sixteen galleys and a dozen small ships, were accompanied by a Mongol emissary. In July 1300, they pillaged Rosetta and Alexandria before returning to Cyprus. The booty was considerable and the Christians sent a strong sign to Mahmud Ghazan, demonstrating their determination to engage in the planned battle. The Mongol leader then sent them a message to warn them that he intended to launch his campaign soon and invited them to disembark in Armenia to organize a joint offensive. The king of Cyprus sent an army to Armenia accompanied by 300 knights of the two Orders led personally by the Grand Masters. They stormed the island of Ruad, near the Syrian coast, with the aim of turning it into a base for their future operations. They then took the port city of Tortosa, pillaged the region, captured many Muslims and sold them as slaves in Armenia while waiting for the arrival of the Mongols, but this only led to the Fall of Ruad, the last battle for the Holy Land. Hospitaller Rhodes When the Hospitallers retreated to Cyprus, the island was ruled by the titular king of Jerusalem, Henry II of Cyprus. He was less than pleased that an organization as powerful as the Order could compete with him for the sovereignty of his small island and likely set Guillaume de Villaret on the path to conquer the island of Rhodes. De Villaret died between 23 November 1304 and 3 November 1305, and this objective was achieved under Guillaume's successor Foulques de Villaret who led the Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes beginning in 1306. In 1308, Clement V began preaching of a new Crusade, to be launched against the Mamluks in the Holy Land in the spring of 1309. The Crusade was planned to be a small, preliminary expedition led by the Hospitallers. An unwelcomed byproduct of this preaching was Crusade of the Poor, appearing before Avignon in July 1309. Clement granted the poor crusaders an indulgence, but refused to let them participate in the professional expedition led by the Hospitallers. That expedition set off in early 1310, but instead of sailing for the Holy Land, the Hospitallers went to Rhodes. About the same time, the trials of the Knights Templar began. Huge benefits to the Order resulted from these trials, as the Templars' assets were assigned to the Hospitallers by Clement V in 1312. The campaigns of territorial expansion ran the Order heavily into debt, and these debts were not paid off until the mid-1330s. Guillaume de Villaret was the last to lead Knights Hospitaller, and Foulques de Villaret the first to lead the Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, presiding over what is known as Hospitaller Rhodes which would last from 1310 until 1522. Historiography The first writings of the Hospitallers were in the works of the original Latin chroniclers of the First Crusade. The most complete account is in Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea) by William of Tyre, which mixed fact with fiction. The first complete history of the Order was written by Hospitaller Commander Guigliemo (William) of Santo Stefano after the fall of Acre in 1291. It was structured around the Grand Masters and relied on original sources, which were carefully cited. Guigliemo swept aside numerous legends about the hospital's foundation, including some that pushed it as far back as the second century before Christ, as fabrications designed to encourage donations. He cautioned his readers, Ores leissons la vanité, et tenons la verité (Now let us let go of vanity, and hold to the truth). While on Cyprus, Guigliemo also wrote a treatise on the Order's statutes. His original works were intended to replace some of what was lost in the fall of Acre. Translations were done by John of Antioch. A number of letters from the Hospitallers in the Holy Land have survived. These include the following. Grand Master Gilbert of Assailly to Louis VII of France, c. 1167, on the Crusader invasion of Egypt. Brother of the Hospital Raymond to the Christian faithful, 1178. Grand Master Armengarde of Aspe to Leopold V, Duke of Austria, in November 1188, on the ravages of Saladinto the kingdom. Various letters from Grand Masters Geoffroy de Donjon (1201), Nicolas Lorgne (1282), and Jean de Villiers(1289 and 1291) to brothers of the hospital on the status of the kingdom. Letter from Guillaume de Chateauneuf to Lord M. Melaye on the loss of Jerusalem, 1244. Templar of Tyre was an anonymous fourteenth-century historian who compiled the Old French chronicle called Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots). The Gestes was written between about 1315 and 1320 on Cyprus and presents a history of the Crusader states and the Kingdom of Cyprus from 1132 down to 1309 as well as an account of the trials of the Templars in 1314. The work also provides an account of the Siege of Acre in 1291 and deeds of Hospitaller Matthieu de Clermont. After the fall of Acre, the Hospitallers were closely involved in the planning for a new Crusade with Clement V. In 1882, Paul Riant published a Hospitaller document in the collection Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en Français aux xie, xiie & xiiie siècles, edited by Henri-Victor Michelant and Gaston Raynaud. This document, La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine, detailed the strengths of Mamluk armies in Egypt and Syria and gave mileages of the various routes between Cairo and the Delta ports, dated between 1289 and 1291. Guillaume Caoursin was the fifteenth century historian of the Knights Hospitaller after 1460, writing Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani (Foundation and management of the hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem), a rewriting of the statutes of the Order. He also wrote Rhodiorum historia, a collection of histories of the Hospitallers, and Stabilimenta Rhodiorum militum, a compilation of the Order's rules. His Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis descripto, an account of the Siege of Rhodes of 1480, was translated and included in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades. The works are part of the collection at the National Library of Malta. Pierre d'Aubusson was the fortieth Grand Master, serving from 1476 to 1503. He was commander of the garrison opposing the Turks during the Siege of Rhodes in 1480. He wrote his Account of the Siege of Rhodes, which is included in the history by John Taaffe. The Histoire de Pierre d'Aubusson (1667) by French Jesuit Dominique Bouhours is the biography of d'Aubusson, containing accounts of the siege in 1480 and the later Siege of Rhodes in 1522 