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The Kanawha Valley Campaign of 1862 was Confederate Major General William W. Loring's military campaign to drive the Union Army out of the Kanawha River Valley during the American Civil War. The campaign took place from September 6 through September 16, 1862, although an important raid that had impact on the campaign started on August 22. Loring achieved success after several skirmishes and two battles (at Fayetteville and Charleston), and Union troops retreated to the Ohio River and the safety of the state of Ohio. Although the Kanawha Valley was in the southwestern portion of the Confederate state of Virginia at the time of the battle, it became part of the Union state of West Virginia in 1863. Despite West Virginia's impending break away from the Confederacy, its citizens in the Kanawha Valley were divided in loyalty to the two causes. Confederate leadership desired to regain control of the region and its valuable salt mines, and the river valley was seen as a source for new army recruits. During August 1862, Union Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox was ordered to move his Kanawha Division from southwestern Virginia to Washington as reinforcement for Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia. Cox left behind a small force of about 5,000 men, which was under the command of Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn and headquartered at Gauley Bridge. Confederate leadership found out about the depleted force, and sent Major General William W. Loring to drive the remaining Union soldiers out of western Virginia. Despite Loring's success, he was removed from command one month later because of his lack of cooperation with his superiors. Cox returned to Ohio, and organized troops to retake the Kanawha Valley. Confederate troops evacuated the valley, and the Union army entered Charleston on October 30. ==Background== thumb|upright=1.75|right|The Kanawha River Valley was important to the Confederacy|alt=map of Western Virginia in 1862 including the Kanawha River, which flows past Charleston to the Ohio River In 1861, Union forces gained control of a large portion of southwestern Virginia. Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox was commander of the Kanawha Division, and it controlled southwestern Virginia along the Kanawha River Valley. The western portion of Virginia had few good roads and few settlements. Using small steamboats from the Ohio River, the Kanawha River could be navigated for about to a point about upstream from Charleston, which meant the river could be used to transport troops and supplies. Further upstream (with non-navigable portions), the Kanawha River is formed by the meeting of the New River and the Gauley River at the community of Gauley Bridge. That community was important not only for its river connections, but also because the James River and Kanawha Turnpike ran through it and was intersected by another road that ran northeast to Summersville and beyond. The Kanawha River Valley portion of Virginia became part of the Union state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. On August 14, 1862, Cox began moving his Kanawha Division to Washington as reinforcement for Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia. Exceptions to Cox's orders were about 5,000 troops left behind and put under the command of Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn. Soon after Cox left the Kanawha Valley, Pope's quartermaster was captured along with numerous records, and Confederate leaders learned that Cox had left only 5,000 men in the Kanawha Valley at posts around Gauley Bridge. In 1862, the Kanawha Valley was important to the Confederacy because of its salt deposits and its potential for new army recruits. Major General William W. Loring was ordered to clear the Kanawha Valley of Union soldiers, and then move northeast to form a junction with more Confederate soldiers in the Shenandoah Valley. Loring's campaign to accomplish this objective began September6 and ended September16, although an important raid that was part of Loring's plan began on August22. ==Opposing forces== ===Union army=== Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn assumed command of the District of the Kanawha, Department of the Ohio, on August 17, 1862. He was very religious and had little combat experience. His forces were: * The First Provisional Brigade was commanded by Colonel Edward Siber. The brigade consisted of two infantry regiments: the 34th Ohio Infantry (a.k.a. Piatt's Zouaves) was commanded by Colonel John T. Toland, and Siber's 37th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Louis von Blessing. Artillery consisted of two mountain howitzers and two smooth bore pieces. Siber had over 20 years of service as a German soldier in Prussia and Brazil. * The Second Provisional Brigade was commanded by Colonel Samuel A. Gilbert. It consisted of three infantry regiments plus two companies of cavalry: Gilbert's 44th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Major Ackber Orville Mitchell, the 47th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Colonel Lyman S. Elliott, and the 4th Loyal Virginia Infantry was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William H.H. Russell. The brigade's two cavalry companies were commanded by Major John J. Hoffman from the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Artillery consisted of two 10-pounder rifled pieces, four mountain howitzers, one iron smooth-bore 6-pounder, and one brass 10-pounder rifled James. Gilbert had combat experience, having fought in the Battle of Cheat Mountain and the Battle of Lewisburg. * The 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry Regiment, later named 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, was commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton. The regiment was often scattered at multiple locations. In addition to the detachment of two companies commanded by Major Hoffman, Lieutenant Colonel Rollin L. Curtis commanded other detachments. * The 9th Loyal Virginia Infantry was also not part of a brigade. The regiment was often split and consisted of only about 500 effectives. Colonel Leonard Skinner was the commander of the 9th West Virginia Infantry (and unhappy about the splits), and Lieutenant Colonel William Cooper Starr commanded detachments. * Lightburn also had the assistance of the 153rd Militia and Home Guard of Kanawha County. Other home guard units and detachments, not under Lightburn's command, patrolled elsewhere in western Virginia and along the Ohio side of the Ohio River. ===Confederate army=== Major General William W. Loring commanded the Department of Southwestern Virginia. He had been a soldier since the age of 14, was a sergeant at the age of 17, and fought in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican–American War. Under his command were six infantry regiments, three infantry battalions, and five batteries. * The First Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General John Echols. It consisted of the 50th and 63rd Virginia Infantry regiments, plus the 23rd Virginia Infantry Battalion (a.k.a. Derrick's Battalion). * The Second Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General John S. Williams. Under his command were 26th Virginia Infantry Battalion (a.k.a. Edgar's Battalion, the 22nd Virginia Infantry Regiment, and the 45th Virginia Infantry Regiment. Major George M. Edgar was a prisoner of war during the campaign, so his battalion was temporarily commanded by Major Alexander M. Davis of the 45th Virginia Infantry. Colonel George S. Patton commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry, and Colonel William Henry Browne commanded the 45th Virginia Infantry. * The Third Brigade was commanded by Colonel Gabriel C. Wharton. Under his command were the 51st Virginia Infantry Regiment and the 30th Virginia Sharpshooters Battalion (a.k.a. Clarke's Battalion) Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig Augustus Forsberg commanded the 51st Virginia Infantry, while Lieutenant Colonel John L. Clarke commanded Clark's Battalion. * The Fourth Brigade was commanded by Colonel John McCausland and included McCausland's 36th Virginia Infantry Regiment and the 60th Virginia Infantry Regiment, although Loring never mentions the 60th Virginia in his reports. Commanded by Colonel Beuhring H. Jones, the 60th Virginia is thought to have guarded supply wagons and not participated in fighting. * Artillery Battalion, Army of Southwestern Virginia, was commanded by Major John Floyd King. The battalion consisted of Bryan's, Chapman's, Lowry's, Otey's, and Stamps' (a.k.a. Ringgold Battery) batteries. * Jenkins' Cavalry was commanded by Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins – He had seven companies from the 8th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, which were led by Colonel J. M. Corns. He also had five additional companies of mounted men led by Captain W. R. Preston. Many of those men were from the 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment. The entire force totaled to about 500 men. * Salyer's Cavalry was the portion of the 8th Virginia Cavalry that did not go on Jenkins' raid and remained with Loring. It was commanded by Major Logan H.N. Salyers. It included at least three companies normally part of a battalion commanded by William Henderson French, and may have been assisted by Thurmond's Partisan Rangers. * Virginia State Line was a partisan military force of nearly 2,000 men created with the purpose of recovering western Virginia and protecting various salt mines. The militia unit was commanded by Major General John Buchanan Floyd. It was not popular with Confederate army leaders, and did not employ strict discipline. ==Jenkins' Raid== thumb|upright=2.0|right|Loring planned to attack the Union force after Jenkins circled behind and cut off the main Union path for retreat.|alt=Old map showing positions of Union and Confederate armies, including the circular route made by Jenkins Confederate Major General Loring planned to take control of the Kanawha River Valley by leading a large force in an assault of Union forces located upriver in Raleigh, Fayette, and Kanawha counties. Part of his plan included sending a cavalry force through of Union–controlled territory to cut off the Union route of retreat downriver. On August 22, he began the execution of his plan by sending north a cavalry force commanded by Brigadier General A. G. Jenkins. Jenkins' mission was to attack the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and then move to the rear of the Union forces that occupied strategic points near the beginning of the Kanawha River. The railroad was located far to the north, and at least one historian believes the railroad portion of the mission was merely a diversion—Loring knew that Jenkins would not be able to damage the railroad, but the threat would draw attention away from Loring's front and Jenkins' principal goal of cutting off the Union route of retreat. Jenkins began this mission with a 550-man mounted force that started north from near Salt Sulphur Springs. Later in the day, he sent one company away for another mission on the south side of the Kanawha River. Jenkins' circular route began with a northern movement in the Cheat River Valley before moving west and south. On August 28, Jenkins encountered six Union pickets about south of a Union post near Beverly, and learned that the Union position would be difficult to attack. He decided to bypass the Union fortification and abandon the attack on the railroad. Moving west, Jenkins captured a Union supply depot at the town of Buckhannon on August 30. Using captured arms and ordnance, he was able to resupply his poorly-armed men with Enfield and Harper's Ferry rifles. Jenkins continued west, moving through Weston, Glenville, Spencer, and Ripley. Jenkins crossed the Ohio River into Ohio on September 4 with part of his force. This was the first Confederate invasion of Ohio, and the crossing was made near Ravenswood at Sand Creek Riffle in Meigs County. After midnight, he crossed back into Virginia near Racine at Wolf's Bar. From there, he made a feint toward Point Pleasant, Virginia but took his command to the small town of Buffalo located up the Kanawha River. His mission was accomplished by September 5, and Union forces upriver were not sure of his location. ==Loring attacks== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Loring's map for Fayetteville ("Fayette C.H." in center) and Gauley Bridge|alt=Old map drawn in pencil on blue-lined paper The Union commander, Colonel Joseph Lightburn, kept his headquarters at Gauley Bridge. By August 31, Lightburn was aware of rumors that a Confederate force of 10,000 men was preparing to attack the Kanawha River Valley. Loring's Confederate force actually consisted of about 5,000 men instead the rumored 10,000, but he expected to add to it by recruiting and organizing existing local militias. In early September, Lightburn moved his First Brigade from Raleigh Court House to Fayette Courthouse (a.k.a. Fayetteville). This put the majority of the Union forces closer together at Fayetteville, Gauley Bridge, and Summerville. All three posts were near major roads, and Gauley Bridge is at the junction of the Gauley and New rivers, which combine to form the Kanawha River. Aware of the possibility of Jenkins' Confederate cavalry near his flank or rear, Lightburn sent a large portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton, to confront Jenkins. Several companies of the 4th Loyal Virginia Infantry were sent separately. On September 8, the Union cavalry discovered that Jenkins had his headquarters at the William C. Miller house near Barboursville. That evening, they surrounded the house, but Jenkins and his staff escaped through the rear garden. The entire Confederate force abandoned its camp and moved up the Guyandotte River towards Logan County. Although news of the event at Barboursville led Lightburn to believe that the threat from Jenkins was reduced, that was not entirely true. When the fighting took place in Fayette County two days later, Jenkins moved his troops to Logan Court House and then Wyoming Court House. Unable to communicate with Loring, he eventually moved his men west toward the mouth of the Coal River (Kanawha County) in an attempt to block any Union retreat. ===Fayette Court House=== In early September, Loring began moving toward the Union positions via the Princeton area, Flat Top Mountain, and then Raleigh Court House. Loring's men camped at McCoy's Mill (now Glen Jean, West Virginia) on the evening of September 9, which was about south of Fayette Court House. At Fayette Court House, the Union First Brigade commanded by Colonel Edward Siber consisted of less than 1,200 men. Loring sent one brigade on a mountainous path around Fayetteville to prepare for an attack on Siber's right flank and rear. The remaining portion of Loring's army made a frontal attack on September 10 via the Princeton-Raleigh Road. The first engagements occurred a few miles south of Fayetteville between 11:00am and 12:00pm. The frontal attack was led by the 45th Virginia Infantry, and that regiment did most of its fighting from 2:00pm until dark. The flanking force made contact with Siber's men around 2:00pm, and was at Siber's right flank instead of behind him. Some of the most important fighting happened near the road from Fayetteville to a ferry near Gauley Bridge. The Union army's 34th Ohio Infantry, led by Colonel John Toland, fought at that location. That regiment's casualties, alone, were estimated to be 16 killed and 57 wounded. Elsewhere at 3:00pm, Lightburn ordered his Second Brigade to concentrate near Gauley Bridge and be prepared to assist in the First Brigade's retreat. Around 5:00pm, the Union force at Summersville was ordered to destroy excess supplies. The day's fighting at Fayetteville ended by 9:00pm. Between 1:00and2:00am on September 11, Siber's men quietly abandoned Fayetteville. ===More fighting in Fayette County=== thumb|upright=1.25|right|The Union retreat from Fayette Court House to the Kanawha River passed by the mountain called Cotton Hill|alt=Old map showing mountains between Fayette Court House and the Kanawha River During the morning of September 11, the Confederate army discovered that the Union army had abandoned Fayetteville. A pursuit was started, but it was slowed by trees that had been chopped down and placed in the road. Lightburn sent four companies from the 47th Ohio Infantry to assist Siber's First Brigade, and they met at the mountain top of Cotton Hill (between Fayetteville and the Kanawha River). At that location they could see the pursuing Confederate forces, and Siber continued the retreat while leaving a small force with artillery to delay the Confederates. Many from the retreating Union force panicked while retreating north. However, the Union artillery force had been placed in a superior position, and drove the Confederates off the mountain despite a flanking movement. Fighting was over by about noon, and the Union artillerists escaped. Although not under attack, the Union troops in Summerville began moving toward Gauley Bridge early in the morning on September 11. Lightburn believed his entire force would need to retreat, and their probable destination was Point Pleasant on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kanawha River. Lightburn's Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Samuel Gilbert, had been at various positions north of the Kanawha and New rivers. During Siber's morning fighting, Gilbert positioned artillery on the north side of the Kanawha River at Montgomery Ferry. The artillery and supporting forces totaled to less than 600 men, and they protected Siber's supply wagons as they ferried across the river. Siber's wagons joined Lightburn's main force and continued moving west down the north side of the Kanawha River, while Siber's men moved in the same direction down the south side of the river. Most of the afternoon's fighting at Montgomery Ferry consisted of Gilbert's artillery against Confederate artillery. Although Gilbert's men set the ferry boat on fire and continued their retreat west, Confederate soldiers swam across the river and extinguished the blaze. The Confederate pursuit was continued on both sides of the river. More skirmishes occurred on that day at Loup Creek, Armstrong's Creek, Miller's Ferry, Gauley Ferry, and near Cannelton. ==Charleston and Ohio== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Union troops eventually destroyed the bridge across the Elk River to escape the pursuing Confederate army|alt=map showing positions of Union and Confederate armies, with the Union troops protected by the Elk and Kanawha rivers Camp Piatt was a Union outpost on the Kanawha River about upriver (east) from Charleston. On September 12, Lightburn arrived at Camp Piatt, and he believed that about 8,000 Confederates were in the valley. He knew he was being pursued by Loring, and thought Major General John B. Floyd was moving his partisan force to a point downriver from Charleston (Coals Mouth) to cut off the Union retreat. More Union troops arrived at Camp Piatt throughout the rainy day. Siber's brigade crossed the Kanawha River near Camp Piatt, and Lightburn's command was reunited. Just after midnight (September 13), Lightburn's men began moving downriver to Charleston. The town's population for 1861 was about 1,500, and it was located on the Kanawha River and the James River and Kanawha Turnpike. On the downriver side of town, the Elk River empties into the Kanawha River, and travelers on the turnpike must cross the Elk River on a suspension bridge. Many of Lightburn's troops took a defensive position on the downriver (west) side of the Elk River, while the remaining troops took forward positions on the east side of the river. Union pickets began being driven back around 9:30am. Loring's pursuing Confederate troops were led on the north side of the Kanawha River by Colonel John McCausland, and on the south side of the river by Brigadier General John S. Williams. Skirmishing began on the north side of the river about from Charleston. On the south side, Williams used his artillery and sharpshooters against Union skirmishers. ===Retreat to Ohio=== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Lightburn escaped from the pursuing Confederate forces using the road to Ripley instead of the direct route to Point Pleasant|alt=Old map showing Union retreat route north to the Ohio River By 1:00pm, the fighting was described as "heavy cannonading and musket fire" as both sides made use of their artillery. At that time, Lightburn's supply wagons were already moving northwest down the Ripley Road—not the Charleston and Point Pleasant road than ran along the Kanawha River to Point Pleasant. At 2:00pm, Union troops began withdrawing and setting fire to their supplies located in town. Lightburn's choice to retreat to Ripley instead of directly to Point Pleasant enabled his force to avoid a possible confrontation with either Floyd or Jenkins where the Coal River emptied into the Kanawha River (a.k.a. Coalsmouth). In addition, the Charleston and Point Pleasant road route to Point Pleasant would continuously be within the range of the Confederate artillery currently on the south side of the Kanawha River. Once all Union troops had crossed the Elk River around 3:30pm, the Elk River suspension bridge was destroyed. The two sides traded cannon fire across the Elk River until sunset, but their artillery had little effect. Lightburn continued north toward Ripley until he reached Sissonville, West Virginia, where he camped for the night. The battle was over and Loring possessed Charleston. On September 14, the Confederates constructed a pontoon bridge over the Elk River and camped on the other side. The pursuing force was about 4,000 men, with detachments left at Gauley Bridge and Fayetteville. The pursuit was soon abandoned, since they had left their supply trains behind earlier in their effort to catch the retreating Union army. Loring's report also said that the enemy was getting close to the Ohio River, making it "useless to pursue him farther". Loring's main force settled in at Charleston, and began taking inventory of captured supplies. Lightburn's men continued their retreat. On September 15, the Union advance guard reached Ravenswood on the Ohio River, while some of the main force reached Ripley. On the next day, Union troops moved from Ripley to Ravenswood, and began crossing the Ohio River. The 4th Loyal Virginia, with the artillery, boarded barges destined for Point Pleasant. Other troops crossed the river on steamboats and barges, and began marching to Point Pleasant on the Ohio side of the river. The portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry that pursued Jenkins was the only unit from Lightburn's command that did not cross into Ohio, and it moved to Point Pleasant via the Virginia side of the Ohio River. Although Lightburn's report cites September16, most sources say all of the Union army reached Point Pleasant by the evening of September18. ==Aftermath== On September 19, Union leaders attached Lightburn's force to the Department of the Ohio, which was commanded by Major General Horatio G. Wright. The Confederate army would occupy Charleston for about 40 days. In early October, Cox was promoted to major general and sent back to Point Pleasant to retake the Kanawha River Valley. The Confederate army began withdrawing from the river valley on October 9. Citing lack of cooperation, Confederate leadership removed Loring from command on October 15, and his replacement was Major General John Echols. Cox began his Kanawha Expedition to retake the river valley on October 20. On October 30, Cox crossed the Elk River and reoccupied Charleston, which had already been abandoned by the Confederate army. Lightburn would eventually become a brigadier general, and commanded a brigade in William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta campaign. Siber continued to be a brigade commander and resigned in 1864 due to bad health. In 1864, Gilbert's 44th Ohio Infantry was reorganized and became the 8th Ohio Cavalry Regiment. Toland was killed in 1863 in the Wytheville Raid. Loring's career in Virginia was over, but he served in the Army of Mississippi, and assumed command of that army when Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk was killed. Echols suffered a major defeat in 1863 in the Battle of Droop Mountain, which was one of the last major battles in West Virginia. McCausland became infamous for the 1864 Burning of Chambersburg, and he then suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Moorefield. Wharton commanded a division in Jubal Early's Army of the Valley, fighting in battles such as Third Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. Williams commanded a cavalry brigade in the Atlanta Campaign. Jenkins was mortally wounded in 1864 in the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain. ===Casualties=== Confederate casualties reported by a surgeon totaled to 23 killed, 5 mortally wounded, and 38 wounded. These casualties do not include those incurred by Jenkins' cavalry. For Loring's main force, 16 were killed at Fayetteville, plus 4 mortally wounded and 28 wounded. At Cotton Hill, 1 man was killed, 1 was mortally wounded, and 2 were wounded. One man was accidentally wounded at Montgomery's Ferry, but the Confederate surgeon did not include the accident in his total. At Charleston, 6 were killed and 8 wounded. Well over half of the casualties occurred at Fayetteville. One historian, again excluding numbers for Jenkins' cavalry, used newspapers, diaries, letters, and other miscellaneous sources to compile more accurate numbers. His total is 404 casualties, including 29 killed, 105 wounded, and 270 missing (captured, deserted, or other). Cox says the loss for Siber and Gilbert was 25 killed, 95 wounded, and 175 missing—which totals to 295. He also says Siber's loss was much higher than Gilbert's, and the "missing" counts are not exact. Using a method like that used for the Confederate casualties, one historian estimates a total of 237 Union casualties. This includes eight casualties from regiments not under Lightburn's command that patrolled near the Ohio River, plus one militia. The count of 237 consists of 30 killed, 79 wounded, and 128 missing (captured, deserted, or other). ===Performance and preservation=== Initially, newspaper reports were positive concerning Lightburn's performance. The Cleveland Morning Leader said, "The retreat was undoubtedly a masterly movement, and does great credit to Colonel Lightburn." However, Cox later wrote a different perspective. He mentions that "...either of the brigades intrenched at Gauley Bridge could have laughed at Loring. The river would have been impassable, for all the ferry-boats were in the keeping of our men on the right bank, and Loring would not dare pass down the valley leaving a fortified post on the line of communications by which he must return." He also wrote that "Lightburn's disaster" was "embarrassing to the government." Loring had done what he said he would do, and that was drive the Union army out of the Kanawha valley back to Ohio. thumb|upright=0.75|right|Ruffner Log House in 2009|alt=old log house The Kanawha River Valley Campaign of 1862 is one of the most neglected events of the American Civil War. The battlefields at Fayetteville and Charleston are now covered by modern towns. Some of the campaign's events and places are memorialized with historical markers. Fayetteville has historical markers commemorating the 1862 battle and another battle that occurred in 1863. Not far from Charleston is a historical marker for Camp Piatt, near Belle, West Virginia, posted by the West Virginia Department of Culture and History. In Charleston, the restored Ruffner Log House (a.k.a. Rosedale) was used by Lightburn as his headquarters. Two historical markers commemorate the invasion of Ohio by Jenkins. In West Virginia, a highway marker titled "Ohio River Ford" marks the spot at Ravenswood where Jenkins crossed into Ohio. On the Ohio side, a historical marker titled "First Ohio Invasion" discusses the invasion, and is placed at Buffington Island north of the actual crossing point. ==See also== * List of West Virginia Civil War Confederate units * List of West Virginia Civil War Union units * West Virginia in the Civil War ==Notes== ===Footnotes=== ===Citations=== ===References=== * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * List of West Virginia Civil War Battles - National Park Service * Drawing of Fayetteville April 1863 - West Virginia University, West Virginia & Regional History Center * Newspaper excerpts and Toland's report – West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Category:1862 in the American Civil War Category:Battles of the American Civil War in West Virginia |
This is a list of henchmen, fictional characters serving villains and/or monsters and aliens in the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who. For other related lists, see below. ==B== ===Lance Bennett=== Lance Bennett, played by Don Gilet, spiked his fiancée's (Donna Noble) coffee daily with deadly Huon particles during their coffee break, taken while working together at H. C. Clements, under the instruction of the Empress of the Racnoss, as seen in "The Runaway Bride" (2006). When Donna escaped from her with the Doctor, the Empress ordered her Robotic Santas to douse Lance with Huon particles, replacing Donna for her purposes. After Donna was recaptured, the Empress used the two of them to awaken the Racnoss swarm in the centre of the Earth, and dropped Lance down the pit as food for her starving children. ===Mother Bloodtide=== Mother Bloodtide, played by Linda Clark, was a Carrionite involved in the plot to begin a new Carrionite Empire on Earth, as seen in "The Shakespeare Code" (2007). She, along with the other Carrionites, was eventually captured inside a crystal ball, which the Doctor stored in a casket inside the TARDIS console room (the crystal ball made a brief appearance in "The Unicorn and the Wasp"). ==C== ===Joseph C=== Joseph C, played by Ronald Fraser, was the consort of Helen A who abandoned his lover during the revolt in the human colony on Terra Alpha, as seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988). ===Caw=== Caw is a sentient robot parrot from Pheros, voiced by Toby Longworth in The Infinite Quest (2007). He eats gold, apparently using it as a source of nuclear energy, and has a son named Squawk. He was murdered by Gurney. ===Li H'sen Chang=== Li H'sen Chang, played by John Bennett in yellowface, was a stage magician in the employ of Magnus Greel, as seen in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977). Actor John Bennett previously appeared in Doctor Who as General Finch in Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974). ==="Oliver Charles"=== Oliver Charles was the assumed name of a member of the Slitheen family, the real Oliver Charles having been murdered for his skin. After murdering General Asquith, played by Rupert Vansittart, in "Aliens of London" (2005), this Raxacoricofallapatorian assumed his identity, which he maintained until his presumed death in "World War Three" (2005). ===Chief Scientist=== The Chief Scientist, played by Vernon Dobtcheff, was the alien responsible for the mental conditioning of the humans held in the war zones, as seen in The War Games (1969). ===Chip=== Chip, a tattooed force-grown clone played by Sean Gallagher, was Lady Cassandra's manservant, as seen in "New Earth" (2006). He voluntarily became Cassandra's final host after they developed the psychograft. Chip's clone body had a half-life and began to fail. Before dying, Chip (with Cassandra's consciousness) was taken by the Doctor to a party to meet Cassandra's past self, telling her she is beautiful, which Cassandra had remembered as the last time anyone had said that to her. ===Condo=== Condo served the evil surgeon Solon in The Brain of Morbius (1976). Upon finding Condo shipwrecked, Solon amputated Condo's hand and replaced it with a hook, claiming that the amputation was medically necessary in order to save his life. Condo later discovers that his hand had secretly been amputated on purpose by Solon for the Frankenstein-like body created to eventually house the brain of the evil timelord Morbius. ===Mr. Crane=== Mr. Crane, played by Colin Spaull, was responsible for converting humans into Cybermen in Battersea Power Station, as seen in "Rise of the Cybermen" (2006). He turned against his boss, John Lumic, in "The Age of Steel" (2006), when he tried to have him converted into a Cyberman. Crane damaged Lumic's life support system and was then killed by a Cyberman. Crane's actions prompted the Cybermen to "upgrade" Lumic prematurely, converting him into a Cyber Controller. Actor Colin Spaull previously appeared in Doctor Who as Lilt in Revelation of the Daleks (1985). ===Crozier=== Crozier, played by Patrick Ryecart, was a human scientist who led the experiments in mind transference, as seen in Mindwarp (1986), seeking to save Lord Kiv from brain compression. After experimenting on a Raak, the Matrix evidence shown at the Doctor's trial indicated that Crozier was successful in transferring Kiv's mind into Peri's brain. It was his work that prompted the High Council of Gallifrey to interfere with events. The Matrix evidence showed that the Time Lords' interference resulted in King Yrcanos attacking Crozier's lab, killing him and Peri, the new host of Kiv's mind. It was later revealed that the Matrix evidence had been falsified by the Valeyard and that Peri had in fact survived and married Yrcanos. Crozier's ultimate fate is therefore unclear. ==D== ===Dalek Caan=== ===Dalek Jast=== ===Dalek Sec=== ===Dalek Thay=== ===Dalek Trooper=== The Dalek Troopers were human slaves to the Daleks in the Fifth Doctor story, Resurrection of the Daleks (1984). They were planning to attack a prison spaceship to free Davros and performed their orders without question, but were ultimately killed by the Daleks. ===Lucius Petrus Dextrus=== Lucius Petrus Dextrus was a Roman soothsayer in The Fires of Pompeii. He breathed in dust from Mount Vesuvius, which was created by the Pyroviles, and gave him false predictions of a brighter future for Pompeii. His right arm was turned to stone, a process which, if carried out completely, would have turned him into a Human-Pyrovile hybrid. He helped the Pyroviles assemble circuitboards they needed to transform Earth into a new Pyrovilia. He was presumably inside the volcano when it erupted. Petrus Dextrus translates from Latin as Stone Right Arm. He was portrayed by Phil Davis. ===Mr Diagoras=== Mr Diagoras, played by Eric Loren, headed the construction of the Empire State Building for the Daleks in "Daleks in Manhattan" (2007). He fought in the Great War, which left him damaged by the horrors he had seen. He raised himself from being a foreman to being the wealthy, ruthless businessman seen in this episode. Believing Diagoras to be the most Dalek-like human they had encountered, Dalek Sec chose to merge with him against his comrades' wishes to become a Human Dalek. The other members of the Cult of Skaro had doubts about the Human/Dalek project, so they later assumed Dalek Caan in charge. Sec/Diagoras saved the Doctor's life, getting in the way of a Dalek death ray, aimed at the Doctor. ===Dibber=== Dibber, played by Glen Murphy, was Sabalom Glitz's partner in The Mysterious Planet (1986). He didn't reappear in Dragonfire, suggesting Glitz sold or killed him, or they had a falling-out. Actor Glen Murphy had previously appeared in Doctor Who as an uncredited Kinda Tribesman in Kinda (1982). ===Mother Doomfinger=== Mother Doomfinger, played by Amanda Lawrence, was a Carrionite involved in the plot to begin a new Carrionite Empire on Earth, as seen in "The Shakespeare Code" (2007). She was capable of stopping a man's heart simply by touching him. She, along with the other Carrionites, was eventually captured inside a crystal ball, which the Doctor stored on a shelf inside the TARDIS. ==F== ===Mr Fibuli=== Mr Fibuli, played by Andrew Robertson, served The Captain in The Pirate Planet (1978). ==G== ===Chancellor Goth=== A high-ranking Time lord politician, Goth was in fact a willing servant to the Master who was killed by the Doctor through a mental battle via the Matrix. ===Gwendoline=== ==H== ===Gatherer Hade=== Gatherer Hade, played by Richard Leech, as seen in The Sun Makers (1977), ruled over the city of Megropolis One on Pluto and organised the collection of the taxes paid by the citizens to the company. The pompous official lauded praise upon the Company and his Usurian boss, the Collector. Challenging the revolutionaries that had broken out onto the roof of the city, Hade was thrown off the building to his death. ===Novice Hame=== Novice Hame, played by Anna Hope, was a member of the Sisters of Plenitude first seen in "New Earth" (2006) and in its accompanying TARDISODE. She was looking after the Face of Boe whilst he was hospitalised on Ward 26. She was eventually arrested by New New York Police Department for having kept the Sisters' secret, that they had built a farm of cloned humans infected with all known diseases in order to research cures. "Gridlock" (2007), set 30 years after the events of "New Earth", revealed that in the intervening time she was ordered to attend the Face of Boe as penance for her part in the Sisterhood. After the airborne 'Bliss' virus killed the New New York Senate and most of the New Earth population, Hame, (who had been saved from the virus by the Face of Boe in his smoke), aided the Face in sealing off the Under-City of New New York, thereby saving those on the Motorway and in the streets there. Having been sent to find the Tenth Doctor by the Face of Boe, she found him deep in the Motorway as he was looking for Martha Jones. She teleported him to the New New York Senate so that the Face of Boe could deliver his final message. After helping the Doctor and the Face of Boe save the Under-City civilians from eternal imprisonment on the Motorway, Hame was with them as the Face died, after imparting his final words to the Doctor. Her fate after this point is unknown, but the Doctor later says to Martha that "they've got Novice Hame", suggesting she will subsequently have a larger role in the governance of New New York and/or New Earth. ===Captain Hardaker=== Captain Hardaker, played by Geoffrey Palmer in "Voyage of the Damned", was the Captain of the S.S. Titanic, a ship from Max Capricorn Cruiselines modelled after the Earth ocean liner of the same name. Hardaker was a veteran officer in the company and long-time Captain of his ship. With a terminal illness, he accepted a large sum of money (to leave behind for his family) from Max Capricorn to crash the Titanic into the Earth. This was key to Capricorn's scheme to frame the board of directors for mass murder. Hardaker facilitated this by dismissing all officers from the bridge, but Midshipman Alonzo Frame refused to go, citing the regulation that two officers were required on the bridge at any one time. Despite Frame's interference, Hardaker lowered the shields and magnetised the hull to draw in a meteor storm. The meteors struck the ship, dealing tremendous structural damage and killing many of the passengers. A support structure on the bridge collapsed and killed Hardaker, leaving Frame helpless to prevent the Titanic from plunging toward Earth. Geoffrey Palmer appeared twice before in Doctor Who. In the 1970 serial, Doctor Who and the Silurians (over 35 years before "Voyage of the Damned"), and in the 1972 serial The Mutants. ===Councillor Hedin=== Hedin was a high- ranking and respected Time Lord politician who was said to have been a good friend of the Doctor before he left Gallifrey. In fact, Hedin was in league with the renegade and powerful Time Lord Omega because he believed Omega deserved freedom and recognition for his achievements, and contribution to Time Lord history. The Doctor knew this was a mistake and tried to reason with Hedin, who was suddenly killed by saving the Doctor's life from a shot fired by one of the Castellan's guards. ===Sir George Hutchinson=== ==K== ===Daisy K=== ===Karen=== Karen is a character in Big Finish Productions series of Eighth Doctor New Adventures originally on BBC7 radio. She is played by Louise Fullerton and later Kerry Godliman. She first meets the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller in Human Resources. She and Lucie believed they were working in a simple modern day office in Telford. But in truth, they were partially hypnotised war strategists inside a giant battle robot that walked an alien world fighting the Cybermen. Despite being a simple human with a humble job, some Time Lords believed Karen had the potential to become an oppressive dictator. This fact drew the attention of a villain-for-hire named The Headhunter, who hired Karen as her assistant. The next time the Headhunter appears, Karen is at her side, helping to steal an alien diamond in Grand Theft Cosmos. Karen returned in The Eight Truths/Worldwide Web; however, she was played by a different actress, Kerry Godliman. ==L== ===Lytton=== Commander Lytton is a mercenary whom the Doctor encountered twice. He was born on a satellite called Riften 5, orbiting the planet Vita 15 some centuries in the future. The novelisation of Attack of the Cybermen states that his first name is Gustave. When the Fifth Doctor met Lytton during Resurrection of the Daleks (1984), he was working for the Daleks in a plot to rescue Davros from imprisonment following the events in Destiny of the Daleks. It transpired that all the Daleks' humanoid operatives were clone-duplicates (with the memories of the originals downloaded), ensuring their obedience—but the conditioning proved unstable and the destroyed originals' minds could reassert control. Lytton, who soon turned against his masters, was presumably an example of this. When Davros altered some of the Daleks to be loyal to him and tried to seize control from the Dalek Supreme, Lytton was one of the few survivors of the ensuing battle. Though he attempted briefly to shoot the Doctor, they did not meet and he escaped from the carnage in the guise of a policeman. The Sixth Doctor then encountered Lytton planning to rob a diamond merchant in the story Attack of the Cybermen (1985). The sewers through which he planned to make his heist also contained a squad of Cybermen, and Lytton's actions helped revive them. After being taken to Telos with Lytton and the Cybermen, the Doctor encountered the Cryons, who revealed that Lytton was in fact working for them. The Cybermen had travelled back in time to prevent the destruction of their home planet Mondas in 1986. However, once they did so the Cybermen intended to destroy and leave Telos. Lytton's mission was to prevent this by stealing the time machine. Once Lytton's treachery to the Cybermen was exposed, the Cyber Controller ordered that Lytton undergo the cyber-conversion process. When the Doctor tried to free Lytton from his fate as a Cyberman, a partially converted Lytton died fighting the Cyber Controller, who snapped his neck. The Doctor later admitted that he had badly misjudged Lytton, though their encounters had been severely limited. A video on the official website for The Sarah Jane Adventures mentions that Sarah Jane Smith investigated a criminal group called the "Lytton Gang" in 1985, including a woman who claimed to be carrying Lytton's alien baby. The gang was attempting to loot the Bank of England.BBC – Sarah Jane Adventures – Mr Smith ==M== ===Gilbert M=== Gilbert M, played by Harold Innocent, created the sadistic Kandy Man, as seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988). Unhappy with Helen A's control of the planet, Gilbert fled with her husband Joseph B; both had left behind terrible things, the Kanyman and Fifi. ===Theodore Maxtible=== Theodore Maxtible is an antagonist from The Evil of the Daleks (1967). He was played by Marius Goring. ===Mr Magpie=== thumb|left|Mr. Magpie's televisions, on location during filming. Mr Magpie played by Ron Cook, as seen in "The Idiot's Lantern" (2006), owned Magpie Electricals, a shop selling electrical devices such as televisions. The Wire arrived on Earth in one of this televisions, briefly taking Magpie's face; however, she put it back, with a burning pain "behind [his] eyes", forcing him to cooperate. When the Wire begins feasting on the minds of those watching the coronation, Magpie reminds her that she promised him peace; she cruelly tells him that he will have peace, vaporising him at the cost of overexerting herself. ===Mordred=== ==N== ===Nimrod=== ===Nyder=== Nyder, played by Peter Miles, was the Security Commander for the Kaled Scientific Elite and an assistant to their chief scientist Davros, as seen in Genesis of the Daleks (1975). Nyder was killed by the Daleks after he attempted to carry out one of Davros's instructions against the will of the Daleks. Actor Peter Miles had previously appeared in Doctor Who as Dr. Lawrence in Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970) and as Professor Whitaker in Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974). Miles reprised his role as Nyder in 1992 and again in 2005 serving as a witness for Davros in the theatrical production The Trial of Davros. In 2006, he played Nyder as a younger Lieutenant for the Big Finish Productions audio drama I, Davros: Guilt. == O == ===Adeola Oshodi=== Adeola Oshodi, known familiarly as "Adi" (played by Freema Agyeman in "Army of Ghosts") was a technician at Torchwood One, where she worked on its free energy project. When finding a place to make a romantic liaison with her co- worker Gareth Evans, she was seized and cyber-converted by Cybermen from a parallel universe, who had slipped through the Void through a breach in space- time and infiltrated Torchwood Tower. Her "upgrade" was internal, through an earpiece linked with connective tissue directly to her brain. She was killed definitively when her earpiece was overloaded by a signal from the Tenth Doctor. Freema Agyeman later appeared as Adeola's cousin and companion to the Tenth Doctor, Martha Jones. Martha mentioned her deceased cousin in her debut episode "Smith and Jones". The Doctor felt guilt for not being able to save Adeola, and apologised to Martha. ==P== ===Mrs Pritchard=== ==R== ===Mr Ratcliffe=== Mr Ratcliffe, builder's merchant and head of fascist group 'The Association', as played by George Sewell and seen in Remembrance of the Daleks (1988), was allied to the Renegade Daleks in London in 1963. He was enlisted by them to help with retrieving the Hand of Omega. After assisting in the killings of those the Daleks opposed, he attempted to abscond with the Renegade Daleks' time controller and was killed by the girl slaved to their battle computer. Mr Ratcliffe associated with Sergeant Mike Smith. ===Robomen=== Robomen were brainwashed human males forced to serve the Daleks in The Dalek Invasion of Earth (1964) controlled via helmets. The mind control technique was unstable and Robomen would eventually go insane and commit suicide. Craddock, played by Michael Goldie, was converted into a Roboman during The Dalek Invasion of Earth and was electrocuted after fighting Ian. Phil Madison was similarly converted and was killed by his brother, Larry, played by Graham Rigby, after Phil shot and mortally wounded him. Larry stirred Phil's memory, his dying word being "Larry..." The surviving Robomen were eventually liberated by the Doctor, Susan, Barbara and David Campbell and they fought against the Daleks. Peter Badger and Martyn Huntley played two of the Robomen. Martyn Huntley had previously played the First Human in The Sensorites (1964) and reappeared in Doctor Who as Warren Earp in The Gunfighters (1966). Robomen reappeared in the Big Finish audio production The Mutant Phase, in which the Fifth Doctor (played by Peter Davison), accompanied by Nyssa (portrayed by Sarah Sutton), arrive on Earth during the Dalek Invasion, in 2158. They also appear when the Daleks invade Earth again in the Eighth Doctor story Lucie Miller / To the Death. The graphic novel The Only Good Dalek featured several Robomen on a space station where various objects and lifeforms related to the Daleks were housed, with the Robomen eventually joining in the Dalek assault on the station. The Robomen have a small role in Energy of the Daleks, where the Fourth Doctor and Leela face a Dalek time squad from the future in 2025, the Doctor explicitly stating that the use of Robomen is a sign that the Daleks' resources are limited. In the audio Masters of Earth, the Sixth Doctor and Peri Brown arrive on Earth in 2163 where they became involved in a Dalek plot to create a new, more efficient form of Robomen, although the Doctor is forced to kill the subjects of this experiment when they try and use the Robomen technology to augment humanity to oppose the Daleks, the Doctor concerned that this approach will make humanity the new Daleks. In Doctor Who: The Third Doctor Adventures Volume 3: The Conquest of Far, the Third Doctor and Jo stop a Dalek plan to deploy a massive transmitter that will enable mass conversion of the opposing human army into Robomen, the Doctor using the transmitter to overload most of the Dalek army so that the rest can be dealt with more conventionally. Robomen also featured in the cinematic version of this story Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966), as did the ill-fated character of Craddock, then played by Kenneth Watson who went on to appear in the television series of Doctor Who as Bill Duggan in The Wheel in Space (1968), co-starring the original Craddock, Michael Goldie, as Elton Laleham. ==S== ===Lucy Saxon=== Lucy Saxon, played by Alexandra Moen, is the wife of Harold Saxon (the Master) during his tenure as Minister of Defence and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. When confronted by journalist, Vivien Rook, about her husband's fictitious life history, Lucy reveals the Master's presence in the room; Rook is then murdered by the Master's Toclafane allies. The Master refers to Lucy as his "faithful companion". Despite apprehension and occasional squeamishness, she appears to be his willing accomplice and confidante. She does not display concern at the obvious severity of the Master's plans, and is seen dancing to "Voodoo Child" while six billion Toclafane descend upon the Earth. The tie-in website archived from haroldsaxon.co.uk describes Lucy as the youngest child of Lord Cole of Tarminster (in "The Sound of Drums", she refers to her gratitude for "all [Mr. Saxon] did for my father", and is said to be "of good family" by Rook) but never planned to follow her father's footsteps into politics. She went to Roedean School (Rook describes her as "not especially bright but essentially harmless"). She was on the Sussex netball team and studied Italian at St Andrews. She met Saxon during the publication of his autobiography and they married in 2007, the year prior to the events of "The Sound of Drums". In "Last of the Time Lords", set a year later, Lucy appears in a more opulent costume than before (a red evening dress and with red nail varnish), but with bruises around her right eye and a less enthusiastic attitude, suggesting physical and emotional abuse by the Master. When Martha confronts the Master and humans start to chant "Doctor", Lucy joins their chanting. She later shoots the Master, killing him, and is imprisoned soon after at Broadfell Prison. In "The End of Time", Lucy is used against her will to provide the Master's biometric imprint to complete his resurrection. Aware of the Master's plan, Lucy used her connections to develop a potion to sabotage the Master's resurrection, causing an explosion that kills her, destroys the prison, and leaves the Master in a dying body. ===Scorby=== Scorby is the mercenary and chief henchman of the millionaire and plant-collector Harrison Chase. He is sent by Chase, to a scientific research base in Antarctica, along with the scientist Arnold Keeler, to steal a newly discovered plant pod found buried in the ice there. He attempts to kill the Doctor, Sarah Jane, and several others in an explosion, as a means to eliminate them all as witnesses, and obscure traces of the theft. The plant pod turns out to be the seed of a dangerous plant-based alien life-form known as a Krynoid. Later, when it becomes apparent to him that his employer is now possessed by the alien Krynoid, Scorby reluctantly helps the Doctor, Sarah and UNIT remove all the plants from Chase's laboratory, as they may come under Krynoid control, whilst they are all under siege from the rapidly growing Krynoid. Scorby then meets his end when he panics, and attempts to flee the besieged mansion via the garden, only to come under attack from the Krynoid-controlled plants there and be dragged into the pond and drowned by the weeds. ===Mr Sin=== 150px|thumb|right|Mr Sin Mr Sin, played by Deep Roy, aids Li H'sen Chang in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977). Originally known as the Peking Homunculus, it is a cyborg from the 51st century that has the cerebral cortex of a pig. Designed as a toy, it almost causes World War Six when its organic parts assert themselves and it kills the Commissioner of the Icelandic Alliance and his family. It later accompanies Magnus Greel when he escapes to the 19th century. Its love of slaughter and hatred of mankind eventually lead it to betray Greel, after which it is deactivated by the Doctor when he disconnects the fuse circuit in its back. Mr Sin returns in the Virgin Missing Adventures novel The Shadow of Weng-Chiang. In a retcon, the book claims it was originally an assassination device disguised as a toy by enemies of the Icelandic Alliance. After being used by a tong with connections to Greel, it is deactivated again, and destroyed by K-9. The canonicity of the novels is unclear. It is possible that Mr. Sin was based on the Chinese dwarf god Kui Xing. The incident with The Commissioner of the Icelandic Alliance is played out in the 2012 prequel audio story The Butcher of Brisbane, in which the Fifth Doctor averts the world war, after allowing Greel and Sin to escape in their time cabinet. ===Sergeant Mike Smith=== Sergeant Mike Smith, seen in Remembrance of the Daleks (1988) as played by Dursley McLinden, was an RAF non-commissioned officer who served under Group Captain Gilmore. He struck a bond with Ace, whom he met in a café—a bond that was shattered when he was revealed to be a fascist in league with associate Mr Ratcliffe and the Renegade Daleks in pursuit of the Hand of Omega. Along with Mr Ratcliffe, Mike attempted to abscond with the Renegades' time controller. He was killed at his mother's boarding house by a girl possessed by the Renegade Daleks' battle computer. Unusually for a character killed in Doctor Who, the Doctor and his companion were seen to attend his funeral, although they left early. ===General Smythe === General Smythe was an antagonist in The War Games (1969). He was played by Noel Coleman. ===Slab=== Slabs are slaves that were used in the episode "Smith and Jones" as henchmen for a creature known as a Plasmavore. The Doctor mentions that the Slabs are made of leather throughout their entire bodies. In external appearance, they appear as humanoid forms wearing leather all over and a black motorcycle helmet with the visor down, bearing a resemblance to motorcycle delivery-men which is noted by various human characters. Slabs (or similar creatures) also appeared in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Warriors of Kudlak. ===Squawk=== Squawk is a robot parrot from Pheros, voiced by Toby Longworth in The Infinite Quest (2007). He eats gold, and is the son of the deceased Caw. ==T== ===Lady Thaw=== Lady Sylvia Thaw, played by Thelma Barlow, was the partner both personally and professionally of Professor Richard Lazarus in the episode "The Lazarus Experiment" (2007). She was an old lady associated with LazLabs Finances. She was liaising with Mr Saxon. After Lazarus successfully rejuvenated himself, she wanted to be first in line for rejuvenation. Lazarus rejected her saying he had grown tired of her. When Thaw threatened to complain to Saxon, Lazarus transformed into a large, scorpion-like monster and sucked the life out of her ultimately killing her. ===Maylin Tekker=== The word "Maylin" being his rank, Tekker was a Karfelan who was a henchman of the Borad in the 1985 serial Timelash, promoted after the previous Maylin, Renis, was killed by the Borad. Upon hearing of the Borad's genocidal plans to wipe out his people, Tekker defected from the Borad's side, only to be instantly killed by a weapon of the Borad's that caused rapid ageing. ==V== ===Captain von Weich=== Captain von Weich, played by David Garfield, was the alien who headed the German troops held in the First World War zone and Confederate troops in the American Civil War zone in The War Games (1969). He was shot dead by Private Moor. ==W== ===Mr Wagner=== Mr Wagner, played by Eugene Washington, was the alias of a Krillitane who posed as a Maths teacher at Deffry Vale School in "School Reunion" (2006). He was presumed dead when the school exploded. In one deleted scene he is portrayed as an omnivore after having eaten nothing but rats. ==See also== * List of Doctor Who supporting characters * List of Doctor Who villains * List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens * List of Doctor Who robots * List of Torchwood minor characters * List of Torchwood monsters and aliens * List of The Sarah Jane Adventures minor characters * List of The Sarah Jane Adventures monsters and aliens ==References== Henchmen Doctor Who henchmen Henchmen |
