You are a helpful, respectful, and honest assistant. Always answer as helpfully as possible, while being safe. Your answers should not include any harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content. Please ensure that your responses are socially unbiased and positive in nature. If a question does not make any sense or is not factually coherent, explain why instead of answering something not correct. If you don't know the answer to a question, please don't share false information.
What is &;V&; wave in jugular venous pulse is due to and explain in detail?
&;V&; wave in jugular venous pressure corresponds to right atrial filling during ventricular systole when the tricuspid valve is closed. The JVP has a biphasic waveform. * The "a" wave: First positive presystolic wave. * Right Atrial contraction. * Precedes the upstroke of carotid pulse, syn follows P wave of ECG. J. * * Peak of the &;a&; wave demarcates (\c the end of atrial systole. * Dominant wave in JVP during inspiration. * Larger than "v" wave. s, * The "x" descent: (Systolic collapse) * Follows the &;a&; wave * Corresponds to atrial relaXation and rapid atrial filling pressure. * Most prominent motion of normal JVP. * Begins during systole and ends just before S2. * Larger than "y" descent. * The " x&; " (x prime) descent * Follows the &;c&; wave * Occurs as a result of the right ventricle pulling the tricuspid valve downward during ventricular systole. * As stroke volume is ejected, the ventricle takes up less space in pericardium, allowing relaXed atrium to enlarge. * Can be used as a measure of right ventricle contractility. * The "c" wave * and positive venous wave. * Right ventricular (isovolumic) Contraction 4 tricuspid valve to bulge towards the right atrium. The "v" wave * 3rd positive wave. * Begins in late systole and ends in early diastole. * Corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. * Occurs during and following the carotid pulse and peaks after S2. * The "y" descent: * Downslope of v wave. * Decline in RA pressure -rapid emptYing of the RA into the RV following the opening of the tricuspid valve in early diastole. Reference : Harrison 20th edition, pg 1421