led by Suleiman the Magnificent. Giacomo Bosio was a brother and historian of the Order, born in the sixteenth century. Bosio's work dealt with the history of the Hospitallers from its origin until 1571, and was written with Jean Parisot de la Valette, the forty-ninth Grand Master. The work was continued by brother Bartolomeo dal Pozzo up to the year 1688 and first published in Verona in 1703 in two volumes, then in Venice in 1740 under the title Historia della Sacra di religione militare S. Giovanni Gerosolimitano, della Malta. Bosio's history was translated into French by Pierre de Boissat, augmented by Jean Baudoin. The Hospitaller brother Anne de Naberat completed the life of the great masters, published in two volumes folio in Paris in 1643 and also in 1659, with portraits of the great masters. The first modern attempt to collect the numerous charters, deeds and records was in 1737 by Sebastiano Pauli in his Codice diplomatico del sacro militare ordine Gerosolimitano. This was extended and improved in the Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers, by French historian Joseph Delaville Le Roulx. Many of these were translated into English by Sir Edwin James King, librarian of the British Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Documents specifically related to Blessed Gerard were published by Antoine Du Bourg in his Histoire du Grand Prieuré de Toulouse in 1883. A number of nineteenth century English writers produced works on the Hospitallers. Historian John Taaffe was a Knight Commander of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem and chronicler of various military orders. In 1852, he published a historical account of the Order in four volumes entitled The History of the Holy, Military, Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem: or, Knights Hospitallers, Knights Templars, Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta. This Includes the account of commander Pierre d'Aubusson. Lambert B. Larking was an English clergyman, writer and antiquarian who was a founding member of the Kent Archaeological Society. Larking translated a work called The Knights Hospitallers in England, which was the report of prior Philip de Thame to the Grand Master Hélion de Villeneuve for the year 1338. The historical introduction was written by philogist John M. Kemble. William K. R. Bedford was a English clergyman and author, with works reflecting his interest as an antiquary and genealogist. From 1878 to 1902, he was chaplain of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, serving as their official genealogist. His works dealing with the history and regulations of the Knights Hospitallers, include Malta and the Knights (1870), Notes on the Old Hospitals of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1881), and a history of the English Hospitallers (1902) in collaboration with Richard Holbeche. Among the sources of the Crusades compiled in the late nineteenth century include many on the Knights Hospitaller. Exordium Hospitalariorum is collection of accounts of the Hospitaller in six parts presented in Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5. IX (1895). The works include: De prima institutione Hospitalariorum is a short, anonymous account of the Knights Hospitaller. The work is derivative of William of Tyre's account, and discusses the conflicts between the order and the religious authorities. Tractus de exordio sacrae domus Hospitalis Jerosolimitani is a history of the Knights Hospitaller written by an unknown author known only as Joseph the Historiographer. Comment le sainte maison de l'Hospital de S. Johan de Jerusalem commença on the founding of the Order. The work by Guillaume de Saint-Estève (Guigliemo of Santo Stefano), a thirteenth century scholar and Hospitaller disputed the account presented in the Miracula. De Primordiis et Inventione Sacræ Religionis Jerosolymorum (On the Origin and Discovery of Religion in Jerusalem) is an anonymous history of the Hospitallers from the time of Raymond du Puy until their establishment at Rhodes in 1310. It continues the repudiation of the Miracula and appears to be closely related to the works of Guillaume Caoursin. Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani (Foundation and management of the hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem) is a rewriting of the statutes of the Order, written by Caoursin in 1489. Directed by Grand Master Pierre d’Aubusson, the work converted the statutes from a chronology to one organized by subject matter. Caoursin revived the legend of the Miracula. Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem is an old French version of Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii, originally written in Latin. In 1493, it was translated into the various vulgar languages in use among the Christian peoples. In addition to Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers noted above, Joseph Delaville Le Roulx also wrote his seminal work Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310) in 1904. This work is concerned only with the stay of the Hospitallers in the Holy Land from 1100 to 1310 organized by Grand Master and includes discussions of the constitution, administrative organization and territorial expansion of the Order. Delaville Le Roulx' Inventaire des pièces de Terre-Sainte de l'ordre de l'Hôpital was published in Revue de l'Orient Latin in 1895. This inventory of the charters of Syria, is due to one of the archivists of the great priory of Saint-Gilles, Jean Raybaud and is preserved in the departmental archives of Bouches-du-Rhône, in Marseilles. Modern historians of the subject most notably include Jonathan Riley-Smith, Helen Nicholson and Alain Demurger. Significant contributions from Crusader castles are also provided by archaeologists to include David Nicolle and Hugh Kennedy. Appendix: List of Grand Masters The list of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller, including those who served ad Interim, with approximate dates is as follows. Note that there is considerable disagreement on the dates of tenure. In his 1904 work, Delaville Le Roulx also compiled a list of all known senior officers of the Hospitaller. See also Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers History of the Knights Templar Grand Masters of the Knights Templar List of Knights Hospitaller sites Commanderies of the Order of Saint John Priors of St. John of Jerusalem in England Langue (Knights Hospitaller) Bailiff (Order) Flags of the Knights Hospitaller Hospitaller Rhodes References Bibliography Archaeological Studies Crusades