Tôi là... người chiến thắng is a Vietnamese vocal game show, airing on HTV7 at 9:00 pm (UTC+7) prime time slot every Saturdays. The show premiered on May 25, 2013 with Bình Minh as the host and Siu Black/Hoài Linh as a special 101st judge. The winner of the show might take home 300,000,000 VND in cash (roughly $14,000). The first season includes 12 episodes, featuring contestants in eight categories namely Boys, Girls, Male Singers, Female Singers, Students, Middle Ages, Celebrities and Groups."Tôi là người chiến thắng - The Winner is... đến Việt Nam", by: Quỳnh Thi, Tuoi Tre Online, date: 2013-04-16. The show builds its format differently from the original and the U.S. adaptation that in the first rounds there are no battles. In fact, all the candidates are singing for the public vote. The four candidates with highest scores of a category are then advanced to second round, singing duet for survival. Trần Hải Châu, a 21-year-old student, won the first season and obtained the final grand prizes, including a studio single with Universal Music, and 630,000,000 ₫ in cash (almost $30,000)."Cô gái trẻ Hải Châu giành quân quân The Winner is... mùa đầu tiên", by: Xuyến Chi, thethaovanhoa.vn, date: 2013-08-11. The show will return in 2014 with 12 episodes. Eight categories are introduced, including two Celebrity categories, two Singer categories, Students, Middle Ages, together with newly two Underground Singer categories. Comedians and Bands/Groups are originally official categories of the 2014 season; they, however, were dropped out due to lack of qualified candidates. == Synopsis == Đông Tây Promotion and Ho Chi Minh City Television won the right to produce the Vietnamese adaptation. It might be the first Asian adaptation of the franchise and it was launched before the U.S. adaptation. The first season was hosted by Bình Mình and starred Siu Black or Hoài Linh, who can affect the result of a duet. Each episode is about a category, a quarter final round, a semifinal round and a finale while the original focuses on the first phase (first-rounded battles in many categories), the second phase (second and third-rounded battles in many categories), the quarter-final/semifinal/season finale. The Vietnamese adaptation marks its uniqueness as a mix of two hot shows Deal or No Deal and The Voice. === Format === The program consists of several phases. In the first phase, the pre-selection, all entries are reviewed by the production jury. All candidates are invited to audition and based on that audition is decided whether the candidate is good enough to be allowed for television recordings. After short-listing the candidates are divided into eight categories of eight candidates. In all these first rounds eight candidates sing solo and the panel of 101 judges, including Siu Black (later replaced by Hoài Linh from the live show,"Siu Black đột ngột rút lui nhường ghế giám khảo cho Hoài Linh", by: Nguyễn Tú, 2sao.vn, date: 19 July 2013.) thus score them. The four highest scores are moved to the second rounds in two battles. In the case that the highest four cannot be determined, if two candidates have the same score (making the highest five) then Siu Black has the ultimate power to decide who had better leave the competition for good; if three or more candidates have the same score (making the highest six or more) the ultimate power is shifted to the audience to vote off some. And the highest score of them all has the right to pick the opponent for a battle. Thereafter the second rounds happen and "deal" element is introduced. Accepted the deal and earned the money of 10,000,000 VND, the candidate is automatically evicted from the competition no matter how many score he gains in the battle and the opponent is immediately declared winning. Otherwise no deal occurs, the candidate with higher score wins and the money is added up to the final grand prize. The eight categories are covered in first eight episodes. The two winners of a category advance to the quarter-final round, where it can be. Again earned money of 20,000,000 VND the loser is right out of the league. Otherwise no deal occurs, the candidate with higher score wins and the money is added up to the final grand prize. The quarter final rounds are covered in two episodes. In the very last battle to decide who the winner is, the audience voting is used as a determining factor. Audience can score from home in the last 15 minutes, which gives 100 to the battle, adding with score from 101 judges to make a possible 201 score. Step by step the candidate is out until there is only one remain, taking the final grand prize home. The final grand prize includes the basic prize announced of 300,000,000 ₫ in cash, and the negotiation prizes during battles if no deal occurred. == Season 1== ; Legend : – Contestant wins and/or advances : - Contestant wins the grand prize : – Contestant loses and/or is eliminated : – Contestant takes the money offer and is eliminated :GUY - Candidate from Guy Category :GRL - Candidate from Girl Category :STU - Candidate from Student Category :MA - Candidate from Middle Age Category :CEL - Candidate from Celebrity Category :GRP - Candidate from Band/Group Category :MSG - Candidate from Male Singer Category :FSG - Candidate from Female Singer Category === Results === === Episodes === ==== Episode 1: Girls ==== ::Aired: May 25, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Sao ta lặng im" (Nguyễn Hồng Thuận) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (78) Fast Track N/A "Như vẫn còn đây" (Phúc Trường) Trần Dương Uyên Thy (35) Eliminated N/A "Người em yêu mãi" (Hải Âu) Nguyễn Thu Hiền (58) Eliminated N/A "Son" (Đức Nghĩa) Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (78) Advance N/A "Cảm ơn tình yêu" (Huy Tuấn) Vũ Minh Trang (31) Eliminated N/A "Đâu phải bởi mùa thu" (Phú Quang; Giáng Vân) Võ Vũ Thùy Dung (39) Eliminated N/A "Đời bỗng vui" (Đức Trí) Lê Thị Bích Ngọc (70) Advance N/A "Yêu mình anh" (Dada) Nguyễn Phương Thùy (75) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Anh mãi là" (Hồ Hoài Anh) Lê Thị Bích Ngọc (29) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Mong anh về" (Dương Cầm) Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (72) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Cám ơn anh" (Minh Thụy) Nguyễn Phương Thùy (39) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Mãi mãi về sau" (Dương Khắc Linh, Thanh Bui, Hoàng Huy Long) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (62) Win ==== Episode 2: Male Singers ==== ::Aired: June 01, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Trái tim bên lề" (Khải Tuấn) Trần Lân Nhã (70) Advance N/A "Say You'll Be There" by Spice Girls Phạm Dũng Hà (52) Eliminated N/A "Lại gần hôn anh" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Hoài Nam (41) Eliminated N/A "Góc tối" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (74) Advance N/A "Dấu yêu một thời" (himself) Nguyễn Mạnh Quân (68) Eliminated N/A "Xin chào! Xin chào!" (Đức Trí) Trần Quốc Thiên (92) Fast Track N/A "You Raise Me Up" by Secret Garden Nguyễn Đức Quang (87) Advance N/A "Tình nhân" (Tăng Nhật Tuệ) Lê Việt Anh (47) Eliminated Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Quỳnh" (Quốc Bảo) Trần Lân Nhã (21) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Yêu thương mong manh" (Đức Trí, Hà Quang Minh) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (80) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Brave" by Josh Groban Nguyễn Đức Quang (18) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc" (Toàn Thắng) Trần Quốc Thiên (83) Win ==== Episode 3: Groups ==== ::Aired: June 08, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Yêu dấu theo gió bay" (Nguyễn Hoàng Duy) TVM (32) Eliminated N/A "Vive la Vida" Coco Band (44) Eliminated N/A "Love Me Tender" by Elvis Presley Tóc Ngắn (73) Eliminated N/A "Ngôi sao ước mơ" (Nguyễn Hoàng Anh Minh) VMen (85) Advance N/A "Nơi ấy" (Dương Khắc Linh, Hà Okio) It's Time (85) Advance N/A "Hương ngọc lan" (Anh Quân) Dòng Thời Gian (95) Fast Track N/A "Im lặng" (Trương Thanh Hiếu) Nhật Nguyệt (51) Eliminated N/A "Larger than Life" by the Backstreet Boys The Leaders (80) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "One More Night" by the Maroon 5 The Leader (47) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc lối" (Hồ Hoài Anh) It's Time (54) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Love to Be Loved by You" by Marc Terenzi VMen (24) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Time to Say Goodbye" Dòng Thời Gian (77) Win ==== Episode 4: Middle Ages ==== ::Aired: June 15, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Bánh xe lãng tử" (Trọng Khương) Phạm Hoàng Nga (76) Advance N/A "Nỗi lòng người đi" (Anh Bằng) Đặng Phi Sơn (44) Eliminated N/A "Nhớ em" (himself) Kỳ Phương (75) Advance N/A "Tình 2000" (Võ Thiện Thanh) Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (76) Advance N/A "Imagine" by John Lennon Y Thanh (70) Eliminated N/A "Xin còn gọi tên nhau" (Trường Sa) Lê Thị Duy Thủy (45) Eliminated N/A "Bản tình cuối" (Ngô Thụy Miên) Thái Sơn Eliminated N/A "I Hate Myself for Loving You" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Phạm Thị Bạch Lan (82) Fast Track Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Vết lăn trầm" (Trịnh Công Sơn) Phạm Hoàng Nga (37) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Cho người tình xa" (himself) Kỳ Phương (64) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Hurt" by Christina Aguilera Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (59) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Trả hết cho người" (Lê Hựu Hà) Phạm Thị Bạch Lan (42) Lose ==== Episode 5: Students ==== ::Aired: June 22, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Sẽ mãi bên nhau" by Hồ Ngọc Hà Ngô Thủy Tiên (14) Eliminated N/A "Torna a Surriento" Nguyễn Thành Trung (77) Advance N/A "Nếu như anh đến" by Văn Mai Hương Nguyễn Thị Mai Phương (16) Eliminated N/A "Khoảng trời của bé" (Nguyễn Duy Hùng) Võ Xuân Hiển (91) Fast Track N/A "Set Fire to the Rain" by Adele Trần Hải Châu (73) Advance N/A "Thu cuối" by Mr.T feat. Yanbi Võ Đình Hiếu (39) Eliminated N/A "Dù có cách xa" (Đinh Mạnh Ninh) Trần Giang Đại Hoàng (48) Eliminated N/A "Taxi" by Thu Minh Phan Thị Thanh Nga (66) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Anh" (Xuân Phương) Phan Thị Thanh Nga (7) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Rolling in the Deep" by Adele Trần Hải Châu (94) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Lá đỏ" (Hoàng Hiệp, Nguyễn Đình Thi) Nguyễn Thành Trung (13) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Radio" by Hà Anh Tuấn Võ Xuân Hiển (88) Win ==== Episode 6: Boys ==== ::Aired: June 29, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Tâm hồn của đá" by Bức Tường Hồ Minh Ngọc (35) Eliminated N/A "Vệt nắng cuối trời" (Tiến Minh) Nguyễn Công Hiếu (34) Eliminated N/A "Phôi pha" (Trịnh Công Sơn) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (83) Advance N/A "Đổi thay" (Kim Tuấn) Nguyễn Văn Đức (24) Eliminated N/A "Ain't No Sunshine" by Bill Withers Thái Huy Sắc (90) Advance N/A "Gửi ngàn lời yêu" (Minh Vương, Lê Việt Khanh) Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (57) Advance N/A "Đến với nhau" (Dương Trường Giang) Phan Quang Hùng (35) Eliminated N/A "'O sole mio" Nguyễn Tiến Hưng (90) Fast Track Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Unchained Melody" by The Righteous Brothers Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (68) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Độc bước" (Trần Trung Đức) Thái Huy Sắc (33) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc mất mùa xuân"/"Le Géant de papier" Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (52) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Nơi đảo xa" (Thế Song) Nguyễn Tiến Hưng (49) Lose ==== Episode 7: Female Singers ==== ::Aired: July 06, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Ngôi sao cô đơn" (Thanh Tùng) Anh Thúy (76) Advance N/A "Sa mạc tình yêu"/"Ai no shinkirou" Hà Thúy Anh (36) Eliminated N/A "Oops!... I Did It Again" by Britney Spears Nguyễn Võ Lan Trinh (74) Advance N/A "Biết đâu" by herself Thùy Hoàng Diễm (40) Eliminated N/A "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" by The Pussycat Dolls Lưu Hiền Trinh (82) Advance N/A "Trắng và đen" (Minh Thụy) H'Zina Bya (90) Fast Track N/A "Giấc mơ chỉ là giấc mơ" (Đức Trí) Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trâm (52) Eliminated N/A "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston Lê Thị Hương Trà (57) Eliminated Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Họa mi hót trong mưa" (Thanh Tùng) Lưu Hiền Trinh (44) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "To Love You More" by Céline Dion Anh Thúy (57) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Ngày xưa Hoàng Thị" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Võ Lan Trinh (32) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Chuyện tình" (Anh Quân) H'Zina Bya (69) Win ==== Episode 8: Celebrities ==== ::Aired: July 13, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Còn ta với nồng nàn" (Quốc Bảo) Nguyễn Tuấn Nam (46) Eliminated N/A "Những ngày đẹp trời"/"Your Back Towards Me" Lê Thị Tú Vi (53, 81) High/Advance N/A "Thương thầm" (Vũ Quốc Việt) Phạm Minh Luân (53, 47) High/Eliminated N/A "Lạnh lùng" (Nguyễn Hoàng Duy) Đàm Thu Trang (36) Eliminated N/A "Còn đó chút hồng phai (Vũ Quốc Việt) Quách Ngọc Ngoan (48) Eliminated N/A "Feeling Good" Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (95) Fast Track N/A "Ngựa ô thương nhớ" (Trần Tiến) Nguyễn Hùng Thuận (53, 70) High/Advance N/A "Halo" by Beyoncé Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh (65) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "All That Jazz" Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh (33) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis Lê Thị Tú Vi (68) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Nếu điều đó xảy ra" (Ngọc Châu) Nguyễn Hùng Thuận (29) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Trở lại tuổi thơ" (Anh Quân) Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (72) Win After the first round, Tú Vi, Minh Luân and Hùng Thuận have the same score. Audience are asked to vote for each the second time. As a result, Minh Luân leaves the competition with 47. ==== Episode 9: The Quarter-final, Part 1 ==== Live: July 20, 2013 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 20,000,000 ₫ "Chiếc lá cuối cùng" (Tuấn Khanh) Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (46) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Em nhớ anh vô cùng" (Duy Mạnh) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (55) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Xin lỗi, anh yêu em" (Minh Vương) Võ Xuân Hiển (67) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Hãy hát lên" (Vũ Quốc Việt) Kỳ Phương (34) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "The Silence" by Alexandra Burke Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (40) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Tìm về nơi đâu?" by Thanh Bui and Tata Young It's Time (61) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Bay" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Trần Quốc Thiên (64) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" by Céline Dion Anh Thúy (37) Lose ==== Episode 10: The Quarter-final, Part 2 ==== Live: July 27, 2013 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter- final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 20,000,000 ₫ "Chỉ là giấc mơ" (Kim Ngọc) by Thanh Lam Lê Thị Tú Vi (27) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Người hát tình ca" by Uyên Linh Dòng Thời Gian (74) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Anh sẽ nhớ mãi" by Bằng Kiều Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (60) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Listen" by Beyoncé Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (41) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Ly cà phê Ban Mê" by Siu Black Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (10) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Titanium" by David Guetta feat. Sia Trần Hải Châu (91) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Chỉ còn lại tình yêu" by Bằng Kiều Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (58) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Đừng nhìn lại" (Lương Bằng Quang) H'Zina Bya (43) Lose ==== Episode 11: The Semi- final ==== Live: August 03, 2013 Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Lặng thầm một tình yêu" by Hồ Ngọc Hà and Thanh Bui Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (40) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Hẹn hò" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (61) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Trở về" (Nguyễn Dân) Võ Xuân Hiển (16) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ "Mượn" (Lưu Thiên Hương) Trần Hải Châu (85) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Cỏ và mưa" (Giáng Son) Trần Quốc Thiên (53) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Dòng thời gian" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (48) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Nếu chỉ sống một ngày" It's Time (41) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Il Mio Cuore Va" by Sarah Brightman Dòng Thời Gian (60) Win ==== Episode 12: Season Finale ==== Live: August 10, 2013 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 40,000,000 ₫ "Dấu tình sầu" Trần Quốc Thiên (44) Lose 40,000,000 ₫ "Chiều một mình qua phố" Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (57) Win 40,000,000 ₫ "Dẫu có lỗi lầm" Dòng Thời Gian (11) Lose 40,000,000 ₫ "Unfaithful" by Rihanna Trần Hải Châu (90) Win Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 60,000,000 ₫ "Đồng xanh"/"Green Fields" by The Brothers Four "Bức họa đồng quê" (Văn Phụng) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (42) Lose 60,000,000 ₫ "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan "Giận anh" (Đức Trí) Trần Hải Châu (159) The Winner The final scores are added up by score from 101 judges with score from fan vote. Huy Luân gets 27 out of possible 100 by audience voting, the rest belongs to Hải Châu. * Guest appearance: ** Hồ Ngọc Hà ("Hãy thứ tha cho em") ** Văn Mai Hương ("Là em đó") == Season 2 == By the high-rated demography, the TV series was renewed for another season during the grand finale of the first season. It is set to return on July 12, 2014. Application for season two began on November 14 and ends on April 30. 12 episodes are ordered to air, with differences from season 1. Contestants after being selected will be divided into eight categories, namely: Celebrity #1, Celebrity #2, Singer #1, Singer #2, Underground Singer #1, Underground Singer #2, Student, and Middle Age. Band/Group was originally an official category of this season; it, however, has been dropped out due to lack of qualified candidates. ; Legend : – Contestant wins and/or advances : - Contestant wins the grand prize : – Contestant loses and/or is eliminated : – Contestant takes the money offer and is eliminated :CE1 - Candidate from first CEebrity Category :CE2 - Candidate from second CEebrity Category :SG1 - Candidate from first Singer Category :SG2 - Candidate from second Singer Category :US1 - Candidate from first Underground Singer Category :US2 - Candidate from second Underground Singer Category :MA - Candidate from Middle Age Category :STU - Candidate from Student Category === Results === == Syndication == ; Season 1 No. Air Date Title Notes 01 May 25, 2013 Girl Category 2 Candidates advanced 02 June 1, 2013 Male Singer Category 2 Candidates advanced 03 June 8, 2013 Band/Group Category 2 Candidates advanced 04 June 15, 2013 Middle-Age Category 2 Candidates advanced 05 June 22, 2013 Student Category 2 Candidates advanced 06 June 29, 2013 Boy Category 2 Candidates advanced 07 July 6, 2013 Female Singer Category 2 Candidates advanced 08 July 13, 2013 Celebrity Category 2 Candidates advanced 09 July 20, 2013 The Quarter-final 1, Live Round of 16 10 July 27, 2013 The Quarter-final 2, Live Round of 16 11 August 3, 2013 The Semi-Final, Live Round of 8 12 August 10, 2013 Live Season Finale Round of 4/Winner Crowned ; Season 2 No. Air Date Title Notes 01 July 12, 2014 Celebrity Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 02 July 19, 2014 Singer Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 03 July 26, 2014 Underground Singer Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 04 August 2, 2014 Middle Age Category 2 Candidates advanced 05 August 9, 2014 Celebrity Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 06 August 16, 2014 Student Category 2 Candidates advanced 07 August 23, 2014 Underground Singer Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 08 August 30, 2014 Singer Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 09 September 7, 2014 The Quarter-final 1, Live Round of 16 10 September 14, 2014 The Quarter-final 2, Live Round of 16 11 September 21, 2014 The Semi-Final, Live Round of 8 12 September 28, 2014 Live Season Finale Round of 4/Winner Crowned == Cancellation == On September 29, 2015, HTV and Đông Tây Promotion announced that they did not renew the 4th season due to expenses. In the next year, Biến hóa hoàn hảo - My name is filled the show's 9 p.m. time slot, confirmed its cancellation. == See also == * The Winner is... (the Dutch original) * The Winner Is (adaptation for the U.S.) *List of television programmes broadcast by HTV == References == == External links == * Category:Vietnamese television series Category:Ho Chi Minh City Television original programming Category:2010s Vietnamese television series Category:2013 Vietnamese television series debuts |
My Darling Clementine is a 1946 American Western film directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp during the period leading up to the gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The ensemble cast also features Victor Mature (as Doc Holliday), Linda Darnell, Walter Brennan, Tim Holt, Cathy Downs and Ward Bond. The title of the movie is borrowed from the theme song "Oh My Darling, Clementine", sung in parts over the opening and closing credits. The screenplay is based on the fictionalized biography Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal by Stuart Lake, as were two earlier movies, both named Frontier Marshal (released in 1934 and 1939, respectively). My Darling Clementine is regarded by many film critics as one of the best Westerns ever made. In 1991, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry; it was among the first 75 films entered into the registry. == Plot == In 1882 (a year after the actual gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881), Wyatt, Morgan, Virgil, and James Earp are driving cattle to California when they encounter Old Man Clanton and his sons. Clanton offers to buy their herd, but they curtly refuse to sell. When the Earps learn about the nearby boom town of Tombstone, the older brothers ride in, leaving the youngest, James, as watchman. The threesome soon learns that Tombstone is a lawless town without a marshal. Wyatt proves the only man in the town willing to face a drunken Indian shooting at the townspeople. When the brothers return to their camp, they find their cattle rustled and James murdered. Wyatt returns to Tombstone. Seeking to avenge James's murder, he takes the open position of town marshal and encounters the hot-tempered Doc Holliday and scurrilous Clanton gang several times. During this time, Clementine Carter, Doc's former love interest from his hometown of Boston, arrives after a long search for her beau. She is given a room at the same hotel where both Wyatt and Doc Holliday reside. Chihuahua, a hot-tempered Latina love interest of Doc's, sings in the local saloon. She runs afoul of Wyatt trying to tip a professional gambler off to his poker hand, resulting in Wyatt dunking her in a horse trough. Doc, who is suffering badly from tuberculosis and fled from Clementine previously, is unhappy with her arrival; he tells her to return to Boston or he will leave Tombstone. Clementine stays, so Doc leaves for Tucson. Wyatt, who has been taken by Clementine since her arrival, begins to awkwardly court her. Angry over Doc's hasty flight Chihuahua starts an argument with Clementine. Wyatt walks in on their spat and breaks it up. He notices Chihuahua is wearing a silver cross that had been taken from his brother James the night he'd been killed. She claims Doc gave it to her. Wyatt chases down Doc, with whom he has had a testy relationship. Doc forces a shoot-out, ending with Wyatt shooting a pistol out of Doc's hand. The two return to Tombstone, where after being questioned, Chihuahua reveals the silver cross was actually given to her by Billy Clanton. During the interrogation Billy shoots Chihuahua through a window and takes off on horseback, but is wounded by Wyatt. Wyatt directs his brother Virgil to pursue him. The chase leads to the Clanton homestead, where Billy dies of his wounds. Old Man Clanton then shoots Virgil in the back in cold blood. In town, a reluctant Doc is persuaded to operate on Chihuahua. Hope swells for her successful recovery. The Clantons then arrive, toss Virgil's body on the street and announce they will be waiting for the rest of the Earps at the O.K. Corral. Chihuahua dies and Doc decides to join the Earps, walking alongside Wyatt and Morgan to the corral at sunup. A gunfight ensues in which most of the Clantons are killed, as is Doc. Wyatt and Morgan resign as law enforcers. Morgan heads West in a horse and buggy. Wyatt bids Clementine farewell at the school house, wistfully promising that if he ever returns he will look her up. Mounting his horse, he muses aloud, "Ma'am, I sure like that name...Clementine," and rides off to join his brother. == Cast == ==Production== ===Development=== In 1931, Stuart Lake published the first biography two years after Earp's death. Lake retold the story in the 1946 book My Darling Clementine, for which Ford acquired the film rights. The two books have since been determined to be largely fictionalized stories about the Earp brothers and the gunfight at the O.K. Corral and their conflict with the outlaw Cowboys: Billy Clanton, Tom McLaury and his brother Frank McLaury. The gunfight was relatively unknown to the American public until Lake published the two books and after the movie was made. Director John Ford said that when he was a prop boy in the early days of silent pictures, Earp would visit pals he knew from his Tombstone days on the sets. "I used to give him a chair and a cup of coffee, and he told me about the fight at the O.K. Corral. So in My Darling Clementine, we did it exactly the way it had been." Ford did not want to make the movie, but his contract required him to make one more movie for 20th Century Fox. In their later years, Wyatt and Josephine Earp worked hard to eliminate any mention of Josephine's previous relationship with Johnny Behan or Wyatt's previous common law marriage to Matty Blaylock. They successfully kept Josephine's name out of Lake's biography of Wyatt and after he died, Josephine threatened to sue the movie producers to keep it that way. Lake corresponded with Josephine, and he claimed she attempted to influence what he wrote and hamper him in every way possible, including consulting lawyers. Josephine insisted she was striving to protect Wyatt Earp's legacy. After the movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (in which John Ireland portrayed another real-life figure of the time, Johnny Ringo) was released in 1957, the shootout came to be known by that name. ===Writing=== The final script of the movie varies considerably from historical fact to create additional dramatic conflict and character. Clementine Carter is not a historical person, and in this script appears to be an amalgam of Big Nose Kate and Josephine Earp. Unlike the movie characters, the Earps were never cowboys, drovers, or cattle owners. Important plot devices in the film and personal details about the main characters were all liberally adapted for the movie. Old Man Clanton actually died prior to the gunfight and probably never met any of the Earps. Doc was a dentist, not a surgeon, and survived the shootout. James Earp, who was portrayed as the youngest brother and the first to die in the story, actually was the eldest brother and lived until 1926. The key women in Wyatt's and Doc's lives—Wyatt's common law wife Josephine and Doc's common-law wife Big Nose Kate—were not present in Lake's original story and were kept out of the movie as well. The film gives the date of the gunfight as 1882 although it actually occurred in 1881. Upon leaving Tombstone, the itinerant actor, Granville Thorndyke (Alan Mowbray), bids farewell to the old soldier, "Dad" (Francis Ford, John Ford's elder brother), with lines from Joseph Addison's poem, "The Campaign": "Great Souls by Instinct to each other turn,/Demand Alliance ("allegiance" in the film), and in Friendship burn..." ===Filming=== Much of the film was shot in Monument Valley, a scenic desert region straddling the Arizona-Utah border used in other John Ford movies. It is 500 miles (800 km) away from the town of Tombstone in southern Arizona. After seeing a preview screening of the film, 20th Century Fox studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck felt Ford's original cut was too long and had some weak spots, so he had Lloyd Bacon shoot new footage and heavily edit the film. Zanuck had Bacon cut 30 minutes from the film. While Ford's original cut of the film has not survived, a "pre-release" cut dating from a few months after the preview screening was discovered in the UCLA film archives; this version preserves some additional footage as well as alternative scoring and editing. UCLA film preservationist Robert Gitt edited a version of the film that incorporates some of the earlier version. Perhaps the most significant change is the film's ending; in Ford's original version, Earp awkwardly shakes hands with Clementine Carter. In the version released in 1946, Earp kisses her on the cheek. == Critical reception == The film is generally regarded as one of the best Westerns made by John Ford and one of his best films overall. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8.80/10, based on 32 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Canny and coolly confident, My Darling Clementine is a definitive dramatization of the Wyatt Earp legend that shoots from the hip and hits its target in breezy style." At the time of its release, Bosley Crowther lauded the film and wrote, "The eminent director, John Ford, is a man who has a way with a Western like nobody in the picture trade. Seven years ago his classic Stagecoach snuggled very close to fine art in this genre. And now, by George, he's almost matched it with My Darling Clementine ... But even with standard Western fiction—and that's what the script has enjoined—Mr. Ford can evoke fine sensations and curiously-captivating moods. From the moment that Wyatt and his brothers are discovered on the wide and dusty range, trailing a herd of cattle to a far-off promised land, a tone of pictorial authority is struck—and it is held. Every scene, every shot is the product of a keen and sensitive eye—an eye which has deep comprehension of the beauty of rugged people and a rugged world." The Variety reviewer wrote, "Trademark of John Ford's direction is clearly stamped on the film with its shadowy lights, softly contrasted moods and measured pace, but a tendency is discernible towards stylization for the sake of stylization. At several points, the pic comes to a dead stop to let Ford go gunning for some arty effect." Director Sam Peckinpah considered My Darling Clementine his favorite Western, and paid homage to it in several of his Westerns, including Major Dundee (1965) and The Wild Bunch (1969). Similarly, director Hayao Miyazaki called it one of his ten favorite movies. Fifty years after its release, Roger Ebert reviewed the film and included it in his list of The Great Movies. He wrote it was "one of the sweetest and most good-hearted of all Westerns", unusual in making the romance between Earp and Clementine the heart of the film rather than the gunfight. In 2004, Matt Bailey summarized its significance: "If there is one film that deserves every word of praise ever uttered or written about it, it is John Ford's My Darling Clementine. Perhaps the greatest film in a career full of great films, arguably the finest achievement in a rich and magnificent genre, and undoubtedly the best version of one of America's most enduring myths, the film is an undeniable and genuine classic." In the British Film Institute's 2012 Sight & Sound polls, seven critics and five directors named it one of their 10 favorite films. In 2012, director Michael Mann named My Darling Clementine one of his ten favorite films, stating it was "possibly the finest drama in the western genre" and "achieves near-perfection" in its cinematography and editing. It was also President Harry Truman's favorite film. The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited My Darling Clementine as one of his 100 favorite films. == References == == External links == * * * * * My Darling Clementine: The Great Beyond an essay by David Jenkins at the Criterion Collection Category:1946 films Category:1946 Western (genre) films Category:20th Century Fox films Category:American Western (genre) films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Cultural depictions of Doc Holliday Category:Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Category:Films about brothers Category:Films about tuberculosis Category:Films based on biographies Category:Films directed by John Ford Category:Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge Category:Films set in 1882 Category:Films set in Tombstone, Arizona Category:Films shot in Utah Category:Films shot in Arizona Category:United States National Film Registry films Category:1940s English-language films Category:1940s American films Category:Films shot in Monument Valley |
Life and Fate () is a novel by Vasily Grossman. Written in the Soviet Union in 1959, it narrates the history of the family of a Soviet physicist, Viktor Shtrum, during the Great Patriotic War, which is depicted as the struggle between two comparable totalitarian states. A multi-faceted novel, one of its main themes is the tragedy of the common people, who have to fight both the invaders and the totalitarianism of their own state. In 2021, the critic and editor Robert Gottlieb, writing in The New York Times, referred to Life and Fate as "the most impressive novel written since World War II." Vasily Grossman, a Ukrainian Jew, was rejected for military service in 1941 and became a correspondent for the Soviet military paper Krasnaya Zvezda. He spent approximately 1,000 days on the front lines, roughly three of the four years of the conflict between the Germans and Soviets. He was one of the first journalists to write about the genocide of people in Eastern Europe and was present at many famous battles. Life and Fate was his defining achievement, its writing in part motivated by guilt over the death of his mother in the Berdychiv massacre at Berdychiv (UkSSR) in September 1941.Chandler, Robert. Introduction to Life and Fate. page xi. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics. Life and Fate is technically the second half of the author's conceived two-part book under the same title, with the first half published in 1952 under the title For A Just Cause. Although the first half, written during the rule of Joseph Stalin, expresses loyalty to the regime, Life and Fate shows the political disillusion of the protagonist and sharply criticises Stalinism. For that reason, the manuscript was censored in the Soviet Union at the time. Smuggled out of the country, it was first published in the 1980s in the West, and then on Russian soil under glasnost, nearly two decades after Grossman's death. == Plot summary == Life and Fate is a sprawling account of life on the Eastern Front, with countless plotlines taking place simultaneously all across Russia and Eastern Europe. Although each story has a linear progression, the events are not necessarily presented in chronological order. Grossman will, for example, introduce a character, then ignore that character for hundreds of pages, and then return to recount events that took place the very next day. It is difficult to summarize the novel, but the plot can be boiled down to three basic plotlines: the Shtrum/Shaposhnikov family, the siege of Stalingrad, and life in the camps of Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. Although Life and Fate is divided into three parts, each of these plotlines is featured in each section. Viktor Shtrum is a brilliant physicist who, with his wife, Lyudmila, and daughter, Nadya, has been evacuated from Moscow to Kazan. He is experiencing great difficulty with his work, as well as with his family. He receives a letter from his mother from inside a Jewish ghetto informing him that she is soon to be killed by the Germans. Lyudmila, meanwhile, goes to visit her son from her first marriage, Tolya, in an army hospital, but he dies before her arrival. When she returns to Kazan, she is extremely detached and seems still to be expecting Tolya's return. Viktor finds himself engaging in anti-Soviet conversations at the home of his colleague, Sokolov, partly to impress Sokolov's wife, Marya (Lyudmila's only friend). He consistently compares political situations to physics, and remarks that fascism and Stalinism are not so different. He later regrets these discussions out of fear that he will be denounced, an indecision that plagues his decision-making throughout the novel. Suddenly, Viktor makes a huge mathematical breakthrough, solving the issues that had hindered his experiments. Viktor's colleagues are slow to respond, but eventually come to accept the genius of his discovery. After moving back to Moscow, however, the higher-ups begin to criticize his discoveries as being anti-Leninist and attacking his Jewish identity. Viktor, however, refuses to publicly repent and is forced to resign. He fears that he will be arrested, but then receives a call from Stalin himself (presumably because Stalin had sensed the military importance of nuclear research) that completely, and immediately reverses his fortune. Later, he signs a letter denouncing two innocent men and is subsequently racked by guilt. The last details about Viktor regard his unconsummated affair with Marya. The events recounted at Stalingrad center on Yevghenia Shaposhnikova (Lyudmila's sister), Krymov (her former husband), and Novikov (her lover). After reconnecting with Novikov, Yevghenia evacuates to Kuibyshev. Novikov, the commander of a Soviet tank corps, meets General Nyeudobnov and Political Commissar Getmanov, both of whom are Party hacks. Together they begin planning the counter-assault on Stalingrad. Novikov delays the start of the assault for fear of unnecessarily sacrificing his men. Getmanov later denounces Novikov and he is summoned for trial, even though the tank attack was a complete success. Meanwhile, Krymov, a Political Commissar, is sent to investigate House 6/1, where a tiny group of soldiers have held back the Germans for weeks, even though they are completely surrounded and cut off from all supplies. Grekov, the commanding officer, refuses to send reports to HQ, and is disdainful of Krymov's rhetoric. He later wounds Krymov in his sleep, causing him to be evacuated from the house. Soon after, House 6/1 is completely leveled by German bombs. Krymov, a staunch Communist, is then accused of being a traitor (this was standard for Russian soldiers who had been trapped behind enemy lines ) and is sent to Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, where he is beaten and forced to confess. Yevghenia decides not to marry Novikov and goes to Moscow to try and visit Krymov. He receives a package from her and realizes that he still loves her but may never be released from prison. The sections that take place in the camps have few recurring characters, with the exception of Mostovskoy, an old Bolshevik who takes part in a plot to rebel against the Germans, but is dismayed by the prevailing lack of faith in communism. His interrogator, Liss, asserts that fascism and communism are two sides of the same coin, which upsets Mostovskoy greatly. He is later killed by the Germans for his part in the uprising. In one scene, Sturmbannführer Liss tells Mostovskoy that both Stalin and Hitler are the leaders of qualitatively new formation: "When we look at each other's faces, we see not only a hated face; we see the mirror reflection. ... Don't you recognize yourself, your [strong] will in us?" Grossman also focuses on Sofya Levinton, a Jewish woman on her way to a Nazi concentration camp. The final chapter introduces a set of characters who remain anonymous: an elderly widow observing her tenants, a wounded army officer recently discharged from hospital, his wife and their young daughter.In his Introduction to his translation of Life and Fate (page xxi), Robert Chandler identifies the anonymous couple in the final chapter as the relatively minor character Major (now Lt. Col.) Byerozkin and his wife. It is implied, however, that the officer returning to his family is Major Byerozkin, a recurring character from Stalingrad who is shown to be a kind man struggling to retain his humanity. Grossman describes the type of Communist Party functionaries, who blindly follow the Party line and constitute the base for the oppressive regime. One such political worker (политработник), Sagaidak, maintained that entire families and villages intentionally starved themselves to death during the collectivisation in the USSR. == Main characters == ;Viktor Pavlovich Shtrum: :Viktor Shtrum is the primary figure in Grossman's novel, largely based on the author himself. Although there are a multitude of characters in Life and Fate, much of the novel's plot revolves around Shtrum and his family. Shtrum is married to Lyudmila. He works as a nuclear physicist and is a member of the Academy of Sciences. A crucial aspect of Shtrum's character is his academic work. He is constantly thinking about his exploration of nuclear physics. This obsession with his work is obvious from the very start of the novel through the thoughts of Lyudmila, from whom he has drawn apart. Before the war, Shtrum's family had been living in Moscow, but the city's evacuation caused them to move into Kazan. Throughout the novel, Shtrum hints at his ambivalent feelings toward the state, becoming increasingly disillusioned with Stalin's regime. He is at times an unsympathetic man – self-absorbed, irritable, difficult to live with – yet he is also deeply human, struggling to remain true to himself while navigating the innumerable moral quandaries of life in Soviet society. The war also forces Shtrum to come to terms with his Jewish heritage, largely through the traumatic loss of his mother, who was murdered by the Nazis in Ukraine. Viktor learns this through her last letter to him; Grossman has her suffer the same fate as his own mother, who was killed in similar circumstances. This passage is both one of the most iconic and the most devastating in the novel. As the story goes on, Viktor also becomes increasingly aware of the latent anti-Semitism of the world in which he lives. ;Lyudmila ('Lyuda') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova: :Lyudmila is married to Viktor Shtrum and has a daughter with him named Nadya. This is her second marriage. She was originally married to Abarchuk, who has been sent to a Soviet labor camp. In the beginning of the novel, it is clear that Lyudmila and Viktor have drifted apart. Although their estrangement is not expressed openly by either character, it is evident through Lyudmila's discussion of her eldest son, Tolya, whom she had with Abarchuk. Lyudmila discusses how Viktor and his mother, Anna Semyonovna, always showed a preference to Nadya and ignored Tolya. Lyudmila describes this best when she says “Nadya, Nadya, Nadya...Nadya's got Viktor's eyes...Nadya's absent-minded, Nadya's quick- witted, Nadya's very thoughtful.” Lyudmila's separation and apathy towards Viktor and Nadya grow greater after the death of Tolya. This plot thread is one of the first to occur in the novel, and Grossman plunges us into Lyuda's consciousness as