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What is Hyperacusis and explain in detail?
Hyperacusis is the increased sensitivity to sound and a low tolerance for environmental noise. Definitions of hyperacusis can vary significantly; it can refer to normal noises being perceived as: loud, annoying, painful, fear-inducing, or a combination of those, and is often categorized into four subtypes: loudness, pain, annoyance, and fear.It can be a highly debilitating hearing disorder. Hyperacusis is often coincident with tinnitus. The latter is more common and there are important differences between their involved mechanisms.Little is known about the prevalence of hyperacusis, in part due to the degree of variation in the terms definition. Reported prevalence in children and adolescents ranges from 3% to 17%.

Signs and symptoms
In hyperacusis, the symptoms are ear pain, annoyance, distortions, and general intolerance to many sounds that most people are unaffected by. Crying spells or panic attacks may result from the experience of hyperacusis. It may affect only one or both ears.  Hyperacusis can also be accompanied by tinnitus. Hyperacusis can result in anxiety, stress and phonophobia. Avoidant behavior is often a response to prevent the effects of hyperacusis and this can include avoiding social situations.

Loudness Hyperacusis
Hyperacusis is most often characterized by a sensitivity to sound, where the perception of loudness is much greater than for a typical person; it is often associated with certain volumes and/or frequencies.  Hyperacusis can occur in children and adults, and can be either "short-term" in a duration of weeks to less than a year before recovery, or, less-commonly, "long-term", spanning years and in some cases becoming permanent.  Sensitivity is often different between ears.

Noxacusis (Pain Hyperacusis)
In some instances, hyperacusis is accompanied by pain, which is known as noxacusis.  Noxacusis is characterized by pain resulting from sounds, often initiated at certain volumes or frequencies; pain can be immediate or delayed, and sometimes persists for an extended period of time following exposure.  Pain can be acute or chronic, and is often described as stabbing, burning, acid, or nerve pain, and is sometimes equated with the pain of a root canal or a broken tooth.

Loudness Discomfort Level (LDL)
The threshold of sound at which discomfort is initially experienced; measured in decibels (dB).

Setback
After a period of some relief from symptoms, discomfort resumes; often resulting from exposure to sound, or, in some cases, ototoxic medications or injuries.  Setback prevention is an important focus among those affected.

Associated conditions
Some conditions that are associated with hyperacusis include:

Causes
The most common cause of hyperacusis is overexposure to excessively high decibel (sound pressure) levels.Some affected people acquire hyperacusis suddenly as a result of taking ear sensitizing drugs, Lyme disease, Ménières disease, head injury, or surgery. Others are born with sound sensitivity, develop superior canal dehiscence syndrome, have had a history of ear infections, or come from a family that has had hearing problems. Bells palsy can trigger hyperacusis if the associated flaccid paralysis affects the tensor tympani, and stapedius, two small muscles of the middle ear. Paralysis of the stapedius muscle prevents its function in dampening the oscillations of the ossicles, causing sound to be abnormally loud on the affected side. Age may also be a significant factor.
Some psychoactive drugs such as LSD, methaqualone, or phencyclidine can cause hyperacusis. An antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, has also been seen to be a cause, known as ciprofloxacin-related hyperacusis. Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is also a possible cause.

Neurophysiological mechanisms
As one important mechanism, adaptation processes in the auditory brain that influence the dynamic range of neural responses, are assumed to be distorted by irregular input from the inner ear. This is mainly caused by hearing loss related damage in the inner ear. The mechanism behind hyperacusis is not currently known, but it is suspected to be caused by damage to the inner ear and cochlea. It is theorized that type II afferent fibers become excited after damage to hair cells and synapses, triggering  a release of ATP in response