Sevvandi Jayakody is a conservationist and echinodermologist from Sri Lanka, who is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries at the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. Career Jayakody has a BSc in Zoology from the University of Kelaniya and a PhD in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen. She also has a diploma in Wildlife Management and Conservation from the Wildlife Institute of India. She joined the Sri Lankan Department of Wildlife Conservation as an Assistant Director in 1997, followed post-doctoral research at institutions in Scotland, Canada and Australia. She joined the Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries at the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka in 2001. In 2018 she was the National Coordinator for 18th Conference of the Parties of CITES. In 2021, after the submission of a report by Jayakody to Environment Minister Mahinda Amaraweera, led to the creation of a Highly-Sensitive Marine Protection Zone from Mannar to Rameswaram. Outspoken on the subject of the climate crisis, Jayakody has commented on the necessity of restoration of mangrove habitats in Sri Lanka in order to act as carbon sinks and to protect coastlines from erosion. She is a member of the National Mangrove Expert Committee, as well as the National Mangrove Task Force, and has led calls for greater collaboration with communities living close to revived mangrove areas. Her research explores how human activities impact aquatic environments. Selected publications Subasinghe, Madhusha Mihirani, et al. "Potential health risk assessment of selected metal concentrations of Indian backwater oyster,(Crassostrea madrasensis) from Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka." (2022). Prakash, TG Supun Lahiru, et al. "Current perceptions and the need for a strategic plan for the whale watching industry in Mirissa, Sri Lanka." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 8.3 (2019): 1-16. Fernando, G. K., et al. "A comparison of the larvivorous habits of exotic Poecilia reticulata and native Aplocheilus parvus." BMC ecology 18.1 (2018): 1-12. Arachchige, Gayashan M., et al. "A review of previous studies on the Sri Lankan echinoid fauna, with an updated species list." Zootaxa 4231.2 (2017): 151-168. Jayakody, S., et al. "Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (Essential EAFM) training and TOT in Sri Lanka." (2015). Jayakody, Sevvanadi. "Provisional checklist of sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Sri Lanka." The national red list (2012): 370-372. Jayakody, Sevvandi, et al. "Red deer Cervus elephus vigilance behaviour differs with habitat and type of human disturbance." Wildlife biology 14.1 (2008): 81-91. Jayakody, JADS Sevvandi. A study of the effects of human disturbance on habitat use, behaviour and diet composition in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). University of Aberdeen (United Kingdom), 2005. References External links Will deforestation occur, if 02 tanks are constructed in Sinharaja? Dr. Sevvandi Jayakody responds. Do or do not, there is no try: Mangroves and their future. Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Wayamba University of Sri Lanka Alumni of the University of Aberdeen Women marine biologists Sri Lankan women scientists University of Kelaniya
Qosqophryne gymnotis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is known from only two sites near Abra Malaga, Cusco, Peru, at between 3,272 and 3,530 meters above sea level. Its natural habitat is high altitude montane cloud forests, and lays its eggs in wet mosses. It was originally classified as a member of Bryophryne, but was later moved to the newly created genus Qosqophryne. References Strabomantidae Endemic fauna of Peru Amphibians of Peru Amphibians described in 2009
Thomas Lahiff (born 1995) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Dublin SFC club St Jude's and at inter-county level with the Dublin senior football team. He usually lines out as a defender. Career Lahiff first came to sporting prominence playing soccer. He played at under-19 level with Bray Wanderers before making it onto the first team squad, however, the leap to becoming a full-time professional in Britain remained unfulfilled. Lahiff joined the St Jude's in 2014 and has been a mainstay of the senior team since then. He first appeared on the inter-county scene as a member of the Dublin under-21 football team and won a Leinster U21 Championship title in 2016. Lahiff joined the senior team for the 2019 O'Byrne Cup pre-season tournament and was an unused substitute when Dublin beat Mayo in the 2020 All-Ireland final. His other honours include two Leinster Championships and a National League title. Honours Dublin Leinster Senior Football Championship: 2020, 2021 National Football League: 2021 Leinster Under-21 Football Championship: 2016 References External link Tom Lahiff profile at the Dublin GAA website 1995 births Living people St Jude's Gaelic footballers Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
The Dodge County Fair is the annual county fair held in Dodge County, Wisconsin. The fair is held every year in August starting from the 3rd Wednesday of the month through the following Sunday at the Dodge County Fairgrounds. The first Dodge County Fair was held in the fall of 1853 in Juneau. For the next three decades the location of the fair was in Juneau with the exception of the county fairs of 1855 and 1874 which were held in Beaver Dam, and the fair of 1856 which was held at Horicon. On October 5, 1887, the fair was held in Beaver Dam at grounds which are now part of the Wayland Academy. In 1961, the Dodge County Fair Association moved the fair to the newly purchased fairgrounds along Highway 33, east of Beaver Dam which serves as the present day location for the fair. The site is known as the Dodge County Fairgrounds. The fair features food festivals, music concerts, livestock shows and other entertainment activities and is attended by over 50000 people annually. References Annual fairs Festivals in Wisconsin Fairs in the United States Fairgrounds in the United States Agricultural shows in the United States
Qosqophryne flammiventris is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is only found in Vilcabamba, Cusco, Peru, at 3,000 meters above sea level. Its natural habitat is high altitude montane grasslands, where it lives in thick layers of moss. It was originally classified as a member of Bryophryne, but was later moved to the newly created genus Qosqophryne. References Endemic fauna of Peru Strabomantidae Amphibians of Peru Amphibians described in 2010