she struggles to come to terms with the untimely loss of her son. For a long time afterward, she talks to Tolya constantly, sometimes out loud, a habit which Viktor finds hard to cope with. ;Yevgenia ('Zhenya') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova: :Yevgenia is Lyudmila's younger sister. She was originally married to Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov, but when the reader is introduced to her in the novel, she is in a relationship with Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov. After moving to Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives with an old German woman named Jenny Genrikovna, who had once worked as the Shaposhnikov family's governess. Yevgenia had a good relationship with Jenny, but after the old woman is deported, along with other Germans living in Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives alone. Although she is a beautiful, charming, and highly intelligent woman, Yevgenia has much trouble acquiring a residence permit or a ration card. After many run-ins with Grishin, the head of the passport department, she is finally able to get these documents using societal connections. She receives aid in acquiring official documentation from Limonov, a man of letters, and Lieutenant Colonel Rizin, her boss at the design office – both of whom are romantically interested in her. As the novel goes on, Zhenya shows herself to be both a strong and profoundly sympathetic character. ;Alexandra Vladimirovna :Alexandra is mother of Lyudmila and Yevgenia. ;Dementiy Trifonovich Getmanov : :Getmanov is the secretary of an obkom and is appointed commissar to Novikov's tank corps. He is described as having large and distinct features: “his shaggy, graying head, his broad forehead, and his fleshy nose.” Getmanov is married to Galina Terentyevna. He has two daughters and a young son. His family lives in Ufa, where his comrades take care of them when Getmanov is away. Getmanov comes off as a strong supporter of the Party. His prime objective in life is to move up in the Party's hierarchy, regardless of the cost to others. Thus, he is very cautious about what he says and what those who are associated with him say, because he does not want to offend the Party or Stalin in any way. This is obvious when he is discussing politics with his friends before leaving for the front. When one man discusses how his young son once abused a picture of Stalin, Getmanov is overly critical and says that this behavior, even from a youngster, should not be tolerated. Getmanov is also quite arrogant. He feels insulted at being appointed the commissar to only a tank corps. It may be possible to see Getmanov as a portrait of Khrushchev, who had been chief political officer during the battle for Stalingrad. ;Abarchuk: :Abarchuk is Lyudmila's first husband. He was arrested in 1937 and sent to the gulag. Abarchuk is a strong supporter of the Party. He feels as though he has been wrongly imprisoned, yet does not fault the Party for its actions. He believes that such erroneous arrests are justifiable in the large scheme of party stability. Abarchuk works with tools and materials in the camp. He works with a criminal named Barkhatov, who blackmails many people and even kills one of Abarchuk's friends, Abrasha Rubin. Abarchuk's actions are shaped by his need of approval by the Party. He refuses to even allow Tolya to take his surname, for Abarchuk believes that this might hurt his standing and party image. He insists on doing what he sees as his duty to the state by denouncing Barkhatov, even though this will likely cost him his life. ;Pyotr Lavrentyevich Sokolov: :Sokolov is a mathematician in Viktor's laboratory. In the beginning of the novel, Sokolov and Viktor are good friends. They love talking about their academic work and often get together at Sokolov's home to discuss life and politics. In general, however, Sokolov is more cautious than Viktor; it is only at the end of the novel that he finally dares to risk his social position for the sake of his convictions. It is implied, too, that he resents Victor's scientific breakthrough slightly. Furthermore, as the novel progresses, it is evident that Viktor and Marya Ivanovna, Sokolov's wife, have feelings for each other. As Sokolov becomes aware of this, his relationship with Viktor cools somewhat. ;Mikhail Sidorovich Mostovskoy: :Mostovskoy is an Old Bolshevik in a German concentration camp. He is the first major character that the reader is introduced to and he appears in the very beginning of the novel. Mostovskoy was involved in the revolution of 1917 and had strong ties to the Communist Party, having worked side by side with Lenin. Although the living conditions in the camp are unspeakable, Mostovskoy is reasonable and optimistic. He says that the great mixture of prisoners in the camps, all from different ethnic, political and religious backgrounds, leads to an interesting environment. He can use his knowledge of foreign languages in the camp and he can attempt to understand new perspectives. Those inside the camp, including Mostovskoy, are extremely interested in what is going on in the war. Grossman uses Mostovskoy's character to reveal the philosophical tension that pervaded Europe during World War II. Mostovskoy is constantly involved in philosophical arguments with fellow prisoners such as Major Yershov and Ikonnikov, a former Tolstoyan. He is eventually singled out by the German officer Liss for a strange series of one-on-one conversations, during which Liss holds forth regarding what he sees as the essential similarities between Stalinism and Nazism. Mostovskoy is disturbed, but remains defiant, choosing to go to his death in a doomed prisoners' rebellion. ;Sofya Osipovna Levinton: :When the reader first meets Levinton, she is in a train on the way to a German death camp. We later find out that she is an army doctor and an old friend of Yevgenia's. On the train, Levinton meets a six-year-old boy named David. Sent to spend the summer with his grandmother, he was left cut off from his mother in Moscow after the rapid German advance through Ukraine. Levinton realizes that David's grandmother died soon after all the Jews were herded into the ghetto and that he has no relatives with him in the transport. Over the course of the novel, Levinton grows to love David as a son. When, at the camp, the Germans offer to spare certain prisoners of value (such as doctors), she does not save herself; but rather, she stays with David and heads with him to the gas chamber to die. This sequence of events in Life and Fate is especially powerful. It demonstrates how human compassion can rise above the atrocities that defined World War II. ;Captain Grekov: :Grekov is the 'house-manager' in House 6/1 – a Soviet stronghold surrounded by German troops. Grekov's superlative bravery, skill, and devotion to the fight are portrayed in an idealized manner. The men in House 6/1 look on Katya, the young radio operator posted to the building, in the disturbingly predatory way shown in the novel to be prevalent in both armies. Yet Grekov, assumed by all to have a kind of leader’s right to sexually possess the young woman, behaves honourably, sending her out of the building unharmed before the final German assault that will kill them all. A kind of gruff chivalry is added to his other virtues. As a courageous and resourceful soldier, he inspires total devotion in his men, to the alarm of Krymov, who sees this as subversive. Tension forms between Krymov and Grekov as the novel progresses, because Grekov desires to act independently, and is deeply suspicious of the repressive state bureaucracy that Krymov represents. Although Krymov admires Grekov up to a point, and is eager to come to an understanding with him – albeit on the state's terms – it is heavily implied that the house manager ends up wounding him in order to have him evacuated. ;Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov: :Krymov is Yevgenia's former husband. He is the commissar posted to House 6/1. Krymov seems to be a "good communist", with a history of near-fanatical ideological commitment to the Party. Indeed, his perceived callousness in this regard caused Yevgenia to leave him. However, he grows progressively more disillusioned as the novel goes on. Furthermore, he worked alongside Mostovskoy in the earliest days of the Bolshevik Party, placing him in a compromising position due to his association with various now-discredited figures. Thus, he must watch everything that he does and says. Eventually, a careless comment on the part of Novikov provides the impetus for Krymov's arrest and incarceration, whereupon every politically sensitive detail of his past is turned against him. Despite extensive torture, Krymov consistently refuses to confess to a fabricated series of treasonous acts. Although Yevgenia believes herself to be over Krymov, she constantly thinks about him, and ends up going back to him despite his arrest. ;Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov: :Novikov, Yevgenia's lover, is the commanding officer of a tank corps. As such, he participates in the vital pincer movement which ultimately secures Russia's victory at Stalingrad. At the front, Novikov works with Getmanov, to whom he rashly lets slip a compromising detail about Krymov's past which Yevgenia had confided in him. Getmanov seizes upon this and reports Krymov, with devastating consequences. Until this point, the young man had hoped to marry Yevgenia, with whom he is infatuated, although the two don't appear to have very much in common. While he believes that he is getting closer to her, the reader realizes that Yevgenia is slowly drifting away from him in favour of Krymov. == Historical context == Most of the events of Life and Fate take place in the Soviet Union during the late autumn and winter of 1942-43. It was the time of Operation Blue and Operation Fischreiher, the continuation into a second year of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union that had started with Operation Barbarossa; it was the time of the Battle of Stalingrad. But, just as much as it takes place as a part of the Second World War, it takes place as part of the history of Stalinist Russia. Hitler and Stalin had previously signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which, on the face of it, seemed to be advantageous to both. However, on 22 June 1941, Hitler unilaterally terminated the pact by invading the Soviet Union. There has been much speculation on the Soviet response. But, whatever the reason for this response, they were not ready for what took place; the army had been seriously weakened by Stalin's purges of the army of the late 1930s, and the intelligence that was getting through to Stalin was filtered by their fear of having to tell Stalin things that he did not want to hear. So, though they had increased military spending, they did not yet have an army that could benefit from this. This was compounded by the change in command structure that Stalin initiated in the wake of the 1937 purges and maintained for large periods up to 1942. Political commissars operated alongside military commanders. The book begins when Germany lays siege to the city, trying to conquer it. Throughout the book there are references to the decaying city and the damage from aerial bombardments and artillery based around the city. There are also occasions in the Russian novel in which the German blockade is quite noticeable. The characters suffer from starvation and thirst. The book ends with the surrender of German field- marshal Friedrich Paulus' 6th Army remnants and the return of civilians to the city. The novel's characters are a combination of fictional and historical figures. The historical figures include Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. Many of the characters are more loosely based on a historical figure, or a representative Russian. The main character, Viktor Shtrum, is a “self portrait” of Grossman himself, though Shtrum also had a real-life prototype - the Soviet nuclear physicist Lev Yakovlevich Shtrum (1890-1936), who was a family friend of Grossmans in Kyiv. One of the most promising Soviet physicists of his time, Lev Shtrum was arrested and executed during Stalin's Great Purge. Vasily Grossman took an enormous risk and immortalized his friend, first in the novel "Stalingrad", which was first published under the title "For a Just Cause" in 1952, i.e. still in Stalin's lifetime, and then - in the novel "Life and Fate".Alexandra Popoff, Tatiana Dettmer: Vasily Grossman and the Plight of Soviet Jewish Scientists. The Tragic Tale of the Physicist Lev Shtrum https://lithub.com/vasily-grossman-and-the-plight-of- soviet-jewish-scientists/ In Life and Fate there are different times when the Nazi concentration camps are mentioned. A long section of Life and Fate is about a German prison camp, where many characters are on their way to the gas chamber to be gassed; then follows a dialogue of ranked Nazi officers inside a new gas chamber who toast its opening. The characters shipped off to Germany had been caught leaving one of the countries under Nazi rule. Grossman's inclusion is historically accurate, since there are records of many Russians in Nazi labor and death camps. Grossman also includes another German concentration camp where one of his main arguments takes place concerning communism and fascism. Grossman devotes large sections of the book to the prisoners held at Soviet and German labor and concentration camps, which is necessary for a holistic understanding of the time and events. == History of the manuscript == Begun by Grossman while Stalin was still alive, Life and Fate was his sequel to For a Just Cause. It was written in the 1950s and submitted for possible publication to Znamya magazine around October 1960. Very quickly after it was submitted, the KGB raided his apartment;Chandler, Robert. Introduction to Life and Fate, page xv. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics. the manuscripts, carbon copies and notebooks, as well as the typists' copies and even the typewriter ribbons were seized. The KGB did not know that he had left two copies of the manuscript with friends, one with the prominent poet Semyon Lipkin, a friend, and the other (Grossman's original manuscript) with Lyolya Klestova, often erroneously identified as Lyolya Dominikina, a friend from his university days. On 23 July 1962, the Politburo ideology chief Mikhail Suslov told the author that, if published, his book could inflict even greater harm to the Soviet Union than Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, speculating that it could begin a public discussion on the need for the Soviet Union. Suslov has been said to have told Grossman that his novel could not be published for two hundred years; however more recent research amongst the documents of both Grossman and Suslov, in writing about this meeting, provide no evidence for this; they doubt that Suslov actually said this. Suslov's comment reveals both the presumption of the censor and recognition of the work's lasting significance. Grossman tried to appeal against this verdict to Khrushchev personally, unaware of Khrushchev's personal antagonism towards Grossman, and misunderstanding the climate of the time. > "I ask you to return freedom for my book, I ask that my book be discussed > with editors, not the agents of the KGB. What is the point of me being > physically free when the book I dedicated my life to is arrested... I am not > renouncing it... I am requesting freedom for my book." In 1974, Lipkin got one of the surviving copies to put onto microfilm and smuggled it out of the country with the help of satirical writer Vladimir Voinovich and nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov. Grossman died in 1964, never having seen his book published, which did not happen in the West until 1980 at the publishing house L'Age d'homme, thanks to the efforts of Shimon Markish, professor of the University of Geneva and Efim Etkind (then in Paris) who achieved the meticulous work of reading from the microfilm. As the policy of glasnost was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, the novel was finally published on Russian soil in 1988 in the Oktyabr magazine and as a book. Some critics have compared Grossman's war novels, and specifically Life and Fate, with Leo Tolstoy's monumental work War and Peace. He had written to his daughter that War and Peace had been the only book he had been able to read during Stalingrad, but while there are similarities, it is recognized that, because Grossman actually witnessed the events of Stalingrad, there are many differences. Robert Chandler, who translated Life and Fate into English, while noting the comparison with Tolstoy, says that there is something Chekhovian about his writing. In Linda Grant's introduction to the 2011 Random House edition of the book, Grant says that Grossman never had the chance to edit his book; what Robert Chandler had to work with was a work that was "a copy from an imperfect microfilm of an imperfect book". == Major themes == ===Jewish identity and the Holocaust=== Viktor Shtrum is in part a reflection of Grossman's own character. There are many overlaps between Shtrum's life and Grossman's life, such as their mothers' deaths in the Holocaust; both seem to find a place in their Jewish identity that was not present before the war. Grossman was one of the first to write about the Holocaust in 1944, seeing first hand that Eastern Europe was empty of Jews; Jewish acquaintances he came to check up on were in mass graves, their houses empty. His article on the camp Treblinka was even used as evidence at the Nuremberg Trials. Raised as a secular Jew, it becomes clear that Shtrum discovers part of his identity through the suffering he encounters. ===Grossman's idea of humanity and human goodness=== In Ch. 15 of Part II, Grossman uses Ikonnikov's letter to provide his own perspective on humanity. He first asks whether a good common to all man exists, and then proceeds to describe how the ideal of good has changed for different races and religions. Grossman criticizes Christianity especially, deeming its attempt to create universal good through peace and love responsible for many of the world's most horrific events. “This doctrine caused more suffering than all of the crimes of people who did evil for its own sake,” he writes (406). Grossman then inquires as to the very nature of life—is it that life itself is evil? And although he provides multiple examples of such evil, Grossman does believe that life itself has some good in it: “Yes, as well as this terrible Good... there is everyday human kindness” (407). But it's not so simple, for “after despairing of finding Good either in God or in Nature, I began to despair even of kindness... Human history is not the battle of good struggling to overcome evil. It is a battle fought by a great evil struggling to crush a kernel of human kindness. But if what is human in human beings has not been destroyed even now, then evil will never conquer.” (410). Here, Grossman offers an alternative to despair: the idea that, despite such great evil, humanity and good will be the ultimate victors. Simple, often unnoticed, human kindness forms the basis for Grossman's theory, which is to say that despite great evil, small acts of charity reflect the idea that good is both alive and unconquerable no matter what. No matter how great the evil may be, this basic “kernel” of good is a key part of human nature and can never be crushed. Despite his acknowledgement of the world's great evil, Grossman believes humanity to be fundamentally good. If mankind is stripped down to its very core, all that will remain is this invincible kernel; therefore, it is this kernel (and perhaps this kernel alone) that is responsible for the basic goodness of humanity. ===Stalin's distortion of reality and values=== This worldview is reflected in Ch. 40 of Part I, when Grossman describes Abarchuk and his love for Stalinism. “He [Abarchuk] had repeated, 'You don't get arrested for nothing,' believing that only a tiny minority, himself among them, had been arrested by mistake. As for everyone else—they had deserved their sentences. The sword of justice was chastising the enemies of the Revolution. He had seen servility, treachery, submissiveness, cruelty... And he had referred to all this as 'the birthmarks of capitalism,' believing that these marks were borne by people of the past... His faith was unshakeable, his devotion to the Party infinite” (179). Abarchuk is incapable of understanding the reality of his situation: that he has been wrongly imprisoned and will suffer in spite of his innocence, as has happened to so many others. Abarchuk is so completely immersed in the aura of the Party and so dedicated to the Stalinist religion that he cannot see the ethical violations occurring all around him. He is a reflection of the “religious frenzy” of Stalinism; the prisoner simply refuses to comprehend his situation and instead chooses to focus on his faith and devotion to the Party (Buruma). Therefore, Abarchuk and his mentality are, at this point in the book, Grossman's representations of the archetypical Party member and the dream- world in which he lives. Despite being presented with an excellent cause to abandon the Party, Abarchuk maintains his faith. ===Life goes on=== At the end of Life and Fate, Vasily Grossman presents the reader with the broadest concept of his novel: the idea that despite war, genocide, suffering beyond the realm of imagination, and utter destruction, life goes on. This idea is depicted in the last few lines of the book, as Grossman writes, “Somehow you could sense spring more vividly in this cool forest than on the sunlit plain. And there was a deeper sadness in this silence than in the silence of autumn. In it you could hear both a lament for the dead and the furious joy of life itself. It was still cold and dark, but soon the doors and shutters would be flung open. Soon the house would be filled with the tears and laughter of children, with the hurried steps of a loved woman and the measured gait of the master of the house. They stood there, holding their bags, in silence.” (871). All through Life and Fate, Grossman has painted gritty pictures of war, death, and suffering. He has shown us the loss of hope, destruction, and total fatigue. Indeed, the author references these scenes as he describes the sadness in the silence of the forest—the “lament for the dead”—and the “still cold and dark” house (871). Grossman, however, does not conclude the book with these thoughts. He turns instead to the future, and future hope. The author describes a family scene, with a husband, wife, and children, in addition to the flinging open of doors and shutters—an act symbolic of moving on and reclaiming one's life. Therefore, Grossman wants the reader to come away from reading Life and Fate with an appreciation for the darkness of World War II, but also an understanding of the cyclical nature of life. We may suffer, but, in the end, life always goes on; happiness and peace return eventually. ===Science=== As a Soviet physicist, the main character of the novel, Viktor Shtrum, offers an irregular view of the Soviet system. Science, in the novel, plays the role of a calming constant, the last remnant of rationality in a world of chaos. Despite Stalin's alterations and manipulations of societal and human truths, he cannot deny the plausibility of physics. For this reason, Viktor is affected by both the disrupted world of his personal life and the soothing world of mathematics. He finds that his two lives begin to split as he becomes more and more pressured from both sides. As his anxiety over his dysfunctional formula eats away at him, he realizes that he can no longer discuss such things openly with his wife. And vice versa: as his friendship with his partner, Sokolov, is threatened by Viktor's anti-Party feelings and temper, his work also suffers. In Chapter 17 of Part One, Viktor discourses on the new strides made in physics during the forties and fifties. He remarks that the stability of science previously falsely represented the universe. Instead, he wonders at the newfound bending, stretching, and flattening of space. “The world was no longer Euclidean, its geometrical nature no longer composed of masses and their speeds.” (Grossman 79) While this discovered chaos may at first seem to contradict the sanctity of reason, it actually strengthens it. With this realization, Viktor learns that the political and social chaos Russia is undergoing in fact fits right in with the fundamental laws of the universe. This is why science was such a key field under the Soviet regimes. Under Stalin, free thought was oppressed and discouraged. Therefore, Viktor's work as a physicist was increasingly difficult under the watchful eye of Stalin. During much of the novel, Viktor finds himself at a loss for the solution to a problem concerning an atomic phenomenon. The point at which he finally figures it out, however, is a point when he has just thoroughly slandered Stalinism and Soviet society. This goes to show that Grossman believed that true freedom of thought was entirely impossible in anyone who accepted Stalin as their leader. ===Reality of war=== Grossman, in many chapters involving Seryozha Shaposhnikov and Novikov, portrays the stark difference between life on the battlefield and in the cities. In chapter 60 of part one, Seryozha is introduced among the war-hardened soldiers of the surrounded House 6/1. Here, Grossman offers an interpretation of war that compares it to an all-engrossing haze. “When a man is plunged up to his neck into the cauldron of war, he is quite unable to look at his life and understand anything.” (Grossman 255) This statement sets up the book to be looked at from two different perspectives: those whose lives are entirely immersed in war, and those who either straddle or are more distanced from it. In his writing, Grossman gives a very distinct feeling to war scenes that is absent from chapters devoted to city life and totalitarian rule. Battles are imbued with an intense feeling of isolation, from government, politics, and bureaucracy. Instead, they focus on the thoughts of the human, the individual who is participating. Thoughts of family, lovers, friends, and home become the centerpiece of these violent sections. In House 6/1, even in their vulnerable position, everyone becomes infatuated with the one woman present and 'gossip' reigns. By setting this up, the author seeks to separate the true meaning of the war from the ideologies that supposedly govern it. In addition, their feelings and emotions that are directed towards their relations become a flurry of unrelated thoughts, brought on by the chaos of war. In domestic settings, however, the focus becomes entirely on meaning behind the war, political ideologies, and largely abstractions. Aside from the direct personal relationships and casualties experienced, conversation in cities often concerns the war as an abstraction, not as an experience. In this way, there is a stark difference in perception inside and outside of Stalingrad. As Grossman paints it, war completely devours those involved, becoming in many ways an alternative reality irreconcilable with their former reality. There is an increased amount of freedom, lacking the constraints of Russian bureaucracy, but also an increased risk of death. It poses different daily questions to the individuals involved, asking them how they should spend and survive their day instead of asking if it's worth it to do so. == Radio adaptation == An English-language radio adaptation of the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 18 to 25 September 2011. Translated by Robert Chandler and dramatised by Jonathan Myerson and Mike Walker, the eight-hour dramatisation stars Kenneth Branagh, David Tennant, Janet Suzman, Greta Scacchi and Harriet Walter. ==Television adaptation== A television series, with twelve episodes, based on the book was broadcast on Russian television in 2012. It is also available on Amazon Prime in certain countries.Life and Fate, Amazon.co.uk ==See also== * Lieutenant prose * The Cursed and Killed * The Living and the Dead (trilogy) == Footnotes == == External links == * Life and Fate ( – first English translation edition, other editions ; ; ) * Noise, Fire, and Hunger By Josef Skvorecky Review at The New York Review of Books Volume 33, Number 12. July 17, 1986. * Review in the London Review of Books * Life and Fate By Vasily Grossman Translated by Robert Chandler review at The Jewish Reader. March, 2004. *Life and Fate (12 episode film series 2012) Category:1959 Russian novels Category:Soviet novels Category:Novels set during World War II Category:1959 in the Soviet Union Category:Novels about the Holocaust Category:Novels set in Russia Category:Novels adapted into radio programs Category:Epic novels Category:Book censorship in the Soviet Union Category:Censored books |
The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington, United States.Official Guide Book, cover and passim.Guide to the Seattle Center Grounds Photograph Collection: April, 1963 , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Nearly 10 million people attended the fair during its six-month run.Joel Connelly, Century 21 introduced Seattle to its future , Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 16, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007. As planned, the exposition left behind a fairground and numerous public buildings and public works; some credit it with revitalizing Seattle's economic and cultural life (see History of Seattle since 1940).Regina Hackett, City's arts history began a new chapter in '62 , Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 29, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007. The fair saw the construction of the Space Needle and Alweg monorail, as well as several sports venues (Washington State Coliseum, now Climate Pledge Arena) and performing arts buildings (the Playhouse, now the Cornish Playhouse), most of which have since been replaced or heavily remodeled. Unlike some other world's fairs of its era, Century 21 made a profit. The site, slightly expanded since the fair, is now called Seattle Center; the United States Science Pavilion is now the Pacific Science Center. Another notable Seattle Center building, the Museum of Pop Culture (earlier called EMP Museum), was built nearly 40 years later and designed to fit in with the fairground atmosphere. ==Planning and funding== Seattle mayor Allan Pomeroy is credited with bringing the World's Fair to the city. He recruited community and business leaders, as well as running a petition campaign, in the early 1950s to convince the city council to approve an $8.5 million bond issue to build the opera house and sports center needed to attract the fair. Eventually the council approved a $7.5 million bond issue with the state of Washington matching that amount. ==Cold War and Space Race context== The fair was originally conceived at a Washington Athletic Club luncheon in 1955 to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, but it soon became clear that that date was too ambitious. With the Space Race underway and Boeing having "put Seattle on the map"Lesson Twenty-five: The Impact of the Cold War on Washington: The 1962 Seattle World's Fair , HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online October 18, 2007. as "an aerospace city", a major theme of the fair was to show that "the United States was not really 'behind' the Soviet Union in the realms of science and space". As a result, the themes of space, science, and the future completely trumped the earlier conception of a "Festival of the [American] West". In June 1960, the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) certified Century 21 as a world's fair. Project manager Ewen Dingwall went to Moscow to request Soviet participation, but was turned down. Neither the People's Republic of China, Vietnam nor North Korea were invited.Sharon Boswell and Lorraine McConaghy, A model for the future , The Seattle Times, September 22, 1996. Accessed online October 20, 2007. As it happened, the Cold War had an additional effect on the fair. President John F. Kennedy was supposed to attend the closing ceremony of the fair on October 21, 1962. He bowed out, pleading a "heavy cold"; it later became public that he was dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis.Greg Lange, President Kennedy's Cold War cold supersedes Seattle World's Fair closing ceremonies on October 21, 1962, HistoryLink.org Essay 967, March 15, 1999. Accessed online October 18, 2007. The fair's vision of the future displayed a technologically based optimism that did not anticipate any dramatic social change, one rooted in the 1950s rather than in the cultural tides that would emerge in the 1960s. Affluence, automation, consumerism, and American power would grow; social equity would simply take care of itself on a rising tide of abundance; the human race would master nature through technology rather than view it in terms of ecology. In contrast, 12 years later—even in far more conservative Spokane, Washington—Expo '74 took environmentalism as its central theme. The theme of Spokane's Expo '74 was "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment.".Lesson Twenty-six: Spokane's Expo '74: A World's Fair for the Environment , HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest], Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online April 9, 2011. ==Buildings and grounds== thumb|right|Aerial view of the fairgrounds in 1962 thumb|Map showing major features of the grounds Once the fair idea was conceived, several sites were considered. Among the sites considered within Seattle were Duwamish Head in West Seattle; Fort Lawton (now Discovery Park) in the Magnolia neighborhood; and First Hill—even closer to Downtown than the site finally selected, but far more densely developed. Two sites south of the city proper were considered—Midway, near Des Moines, and the Army Depot in Auburn—as was a site east of the city on the south shore of Lake Sammamish. thumb|left|1960 map of what became the grounds of the Century 21 Exposition The site finally selected for the Century 21 Exposition had originally been contemplated for a civic center. The idea of using it for the world's fair came later and brought in federal money for the United States Science Pavilion (now Pacific Science Center) and state money for the Washington State Coliseum (later Seattle Center Coliseum; renamed KeyArena in 1993 after the city sold naming rights to KeyCorp, the company doing business as KeyBank; renamed Climate Pledge Arena in 2021 after naming rights were sold to Amazon.com, Inc).Point 22: World of Tomorrow, "Century 21: Forward into the Past", "cybertour" of the exposition, HistoryLink.org. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Interview with Paul Thiry Conducted by Meredith Clausen at the Artist's home September 15 & 16, 1983 Smithsonian, Archives of American Art. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Summary for 305 Harrison ST / Parcel ID 1985200003 / Inv # CTR004 , Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Some of the land had been donated to the city by James Osborne in 1881 and by David and Louisa Denny in 1889.Campus Walking Tour / Narrative for Seattle Center , Seattle Center. Accessed online October 19, 2007. Two lots at Third Avenue N. and John Street were purchased from St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, who had been planning to build a new church building there; the church used the proceeds to purchase land in the Montlake neighborhood.Dorothea Mootafes, Theodora Dracopoulos Argue, Paul Plumis, Perry Scarlatos, Peggy Falangus Tramountanas, eds., A History of Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church and Her People, Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, 2007 (1996). p. 112. The Warren Avenue School, a public elementary school with several programs for physically handicapped students, was torn down, its programs dispersed, and provided most of the site of the Coliseum (now Climate Pledge Arena). Near the school, some of the city's oldest houses, apartments, and commercial buildings were torn down; they had been run down to the point of being known as the "Warren Avenue slum".Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement , prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 22. Accessed online July 24, 2008. The old Fire Station No. 4 was also sacrificed.Lentz and Sheridan, 2005, p. 23. As early as the 1909 Bogue plan, this part of Lower Queen Anne had been considered for a civic center. The Civic Auditorium (later the Opera House, now McCaw Hall), the ice arena (later Mercer Arena), and the Civic Field (rebuilt in 1946 as the High School Memorial Stadium),High-School-Memorial- Stadium , Seattle City Clerk's Thesaurus. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement , prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 18. Accessed online July 24, 2008. Source for the 1927 date. all built in 1927 had been placed there based on that plan, as was an armory (the Food Circus during the fair, later Center House). The fair planners also sought two other properties near the southwest corner of the grounds. They failed completely to make any inroads with the Seattle Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church, who had recently built Sacred Heart Church there; they did a bit better with the Freemasons' Nile Temple, which they were able to use for the duration of the fair and which then returned to its previous use. It served as the site of the Century 21 Club. This membership organization, formed especially for the fair, charged $250 for membership and offered lounge, dining room, and other club facilities, as well as a gate pass for the duration of the fair. The city ended up leasing the property after the fair and in 1977 bought it from the Masons. The building was eventually incorporated into a theater complex including the Seattle Children's Theatre. Paul Thiry was the fair's chief architect; he also designed the Coliseum building. Among the other architects of the fair, Seattle-born Minoru Yamasaki received one of his first major commissions to build the United States Science Pavilion. Yamasaki would later design New York's World Trade Center.Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair , HistoryLink.org essay 2290, April 18, 2000. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Walt Crowley, Yamasaki, Minoru (1912–1986), Seattle- born architect of New York's World Trade Center , HistoryLink.org Essay 5352, March 3, 2003. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Victor Steinbrueck and John Graham, Jr. designed the Space Needle. Hideki Shimizu and Kazuyuki Matsushita designed the original International Fountain. Despite the plan to build a permanent civic center, more than half the structures built for the fair were torn down more or less immediately after it ended. One attempt to conserve installations from Century 21 was the creation of a replica "welcoming pole," a number of which originally stood tall over the southern entrance to the fair. This replica stood outside the Washington State Capital Museum until 1990, when it was taken down. The grounds of the fair were divided into: *World of Science *World of Century 21 (also known as World of Tomorrow) *World of Commerce and Industry *World of Art *World of Entertainment *Show Street *Gayway *Boulevards of the World *Exhibit Fair *Food and Favors *Food Circus Source:Official Guide Book, Map, pp. 4–5. Besides the monorail, which survives , the fair also featured a Skyride that ran across the grounds from the Gayway to the International Mall. The bucket-like three-person cars were suspended from cables that rose as high as off the ground.Official Guide Book, p. 115. The Skyride was moved to the Puyallup Fairgrounds in 1980.Lisa Zigweid. Galaxy/Wild Mouse, Fun Forest, Seattle, WA , Defunct Coasters, Roller Coasters of the Pacific Northwest. Accessed online November 18, 2007. === World of Science === thumb|The Federal Science Pavilion, "a virtual cathedral of science". The World of Science centered on the United States Science Exhibit. It also included a NASA Exhibit that included models and mockups of various satellites, as well as the Project Mercury capsule that had carried Alan Shepard into space.Official Guide Book, pp. 8–24. These exhibits were the federal government's major contribution to the fair. The United States Science Exhibit began with Charles Eames' 10-minute short film The House of Science, followed by an exhibit on the development of science, ranging from mathematics and astronomy to atomic science and genetics. The Spacearium held up to 750 people at a time for a simulated voyage first through the Solar System and then through the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond. Further exhibits presented the scientific method and the "horizons of science". This last looked at "Science and the individual", "Control of man's physical surroundings", "Science and the problem of world population", and "Man's concept of his place in an increasingly technological world". ===World of Century 21=== The Washington State Coliseum, financed by the state of Washington, was one of Thiry's own architectural contributions to the fairgrounds. His original conception had been staging the entire fair under a single giant air-conditioned tent-like structure, "a city of its own", but there were neither the budgets nor the tight agreements on concept to realize that vision. In the end, he got exactly enough of a budget to design and build a building suitable to hold a variety of exhibition spaces and equally suitable for later conversion to a sports arena and convention facility. thumb|Pavilion of Electric Power During the festival, the building hosted several exhibits. Nearly half of its surface area was occupied by the state's own circular exhibit "Century 21—The Threshold and the Threat", also known as the "World of Tomorrow" exhibit, billed as a "21-minute tour of the future". The building also housed exhibits by France, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), General Motors (GM), the American Library Association (ALA), and RCA, as well as a Washington state tourist center.Official Guide Book, pp. 26–34. In "The Threshold and the Threat", visitors rode a "Bubbleator" into the "world of tomorrow". Music "from another world" and a shifting pattern of lights accompanied them on a 40-second upward journey to a starry space bathed in golden light. Then they were faced briefly with an image of a desperate family in a fallout shelter, which vanished and was replaced by a series of images reflecting the sweep of history, starting with the Acropolis and ending with an image of Marilyn Monroe. Next, visitors were beckoned into a cluster of cubes containing a model of a "city of the future" (which a few landmarks clearly indicated as Seattle) and its suburban and rural surroundings, seen first by day and later by night. The next cluster of cubes zoomed in on a vision of a high-tech, future home in a sylvan setting (and a commuter gyrocopter); a series of projections contrasted this "best of the future" to "the worst of the present" (over-uniform suburbs, a dreary urban housing project). thumb|GM's Firebird III The exhibit continued with a vision of future transportation (centered on a monorail and high-speed "air cars" on an electrically controlled highway). There was also an "office of the future", a climate-controlled "farm factory", an automated offshore kelp and plankton harvesting farm, a vision of the schools of the future with "electronic storehouses of knowledge", and a vision of the many recreations that technology would free humans to pursue. Finally, the tour ended with a symbolic sculptural tree and the reappearance of the family in the fallout shelter and the sound of a ticking clock, a brief silence, an extract from President Kennedy's Inaugural Address, followed by a further "symphony of music and color". Under the same roof, the ALA exhibited a "library of the future" (centered on a Univac computer). GM exhibited its vision for highways and vehicles of the future (the latter including the Firebird III). Pan Am exhibited a giant globe that emphasized the notion that we had come to be able to think of distances between major world cities in hours and minutes rather than in terms of chancy voyages over great distances. RCA (which produced "The Threshold and the Threat") exhibited television, radio, and stereo technology, as well as its involvement in space. The French government had an exhibit with its own take on technological progress. Finally, a Washington state tourist center provided information for fair-goers wishing to tour the state.Official Guide Book, pp. 35–40. ===World of Commerce and Industry=== The World of Commerce and Industry was divided into domestic and foreign areas. The former was sited mainly south of American Way (the continuation of Thomas Street through the grounds), an area it shared with the World of Science.Official Guide Book, p. 42. It included the Space Needle and what is now the Broad Street Green and Mural Amphitheater. The Hall of Industry and some smaller buildings were immediately north of American Way.Official Guide Book, Map p. 43. The latter included 15 governmental exhibitors and surrounded the World of Tomorrow and extended to the north edge of the fair.Official Guide Book, p. 42, Map p. 71. Among the features of Domestic Commerce and Industry, the massive Interiors, Fashion, and Commerce Building spread for —nearly the entire Broad Street side of the grounds—with exhibits ranging from 32 separate furniture companies to the Encyclopædia Britannica.Official Guide Book, pp. 45–68. Vogue produced four fashion shows daily alongside a perfumed pool. The Ford Motor Company, in its pavilion, presented a simulated space flight and its vision for the car of the future, the Ford Seattle-ite XXI. The Electric Power Pavilion included a -high fountain made to look like a hydroelectric dam, with the entrance to the pavilion through a tunnel in said "dam". The Forest Products Pavilion was surrounded by a grove of trees of various species, and included an all-wood theater and a Society of American Foresters exhibit. Standard Oil of California celebrated, among other things, the fact that the world's first service station opened in Seattle in 1907. The fair's Bell Telephone (now AT&T; Inc.) exhibit was featured in a short film called "Century 21 Calling...",The Internet Archive offers "Century 21 Calling..." online. Accessed October 19, 2007. which was later shown on Mystery Science Theater 3000.Mystery Science Theatre 3000, "Episode #906: Space Children". There were also several religious pavilions. Near the center of all this was Seattle artist Paul Horiuchi's massive mosaic mural, the region's largest work of art at the time, which now forms the backdrop of Seattle Center's Mural Amphitheater. thumb|DuPen Fountain and the Canada Building Foreign exhibits included a science and technology exhibit by Great Britain, while Mexico and Peru focused on handicrafts, and Japan and India attempted to show both of these sides of their national cultures. The Taiwan and South Korea pavilions showed their rapid industrialization to the world and the benefits of capitalism over communism during the time of cold war era. Other pavilions included one featuring Brazilian tea and coffee; a European Communities Pavilion from the then six countries of the European Economic Community; and a joint pavilion by those countries of Africa that had by then achieved independence. Sweden's exhibit included the story of the salvaging of a 17th- century man-of-war from Stockholm harbor, and San Marino's exhibit featured its postage stamps and pottery. Near the center of this was the DuPen Fountain featuring three sculptures by Seattle artist Everett DuPen.Official Guide Book, pp. 70–84. ===World of Art=== The Fine Arts Pavilion (later the Exhibition Hall) brought together an art exhibition unprecedented for the West Coast of the United States. Among the 50 contemporary American painters whose works shown were Josef Albers, Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Philip Guston, Jasper Johns, Joan Mitchell, Robert Motherwell, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Ben Shahn, and Frank Stella, as well as Northwest painters Kenneth Callahan, Morris Graves, Paul Horiuchi, and Mark Tobey. American sculptors included Leonard Baskin, Alexander Calder, Joseph Cornell, Louise Nevelson, Isamu Noguchi, and 19 others. The 50 international contemporary artists represented included the likes of painters Fritz Hundertwasser, Joan Miró, Antoni Tàpies, and Francis Bacon, and sculptors Henry Moore and Jean Arp. In addition, there were exhibitions of Mark Tobey's paintings and of Asian art, drawn from the collections of the Seattle Art Museum; and an additional exhibition of 72 "masterpieces" ranging from Titian, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens through Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet, and Turner to Klee, Braque, and Picasso, with no shortage of other comparably famous artists represented.Official Guide Book, pp. 88–95. A separate gallery presented Northwest Coast Indian art, and featured a series of large paintings by Bill Holm introducing Northwest Native motifs.Official Guide Book, p. 96. ===World of Entertainment=== A US$15 million performing-arts program at the fair ranged from a boxing championship to an international twirling competition but with no shortage of nationally and internationally famous performers, especially at the new Opera House and Playhouse.Official Guide Book, pp. 98–99. After the fair, the Playhouse became the Seattle Repertory Theatre; in the mid-1980s it became the Intiman Playhouse.Summary for 201 Mercer ST / Parcel ID 1988200440 / Inv # CTR008 , Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 19, 2007. When the Intiman Theatre became financially unstable, Cornish College of the Arts took over the lease from the city of Seattle, and now operates it as the Cornish Playhouse at Seattle Center. ====Opera House performances==== Scheduled groups performing at the Opera House included: Source:Official Guide Book, pp. 100–103. Date (all dates are 1962) Act April 21 Opening Night: Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by guest conductor Igor Stravinsky with Van Cliburn as a guest soloist April 22–25 The Ed Sullivan Show, live telecasts April 20 – May 5 Dunninger the Mentalist May 6 The Littlest Circus May 8–12 The San Francisco Ballet May 13 Science Fiction Panel including Ray Bradbury and Rod Serling May 15–16 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, with guest soloists Isaac Stern, Adele Addison, and Albert DaCosta May 17–19 Victor Borge May 22 Theodore Bikel May 24–25 The Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy May 29 – June 3 The Old Vic Company (Shakespeare performances) June 7, June 9, June 11 Seattle Symphony production of Verdi's Aida, featuring Gloria Davy, Sandor Konya, Irene Dalis, Robert Merrill, and Jan Rubeš June 10 Josh White June 17 Norwegian Chorus and Dancers June 18–19 Ukrainian State Dance Company (U.S. premiere) June 22–23 International Gospel Quartets July 8 SPEBSQSA Barbershop Quartet Song Fest July 9–14 Bayanihan Dancers of the Philippines July 24 – August 4 New York City Ballet Company August 27 – September 2 Ballet Folklorico de Mexico September 10 CBC Vancouver Chamber Orchestra September 18–23 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (Gilbert and Sullivan operettas) September 25–30 Rapsodia Romîna: Romanian National Folk Ensemble and Barbu Lăutaru Orchestra of Bucharest (U.S. premiere) October 2–7 Uday Shankar Dancers October 8–13 Foo-Hsing Theater (Republic of China), youth Chinese opera October 14 U.S. Marine Corps Band October 16–17 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, world premiere of new work by Gerald Kechley ====Other performances==== Events and performances at the Playhouse included Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre; a chamber music performance by Isaac Stern, Milton Katims, Leonard Rose, Eugene Istomin, the Claiborne Brothers gospel quartet, and the Juilliard String Quartet; two appearances by newsman Edward R. Murrow; Bunraku theater; Richard Dyer-Bennet; Hal Holbrook's solo show as Mark Twain; the Count Basie and Benny Goodman jazz orchestras; Lawrence Welk; Nat King Cole; and Ella Fitzgerald. Also during the fair, Memorial Stadium hosted the Ringling Brothers Circus, Tommy Bartlett's Water Ski Sky and Stage Show, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans' Western Show, and an appearance by evangelist Billy Graham.Official Guide Book, pp. 104–109. The fair and the city were the setting of the Elvis Presley movie It Happened at the World's Fair (1963), with a young Kurt Russell making his first screen appearance. Location shooting began on September 4 and concluded nearly two weeks later. The film would be released the following spring, long after the fair had ended. ===Show Street=== At the northeast corner of the grounds (now the KCTS-TV studios), Show Street was the "adult entertainment" portion of the fair. Attractions included Gracie Hansen's Paradise International (a Vegas-style floor show (rivalled next door by LeRoy Prinz's "Backstage USA")), Sid and Marty Krofft's adults-only puppet show, Les Poupées de Paris, and (briefly, until it was shut down) a show featuring naked "Girls of the Galaxy".Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Part 2 , HistoryLink.org Essay 2291, April 19, 2000. Accessed October 20, 2007.Official Guide Book, pp. 110–114. Tamer entertainment came in forms such as the Paris Spectacular wax museum, an elaborate Japanese Village, and the Hawaiian Pavilion. ===Other sections of the fair=== thumb|A commemorative postage stamp ;Gayway: The Gayway was a small amusement park; after the fair it became the Fun Forest. It included such rides as the Flight to Mars, a dark amusement ride themed around space pirates on Mars, decorated with black lights and glow paint. In 2011, the Fun Forest was shut down and the Chihuly Garden and Glass opened in its place. ;Boulevards of the World: Boulevards of the World was "the shopping center of the fair". It also included the Plaza of the States and the original version of the International Fountain.Official Guide Book, pp. 119–131. ;Exhibit Fair: The Exhibit Fair provided another shopping district under the north stands of Memorial Stadium.Official Guide Book, p. 133. ;Food and Favors: "Food and Favors", officially one of the "areas" of the fair, simply encompassed the various restaurants, food stands, etc., scattered throughout the grounds. These ranged from vending machines and food stands to the Eye of the Needle (atop the Space Needle) and the private Century 21 Club.Official Guide Book, pp. 135–136. ;Food Circus: The Food Circus was a food court in the former armory, later named the Center House, and renamed the Armory in 2012 as a remodel of the building continues. Unlike the current arrangement with a stage and a large open space for dancing, events, and temporary booths, many food booths were in the middle of the room as well as at the edges. There were 52 concessionaires in all, nine of them with exhibits in addition to their food for sale.Official Guide Book, pp. 137–139. Beginning in 1963, the Food Circus also housed a variety of museums, including Jones' Fantastic Show, the Jules Charbneau World of Miniatures, and the Pullen Klondike Museum. ==Promotional video== File:1962 Seattle World's Fair commercial.ogv ==See also== *List of world expositions *List of world's fairs ==Notes== ==References== *Official Guide Book: Seattle World's Fair 1962, Acme Publications: Seattle (1962) ==External links== *Official website of the BIE *A "cybertour" of the exposition at HistoryLink. *Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair at HistoryLink *Century 21 Digital Collection from the Seattle Public Library – over 1800 related photos, advertisements, reports, programs, postcards, brochures, and more. *"Seattle Center", p. 18–24 in Survey Report: Comprehensive Inventory of City-Owned Historic Resources, Seattle, Washington, Department of Neighborhoods (Seattle) Historic Preservation, offers an extremely detailed account of the acquisition of land for the exposition and of past and present buildings on the grounds. *Seattle Photographs Collection, Century 21 Exposition – University of Washington Digital Collection *Pamphlet and Textual Ephemera Collection, Century 21 Exposition documents – University of Washington Digital Collection Category:Seattle Center Category:History of the West Coast of the United States Category:1962 in Washington (state) Category:1960s in Seattle Category:Articles containing video clips |
