lessonID
stringlengths 6
6
| lessonName
stringlengths 3
52
| ID
stringlengths 6
21
| content
stringlengths 10
6.57k
| media_type
stringclasses 2
values | path
stringlengths 28
76
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L_0786 | properties of carbon | T_4069 | FIGURE 9.2 Methane is one of the simplest carbon compounds. At room temperature, it exists as a gas. It is a component of natural gas. These diagrams show two ways of representing the covalent bonds in methane. | image | textbook_images/properties_of_carbon_22625.png |
L_0786 | properties of carbon | T_4070 | FIGURE 9.3 Carbon atoms can form single, double, or triple bonds with each other. How many bonds do the carbon atoms share in each compound shown here? | image | textbook_images/properties_of_carbon_22626.png |
L_0786 | properties of carbon | T_4071 | FIGURE 9.4 A string of beads serves as a simple model of a polymer. Like monomers mak- ing up a polymer, the beads in a string may be all the same or different from one another. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5089 | image | textbook_images/properties_of_carbon_22627.png |
L_0786 | properties of carbon | T_4071 | FIGURE 9.5 Many common products are made of the plastic known as polyethylene. | image | textbook_images/properties_of_carbon_22628.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4074 | FIGURE 9.6 Each of these pictures shows a use of hydrocarbons. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22629.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4075 | FIGURE 9.7 Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon. What is its chemical formula? | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22630.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4076 | FIGURE 9.8 Alkanes may have any of these three shapes. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22631.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4077 | FIGURE 9.9 Butane and isobutane have the same atoms but different shapes. Isomers usually have somewhat different properties. For example, straight-chain molecules generally have higher boiling and melting points than their branched-chain isomers. The boiling and melting points of iso-butane are -12C and -160C, respectively. Compare these values with the boiling and melting points of butane in Table 9.2. Do these two compounds follow the general trend? | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22632.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4080 | FIGURE 9.10 Ethene is the smallest alkene. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22633.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4081 | FIGURE 9.11 These two bunches of bananas were stored in different ways. The bananas on the right were stored in the open air. The bananas on the left were stored in a special bag that absorbs the ethene they release. The bananas in the bag have not yet turned brown because they were not exposed to ethene. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22634.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4081 | FIGURE 9.12 Ethyne is the smallest alkyne. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22635.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4081 | FIGURE 9.13 This acetylene torch is being used to cut metal. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22636.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4082 | FIGURE 9.14 Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Does each carbon atom in benzene have a total of four bonds? Count them to find out. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22637.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | T_4083 | FIGURE 9.15 These photos show just a few of the many uses of hydrocarbons. | image | textbook_images/hydrocarbons_22638.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | DD_0260 | The diagram shows the chemical composition of four saturated hydrocarbons . It shows the chemical structure of four alkanes namely ethane, propane , butane and pentane with 2,3,4 and 5 carbon atoms respectively . All of the above mentioned alkanes are straight chain compounds with 6,8,10 and 12 hydrogen atoms respectively . | image | teaching_images/hydrocarbons_7051.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | DD_0261 | The diagram shows the molecular structure of Butane. Butane molecules have four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms (C4 H10). Butane is classified as compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen molecules, called Hydrocarbons. Saturated Hydrocarbons are the simplest Hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible and single bonds between carbon atoms. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. The diagram shows 3 carbon-carbon bonds and 10 carbon-hydrogen bonds. Their most important use is as fuels. Hydrocarbons are also used to manufacture many products, including plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester. | image | teaching_images/hydrocarbons_9121.png |
