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What is Lattice corneal dystrophy and explain in detail?
Lattice corneal dystrophy type is a rare form of corneal dystrophy. It has no systemic manifestations, unlike the other type of the dystrophy, Lattice corneal dystrophy type II. Lattice corneal dystrophy was first described by Swiss ophthalmologist Hugo Biber in 1890.Lattice dystrophy gets its name from an accumulation of amyloid deposits, or abnormal protein fibers, throughout the middle and anterior stroma.

Presentation
Filamentous opacities appear in the cornea with intertwining delicate branching processes. During an eye examination, the doctor sees these deposits in the stroma as clear, comma-shaped overlapping dots and branching filaments, creating a lattice effect. Over time, the lattice lines will grow opaque and involve more of the stroma. They will also gradually converge, giving the cornea a cloudiness that may also reduce vision. The disease is bilateral, usually noted before the end of the first decade of life. Although lattice dystrophy can occur at any time in life, the condition usually arises in children between the ages of two and seven.In some people, these abnormal protein fibers can accumulate under the corneas outer layer—the epithelium. This can cause erosion of the epithelium. This condition is known as recurrent epithelial erosion. These erosions alter the corneas normal curvature, resulting in temporary vision problems, and expose the nerves that line the cornea, causing severe pain. Even the involuntary act of blinking can be painful.
In systemic cases, kidney failure, heart failure and neuropathy such as facial nerve palsy, laxity of the skin may be noted.

Genetics
Lattice corneal dystrophy has three types:
type I: with no systemic association. It is caused by mutations in TGFBI gene encoding keratoepithelin, which maps to chromosome 5q.
type II or Finnish type amyloidosis: associated with manifestations of systemic amyloidosis due to accumulation of gelsolin. Associated conditions may include cutis laxa and ataxia.
type III is also described which has an onset at age 70 to 90 years and is not associated with systemic amyloidosis.

Diagnosis
In the examination of biomicroscopy, it appears as branches spread on the corneal stroma in the appearance of ghost vessels. diagnosis can also be confirmed with anterior segment OCT (Visante OCT, spectral domain OCT).The interwoven linear opaque filaments have some resemblance to NERVES, but may not be observed in all affected members of families with the condition. Recurrent corneal erosions may precede the corneal opacities and even appear in individuals lacking recognizable stromal disease