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What is A 36-year-old woman has had increased malaise for 3 weeks and urine output <500 mL/day for the past 4 days. On examination, she has blood pressure 170/112 mm Hg and peripheral edema. Urinalysis shows protein 1+ and blood 3+, but no glucose or ketones. Urine microscopic analysis shows RBCs and RBC casts. Her serum urea nitrogen is 39 mg/dL, and creatinine is 4.3 mg/dL. Her serum complement C1q, C3, and C4 are decreased. A renal biopsy is performed, and immunofluorescence microscopy shows a granular pattern of staining with antibody to C3. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is most likely causing her renal disease? and explain in detail?
The findings fit with the immune-mediated glomerular injury with antigen-antibody complex deposition, typical of an underlying disease such as SLE, and nephritic picture. Type I hypersensitivity may play a role in drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Type II hypersensitivity is present with anti-glomerular basement membrane diseases, such as Goodpasture syndrome. Type IV hypersensitivity plays a role in renal transplant rejection and some cases of drug-induced interstitial nephritis.