L_0787 | hydrocarbons | DD_0262 | The diagram shows the molecular structure of Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons can be classified into Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Saturated Hydrocarbons are the simplest Hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible and single bond between carbon atoms. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. As shown in the diagram, each carbon atoms are bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms and only one carbon atoms. In unsaturated hydrocarbons, The carbon atoms may have more then one bond to other carbon atoms and only 2 hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are used to manufacture many products, including plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester. They are also used as fuels like Butane. | image | teaching_images/hydrocarbons_9118.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4087 | FIGURE 9.16 Glucose and fructose are isomers. Su- crose contains a molecule of each. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22639.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4087 | FIGURE 9.17 These foods are all good sources of starch. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22640.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4088 | FIGURE 9.18 Cellulose molecules form large cellulose fibers. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22641.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4090 | FIGURE 9.19 Glycine is one of 20 common amino acids that make up the proteins of living things. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22642.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4091 | FIGURE 9.20 The blood protein hemoglobin binds with oxygen and carries it from the lungs to cells throughout the body. Heme is a small molecule containing iron that is part of the larger hemoglobin molecule. Oxy- gen binds to the iron in heme. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22643.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4093 | FIGURE 9.21 Both of these fatty acid molecules have six carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms. How many hydrogen atoms does each fatty acid have? | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22644.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4095 | FIGURE 9.22 The arrangement of phospholipid molecules in a cell membrane allows the membrane to control what enters and leaves the cell. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22645.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4096 | FIGURE 9.23 Each nucleotide contains these three components. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22646.png |
L_0788 | carbon and living things | T_4096 | FIGURE 9.24 DNA has the shape of a double helix because of hydrogen bonds between ni- trogen bases. | image | textbook_images/carbon_and_living_things_22647.png |
L_0789 | biochemical reactions | T_4098 | FIGURE 9.25 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are closely related. What are the products and reactants of each process? | image | textbook_images/biochemical_reactions_22648.png |
L_0789 | biochemical reactions | T_4098 | FIGURE 9.26 These organisms use sunlight to make glucose in the process of photosynthesis. All of them contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is needed to capture light energy. | image | textbook_images/biochemical_reactions_22649.png |
L_0789 | biochemical reactions | DD_0263 | The diagram depicts the process of cellular respiration. There are three steps in this process. The first step is Glycolysis. In Glycolysis, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP by direct synthesis. Then pyruvate from Glycolysis is actively pumped into mitochondria. One carbon dioxide molecule and one hydrogen molecule are removed from the pyruvate (called oxidative decarboxylation) to produce an acetyl group, which joins to an enzyme called CoA to form acetyl CoA. This is essential for the Krebs cycle.2 Acetyl CoA gives 2 NADH molecules and acetyl-CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle, which is also known as Kreb's cycle. This happens inside the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving different enzymes and co-enzymes. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become ±-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate. The total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.All of the hydrogen molecules which have been removed in the steps before (Krebs cycle, Link reaction) are pumped inside the mitochondria using energy that electrons release. Eventually, the electrons powering the pumping of hydrogen into the mitochondria mix with some hydrogen and oxygen to form water and the hydrogen molecules stop being pumped. Eventually, the hydrogen flows back into the cytoplasm of the mitochondria through protein channels. As the hydrogen flows, ATP is made from ADP and phosphate ions. The Electron transport Chain gives about 34 ATP by ATP synthase. The maximum energy generated per glucose molecule is 38 ATP. | image | teaching_images/cellular_respiration_9048.png |
L_0789 | biochemical reactions | DD_0264 | This diagram shows the biochemical reaction cycles. Since all energy source of the biological objects on the earth is the sun, the cycle starts from the sun. Sun gives light to plants. The plants produces Glucose or sugar and oxygen by the process called photosynthesis with carbon dioxide and water produced by other plants and animals. Specifically, the Chloroplasts in the plants produces the Glucose. The Glucose and the sugar and oxygen are consumed by other plants and animals by celluar respiration in mitochondria. By the celluar respiration, plants and animals produce ATP which is a source of energy. Comsuming the Glucose and oxygen, the plants and animals also produce water and carbon dioxide. The water and carbon dioxide provides the ingrident for photosynthesis of plants. With the water and carbon dioxide, the plants produces glucose and oxygen with sunlight which completes the cycle. | image | teaching_images/cellular_respiration_8026.png |
