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What is Adrenocortical adenoma and explain in detail?
Adrenocortical adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex. Like most adenomas, the adrenocortical adenoma is considered a benign tumor since the majority of them are non-functioning and asymptomatic. Adrenocortical adenomas are classified as ACTH-independent disorders, and are commonly associated with conditions linked to hyperadrenalism such as Cushings syndrome (hypercortisolism) or Conns syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), which is also known as primary aldosteronism. In addition, recent case reports further support the affiliation of adrenocortical adenomas with hyperandrogenism or florid hyperandrogenism which can cause hyperandrogenic hirsutism in females. "Cushings syndrome" differs from the "Cushings disease" even though both conditions are induced by hypercortisolism. The term "Cushings disease" refers specifically to "secondary hypercortisolism" classified as "ACTH-dependent Cushings syndrome" caused by pituitary adenomas. In contrast, "Cushings syndrome" refers specifically to "primary hypercortisolism" classified as "ACTH-independent Cushings syndrome" caused by adrenal adenomas.

Presentation
Adrenal adenomas are often categorized as endocrine-inactive tumors considering that majority of them are non-functioning and asymptomatic. Functional adrenocortical adenomas demonstrate symptoms consistent with mixed endocrine syndromes. In most reported cases of adrenocortical adenoma, patients have presented with one or multiple endocrine syndromes such as hyperaldosteronism/Conns Syndrome, hypercortisolism/Cushings syndrome, hyperandrogenism/feminization, virilization, or hirsutism. Some of the common symptoms associated with adrenocortical adenomas include:
Musculoskeletal

Osteopenia
Muscle weakness/muscle atrophyCardiovascular

HypertensionEndocrine and Metabolic

Obesity→More prevalent in males

virilization→More prevalent in females

Hyperandrogenism
Irregular menstrual cyclesNeuropsychological

Sleep disorders
DepressionSkin

Easy bruising
Stretch marks
Hirsutism
Acne

Cause
Study of the reported cases indicate that most adrenocortical adenomas occur due to neoplastic proliferation of adrenal cortical cells within the three distinct layers of adrenal cortex. In humans, the adrenal cortex comprises three concentric zones including the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis that under normal conditions respond to bodys physiological demands for steroid hormones. The adrenal cortex is considered a dynamic organ in which senescent cells are replaced by newly differentiated cells