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What is Mometasone and explain in detail?
Mometasone, also known as mometasone y 3 s, is a steroid medication used to treat certain skin conditions, hay fever, and asthma. Specifically it is used to prevent rather than treat asthma attacks. It can be applied to the skin, inhaled, or used in the nose. Mometasone furoate, not mometasone, is used in medical products.Common side effects when used for asthma includes asthma and thrush. It is therefore recommended to rinse the mouth after use. Long term use may increase the risk for glaucoma and cataracts. Common side effects when used in the nose includes upper respiratory tract infections and nose bleeds. Common side effects when applied on the skin include acne, skin atrophy, and itchiness. It works by decreasing inflammation.Mometasone furoate was patented in 1981 and came into medical use in 1987. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 197th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Mometasone furoate is used in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders (such as eczema and psoriasis) (topical form), allergic rhinitis (such as hay fever) (topical form), asthma (inhalation form) for patients unresponsive to less potent corticosteroids, and penile phimosis. In terms of steroid strength, it is more potent than hydrocortisone, and less potent than dexamethasone.Some low-quality evidence suggests the use of mometasone for symptomatic improvement in children with adenoid hypertrophy.Mometasone is used to alleviate inflammation and itchiness in skin conditions that respond to treatment with glucocorticoids such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.Nasal mometasone is used in adults (including the elderly) and children over two years of age, to diminish the symptoms of hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis) and other allergies (perennial rhinitis), including nasal congestion, discharge, pruritus, and sneezing and to treat nasal polyps.It is not useful for the common cold.

Asthma
Mometasone furoate can be used with formoterol for the treatment of asthma, due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Contraindications
People should not use inhaled mometasone or mometasone nasal spray if:

glaucoma or cataracts
hypersensitivity or allergic to any ingredient in mometasoneThose who are using mometasone nasal or inhaled for a long period of time (e.g. more than three months) should get regular eye exams to check for glaucoma and cataracts and should take precautions to avoid infections such as taking a vitamin D supplement, staying away from those with an infection (chickenpox, measles, colds or flu, COVID-19), washing foods, hand washing and calling a family doctor at the first sign of a severe infection.
People should not use mometasone topical (skin cream) if:

hypersensitive or allergic to any ingredient in the skin creamMometasone furoate is in class C in terms of safety while use during pregnancy. Therefore, its risks to the baby cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the use in pregnancy is not recommended.

Side effects
The nasal spray form of mometasone may cause the following side effects:

headache
Viral upper respiratory infections
sore throat
nose bleeds
cough
muscle and joint painSerious side effects include: Thrush (fungal infection in the nose or throat), slow wound healing, eye problems such as glaucoma or cataracts, weakened immune system (immunodeficiency) which causes an increased susceptibility to infections and adrenal insufficiency.
The inhaled form of mometasone for asthma may cause the following side effects

headache
stuffy or runny nose
dry throat
swelling of nose, throat and sinuses
flu like symptoms
painful menstrual periodsSerious side effects may include: allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), increased risk of osteoporosis, glaucoma and cataracts, thrush in the mouth or throat, growth retardation in children, bronchospasms, adrenal insufficiency and weakened immune system which causes an increased susceptibility to infections.
The topical (skin cream) version may cause:

burning and itching at the application site
acne
changes in skin color
dryness at application site
skin soresThe only serious side effect that is known with mometasone topical is adrenal insufficiency.

Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Mometasone furoate reduces inflammation by causing several effects:
Reversing the activation of inflammatory proteins
Activating the secretion of anti-inflammatory proteins
Stabilizing cell membranes
Decreasing the influx of inflammatory cellsIn addition to the glucocorticoid properties of mometasone furoate, it is a very potent agonist of the progesterone receptor as well as a partial agonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.

Mechanism of action
Mometasone, like other corticosteroids, possesses anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. For allergies, corticosteroids reduce the allergic reactions in various types of cells (mastocytes and eosinophils) that are responsible for allergic reactions. Mometasone and other corticosteroids circulate in the blood easily, crossing cellular membranes and binding with cytoplasmic receptors, resulting in the transcription and synthesis of proteins. It also inhibits the actions of the enzyme cytochrome P450 2C8 which participates in the activity of monooxygenase.The inflammation is reduced in decreasing the liberation of hydrolase acids of leukocytes, the prevention of the accumulation macrophages in the sites of inflammation, the interference with adhesion of leukocytes to capillary walls, the reduction of the permeability of the capillary membranes and consequently edema, the reduction of complementary components, inhibition of histamine and kinin liberation, and interference with scar tissue formation. The proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen deposits is also reduced. It is believed that the action of corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents is bound to inhibitive proteins of phospholipase A2, collectively called lipocortins. The lipocortins, in turn, control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation as the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, inhibiting the liberation of the molecular precursors of arachidonic acid. Intranasal mometasone alleviates symptoms such as rhinorrhea aquosa, nasal congestion, nasal drip, sneezing, and pharyngeal itching. Topical administration applied to skin reduces the inflammation associated with chronic or acute dermatosis.
Although mometasone furoate does not have significant systemic immunomodulatory effects, it can be considered a local immunosuppressive drug because clinical studies have shown reductions (vs. baseline ) in neutrophils (a white blood cell) in the nasal mucosa. It could be also considered an antihistamine along with its glucocorticoid effects because it significantly reduces histamine and eosinophil cationic protein levels.

Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
Extensive metabolic hepatic metabolism of mometasone furoate to multiple metabolites occurs