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What is Colles fracture and explain in detail?
A Colles fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, deformity, and bruising. Complications may include damage to the median nerve.It typically occurs as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand. Risk factors include osteoporosis. The diagnosis may be confirmed via X-rays. The tip of the ulna may also be broken.Treatment may include casting or surgery. Surgical reduction and casting is possible in the majority of cases in people over the age of 50. Pain management can be achieved during the reduction with procedural sedation and analgesia or a hematoma block. A year or two may be required for healing to occur.About 15% of people have a Colles fracture at some point in their life. They occur more commonly in young adults and older people than in children and middle-aged adults. Women are more frequently affected than men. The fracture is named after Abraham Colles who described it in 1814.

Causes
The fracture is most commonly caused by people falling onto a hard surface and breaking their fall with outstretched hand (FOOSH)–falling with wrists flexed would lead to a Smiths fracture. Originally it was described in elderly and/or post-menopausal women. It usually occurs about three to five centimetres proximal to the radio-carpal joint with posterior and lateral displacement of the distal fragment resulting in the characteristic "dinner fork" or "bayonet" like deformity. Colles fracture is a common fracture in people with osteoporosis, second only to vertebral fractures.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be made upon interpretation of anteroposterior and lateral views alone.The classic Colles fracture has the following characteristics:
Transverse fracture of the radius
2.5 cm (0.98 inches) proximal to the radio-carpal joint
dorsal displacement and dorsal angulation, together with radial tiltOther characteristics:
Radial shortening
Loss of ulnar inclination≤
Radial angulation of the wrist
Comminution at the fracture site
Associated fracture of the ulnar styloid process in more than 60% of cases.

Classification
The term Colles fracture is classically used to describe a fracture at the distal end of the radius, at its cortico-cancellous junction. However, the term now tends to be used loosely to describe any fracture of the distal radius, with or without involvement of the ulna, that has dorsal displacement of the fracture fragments. Colles himself described it as a fracture that “takes place at about an inch and a half (38mm) above the carpal extremity of the radius” and “the carpus and the base of metacarpus appears to be thrown backward”. The fracture is sometimes referred to as a "dinner fork" or "bayonet" deformity due to the shape of the resultant forearm.Colles fractures can be categorized according to several systems including Frykman, Gartland & Werley, Lidström, Nissen-Lie and the Olders classifications.

Treatment
Management depends on the severity of the fracture. An undisplaced fracture may be treated with a cast alone