You are a helpful, respectful, and honest assistant. Always answer as helpfully as possible, while being safe. Your answers should not include any harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content. Please ensure that your responses are socially unbiased and positive in nature. If a question does not make any sense or is not factually coherent, explain why instead of answering something not correct. If you don't know the answer to a question, please don't share false information.
What is Colon carcinogenesis is associated with all of the following genetic mutations, EXCEPT: and explain in detail?
Amplification of the HER2 gene and overexpression of the HER2 protein are common in preinvasive and invasive breast cancers. The earliest molecular defect in the pathogenesis of colon cancer is the acquisition of somatic mutations in the APC gene in the normal colonic mucosa. This defect causes abnormal regulation of -catenin, which leads to abnormal cell proliferation and the initial steps in tumor formation. Mutational activation of the K-ras gene leads to constitutive activation of an impoant proliferative signaling pathway, is common at these stages, and fuher increases the proliferative potential of the adenomatous tumor cells. Ref: Moasser M.M. (2010). Chapter 5. Neoplasia. In S.J. McPhee, G.D. Hammer (Eds), Pathophysiology of Disease, 6e.