L_0789 | biochemical reactions | DD_0265 | The diagram depicts the Oxygen Cycle. This is the cycle that maintains the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen from the atmosphere is used up in two processes, namely combustion, respiration and in the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere in only one major process, that is, photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water are taken up by plants in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to give glucose and oxygen. This glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water during respiration. Respiration also gives energy for work in the form of ATP. | image | teaching_images/cellular_respiration_9045.png |
L_0790 | acceleration | T_4102 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/acceleration_22651.png |
L_0791 | acceleration due to gravity | T_4105 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/acceleration_due_to_gravity_22652.png |
L_0793 | acid base neutralization | T_4109 | FIGURE 1.1 These antacid tablets contain the base calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ). The base reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. The reaction neutralizes the acid to relieve acid indigestion. | image | textbook_images/acid_base_neutralization_22654.png |
L_0794 | activation energy | T_4111 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/activation_energy_22655.png |
L_0797 | alloys | T_4120 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/alloys_22661.png |
L_0798 | alpha decay | T_4123 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/alpha_decay_22662.png |
L_0800 | archimedes law | T_4130 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/archimedes_law_22664.png |
L_0801 | artificial light | T_4133 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/artificial_light_22665.png |
L_0801 | artificial light | T_4133 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/artificial_light_22666.png |
L_0801 | artificial light | T_4134 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/artificial_light_22667.png |
L_0801 | artificial light | T_4135 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/artificial_light_22668.png |
L_0802 | atomic forces | T_4137 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/atomic_forces_22670.png |
L_0802 | atomic forces | T_4138 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/atomic_forces_22671.png |
L_0802 | atomic forces | T_4139 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/atomic_forces_22672.png |
L_0803 | atomic nucleus | T_4141 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/atomic_nucleus_22673.png |
L_0804 | atomic number | T_4143 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/atomic_number_22674.png |
L_0804 | atomic number | T_4144 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/atomic_number_22675.png |
L_0808 | beta decay | T_4159 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/beta_decay_22678.png |
L_0809 | biochemical compound classification | T_4162 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/biochemical_compound_classification_22679.png |
L_0810 | biochemical reaction chemistry | T_4169 | FIGURE 1.1 Q: What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis and cellular respiration? | image | textbook_images/biochemical_reaction_chemistry_22680.png |
L_0811 | bohrs atomic model | T_4170 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/bohrs_atomic_model_22681.png |
L_0811 | bohrs atomic model | T_4172 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/bohrs_atomic_model_22682.png |
L_0813 | bond polarity | T_4176 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/bond_polarity_22683.png |
L_0813 | bond polarity | T_4176 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/bond_polarity_22684.png |
L_0813 | bond polarity | T_4177 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/bond_polarity_22685.png |
L_0815 | buoyancy | T_4183 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/buoyancy_22689.png |
L_0815 | buoyancy | T_4183 | FIGURE 1.2 Because of buoyant force, objects seem lighter in water. You may have noticed this when you went swimming and could easily pick up a friend or sibling under the water. Some of the persons weight was countered by the buoyant force of the water. | image | textbook_images/buoyancy_22690.png |
L_0815 | buoyancy | T_4184 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/buoyancy_22691.png |
L_0816 | calculating acceleration from force and mass | T_4187 | FIGURE 1.1 A: It would take only 32 N of force (40 kg 0.8 m/s2 ). | image | textbook_images/calculating_acceleration_from_force_and_mass_22692.png |
L_0817 | calculating acceleration from velocity and time | T_4189 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/calculating_acceleration_from_velocity_and_time_22694.png |
L_0819 | calculating work | T_4197 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/calculating_work_22695.png |
L_0820 | carbohydrate classification | T_4199 | FIGURE 1.1 Note: Each unlettered point where lines intersect represents a carbon atom. | image | textbook_images/carbohydrate_classification_22696.png |
