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What is Most common type of renal stone? and explain in detail?
Ans. (a) Calcium oxalateRef.:Bailey and love 26th ed. /1292Types of Renal Stones (Urolithiasis):* Calcium stones (75-85%)# Made of calcium oxalate or Calcium oxalate plus calcium phosphate.* Struvite stone/Triple phosphate stone (15% of cases)# Also known as magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stone# Formed mainly after infection by urea splitting bacteria (Proteus and some staphylococci) - which causes alkaline urine - leads to precipitation of Mg -NH3 - PO4# Causes Staghorn calculi, which occupy large position of renal pelvis.* Uric acid stone# Common in patients with hyperuricemia (except in patients with gout) and in patients with rapid cell turnover (Example- in Leukemia patients).# Cause: Urine of pH less than 5.5 (uric acid is insoluble in acidic urine) a leading to saturation# It is radiolucent stone.* Cystine stone# Due to genetic defect in renal absorption of amino acid cysteine a leading to cystinuria.