Freak Like Me is a British reality television series which ran for six episodes on BBC Three in 2010. In the series, comedian Russell Kane introduces members of the public who have eccentric habits, and speaks about his own odd habits. Content Some of the odd habits of members of the public included always being naked while defecating, or collecting dead bees. Others blow-dried their entire bodies, ate meals in the bath, bite their toenails or eat from public bins. There was also a British teenager who wished to be a New York police officer, a man who wore new boxer shorts every day, and a woman who burst the acne of her boyfriend's back. Reception In a scathing review, Tim Walker of The Independent found the guests' eccentricities to be exaggerated and Kane's habits – such as paying in exact money or washing up before dinner – to not be odd. He considered it to be unworthy of a 9 pm primetime slot, and the type of programme that makes people cancel their BBC licence fee. A review in Metro was more positive, finding the show entertaining but deeming Kane's presenting as annoying and childlike. Notable guests Christian Richardson, who wished to be an American police officer, changed his name to America Luke Richardson and later joined Greater Manchester Police as a special constable. He was dismissed in 2014 for stealing uniform and making unauthorised visits to schools. In 2016, he was jailed for five years for a series of child sexual offences. The Manchester Evening News shared a video of his Freak Like Me appearance after his conviction. References 2010 British television series debuts 2010 British television series endings BBC reality television shows
Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako was a weak tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in Madagascar. The fourth disturbance and fourth named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. It was the third storm to make landfall on Madagascar in 2022. Meteorological history On 10 February, a zone of disturbed weather formed over the central South Indian Ocean. One day later, the JTWC recognized it as Invest 94S. On the same day at 18:00 UTC, MFR designated the system as a tropical disturbance. A day later, the MFR upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression. The JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for this system. On 13 February, the JTWC recognized the system as Tropical Cyclone 12S at 06:00 UTC. At 18:00 UTC, the MFR upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm and designated it as Dumako. The storm continued intensifying, and at 06:00 UTC on February 14, Dumako reached its peak intensity as a moderate tropical storm, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 993 hPa. Around 12:00 UTC, Dumako made landfall as a moderate tropical storm near Sainte-Marie Island, Madagascar with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). Afterward, due to land interaction, the storm began to weaken. After a few hours, it weakened into a tropical depression. It entered the Mozambique Channel before dissipating on 18 February. Impact Madagascar At least 113 houses were damaged, more than 5000 people were affected.Flooding killed at least 14 people in Madagascar. Mozambique and Malawi Heavy rain was recorded in South Malawi and caused flooding in some areas. No deaths were reported in Mozambique and Malawi. See also Tropical cyclones in 2022 Tropical Storm Ana (2022) – Similar path. Cyclone Batsirai Cyclone Emnati References External links MFR Track Data of Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako JTWC best track data of Tropical Cyclone Dumako Tropical cyclones in 2022
Christopher John Pethick (born 22 February 1942 in Horsham, UK) is a British theoretical physicist, specializing in many-body theory, ultra-cold atomic gases, and the physics of neutron stars and stellar collapse. Education and career Pethick studied at the University of Oxford, where he received his BA in 1962 and his PhD in 1965. He was then a postdoc at Magdalen College, Oxford and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was an associate professor from 1970 to 1973, a full professor from 1973 to 1995, and an adjunct professor from 1995 to 1998. For two academic years from 1970 to 1972 he was a Sloan Research Fellow. In 1973 he also became a professor at Nordita and then for many years divided his time between Nordita and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigne. He was director of Nordita from 1989 to 1994. He then worked, until his retirement, at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen (with which Nordita was closely associated before moving to Stockholm). He was for the academic year 1973–1974 a visiting researcher at Moscow's Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics and in 1995 a visiting scientist at the Institute for Nuclear Theory (INT), located in Seattle on the campus of the University of Washington. In 2008 he was awarded the Lars Onsager Prize for "fundamental applications of statistical physics to quantum fluids, including Fermi liquid theory and ground-state properties of dilute quantum gases, and for bringing a conceptual unity to these areas." (Gordon Baym and Tin-Lun Ho also won the Onsager Prize for 2008.) In 2011 Pethick received the Hans A. Bethe Prize for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of nuclear matter at very high densities, the structure of neutron stars, their cooling, and the related neutrino processes and astrophysical phenomena." In 2015 he was awarded the Feenberg Medal "for his pioneering contributions and profound insights into many-body physics across diverse physical systems, ranging from ultracold atoms and quantum liquids to dense nuclear matter in neutron stars and stellar collapse". In 2013 he was elected an honorary foreign members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Petcock is since 1977 a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and since 2003 a member of the Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. In 1985 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society for "his extensive contributions to the theory of condensed matter systems, ranging from low temperature helium and superconductors to condensed astrophysical objects and nuclear matter.". In 2016 he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. Selected publications Articles Books with Gordon Baym: with H. Smith: hbk References 1942 births Living people 20th-century British physicists 21st-century British physicists Theoretical physicists Alumni of the University of Oxford University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the American Physical Society Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the Norwegian Academy Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
