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What is Congenital blindness and explain in detail?
Congenital blindness refers to a group of diseases and conditions occurring in childhood or early adolescence of below 16 years old, which, if left untreated, result in blindness or severe visual impairment that are likely to be permanent blindness later in life. Congenital blindness is a hereditary disease and can be cured by gene therapy. Visual loss in children or infant can occur either at the stage of prenatal (during the time of conception or intrauterine period) or postnatal stage (during birth). A variety of causes can promote congenital blindness but the most concern and highest cause of it is a genetic mutation. In general, 60% of congenital blindness cases are contributed from prenatal stage and 40% are contributed from inherited disease. However, most of the congenital blindness cases show that it can be avoidable or preventable with early treatment.

Causes
Prenatal stage

Premature Birth
Refractive error
Congenital cataract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
Infection such as Ophtalmia neonatorum that happen during time of conception or intrauterine period
Vitamin A deficiency
MeaslesPostnatal stage

Genetic mutationThe mutation can usually be an autosomal recessive condition and unusual condition of infant happened where it forms retinoblastoma result from autosomal dominant condition. The mutation of Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (RPE65) gene which function to produce retinoid isomerohydrolase which is an enzyme. RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye