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What is Occlusal trauma and explain in detail?
Occlusal trauma is the damage to teeth when an excessive force is acted upon them and they do not align properly.When the jaws close, for instance during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. When trauma, disease or dental treatment alters occlusion by changing the biting surface of any of the teeth, the teeth will come together differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change has a negative effect on how the teeth occlude, this may cause tenderness, pain, and damage to or movement of the teeth. This is called traumatic occlusion.Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter can also be caused by other processes.

Signs and symptoms
Clinically, there is a number of physiological results that serve as evidence of occlusal trauma:,
Progressive Tooth mobility
Fremitus
Tooth migration
Pain
Thermal sensitivity
Pain on chewing or percussion
Wear facets

Diagnosis
Microscopically, there will be a number of features that accompany occlusal trauma:
Hemorrhage
Necrosis
Widening of the periodontal ligament, or PDL (also serves as a very common radiographic feature)
Bone resorption
Cementum loss and tearsIt was concluded that widening of the periodontal ligament was a "functional adaptation to changes in functional requirements".

Primary vs. secondary
There are two types of occlusal trauma, primary and secondary.

Primary
Primary occlusal trauma occurs when greater than normal occlusal forces are placed on teeth, as in the case of parafunctional habits, such as bruxism or various chewing or biting habits, including but not limited to those involving fingernails and pencils or pens.
The associated excessive forces can be grouped into three categories.  Excesses of:
Duration
Frequency and
MagnitudePrimary occlusal trauma will occur when there is a normal periodontal attachment apparatus and, thus, no periodontal disease.

Secondary
Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal or excessive occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment, thus contributing harm to an already damaged system.  As stated, secondary occlusal trauma occurs when there is a compromised periodontal attachment and, thus, a pre-existing periodontal condition.

Cause and treatment
Teeth are constantly subject to both horizontal and vertical occlusal forces