You are a helpful, respectful, and honest assistant. Always answer as helpfully as possible, while being safe. Your answers should not include any harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content. Please ensure that your responses are socially unbiased and positive in nature. If a question does not make any sense or is not factually coherent, explain why instead of answering something not correct. If you don't know the answer to a question, please don't share false information.
What is All adverse effects of theophylline are mediated by A receptor except: and explain in detail?
Ans: (d) Gl discomfortRef. Goodman and Gill man's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 13th edition, Page 735 11.TheophyllineBelongs to methylxanthines group of drugs.It has bronchodilator action and nonbronchodilator effects.It has various mechanisms of action:Inhibition of phosphodiesterases,Adenosine receptor antagonism,Interleukin-10 release.Prevents the translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB into the nucleus,Promotes apoptosis in eosinophils and neutrophils in vitro,Histone deacetylase activation.Side Effects:The most common side effects are headache, nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort and restlessness.Side effects of theophylline and proposed mechanismsSide effectProposed mechanismNausea and vomitingPDE4 inhibitionHeadachePDE4 inhibitionGastric discomfortPDE4 inhibitionDiuresisA1 receptor inhibitionCardiac arrhythmiasPDE3 inhibition, A1 receptor inhibitionEpileptic seizuresA1 receptor inhibition