The Georgia Bulldogs men's basketball program is the men's college basketball team representing the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. Established in 1891, the team has competed in the Southeastern Conference since its inception in 1932. As of 2020 the Bulldogs have amassed a record of 1,434–1,319. Though it has been historically overshadowed by the school's football program, the Bulldogs' basketball squad has had its share of successes, including a trip to the NCAA Final Four in 1983 under head coach Hugh Durham. ==History== ===Conference affiliations=== upright|thumb|left|Stegeman Coliseum Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA), the first collegiate athletic conference formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the Southeastern Conference (SEC). ===1931–1932=== Coach Rex Enright led Georgia to great success in the old Southern Conference during the 1931 and 1932 seasons. His 1931 team finished with a 23–2 (15–1) record. The Bulldogs were upset in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals by Maryland, 26–25. The 1932 team didn't have the dominating record that the 1931 team did, finishing 19–7 (7–4). However, this team did something that the previous year's team could not do in winning the Southern Conference tournament defeating Mississippi State, Virginia, Duke, and North Carolina. ===1981–1982=== Coach Hugh Durham brought Georgia to its first ever postseason appearance in 1981. That team finished with a 19–12 (9–9) record. They earned a National Invitation Tournament (NIT) bid and the enthusiasm surrounding the program earned them home games in first defeating Old Dominion and then in a loss to South Alabama. The 1982 Bulldogs were 19–12 (10–8) were once again NIT bound. This time UGA made it all the way to the NIT Final Four defeating Temple, Maryland, and Virginia Tech before losing a heartbreaker to Purdue at Madison Square Garden. These two teams marked the beginning of a postseason streak of eight straight seasons, longest in Georgia basketball history. This string included three NCAA appearances (including one Final Four in 1983) and five NIT bids. This was a remarkable streak of consistency for a program that had never before experienced the postseason beyond the SEC tournament. ===1983=== Former NBA star Dominique Wilkins is considered the greatest player in school history. However, Wilkins never played in the NCAA tournament; the Bulldogs made their first NCAA appearance in 1983—which would have been Wilkins' senior year had he not opted for the NBA. The 1983 team made it to the Final Four of the NCAA Championship before being eliminated by eventual champion North Carolina State. On the way to the Final Four, UGA defeated Virginia Commonwealth, #3 St. John's led by legendary coach Lou Carneseca and Chris Mullin, and defending national champion North Carolina led by Dean Smith and featuring Michael Jordan, Sam Perkins, and Brad Daugherty. The latter two victories coming at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. UGA previously had won the Southeastern Conference tournament in Birmingham, Alabama, defeating Ole Miss, Tennessee, and Alabama to earn the league's automatic bid into the NCAA tournament. ===1987=== The 1987 Georgia basketball team had multiple key players injured during the season, leaving the team with only seven players on the roster. Coach Hugh Durham had no choice but to alter the playing style of his team after conference play had started, slowing the game down and "taking the air out of the ball." What looked to be a disastrous season, where the team might not win another game, turned into an inspiring one as the team rallied to an 18–12 (10–8) record and earning an NCAA tournament bid. When Durham ordered the NCAA tournament banner to be displayed at Stegeman Coliseum, he had it made in silver, rather than the traditional red, with the initials "TMW" at the bottom. The initials standing for what this team will forever be known as in UGA basketball history, "The Miracle Workers." ===1996–1998=== Tubby Smith led the Bulldogs to a 21–10 (9–7) record securing its first NCAA bid since the 1991 season. Georgia made the most of it by defeating Clemson and the West Regional's top seed, Purdue, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, before losing a heart stopping overtime game to Syracuse in the Sweet 16. In 1997, Georgia finished 23–9 (10–6) winning the prestigious Rainbow Classic holiday tournament in Hawaii, defeating Washington State, Memphis, and Maryland. UGA beat LSU, South Carolina, and Arkansas to advance to the SEC tournament final in Memphis, losing the final to Kentucky. Smith's successor, Ron Jirsa, led the 1998 Bulldogs to a 21–14 (8–8) record, reaching the 20 win mark for the third consecutive year for the first time in Georgia basketball history. They would go on to reach the 1998 NIT Final Four winning at Iowa, at North Carolina State, and beating Vanderbilt at home. ===2008 SEC Tournament: The Dream Dawgs=== In the 2007–2008 season, Georgia's men's basketball team came into the 2008 SEC men's basketball tournament with a 13–16 overall record and a 4–12 conference mark. At one point, the team sustained two five-game losing streaks during a 2-of-12 stretch in conference play. In the first round of the tournament, Georgia was slated to play Ole Miss, who had beaten the Bulldogs in the season-closer, securing the Rebels' only road SEC win of the season. The game went into overtime after Rebel David Huertas hit all three free throws after a three-point shooting foul, and looked to go into a second extra period after Chris Warren did the same. However, with 0.4 seconds left in overtime, Georgia senior Dave Bliss banked in the game-winner to shock the Rebels and send Georgia into a second-round matchup with Kentucky. On the night of March 14, 2008, tornadoes hit Atlanta, in whose Georgia Dome the SEC Tournament was housed. The Georgia-Kentucky matchup was rescheduled for the early afternoon of March 15, 2008, with the winner advancing to play the SEC West's #1 seed, Mississippi State, later that evening. The remaining games in the tournament would be played at Alexander Memorial Coliseum, the basketball complex of Georgia Tech, UGA's in-state rival. Again playing an overtime game in which Georgia star Sundiata Gaines fouled out, Georgia freshman Zac Swansey hit a turnaround three-point jumper with 1.4 seconds left to give the Bulldogs the team's first ever win over Kentucky in the SEC Tournament. That night, Georgia defeated Mississippi State 64–60 to become the first team since Kentucky in 1952 to win two tournament games in one day, and the first-ever #6 seed from a division to advance to the modern (post-1992) SEC tournament finals. In the finals, Georgia faced Arkansas, which had lost to Georgia 82–69 in the regular season. Georgia prevailed again, at one point leading the Razorbacks by nineteen points en route to winning its first tournament championship in 25 years. Sundiata Gaines and Terrance Woodbury were both named to the All-Tournament Team, with Gaines winning the tournament's MVP. The improbable list of achievements—winning the tournament as a 6-seed, playing two games in one day to reach the finals, playing two games (against Kentucky and Mississippi State) in which Gaines fouled out with a substantial amount of time to play, doing it on a rival's home court, and winning four consecutive elimination games following a season during which their longest winning streak stood at three—earned the 2007–2008 team the nickname of Dream Dawgs. With the victory, Georgia secured itself an automatic bid in the 2008 NCAA tournament. Georgia's appearance in the tournament was the tenth overall in team history and the first since the 2002 NCAA basketball tournament. After their SEC Championship run, the Bulldogs were seeded 14th in the NCAA Tournament, playing against the #3 seeded Xavier Musketeers. After developing a lead early in the 2nd half, the Bulldogs could not hold on, as Xavier went on to win 73–61. Coach Dennis Felton failed to follow up the surprise successes of 2008 with victories in 2008–09, and he was fired on January 29, 2009. ===2009–2018: Mark Fox era=== On April 3, 2009, Nevada head coach Mark Fox was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. In nine seasons with Fox, the Bulldogs posted a 163–133 record and made the NCAA tournament twice, in 2011 and 2015. In both instances, the Bulldogs exited in the Round of 64. Fox was fired on March 10, 2018 following an 18–15 finish to the 2017–18 season as the Bulldogs failed to qualify for any postseason competition. ===2018–2022: Tom Crean era=== On March 15, 2018, former Marquette and Indiana head coach Tom Crean was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. === 2022–present: Mike White era === On March 13, 2022, former Florida head coach Mike White was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. ==Team awards and records== ===Conference championships=== Georgia has won one regular-season Southeastern Conference championship (1990) and two conference tournament championships (1983 and 2008). The Bulldogs were SEC Eastern Division co-Champs in 1994–1995. Georgia also was the Southern Conference champions for 1931–1932. Conference affiliations: *1891–95, Independent *1896–1920, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association *1921–32, Southern Conference *1932–present, Southeastern Conference ==Postseason== ===NCAA tournament results=== The Bulldogs have appeared in the NCAA tournament 12 times. Their combined record is 7–12. However, their appearances in 1985 and 2002 have been vacated by the NCAA making their official record 5–10. 1983 #4 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four #5 VCU #1 St. John's #2 North Carolina #6 NC State W 56–54 W 70–67 W 82–77 L 60–67 1985* #6 Round of 64 Round of 32 #11 Wichita State #3 Illinois W 67–59 L 58–74 1987 #8 Round of 64 #9 Kansas State L 79–82 OT 1990 #7 Round of 64 #10 Texas L 88–100 1991 #11 Round of 64 #6 Pittsburgh L 68–76 OT 1996 #8 Round of 64 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen #9 Clemson #1 Purdue #4 Syracuse W 81–74 W 76–69 L 81–83 OT 1997 #3 Round of 64 #14 Chattanooga L 70–73 2001 #8 Round of 64 #9 Missouri L 68–70 2002* #3 Round of 64 Round of 32 #14 Murray State #11 Southern Illinois W 85–68 L 75–77 2008 #14 Round of 64 #3 Xavier L 61–73 2011 #10 Round of 64 #7 Washington L 65–68 2015 #10 Round of 64 #7 Michigan State L 63–70 * Vacated by the NCAA ===NIT results=== The Bulldogs have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 14 times. Their combined record is 13–14. 1981 First Round Second Round Old Dominion South Alabama W 74–60 L 72–73 1982 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Temple Maryland Virginia Tech Purdue W 73–60 W 83–69 W 90–73 L 60–61 1984 First Round Chattanooga L 69–74 1986 First Round Second Round Chattanooga Clemson W 95–81 L 65–77 1988 First Round Second Round Georgia Southern Middle Tennessee W 53–48 L 54–69 1993 First Round West Virginia L 84–95 1995 First Round Nebraska L 61–69 1998 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Iowa NC State Vanderbilt Penn State Fresno State W 88–70 W 80–79 W 77–70 L 60–66 W 95–79 1999 First Round Clemson L 57–77 2004 First Round Iowa State L 74–82 2007 First Round Second Round Fresno State Air Force W 88–78 L 52–83 2014 First Round Second Round Vermont Louisiana Tech W 63–56 L 71–79 2016 First Round Second Round Belmont Saint Mary's W 93–84 L 65–77 2017 First Round Belmont L 69–78 ==Players== ===All-Americans=== Player Position Year(s) Selectors Bob Lienhard (2) Center 1969, 1970 Helms Athletic Foundation Dominique Wilkins (2) Forward 1981, 1982 The Sporting News, NABC, UPI, Associated Press Vern Fleming (2) Guard 1983, 1984 Kodak, NABC James Banks Forward 1984 Playboy Cedric Henderson Forward 1985 Associated Press Litterial Green (2) Guard 1989, 1991 Basketball Weekly, Associated Press Alec Kessler Center 1990 UPI Jumaine Jones Forward 1999 Associated Press Jarvis Hayes (2) Forward 2002, 2003 Associated Press Kentavious Caldwell-Pope Guard 2013 Associated Press Yante Maten Forward 2018 Associated Press ===Basketball Hall of Fame=== *Dominique Wilkins, inducted on April 3, 2006 ===Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year=== *1981: Dominique Wilkins *2013: Kentavious Caldwell-Pope *2018: Yante Maten ===Notable former players=== *Shandon Anderson *Willie Anderson *Kentavious Caldwell-Pope *Nic Claxton *Anthony Edwards *Terry Fair *Vern Fleming *Sundiata Gaines *Litterial Green *Jarvis Hayes *Jumaine Jones *Alec Kessler *Bob Lienhard *LaVon Mercer *Mark Slonaker *Jim Umbricht *Dominique Wilkins *Dennis Williams ==Head coaches== 1 Walter Forbes 1906–07 2–2 .500 2 C.O. Heidler 1908–10, 12 16–6 .727 3 W.A. Cunningham 1911, 17 10–6 .625 4 Howell Peacock 1913–16 30–7 .811 5 Alfred Scott 1918 6–1 .857 6 Kennon Mott 1919 5–3 .625 7 Herman Stegeman 1920–31 170–78 .685 8 Rex Enright 1932–37 69–51 .575 9 Vernon Smith 1938 1–1 .500 10 Frank Johnson 1938 8–5 .615 11 Elmer A. Lampe 1938–46 82–84 .499 12 Ralph Jordan 1947–50 44–39 .530 13 Jim Whatley 1950–51 24–18 .571 14 Harbin Lawson 1952–65 112–241 .317 15 Ken Rosemond 1966–73 92–111 .453 16 John Guthrie 1974–78 46–86 .348 17 Hugh Durham 1979–95 297–215† .580 18 Tubby Smith 1996–97 45–19 .703 19 Ron Jirsa 1998–99 35–30 .538 20 Jim Harrick 2000–03 37–52‡ .416 21 Dennis Felton 2004–09 84–91 .480 22 Pete Herrmann 2009 (interim) 3–9 .250 23 Mark Fox 2009–18 163–133 .551 24 Tom Crean 2018–2022 47–75 .385 25 Mike White 2022-Present 16-16 .500 † – Does not include 1 win and 1 loss from the 1985 NCAA tournament vacated due to sanctions. ‡ – Does not include 30 wins and 1 loss vacated due to sanctions. ==Home venues== * Athens YMCA (1905–1911) * Memorial Hall (1911–1919) * The "Octagon" (1919–1920) * Moss Auditorium (1919–1925) * Woodruff Hall (1923–1964) * Stegeman Coliseum (1964–present) ==See also== *Uga (mascot) *Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate ==References== ==External links== * Category:Basketball teams established in 1891 Category:1891 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
Action Ghetto (pol. Akcja Getto) was the code name for the armed actions of the Polish Underground State during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising aimed at helping the insurgents. The name was given to a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.Strzembosz (1978), page 277-296.Witkowski (1984). ==Background== The right-wing faction Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW) which was founded by former Polish officers, was larger, more established and had closer ties with the Polish resistance, making it better equipped.Wdowiński (1963) Zimmerman describes the arm supplies for the uprising as "limited but real". Specifically, Jewish fighters of the ŻZW received from the Polish Home Army: 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades for the uprising. During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, ŻZW is reported to have had about 400 well-armed fighters grouped in 11 units, with 4 units including fighters from the Polish Home Army. According to data collected by Władysław Bartoszewski, the Warsaw district of the AK donated ŻOB: 90 pistols with two magazines each and ammunition, 600 hand grenades (approximately 500 defensive and 100 offensive), 1 eraser, 1 submachine gun, and about 165 kg of explosives (mainly seamed production) and about 400 fuses for them (including own production) and plastic from English discharges.Strzembosz (1978) Shortly before the uprising, Polish-Jewish historian Emanuel Ringelblum (who managed to escape from the Warsaw Ghetto, but was later discovered and executed in 1944) visited a ŻZW armoury hidden in the basement at 7 Muranowska Street. In his notes, which form part of Oneg Shabbat archives, he reported: > They were armed with revolvers stuck in their belts. Different kinds of > weapons were hung in the large rooms: light machine guns, rifles, revolvers > of different kinds, hand grenades, bags of ammunition, German uniforms, > etc., all of which were utilized to the full in the April "action". (...) > While I was there, a purchase of arms was made from a former Polish Army > officer, amounting to a quarter of a million zlotys; a sum of 50,000 zlotys > was paid on account. Two machine guns were bought at 40,000 zlotys each, and > a large amount of hand grenades and bombs.Arens (2007), page 186.Kermisch > (1986) The support of the Home Army as regards the supply of weapons was confirmed by Marek Edelman from the leftist Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa ŻOB: "At the end of December 1942, we received our first transport of weapons from the Home Army, there were not many, only 10 pistols, but that made our first armed action impossible [. ..] At the end of January 1943, we received fifty larger pistols and fifty-five grenades from the Home Army Headquarters [...] In March 1943, each of our partisans had a pistol and 10-15 ammunition, 4-5 grenades and the same number of bottles. Two or three rifles were assigned to each section of the district, we only had one machine gun."Edelman (2014), page 69-72. ==Ghetto Action== thumb|200px|German post at the ghetto wall thumb|200px|Gdanska railroad station looking toward the Warsaw Ghetto Uprsing in 1943 > "In mid-April at 4 am, the Germans began to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto, > closed down the remnants of the Jews with a police cordon, went inside tanks > and armored cars and carried out their destructive work. We know that you > help the martyred Jews as much as you can, I thank you, my countrymen, on my > own and the government's behalf, I am asking you to help them in my own name > and in the government, I am asking you for help and for extermination of > this horrible cruelty. " - Supreme Commander of the Polish Armed Forces in > the West and Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile gen. Władysław > Sikorski - The content of the leaflet published in May 1943 in a circulation > of 25,000. by Council for Aid to Jews calling for help to Jews.Wroński > (1971) Warsaw Ghetto Uprising started on [April 19], 1943, when the German forces attempted to enter territory of Warsaw Ghetto. On the same day, after reports of shooting in the ghetto, the commander of the patrols of the Cpt. Józef Pszenny "Chwacki" ordered an alarm for a previously created 55-man group, which in the strength of three platoons at 18 o'clock got into the vicinity of the wall on Bonifraterska Street in Warsaw. The aim of diversionary and sapper divisions was to break up the walls and, through the breaches, allow the inhabitants of the ghetto to escape Warszawa Gdańska station and Żoliborz and from there to Kampinos Forest.Wroński (1971), page 190. Loads were prepared within an hour, but the miners had a problem getting into the ghetto wall because of the considerable German forces that were deployed around the walls. On the nearby roofs and balconies, the Germans placed nests heavy machine gun. The German patrols circulated in the streets around. In addition to the planned activities of the "Chwacki" patrols, three cars of Blue Police arrived to which the AK soldiers from the miners' cover opened fire. A shooting took place, which was joined by German forces along with an armored car resulting in the death of two soldiers of the Home Army, Eugeniusz Morawski and Józef Wilk, and the remaining four were wounded. Two Germans were also killed, several were wounded.Strzembosz (1983), , page 277-296. Details of the Home Army's operation at the ghetto wall on 19 April 1943 Interview with Jozef Pszenny on Bob Lewandowski TV show April 16, 1978 Channel 26 Chicago The first concept for relieving the Jewish insurgents by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) with an attack on the Nazis, involving the blowing up a section of the Warsaw ghetto wall, was conceived in early 1943, some months before the actual outbreak of the uprising. At that time, the strength of the AK's Warsaw District was not especially strong. Tomasz Strzembosz in his book "Armed Actions of Underground Warsaw 1939-1944" leaves no illusions in that, at that time, only the sabotage units were able to take part in an open fight with the Germans. Three units were directly subordinated, among them the forty-member sapper unit of Capt. Jozef Pszenny "Chwacki." to take part and the chief commander of the Home Army issued an order to provide military assistance to the ghetto. By February 1943 Kedyw (Kierownictwo Dywersji – Directorate of Diversion) assigned a specific unit for the task, which was placed under the command of Józef Pszenny, pseudonym "Chwacki". This unit had carried out a successful attack on German Rail Transports under "Akcja Wieniec" in October1942. "Chwacki's" unit was tasked to attack the police and gendarmerie posts guarding the ghetto from the outside and to demolish part of the wall at a specifically agreed point, securing the opening created to ensure the safe evacuation of the Jews towards Żoliborz, which opened the way to the Kampinos Forest. During discussions conducted with representatives of the Warsaw AK District Command, the Kedyw Command and representatives of ŻOB (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), the Jewish Fighting Organization, it was agreed that a co-ordinated operation was to be carried out on Bonifraterska Street opposite Sapieżyńska Street. Sapieżyńska was to be the escape route for the Jews and for the getaway of the protection units. The Jewish Fighting Organization undertook to support the attempt from their side of the ghetto, concentrating their insurgency groups at the agreed point and creating an area of strong resistance. The unit was divided into four sections. On the day of action, according to Włodzimierz Malinowski, Chwacki's unit was divided as follows. Section 1, commanded by Władysław Babczyński, with Marian Dukalski, Włodzimierz Malinowski, Zygmunt and Piotr Puchalscy, Edward Branicki, Zygmunt Puterman, Eugeniusz Morawski; section 2: commanded by Mieczysław Zborowicz, with Eustachiusz Malinowski, Aleksander Gozdan, Ryszard Górecki, Bronisław Cholewiński, and Stefan Gąsiorowski; section 3, commanded by Zbigniew Młynarski, with Czesław Młynarski, Orest Fedorenko, Franciszek Jabłonowski, and Henryk Cepek; section 4 commanded by Józef Łapiński, with Zygmunt Malinowski, Józef Wilk, Jacek Malczewski, Leonard Żeliński, Jerzy Potek, Grzegorz Pszenny. The main goal of the whole operation, the demolition of the ghetto wall, was entrusted to the section under Władysław Babczyński's "Pastora". A gate in a house was selected in the vicinity of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska, where members of the unit were to assemble the two mines onto boards under the supervision of "Chwacki". The unit, comprising "Młodek" (Eugeniusz Morawski), "Jasny" (Jerzy Postek), "Tygrys" (Włodzimierz Malinowski) and "Marek" (Marian Dukalski) were tasked with hanging the assembled mines on the ghetto wall, light the fuses and withdraw as quickly as possible. The mine unit was provided with cover, on one side on the corner of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska, where "Pastor" and the rest of his section stood guard, and on the opposite corner, "Gajowy" (Mieczysław Zborowicz), "Lotnik" (Bronisław Cholewiński) and Ulan (Stefan Gąsiorowski). Behind them, in Sapieżyńska Street, "Kruk" (Zygmunt Malinowski) and Jarząbek (Tadeusz Zieliński). A section under "Kret" (Zbigniew Młynarski) occupied the area between Sapierzynska and Konwiktorska. The section between Sapierzyńska and Franciszkańska was covered by "Chmura" (Józef Łapiński) with "Kujawa" (Jacek Mackiewicz) and "Orlik" (Józef Wilk). "Chwacki's" command post was located at the centre of the proposed action, by the entrance to Sapieżyńska. The weapons available to the Home Army were very limited "One sten gun for each section of six people. With that pistols, a couple of grenades and that was all. Rather not much, although we were then one of the best armed AK units. It must be remembered that it was the spring of 1943 and the Home Army then had far fewer weapons than a year later, during the Uprising. I remember the briefing at Sternik's, one of my soldiers approached me, a young nineteen-year-old boy, named "Wilk". "Mr. Zygmunt, he says restlessly - what will we be doing with these few grenades, after all Germans have machine guns, tanks, artillery, we are taking a hoe to the sun". - Zygmunt Malinowski "Kruk" On the day of the Uprising, "Chwacki" arranged for his men to meet at 16.00 at "Sternika", located on Podwale Street where he distributed weapons and gave final orders. Within a short time the units took up their arranged positions along the length of the ghetto wall. However the large numbers of SS and police units that had concentrated along the axis of Swietjerska, Bonifraterska and Muranowska was unforeseen. Machine guns had been placed on the roofs and balconies of the surrounding houses, which were spreading dense fire beyond the walls into the ghetto. The noise of machine guns and explosions in the ghetto drowned out everything. Passers-by, who had gathered along Bonifraterska to watch created a significant impediment for the units. Whereas the crowd made it possible for "Chwacki's" units to reach their designated places, the crowd also made it difficult to communicate between the units spread out along a fairly large area. This hampered overall command over the whole of the action. The mine unit took up their positions, under the supporting section of the "Pastor", in the house at the corner of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska. There the unit proceeded to mount the mines on wooden boards and to arm them. "Chwacki" and four of his people took up a position, between the gate where the mines were being prepared and "Gajowy's" position. At the moment when the mine unit came out from behind the gate, three trucks full of Germans and "Navy uniformed" police arrived. Two left in the direction of Konwiktorska, the last one stopped at the corner of Sapieżyńska. "Chwacki" waited for an opportune moment before giving the order to start the action but a German gendarme sees "Tygrys" and the others carrying the mines and runs towards them armed with a weapon. As a result, "Marek" and "Kruk" and then the "Gajowy's" section open fire. The shooting becomes the signal for action by all the units, which created panic in the crowd and causing people to run in all directions. The group carrying the mine was pushed backwards by the retreating crowd and found themselves exposed and at some distance from the wall. During the firing that followed, the cordon that had been stationed along the wall was largely eliminated with green uniformed bodies lying outstretched along the street On seeing "Chwacki" and his units, the Germans redirected their machine guns towards them and started firing. The German fire power was overwhelming, as German soldiers were deployed behind the walls of the ghetto and on the roofs of the nearby houses. "Chwacki" and then "Tygrys" threw grenades over the ghetto wall in an attempt to limit the effectiveness of the German fire. At the same time the unit carrying the mines, made up of about 70 kg of explosives, made its way under fire towards the ghetto wall. However they were unable to reach the wall as machine gun fire was directed at them, killing "Młodek" and alongside him "Orlik". Four others were wounded, one very seriously and so they were forced to retreat leaving the mines on the road. Jewish insurgents also took part and had opened fire and threw grenades from the ghetto side of the wall. However it became apparent that the attempt was not going to succeed. The Germans, after their initial surprise, were able to take control of the situation and the access to the wall by the mine unit or from inside the ghetto by ŻOB was no longer possible. "Chwacki" issued an order to collect the wounded and withdraw. As soon as his men were at a sufficient distance from the mines, he lit the fuses and joined the retreating group. Soon afterwards the mines detonated with a powerful explosion that echoed off the ghetto wall with smoke rising into the sky. The units began their escape along Sapieżyńska with the wounded soldiers carried on their backs. At Zakroczymska their way was blocked by a group of German airmen who opened fire, but the AK soldiers silenced them with grenades. The units manage to reach the safe house at Nowiniarska and then dispersed in small groups to their homes. "Although our task was unsuccessful, the actions of the Home Army did not end there, and the Kedyw diversionary units carried out a dozen or so outings on the Germans liquidating the ghetto, and we carried out large-scale operations to pull Jews out of the ghetto through the canals as long as and until the Germans filled them all in. Capt.Jozef Pszenny "Chwacki" Participation of the Polish underground in the uprising was many times confirmed by a report of the German commander Jürgen Stroop, who wrote:Stroop (1979) File:Stroop Report - Cover Page.jpg|The cover page of The Stroop Report with International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg markings. File:Strp012 Jurgen Stroop report p5.jpg| Page 5 of Stroop Report describing German fight against "Juden mit polnischen Banditen" - "Jews with Polish bandits".Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warsaw 1943 File:Strp040 Stroop report 27 4 1943.jpg|Continuation 27 April 1943 describing fight against "jüdisch-polnische Wehrformation" ("Jewish-Polish armed formation"). ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * * * (English translation) * (IPN copy; Polish translation: pages 23–112 and German original: pages 113-238; photographs) Category:1943 in Poland Category:History of Warsaw Category:Military operations involving the Home Army Category:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Category:Rescue of Jews by Poles in occupied Poland in 1939-1945 |
The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the ring-necked parakeet (and more commonly known as the Indian ringneck parrot) is a medium- sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family Psittacidae. It has disjunct native ranges in Africa and the Indian Subcontinent, and is now introduced into many other parts of the world where feral populations have established themselves and are bred for the exotic pet trade. One of the few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in disturbed habitats, it has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation. As a popular pet species, escaped birds have colonised a number of cities around the world, including populations in Northern and Western Europe. These parakeets have also proven themselves capable of living in a variety of climates outside their native range, and are able to survive low winter temperatures in Northern Europe. The species is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because its population appears to be increasing, but its popularity as a pet and unpopularity with farmers have reduced its numbers in some parts of its native range. == Taxonomy == Four subspecies are recognised, though they differ little: * African subspecies: ** African rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. krameri): West Africa in Guinea, Senegal, and southern Mauritania, east to western Uganda and southern Sudan, north to Egypt. Resident along the Nile Valley and certainly in Giza, it is sometimes seen on the northern coast and in Sinai. The African rose-ringed parakeet also started to breed in Israel and Jordan in the 1980s and is considered an invasive species there. ** Abyssinian rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. parvirostris): northwestern Somalia, west across northern Ethiopia to Sennar state, Sudan * Asian subspecies: ** The Indian rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. manillensis) originates from the southern Indian subcontinent and has feral and naturalised populations worldwide, in Australia, Great Britain (mainly around London), the United States, and other Western countries. It is often referred to as the Indian ringneck parrot. ** The boreal rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. borealis) is distributed in Bangladesh, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal to central Burma; introduced populations are found worldwide. thumb|Rose-ringed parakeet near Chandigarh The Asian subspecies are both larger than the African subspecies. The genus name Psittacula is a diminutive of Latin psittacus, "parrot", and the specific krameri commemorates the Austrian naturalist Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer. In 2019, a genetic study revived the genus Alexandrinus, formerly viewed as a synonym of the current genus Psittacula. Some organisations, including the IUCN, have accepted the new taxonomy. == Description == The rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male sports a red and black neck ring, and the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck rings. Both sexes have a distinctive green colour in the wild, and captive bred ringnecks have multiple colour mutations which include turquoise, cinnamon, olive, white, blue, violet, grey and yellow. Rose-ringed parakeets measure on average in length, including the tail feathers, a large portion of their total length. Their average single-wing length is about . In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call. Captive individuals can be taught to speak. They are a herbivorous and non-migratory species. ==Distribution== thumb|Rose-ringed parakeets in Garaboli National Park making a beak-lock – a common act in parakeet pairs Since the 19th century, the rose-ringed parakeet has successfully colonised many other countries. It breeds further north than any other parrot species. It has established itself on a large scale in Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and especially the UK. See Feral Birds section below. The analyses show that the risk of parakeet establishment may rise further as a result of decreasing frost days due to global warming, rising urbanization, and rising human populations. Because of the significant separate parakeet imports in Europe, we are capable of investigating the widely held hypothesis of climate matching and human activity at the species level (Strubbe & Matthysen, 2009). ==Ecology and behaviour== ===Diet=== In the wild, rose- ringed parakeets usually feed on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries, and seeds. Wild flocks also fly several miles to forage in farmlands and orchards, causing extensive damage. Feral parakeets will regularly visit gardens and other locations near human habitation, taking food from bird feeders. In India, they feed on cereal grains, and during winter also on pigeon peas.Sailaja, R., Kotak, V. C., Sharp, P. J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988). Environmental, dietary, and hormonal factors in the regulation of seasonal breeding in free-living female Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4): 518–527. In Egypt during the spring, they feed on mulberry and in summer they feed on dates and nest inside palm trees and eat from sunflower and corn fields. In captivity, rose- ringed parakeets will take a large variety of food and can be fed on a number of fruits, vegetables, pellets, seeds, and even small amounts of cooked meat for protein. Oils, salts, chocolate, alcohol, and other preservatives should be avoided. ===Reproduction=== In northwestern India, Indian rose-ringed parakeets form pairs from September to December. They do not have life mates and often breed with another partner during the following breeding season. During this cold season, they select and defend nest sites, thus avoiding competition for sites with other birds. Feeding on winter pea crops provides the female with nutrients necessary for egg production. From April to June, they care for their young. Fledglings are ready to leave the nest before monsoon.Krishnaprasadan, T. N., Kotak, V. C., Sharp, P. J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988). Environmental and hormonal factors in seasonal breeding in free-living male Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4): 488–496. Seasonal changes in testicular activity, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and 5 α-dihydrotestosterone (5 α-DHT) were related to pair bond formation, nest building, nest defense, and parental behavior in free living Indian rose- ringed parakeets in northwest India (Krishnaprasadan et al., 1988). The parakeets are able to reproduce in the winter because it allows them to avoid competing with other birds for nesting places, postpone having young during the monsoon season, and take use of the winter pea harvest, which provides the female with extra nutrients for egg formation. (Krishnaprasadan et al., 1988). ==Aviculture== right|thumb|Mimicry (talking) Rose-ringed parakeets are popular as pets and they have a long history in aviculture. The ancient Greeks kept the Indian subspecies P. krameri manillensis, and the ancient Romans kept the African subspecies P. krameri krameri. Colour mutations of the Indian rose- ringed parakeet subspecies have become widely available in recent years. A blue colour morph mutation of the rose-ringed parakeet is also commonly kept in aviculture. Birds that display this mutation have solid light blue feathers instead of green. ===Mimicry=== Both males and females have the ability to mimic human speech. First, the bird listens to its surroundings, and then it copies the voice of the human speaker. Some people hand-raise rose-ringed parakeet chicks for this purpose. Such parakeets then become quite tame and receptive to learning. They have extremely clear speech and are one of the best talking parrots. ==Feral birds== thumb|right|Rose-ringed parakeets feeding on stored grain A popular pet, the rose-ringed parakeet has been released in a wide range of cities around the world, giving it an environment with few predators where their preferred diet of seeds, nuts, fruits, and berries is available from suburban gardens and bird feeders. Its adaptations to cold winters in the Himalayan foothills allow it to easily withstand European winter conditions. It has established feral populations in a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the U.S. (Florida, California and Hawaii) and small self- sustaining populations in Ankara, İzmir, Istanbul (concentrated in parks), Tunis, Tripoli and Tehran (concentrated in the north side of the city). It is also found throughout Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Jordan, the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. A small number of escaped birds are present in Australia. The European populations became established during the mid-to-late 20th century. There is a burgeoning population of feral parakeets in Great Britain which is centred around suburban London and the Home Counties of South-East England.Attenborough, D. 1998. The Life of Birds. p.298. BBC Parakeet numbers have been highest in the south-west of London, although the population has since spread rapidly, and large flocks of birds can be observed in places such as Crystal Palace Park, Battersea Park, Buckhurst Hill, Richmond Park, Wimbledon Common, Greenwich Park, and Hampstead Heath, as well as Surrey and Berkshire. Feral parakeets have also been observed in Abbey Wood, Bostall Heath, Bostall Woods and Plumstead Common. The winter of 2006 had three separate roosts of about 6000 birds around London. They have also established themselves in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, and Regent’s Park. A smaller population occurs around Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate, Kent. There is also an established population to the North East of London in Essex at Loughton and Theydon Bois by Epping Forest. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have become established from time to time throughout the Midlands, Northern England and even as far north as Edinburgh. It has been suggested that feral parrots could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the rose-ringed parakeet should be culled as a result, although this is not currently recommended by conservation organisations. A major agricultural pest in locations such as India, as of 2011 the rose-ringed parakeet population was growing rapidly, but is generally limited to urban areas in southern England. A Europe-wide count was held in 2015 and found 85,220 rose-ringed parakeets in 10 European countries. : Country Number Belgium France Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Turkey UK In the Netherlands, the feral population in the four largest urban areas (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague) was estimated at 20,000 birds in 2021, double the number of birds estimated in 2010. There also exists a feral population in Belgium, with as many as 5,000 pairs estimated in Brussels. These originate from an original population that was set free in 1974 by the owner of the Meli Zoo and Attraction Park near the Atomium who wanted to make Brussels more colourful. In Germany, these birds are found along the Rhine in all major urban areas such as Cologne, Düsseldorf (about 800 birds), Bonn, Ludwigshafen, Heidelberg and Speyer, Wiesbaden and Mainz, and Worms. Other populations are found around Paris, Rome—notably in the gardens of the Palatine Hill, the trees of the Trastevere and Janiculum and at Villa Borghese, in the Orto Botanico di Palermo in Palermo, in Genoa, in Barcelona and in Lisbon. The specimens in these naturalised populations often represent intra-specific hybrids, originally between varying numbers (according to locality) of the subspecies manillensis, borealis, and/or (to a lesser extent) krameri, along with some inter-specific hybrids with naturalised Psittacula eupatria (the Alexandrine parakeet). Where introduced, rose-ringed parakeets may affect native biodiversity and human economy and wellness. Rose-ringed parakeets are a direct threat to populations of Europe's largest bat, the greater noctule, as parakeets compete with the bats for nesting sites, and will attack and kill adults before colonising their habitat. In the United Kingdom and especially within London, parakeets face predation by native birds of prey and owls, including the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), Eurasian hobby (F. subbuteo) and tawny owl (Strix aluco). There is a breeding population on Madeira Island, Portugal. There is a feral population of the birds in Japan. In the 1960s many Japanese people became pet owners for the first time and the parakeet was widely imported as a pet. Some escaped or were released and formed populations around the country. By the 1980s groups could be found in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Niigata and Kyushu. Some groups since died out, but as of 2009 there was a large population residing at the Tokyo Institute of Technology's main campus at Ookayama, along with small groups in Maebashi and Chiba city. Feral rose-ringed parakeets have sporadically been observed around New Zealand, and are treated as a major potential threat to the country's native bird populations due to their potential to outcompete native parakeet species, and introduce diseases. thumb|Rose-ringed parakeet (female) in New Delhi ==Aggression towards other animals== In the María Luisa Park in Seville, the population of the common noctule declined sharply when the population of rose-ringed parakeets increased 20-fold. The rose-ringed parakeets attacked the common noctule at tree cavities and occupied most of the cavities previously used by the bats. The attacks by the rose-ringed parakeets often led to the death of the common noctule. In 14 years, the number of tree cavities occupied by the common noctule decreased by 81%. A spatial analysis of tree cavity use showed that the common noctule tried to avoid cavities near parakeets. In the Rhineland, conspicuous bite wounds have been found in bats caught near rose-ringed parakeet nesting cavities. However, more detailed studies in the Rhineland on this are missing so far. Several authors have reported negative behaviors of the ring-necked parakeet near their nest sites: lethal attacks on a Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri) in Italy (Menchetti et al. 2014), on black rats (Rattus rattus) in Spain (Hernández-Brito et al. 2014b) and on several competitor and predator species in Spain (Hernández-Brito et al. 2014a). In the Paris area in France, an attack by a ring-necked parakeet on an adult red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) has been reported (Clergeau et al. 2009). Le Louarn, M., Couillens, B., Deschamps-Cottin, M. et al. Interference competition between an invasive parakeet and native bird species at feeding sites. J Ethol 34, 291–298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0474-8 ==Gallery== File:Psittacula krameri MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.148.32.jpg|Eggs of Psittacula krameri—MHNT File:Babies of Rose-Ringed Parakeet in hollow trunk.JPG|Chicks in tree hole File:Psittacula krameri -colour mutations -pets-8a.jpg|Pet rose-ringed parakeets are available in a wide variety of colours, including yellow, green, white, lavender and cyan. ==References== Le Louarn, M., Couillens, B., Deschamps-Cottin, M. et al. Interference competition between an invasive parakeet and native bird species at feeding sites. J Ethol 34, 291–298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0474-8 ==External links== * Species text—The Atlas of Southern African Birds * Photos—Oriental Bird Images * Videos, photos and sounds—Internet Bird Collection rose-ringed parakeet Category:Birds of South Asia Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa Category:Feral parrots rose-ringed parakeet Category:Parrots of Africa rose- ringed parakeet Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