L_0820 | carbohydrate classification | T_4201 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/carbohydrate_classification_22697.png |
L_0820 | carbohydrate classification | T_4201 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/carbohydrate_classification_22698.png |
L_0821 | carbon bonding | T_4203 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/carbon_bonding_22699.png |
L_0821 | carbon bonding | T_4204 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/carbon_bonding_22700.png |
L_0821 | carbon bonding | T_4205 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/carbon_bonding_22701.png |
L_0822 | carbon monomers and polymers | T_4207 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/carbon_monomers_and_polymers_22702.png |
L_0822 | carbon monomers and polymers | T_4207 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/carbon_monomers_and_polymers_22703.png |
L_0822 | carbon monomers and polymers | T_4208 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/carbon_monomers_and_polymers_22704.png |
L_0822 | carbon monomers and polymers | T_4208 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/carbon_monomers_and_polymers_22705.png |
L_0823 | catalysts | T_4210 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/catalysts_22706.png |
L_0823 | catalysts | T_4211 | FIGURE 1.2 Q: If you chew a starchy food such as a soda cracker for a couple of minutes, you may notice that it starts to taste slightly sweet. Why does this happen? | image | textbook_images/catalysts_22707.png |
L_0824 | cellular respiration reactions | T_4212 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/cellular_respiration_reactions_22708.png |
L_0828 | chemical bond | T_4221 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/chemical_bond_22714.png |
L_0830 | chemical equations | T_4227 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/chemical_equations_22717.png |
L_0833 | chemical reaction overview | T_4235 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/chemical_reaction_overview_22719.png |
L_0833 | chemical reaction overview | T_4236 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/chemical_reaction_overview_22720.png |
L_0834 | chemical reaction rate | T_4240 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/chemical_reaction_rate_22721.png |
L_0834 | chemical reaction rate | T_4241 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/chemical_reaction_rate_22722.png |
L_0834 | chemical reaction rate | T_4242 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/chemical_reaction_rate_22723.png |
L_0835 | chemistry of compounds | T_4244 | FIGURE 1.1 All water molecules have two hydrogen atoms (gray) and one oxygen atom (blue). | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_compounds_22724.png |
L_0835 | chemistry of compounds | T_4245 | FIGURE 1.2 Water: Water is odorless and colorless. We drink it, bathe in it, and use it to wash our clothes. In fact, we cant live without it. Hydrogen Peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide is also odorless and colorless. Its used as an antiseptic to kill germs on cuts. Its also used as bleach to remove color form hair. A: You can tell that they are different compounds from their very different properties. Carbon dioxide is a harmless gas that living things add to the atmosphere during respiration. Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that can quickly kill people if it becomes too concentrated in the air. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_compounds_22725.png |
L_0835 | chemistry of compounds | T_4245 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_compounds_22726.png |
L_0836 | color | T_4248 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/color_22727.png |
L_0836 | color | T_4248 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/color_22728.png |
L_0836 | color | T_4249 | FIGURE 1.3 light of different colors. | image | textbook_images/color_22729.png |
L_0836 | color | T_4249 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/color_22730.png |
L_0836 | color | T_4250 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/color_22731.png |
L_0837 | combining forces | T_4253 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/combining_forces_22733.png |
L_0838 | combustion reactions | T_4254 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/combustion_reactions_22734.png |
L_0838 | combustion reactions | T_4255 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/combustion_reactions_22735.png |
L_0840 | compound machine | T_4260 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/compound_machine_22737.png |
L_0840 | compound machine | T_4260 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/compound_machine_22738.png |
L_0841 | compounds | T_4263 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/compounds_22740.png |
L_0841 | compounds | T_4265 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/compounds_22741.png |
L_0841 | compounds | T_4265 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/compounds_22742.png |
L_0843 | conservation of energy in chemical reactions | T_4270 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/conservation_of_energy_in_chemical_reactions_22746.png |
L_0846 | conservation of mass in chemical reactions | T_4277 | FIGURE 1.1 Antoine Lavoisier. | image | textbook_images/conservation_of_mass_in_chemical_reactions_22748.png |
Subsets and Splits