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What is Cefazolin and explain in detail?
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein.Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people who have a history of anaphylaxis to penicillin. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cefazolin is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacterias cell wall.Cefazolin was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
Cefazolin is used in a variety of infections provided that susceptible organisms are involved. It is indicated for use in the following infections:
Respiratory tract infections
Urinary tract infections
Skin infections
Biliary tract infections
Bone and joint infections
Genital infections
Blood infections (sepsis)
EndocarditisIt can also be used peri-operatively to prevent infections post-surgery, and is often the preferred drug for surgical prophylaxis.There is no penetration into the central nervous system and therefore cefazolin is not effective in treating meningitis.Cefazolin has been shown to be effective in treating methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) but does not work in cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In many instances of staphylococcal infections, such as bacteremia, cefazolin is an alternative to penicillin in patients who are allergic to penicillin. However, there is still potential for a reaction to occur with cefazolin and other cephalosporins in patients allergic to penicillin. Resistance to cefazolin is seen in several species of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia, in which case different generations of cephalosporins may be more effective. Cefazolin does not fight against Enterococcus, anaerobic bacteria or atypical bacteria among others.

Bacterial susceptibility
As a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, cefazolin and other first-generation antibiotics are very active against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Their broad spectrum of activity can be attributed to their improved stability to many bacterial beta-lactamases compared to penicillins.

Spectrum of activity
Gram-positive aerobes:
Staphylococcus aureus (including beta-lactamase producing strains)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and  other strains of streptococciGram-Negative Aerobes:

Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis

Non susceptible
The following are not susceptible:
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus
most strains of indole positive Proteus (Proteus vulgaris)
Enterobacter spp.
Morganella morganii
Providencia rettgeri
Serratia spp.
Pseudomonas spp.
Listeria

Special populations
Pregnancy
Cefazolin is pregnancy category B, indicating general safety for use in pregnancy. Caution should be used in breastfeeding as a small amount of cefazolin enters the breast milk. Cefazolin can be used prophylactically against perinatal Group B streptococcal infection (GBS). Although penicillin and ampicillin are the standard of care for GBS prophylaxis, penicillin-allergic women with no history of anaphylaxis can be given cefazolin instead