Schaffhausen (; ; ; ; ), historically known in English as Shaffhouse, is a town with historic roots, a municipality in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 36,000 It is located right next to the shore of the High Rhine; it is one of four Swiss towns located on the northern side of the Rhine, along with , the historic , and . The old town has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the old canton fortress, the Munot. Schaffhausen is also a railway junction of Swiss and German rail networks. One of the lines connects the town with the nearby Rhine Falls in , Europe's largest waterfall, a tourist attraction. The official language of Schaffhausen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. == Name == The town is first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. There are at least two theories on the origin of this name: * One relates to a mention of a "ford" across the Rhine that first occurs in 1050. This "ford" may actually refer to a scapha or skiff which was used to disembark goods coming from Constance to move them around the Rhine Falls. The name Scafhusun then arose from the scapha used at that point. Compare: "[...] in 1050 we hear of the “ford” there across the Rhine. Hence it is probable that the name is really derived from scapha, a skid, as here goods coming from Constance were disembarked in consequence of the falls of the Rhine a little below." * Another theory is that Scafhusun comes from Schaf (a sheep), as a ram (now a sheep) formed the ancient arms (traceable to 1049) of the town, derived from those of its founders, the counts of Nellenburg. Compare: "Some writers, however, prefer the derivation from Schaf (a sheep), as a ram (now a sheep) formed the ancient arms of the town, derived from those of its founders, the counts of Nellenburg." ===Coat of arms=== The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or on a Base Vert issuant from sinister a Semi Castle Argent with tower with entrance from which is issuing a Semi Ram Sable.Flags of the World.com accessed 22-December-2009 The canting coat of arms refers to the second interpretation of the name, sheep-house. == History == Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages, documented to have struck its own coins from 1045. About 1050 the counts of Nellenburg founded the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, which became the centre of the town. Perhaps as early as 1190, certainly in 1208, it was an imperial free city, while the first seal dates from 1253. The powers of the abbot were gradually limited and in 1277 the Emperor Rudolf I gave the town a charter of liberties. In 1330 the emperor Louis of Bavaria pledged it to the Habsburgs. In the early 15th century, Habsburg power over the city waned. In 1349 and 1401 (Schaffhausen Massacre), two pogroms occurred in the city. By 1411 the guilds ruled the city. Then, in 1415 the Habsburg Duke Frederick IV of Austria sided with the Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, and was banned by the Emperor Sigismund. As a result of the ban and Frederick's need of money, Schaffhausen was able to buy its independence from the Habsburgs in 1418. The city allied with six of the Swiss confederates in 1454 and allied with a further two (Uri and Unterwalden) in 1479. Schaffhausen became a full member of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1501. The Reformation was adopted, initially, in 1524 and completely in 1529. The town was heavily damaged during the Thirty Years' War by the passage of Swedish (Protestant) and Bavarian (Roman Catholic) troops and the very important bridge was burnt down. It was not until the early 19th century that the arrested industrial development of the town recommenced. In 1857, the first railroad, the Rheinfallbahn, running from Winterthur, reached Schaffhausen.Canton Schaffhausen website-Numbers and facts accessed 18 April 2009. Schaffhausen is located in a finger of Swiss territory surrounded on three sides by Germany. On 1 April 1944, Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces, which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland due to navigation errors. Air raid sirens had often sounded in the past, without an actual attack, so many residents ignored the sirens that day. A total of 40 civilians were killed in the raid. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt sent a personal letter of apology to the mayor of Schaffhausen and the United States quickly offered four million US dollars in reparations. ==Geography and climate== ===Topography=== The town of Schaffhausen stands on the right bank of the river Rhine. It has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of . Of this area, about 20.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 53.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 24.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and 1.6% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by and the agricultural land has decreased by .Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Regional portraits accessed 27 October 2016 In 1947 it merged with the former municipality of Buchthalen. Its area expanded again in 1964 when Herblingen was absorbed and for a third time in 2009 when Hemmental joined the municipality. Schaffhausen shares an international border with the German village of Büsingen am Hochrhein, an exclave entirely surrounded by Switzerland. ===Climate=== Schaffhausen has an average of 122.5 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Schaffhausen receives an average of of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.3 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 8.4 days. ==Politics== ===Government=== The City Council (de: Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the town of Schaffhausen and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (), each presiding over a department (Referat), which each consists of several administrative districts. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident(in)). In the mandate period January 2017 – December 2020 (Amtsdauer) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Peter Neukomm. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand City Council (parliament) are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Schaffhausen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The mayor as well as the delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz. , Schaffhausen's City Council is made up of one representative of the SP (Social Democratic Party, who is also the mayor), one representative of the AL (Alternative List), one of the FDP (The Liberals), one of the SVP (Swiss People's Party), and one of the GLP (Green Liberal Party), giving the right parties a majority of three out of five seats. The last regular election was held on 28 August 2016. Stadtrat of Schaffhausen City Councillor (Stadtrat/ Stadträtin) Party Title Head of department (Referat, since) of elected since Peter Neukomm SP Stadtpräsident (Mayor) Mayor's Office (Präsidialreferat, 2017) 2012 Raphaël Rohner FDP Bildungsreferent (Vizepräsident) Education (Bildungsreferat, 2017) 2012 Daniel Preisig SVP Finanzreferent Finances (Finanzreferat, 2017) 2016 Katrin Bernath GLP Baureferentin Construction and Civil Engineering (Baureferat, 2017) 2016 Christine Thommen SP Sozial- und Sicherheitsreferent Social Services and Security (Sozial- und Sicherheitsreferat, 2020) 2020 ===Parliament=== The Grand City Council (Grosser Stadtrat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 36 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand City Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Proporz. The sessions of the Grand City Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Grand City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Schaffhausen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Kantonsratsaal (Cantonal Council Hall) am Kornmarkt. The last regular election of the Grand City Council was held on 27 November 2016 for the mandate period () from January 2017 to December 2020. Currently the Grand City Council consist of 9 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS) and one of its junior section, the JUSOplus, 5 The Liberals (FDP/PLR) and one of its junior section, the JFSH, 4 Alternative List (AL), 3 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 ÖBS-Grüne (an alliance of the Ökoliberale Bewegung Schaffhausen (ÖBS) and the Green Party (GPS/PES)), and one each of Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PES), and Federal Democratic Union (EDU/UDF). ===National elections=== ; National Council In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 39.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (34.0%), the FDP (12.7%) and the others (6.7%). In the federal election, a total of 13,754 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.7%. The 2015 election saw a change in the voting when compared to 2011. The percentage that the SP received dropped from 41.6% to 34.0% while the SVP increased from 31.9% in 2011 to 39.0% in 2015. ==Demographics== thumb|Views of old town, Schaffhausen ===Population=== Schaffhausen has a population () of . , 27.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals.Federal Statistical Office - Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (Land) accessed 31 October 2016 Of the foreign population, (), 21% are from Germany, 13.3% are from Italy, 8.8% are from Croatia, 13.3% are from Serbia, 6% are from Macedonia, 9% are from Turkey, and 28.6% are from other countries.Statistical Office of the Canton of Schaffhausen accessed 2 December 2009 Most of the population () speaks German (84.3%), with Serbo- Croatian being second most common (3.4%) and Italian being third (3.2%).Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 22 December 2009 Over the last 4 years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of 2.82%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 9.6, while the death rate was 10.1 per thousand residents. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 61.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.5%. In 2015 there were 15,288 single residents, 15,287 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 2,119 widows or widowers, 3,253 divorced residents and 1 people who did not answer the question.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geschlecht, Zivilstand und Geburtsort accessed 8 September 2016 In 2014 there were 16,723 private households in Schaffhausen with an average household size of 2.10 persons. Of the 5,863 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 51.5% were single family homes and 29.7% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 22.1% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 7.6% were built between 1991 and 2000.Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Thema 09 - Bau- und Wohnungswesen accessed 5 May 2016 In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 1.29. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.71%. ; Historic population The historical population is given in the following chart:Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, 1850-2000 accessed 27 April 2016 Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) ImageSize = width:1100 height:600 PlotArea = height:350 left:100 bottom:90 right:100 Legend = columns:3 left:220 top:70 columnwidth:160 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:38000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:6000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1500 start:0 Colors= id:SC value:yellowgreen legend:Schaffhausen PlotData= color:yellowgreen width:30 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1392 from: 0 till:4000 text:"c. 4,000" color:SC bar:1520 from: 0 till:3500 text:"c. 3,500" color:SC bar:1550 from: 0 till:5300 text:"c. 5,300 " color:SC bar:1582 from: 0 till:6350 text:"c. 6,350" color:SC bar:1620 from: 0 till:5950 text:"c. 5,950" color:SC bar:1640 from: 0 till:3650 text:"c. 3,650" color:SC bar:1672 from: 0 till:5050 text:"c. 5,050" color:SC bar:1766 from: 0 till:6969 text:"6,969" color:SC bar:1798 from: 0 till:5482 text:"5,482" color:SC bar:1850 from: 0 till:8477 text:"8,477" color:SC bar:1860 from: 0 till:9386 text:"9,386" color:SC bar:1870 from: 0 till:11049 text:"11,049" color:SC bar:1880 from: 0 till:12557 text:"12,557" color:SC bar:1888 from: 0 till:13099 text:"13,099" color:SC bar:1900 from: 0 till:16320 text:"16,320" color:SC bar:1910 from: 0 till:19267 text:"19,267" color:SC bar:1920 from: 0 till:21700 text:"21,700" color:SC bar:1930 from: 0 till:23141 text:"23,141" color:SC bar:1941 from: 0 till:24984 text:"24,984" color:SC bar:1950 from: 0 till:27261 text:"27,261" color:SC bar:1960 from: 0 till:32839 text:"32,839" color:SC bar:1970 from: 0 till:37035 text:"37,035" color:SC bar:1980 from: 0 till:34250 text:"34,250" color:SC bar:1990 from: 0 till:34225 text:"34,225" color:SC bar:2000 from: 0 till:33628 text:"33,628" color:SC ===Religion=== , 27.4% of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and 43.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, later organized in the parish St. Johann – Münster. ===Education=== In Schaffhausen about 69.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences)). In Schaffhausen, , 1.73% of the population attend kindergarten or another pre- school, 5.65% attend a Primary School, 2.98% attend a lower level Secondary School, and 2.49% attend a higher level Secondary School. ===Economy=== , there were a total of 25,749 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 103 people worked in 24 businesses in the primary economic sector. A majority (61.2%) of the primary sector employees worked in very small businesses (less than ten employees). The remainder worked in 2 small businesses with a total of 40 employees. The secondary sector employed 6,403 workers in 371 separate businesses. In 2014 a total of 2,433 employees worked in 358 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 13 mid sized businesses with 1,631 employees and 3 large businesses which employed 2,333 people (for an average size of 777.7). Finally, the tertiary sector provided 19,243 jobs in 2,626 businesses. In 2014 the tertiary sector numbers had increased by 606 and 20 respectively. In 2014 a total of 12,890 employees worked in 2,597 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 45 mid sized businesses with 4,938 employees and 4 large businesses which employed 2,021 people (for an average size of 505.3).Federal Statistical Office -Arbeitsstätten und Beschäftigte nach Gemeinde, Wirtschaftssektor und Grössenklasse accessed 31 October 2016 In 2014 a total of 1.3% of the population received social assistance. In 2015 local hotels had a total of 102,537 overnight stays, of which 52.6% were international visitors.Federal Statistical Office - Hotellerie: Ankünfte und Logiernächte der geöffneten Betriebe accessed 31 October 2016 In 2015 there were two movie theaters in the municipality, with a total of 10 screens and a total of 1,816 available seats.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Kinoinfrastruktur nach Gemeinde und Kinotyp accessed 9 August 2016 , there are 102 restaurants, and 11 hotels with 445 beds. The catering industry in Schaffhausen employs 924 people. the mid year average unemployment rate was 2.5%. There were 1,879 non-agrarian businesses in the municipality and 29.9% of the (non-agrarian) population was involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 70.1% were involved in the third. At the same time, 67.1% of the working population was employed full-time, and 32.9% was employed part-time. There were 21,841 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 46.6% of the workforce. there were 10,019 residents who worked in the municipality, while 5,724 residents worked outside Schaffhausen and 8,026 people commuted into the municipality for work. Schaffhausen has an unemployment rate, , of 2.67%. , there were 196 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 33 businesses involved in this sector. 6,488 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 293 businesses in this sector. 14,019 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,486 businesses in this sector. == Transportation == === Train === The town of Schaffhausen is served by two railway stations, Schaffhausen railway station and Herblingen railway station. Schaffhausen railway station is jointly owned by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) and Deutsche Bahn (DB), and is served by trains of both nation's networks. The station is served by long-distance passenger trains (InterCity, IC) running between Stuttgart and Zurich, RegioExpress (RE) trains between Zürich HB and Schaffhausen, and Interregio- Express (IRE) trains between Basel and Friedrichshafen. Trains of Zurich S-Bahn services S9, S12, S24 and S33 serve the station, although only the S24 provides a direct service to Zürich Airport and Zürich main station. In addition, the S1 service of St. Gallen S-Bahn operates over the Lake Line to St. Gallen and Wil. Herblingen railway station in the north-east of Schaffhausen is served by the S24 of Zürich S-Bahn and local trains of , linking Schaffhausen station with Thayngen and Singen (Hohentwiel), respectively. Services are summarized as follows: * DB Fernverkehr / SBB CFF FFS IC 4: hourly service between Zürich HB and Stuttgart Hbf (via ). * IRE: hourly service between Basel Bad Bf and Friedrichshafen Hafen (via ). * RegioExpress: hourly service between and . * St. Gallen S-Bahn: ** : half- hourly service between and via . * Zürich S-Bahn: ** : hourly service between and . ** : hourly service between and . ** : hourly service between and (via , , ). ** : hourly service between and . * (operated by THURBO): ** : half- hourly service between and . ** : hourly service between and . ** : half- hourly service between and (via ). === Bus === Schaffhausen and the neighboring town of Neuhausen am Rheinfall have an urban bus network of 8 lines, including the Schaffhausen trolleybus system (line 1). Since 2019, the other lines (3–9) are operated by battery-powerd buses (Irizar) and diesel- powered buses. All routes except line 9 call at Schaffhausen railway station. Route 9 calls at Herblingen railway station. During weekends, there are night buses (designated as N#) operating after midnight. The urban bus routes, all operated by Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen (vbsh), are as follows: Line Route 1 Herbstäcker – Neuhausen Zentrum – Schaffhausen railway station – Ebnat – Waldfriedhof 3 Sommerwies – Schützenhaus – Schaffhausen railway station – Krummacker 4 Birch – Schützenhaus – Schaffhausen railway station – Gruben 5 Schaffhausen railway station – Falkeneck – Einkaufszentren – Schlossweiher 6 Buchthalen – Schifflände – Rhybadi / IWC – Schaffhausen railway station – Kantonsspital – Falkeneck 7 Neuhausen SBB – Neuhausen Zentrum – Schützenhaus – Schaffhausen railway station 8 Schaffhausen railway station – Schifflände – Im Freien 9 Ebnat – Kinepolis – Herblingen railway station – Einkaufszentren N1 Schaffhausen railway station – Schützenhaus – Riet – Sommerwies – Nordstrasse – Schaffhausen railway station N2 Schaffhausen railway station – Geissberg – Pilgerweg – Gräfler – Krummacker – Schweizersbild – CILAG – Schaffhausen railway station N3 Schaffhausen railway station – Mühlentor – Schifflände – Buchthalen – Gruben – Niklausen – Kinepolis – Ebnat – Schaffhausen railway station N4 Schaffhausen railway station – Mühlentor – Neuhausen Zentrum – Kreuzstrasse – Herbstäcker – Hohfluh – Wiesli – Schaffhausen railway station One of the previous urban routes, line 12 to the Rhine Falls, was the first route ever to feature a level 5 autonomous bus (2018-2019). In addition, there are several regional bus services that link Schaffhausen with villages in the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and nearby German territory. The regional bus services 21–25, lines 630 and 634 and all night bus services (designated with N#) all depart from the forecourt of Schaffhausen railway station: Line Route Operator 21 Schaffhausen railway station – Neuhausen – Beringen – Löhningen – Siblingen – Schleitheim – Beggingen vbsh 22 Schaffhausen railway station – Hemmental vbsh 23 Schaffhausen railway station – Merishausen – Bargen vbsh 24 Schaffhausen railway station – Stetten – Lohn – Büttenhardt – Opfertshofen – Altdorf – Hofen – Bibern – Thayngen (– Barzheim) vbsh 25 Schaffhausen railway station – Büsingen – Dörflingen – Randegg – Murbach – Buch – Ramsen vbsh 630 Schaffhausen railway station – Feuerthalen – Flurlingen – Uhwiesen – Benken – Marthalen Postauto 634 Schaffhausen railway station – Feuerthalen – Flurlingen – Uhwiesen – Dachsen – Schloss Laufen am Rheinfall Postauto N76 Schaffhausen railway station – Falkeneck – Schlossweiher – Thayngen, Hüttenleben – Thayngen railway station – Falkeneck – Schaffhausen railway station vbsh N77 Schaffhausen railway station – Neuhausen am Rheinfall – Beringen – Guntmadingen – Neunkirch – Oberhallau – Hallau – Wilchingen – Osterfingen – Trasadingen vbsh === Boat === Departing from Schifflände, there are regular boat trips on the River Rhine (High Rhine) to Stein am Rhein and Kreuzlingen (Lake Constance) offered by Schweizerische Schifffahrtsgesellschaft Untersee und Rhein (URh) during warmer seasons. === Private Transport === The A4 motorway connects Schaffhausen with Zürich. The A4 continues northward to Donaueschingen/Singen (Hohentwiel) in Germany. Since 1996, the A4 runs through a tunnel, bypassing the town's center. There are three nearby exits along the A4: Schaffhausen Süd, Schaffhausen Nord and Schaffhausen Schweizersbild. The Hauptstrasse 13 connects Schaffhausen with villages in the western part of the canton (Klettgau), through the Galgenbucktunnel which opened in 2019, and with villages along the Rhine River east of Schaffhausen. ==Culture== ; Heritage sites of national significance There are 35 buildings or sites in Schaffhausen that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. This includes the entire old town of Schaffhausen, the city walls, the Giesserei +GF+ Werk I factory, the town and cantonal archives, the Schweizersbild Paleolithic cave and the Herblingen and Grüthalde Neolithic settlements. Additionally, there are four former guild houses and seven listed houses. There are only two listed religious buildings, the former Benedictine All Saints Abbey and the Church of St. John.Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance 21 November 2008 version, accessed 22-December–2009 File:Schaffhausen - Kloster Allerheiligen IMG 2705.JPG | All Saints Abbey () as seen from Munot File:Schaffhausen - Kloster Allerheiligen IMG 2690.jpg | Church portal of Münster Schaffhausen File:Schaffhausen Münster Hauptschiff 1.jpg| Cathedral interior of Münster Schaffhausen File:Schaffhausen IMG 2689.jpg | Restaurant Thiergarten and Munot tower File:Schaffhausen IMG 2702.jpg | Altstadt File:Schaffhausen IMG 2721.JPG | Münster Schaffhausen File:Zum Ritter Schaffhausen.jpg|House zum Ritter at Vordergasse 65, one of the listed houses File:Schaffhausen 1.JPG|View of the Altstadt with the Münster ==Economy== Schaffhausen hosts some well-known industrial companies like Georg Fischer (piping systems, machine tools and automotives), an internationally reputed manufacturer of watches (IWC), pharmaceutical industry (Cilag, founded by Bernhard Joos) and BB Biotech (biotechnologies). Tyco International, Garmin, and cyber protection company Acronis are also incorporated in Schaffhausen. == Sport == The town has two football teams, SV Schaffhausen, of the fourth-tier Swiss 1. Liga, and FC Schaffhausen, of the second-tier Swiss Challenge League. There is a football stadium in Breite, Schaffhausen which seats 4200 persons, known as the Breitestadion. It is also the training headquarters for local children's football teams. There is a handball team in Schaffhausen which plays in the first Swiss division: Kadetten Schaffhausen. They are centered at the BBC Arena on Schweizersbildstrasse. It seats 3600 persons, and was built in 2011. Kadetten has been very successful and has won the second most titles in the history of the SHL. == Notable people == 140px|thumb|Johann Jakob Wepfer, engraving 140px|thumb|Lorentz Spengler, 1751 140px|thumb|Emil Ermatinger, 1921 140px|thumb|Christoph Blocher, 2007 140px|thumb|Irene Schweizer, 2014 140px|thumb|Juerg Froehlich, 2005 140px|thumb|Roberto Di Matteo, 2015 140px|thumb|Florence Schelling, 2011 === Pre-17th C === * Bernold of Constance (c.1054 – 1100 in Schaffhausen), a chronicler and writer of religious tracts * Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg (1445–1510), a priest, a popular preacher of the 15th C. * Sebastian Hofmeister (1476–1533), known in writing as Oeconomus or Oikonomos, was a Swiss monk and religious Reformer * Tobias Stimmer (1539–1584), a painter and illustrator, particularly of the Strasbourg astronomical clock * Daniel Lindtmayer (1552-c.1605), the fourth generation of artists and glass painters === 17th C === * Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620–1695), a pathologist and pharmacologist * Johann Conrad Peyer (1653–1712), an anatomist * Johann Konrad Ammann (1669–1724), a physician and instructor of non-verbal deaf persons * Andrew Schalch (1692–1776), the first gun-founder at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich === 18th C === * George Michael Moser RA (1706–1783), a chaser and enameller, co-founder of the Royal Academy in 1768 * Johann Amman (1707–1741), a Swiss-Russian botanist, a member of the Royal Society and professor of botany * John Snetzler (1710–1785), an organ builder who worked mostly in England * Lorenz Spengler (1720–1807), a Danish turner and naturalist. * Johann Jakob Schalch (1723–1789), a painter, noted for his paintings of the Rheinfall in Schaffhausen * Johann Conrad Ammann (1724–1811), a physician, naturalist and collector of fossils * Johannes von Müller (1752–1809), a historian * Johann Conrad Fischer (1773–1854), a metallurgist, inventor, and pioneer in the steel industry; founded Georg Fischer AG in 1802 * Friedrich Emmanuel von Hurter (1787-1865), a Protestant cleric and historian who converted to Roman Catholicism === 19th C === * Johann Heinrich Gelzer (1813-1889), an historian and diplomat * Hans Bendel (1814–1853), a painter and illustrator * Ferdinand Hurter (1844–1898), an industrial chemist who settled in England, researched photography * Dame Sophia Wintz DBE (1847–1929), a British philanthropist who co-founded the Royal Sailors' Rests * Ernst Homberger (1869–1955), an industrialist, Georg Fischer and International Watch Company * Emil Ermatinger (1873–1953), a professor for Germanic philology * Hermann Rorschach (1884–1922), a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, brought up in Schaffhausen * Karl Jäger (1888–1959), a mid-ranking official in the SS of Nazi Germany, perpetrated acts of genocide during the Holocaust * Walther Bringolf (1895–1981), mayor of Schaffhausen 1933–1968, former President of the National Council of Switzerland 1961/1962 === 20th C === * Richard Meili (1900-1991), a scientist in practical psychology, diagnostics, personality development and intelligence * Conrad Beck (1901–1989), a composer and head of Music of Radio Basel 1933-1963 * Carl Alfred Meier (1905–1995), a psychiatrist, Jungian psychologist, scholar, and first president of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich * Cardinal Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017), a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church * Ernst Hess (1912–1968), a conductor, composer and musicologist * Rita Wolfensberger (1928-2020), classical pianist * Bruno Meyer (born 1938), a religious leader of a fundamentalist Christian, evangelical congregation; convicted in 2010 for rape and child sexual abuse * Markus Werner (1944–2016), a writer, author of the novels Zündels Abgang * Christoph Blocher (born 1940), a politician, industrialist and former member of the Swiss Federal Council * Pia Gyger (1940-2014), a specialist for special education and psychologist a co-initiator of the Jerusalem-Project * Irène Schweizer (born 1941), a jazz and free improvising pianist IMDb Database retrieved 21 November 2018 * Jürg Fröhlich (born 1946), a mathematician and theoretical physicist * Giorgio Behr (born 1948), a businessman, lawyer, accountant and university professor * Beat Furrer (born 1954), an Austrian composer and conductor * Philipp Landmark (born 1966), a journalist and former editor-in-chief of the St. Galler Tagblatt *Tom Strala (born 1974), a designer, architect and artist. === Sport === * Jules Ehrat (1905–1997), a chess player, the 1942 joint Swiss Chess Champion * Liselotte Kobi (born 1930), a former swimmer, competed at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics * Marianne Gossweiler (born 1943), an equestrian, medallist in team dressage at both the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics * Stefan Maurer (1960–1994), a cyclist, competed in the individual road race at the 1984 Summer Olympics * Stephan Lehmann (1963), a retired football goalkeeper, goalkeeper coach for FC Sion, 538 team games and 14 for the national side * Roberto Di Matteo (born 1970), an Italian former footballer (323 games) and team manager in the UK * Daniela Baumer (born 1971), a sprint canoer, silver medallist at the 1996 Summer Olympics * Florence Schelling (born 1989), an ice hockey goaltender and three- time Olympian; first woman to be named General Manager of a professional men's hockey team (SC Bern) in the world == See also == * Cholfirst Radio Tower * List of mayors of Schaffhausen * Bombing of Schaffhausen in World War II == References == == External links == * * *Tourism information *Town archives *Rhine Fall * *U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II *Digitized Edition of Chronik der Stadt und Landschaft Schaffhausen, in German, 1884–1910, at E-rara *Digitized Edition of Wappenbuch der Stadt Schaffhausen, in German, Schaffhausen 1819, at E-rara. Category:Cantonal capitals of Switzerland Category:Cities in Switzerland Category:Populated places on the Rhine Category:Municipalities of the canton of Schaffhausen Category:1330 disestablishments Category:Populated places disestablished in the 14th century Category:States and territories established in 1415 Category:Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Schaffhausen Category:16th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy Category:1501 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire |
Don Gabriel A. Daza, KGCR, KC*SS (February 6, 1896 - May 18, 1994) was the first Filipino electrical engineer and one of the charter members of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP). He co-founded the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Co. (PT&T;), Philippine Electric Manufacturing Company (PEMCO), Phelps Dodge Philippines. He was the supervising engineer and assistant general manager of Visayan Electric Company (VECO) and led its expansion out of Cebu City. President and chief scout of the BSP in 1961–68. In 1945, President Osmeña appointed Daza to be a member of the board of directors of the Manila Railroad Company and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. In 1950, he was vice-chairman of the National Power Corporation and on the board of directors of the Manila Hotel Company. In 1951, Daza was appointed by President Quirino as a founding member of the board of directors of the National Shipyard and Steel Corporation. President and director of the National Economic Protection Agency (NEPA) in 1956. == Early life == Daza was born and raised in Borongan, Eastern Samar, to Don Eugenio Daza and his wife, Carolina Cinco. Daza was a principale (noble) through his father, while the social class was slowly dissolved following American colonialism, Daza retained the principale honorific title of Don. Daza was the eldest of 7 siblings: Carlota, Cirilo, Jesus, Rosario, Maria and Juan. Daza was born 3 months before his father left to fight in the Philippine Revolution. In 1907, when Daza was 11, his father became the Representative of their region to the First Philippine Legislature. That same year he began studying at Ateneo de Manila. While at Ateneo he would befriend Andrés Soriano Sr. and their junior José Cojuangco In 1914, Daza completed a Bachelor of Arts at the Ateneo de Manila University. In 1915, he was part of the Philippine Delegation to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. After the exposition, Daza ended up staying in the United States for the next seven years. While studying engineering in the U.S., Daza picked up "odd jobs" to support himself. These odd jobs at various times included being an elevator boy, messenger, telephone operator, gardener, janitor, clerk, and even a houseboy for the U.S. House of Representatives Philippine Resident Commissioner Jaime C. de Veyra. Daza stated his experience in these odd jobs were the reason he was known for his cleanliness, orderliness, and fondness for nature. Daza's U.S. World War I draft registration card states that he was an American citizen. == Engineering == In 1915, Daza moved to the U.S. to attend Herald's Engineering College in San Francisco, California. While studying he lived at the Hotel Dorchester and worked there as a clerk.United States, Selective Service System. World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. M1509, 4,582 rolls. Imaged from Family History Library microfilm. Daza then studied at the Bliss Electrical School in Washington, D.C. where he graduated in 1919. Shortly after, Daza moved to Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, where he lodged at the home of a fellow electrical engineer Everett Ashworth who had recently married and moved from Washinghton, New York.Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. (NARA microfilm publication T625, 2076 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C. Daza worked at the mainplant of Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a company that employed the likes of Nikola Tesla, and studied in the Westinghouse Educational Department. He joined the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Bliss Electrical School Alumni Association. Daza studied in Alexander & Baldwin, New York, to help familiarise himself with engineering methods and practices before working for Catton-Neil Eng. & Machinery Co. Daza received his graduate and post-grad from Westinghouse. While Daza was studying, he taught his Spanish-speaking colleagues what he learned at school, they later "offered him a good-paying job in Argentina" which he declared was "a turning point." He decided "it was time [to] go home and do my share here." === Return to the Philippines === In 1922, Daza worked as an electrical engineer and salesman for Catton-Neill Eng. & Machinery Co a local subsidiary of Westinghouse and was an Associate Member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE). On December 3, 1927, Daza became a full member of the AIEE. In Cebu City, as early as 1927, Daza was the Supervising Engineer and Assistant General Manager of the Visayan Electric Company (VECO), and the Assistant General Manager of the Visayan Electric Supply Company. Daza led the expansion of VECO out of the Cebu City. In 1929, Daza went to the Philippine Legislature in Manila to develop a new franchise for VECO. In 1931, the Legislature approved a 50-year franchise allowing VECO to expand to: Mandaue, Consolacion, Liloan and Compostela, North of Cebu; and Talisay, Minglanilla, Naga, San Fernando and Danao. In 1928, he co-founded the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) with Col. Joseph Stevenot. Throughout his career at PLDT Daza filled several positions at various times including Vice President, Treasurer, Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Public Service Commissioner, Manager of Manila District and Acting General Commercial Manager. From 1930 to 1939, Daza was the Illuminating Engineer of the executive staff, and Electrical Engineer of the Philippine Carnival Association. The association held the Manila Carnival, an American Colonial showcase for Philippine commerce, industry and agriculture. He co-founded the Philippine Electric Manufacturing Company (PEMCO) and Phelps Dodge Philippines. From 1936 to 1937, Daza was the chairman of Illumination Committee for the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress (IEC). In 1937, he was treasurer of the Philippine Association of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers (PAMEE). By 1939, Daza was receiving one of the highest salaries in the Philippines at ₱1,000. By 1937, Daza had been a consulting electrical engineer for the Philippine Army for some time, he was formally announced to be Captain of the Signal Corps for the Philippine Army on June 15, 1937, under the command of Lt. Col. Paciano Tangco. In 1945, Daza worked with the United States Army Signal Corps (USASC) to survey the extent of the destruction of PLDT's telephone communications infrastructure in Manila. Daza reported that three of PLDT's central exchanges in Santa Cruz, Malate, and Pasay were destroyed by the Japanese. In June 1947, the Electrical Engineering Law, Republic Act 184, was passed in the Congress of the Philippines and Daza was appointed as the chairman of the Board of Electrical Engineering Examiners that Article 1 Section 2 of the Act established. Due to propriety, as the examiner chairman, Daza issued license number 001 to himself, making himself the first Filipino licensed electrical engineer. From 1946 to 1951, Daza was the Assistant Chief Examiner and engineering consultant for the US-Philippine War Damage Commission (PWDC). Daza was also the liaison officer for Gen. Douglas MacArthur for the PWDC. In the late 40's, under President Elpidio Quirino, Daza was tasked with engineering two hydroelectric dams in the Benguet province along the Agno River. The dams became known as Ambuklao Dam, which was opened in 1956, and Binga Dam, which opened in 1960. Daza would bring his grandson Gabriel "Bong" Daza III when he put up power plants in Marina Cristina, Northern Mindanao; Bunga, Cebu province; and Angat, Bulacan Province. In 1961, Daza retired as Vice-President and Treasurer of PLDT. In 1962, he co-founded the Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Co. (PT&T;) and served as a member of the Board of Directors until as late as 1992. On November 12, 1985, Daza and Quezon City Mayor Adelina Santos Rodriguez sponsored the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines Inc. (IIEE) Building Cornerstone for a new IIEE Headquarters. == Boy Scouts == alt=|thumb|Daza (bottom right) Founders of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines. Stamp for National Boy Scout Movement 50th Anniversary, 28 Oct 1987.In 1928, Daza registered to be a member of the Cebu Council, Boy Scouts of America. On October 31, 1936, Daza and the other Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) founders officially chartered the BSP in Commonwealth Act No. 111 authorized by President Manuel Quezon. Later, he was appointed as Secretary of the Boy Scout Foundation by Joseph Stevenot and served in the BSP's National Executive Board. === Post-World War II === Following World War II, out of the seven Charter members, Stevenot and General Vicente Lim were casualties of the war. Arsenio Luz and Manuel Camus were occupied in post-war reconstruction. Jorge Vargas was facing charges for collaboration with the Japanese (later cleared), and General Carlos Romulo was working on the formation and establishment of the United Nations. This left Daza as the sole charter member available to build the fledgling organisation in the aftermath of the war. As a member of the US-Philippine War Damage Commission (PWDC), Daza acquired a donation for a furnished Quonset hut including office equipment for the first BSP national office which was established at the Mehan Gardens. In 1947, the BSP National Council elected Daza Treasurer. In 1949, after Camus' passing, Vargas became President and worked with Daza to establish firm financial foundations for the BSP through lobbying. This included the original Sweepstakes law which helped finance the operations of the BSP and several other organisations including the Girl Scouts of the Philippines (GSP), the Philippines National Red Cross, the Philippines Tuberculosis Society Inc., among others. In 1949, Daza and Vargas lobbied the passing of Republic Act No. 397 An Act Granting the Boy Scouts of the Philippines Ten Thousand Hectares of Public Agricultural Land for Additional Support and Maintenance of Said Corporation, this act was used to acquire campsites and council offices throughout the country. The act was the basis of a later 6,000 hectare BSP Land Grant in Asuncion, Davao, and Manila. As treasurer, Daza was responsible for determining a suitable site for the BSP national office. He gave the BSP Board three choices: the Bordner School (now the Manila Science High School), the City Court site adjacent to Manila City Hall, and the US Army Hospital site which was also a Quonset hut. The Board chose the US Army Hospital which is where the present national office is situated. In 1952, Daza surprised the BSP board by announcing his husbandry of BSP finances made viable the start of construction of the BSP national office building. Daza attained the services of architect Juan Nakpil for the BSP national office building's design and plans, and Gonzalo G. Puyat & Sons, Baughman and Arte Español for the furnishings. === President and Chief Scout === Daza began serving as acting President and Chief Scout in 1951, while the incumbent President and Chief Scout Jorge B. Vargas was concurrently serving the position and as a member of the World Scout Committee. In 1961, he was elected to succeed Jorge B. Vargas. Daza retired as President and Chief Scout in 1968. As an avid gardener and orchid fancier, nearly everyday Daza would inspect and prune the BSP grounds with the sole BSP gardener nicknamed Tek, and would often plant trees and flowering plants. Throughout the 1960s, Daza had PEMCO employees and Boy Scouts plant 1 million trees around the Angat Water Reservoir. The BSP were put in charge of managing the Makiling National Scout Reservation at Mount Makiling. Daza hired an agriculturist to not only support training and camping but also to plant bananas and set up a piggery. ==== 11th World Scout Jamboree ==== thumb|Daza at the 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial In 1963, Daza, several other BSP officials and 3 scouts of the BSP delegation opted for an earlier flight to Greece for the 11th World Scout Jamboree. This decision saved their lives as the bulk of the BSP delegation died with the crash of United Arab Airlines Flight 869. === Reorganization === In 1985, President Marcos questioned the BSP Constitution, bylaws and provisions in the BSP charter in Commonwealth Act No. 111. On September 19, 1985, President Marcos issued Letter of Instruction no. 1481, declaring all positions in the BSP vacant. President Marcos appointed Daza as Chairman for a Temporary Executive Committee tasked to reorganize the BSP. === Gabriel A. Daza Award === The BSP Quezon Council annually award ten outstanding KAB Scouts the Gabriel A. Daza Award based on a point system considering the level and number of scouting activities they have participated in, number of scout of the year awards, and membership advancement. As of 2020, the award requires a minimum of 150 points out of a potential 240. == Political career == In 1920, Daza was superintendent and special representative of the U.S. House of Representatives Philippine Resident Commissioner Jaime C. de Veyra for the Philippines' participation in the Missouri School of Journalism's Journalism Week. Throughout the week speakers and performers promoted Filipino history, products and resources, including Filipino food, dress and an orchestra sent from the Philippines. The Made-in- the-Philippines Banquet, held on 7 May 1920, was the final event of Journalism week and took place at the Rothwell Gymnasium of the University of Missouri. The Banquet was headed by Vice-Governor of the Philippines Charles E. Yeater, Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, and U.S. House of Representatives Philippine Resident Commissioner Jaime C. de Veyra. Daza never held an elected position in government office. However, he was respected and trusted by several Presidents who appointed him to positions within government companies and committees. * 1945, President Osmeña appointed Daza to be a member of the Board of Directors of both the **Manila Railroad Company. **Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. *July 25, 1945, President Osmeña appointed Daza to be chairman of the Petroleum Products Control Board. *August 2, 1945, President Osmeña appointed Daza to be a member of the National Power Corporation Board. *1945, Vice-President and Managing Director of Rehabilitation of the Manila Hotel Company. *1946, Chairman of the Housing Committee of the Joint RP-US Executive Committee for the inauguration of the Philippine Republic. * 1950, Vice-Chairman of the National Power Corporation. * 1950, Member of the Board of directors of the Manila Hotel Company. * May 14, 1952, President Quirino appointed Daza to be a founding member of the board of directors of the National Shipyard and Steel Corporation. * 1956, President and director of the National Economic Protection Agency (NEPA). *1956, Member of the Coordinating Council on Economic Nationalism. *1958, Member of the Rice and Corn Production Council. *1958, Member of the Jose Rizal Centennial Commission. *1963, Member of the Board of Censors for moving pictures. * 1985, President Marcos appointed Daza as Chairman for a Temporary Executive Committee tasked to reorganize the Boy Scouts of the Philippines. In 1946, as Vice-President and Managing Director of Rehabilitarion of the Manila Hotel, Daza was sent to the United States for procurement. He spent two months in Los Angeles, with around a $100,000 budget, buying and ordering furniture and utilities for the rehabilitation of the Manila Hotel. == Other work == Daza was a member of the Executive Committee for the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress (IEC), which was held in Manila 3–7 February 1937. Daza was the chairman of Illumination Committee for the 33rd IEC. In 1938, Daza was a Director of the Philippine Wax Products Co. In 1939, Daza was the Directorate of the Ateneo Alumni Association, Directorate of Catholic Action, Reserve Officer in the Signal Corps of the Philippine Army, a member in the Knights of Rizal and Knights of Columbus, and assisted with the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes and Philippine Exposition. In 1946, Daza was a Director of the Philippine Trust Company. In 1951, Daza was the Assistant-Treasurer of the Philippine National Red Cross. From 1955 to 1956, Daza was a member of the Executive Committee of the Second National Eucharistic Congress of the Philippines which was held in 1956, in Manila, from 28 November to 2 December. Daza and fellow boy scout and electrical engineer Hermenegildo B. Reyes were in charge of planning the event. As electrical engineers Daza and Reyes also managed the lighting and P.A. system for the event. In 1965, Daza was a member of the Executive Board for the United Nations Association of the Philippines. Daza participated in the First Asian Conference on Industrialization held during the period 6 to 20 December 1965 at Manila. Daza attended as a member of the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) observer delegation. == Personal life == Daza married Angeles Rosales Ortega on July 8, 1922, in Calbayog, Samar. Daza later moved to Cebu City around 1923. In Cebu City, Daza fathered his first four children Beatriz Daza Orendain, Gabriel Daza Jr., David Daza and Rodolfo Daza. Daza later moved to Manila between 1930 and 1935. In Manila, Daza fathered Elena Daza Valenzuela, Teresa Daza Baltazar and Francisco Daza. His eldest son and namesake Gabriel Daza Jr. became a lawyer and married celebrity chef Nora Villanueva-Daza. == Awards and honours == : * 85px Supreme Exchequer and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Knights of Rizal. : * 85x85px Knight of the Order of St. Sylvester, knighted by Pope Pius XII in 1947. * 85x85px Knight Commander with Star Order of St. Sylvester, awarded by Pope John XXIII in 1960. United Nations Association of the Philippines: *General Carlos P. Romulo (CPR) Award Boy Scouts: * Bronze Wolf awarded by the World Scout Conference in 1965 * Silver Tamaraw (BSP) *Mount Makiling Award (BSP) *Tanglaw ng Kabataan Award (BSP) in 1986 * Golden Pheasant (Japan) * Cruz de Merito (Venezuela) * Silver Tiki (New Zealand) * Mugunghwa Gold Medal (South Korea) Ateneo de Manila University: *Lux in Domino Award in 1991 ==References== Category:1896 births Category:1994 deaths Category:People from Borongan Category:Chief Scouts Category:Scouting in the Philippines Category:Boy Scouts of America Category:Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award Category:Ateneo de Manila University alumni Category:Westinghouse Electric Company Category:20th-century Filipino engineers Category:20th- century Filipino businesspeople Category:20th-century Filipino people Category:Philippine Army |
