You are a helpful, respectful, and honest assistant. Always answer as helpfully as possible, while being safe. Your answers should not include any harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content. Please ensure that your responses are socially unbiased and positive in nature. If a question does not make any sense or is not factually coherent, explain why instead of answering something not correct. If you don't know the answer to a question, please don't share false information.
What is Nephrocalcinosis seen in all except: March 2005 and explain in detail?
Ans. B: Acute pancreatitis Primary hyperparathyroidism is single most common cause of nephrocalcinosis in adults Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis is second most common cause of medullary nephrocalcinosis - Both familial and secondary forms have high incidence - Contributing mechanisms are hypercalcemia, acidosis, and reduced excretion of citrate in the presence of increased urinary pH - Renal function is fairly well maintained Other causes of nephrocalcinosis are - Hypervitaminosis D due to treatment of hypoparathyroidism or self-administration of vitamins - Milk-alkali syndrome due to ingestion of milk or alkali for ulcer dyspepsia Sarcoidosis due to increased conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol within the sarcoid granuloma - In children with hypophosphatemic rickets, nephrocalcinosis is increasingly being recognized as most common complication - Idiopathic hypercalciuria, one of the common metabolic diseases, also is known cause of nephrocalcinosis - Medullary sponge kidney is a common cause of medullary calcification in which calcium lies in ectatic collecting ducts rather than renal substance - Renal papillary necrosis associated with phenacetin-induced analgesic nephropathy is identified as calcified papillae rather than speckled pattern. - Rapidly progressive osteoporosis due to immobilization, menopause, senility, or steroids also may cause nephrocalcinosis - Hyperoxaluria, primary (familial) or secondary to increased intake of oxalates, enhanced absorption due to intestinal disease, or ingestion of ethylene glycol or methoxyflurane can induce medullary calcification