The 2022 North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tar Heels play their home games at Boshamer Stadium as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They are led by head coach Scott Forbes, in his second season as head coach. Previous season The 2021 Tar Heels finished the season with a 28–27 (18–18) record. They tied for 3rd place in the ACC's Coastal Division, and made the NCAA Tournament's Lubbock Regional, where they upset UCLA in the first game before losing to hosts Texas Tech, and the Bruins, to be eliminated. Personnel Roster Coaching Staff Schedule ! style="" \| Regular Season \|- valign="top" \|- bgcolor="#ddffdd" \| February 18 \|\| Seton Hall* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 14–3 \|\| Schaeffer (1–0) \|\| Payero (0–1) \|\| None \|\| 2,155 \|\| 1–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="#ddffdd" \| February 19 \|\| Seton Hall* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 19–0 \|\| Palermo (1–0) \|\| Waldis (0–1) \|\| None \|\| 2,042 \|\| 2–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="#ddffdd" \| February 20 \|\| Seton Hall* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 7–3 \|\| Rapp (1–0) \|\| O'Neill (0–1) \|\| None \|\| 1,950 \|\| 3–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="#ddffdd" \| February 22 \|\| Elon* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 5–1 \|\| Bovair (1–0) \|\| Evans (0–1) \|\| None \|\| 1,597 \|\| 4–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="ddffdd" \| February 25 \|\| No. 25 ECU* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 7–4 \|\| Schaeffer (2–0) \|\| Saylor (0–2) \|\| O'Brien (1) \|\| 2,939 \|\| 5–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="ddffdd" \| February 26 \|\| No. 25 ECU* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| W 2–0 \|\| Carlson (1–0) \|\| Kuchmaner (0–1) \|\| O'Brien (2) \|\| 2,831 \|\| 6–0 \|\| – \|- bgcolor="ffdddd" \| February 27 \|\| at No. 25 ECU* \|\| \|\| Clark–LeClair Stadium • Greenville, NC\|\| L 0–5 \|\| Spivey (1–0) \|\| <small> Peavyhouse (0–1) \|\| Brooks (1) \|\| 3,795 \|\| 6–1 \|\| – \|- \|- \| March 1 \|\| Longwood* \|\| No. 24 \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 2 \|\| Winthrop* \|\| No. 24 \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 4 \|\| Coastal Carolina* \|\| No. 24 \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 5 \|\| Coastal Carolina* \|\| No. 24 \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 6 \|\| Coastal Carolina* \|\| No. 24 \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 8 \|\| at Liberty* \|\| \|\| Liberty Baseball Stadium • Lynchburg, VA\|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 9 \|\| Georgetown* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 11 \|\| Pittsburgh \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 12 \|\| Pittsburgh \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 13 \|\| Pittsburgh \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 15 \|\| VMI* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 16 \|\| Richmond* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 18 \|\| at Duke \|\| \|\| Durham Bulls Athletic Park • Durham, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 19 \|\| at Duke \|\| \|\| Durham Bulls Athletic Park • Durham, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 20 \|\| at Duke \|\| \|\| Durham Bulls Athletic Park • Durham, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 22 \|\| Appalachian State* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 25 \|\| at Miami (FL)* \|\| \|\| Alex Rodriguez Park at Mark Light Field • Coral Gables, FL \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 26 \|\| at Miami (FL)* \|\| \|\| Alex Rodriguez Park at Mark Light Field • Coral Gables, FL \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 27 \|\| at Miami (FL)* \|\| \|\| Alex Rodriguez Park at Mark Light Field • Coral Gables, FL \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| March 29 \|\| UNCW* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \|- \| April 1 \|\| Virginia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 2 \|\| Virginia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 3 \|\| Virginia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 5 \|\| vs. South Carolina* \|\| \|\| Truist Field • Charlotte, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 8 \|\| at Louisville \|\| \|\| Jim Patterson Stadium • Louisville, KY \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 9 \|\| at Louisville \|\| \|\| Jim Patterson Stadium • Louisville, KY \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 10 \|\| at Louisville \|\| \|\| Jim Patterson Stadium • Louisville, KY \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 12 \|\| NC A&T* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 15 \|\| Georgia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 16 \|\| Georgia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 17 \|\| Georgia Tech \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 19 \|\| Campbell* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 22 \|\| at Virginia \|\| \|\| Davenport Field • Charlottesville, VA \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 23 \|\| at Virginia \|\| \|\| Davenport Field • Charlottesville, VA \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 24 \|\| at Virginia \|\| \|\| Davenport Field • Charlottesville, VA \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| April 26 \|\| Liberty* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \|- \| May 3 \|\| Charlotte* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 6 \|\| at NC State \|\| \|\| Doak Field • Raleigh, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 7 \|\| at NC State \|\| \|\| Doak Field • Raleigh, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 8 \|\| at NC State \|\| \|\| Doak Field • Raleigh, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 10 \|\| Gardner-Webb* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 11 \|\| Charleston Southern* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 13 \|\| Wake Forest \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 14 \|\| Wake Forest \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 15 \|\| Wake Forest \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 17 \|\| at UNCW* \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 19 \|\| Florida State \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 20 \|\| Florida State \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| May 21 \|\| Florida State \|\| \|\| Boshamer Stadium • Chapel Hill, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- ! style="" \| Postseason \|- \|- \| May 24–29 \|\| vs. TBA \|\| \|\| Truist Field • Charlotte, NC \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|- \| style="font-size:88%" \| All rankings from D1Baseball except for Super Regional and College World Series where national seeds are used instead. References North Carolina Tar Heels North Carolina Tar Heels baseball seasons North Carolina Tar Heels baseball