The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia is a comprehensive project to publish, in one collection, the significant sayings, important conversations and writings (less his letters) of the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. Originally conceived by Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, a history professor at Harvard University, a personal friend of Roosevelt and member of the Roosevelt Memorial Association, now known as the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Hart's goal was, in his words, to "present in alphabetical arrangement, extracts sufficiently numerous and comprehensive to display all the phases of (Theodore) Roosevelt's activities and opinions as expressed by him." A primitive on-line version of the original work is also maintained by the TRA.The Theodore Roosevelt Centennial CD-ROM Online but quite primitive version of the Cyclopedia at the Theodore Roosevelt Association web site with no look-up features ==History of the project== Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. president, popularly known as "TR" and "Teddy" (although Roosevelt despised that name), died on January 6, 1919. Within a few days, the Roosevelt Memorial Association was founded by Roosevelt's friends and associates. The Association was formally chartered by special Act of Congress, May 31, 1920, Led in the years 1919–1957 by Secretary and Director Hermann Hagedorn (1882–1964), poet, author, historian, friend and biographer of Roosevelt, the Association engaged in a wide spectrum of programs and activities to preserve his memory. In the Association's Annual Report 1924, Hagedorn announced that "a Roosevelt Cyclopedia or Roosevelt Thesaurus" was being edited by Professor Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard University. Albert Bushnell Hart (1854–1943) was a classmate of Roosevelt's at Harvard, Class of 1880, and like Roosevelt, a Phi Beta Kappa. Hart received a Ph.D. degree at the University of Freiburg in Germany in 1883, and that same year joined the faculty of Harvard. He taught at Harvard 1883–1926. One of the first generation of professionally trained historians in the United States, a prolific author and editor of historical works, Albert Bushnell Hart became, as Samuel Eliot Morison says, "The Grand Old Man" of American history, looking the part with his "patriarchal full beard and flowing moustaches." Hart was a devoted friend and follower of Theodore Roosevelt, and was elected as a Roosevelt delegate to the Republican convention of 1912. He became an enthusiastic trustee and supporter of the Roosevelt Memorial Association, and said that from the time of Roosevelt's death he had the idea of editing a Roosevelt-centered cyclopedia. The projected reference work would, Hart explained, "present in alphabetical arrangement extracts sufficiently numerous and comprehensive to display all the phases of Roosevelt's activities and opinions as expressed by him." He wrote Hagedorn: "What we are after is the crisp, sharp, biting sparks that flew from the Roosevelt brain." Hart told the survivors of the Harvard Class of 1880 that editing the cyclopedia "will be a very interesting and agreeable service to the memory of our great classmate." ==Initial problems and new leadership== But from the beginning the project was plagued with problems. Hart's time was taken up with other commitments. He was editor of the American Year Book, 1926–1932, edited a five-volume history of Massachusetts in 1927–1930, and worked as the official historian of the George Washington bicentennial commission in the 1920s and 1930s. Hart had to postpone the cyclopedia, and asked the Association for research and clerical staff. But the executive committee of the Roosevelt Memorial Association delayed appropriations for the cyclopedia, because the expense was "so great," and it was not until May 1928 that a budget was approved for the cyclopedia, although the project had been publicly announced years before. Finally, in 1931 Hart presented a rough draft of the cyclopedia to Hagedorn. But the book needed much more work. By now the elderly Hart "began to decline," wrote Samuel Eliot Morison; and Hagedorn reported to the RMA Executive Committee that Hart could not finish the project "because of his advanced years." In 1939, Hagedorn assigned the cyclopedia to Herbert Ronald Ferleger (1914–1973), a graduate student and professional researcher who had done work for the Association. Ferleger, who graduated from Temple University in 1934, had been a Research Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and had taught at Princeton. He received a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University in 1942. Ferleger completed his work in 1940. William Allen White (1868–1944), the editor of the Emporia Gazette, Emporia, Kansas, a respected and beloved public figure and a trustee of the Association who had been a close friend of TR's, wrote a foreword for the book. ==Roosevelt Cyclopedia completed== On January 6, 1941, the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia was published by the Association. The total costs to the RMA from 1928 to 1941 in salaries, printing, and other expenses came to $22,509.52. In the final analysis, The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia represented the vision and plan of Albert Bushnell Hart, the dedication and patience of Hermann Hagedorn, and the research and hard work of Herbert Ronald Ferleger. Lawrence F. Abbott, who worked with TR when the former president was Contributing Editor of the Outlook magazine, once estimated that Roosevelt published perhaps 2,500,000 words, and wrote a total of maybe 18,000,000 words when his letters are included in the count. About 550,000 words are in the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia. ==The final work== The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia, published in 1941, consists of 674 pages with well over 4,000 quotations arranged alphabetically by topic or subject, from "Abbey Theatre" to "Youth." Thousands of topics and subjects are listed, counting the extensive cross-reference entries. The original source of each quotation is given, and if the passage appears in the Charles Scribner's Sons editions of the Works of Theodore Roosevelt (1923–1926), volume and page numbers are listed for the National (20 volumes) and/or Memorial (24 volumes) editions. A guide or chart for the Scribner's Memorial and National editions is provided in the "Editors' Note" at the beginning of the Cyclopedia, listing the basic contents of each volume. Most of the quotations are taken from the Scribner's editions of the Works of Theodore Roosevelt, but approximately 380 quotations in the Cyclopedia, not counting excerpts from letters, are from articles, speeches, and other sources not included in the Scribner's editions. Additionally, over forty recorded conversations are quoted, most of these not in the Scribner's editions. The editors of the Cyclopedia, Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert Ronald Ferleger, unfortunately, did not make use of the unpublished letters in the Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Library of Congress or of other collections of unpublished papers. And the eight-volume Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, based on the Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Library of Congress and other collections, came out in the 1950s, and therefore was not available to the editors. Only one unpublished letter is quoted in the Cyclopedia: TR to the Rev. William W. Moir, October 10, 1898, pp. 534–535, explaining how to pronounce the name Roosevelt. Fortunately, however, many published TR letters were available to the editors in the 1920s and 1930s, most notably in Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children (1919), covering the years 1898–1911, edited by Joseph Bucklin Bishop, included in both Scribner's National and Memorial editions; Letters from Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870-1918 (1924); Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884-1918 (1925), two volumes; My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1921) by Corinne Roosevelt Robinson; and Theodore Roosevelt and His Time, Shown in His Letters (1920), two volumes, by Joseph Bucklin Bishop, included in the Memorial edition. Bishop, whose biography had been authorized by TR before the former President's death, had complete access to what became the collection of Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Library of Congress. Over 670 quotations in the Cyclopedia are from letters by Roosevelt. ==Topics in the Cyclopedia== The topics and subjects included in the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia cover the full range of TR's activities and opinions. Issues of TR's times, like "Silver Issue," "Recall of Judicial Decisions," and "Trust Legislation," and periods and events in Roosevelt's career, such as "New York Assembly-Roosevelt's Service in," "Governor of New York," and "Roosevelt's Reception in Europe" (1910), are listed in the Cyclopedia. Roosevelt's views on the historical events of his era, such as "Spanish–American War," "Russo-Japanese War," "Panic of 1907" and "Election of 1916," are given. Some 149 people are listed as subjects in the Cyclopedia, from historical figures before TR's times, like Oliver Cromwell, Frederick the Great, and John Marshall, to Roosevelts's contemporaries, including Jane Addams, William Jennings Bryan, Mark Hanna, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Pancho Villa, Woodrow Wilson and Booker T. Washington. Roosevelt's comments on writers are given, from Dante to Dickens to Edwin Arlington Robinson. Institutions, groups, and organizations, such as the Methodist Church, Mugwumps, Y.M.C.A., U.S. Senate, Audubon Societies, and Progressive Party, are listed. Birds and animals—ousel, wapiti, elephant, mocking-bird, moose, and many others—are described in the words of the hunter- naturalist TR. Historical topics from before Roosevelt's era are covered, including the fall of the Roman Empire, the Mongol Invasions, the French Revolution, and the War of 1812. Many of the entries in the Cyclopedia are general topics, like "citizenship," "experts in government," "ideals," "reading," "tolerance," "women in politics," and "scholarship." Other entries are specific references, such as "Socialism in Sweden," "Standard Oil Company, "Bryce's American Commonwealth," and "Northern Securities Case." Theodore Roosevelt was a great phrase-maker and coiner of terms, and most of his famous slogans, epithets, titles, sayings, and characterizations are listed in the Cyclopedia, including "lunatic fringe," "Square Deal," "malefactors of great wealth," "Big Stick," "muck-rakers," "Bull Moose," "nature fakers," "polyglot boarding house," "weasel words," "New Nationalism," "broomstick preparedness," and "strenuous life." A few others, however, are not in the Cyclopedia, such as "Ananias Club" (liars) and "bully pulpit" (the White House). Unfortunately, the editors made no systematic attempt to trace or indicate the origin and first use of a term or phrase. The earliest use is often given, but not in all cases. This failure to include notes on the history of phrases and terms is a real limitation in the Cyclopedia as a reference work. The editors were clearly more interested in presenting Roosevelt's thought than in producing a guide to familiar quotations, though most of the famous quotations were included in the book. The quotations given are often lengthy, thereby preserving much of the original context, and providing an accurate view of Roosevelt's thinking. Usually quotations on a topic are taken from a variety of sources over a period of many years, thus showing the development and the remarkable degree of continuity in TR's thought. In some cases, the quotations selected do not give the full scope of Roosevelt's opinions on a particular subject. For instance, only favorable remarks are quoted for William McKinley and M. La Follette Sr., whereas TR was also critical of both leaders, particularly Senator La Follette. But on most subjects an accurate, balanced, and full picture of TR's thinking is given. For instance, the quotations on William Howard Taft show TR's changing views of a man who was at one time a close friend and associate and later a political opponent. Likewise, the coverage of the Panama Canal is thorough. Many of the remarks quoted are candid and colorful, and the private as well as the public Roosevelt is revealed in the Cyclopedia. Anyone familiar with TR's words will probably regret that some particular quotations were not included in the Cyclopedia. But on the whole, the editors did an excellent job in selecting quotations that show the totality of the many-sided Roosevelt. ==Strengths and weaknesses== The chief weaknesses of the Cyclopedia are, as noted, that the editors did not use the then unpublished letters by TR, and did not trace the roots or indicate the first uses of famous phrases and key concepts. The strengths of the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia are many. The choice of topics and subjects is almost exhaustive of the possibilities. The book is thoroughly cross-referenced. The editors used a wide variety of sources, from speeches and state papers to recorded conversations and letters to family members, from little-known articles to Roosevelt's numerous books. The quotations given are for the most part well-chosen, and care was taken to present views on a particular topic expressed over a wide span of time, and to give a full and accurate summary of Roosevelt's thought. No attempt was made to tailor Roosevelt's views to fit the ideological fashions of later periods. Roosevelt "in his miraculous abundance," as William Allen White said, is found in the Cyclopedia. The editors indeed accomplished their stated purpose: to present in one volume "the essence of Theodore Roosevelt-the ideals, principles, and convictions for which he lived; the thoughts, views, and opinions he expressed on a multitude of issues." The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia is a valuable scholarly work that will remain of use as long as anyone is interested in him. The Cyclopedia is now available in CD format and there is a primitive online version of the work at the Theodore Roosevelt Association's web site. There is ongoing discussion on updating that Web publication into a full-featured web- enabled system. ==Modern work on digitization of Theodore Roosevelt's materials== Ongoing discussion is taking place both at the Harvard's Houghton Library, the Theodore Roosevelt Association and at Dickinson State University Dickinson State TR papers digitization project for information on the digitizing of Roosevelt's papers, correspondence, articles, and photos. ==Other presidential papers preservation projects== The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library is beginning the processes of digitizing their collection of Carter materials per a recent History Channel broadcast on US Presidential Libraries. The University of Virginia is well done this path as UVA has developed a web-based Jefferson Cyclopedia http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/foley/ University of Virginia's web-based Jefferson Cyclopedia based on the main writings of Thomas Jefferson. Similar projects are being discussed at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, IL. ==See also== *Theodore Roosevelt Association *Theodore Roosevelt ==References== ==External links== * http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/TR%20Web%20Book/TR_CD_to_HTML01.html Primitive Online version of the Cyclopedia at the Theodore Roosevelt Association web site with no look-up features *http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/foley/ Contrast with the much more developed on-line Cyclopedia for the writings of Thomas Jefferson Category:Theodore Roosevelt |
{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Davao Region | other_name = Region XI Southern Mindanao (formerly) | settlement_type = Region | image_skyline = Davao Region Montage II.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = From top, left to right: Malita, Philippine Eagle Center, Mount Apo, Tagum, Panabo, Davao Gulf, Mati, Samal, Mount Hamiguitan, Digos | image_flag = | flag_size = 120x80px | image_seal = | seal_size = 100x80px | image_map = | map_caption = Location in the Philippines | nickname = Cacao Capital of the Philippines | motto = | anthem = Pinanggang Yuta (Beloved Land) | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Philippines | subdivision_type1 = Island group | subdivision_name1 = Mindanao | seat_type = Regional center | seat = Davao City | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 20,357.42 | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = | population_total = | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Davaoeño | timezone = PST | utc_offset = +8 | iso_code = PH-11 | blank_name_sec1 = Provinces | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = Cities | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = Municipalities | blank2_info_sec1 = 43 | blank3_name_sec1 = Barangays | blank3_info_sec1 = 1162 | blank4_name_sec1 = Cong. districts | blank4_info_sec1 = 11 | blank_name_sec2 = Languages | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = GDP (2021) | blank1_info_sec2 = ₱967 billion $19 billion | blank2_name_sec2 = Growth rate | blank2_info_sec2 = (5.9%) | blank3_name_sec2 = HDI | blank3_info_sec2 = 0.697 () | blank4_name_sec2 = HDI rank | blank4_info_sec2 = 10th in Philippines (2019) | website = | elevation_max_point = Mount Apo | elevation_max_ft = 9,692 | image_map1 = }} thumb|left|Map of the Philippines highlighting the Davao Region Davao Region, formerly called Southern Mindanao (; ), is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region XI.List of Regions , [National Statistical Coordination Board]. It is situated at the southeastern portion of Mindanao and comprises five provinces: Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental and Davao Occidental. The region encloses Davao Gulf, and its regional center is Davao City. Dávao is the Hispanicized pronunciation of daba-daba, the Bagobo word for "fire". ==Etymology== Many historians believe that the name Davao is the mixture of the three names that three different tribes, the earliest settlers in the region, had for the Davao River. The Manobos, an aboriginal tribe, referred to the Davao Rivers as Davohoho. Another tribe, the Bagobos, referred to the river as Davohaha, which means "fire", while another tribe, the Guiangan tribe, called the river as Duhwow. ==History== The history of the region dates back to the times when various tribes occupied the region. It is believed that the Manobos, Mandayas, Kalagans, Mansakas, and the Bagobos occupied the area. These are the same tribes that created the small settlements and communities that eventually became Mindanao. ===Maguindanao era=== The Davao Region was once part of Sultanate of Maguindanao. Early settlers of the region were Maguindanaons, Maranaos and the Tausugs under the Sultanate of Sulu. Datu Bago was one of the Datu in Davao Gulf who resisted the Spanish Empire colonization on the region. ===First European contact=== The Davao Gulf area was the first region in the country that was in contact with the Europeans, with such contacts taking place as early as 16th century. The Portuguese preceded the Spaniards, who were the ones to colonize the region albeit much later, in sighting and visiting the region. In 1512, Francisco Serrano was shipwrecked in the shallow waters and coral reefs of Cape of San Agustín, located in what is now the province of Davao Oriental. In 1538, Francisco de Castro, a Portuguese ship captain, was driven by strong winds to the southeastern coast of Mindanao. He baptized several chieftains in the area. Around January 1546, Francis Xavier, a Jesuit priest, left Malacca and went to Molucca Islands, then called the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese had some settlements, and for a year and a half he preached the Gospel to the inhabitants of Amboyna, Ternate, Baranura, and other lesser islands. It is claimed by some that during this expedition he landed on the island of Mindanao, which is confirmed by some writers of the seventeenth century, and in the Bull of canonization issued in 1623. It is also said that he is the one to have preached the Gospel in Mindanao. ===Spanish administration=== For centuries the tribes lived in relative peace until the Spanish, under the adventurous Spanish businessman Don Jose Oyanguren, arrived in the region in 1847. At that time, the Kalagan Moro chieftain Datu Bago was in control of the area in what is now Davao City. Don Oyanguren attempted to conquer the area which Datu Bago ruled; although he failed at first, the Moro chieftain eventually evacuated his people to live in the areas near Mount Apo. This is the time the town of Davao, then called Nueva Vergara by the Spaniards, was established in the year 1848. Don Oyanguren attempted to develop the region. Although the Spanish gained the upper hand when they finally controlled the ports of the region, the population of Davao grew very slowly until the arrival of Christian missionaries in the area in 1890. ===American administration=== After the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spanish rule in the region ended. Americans then landed in the region and they subsequently developed the regions communications and transportation systems. During this period, private farm ownership grew in the region. Japanese migration in the region began as two Japanese entrepreneurs, Kyosaburo Ohta and Yoshizo Furukawa, were finding better agricultural lands for building abaca and coconut plantations in the region. The Port of Davao was opened on 1900, becoming the first Philippine international port to be established in the south. In 1903 until 1914, the region was one of the districts of the former Moro Province in Mindanao. After 1914, the province was replaced by an American colonial agency called Department of Mindanao and Sulu, which spanned the entire Mindanao island except Lanao. The agency lasted from 1914 to 1920. ====Wartime Japanese occupation==== In 1942, during World War II, as the Japanese occupation of the Philippines began, the region was one of the first among the Philippine regions to be subjected by Japanese occupation. The Japanese immigrants in Davao acted as a fifth column, welcoming the Japanese invaders during World War II. These Japanese were hated by the Moro Muslims and disliked by the Chinese.Curtis 1942, p. 4.CURTIS 1942, p. 4. The Moros were judged as "fully capable of dealing with Japanese fifth columnists and invaders alike.""80 Japanese Troop Ships Are Sighted Off Luzon" 1941, p. 7. The Moros were to fight the Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao on Mindanao.AP 1941, p. 1."SITUATION AT DAVAO OBSCURE AS JAPS LAND" 1941, p. 2."THE JAPS SWARM AT DAVAO BUT THE SITUATION OBSCURE" 1941, p. 3."Six Japanese Bombers In New Raid On Manila" 1941, p. 13.THE NEW YORK TIMES 1941, p. 1."Large Force Is Attacking" 1941, p. 58. The Japanese went back to their ships at night to sleep since the Moros struck so much fear into them, even though the Moros were outnumbered by the Japanese.LEE 1942, p. 8.LEE 1942, p. 1.LEE 1942, p. 7.LEE 1942, p. 9.Lee 1942, p. 2.Lee 1942, p. 25.Lee 1942, p. 4. The longest battle of the Allied liberation campaign, the Battle of Davao, took place in 1945. After the war, the region eventually passed to the American hands again for at least almost one year before the formal Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, most of the Japanese living in the region were now integrated in the Filipino population. ===Philippine administration=== ====Davao province==== Prior to Philippine independence in 1946, the entire region was a single province called Davao Province, with Davao City serving as its capital. The province was one of the largest provinces in the Philippines during that time, spanning more than . It lasted from 1920 until 1967, when the province was split into three provinces in May 1967: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental. After the division, Davao City was officially named its regional center. ====Southern Mindanao and Davao Region==== Region XI, then known as Southern Mindanao, originally covered 6 provinces (Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, South Cotabato and Sarangani), and the cities of Davao, Digos, Panabo, Tagum, Samal, General Santos and Koronadal. Surigao del Sur was moved to the newly created region Caraga on February 23, 1995. In September 2001, Executive Order No. 36 was enacted which reorganized the regions in Mindanao. , then known as Southern Mindanao, was renamed Davao Region, and the provinces of South Cotabato and Sarangani, and the cities of General Santos and Koronadal were moved to . On October 12, 2022, the Regional Peace and Order Council declared the entire region "insurgency-free" after decades of being a stronghold for the communist insurgency, barring some scattered members of the New People's Army that are left in the region. ==Administrative divisions== ===Provinces=== Davao Region is subdivided into 5 provinces, 1 highly urbanized city, 5 component cities, 43 municipalities and 1,162 barangays. Province Province Capital Population Population Area Area Density Density Cities km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi Davao de Oro Davao de Oro Nabunturan 0 11 237 Davao del Norte Davao del Norte Tagum 3 8 223 Davao del Sur Davao del Sur Digos 1 9 232 Davao Occidental Davao Occidental Malita 0 5 105 Davao Oriental Davao Oriental Mati 1 10 183 Davao City † — — — 182 Total Total Total Total 4,893,318 20,433.38 6 43 1,162 Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. Davao City is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur. ====Governors and vice governors==== Province Image Governor Political Partymed Office Political Partymed Office Vice Governor 138x138px Dorothy Gonzaga Jayvee Tyron Uy 138x138px Edwin Jubahib De Carlo Lim Uy 138x138px Yvonne Rhona Cagas Riafe Cagas-Fernandez 138x138px Franklin Bautista Lorna Bautista-Bandigan 138x138px Corazon Nuñez Malanyaon Niño Sotero Uy Jr. ===Cities=== City Population Area Area Density Density Founding year City class Income class Province km2 /km2 † Davao City 1,632,991 1848 (cityhood: 1936) Highly urbanized city 1st Davao del Sur Digos 169,393 1949 (cityhood: 2000) Component 2nd Davao del Sur Mati 141,141 1861 (cityhood: 2007) 5th Davao Oriental Panabo 184,599 1949 (cityhood: 2001) 3rd Davao del Norte Samal 104,123 1948 (cityhood: 1998) 4th Davao del Norte Tagum 259,444 1941 (cityhood: 1998) 1st Davao del Norte ==Climate== The region has a generally uniform distribution of rainfall through the year. It lies outside the typhoon belt. == Demographics == Davao Region is the most populous region in Mindanao and the 7th most populous in the country, with a total of 5,243,536 inhabitants in 2020. Davao City, its regional capital, is also the largest city in Mindanao, with an area of 2,444 km2, the largest in the country and one of the largest in the world, and has 1,632,991 inhabitants in 2015, making it the third most populous city in the country and the most populous city proper in the entire Visayas-Mindanao region. Davao Metropolitan Area, the primary economic and urban build-up area in the region, is also the most populous in the island and the third most populous in the country, with about 2,274,913 inhabitants in that year. Most of the region's inhabitants speak Cebuano. Filipino and English are also spoken and widely used in schools, businesses, commerce, and industry. In the Davao City Metro Area, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby locals have either shifted to Filipino or significantly mix Filipino terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech. Minority indigenous groups of the region speak their own languages as well. Chinese immigrants are widespread in the region, with a considerable population based in Davao City. Davao Chinatown is one of the two defined Chinatowns in the Philippines, alongside Binondo in Manila. A considerable population of Japanese are also found in the region, most of them also located in Davao City. Before World War II, Davao was and still is heavily populated by Japanese immigrants and their descendants, with Davao City being touted at one point in its history as the Little Tokyo of the Philippines. ===Religion=== The majority of the region's population are Christians, mostly Catholics; however, there are also Muslims, Buddhists, and Shintoists living in the region. ==Economy== thumb|right|A view of Davao City as seen in July 2018 While the region's economy is predominantly agri-based, it is now developing into a center for agro-industrial business, trade and tourism. Its competitive advantage is in agri-industry as its products, papayas, mangoes, bananas, pineapples, fresh asparagus, flowers, and fish products are exported internationally. The region can be a vital link to markets in other parts of Mindanao, Brunei Darussalam and parts of Malaysia and Indonesia. There is also a growing call center sector in the region, mostly centered in Davao City. There is a gradual shift to industrialization as shown with industry's growth rate of 8.1% in 1996. Other economic activities are mining, fishery, forestry and agriculture. Due to the region's rise as the main commercial and industrial hub of Mindanao, many of its workers are oriented to urban services such as putting small-scale businesses and working in commercial industries in thriving urban areas like Davao, Tagum, and Digos. Both private and foreign investors and businessmen are putting up huge business centers in the region, fueling up its commercial growth rate. The region is also venturing to online business like outsourcing. ===Ports and airport=== The region's principal ports are the Sasa International Seaport in Sasa and Santa Ana Pier in the Chinatown District, both in Davao City; Panabo Seaport in Davao del Norte; and Mati Seaport in Davao Oriental. The former two, both of which are located in Port of Davao in Davao City, can service both interisland and international shipments. Sasa International Container Port, also located in the Port of Davao, is the busiest in Mindanao. The international airport in Davao City, Francisco Bangoy International Airport, is the largest and most developed in Mindanao, has the first longest runway in the island, and the third busiest in the country, after Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Mactan–Cebu International Airport. Being the only airport in the island that is currently catering for international destinations, it can handle both domestic and international flights, serving several domestic flights to Manila, Cebu, Bacolod, Iloilo, Zamboanga and other major Philippine cities, and international flights to Doha, Hong Kong, Manado, Quanzhou, and Singapore. Its ATC Tower is the most advanced in the country. The region is accessible by land, air and sea. The region has adequate communications facilities, reliable power, and an abundant water supply. In December 2016, President Duterte helped enter a contract with Chinese investors to create a new port in the region of Isla Verde in Davao. This involves the creation of three artificial islands by a set of Chinese companies including CCCC Dredging Group Co. Ltd for $200 million. ==Government== ===Legislators to the House of Representatives for Region 11=== Davao de Oro 1st Maria Carmen Zamora PDP–Laban 3 Majority Davao de Oro 2nd Ruwel Peter Gonzaga PDP–Laban 1 Majority Davao City 1st Karlo Nograles NUP 3 Majority Davao City 2nd Mylene Garcia-Albano Liberal 3 Majority Davao City 3rd Alberto Ungab Nacionalista/Hugpong 1 Majority Davao del Norte 1st Pantaleon Alvarez PDP–Laban 1 Majority Davao del Norte 2nd Antonio Floirendo, Jr. PDP–Laban 1 Majority Davao del Sur Lone Mercedes Cagas Nacionalista 2 Majority Davao Occidental Lone Lorna Bautista-Bandigan Liberal 1 Majority Davao Oriental 1st Corazon Malanyaon Nacionalista 1 Majority Davao Oriental 2nd Joel Mayo Almario Lakas 1 Majority ===Provincial governors and city mayors=== * Davao de Oro — Gov. Jayvee Tyron L. Uy (Reporma) * Davao del Norte — Gov. Edwin I. Jubahib (PDP–Laban) * Davao del Sur — Gov. Douglas R. Cagas (Independent) * Davao Occidental - Gov. Claude P. Bautista (Hugpong ng Pagbabago) * Davao Oriental — Gov. Nelson L. Dayanghirang (Hugpong ng Pagbabago) * Davao City — Mayor Sebastian Z. Duterte (Hugpong ng Pagbabago) == Education == The government provides free education at the primary (grade school) and secondary (high school) levels. Some state-run universities in the region are the University of the Philippines Mindanao and the University of Southeastern Philippines. Private colleges / universities in Davao include Ateneo de Davao University, Assumption College of Davao, Holy Cross of Davao College, Holy Child College of Davao, and University of the Immaculate Conception. The literacy rate of the country is 93.9%; Davao City has a literacy rate of 98.05%. ==References== == External links == * * * Category:Regions of the Philippines |
Dominic (II) from the kindred Rátót (; died 1320) was a Hungarian powerful lord at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, who served as Palatine of Hungary from 1315 to 1320. At the beginning of his career, he was a staunch supporter of Andrew III of Hungary, serving his Master of the treasury for a decade. He retained his office after the extinction of the Árpád dynasty too, during the short reign of Wenceslaus. Dominic, with the assistance of his brothers and cousins, established a province, which mostly laid in Nógrád and Heves counties, thus he was among the so-called oligarchs, who ruled de facto independently their dominions during the era of feudal anarchy. In this capacity, he had various conflicts with the most powerful oligarch Matthew Csák. After Wenceslaus' departure from Hungary, Dominic supported the claim of Charles I, becoming his ardent partisan until his death in 1320. Dominic was the ancestor of the Pásztói family, which flourished until the early 16th century. ==Family== Dominic II was presumably born in the early 1260s into the prestigious and influential gens (clan) Rátót, as the son of Stephen I ("the Porc"), who was a strong confidant of Queen Elizabeth the Cuman and held several offices in her court since 1265. It is plausible that Stephen's only known wife Aglent Smaragd was not the mother of Dominic; she was still alive in 1327, and was a Beguine nun at the Sibylla cloister in Buda. Her brothers, Ladislaus and Aynard were active courtiers even in 1350. Dominic's uncle was the powerful baron Roland I. Dominic had four known brothers: Lawrence was killed in the Battle of Lake Hód (near present-day Hódmezővásárhely) in 1282. Ladislaus was Ban of Slavonia in 1300 and ancestor of the Tari family. Kakas was Master of the horse and was killed in the Battle of Rozgony in 1312. He was forefather of the Kakas de Kaza noble family. The youngest brother was Leustach III (also "the Great"). He was first mentioned by contemporary records only in 1338, thus he was presumably much younger than his late brothers, and his mother was perhaps Aglent Smaragd. Beyond the members of the Rátót kindred, Nicholas Pok was also his cousin.Engel: Genealógia (Genus Rátót 1. main branch) Dominic had two sons from his unidentified wife. The elder one Dominic III (also "the Great") took the surname Pásztói (sometimes also Hasznosi) after his land centre Pásztó. The noble family flourished until the early 16th century. The younger son, Stephen IV was mentioned only once by a document in 1323.Engel: Genealógia (Genus Rátót 3. Pásztói branch) ==Andrew's partisan== Dominic first appeared in contemporary records in 1270, when he was still a minor. He was next mentioned by three non-authentic charters from 1283. The first document narrates a lawsuit and a subsequent agreement within the kindred following the division of their estates. Accordingly, Dominic was granted Pata and Szentgyörgy in Somogy County, Selpe in Pozsony County, Putnok and Feled (present-day Jesenské, Slovakia) in Gömör County, Kaza in Borsod County, Rátót in Pest County and other lands in Bihar County and Transylvania. The other two documents contain donations of privilege to Pata and Szentgyörgy, as a reward to the members of the kindred, who bravely fought in the previous years against the Cumans. Dominic disappeared from the sources thereafter; he did not hold any royal dignity during the reign of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. Since the 1280s, the wide Rátót kinship started to build their province to northeast of the capital, which laid mostly in Nógrád and Heves counties. Dominic's possessions reached out Borsod and Gömör counties, where the Ákos clan passed a similar way. In many cases, this has involved conflict with the local nobility. According to a treaty, which was signed in Zagyvafő (present-day near Salgótarján) by the Rátóts and the Zagyvafői branch of the Kacsics clan in late 1290, there were serious clashes and confrontations between the two families prior to that. According to the document, the Rátóts attacked and destroyed the three forts – including Szőlős – of Leustach Kacsics, who was also killed along with three family members and countless servants. The treaty was mediated by Palatine Amadeus Aba and Andrew, Bishop of Eger. The members of the Rátót clan, including Dominic pledged that they will rebuild the three forts and pay 200 marks as a compensation. Dominic's degree of participation is unknown, but his involvement in the conflict was proved by his signature in the document. Dominic was considered a loyal supporter and strong confidant of King Andrew III by December 1291, when he was appointed Master of the treasury, replacing Mojs Ákos. Around the same time, his brother Ladislaus (or Lack) was made Master of the stewards. Dominic served as Master of the treasury throughout the reign of Andrew III, even retaining the dignity after the extinction of the Árpád dynasty. According to historian Bálint Hóman, favorable changes occurred in the state economic policy and the Hungarian central financial administration for the last decade of the 13th century, when Dominic held the office. For instance, high-quality coins with high precious metal content were minted, which have reached the highest level of coins from the reign of Béla IV decades earlier. Andrew's coinage was a popular currency in abroad too. Dominic also standardized the interest rate of the Viennese denarius with banovac (or banski denar). Unfortunately, these reform steps were proved to be temporary, as central economic policy ceased under anarchic conditions in the first two decades of the 14th century. Andrew III visited Dominic's estates in Heves County in early 1295, and issued his royal charter in Pásztó on 16 February, which reflects his influence and prestige. Beside his position of Master of the treasury, Dominic was made ispán of Somogy County around December 1297, serving in that capacity at least until October 1299, when he became ispán of Nógrád County. Historian Tamás Kádár argues, he retained both offices after Andrew's death. Andrew III held an assembly of the prelates, noblemen, Saxons, Székelys, and Cumans in Pest in the summer of 1298. Its decrees authorized Andrew to destroy forts built without permission and ordered the punishment of those who had seized landed property with force, but also threatened Andrew with excommunication if he did not apply the decrees. After the close of the diet, Andrew entered into a formal alliance with five influential noblemen – Amadeus Aba, Stephen Ákos, Dominic Rátót, Demetrius Balassa and Paul Szécs – who stated that they were willing to support him against the "rebellious lords", which term definitely covered Matthew Csák and the Kőszegi family. Based on Stephen Ákos' surviving feudal contract, Dominic possibly accepted Andrew as his "natural lord" and swore an oath that will defend his king against his all opponents, even against the Pope, while Andrew committed himself that he will support Dominic and his kinship in their efforts and will make peace with the rebellious lords only with the consent of Dominic. Historian Jenő Szűcs emphasized, the Rátót and Ákos provinces cut off the expanding Csák domain from the royal lands, while Stephen Ákos and Dominic Rátót also received royal support to defend their landholdings and to isolate the Csáks and the Kőszegis from each other. By the end of the reign of Andrew III, Dominic was considered a provincial lord, who established a huge domain with his brothers and cousins. His lands and villages laid in the borderland of Heves, Nógrád, Gömör and Borsod counties, at the valleys of the rivers Sajó and Rima (Rimava). His territory also spread to the northeast portions of Veszprém and Pest counties. Through his cousin Desiderius Rátót, Dominic also had kinship relationships with his neighbor and ally Stephen Ákos. Dominic exchanged his estates in Szabolcs County for Poroszló and its monastery in February 1299, with Julius Sártványvecse. Initially, he resided in Ágasvár (lit. "Ágas Castle"), a small fort located in the mountain range of Mátra. Following a division contract of estates within the kindred, only his younger brother Ladislaus and his descendants owned the castle. Thereafter Dominic moved to Pásztó permanently, which became the centre of his domain and built there a fortified manor. Under his ownership, the town was granted the right from the Crown to hold fairs and markets in 1298. Near the village of Hasznos (today part of Pásztó), he built his castle by the bank of the Kövecses stream, at the foot of the Western Mátra. His descendants, the Pásztói family possessed the fort until its demolition by the end of the 15th century. ==During the Interregnum== thumb|left|320px|The oligarchic provinces in the early 14th century Andrew III, the last male member of the Árpád dynasty, died on 14 January 1301. Alongside other lords and prelates, Dominic Rátót was present at the king's deathbed in Buda. In the next days, he remained in the capital in the evolving political vacuum, and supported the dowager queen, Agnes of Austria. A civil war between various claimants to the throne – Charles of Anjou, Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and Otto of Bavaria – followed Andrew's death and lasted for seven years. In early 1301, Charles of Anjou hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king irregularly. Being Pope Boniface VIII's candidate for the Hungarian throne, Charles had always been unpopular, because the Hungarian lords feared that they would "lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by the Church", as the Illuminated Chronicle narrates. Dominic was among those lords, who supported Wenceslaus, the son of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who was not only Béla IV's great-great- grandson, but also the bride of the late Andrew III's daughter, Elizabeth. Dominic was a leading member of that Hungarian delegation, which traveled to Bohemia and offered the crown to the young Wenceslaus. The Bohemian king met the Hungarian envoys in Hodonín in August and accepted their offer in his eleven-year-old son's name. Wenceslaus II accompanied his son to Székesfehérvár where John Hont-Pázmány, Archbishop of Kalocsa, crowned the young Wenceslaus king with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1301. Dominic Rátót became one of the most illustrious supporters of Wenceslaus, and was also a member of the royal council in Buda. The young king referred to him as Master of the doorkeepers in September 1301. Beside that, Dominic retained his position of Master of the treasury until the second half of 1302, when he was replaced by Henry Kőszegi. While retained his office of ispán of Nógrád County at least until 1303, he was also made ispán of Szepes County in 1302. According to a royal document from 1303, he held the ispánate of Fejér County in that year. Wenceslaus, who spent most of his short reign only in the safe Buda, issued a royal charter in Pásztó on 5 May 1303, enjoying the hospitality and protection of his loyal baron, Dominic Rátót. The king again visited him in Pásztó a year later, in early June 1304. These two visits are the only known occasions, when Wenceslaus left his seat for another place. As Wenceslaus' position in Hungary had dramatically weakened in the previous years, his father decided to take him back to Bohemia in the summer of 1304. He even took the Holy Crown of Hungary with himself to Prague. Based on a donation letter, it is possible that Dominic supported the claim of Otto, after Wenceslaus renounced his claim to Hungary in favor of him on 9 October 1305, and the Bavarian duke arrived to Hungary with the Holy Crown. Otto referred to Dominic as his Master of the treasury in the second half of 1306 in the above-mentioned document, however it is plausible that Otto, who was never able to strengthen his position in Hungary, tried to obtain the support of Dominic with this appointment and land donation. Historian Tamás Kádár considers, Dominic retired from politics after Wenceslaus' departure from Hungary, and did not interfere in the conflict between Charles of Anjou and Otto of Bavaria. Based on fragmented data from near-contemporary documents, Matthew Csák seriously threatened Dominic's province in the 1300s. When the powerful oligarch attended in a meeting in Kékes in November 1308, three of his five-member escort were noblemen from Nógrád County, which indicates Matthew Csák extended his influence to much of the county at the expense of Dominic. It is plausible that Matthew launched raids and invasions against Dominic's territory after 1304, when Wenceslaus left Hungary. Dominic's temporary retirement from the national politics during that time also supports this assumption. When John III, Bishop of Nyitra excommunicated Matthew Csák in March 1318 for his previous lawlessness against the Church, he referred an incident that the oligarch had formerly imposed extraordinary tax to his subjects in order to ransom the hostages, who were sent to the court of Dominic during their short-lived reconciliation. In 1323, Dominic's sons, Dominic III and Stephen IV remembered that they were imprisoned and sentenced to death by Matthew sometimes earlier. At the cost of serious injuries, they managed to escape from the prison with the assistance of a lady named Cunigunde. ==Charles' partisan== Along with his brothers and cousins, for instance Roland II, who styled himself Palatine of Hungary in the 1300s, Dominic took an oath of allegiance to Charles I by 1307. He was present at the Diet of Rákos on 10 October 1307, which confirmed Charles's claim to the throne. The subsequently issued royal charter listed Dominic to the second place among the supportive barons, only Ugrin Csák, Charles' earliest and most ardent partisan preceded him. With the leadership of Dominic II and Roland II (who died in 1307, however), the Rátót clan was the most populous family in the royal court, who joined Charles. He was again made ispán of Nógrád County, according to a document issued in September 1308, but it is possible he held the office without interrupt since 1299 (or 1303). When the papal legate Cardinal Gentile Portino da Montefiore managed to persuade Matthew Csák to accept King Charles' rule at their meeting in the Pauline Monastery of Kékes on 10 November 1308, the oligarch also promised that "he will conclude a just and equitable peace with magister Dominic and other those barons, with whom he had conflict". Thereafter they mutually offered hostages to Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom, in order to maintain peace. Dominic and his brothers – Ladislaus and Kakas – were present at the following assembly (27 November) in Pest where Charles was unanimously proclaimed king. Dominic also attended the second coronation of Charles I on 15 June 1309, representing his brothers and the whole kindred too. As the Transylvanian oligarch, Ladislaus Kán refused to recover the Holy Crown, which he possessed after Otto's capture and imprisonment, most Hungarian lords regarded Charles' second coronation with a temporary crown invalid. Thereafter Amadeus Aba and Dominic Rátót escorted Archbishop Thomas, who negotiated with the voivode in Szeged on 8 April 1310, on the conditions of return of the crown. Ladislaus Kán finally agreed to give the Holy Crown to Charles. On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Thomas put the Holy Crown on Charles' head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles' third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law. For his loyalty and service, Dominic Rátót was made treasurer of the queenly court of Charles' wife Mary of Bytom. Two documents from August and November 1313 (the latter was preserved from only 18th-century transcriptions) mentioned him in this capacity, but it is possible that he already held the dignity since 1310. When James Borsa rebelled against the king in late 1314 or early 1315, he was dismissed as Palatine by Charles. Dominic Rátót was first referred to as his successor in August 1315, but it is presumable that he already obtained the position at least in February. The importance of the position was overshadowed by the dignity Master of the treasury during the first period of the Angevin (Anjou) rule. For instance, treasurer Demetrius Nekcsei almost always preceded Dominic in the lists of barons, which were part of the royal charters. Tamás Kádár considers Charles chose Dominic to the position, because he remained the only prestigious and experienced baron in the royal court, who has maintained his loyalty; in 1314–15, Charles' rule came to a turning point. The oligarchic powers rebelled against him one after another. Simultaneously, Charles transferred his residence from Buda to Temesvár (present-day Timișoara, Romania) in early 1315, and launched his unification war against the provinces. Dominic realized the situation that he can defend his interests and landholdings against the neighboring Csák and Aba domains, if he does not only cooperate with the central power, but also actively helps the monarch against the violent and disloyal provincial lords. After his appointment, he was granted the confiscated lands of three noblemen in Nógrád County in September 1315, who were considered strong supporters of Matthew Csák. One of these sanctioned nobles was Felician Záh, who became infamous for his assassination attempt against Charles and his family in 1330. Despite Dominic held the dignity for five years, he is one of the least knowable palatines of the era due to the lack of sources. He issued only one private nature document, while his possible vice-palatine or permanent court were not mentioned, in addition to the counties, which he was granted as source of income (honor). Historian Tibor Szőcs argues Dominic resided constantly in the royal court at Temesvár, and because of the war conditions, he never visited the rest of the country and made no judgments. Dominic was a member of the royal council and often gave advice to Charles. His predecessors and successors represented a different institutional style. Because of the unification war, Dominic was only palatine in title, but not in practice. Historian Attila Zsoldos considers the counties of Pest, Fejér and Esztergom, in addition to the privileged Pechenegs of Sárvíz (), belonged to his honor, while he functioned as Palatine of Hungary. Zsoldos argues Stephen Sáfár, the castellan of Visegrád and John Hencfi, judge of Buda were commissioned as acting judges of the aforementioned territories in January 1321, shortly after Dominic's death. In accordance with Zsoldos' theory, Archbishop Thomas nominally remained the perpetual count of Esztergom, but the county and its castle was managed by Dominic Rátót because of its strategic importance in the war against Matthew Csák and the Kőszegis (Esztergom was besieged and captured several times in the previous decade). Dominic was last mentioned as a living person by sources in August 1320. He died soon. He was succeeded as Palatine by Dózsa Debreceni after one and half years period of vacancy in the end of 1321 or early 1322. ==References== ==Sources== * * * * * * * * * Category:1320 deaths Category:13th-century Hungarian people Category:14th-century Hungarian people Dominic 02 Category:Palatines of Hungary Category:Masters of the treasury (Kingdom of Hungary) Category:Masters of the doorkeepers Category:Oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary |
thumb|The Rodent Research Hardware System includes three modules: (Left) Habitat, (Center) Transporter, and (Right) Animal Access Unit NASA's Rodent Research Hardware System provides a research platform aboard the International Space Station for long-duration experiments on rodents in space. Such experiments will examine how microgravity affects the rodents, providing information relevant to human spaceflight, discoveries in basic biology, and knowledge that can help treat human disease on Earth. ==Background== Based on the recommendations from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (2011). The report included a recommendation that NASA establish a rodent research facility aboard the International Space Station designated as a national laboratory “as soon as possible” to enable high-priority, long duration rodent studies. The goal was to conduct studies of durations up to 6 months. As mice and rats have life spans of at most 5 years the “studies on these rodents in space have the potential to extrapolate important implications for humans living in space well beyond six months." The Rodent Research Hardware System was developed by scientists and engineers at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. In the past short- term rodent experiments transported to space on various vehicle including the Space Shuttle. This is the first "permanent" laboratory for rodent research. The system was developed based on what was learned from the Animal Enclosure Module that flew aboard 27 Space Shuttle missions between 1983 and 2011. The first Rodent Research Hardware System was delivered to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-4. ==Design== The system has 4 major components. The Transporter is used to safely house the rodents while being transported from Earth to the space station. This is also referred to as the Animal Enclosure Module- Transporter(AEM-T). As the trip from Earth can take up to 10 days an Environmental Control and Life Support System(ECLSS) is required. This is provided by the Animal Enclosure Module-ECLSS(AEM-E). The Animal Access Unit provides containment while transferring of rodents between the Transporter and the Habitat; and the Habitat that provides long-term housing for rodents aboard the station. The Habitat component operate in an EXPRESS Rack facility aboard the station. Crew members will use the access module to examine the rodents closely during the study and to transfer them between habitats as needed. Each habitat module provides as many as 10 mice or six rats with all of the basics they need to live comfortably aboard the station including water, food, lighting and fresh air. Rodents easily can move around the living space by grasping grids that line the floor and walls. The modules include data downlink capability that enables monitoring of environmental conditions such as temperature. A visible light and infrared video system allows the crew in space and scientists and veterinarians on the ground to monitor behavior and overall health of the rodents on a daily basis. ==Missions== ===Rodent Research-1 (RR1)=== Delivered on 21 September 2014 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-4. Mission was a validation of the operational capabilities of the hardware to support rodent research provides valuable information applicable to future long-term space missions. Rodent Research-1 was a joint operation between NASA and CASIS. The experiments involved 20 mice; 10 NASA mice and 10 CASIS mice. This was the first time rodents were transported to the ISS aboard an uncrewed commercial vehicle. Lasting 37 days, Rodent Research-1 was the longest duration spaceflight rodent study to date conducted in a NASA facility. The Bone Densitometer was also delivered on this mission to be used in later missions. ===Rodent Research-2 (RR2)=== thumb|125px|RR2 Patch Delivered on 14 April 2015 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-6. The research was sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) and Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research. The primary objective of the research was to monitor the effects of the space environment on the musculoskeletal and neurological systems of mice as model organisms of human health and disease. In addition to the primary research focus other organ systems, including whole blood, brain, heart, lungs, kidney/adrenal glands, liver, spleen, and small intestines, were also studied for molecular and morphological changes as a function of duration of spaceflight exposure. The study included 40 mice, 20 that were flown to the ISS and 20 as controls that remained on Earth. The study lasted 37 days. The Bone Densitometer Validation experiment was used in support of RR-2. ===Rodent Research-3 (RR3)=== thumb|125px|RR3 Patch Delivered on 8 April 2016 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-8. The research was sponsored by the International Space Station U.S. National Laboratory in partnership with Eli Lilly and Company. The primary objective was to countermeasure against muscle atrophy. The study assessed myostatin inhibition to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness in mice. Twenty mice were flown for this experiment and the study lasted 33 days. As part of the study astronauts successfully completed a functional assessment of grip strength in mice on the orbiting laboratory. This was the first time a grip strength meter has been used for rodent research on orbit, and the data gathered will be used to assess the efficacy of the anti- myostatin treatments in preventing muscle loss in space. ===Rodent Research-4 (RR4)=== thumb|125px|RR4 Patch Delivered on 19 February 2017 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-10. The research was sponsored by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program and the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), manager of the ISS National Laboratory. The primary objective of the study was to better understand bone healing and bone tissue regeneration and to study the impacts of microgravity on these processes. The study also intended to gauge certain agents capable of inducing bone healing and regeneration in spaceflight. The study lasted 28 days. NASA studies in space involving mice require housing mice at densities higher than recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. For this reason all previous NASA missions in which mice were co-housed, involved female mice. This spaceflight study examining bone healing, male mice are required for optimal experimentation. To ensure valid results from this first NASA study involving male mice an additional study on the housing density was done. The study included 80 mice, 40 that were flown to the ISS and 40 as controls that remained on Earth. Some of the results of this study have been published in the journal of Life Sciences in Space Research focusing on the impact of launch into space on bone fracture healing. ===Rodent Research-5 (RR5)=== thumb|125px|RR5 Patch Delivered on 3 June 2017 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-11. The research was sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) in partnership with the University of California at Los Angeles. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate a new strategy to mitigate one of the negative effects of living in space (bone degradation). All the mice were periodically injected with either a control treatment or an experimental treatment that contains NELL1, a protein that when expressed can help regulate bone-remodeling. The study is based on research on NELL1 done by a group led by Dr. Chia Soo, a UCLA professor of plastic and reconstructive surgery and orthopedic surgery. The experiments involved 40 mice that were flown to the ISS. On 3 July 2017 twenty of the mice were returned to Earth live. This was the first time the Transporter unit was used to carry mice from the ISS back to Earth alive. The entire study lasted 30 days. ===Rodent Research-9 (RR9)=== thumb|125px|RR9 Patch Delivered on 14 August 2017 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-12. The research was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Life and Physical Sciences program. This is the first Rodent Research mission that is dedicated to NASA-sponsored science experiments. Previous missions on the ISS involved commercial and other government agency experiments selected by the Center for Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS). The mission consisted of three separate experiments led by principal investigators Michael Delp, Xiao Wen Mao, and Jeffrey Willey. Delp's investigation was designed to study the effects of long duration spaceflight on fluid shifts and increased fluid pressures in the head, Mao's was to examine the impact of spaceflight on the vessels that supply blood to the eyes, and Willey's was designed to study the extent of knee and hip joint degradation caused by prolonged exposure to weightlessness. The flight lasted 33 days. ===Rodent Research-6 (RR6)=== thumb|125px|RR6 Patch Delivered on 15 December 2017 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-13. The research was sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) in partnership with Novartis and NanoMedical Systems. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate a novel therapeutic drug delivery chip in microgravity. The nanochannel drug delivery chip delivered the drug formoterol, used in the management of asthma and other medical conditions, to achieve a constant and reliable dosage. The experiments involved 40 mice that were flown to the ISS. On 13 January 2018 twenty of the mice were returned to Earth alive. The remaining 20 mice were studied for and additional 30 days. The study lasted 60 days. ===Rodent Research-7 (RR7)=== thumb|125px|RR7 Patch Delivered on 29 June 2018 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-15. The research was the second mission sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Life and Physical Sciences program. The primary objective of the study was to study the impact of the space environment on the gut microbiota of mice. The importance of this study is that disruption of the normal microbiota communities in the digestive tract has been linked to multiple health problems: including the intestinal, immune, mental, and metabolic health. The experiments involved 20 mice that were flown to the ISS. On 3 August 2018 ten of the mice were returned to Earth alive. The entire study lasted 77 days. ===Rodent Research-8 (RR8)=== Delivered on 8 December 2018 to the ISS by SpaceX CRS-16. Strangely it did not appear on the list of science payloads for the mission. The experiment was blamed for delaying the launch due to mold being discovered on the food for the mice.Moldy Mouse Chow Delays SpaceX Dragon Launch to Space Station The research is sponsored by the National Laboratory in partnership with Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) and Taconic Biosciences. The primary objective of the study is to study the physiology of aging and the effect of age on disease progression using groups of young and old mice. The study will consist of 2 groups of 20 mice each. Half of each group will be 10–16 weeks old (young group), the other half will be 30–52 weeks old (old group). Half of each group will be returned to Earth alive after about 30 days. The remaining mice will be euthanized and cryogenically preserved for study back on Earth. This is also been designated as Rodent Research Reference Mission-1 (RRR-1). For this mission the samples gathered will be made available for other researchers through a proposals submitted to CASIS. ===Rodent Research-10 (RR10)=== This mission is scheduled to fly to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-17. The research is sponsored by NASA Research Office - Space Life and Physical Sciences. The primary objective of the study is to examine the CDKN1a/p21 pathway and its role in the arresting bone regeneration in microgravity. The study consisted of 20 mice, 10 of are transgenic CDKN1a/p21-Null mice. The study is expected to last up to 35 days. ===Rodent Research-11 (RR11)=== This mission is scheduled to fly to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-17. The research was sponsored by NASA Research Office - Space Life and Physical Sciences. The primary objective of the study is to study how MicroRNA related to vascular health in microgravity. The study consisted of 20 mice to be flown to the ISS and 20 mice that remained on the ground as controls. After approximately 30 days, the 20 mice on the ISS will be returned alive. ==References== Category:Space-flown life Category:Animals in space Category:Space medicine Category:Spaceflight health effects |
New Westminster (colloquially known as New West) is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. It was founded by Major-General Richard Moody as the capital of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 and continued in that role until the Mainland and Island colonies were merged in 1866. It was the British Columbia Mainland's largest city from that year until it was passed in population by Vancouver during the first decade of the 20th century. It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region. ==History== The area now known as New Westminster was originally inhabited by Kwantlen First Nation. The discovery of gold in BC and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land. Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe". Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior", and possessed an excellent port. Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood: > The entrance to the Fraser is very striking—Extending miles to the right & > left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet the > Background of Superb Mountains—Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly > towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. > Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of > England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. [...] My imagination converted > the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily > fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. [...] The water of the deep > clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when > a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away. It was suggested by Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment that the site be proclaimed "Queensborough". Governor James Douglas proclaimed the new capital with this name on February 14, 1859. The name "Queensborough", however, did not appeal to London and it was Queen Victoria who named the city after Westminster, that part of the British capital of London where the Parliament Buildings were, and are to this day, situated. From this naming by the Queen, the City gained its official nickname, "the Royal City". A year later New Westminster became the first City in British Columbia to be incorporated and have an elected municipal government. It became a major outfitting point for prospectors coming to the Fraser Gold Rush, as all travel to the goldfield ports of Yale and Port Douglas was by steamboat or canoe up the Fraser River. thumb|right|Coquitlam City, of New Westminster However, Colonial Office secretary Edward Bulwer-Lytton "forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town" and the efforts of Moody's engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds, which, together with the continuous opposition of Douglas, "made it impossible for [Moody's] design to be fulfilled". Governor Douglas spent little time in New Westminster and had little affection for the city; and the feelings were amply repaid by the citizens of New Westminster, who avidly supported Colonel Moody's city-building efforts and castigated the governor, who preferred to remain for the most part isolated in distant Victoria. In contrast to Victoria, where settlers from England had established a strong British presence, New Westminster's early citizens were largely Canadians and Maritimers, who brought a more business-oriented approach to commerce and dismissed the pretensions of the older community. Despite being granted a municipal council, the mainlanders in New Westminster also pressed for a legislative assembly to be created for British Columbia, and were infuriated when Governor Douglas granted free port status to Victoria, which stifled the economic growth of the Fraser River city. Moreover, to pay for the expense of building roads into the Interior of the colony, Douglas imposed duties on imports into New Westminster. In 1866, the Colony of British Columbia and the Colony of Vancouver Island were united as "British Columbia". However, the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island, Victoria, was made the capital of the newly amalgamated Colony of British Columbia following a vote in the House of Assembly. On the day of the vote, one member of the assembly, William Cox (one of the colony's Gold Commissioners and a Victoria supporter), shuffled the pages of the speech that William Franklyn from Nanaimo (a New Westminster supporter) intended to give, so that Franklyn lost his place and read the first paragraph three times. Cox then popped the lenses of Franklyn's glasses from their frames so that the Nanaimo representative could see nothing at all of his speech. After a recess to settle the resulting uproar and allow the member from Nanaimo a chance to sort out his speaking notes and his spectacles, the Speaker John Sebastian Helmcken (from Victoria) refused to allow Franklyn a "second" chance to speak. The subsequent vote was 13 to 8 against New Westminster. thumb|City of New Westminster in flames, September 10, 1898 With the entry of British Columbia into the Dominion of Canada in 1871, as the sixth province, New Westminster's economic prospects improved, but the Royal City would lose out again, this time to the new railway terminus town of Vancouver, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was extended to the shores of Burrard Inlet, even though a spur of the railway did reach New Westminster in 1886. In 1898, a fire destroyed downtown New Westminster, and in 1916 the federal government shut down the "common" reserves set aside for Coastal First Nations people who visited New Westminster during the fishing season. In 1916 the remaining land on Poplar Island was turned over to the BC government. From 1927 to 1969, the British Columbia Shore Station Oceanographic Program was collecting coastal water temperature and salinity measurements from New Westminster every day for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In 1991, the New Westminster Armoury was recognized as a Federal Heritage building on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings. Along with the rest of the Greater Vancouver region, in 2020 New Westminster experienced the worst air quality in the world due to the combined effects of the 2020 Western American wildfires and a fire at the old Pier at the quay. In 2022, efforts were made within the city to phase-out the "Royal City" moniker and undergo a rebrand of the city's logo and mottos. ==Geography== New Westminster is located on the Burrard Peninsula, mainly on the north bank of the Fraser River. It is southeast of the City of Vancouver proper, adjacent to Burnaby and Coquitlam and across the Fraser River from Surrey and Delta. A portion of New Westminster called Queensborough is located on the eastern tip of Lulu Island, adjacent to Richmond. The total land area is . ===Historical urban geography=== New Westminster has changed markedly over time and by the results of its incorporation into the wider urbanization of the Lower Mainland. (See also: Architecture of Greater Vancouver.) ====BC Penitentiary==== thumb|upright|right|The BC Penitentiary being constructed c. 1877 In 1878, the Government of Canada opened the British Columbia Penitentiary, the first federal penitentiary west of Manitoba. "BC Pen", or simply "the Pen", as it was known (and also in old days as the "skookum house" in the English-Chinook Jargon patois common in early BC), was located between the Sapperton neighbourhood and what is now Queen's Park. It housed maximum- security prisoners for the next 102 years, closing in 1980. The original centre block of the Pen still stands and has been converted into offices. The Gatehouse, steps leading up to it and old Coal House still stand. The rest of the Pen's grounds have been filled with newly built townhouses and condominiums and parkland. Below the main complex on the waterfront the prison's old armoury still stands as part of a new waterfront park; this was also the location of the prison's wharf which was much-used when steamboat was the main means of transportation within the Lower Mainland and for some years after. ====Woodlands==== The mental hospital for children, was located to the west of the BC Pen and was adjacent to the offramps of the Pattullo Bridge. After it was closed, the derelict main building was, except for the tower entrance, destroyed by fire on July 9, 2008. In October 2011, all remaining old structures were leveled and cleared, to the joy of some former residents who had bad memories of their childhood experiences. ====Chinatown==== New Westminster's Chinatown was one of the earliest established in the mainland colony and initially the second-largest after Victoria's. Prior to the rise of Vancouver's Chinatown it was the largest on the mainland following Barkerville's wane as a centre of population. It was located along Front Street. A second Chinatown opened in an area known as "The Swamp" at the southwestern edge of downtown, bounded roughly by Royal Avenue, Columbia Street, and 8th and 12th Streets. The "Swamp" name is because area was then boggy ground of low value for the stone and brick buildings of the main part of downtown up Columbia Street to the northeast; and also close to the river and the railway. Chinatown was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1898 and only partly rebuilt afterwards, with a church and cultural and community events hall the first to be started. ====Columbia Street==== thumb|upright|left|Contrasting views of Columbia Street in 1932 and 2008 Until the 1964 completion of the Highway 1 freeway, which bypassed New Westminster to its north, Columbia Street, the downtown core of New Westminster close to the city's waterfront, was the main commercial retail and service centre for the Fraser Valley and nearby areas of Burnaby and Coquitlam. Known as "the golden mile", it hosted major department stores such as Eaton's, Kresge's and Woolworths as well as long-established New Westminster retailers. This was a time when road travel to Vancouver remained distant for Valley communities, and daily interurban rail service to and from Chilliwack was still in place (the service ended in 1950). The quality of shops was such that even Vancouverites would make the trip by interurban rail or, later on, via Kingsway (originally called the Westminster Highway or Westminster Road), to shop on Columbia Street. In addition to the retailers, Columbia Street was home to major movie houses, the Columbia and the Paramount, rivalling in size and quality to those on Vancouver's Theatre Row. The freeway and the building of suburban malls with free parking is generally conceded to have "killed" Columbia Street, which fell into a slump despite the building of a large parkade above nearby Front Street in the 50s and 60s. Department stores (other than the Army and Navy) left downtown as the Uptown area continued to develop to become New Westminster's main retail and services centre. In October 2006, Columbia Street underwent reconstruction to change to one lane in both directions, with a bike lane and reverse angle parking. This was done to encourage more foot and bicycle traffic. Major high-rise or renovation projects are completed or nearing completion. By May 2012, these include the Plaza 88 development which includes three condominium towers, the complete renovation of the Columbia which is now a cabaret style theatre for concerts, weddings and fundraisers, and the home of Lafflines Comedy Club. The new $25 million Westminster Pier Park officially opened on June 16, 2012, and a new civic centre and office tower named The Anvil Centre on Columbia Street at Begbie Street completed Sept. 2014. The Salient Group built a tower on top of the Trapp + Holbrook buildings (while restoring the facade) and another condominium called Northbank was built at the east entrance of Columbia Street. Close to the Trapp building, a major fire razed the E.L. Lewis Building and the Hamley Block on October 13, 2013, displacing 30 businesses and destroying a chunk of Columbia Street's historical character. One of the most well-known of these businesses was Copp's Shoes, which had not changed between its 1925 opening and its closure in early 2013. ==== Connaught Heights ==== The westernmost neighbourhood in the city, Connaught Heights, began life as District Lot 172 after the Royal Engineers surveyed the land in the 1860s. In 1892, when the official civic boundaries for New Westminster were set, they only included its original city and suburban lots, thus leaving District Lot 172 disincorporated. The City of Burnaby also chose not to incorporate District Lot 172 when its official civic boundaries were set, resulting in the area being outside any municipal jurisdiction. In 1911, the original landowner subdivided the land into residential lots that followed the grid established by neighbouring New Westminster; the first residential home had only been built a year prior. In 1912, the BC Electric Railway took advantage of this by building the "Connaught Hill" station at Tenth Avenue for the new interurban electric tramway, which connected New Westminster with Vancouver. The station was named for Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. This station became the namesake for the neighbourhood, while the modern SkyTrain tracks follow the path of this historic tramway. Initially, the provincial government neglected the district, but as the density of residents increased so did the quality of amenities and civic services. In 1939, when there were approximately 200 homes, funding was secured to improve the water and electric services under the Municipality Improvements Assistance Act 1938. Before the improvements, District Lot 172 was designated as Connaught Heights Waterworks District under the Water Act. Following these improvements, land was set aside for a school and parksite. By the 1950s, the notion of incorporating Connaught Heights Waterworks District into New Westminster became more commonplace. In 1960, the construction of the Queensborough Bridge resulted in the demolition of property in Connaught Heights Waterworks District, showing further interaction between the city and district. The first of two referendums to vote on incorporating Connaught Heights Waterworks District into the City of New Westminster was held in 1961, which failed to achieve enough positive votes to proceed with incorporation. Construction of Connaught Heights Elementary School was completed in 1963, and the school was opened and joined the New Westminster School District the following year. A second referendum was held in 1964, which garnered enough positive votes to make Connaught Heights Waterworks District part of New Westminster. By 1965, the amalgamation was officially complete, with Connaught Heights becoming the newest neighbourhood in New Westminster. ====Front Street==== Originally a dockside street and market, and also the location of the original Chinatown, Front Street was converted into a truck-route bypass and elevated parkade during the 1960s in an effort to provide increased parking for adjacent Columbia Street. In recent decades it has been the focus of the city's thriving antiques and second-hand trade, which is also concentrated on 12 Street. It has also been used as a location in feature films such as Rumble in the Bronx (substituting for the Bronx), I, Robot (as a futuristic Chicago), Shooter (doubling for Philadelphia, with the Fraser River being the Delaware River), and New Moon. In early 2016, a partial demolition of the parkade commenced as part of the City's continued efforts to revitalize and improve their waterfront area. ====Government House==== The original colonial Government House was located approximately where Royal City Manor is now. It was originally occupied by Colonel Richard Moody, who commanded the Columbia Detachment of Royal Engineers who established the city. Rarely used by Governor Douglas, its first full-time vice-regal resident was Governor Frederick Seymour. ====New Westminster Canadian Pacific Railway Station==== A former Canadian Pacific Railway station is adjacent to the New Westminster Skytrain station. It is a two-storey asymmetrical red brick building with steeply pitched bellcast roofs. The building, which was built in 1899, is a classic example of CPR's signature Château-styled railway stations. In 1911, two wings were added to the station, and in 1973, the ageing train station was converted into a branch of The Keg restaurant chain. In 2013, however, the restaurant closed its doors to the public due to structural issues surrounding the then-114-year-old structure. As of 2023, the train station is occupied by Kelly O'Bryan's, a BC Irish restaurant and pub chain. ====Queensborough==== Queensborough was the name originally chosen for the colonial capital by Royal Engineer commander Colonel Richard Clement Moody. When Queen Victoria designated New Westminster instead as her new capital's name, the name Queensborough became applied to New Westminster's portion of Lulu Island, across the north arm of the Fraser from the southern end of the city. Queensborough is today a growing housing area with its own distinct identity. Some new condominium complexes have been built adjacent to the Westminster Quay development. In the Chinook Jargon, "Koonspa", an adaptation of the name Queensborough, is the usual name for New Westminster as a whole. There are now some big-box stores such as Walmart and Lowes, as well as the large Starlight Casino and a small shopping centre with outlet stores including Guess, Aldo Shoes, Bench, The Gap, Banana Republic, and Old Navy, among others. ====Sapperton==== Sapperton was originally a "suburb" of New Westminster, named for the Columbia Detachment of Royal Engineers ("Sappers"), whose camp was on the hill now occupied by the Fraserview neighbourhood. It is the location of the historic Fraser Cemetery, which rivals Victoria's Ross Bay Cemetery for the number of historically significant graves and monuments. Sapperton is the home of the first commercial brewery to operate in British Columbia known as the "City Brewery". Over the years the brewery changed hands and was operated by Labatts until it closed in 2005. In its place is a recent condo development known as the "Brewery District", although there is no brewery on the premises. New Westminster does have two breweries currently. One is named Steel & Oak which opened its doors in 2014 and is situated on the other end of the Westminster Quay. The other brewery in New Westminster is named Another Beer Co and it is located in Sapperton, close to where the Labatts Brewery was in the Brewery District, since 2019. Also located in Sapperton are the Royal Columbian Hospital, Sapperton Station, Braid Station, and the TransLink (British Columbia) headquarters. ====Uptown "6th and 6th"==== Development of an uptown commercial area around 6th Street and 6th Avenue started in 1954, with the opening of Woodward's department store. Added momentum came with the relocation of the public library from downtown to uptown in 1958. In 1992 Woodward's was expanded and modernized into a shopping centre and took the name Woodwards Place. With the bankruptcy of Woodward's in 1993, the name of the centre was changed to Royal City Centre Mall. Moody Park is an important recreational area in the uptown area. ====West End==== Opposite Sapperton's north end, New Westminster's West End was once fairly separate from the city proper, and has a neighbourhood commercial node along 12th Street and 20th Street approximately between London Street and Eighth Ave. The 12th Street area features antique and one-of-a-kind stores. ====Westminster Quay==== 220x220px|thumb|right|Westminster Quay Westminster Quay was a mid-1980s development to revitalize New Westminster and accompanied the development of the SkyTrain line to Vancouver. In addition to a large public market and a 2.5-diamond-rated hotel, The Inn at the Quay, a large condominium tower and townhouse complex was built, accessed from the older Columbia Street area of downtown by an overpass. The impetus provided by this project has spilled over onto the inland side of the rail tracks, with new tower developments focusing on the area southwest of 8th Street (the area known formerly as "the Swamp" and Chinatown). As of July 2007, the Quay's commercial component had noticeably decreased, with many vacancies, compared to the much more active Lonsdale Quay Market in North Vancouver. Responding to the decrease of business, the ownership group closed the Westminster Quay Market for renovations. The market re-opened as The River Market in September 2010 with Donald's Market as the main anchor. The Westminster Quay is also known to house the world's largest tin soldier which was given the title by the Guinness Book of World Records back in 2002. ==Demographics== In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, New Westminster had a population of 78,916 living in 36,099 of its 37,737 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 70,996. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. === Ethnicity === Panethnic groups in New Westminster (2001−2021) Panethnic group 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 European 39,080 40,400 40,225 38,920 38,805 East Asian 11,075 9,465 7,475 5,270 3,850 South Asian 8,105 5,790 5,500 4,660 4,220 Southeast Asian 8,065 6,550 5,415 3,680 2,795 African 2,695 1,740 1,155 1,370 1,120 Latin American 2,560 1,275 1,155 815 350 Indigenous 2,425 2,295 2,240 1,835 1,590 Middle Eastern 1,775 1,300 1,315 890 680 Other 2,275 1,085 610 405 400 Total responses 78,055 69,905 65,090 57,850 53,810 Total population 78,916 70,996 65,976 58,549 54,656 *Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses. === Languages === The 2016 census found that English was spoken as mother tongue by 50.47% of the population. The next most common mother tongue language was Tagalog, spoken by 4.5% of the population, followed by Mandarin at 4.4%, and Punjabi at 3.5%. Rank Mother tongue Population Percentage 1 English 42,925 63.1% 2 Tagalog 3,075 4.5% 3 Mandarin 3,015 4.4% 4 Punjabi 2,410 3.5% 5 Cantonese 2,105 3.1% 6 Spanish 1,265 1.9% 7 Korean 1,245 1.8% 8 Russian 1,035 1.5% 9 French 790 1.2% 10 Romanian 740 1.1% === Religion === According to the 2021 census, religious groups in New Westminster included: *Irreligion (36,595 persons or 46.9%) *Christianity (30,345 persons or 38.9%) *Sikhism (3,750 persons or 4.8%) *Islam (2,655 persons or 3.4%) *Hinduism (2,000 persons or 2.6%) *Buddhism (1,455 persons or 1.9%) *Judaism (255 persons or 0.3%) *Indigenous Spirituality (20 persons or <0.1%) ==Media== The Columbian, originally the British Columbian, British Columbia's second newspaper, was founded in New Westminster by John Robson (later premier of British Columbia). By the mid-20th century, it had long since been eclipsed by the Vancouver newspapers, and published its last issue on November 15, 1983, after a run of 123 years. CKNW, one of Canada's first private news radio, hot-line and talk stations, began broadcasting from studios in New Westminster on April 1, 1944, originally in the Royal Windsor Hotel, then at a few other locations in the city, before moving to downtown Vancouver from its final New Westminster location at 8th and McBride, which it occupied from 1967 onwards. Although it has broadcast from Vancouver for the better part of half a century, it is still licensed to New Westminster and its callsign still includes the letters "NW" for New Westminster. It is a mainstay of the BC broadcasting industry where many notable reporters and broadcasters had their start. New Westminster is served by two publications: New Westminster Record, part of the Glacier Media chain, which publishes once a week. In May 2022, New West Anchor, a biweekly newsletter delivering news and event listings via email, was launched by former CKNW and CityNews Vancouver journalist Ria Renouf. Colloquially known as The Anchor, it is a sister publication to The Georgia Straight: both are owned by Overstory Media Group. New Westminster also had a community humour magazine called Piffle. Piffle is the creation of Columbian Newspaper sports writer and Sapperton lad, Ron Loftus. When Ron retired, he sold Piffle to another Columbian Reporter and Sapperton lad, Chris Sargent who published the magazine for the last 14 years. ==Arts and culture== The city has several live performance venues, ranging from the Massey Theatre adjacent to New Westminster High School, to the Burr Theatre, a converted cinema on Columbia Street, and two theatrical venues in Queens Park (One being the Bernie Legge Theatre, home of the Vagabond Players, which were formed in 1937.) The Royal City Musical Theatre, a long-established New Westminster tradition, uses the Massey, while comedy and mystery theatricals use the stages in Queens Park. Also in Queens Park is the Queens Park Arena, longtime home to the legendary New Westminster Salmonbellies professional lacrosse team, as well as an open- air stadium used for baseball and field sports. The Burr Theatre (originally the Columbia Theatre), named for New Westminster native Raymond Burr, was operated by the Raymond Burr Performing Arts Society who produced professional -quality mysteries and comedies between October 2000 and January 2005. February 2005 saw the theatre reopen as a vaudeville theatre with three major productions by The Heartaches Razz Band and in February 2006 collaboration with The Screaming Chicken Theatrical Society produced the first Annual Vancouver International Burlesque Festival. The theatre was sold by the City of New Westminster through a public request for proposal process to the owner of Lafflines Comedy Club. After extensive renovations to convert it into a cabaret style theatre, it is now called The Columbia, home of Lafflines Comedy Club. Douglas College also offers post-secondary training in theatre, stagecraft and music, as well as non-credit courses in music for all ages and ability levels, through the Douglas College Community Music School. Theatre productions and music concerts at Douglas College take place in the Laura C. Muir Performing Arts Theatre and the smaller, more intimate Studio Theatre from September to April. Every year, New Westminster hosts the New West Cultural Crawl to showcase the city's unique and talented artists. The unique Mushtari Begum Festival of Indian Classical Music and Dance, debuted in 2012, is produced by internationally acclaimed artists Cassius Khan and Amika Kushwaha to preserve the rare Indian arts, and is partnered with the Massey Theatre. ==Heritage== The main feature of the New Westminster Museum and Archives (NWMA) is the 1865 Irving House, which is said to be the oldest intact house in the BC Lower Mainland. In the museum are treasures such as the 1876 coach used by Lord Dufferin, then Governor General of Canada, to tour the new province of British Columbia including Barkerville via the Cariboo Road. The city's archives hold corporate and personal treasures such as 1859 maps of the city drawn by the Royal Engineers and official city records. Other heritage artifacts in the city include the 1937 Samson V paddlewheeler, the 1890s armouries, 1850s historic cannons, two of the old BC Pen buildings, numerous cemeteries, and dozens of heritage homes, many of which are from the 19th century. The Museum is affiliated with Canadian Museums Association, the Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada. ===Hyack Festival and the Hyack Anvil Battery=== New Westminster's May Day celebration began in 1870 and continues today as an important civic tradition, lending the city the distinction of having the longest-running May Day celebration of its type in the British Commonwealth. Within BC, at least four other communities still celebrate May Day: Port Coquitlam, Ladner in Delta (whose May Day Festival began in 1896), Bradner in Abbotsford, and The Sunshine Coast's Pender Harbour. thumb|upright|right|The May Queen c. 1887 thumb|upright|left|Wayne Wright sets off an anvil shot during the 2008 Ancient and Honourable Hyack Anvil Battery Salute. The May Day festival, held on the Victoria Day weekend and more formally known as the Hyack Festival, is distinguished by the Ancient and Honourable Hyack Anvil Battery Salute, a tradition created by The New Westminster Fire Department during colonial times as a surrogate for a 21-gun salute. With no cannons available in the early colony, the Fire Department—known as the Hyacks, from the Chinook Jargon for "fast" or "quick", here derived from its use as a command for "hurry up!"— improvised by placing gunpowder between two anvils, the top one upturned, and igniting the charge from a safe distance, hurling the upper anvil into the air. Each year, in preparation for May Day, local schoolchildren are taught to dance around a maypole with colourful ribbons. Elections are held at elementary schools in the city, and, from them one girl is selected to become the year's May Queen, and two students from each school to become members of her "May Queen Suite" and "Royal Knights." On a Wednesday of the festival, elementary school students gather at Queen's Park Stadium to dance, and the May Queen is crowned. ==Education== Douglas College, a major post-secondary institution in Greater Vancouver, has a campus in New Westminster. The college has an enrollment of 14,000 students and offers degrees, associate degrees, and two-year career and University Transfer programs to local, national and international students. The Justice Institute of British Columbia offers training to municipal police forces, fire departments, provincial corrections, court services, and paramedics with the British Columbia Ambulance Service. The Institute operates a Centre for Conflict Resolution, a Centre for Leadership and Community Learning, Executive Programs, a Public Safety Seminar Series, and the Aboriginal Leadership Diploma Program. Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine (BINM), the only Naturopathic medical school in western Canada, offering the N.D. degree in Naturopathic Medicine in both 4-year and 6-year programs is located here. There is also a campus of the West Coast College of Massage Therapy (WCCMT) located on Columbia Street. School District 40 New Westminster has one high school (New Westminster Secondary School), three middle schools, and ten elementary schools. === Other institutes === *Sprott Shaw College *Winston College ==Transportation== ===Road network=== Much of New Westminster's street network still conforms to the original grid laid out by the Royal Engineers at the time of settlement. The grid is oriented to the riverfront and therefore deviates from the compass directions: streets run northwest to southeast, and avenues run southwest to northeast. The Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) is accessible from nearby Coquitlam, via the Brunette Avenue interchange, and Burnaby, via the Cariboo Road and Canada Way interchanges, and provides expressway access to Vancouver, the North Shore, and the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal (to the west), and to the British Columbia interior and the communities of the Fraser Valley (to the east, via the Port Mann Bridge). On its northern and western edges, New Westminster is connected to Vancouver by the street system of the city of Burnaby. The three major arterial streets in Burnaby connecting New Westminster and Vancouver are Canada Way (until 1967 named the Grandview Highway, and called 8th St. once it enters New Westminster), Kingsway (12th St.), and Marine Way (Stewardson Way). Kingsway connects New Westminster with the major shopping and entertainment district of Metrotown, in central Burnaby, and then proceeds to downtown Vancouver. The Queensborough Bridge (part of Highway 91A) connects mainland New Westminster to Queensborough, Richmond, and, via the Alex Fraser Bridge, Delta. The Pattullo Bridge links New Westminster with Surrey. The lesser-used Derwent Way Bridge connects Queensborough with Annacis Island of Delta. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city reallocated road space in New Westminster for cyclists and pedestrians as part of Streets for People in 2020 initiative. ===Public transit=== thumb|Q to Q passenger ferry arriving at the Quayside dock Public transportation is provided by TransLink. Along with a number of bus routes, the city is served by the following stations on the SkyTrain system: *22nd Street station (Expo Line) *Braid station (Expo Line) *Columbia station (Expo Line) *New Westminster station (Expo Line) *Sapperton station (Expo Line) The city is located within Zone 2 of TransLink's fare structure. A passenger ferry runs from the Quay to the neighbourhood of Queensborough on Lulu Island. ===Railways=== The city is served by four railways: Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), Burlington Northern and Santa Fe, and the Southern Railway of British Columbia shortline. None offer passenger service. ===Streetcars and the interurban=== Until the 1950s, New Westminster was linked to Vancouver and other municipalities by the BC interurban tram network (a type of interurban electric railway) under British Columbia Electric Railway. The Central Park Line was operated from 1891 to 1958. ==Sports and recreation== thumb|Memorial cairn at Grimston Park in New Westminster The New Westminster Salmonbellies are one of the oldest professional lacrosse teams in Canada, and also have junior and midget teams. The 'Bellies, as they are also known, have won the Mann Cup twenty-four times. New Westminster is also the location of the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame. The New Westminster Royals were a professional minor-league team from 1911 through 1914, in the heyday of the Pacific Coast Hockey League. Their home rink was the Denman Arena in Vancouver, which they shared with rivals the Vancouver Millionaires. Playing at Queen's Park Arena were two incarnations of a Western Hockey League junior team, the New Westminster Bruins (1971–1981 and 1983–1988). The Royal City Hyacks Football Club offers football and cheerleading for youth aged 5–13, while the local high school, New Westminster Secondary School has high school football. Pocomo Rugby Football Club and Douglas Rugby Club (both teams play in New Westminster) merged in 2005 to form the United Rugby Club. Pocomo moved to New Westminster in the late 1960s, eventually calling Hume Park its home field. Douglas was formed by Pocomo players attending Douglas College in 1972. United Rugby currently uses Hume Park and Queens Park for home venues. Youth soccer in New Westminster is represented by the New West Youth Soccer Club (formerly known as Royal City Youth Soccer Club), established in 1965, with teams for boys and girls aged 4 to 17 that participate in league play from September to March. Additionally, the club offers spring programs for children aged 4 to 9 and futsal for children aged 10 to 17. The Sapperton Rovers men's soccer team has a long history in New Westminster. Soccer in the Sapperton Community goes back to mid 19th century; the first soccer game in BC was played in New Westminster on Victoria Day, May 24, 1862, in the Woodlands/Victoria Hill area. The Columbian newspaper reported that the Victoria Day celebration included several sporting and cultural events, including a "football" (soccer) match between the Royal Engineers, known as the "Sappers" and the townsfolk. Sapperton Park was donated to the city in 1907 for the sole purpose of being used as a soccer venue. Many teams have since carried the Sapperton name. The Hyack Swim Club, in operation since 1973, trains swimmers at Canada Games Pool, from a grassroots level up to international competition. Swimmers from across the Lower Mainland come to Canada Games Pool to train with this swim club. The swim club has trained many Olympians, Paralympians, and members of Canada's national team. Hyack Swim Club hosts four meets each year, two of which are held at Canada Games Pool. The premier meet each year is held during the Hyack Festival, and attracts swimmers from across the province, Alberta, Washington, and Oregon. Mark Bottrill has been Hyack's Director of Swimming since 1999. Hyack Swim Club's Drew Christensen represented Canada at the 2008 Paralympic Games. In July 2014, Major League Soccer's Vancouver Whitecaps FC announced plans to launch a USL-Pro team in New Westminster. If it had been approved, the club would have been the first division three club in Canada and the sixth professional team in the country. ==Notable residents== *Raymond Burr, actor *Josh Byrne, lacrosse player *Felix Cartal, musical artist *Jon Cornish, football player *Mary Ann Cunningham, social reformer and temperance activist *Crystal Dahl, actress *Bruno Gerussi, actor *Jeanne Gilchrist, baseball player of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League *Doug Grimston (1900–1955), ice hockey administrator and president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association *Daryl Hine, poet *Cody Husband, football player *Alexz Johnson, actress and musician *Peter Julian, community activist *Bill Kenny, lead singer of The Ink Spots *Cassius Khan, Indian classical Ghazal/Tabla musician *Farhan Lalji, sportscaster TSN *Robert Langlands, Wolf Prize winning mathematician *Nicholas Lea, actor *John Keefer Mahony, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross *Mandrake the Magician *Eva Markvoort, blogger *Katherina Matousek, pairs figure skating Olympian and 1984–1985 World bronze medallist *James Moore, former politician *Justin Morneau, baseball player *David Pol, football player *Belle Puri, journalist *Bill Ranford, NHL goaltender, 1990 NHL Playoff MVP, Goaltending coach, Los Angeles Kings *Mike Reno, musician *Renée Sarojini Saklikar, poet and writer, wife of Adrian Dix *Ernest Smith (aka "Smokey" Smith), soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross *Snak the Ripper, rapper *Dave Steen, decathlete, Olympic medalist *Robert Thirsk, astronaut *Devin Townsend, musician *Kyle Turris, ice hockey player *Terry Yake, ice hockey player *Brendan Fehr, actor ==International relations== ===Sister cities=== * Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan: The sister city relationship between New Westminster and Moriguchi in 1962Telegram October 17, 1962, from Mayor Beth Wood of CNW to Mayor of Moriguchi saying CNW would "be honoured to accept your city as our sister city." to be followed by a formal motion by City Council.–1963 was the first sister city agreement between Canadian and Japanese cities. * Quezon City, Philippines. The agreement was signed in June 1991."1991 Sister City agreement between New Westminster and Quezon City, Philippines." New Westminster Museum and Archives # IH2006.4 * Lijiang, Yunnan, China in 2002. ===Friendship cities=== * Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (2008) * Yunfu, Guangdong, China (2009) ===Adopted city=== * Anapa: During World War II, in 1944, New Westminster "adopted" Anapa, a town on the northeastern Black Sea coast. This was not a formal sister city arrangement and it has lapsed in the intervening years.New Westminster City Council Minutes November 27, 1944, which refers to the adoption being in place ==See also== * Architecture of Greater Vancouver * New Westminster (electoral districts) * New Westminster Police Department * Royal Westminster Regiment == Notes == ==References== ==External links== * * * Category:Cities in British Columbia Category:Former colonial capitals in Canada Category:Populated places in Greater Vancouver Category:Populated places on the Fraser River |
