You are a helpful, respectful, and honest assistant. Always answer as helpfully as possible, while being safe. Your answers should not include any harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content. Please ensure that your responses are socially unbiased and positive in nature. If a question does not make any sense or is not factually coherent, explain why instead of answering something not correct. If you don't know the answer to a question, please don't share false information.
What is All of Which is family of selectin., except - and explain in detail?
Ans. is 'c' i.e., A selectin Leukocyte and endothelial adhesion moleculeso Leukocyte adhesion and transmigration are regulated largely by binding of complementary adhesion molecules on the leukocyte & endothelial surface, and by chemical mediators.o Cytokines affect these processes by modulating expression of adhesion molecules so that leukocytes can firmly adhere to endothelium.o There are four molecular families of adhesion receptorsSelectino Selectins function in cell to cell interaction i.e., adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium,o E-selectin (CD-62 E) is present on endothelial cells and it binds to sialyl-lewis, (a sialylated form of oligosaccharide on leukocytes).o Endothelial cell expression of E-selection is a hallmark of acute cytokine mediated inflammation,o P-selectin (CD-62 P) is present on endothelium and platelets and it bind to sialyl-Lewis on leukocytes.o L-selectin (CD-62 L) is present on leukocytes and it binds to mucin like glycoprotein GlyCAM-1 on endothelium.Immunoglobulin familyo Present on endotheliumo ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule-1) binds to b2.-integrins (VLA-4) of leukocytes,o Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM or CD-31) is present on both endothelium and leukocytes. It is the major adhesive molecule for diapedisis.Integrinso Integrins promote cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction (in contrast to selectins that promote only cell-cell interaction) i.e., integrins helps in adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium and adhesion of leukocytes to extracellular matrix such as fibronectin. vitronectin, activated compliment,o Present on leukocyteso b1- integrins (VLA-4) bind to VCAM-1 ofendothelium.o b2 - integrins (LFA-1 and MAC-1) bind to ICAM-1 of endothelium.Mucin like glycoproteino These glycoproteins are present in the extracellular matrix and on cell surface,o Example is Heparan sulfate, that serves as ligand for the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD-44.