Liz Patu (born 15 July 1989) is an Australian rugby union player. She made her international debut against New Zealand in 2014. She plays Prop for the Queensland Reds in the Super W competition. Biography Patu was born in Auckland but was raised in her native Samoa. She later migrated to Australia in 2004. She was selected for the Wallaroos 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup squad. Patu also competed at the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland. In 2018 she was named as captain ahead of their Test series against New Zealand. Patu played against Japan who had not played a game since 2017. She featured again for Australia in 2019 against New Zealand in two test matches. In 2019 Patu was given a six-week ban for biting Wallaroos team-mate Rebecca Clough in a Super W match. References 1989 births Living people Australia women's international rugby union players Australian female rugby union players
Qosqophryne mancoinca is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is only found in Santa Teresa, Cusco, Peru, between 3,519 and 3,707 meters above sea level. Its natural habitat is high altitude montane grasslands and cloud forests. It was originally classified as a member of Bryophryne, but was later moved to the newly created genus Qosqophryne. References Strabomantidae Endemic fauna of Peru Amphibians of Peru Amphibians described in 2017
Marino Golinelli (11 October 1920 – 19 February 2022) was an Italian art collector, businessman, and philanthropist. He was honored with the Order of Merit for Labour (1979). Golinelli was also a winner of the Golden Neptune Award (2010). Golinelli died on 19 February 2022, at the age of 101. References 1920 births 2022 deaths Italian businesspeople Italian philanthropists Italian art collectors Italian centenarians Men centenarians University of Bologna alumni Recipients of the Order of Merit for Labour People from the Province of Modena
"Freak Like Me" is a 1995 single by Adina Howard, also remixed by Tru Faith & Dub Conspiracy and covered by Sugababes. Freak Like Me may also refer to: Freak Like Me (TV series), 2010 reality series on BBC Three "Freak Like Me", a song by Halestorm on the album The Strange Case Of... "Freak Like Me", a song by Brook Candy on the album Sexorcism Freak Like Me, a book by the Jim Rose Circus
Finland and Vietnam have established their official relations on January 1973. Finland has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate in Ho Chi Minh City, while Vietnam has an embassy in Helsinki. History While the two countries established formal ties only on January 1973, the two countries carry some coincidences. Both Finland and Vietnam border gigantic and hostile neighbours Russia and China, having fought wars against both Russia and China in 20th century, with Finland fought the Winter War and Continuation War against the Soviets, while Vietnam fought against the Chinese in the Sino-Vietnamese War and later border conflicts, these wars which Finland and Vietnam fought against more powerful neighbours had been somewhat compared, especially with the use of citizen soldiers to delay advances of their enemies, and the casualties and traumas the two nations endured. There are also some similarities in the policies played by both governments aftermath when it comes to relations with their gigantic neighbours. Finland's Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine and Vietnam's Three Nos principle are both used to enforce neutrality to avoid provocation whilst at the same time seek to engage with Western nations that could oppose Russia and China's ambitions. Education relations Finland has a great reputation for providing one of the best education system in the world, which the Vietnamese officials have long sought to study and emulate. There is a Finnish school in Ho Chi Minh City, which offers a Finnish-style education. There are also a huge number of Vietnamese students choosing Finland to study. Economic relations Vietnam and Finland are also keen in boosting trade relations, bilateral trade turnover rose by 61.2% year-on-year to US$285 million in the first six months of 2021 despite COVID-19 pandemic. References Finland–Vietnam relations Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of Vietnam
Stott Hall Farm is a farm located between the north and south lanes of the M62 motorway in Calderdale, England. References M62 motorway Calderdale Farms in Yorkshire
Kenneth "Kenny" McIntosh is an American football running back for the Georgia Bulldogs. Early life and high school McIntosh grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and attended University School in nearby Davie. His older brothers are collegiate running back Deon McIntosh—who played at Notre Dame and Washington State—and NFL defensive end R.J. McIntosh. College career McIntosh saw limited playing time as a freshman during Georgia's 2019 season, garnering 174 yards and 2 touchdowns on 25 carries while playing behind fellow running backs D'Andre Swift, Brian Herrien, Zamir White, and James Cook. As a sophomore in the shortened 2020 season, McIntosh rushed for 251 yards (third most behind White and Cook) and 1 touchdown on 47 carries (second most behind White). In 13 games as a junior in 2021 (including the SEC Championship and Georgia's two playoff games), McIntosh ran for 328 yards and 3 touchdowns on 58 carries (third most behind White and Cook), adding another 242 yards receiving and 2 touchdown catches. On December 31, 2021, in the first quarter of the Orange Bowl against Michigan (first round of the CFP), Georgia ran a trick play in which McIntosh took a handoff from quarterback Stetson Bennett, rolled to the right, and completed an 18-yard touchdown pass to receiver Adonai Mitchell, putting Georgia up 14–0. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
St Andrew's Church in Slonim is a Roman Catholic church built in 1775, a monument of Belarusian cultural heritage. Description In 1490 the king Casimir IV Jagiellon constructed the first wooden Catholic church in Slonim. It was consecrated in 1493 and worked until the Russo-Polish war of 1654-1667 when it was destroyed by fire. After that catholic masses in Slonim were served in a small chapel. The construction of a new stone church started in 1770 and lasted five years. The new building was completed and consecrated in 1775. The church has 14 meters high nave and two small sacristies on both sides of the chancel. The facade is supported by two symmetrical towers. Statues of St Peter and St Paul are placed in the niches near the main entrance. The main altar is decorated in Rococo style. The church was almost destroyed during World War I but reconstructed after the war. After World War II Slonim became a part of the USSR and was soon closed by order of the Soviet government. The building was used as a food storage facility. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and restoration of Catholicism in Belarus, the church was returned to the local parish, reconstructed and re-opened in 1993. References Sources Churches in Belarus Landmarks in Belarus
Garrett Leigh is a British writer, cover artist, and book designer. Three of her novels have been finalists for the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Romance. Awards Publications Gypsy Rain (2013) Heart (2014) More Than Life (2014) Between Ghosts (2016) What Remains (2016) What Matters, with (2017) The Edge of the World (2019) Finding Home (2019) Hometown Christmas (2019) Kiss Me Again (2019) Angels in the City (2020) The Sex Coach (2020) Christmas Mountain (2021) Blue Boy Bullet (2013) Bones (2014) Bold (2014) Darkest Skies Redemption (2020) Deliverance (2021) Salvation (2021) Forgiven Forgiven (2021) Unforgotten (2021) Heated Beat My Mate Jack (2014) Lucky Man (2015) Lucky Lucky (2018) Cash (2019) Jude (2019) Micah (2020) Only Love Only Love (2014) Awake and Alive (2014) Porthkennack House of Cards (2017) Junkyard Heart (2017) Rented Heart Rented Heart (2016) Soul to Keep (2018) Roads Slide (2013) Marked (2013) Rare (2014) Freed (2014) Circle (2017) Shadow Bound Shadow Bound (2015) Fated Hearts (2019) Skins Dream (2018) Whisper (2018) Believe (2018) Crossroads (2018) Cherish (2022) Urban Soul Misfits (2015) Strays (2017) Vino and Veritas Heartscape (2021) Anthology contributions Grand Adventures, edited by S.A. McAuley (2014) Gifts for the Season (2020) References Living people 21st-century American writers
Vasiliy Stepanovich Bebko (; 26 April 1932 – 20 February 2022) was a Ukrainian-born Russian diplomat. He served as Ambassador of the USSR and later Russia to Liberia from 1987 to 1992. Bebko died on 20 February 2022, at the age of 89. References 1932 births 2022 deaths Russian diplomats Soviet diplomats Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Liberia Ambassadors of Russia to Liberia Russian people of Ukrainian descent Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour People from Zaporizhzhia
The 2022 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team represents Arizona State University during the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Sun Devils play their home games at Phoenix Municipal Stadium as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. They are led by head coach Willie Bloomquist, in his 1st season at ASU. Previous season The Sun Devils finished with a record of 33–22, and 16–14 in conference play. In the postseason, the Sun Devils were invited and participated in the 2021 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament, where they lost to the #2 national seed Texas and Fairfield in the Austin Regional in Austin, Texas. In the offseason, Tracy Smith was fired from his role as head coach after 7 seasons with the program. A few days later, it was announced that Willie Bloomquist was hired as the new head coach. Personnel Roster Coaching Staff Schedule \|- ! colspan=2 style="" \| Regular Season: 3–4 (Home: 3–4; Away: 0–0; Neutral: 0–0) \|- valign="top" \| \|- \| \|- \| \|- \| \|} Source: Rankings References Arizona State Sun Devils baseball seasons Arizona State Sun Devils Arizona State Sun Devils baseball
Johnson Akuamoah Asiedu is a Ghanaian accountant who currently serves as Auditor-General of Ghana. He was appointed by Nana Akufo-Addo in 2021 to replace Daniel Yaw Domelevo. Education Asiedu holds an Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration (Accounting) from the University of Ghana, Legon. He also holds an Masters in Business Administration in Strategic Management from the Paris Graduate School of Management. He is a chartered accountant and is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) and the Institute of Internal Auditors. Career Auditor-General of Ghana In July 2020, Aseidu assumed the position of acting Auditor-General of Ghana after his boss Daniel Yaw Domelevo was asked to go on accumulated leave of 167 working days. He continued in that role also from March 2021 following a controversial retirement of Domelevo till his elevation to Auditor-General of Ghana. In September 2021, Asiedu was appointed by President Nana Akufo-Addo to serve as Auditor-General of Ghana with effect from 27 August 2021. Personal life Asiedu is a Christian and enjoys preaching the gospel. See also Auditor-General of Ghana References Living people Ghanaian accountants Ghanaian civil servants Auditor-General of Ghana
Moisés Castillo Mosquera (born 24 May 2001) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Marítimo. Career Mosquera signed his first professional contract with Marítimo on 14 August 2020. He began his senior career with their reserves, before being sidelined by an injury in April 2021. He made his professional debut with Marítimo in a 2-1 Primeira Liga win over Portimonense on 9 January 2022. References External links 2001 births Living people Footballers from Medellín Colombian footballers Association football defenders C.S. Marítimo players Primeira Liga players Campeonato de Portugal (league) players Colombian expatriate footballers Colombian expatriates in Portugal Expatriate footballers in Portugal
A Bachelor's Wife is a 1919 silent drama film directed by Emmett J. Flynn and starring Mary Miles Minter. As with many of Minter's movies, the film is thought to be a lost film. In the weeks before its release, some film magazines listed the feature under its working title “Mary O’Rourke.” Plot As described in Motion Picture Herald, Mary O’Rourke (Minter) arrives in America from Ireland and finds her young friend and baby deserted by the husband. Mary takes the baby to the Stuyvesant mansion, demanding that it be recognized. Mrs. Stuyvesant, an invalid, is delighted with the child, and mistaking Mary for her daughter-in-law, invites her to stay and take charge of the house. The doctor informs Mary that she must comply with the old lady's request, as a shock might prove fatal to her. John Stuyvesant arrives home and denounces Mary as an imposter. She admits that she is but insists that he shall do right by Norah. He insists he was never married, and to prove it starts to marry another girl. Mary confronts him with the marriage license, which it appears belongs to J. Frederick Stuyvesant, a cousin. He had failed to acknowledge Norah as his wife while waiting to come into his fortune. Things straighten themselves out, Norah and the child come into their own and Mary and John decide to marry. Cast Mary Miles Minter as Mary O’Rourke Allan Forrest as John Stuyvesant Myrtle Reeves as Norah Cavanagh Lydia Knott as Mrs Stuyvesant Charles Spere as Fred Stuyvesant Margaret Shelby as Genevieve Harbison Harry Holden as Dr Burt References External links 1919 films 1919 drama films American drama films American silent feature films American films American black-and-white films Lost American films 1919 lost films Lost drama films
Felix Nikolaevich Strok (; 23 October 1931 – 20 February 2022) was a Russian diplomat. He served as Ambassador of the USSR and Russia to Nepal from 1990 to 1992. Strok died on 20 February 2022, at the age of 90. References 1931 births 2022 deaths Russian diplomats Soviet diplomats Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Nepal Ambassadors of Russia to Nepal
Cedo may refer to: People Cedo Simplex or Jon Courtney, British musician Čedo Antolić (1951–2019), Croatian spiritual poet and songwriter Čedo Grbić (1921–1994), Croatian Serb communist politician Čedo Maras (born 1959), Yugoslav football goalkeeper Čedo Nikolovski (born 1961), Yugoslav wrestler Čedo Vuković (1920–2014), Montenegrin writer Other CEDO, Intercultural Center for the Study of Deserts and Oceans
Urgent Evoke (also known as Evoke) is an Alternate reality game created by Jane McGonigal and funded by the World Bank Institute, infoDev, the Korean Trust Fund on ICT for Development that ran from 3 March-12 May 2010. The game was designed to empower young people in Africa to come up with creative solutions to problems like hunger, water access, climate change, and poverty. The game's tagline was "A crash course in changing the world." Background The game was developed after universities in Africa expressed a need to find avenues to encourage students to find innovative solutions and work within their local communities. The World Bank Institute invested $500,000, stating that they hoped to empower people to create local change by connecting them with contacts around the world. The game was challenged by the lack of Internet access in Africa. The game addressed this by designing options for playing on mobile phones using the Opera Mini operating system, and the World Bank Institute ran ad campaigns in South Africa to recruit players. Gameplay and Story Evoke ran for 10 weeks, beginning 3 March 2010 and concluding 12 May 2010. Each week, a new mission was introduced via a graphic novel installment written by Emmy-award nominated producer Kiyash Monsef and drawn by Jacob Glaser. The story was set in the year 2020 and followed the efforts of a mysterious network of Africa’s best problem-solvers. Game designer Ken Eklund served as community lead. Results The game reported 19,324 registered players from 150 countries who collectively submitted 23,500 blog posts, 4,700 photos, and 1,500 videos. The top 25 projects out of 74 submissions participated in an online challenge with GlobalGiving and raised $30,000 in additional funds. Of the players, there were 8,000 active participants, 400 of which were from Africa. Players who completed enough missions could earn a certification from the World Bank Institute and some submitters were selected to attend the EVOKE Summit, a conference in Washington, DC on 28-30 September 2010. The game is now available to high school teachers as an educational tool through the original Urgent Evoke website. References External links Urgent Evoke official page Alternate reality games
Tell Hazna I is a Syrian archaeological site located in al-Hasakah, to the north east of Al-Hasakah, inhabited during the Early Dynastic I–II Periods, and Uruk and Ubaid periods. Tell Hazna I The site has been excavated since 1988 to 2010 by the expedition of Institute of Archaeology of Russian Academy of Sciences. Tell Hazna I, is a large tell 150 m in average diameter and 17 m high. 12 m of its 16 m thick cultural deposit belong to the Early Dynastic I–II Periods, and its lower 4 m to the Uruk and Ubaid periods. The efforts of the Russian mission have been mainly concentrated on the first or upper Early Dynastic Period: the remains of the religious and administrative center. An area of more than 2000 m2 has been uncovered on the tell's southern slope. The site included two temple complexes (the Upper Temple and the Lower Temple), it is considered to have a pre-state organization of the community run by a religious administration. See also Tell Brak Tell Mozan Tell Barri Chagar Bazar Cities of the Ancient Near East References Informational notes Citations Bibliography States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC Archaeological sites in al-Hasakah Governorate Former populated places in Syria Brak Ubaid period Uruk period
Sam Greene is a British academic; professor in Russian politics and director of the Russia Institute at King's College London. Greene earned a PhD in political sociology from the London School of Economics. Publications Moscow in Movement: Power and Opposition in Putin's Russia (Stanford University Press, 2014) Putin v. the People: The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia (Yale University Press, with Graeme Robertson, 2019) References Alumni of the London School of Economics Academics of King's College London Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Codi may refer to: People Bartolomeo Coda or Codi Benedetto Coda or Codi Codi Galloway, American politician Codi Heuer (born 1996), American baseball player Codi Miller-McIntyre (born 1994), American basketball player Codi Yusuf (born 1998), South African cricket player Places , France Other CoDi Codi / \ Cysgu DOI-CODI

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