Sherri Shepherd (born April 22, 1967) is an American actress, comedian, author, broadcaster, podcaster, and television host. She currently hosts the daily syndicated daytime talk show, Sherri. From 2007 to 2014, Shepherd was a co-host of the daytime talk show The View, for which she received multiple Daytime Emmy Award nominations, winning one in 2009. She hosted Dish Nation from 2019 to December 2022, with her final months in limited episodes due to her talk show. She also starred in the sitcoms The Jamie Foxx Show (1999-2001), Less than Perfect (2002–2006), Sherri (2009), Trial & Error (2017–2018), and Mr. Iglesias (2019–2020). In 2009, she published the book Permission Slips: Every Woman's Guide to Giving Herself a Break. In 2012, she appeared as a contestant on the 14th season of the reality competition series Dancing with the Stars. Shepherd had a recurring role as Angie Jordan on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock and the HBO Max series The Sex Lives of College Girls and hosted the game show Best Ever Trivia Show. ==Early life== Shepherd was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of LaVerne (d. 1991) and Lawrence A. Shepherd (born c. 1947), a church deacon. She is the eldest of three sisters. ==Career== Shepherd's first television acting job was starring as Victoria Carlson in the short lived sitcom Cleghorne!, which aired for one season on The WB in 1995. She told Ebony in 2018, "That was the first job that I booked and I was still a legal secretary. My agent told me, 'You can quit your job.' I had that big break ... and then it was canceled. I lost my apartment, my car was repossessed and I was homeless for a year. I slept on everybody's couch. In this business, it's very uncertain. You can be working one day and not working the next." Shepherd later became recognized for her role as Sheila Yarborough on Jamie Foxx's own sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show from 1996 to 2001 and for recurring roles on the sitcoms Suddenly Susan and Everybody Loves Raymond in the late 1990s, while starring in the show Less Than Perfect in the lead role of Ramona Platt from 2002 to 2006. From 2005 to 2009, Shepherd had a recurring role as Sandra, the girlfriend of character Lenny Davidson, on the FOX sitcom The War at Home. In 2007, she played Rhonda in the IMAX rerelease version of Transformers. From 2007 – 2013, she had a recurring role as Angie, the wife of character Tracy Jordan, on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock. In 2009, she starred for one season in Lifetime Television's Sherri, a sitcom about Shepherd's life. She recurred as Daphne during the final season of How I Met Your Mother in 2013. In the same year, Shepherd appeared on Broadway in Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical production of Cinderella. From 2017 to 2018, Shepherd portrayed Anne Flatch in NBC's mockumentary legal comedy series, Trial & Error. She will produce and star in the comedy series pilot Black Don't Crack. ===Television personality=== Shepherd has appeared as a guest host and contestant on several television shows such as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Rachael Ray, and To Tell the Truth. She co-hosted the 35th Daytime Emmy Awards on June 20, 2008. Shepherd also hosted Nickelodeon's NickMom Night Out special from 2013 to 2014, Shepherd hosted Best Ever Trivia Show on Game Show Network for 65 episodes, beginning on June 10, 2019. She has appeared regularly as a panelist on Funny You Should Ask since 2017. In 2006, Shepherd became a frequent guest co-host on ABC's daytime talk show The View. She became a permanent co-host in 2007, debuting in September. Since leaving The View in 2014, Shepherd has continued to make several appearances on the show as a contributor throughout 2015 and 2016. Shepherd was criticized after one 2007 broadcast of The View. The show was often filmed "live", with little or no editing. She stated she did not "believe in evolution. Period." Co-host Whoopi Goldberg asked her, "Is the world flat?" Shepherd responded, "I don't know," and expanded that she "never thought about it". Shepherd later referred to her statement as a "brain fart" brought on by nerves. Barbara Walters and Shepherd talked after that episode: Walters said, "Dear, the Earth is round", and Shepherd responded with: "Barbara, I know that!" Similar criticism erupted after the December 4, 2007, broadcast of The View when, during a discussion initiated by Joy Behar about Epicurus, Shepherd attempted to assert that Christians existed in classical Greece, and that the Greeks threw them to the lions. When confronted on this point, she further claimed that "Jesus came first" (before Greeks and Romans) and stated, "I don't think anything predated Christians", to which Behar responded: "The Jews." Shepherd garnered criticism after admitting to never voting partly due to her upbringing as a strict Jehovah's Witness. She was quoted as saying that she just "never knew the dates or anything"; she stated, "I've never voted for anything in my life." In January 2008, Sherri referred to Gospel singer Shirley Caesar as "the black Patti LaBelle." LaBelle, like Caesar, is black. In 2008, she created controversy on The View due to "flippant" remarks regarding abortion. She later clarified her position, saying her remarks weren't meant to be flippant but rather to inspire other women who may be dealing with guilt after abortions. She cited having multiple abortions in her 20s, suffering from shame and guilt from those experiences, later converting to Christianity. In 2009, Shepherd won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host alongside Behar, Goldberg, Walters, and Elisabeth Hasselbeck. In March 2012, Shepherd participated as a celebrity contestant on the fourteenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars; her dance partner was Val Chmerkovskiy. In 2019, Shepherd participated in the second season of Fox's The Masked Singer as the "Penguin". From October 2021 to June 2022, Shepherd was among the recurring guest hosts of the syndicated daytime talk show The Wendy Williams Show, as its namesake Wendy Williams had been on an indefinite absence from the program due to her medical issues. On February 22, 2022, the show's distributor Debmar-Mercury announced that Shepherd had been signed on to host a new talk show, Sherri, which premiered in the 2022–23 television season as a replacement for Wendy. The series premiered on September 12. In January 2023, the series was renewed for its second and third seasons through 2025. ===Other ventures=== Shepherd wrote the book Permission Slips: Every Woman's Guide to Giving Herself a Break, published in October 2009. Shepherd also has a co- author credit on Plan D: How to Lose Weight and Beat Diabetes, published in 2013. Sherri raises funds for the YAI Sherri Shepherd "Believe in Abilities" Fund. YAI supports people of all ages with intellectual and developmental disabilities in achieving the fullest life possible by creating new opportunities for living, loving, working, and learning. YAI is a network of agencies with programs that empower and enhance the lives of thousands of people we support and their families. In 2009, Shepherd appeared on an episode of WWE SmackDown as the guest manager for professional wrestler MVP, who competed against Dolph Ziggler in a match defending the WWE United States Championship. In 2011, Shepherd offered to pay six months' rent and utilities of homeless former American Gladiators star Debbie Clark (Storm). As of 2015, a project includes a line of wigs and hair add-ins. ==Personal life== Shepherd was married to Jeff Tarpley from 2001 to 2010. They have a son, Jeffrey, born in April 2005. Shepherd became engaged to writer Lamar Sally on December 26, 2010. The couple married in Chicago in August 2011 and separated in May 2014. Following the split, Shepherd and Sally welcomed a son named Lamar Jr. via surrogacy in August 2014; Shepherd does not have a biological connection to the child, as he was conceived using a donor egg. The following year, they finalized their divorce and a Pennsylvania appeals court ruled that Shepherd was legally responsible for the child after she challenged the surrogacy contract and sought to remove her name from his birth certificate. Shepherd has type 2 diabetesPlan D: How to Lose Weight and Beat Diabetes (Even If You Don't Have It) . sherrishepherd.com. 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013. after having had pre-diabetes for years. Formerly a Jehovah's Witness, Shepherd is an evangelical Christian. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 2000 King of the Open Mics Marci 2003 Pauly Shore Is Dead Woman at Golf Course 2004 Cellular Jaded Cashier 2005 Beauty Shop Ida Guess Who Sydney 2007 Who's Your Caddy? Lady G 2008 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa Florrie (voice) 2009 Precious Cornrows Madea Goes to Jail Herself 2011 Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son Beverly Townsend 2012 One for the Money Lula Think Like a Man Vicki Abducted: The Carlina White Story Joy White TV movie 2014 Top Five Vanessa 2015 Woodlawn Momma Nathan High Hoops - Short 2016 Ride Along 2 Cori Jean of the Joneses Maureen Jones 2017 Hats Tracy Lewis Short 2018 Brian Banks Leomia 2019 Walk. Ride. Rodeo. Felice Twas the Chaos before Christmas Valerie Russell TV movie 2020 Half Husband Jeanette Short 2021 A Week Away Kristin Imperfect High Deborah TV movie Back Home Again Mrs. Tortoise (voice) Short 2022 The Way Out Veronica ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1995 Cleghorne! Victoria Main Cast 1997 Claude's Crib Lorene Episode: "Clothes Encounter" Living Single The Comedienne Episode: "Swing Out Sisters" Suddenly Susan Roni Episode: "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Maddy World" 1998 Friends Rhonda, The Tour Guide Episode: "The One with Phoebe's Uterus" Holding the Baby Miss Boggs Main Cast 1998–2003 Everybody Loves Raymond Judy Potter Guest: Season 2-5, Recurring Cast: Season 7 1999–2000 Suddenly Susan Miranda Charles Main Cast: Season 4 1999–2001 The Jamie Foxx Show Sheila Yarborough Recurring Cast: Season 4-5 2000 The Trouble with Normal Nina Episode: "Psychologists Without Borders" 2001 Rendez View Herself/Guest Host Episode: "Teacher's Pet!" Emeril Melva LeBlanc Main Cast 2002 Men, Women & Dogs Dr. Michaels Episode: "Cheese Dog" My Adventures in Television Joanna Walker Main Cast 2002–04 Pyramid Herself/Celebrity Contestant Recurring Guest 2002–06 Less than Perfect Ramona Platt Main Cast 2003 Laffapalooza Herself Episode: "Laffapalooza Volume 4" Joan of Arcadia MVA Clerk God Episode: "Drive, He Said" 2003–04 Hollywood Squares Herself/Panelist Recurring Guest 2004 My Coolest Years Herself Episode: "My First Time, Summer Vacation" 2004–06 Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Cheryl/Meryl (voice) Recurring Cast 2004–07 Kim Possible M.C Honey (voice) Guest Cast: Season 2-4 2005 Steve Harvey's Big Time Challenge Herself Episode: "Episode #2.20" 2006 BET's Top 25 Herself Episode: "Moments in Black History" 2007 The Wedding Bells Debbie Quill Recurring Cast Wheel of Fortune Herself Episode: "People Celebrity Week 2" 2007–12 30 Rock Angie Jordan Guest: Season 1 & 4 & 6, Recurring Cast: Season 2-3 & 5 2007–14 The View Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host: Season 11-17 2008 Daytime Emmy Awards Herself/Host Main Host Entourage Herself Episode: "Fire Sale" 2009 Annual Trumpet Awards Herself/Host Main Host Sherri Sherri Robinson Main Cast Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Episode: "John/Brian/Anthony°" 2010 The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty Herself Episode: "Come Together" The Electric Company Herself Episode: "Wicked Itch" Nickelodeon MegaMusic Fest Herself/Host Main Host Sesame Street Herself Episode: "Twins Day on Sesame Street" 2010–13 The Newlywed Game Herself/Host Main Host 2011 GMA Dove Award Herself/Host Main Host The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon Herself Episode: "MDA Labor Day Telethon 2011" Hot in Cleveland Judge Lesser Episode: "Hot for the Lawyer" & "Law & Elka" 2012 Dancing With The Stars Herself Contestant: Season 14 2012–15 The Soul Man Nikki Guest: Season 1, Recurring Cast: Season 4 2013 Dance Moms Herself Episode: "The View from the Top" Spontaneous Construction Herself Episode: "Super Storm Sandy Flash Mob Renovation" How I Met Your Mother Daphne Recurring Cast: Season 9 2013–14 NickMom Night Out Herself/Host Main Host 2014 The Mommy Show Herself Episode: "Sherri Shepherd" Nashville Herself Episode: "Crazy" Extreme Weight Loss Herself Episode: "Kathie and Josh" 2014–15 Celebrity Name Game Herself/Celebrity Player Recurring Guest 2015 Herself Episode: "Eat or Get Eaten" Tanked Herself Episode: "Sherri Shepherd on the Rocks" Holy & Hungry Herself/Host Main Host World's Funniest Herself/Panelist Episode: "Internet Yearbook" 2015–16 Guilty Pleasures Herself Episode: "Holiday Decadence" & "Chocolate Obsessions" 2015–18 K.C. Undercover Agent Beverly Recurring Cast: Season 1 & 3 2016 31st Annual Stellar Gospel Music Awards Herself/Host Main Host Match Made in Heaven Herself/Host Main Host: Season 2 The $100,000 Pyramid Herself/Celebrity Player Episode: "Sherri Shepherd vs. Anthony Anderson and Rosie O'Donnell vs. Kathy Najimy" Rosewood Dr. Anita Eubanks Recurring Cast: Season 1 2016–20 Match Game Herself/Celebrity Panelist Recurring Guest 2017 Gotham Comedy Live Herself/hostess Episode: "Sherri Shepherd" Face Value Herself/Team Captain Episode: "Ta'Rhonda Jones Vs. Sherri Shepherd" Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Herself/Celebrity Contestant Episode: "Episode #16.69" & "Episode #16.70" 2017–18 Man with a Plan Joy Recurring Cast: Season 2 Trial & Error Anne Flatch Main Cast 2017–19 Hollywood Game Night Herself/Celebrity Player Recurring Guest Funny You Should Ask Herself Recurring Guest 2017–21 To Tell the Truth Herself/Celebrity Panelist Recurring Guest 2018 Celebrity Family Feud Herself Marlon Lenora Episode: "Sisters" 2019 Best Ever Trivia Show Herself/Host Main Host: Season 1 The $100,000 Pyramid Herself/Celebrity Player Episode: "Rachel Dratch vs. Kevin Nealon and Sherri Shepard vs. Adam Pally" The Masked Singer Penguin/Herself Contestant: Season 2 Rick and Morty Judge/Tony's Wife (voice) Episode: "Edge of Tomorty: Rick Die Rickpeat" & "The Old Man and the Seat" 2019–20 Mr. Iglesias Principal Paula Madison Main Cast 2019–22 Dish Nation Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host: season 7-11 2020 Celebrity Game Face Herself Episode: "Pointing Fingers and Toilet Paper Takedown" Iyanla, Fix My Life Herself Episode: "The Masks We Wear" Game On: A Comedy Crossover Event Principal Paula Madison Episode: "Mr. Iglesias: Olympic Effort" 2021 Celebrity Game Face Herself Episode: "Balloon Twerks and Googly Eyes" 25 Words or Less Herself Recurring Guest Celebrity Wheel of Fortune Herself/Celebrity Contestant Episode: "Rachel Leigh Cook, Sherri Shepherd and Kevin Nealon" The Hollywood Moment Herself Episode: "BJ Korros with All Star 99th Birthday Salute to Norman Lear" You Bet Your Life Herself Episode: "Sherri Shepherd is Here" No Activity Carol (voice) Episode: "Brother Eduardo" Call Your Mother Sharon Recurring Cast 2021–22 Wendy Williams Show Herself/Recurring Host Recurring Host: Season 14 The Sex Lives of College Girls Senator Evette Chase Recurring Cast 2022 The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Herself Episode: "It Takes A Villain" 2022- Sherri Herself/Host Main Host 2023 Harlem Sonya Wilson Episode: "As Assist from the Sidelines" ===Theatre=== Year Title Role Notes 2014 Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella Madame, the Evil Stepmother Broadway musical ===Documentary=== Year Title 2020 Regardless: The Freddy Soto Story 2021 Hysterical ===Comedy Special=== Year Title 2013 Sherri Shepherd: It's My Time to Talk ==Awards and nominations== Year Awards Category Recipient Outcome 2005 BET Awards BET Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series "Less than Perfect" 2008 Daytime Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host "The View" 2009 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Cast "Precious" 2009 Boston Society of Film Critics Best Ensemble Cast "Precious" 2009 Daytime Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host "The View" 2009 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series "The View" 2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture "Precious" 2010 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Acting Ensemble "Precious" 2010 Black Reel Awards Black Reel Award for Outstanding Ensemble "Precious" 2010 Daytime Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host "The View" 2010 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series "The View" 2010 NAACP Image Awards NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series "Sherri" 2010 Gracie Awards Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy Series "Sherri" 2010 Braveheart Award Powerful Women in Hollywood "Herself" 2011 Daytime Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host "The View" 2011 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series "The View" 2013 People's Choice Awards Favorite Daytime TV Host "The View" 2014 Daytime Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host "The View" 2017 Canadian Screen Awards Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress "Jean of the Joneses" 2022 NAACP Image Awards Best Lifestyle & Self Help Podcast "Kym & Sherri: Two Funny Mamas" 2022 Children's and Family Emmy Awards Outstanding Voice Performance in a Preschool Animated Program "Blaze and the Monster Machines" 2023 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Arts & Entertainment Podcast "Two Funny Mamas" ==References== ==External links== * * * Category:1967 births Category:20th- century African-American people Category:20th-century African-American women Category:20th-century American actresses Category:20th-century American comedians Category:21st-century African-American people Category:21st-century African-American women Category:21st-century American actresses Category:21st- century American comedians Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American women writers Category:Actresses from Chicago Category:African-American Christians Category:African-American actresses Category:African-American game show hosts Category:African-American television personalities Category:African-American television producers Category:African- American television talk show hosts Category:African-American women writers Category:American Christians Category:American film actresses Category:American television actresses Category:American television talk show hosts Category:American women comedians Category:American women film producers Category:American women television personalities Category:Comedians from Illinois Category:Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host winners Category:Film producers from Illinois Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses Category:Living people Category:Television producers from Illinois Category:Writers from Chicago |
The history of the Jews in Japan is well documented in modern times, with various traditions relating to much earlier eras. == Status of Jews in Japan == Jews and their culture are by far one of the most minor ethnic and religious groups in Japan, presently consisting of only about 300 to 2,000 people or approximately 0.0016% to 0.0002% of Japan's total population. Almost all of them are not Japanese citizens and almost all of them are foreigner short-term residents. (滝川義人) "図解ユダヤ社会のしくみ 現代ユダヤ人の本当の姿がここにある", p.54-57, 中経出版, 2001, == History== === Early settlements === In 1572, Spanish Neapolitan Jews who had converted to Christianity to escape, entered Nagasaki on Black Ships from Portuguese Macau. Remaining in Nagasaki, some of them reverted to Judaism, even reclaiming their family names (notably a Levite). In 1586, the community, then consisting of at least three permanent families, was displaced by the Shimazu forces. The Jews of Settsu absorbed some of them into its own community (at the time, a population of over 130 Jews), while a minority left or died. === Edo period === Between 1848 and 1854, in Naha, Satsuma province, Bernard Jean Bettelheim (physician) resided with his family. He was a Christian Missionary with British citizenship, although born a Hungarian Jew. There is a plaque at Gokokuji Jinja (Naha). In 1861, Pogrom refugees from Russia and Poland moved to the port of Nagasaki; these were the first Jews in Nagasaki since around 1584. In 1867, over one week the Settsu Jewish community was pushed near extinction, disappearing altogether after the Meiji restoration. Towards the end of the Edo period, with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry following the Convention of Kanagawa and the end of Japan's "closed-door" foreign policy, Jewish families again began to settle in Japan. The first recorded Jewish settlers arrived at Yokohama in 1861. By 1895, this community, which by then consisted of about 50 families, established the first synagogue in Meiji Japan.Daniel Ari Kapner and Stephen Levine, "The Jews of Japan," Jerusalem Letter, No. 425 24 Adar I 5760 / 1 March 2000, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Part of this community would later move to Kobe after the great Kanto earthquake of 1923. Another early Jewish settlement was established in the 1880s in Nagasaki, a large Japanese port city opened to foreign trade by the Portuguese. This community was larger than the one in Yokohama, consisting of more than 100 families. It was here that the Beth Israel Synagogue was created in 1894. The settlement would continually grow and remain active until it eventually declined by the Russo-Japanese War in the early 20th century. The community's Torah scroll would eventually be passed down to the Jews of Kobe, a group formed of freed Russian Jewish war prisoners that had participated in the Czar's army and the Russian Revolution of 1905. From the mid 1920s until the 1950s, the Kobe Jewish community was the largest Jewish community in Japan, formed by hundreds of Jews arriving from Russia (originating from the Manchurian city of Harbin), the Middle East (mainly from Iraq and Syria), as well as from Central and Eastern European countries (primarily Germany). It had both an Ashkenazi and a Sephardic synagogue. During this time, Tokyo's Jewish community (now Japan's largest) was slowly growing with the arrival of Jews from the United States, Western Europe and Russia. === Imperial Japan === In 1905, at the end of the Russo- Japanese War, the community of Nagasaki went extinct. While the Iraqi community is formed in Kobe (about 40 families in 1941) Following Russia's 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, antisemitism exploded in Japan, with many blaming Jews as being the "nature" of the revolution. Some Japanese leaders, such as Captain Inuzuka Koreshige (犬塚 惟重), Colonel Yasue Norihiro (安江 仙弘) and industrialist Aikawa Yoshisuke (鮎川 義介), came to believe that Jewish economic and political power could be harnessed by Japan through controlled immigration and that such a policy would also ensure favor from the United States through the influence of American Jewry. Although efforts were made to attract Jewish investment and immigrants, the plan was limited by the government's desire not to interfere with its alliance with Nazi Germany. Ultimately, it was left up to the world Jewish community to fund the settlements and to supply settlers and the plan failed to attract a significant long-term population or create the strategic benefits for Japan that had been expected by its originators. In 1937, Japan invaded China, with the Japanese ambassador to France telling the ruling Japanese that "English, American, and French Jewish plutocrats" were leading opposition to the invasion. On December 6, 1938, Five ministers council (Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, Army Minister Seishirō Itagaki, Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai, Foreign Minister Hachirō Arita and Finance Minister Shigeaki Ikeda), which was the highest decision-making council, made a decision of prohibiting the expulsion of the Jews in Japan. With the signing of the German-Japanese Anti-COMINTERN Pact in 1936 and the Tripartite Treaty of September 1940, however, antisemitism gained a more formal footing in some of Tokyo's ruling circles. Meanwhile, the Japanese public was exposed to a campaign of defamation that created a popular image known as the Yudayaka, or the "Jewish peril." During World War II, Japan was regarded by some as a safe refuge from the Holocaust, despite being a part of the Axis and an ally of Germany. Jews trying to escape German-occupied Poland could not pass the blockades near the Soviet Union and the Mediterranean Sea and were forced to go through the neutral country of Lithuania (which was occupied by belligerents in June 1940, starting with the Soviet Union, then Germany and then the Soviet Union again). Of those who arrived, many (around 5,000) were sent to the Dutch West Indies with so-called Curaçao visas issued by the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk , and Japanese visas issued by Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese consul to Lithuania. Zwartendijk went against Dutch consular guidelines, and Sugihara ignored his orders and gave thousands of Jews entry visas to Japan, risking his career. Together, both consuls saved more than 6,000 lives. Sugihara is said to have cooperated with Polish intelligence, as part of a bigger Japanese-Polish cooperative plan. They managed to flee across the vast territory of Russia by train to Vladivostok and then by boat to Kobe in Japan. The refugees 2,185 in number arrived in Japan from August 1940 to June 1941. Tadeusz Romer, the Polish ambassador in Tokyo, had managed to get transit visas in Japan; asylum visas to Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Burma; immigration certificates to Palestine; and immigrant visas to the United States and some Latin American countries. Most Jews were permitted and encouraged to move on from Japan to the Shanghai Ghetto, China, under Japanese occupation for the duration of World War II. Finally, Tadeusz Romer arrived in Shanghai on November 1, 1941, to continue the action for Jewish refugees.Andrzej Guryn, "Tadeusza Romera Pomoc Żydom Polskim na Dalekim Wschodzie," Biuletyn Polskiego Instytutu Naukowego w Kanadzie, vol X,1993 (in Polish) Among those saved in the Shanghai Ghetto were leaders and students of Mir yeshiva, the only European yeshiva to survive the Holocaust. They some 400 in number fled from Mir to Vilna with the outbreak of World War II in 1939 and then to Keidan, Lithuania. In late 1940, they obtained visas from Chiune Sugihara, to travel from Keidan (then Lithuanian SSR) via Siberia and Vladivostok to Kobe, Japan. By November 1941, the Japanese moved this group and most of others on to the Shanghai Ghetto in order to consolidate the Jews under their control.Pamela Shatzkes. Kobe: A Japanese haven for Jewish refugees, 1940–1941. Japan Forum, 1469-932X, Volume 3, Issue 2, 1991, pp. 257–273 The secretary of the Manchurian Legation in Berlin Wang Tifu (王, 替夫. 1911–) also issued visas to 12,000 refugees, including Jews, from June 1939 to May 1940. Throughout the war, the Japanese government continually rejected some requests from the German government to establish antisemitic policies. However, some Jews who resided in Japanese-occupied territories were interned in detention camps in Malaysia and the Netherlands East Indies. Jews in the Philippines were also faced accusations of being involved in black market operations, price manipulation, and espionage. Towards the end, Nazi representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the Allies and thus delayed the German request for a time, eventually rejecting it entirely. One Orthodox Jewish institution saved in this manner was the Lithuanian Haredi Mir yeshiva. The Japanese government and people offered the Jews temporary shelter, medical services, food, transportation, and gifts, but preferred that they move on to reside in Japanese-occupied Shanghai. The decision to declare the Shanghai Ghetto in February 1943 was influenced by the police attaché of the German embassy in Tokyo, Josef Meisinger. In autumn 1942 he had lengthy discussions with the Japanese Home Ministry. Because the Japanese were mostly not antisemitic, he used their espionage fear to provoke actions against the Jewish community. To the Japanese he declared, that he was ordered from Berlin to provide them all names of "anti-Nazis" among the German residents. Then he claimed that "anti- Nazis" were always "anti-Japanese" and added that "anti-Nazis" were primarily German Jews, of whom 20,000 had emigrated to Shanghai. Meisinger's antisemitic intrigue worked. In response to his statements, the Japanese demanded from Meisinger a list of all "anti-Nazis". This list was, as Meisinger's personal secretary later confirmed, already prepared. After consulting General Müller, Meisinger handed the list over to the Japanese Home Ministry and the Kenpeitai at the end of 1942. The list contained i. a. the names of all Jews with a German passport in Japan. Karl Hamel, the interpreter of Meisinger, who was present at the discussions with the Japanese authorities, later testified that this intervention led to a "real chasing of anti-Nazis" and to the "internment of quite a lot of people". He added that "this thesis may be regarded as the basic explanation of Mr. Meisinger’s activities in Japan with regard to the splitting up of the German Community into Nazis and anti-Nazis." This testimony of Karl Hamel to Allied interrogation specialists was kept strictly confidential for a long time. During lawsuits for compensation of inmates of the Shanghai Ghetto in the 1950s, former German diplomats were able to convince the judges, that the proclamation of the ghetto was a sovereign act of the Japanese and not related to German authorities.Jochem, Clemens: Der Fall Foerster: Die deutsch-japanische Maschinenfabrik in Tokio und das Jüdische Hilfskomitee Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2017, pp. 82–90 and pp. 229–233, . At war's end, about half of the Jews who had been in Japanese- controlled territories later moved on to the Western hemisphere (such as the United States and Canada) and the remainder moved to other parts of the world, mainly to Israel. Since the 1920s, there have been occasional events and statements reflecting antisemitism in Japan,Jacob Kovalio, The Russian Protocols of Zion in Japan: Yudayaka/Jewish Peril Propaganda and Debates in the 1920s, Vol. 64 of Asian Thought and Culture, Peter Lang, 2009 generally promoted by fringe elements and tabloid newspapers. === Postwar Japan === After World War II, a large portion of the few Jews that were in Japan left, many going to what would become Israel. Some of those who remained married locals and were assimilated into Japanese society. Presently, there are several hundred Jewish families living in Tokyo, and a small number of Jewish families in and around Kobe. A small number of Jewish expatriates of other countries live throughout Japan, temporarily, for business, research, a gap year, or a variety of other purposes. There are always Jewish members of the United States Armed Forces serving on Okinawa and in the other American military bases throughout Japan. Camp Foster in Okinawa has a dedicated Jewish Chapel where the Jewish Community of Okinawa has been worshipping since the 1980s. Okinawa has had a continuous presence of Rabbis, serving as military Chaplains, for the past 4 decades. There are community centers serving Jewish communities in Tokyo and Kobe. The Chabad-Lubavitch organization has two official centers in Tokyo and in Kobe and there is an additional Chabad house run by Rabbi Yehezkel Binyomin Edery. In the cultural domain, each year, hundreds, if not thousands, of Jews visit the Chiune Sugihara Memorial Museum located in Yaotsu, Gifu Prefecture, in central Japan. Chiune Sugihara's grave in Kamakura is the place where Jewish visitors pay their respect. Sugihara's actions of issuing valid transit visas are thought to have saved the lives of around 6,000 Jews, who fled across Russia to Vladivostok and then Japan to escape the concentration camps. In the same prefecture, many Jews also visit Takayama city. == Rabbis == === Tokyo Jewish Community === * Rabbi Herman Dicker, 1960–1963, Orthodox * Rabbi Marvin Tokayer, 1968–1976, Orthodox * Rabbi Jonathan Z. Maltzman, 1980–1983, Conservative * Rabbi Michael Schudrich, 1983–Present Conservative * Rabbi Moshe Silberschein, 1989–1992, Conservative * Rabbi Jim Lebeau, 1993–1997, Conservative * Rabbi Carnie Shalom Rose, 1998–1999, Conservative * Rabbi Elliot Marmon, 1999–2002, Conservative * Rabbi Henri Noach, 2002–2008, Conservative * Rabbi Rachel Smookler, Reform, interim- rabbi * Rabbi Antonio Di Gesù, 2009–2013, Conservative * Rabbi David Kunin, 2013-2022, Conservative * Rabbi Andrew Scheer, 2022-Present, Orthodox === Chabad === * Rabbi Mendi Sudakevich * Rabbi Yehezkel Binyomin Edery === Jewish Community of Kobe === * Rabbi Gaoni Maatuf, 1998–2002 * Rabbi Asaf Tobi, 2002–2006 * Rabbi Yerachmiel Strausberg, 2006–2008 * Hagay Blumenthal, 2008–2009, lay leader * Daniel Moskovich, 2009–2010, lay leader * Rabbi David Gingold, 2010–2013 * Rabbi Shmuel Vishedsky, 2014–present === Jewish Community of Okinawa === * Rabbi Yonatan Warren, 2011-2014 * Rabbi Yonina Creditor , 2013-2016 * Rabbi David Bauman, 2016-2017 * Rabbi Yonatan Greenberg, 2018-present * Rabbi Levy Pekar, 2019-present == List of notable Jews in Japan == * Abraham Kaufman * Alan Kawarai Lefor, MD MPH PhD FACS, Professor of Surgery * Alan Merrill * Albert Mosse * Alfred Birnbaum * Arie Selinger * Ayako Fujitani, writer and actress * Avi Schafer * Barak Kushner * Beate Sirota Gordon, former Performing Arts Director of Japan Society and Asia Society * Ben-Ami Shillony, Israeli Japanologist * Chaim Janowski * Charles Louis Kades * Dan Calichman * David G. Goodman, Japanologist(ja) * Emil Orlík * Emmanuel Metter * Fumiko Kometani, author and artist * Heinrich Bürger * Henryk Lipszyc * Hoshitango Imachi, né Imachi Marcelo Salomon * Jack Halpern, Israeli linguist, Kanji-scholar * Jay Rubin * John Nathan * Joseph Rosenstock, conductor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra * Julie Dreyfus * Karl Taro Greenfeld, journalist and author * Klaus Pringsheim Sr. * Kurt Singer * Leonid Kreutzer, pianist * Leo Sirota * Ludwig Riess * Manfred Gurlitt * Martin "Marty" Adam Friedman, rock guitarist * Max Janowski * Michael Kogan, founder of Taito * Ofer Feldman, University professor * Peter Berton, Japanologist * Péter Frankl, Hungarian mathematician * Rachel Elior * Raphael Schoyer * Rena "Rusty" Kanokogi, née Glickman * Roger Pulvers * Setsuzo (Avraham) Kotsuji, Hebrew professor * Shaul Eisenberg, businessman * Shifra Horn * Suiren Higashino, female photographer, model (ja) * Sulamith Messerer * Szymon Goldberg * Yaacov Liberman * Yakov Zinberg, Prof., Kokushikan University * Zerach Warhaftig * ():ja:石角完爾 * :ja:サリー・ワイル * , Israeli Esperantist * Hideo Levy * Peter Barakan * Steven Seagal === People of Jewish descent === * Bernard Jean Bettelheim (Christian) * Luís de Almeida (New Christian)(ja) * Martin Kafka === Refugees, short expatriates === * Adolf (Aron) Moses Pollak (Ritter) von Rudin * Albert Kahn (banker) * Emil Lederer * Franz Oppenheimer * George W. F. Hallgarten * Hayyim Selig Slonimski * Karl Kindermann, interpreter and informant for the GestapoRobert Whymant, Stalin's Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring, I.B.Tauris, 1996 * Karl Löwith * Leo Melamed * Mirra Alfassa * Moshe Atzmon * Norman Mailer * Robert Alan Feldman(ja) * Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky (Christian) === Other related people to Judaism and Jews in Japan === * Hana Brady, and George Brady * Jeremy Glick * Lili Kraus * Samuel Ullman === Ambassadors === * Eli Cohen * Ruth Kahanoff (Kahanov) == Films == * Jewish Soul Music: The Art of Giora Feidman (1980). Directed by Uri Barbash. == See also == * Religion in Japan * Shingō, Aomori- Japanese village where Jesus Christ is claimed to have fled * Antisemitism in Japan * Israel–Japan relations (since 1952) * Ethnic issues in Japan * Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire * Fugu Plan (1934, 1938) * Racial Equality Proposal (1919) * Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory * Timeline of Jewish history == References == == External links == * The Jews of Kobe * Jews in the Japanese Mind by David G. Goodman and Miyazawa Masanori. * Our history - The Jewish Community of Japan Category:Jews and Judaism in Japan Judaism |
The Royal House of Dinefwr was a cadet branch of the Royal House of Gwynedd, founded by King Cadell ap Rhodri (reign 872–909), son of Rhodri the Great. Their ancestor, Cunedda Wledig, born in late Roman Britain, was a Sub-Roman warlord who founded the Kingdom of Gwynedd during the 5th century, following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. As Celtic Britons, the House of Dinefwr was ruling before the Norman conquest, having to fight with their neighbors such as the Celtics, Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, before struggling with the Normans afterwards. Many members of this family were influential in Welsh history, such a Hywel Dda, who codified Welsh law under his rule, and achieved the important title of King of the Britons, or Lord Rhys, Prince of Wales, who rebelled against Richard the Lionheart, and became one of the most powerful Welsh leaders of the Middle ages. ==History== With the death of Rhodri Mawr, the Kingdom of Gwynedd passed to his eldest son Anarawd ap Rhodri. Rhodri's second son Cadell ap Rhodri, however, looked outside Gwynedd's traditional borders and took possession of the Early Medieval Kingdom of Dyfed by the late 9th century, establishing his capital at the citadel of Dinefwr Castle. Cadell ap Rhodri's descendants are designated Dinefwr after the citadel from which they would rule Dyfed. The Dinefwr dynasty under King Hywel Dda would unite Dyfed and Seisyllwg into the Kingdom of Deheubarth in the early 10th century. During his reign, Hywel Dda would have to submit to the King of the Anglo- Saxons, Edward the Elder, and thereafter support his successor King Æthelstan, the first King of England, and his invasion of Scotland. His legacy would be the codification of Welsh law known as the Laws of Hywel Dda, as he had gathered expert lawyers and priests from all over the country under his leadership for its formation. The Dinefwrs would rule in Deheubarth until their conquest by the Plantagenet kings in the 13th century. This branch would compete with the House of Aberffraw for supremacy and influence in Wales throughout the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, with the Kingdom of Powys variously ruled between them. Eventually, a cadet branch of the House of Dinefwr would establish itself in Powys by the mid-11th century, designating themselves as the House of Mathrafal after the castle there named Mathrafal Castle. This dynasty will be the last with a native Welsh Prince of Wales before its annexation into the Kingdom of England. During the 12th century, Lord Rhys's father, Prince Gruffydd ap Rhys, fought the Normans following the civil war in England and Normandy. This war arose from the rival claims of Stephen of Blois and Empress Matilda to the throne England as descendants of William the Conqueror. From that era, Lord Rhys would end up becoming one of the most successful and powerful Welsh leaders of the Middle Ages, fighting against King Henry Plantagenet as well as against his son, Richard the Lionheart, attacking his Norman lordship and capturing many of his castles. Through Lord Rhys's daughter Gwenllian, wife of Seneschal Ednyfed Fychan, he would also become an ancestor of the House of Tudor, House of Stuart, as well as the current reigning House of Windsor.Rees, D. pp. 38–39. Other important members of the Dinefwr family were Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd and Sir Rhys ap Thomas. Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd, a descendant of Ednyfed Fychan, rose to prominence after supporting Hugh Despenser, Earl of Winchester, and Hugh Despenser the Younger, who became the Royal Chamberlain. From supporting the Angevin cause, he would end up becoming the wealthiest and most influential figure among the native Welsh gentry of the 14th century. Thereafter, he was involved in the abdication of Edward II, and joined the new King, Edward of Windsor, fighting for him and Edward the Black Prince at the Battle of Crecy. One of Rhys ap Gruffydd's descendant, Sir Rhys ap Thomas, would later be instrumental during the War of the Roses, being one of the leader and commander at the Battle of Bosworth Field, alongside the future King as well as Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford, and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. From that victory, he received lands and positions, such as Privy Councillor, Chamberlain, Justiciar of South Wales and Governor of all Wales. He supported the next King Henry VIII, and joined him and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, of the House of Habsburg, at the Battle of the Spurs in France.Oman, Sir Charles W. C. (1998), History of the Art of War in the 16th Century, p. 295Hall 1809, p. 542; Grafton, Richard, Chronicle at Large, vol. 1 (1809), pp . 256, 257–8 He was also one of the Garter Knights to accompany the King in 1520 at his meeting with Francis I of France at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He spent his later years at Carew Castle in Wales after receiving the titles of Knight Banneret and Knight of the Garter. ===Ancestral seat=== The ancestral seat of the dynasty was Dinefwr Castle, initially built by the Prince of Wales, Lord Rhys, and eventually seized during the 16th century by the Tudor King Henry VIII, as the then owner, Rhys ap Gruffydd, was accused of plotting with King James V of Scotland to replace him and become Prince of Wales. Rhys was powerful and had married well. His wife, Catherine Howard, was a cousin of Queen Anne Boleyn, and the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Their ancestral seat would eventually be restored by Queen Mary Tudor. A house was also rebuilt in Dinefwr Park, now called Newton House, and the descendants of Lord Rhys anglicized their name from Rhys to Rice. William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, became the first Baron Dynevor, an anglicization of Dinefwr. He was made Privy Councillor, Lord High Steward, and Lord Steward of the Household under King George III of the House of Hanover. He also married the daughter and heiress of Adam de Cardonnel, Secretary of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough of Blenheim Palace. This branch continued the line of Sir Rhys ap Thomas. Another notable member was Walter Rice, 7th Baron Dynevor, who served Lord George Hamilton, and married to a daughter of the Viceroy of South Wales, Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, of Osterley Park, member of the Ducal House of Villiers. His son David Reginald Rhys (1907-1991) married Anne Wellesley, 7th Duchess of Ciudad Rodrigo, a member of the Spanish nobility, and descendant of the Duke of Wellington who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. As Spanish law allowed the inheritance of estates and titles in the female line, Anne became Duchess after the death of her brother Henry, making her husband David Rhys, Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo and Grandee of Spain, and heir of their estates in Andalusia. The Wellesley family negotiated with the couple to get the title and estates back, and the matter was settled between the families. Their daughter Imogen Alice Rhys (1903-2001), married David Brand, 5th Viscount Hampden, Chairman of the English, Scottish & Australian Bank, and grandson of William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch of Boughton House. The most recent Baron Dynevors are Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor (b. 1935) and Hugo Rhys, 10th Baron Dynevor (b. 1966). The heir presumptive is the present holder's second cousin, Robert David Arthur Rhys (b. 1963) and afterwards, Robert's son Edward (b. 2002). The dynasty also attacked and captured many castles throughout the centuries such as Cardigan Castle, Kidwelly Castle, Rhuddlan Castle, Carmarthen Castle, Laugharne Castle, Llandovery Castle, Swansea Castle, Aberystwyth Castle, Oystermouth Castle, Llansteffan Castle, Tenby Castle, Aberavon Castle, St Clears Castle, Aberdyfi Castle, Cilgerran Castle, Builth Castle, Nevern Castle, Painscastle, Colwyn Castle, New Radnor Castle. ==Members== === Before the Norman Conquest of England === *Hywel Dda, Prince of Seisyllwg and Deheubarth, King of Dyfed, Powys and Gwynedd, he codified Welsh law under his rule, known as the Laws of Hywel Dda, and did a pilgrimage to Rome later in his life *Owain ap Hywel Dda, King of South Wales, he attacked the Kingdom of Morgannwg with his sons, and paid tribute to the English king Edgar the Peaceful, a member of the Royal House of Wessex *Maredudd ab Owain, King of the Britons, he was featured in the Chronicle of the Princes, and struggled on many occasions with Vikings and their invasions in Wales, he raided the Kingdom of Mercia *Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin, Welsh prince, he fought against the Normans and supported the English magnate Eadric the Wild in his conquest, was awarded lands in England as a result *Rhys ab Owain, King of Deheubarth, he fought against the King of Gwynedd and Powys, he was killed at war by Prince Caradog ap Gruffydd, he was implicated in the killing of King Bleddyn ap Cynfyn *Cadell ap Rhodri, King of Seisyllwg, ruled a minor kingdom in south of Wales, was nephew of Gwgon, King of Ceredigion, with his son they conquered the Kingdom of Dyfed *Einion ab Owain, Welsh prince, he fought with King Iago ab Idwal against the Irish and Vikings, and later against Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia, he was in conflict with Edgar, King of England *Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King of the Britons, killed prince Aeddan ap Blegywryd, and was featured in Brut y Tywysogion and Annals of Ulster, his sons died fighting at the Battle of Mechain *Rhain the Irishman, King of Dyfed, featured in the Annales Cambriae, possible pretender to the throne, killed by King Llywelyn ap Seisyll, his body was not discovered *Rhodri ap Hywel, King of Deheubarth, son of the King of the Britons, co-ruled with Edwin and Owain, lost land to the Aberffraw dynasty, and was defeated at a Battle in Llanrwst === After the Norman Conquest of England === *Rhys ap Tewdwr, King in Southern Wales, made an agreement with William the Conqueror for his Kingdom, was later forced to flee to Ireland, came back with a fleet and attacked the Royal House of Mathrafal *Gruffydd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth, fought against the Normans following the wars of Stephen of Blois and Empress Matilda, he refused to pay homage to King Stephen of England in London *Nest ferch Rhys, Welsh Princess, she was brought at the court of King William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, she married to Gerald of Windsor, founder of the House of Fitzgerald, and former Constable of Pembroke Castle *Rhys ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, fought against Richard the Lionheart, captured many of his castles, and built Carreg Cennen castle, was summoned by King Henry Plantagenet to pay him homage with Malcolm IV of Scotland *Gwenllian, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, married to Seneschal Ednyfed Fychan, who fought against the army of Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester, she was ancestor of Sir Owen Tudor and the Tudor dynasty *Angharad, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, married to William FitzMartin, Lord of Cemais, his castle was taken by his father-in-law and given to his son, her father was the most powerful man in Wales *Annest ferch Rhys, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, married to Rhodri ab Owain, a Prince of Gwynedd, of the Royal House of Aberffraw, he made an alliance with Raghnall mac Gofraidh, King of Mann and the Isles *Gruffydd ap Rhys II, Welsh prince, captured Cilgerran Castle, made an agreement with King John of England, was son-in-law of Lord William de Braose, a Royal favourite who fought in the war against Philip Augustus, 1st King of France *Maelgwn ap Rhys, Welsh prince, he captured Cardigan Castle, then sold it to King John of England, he then seized Cilgerran Castle but later lost it to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke *Anarawd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Deheubarth, joined the war of Prince Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, and attacked Cardigan Castle with a Viking fleet against the Normans *Cadell ap Gruffydd, Prince of Deheubarth, captured Llansteffan Castle and Carmarthen Castle, was attacked and injured by the Normans during a hunt, he left Wales for a pilgrimage to Rome *Maredudd ap Gruffydd, prince in South-West Wales, fought with his half-brother, Cadell, against the Normans, expelling them from the Kingdom of Ceredigion, he became King after his brother left Wales for Rome *Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh prince, was awarded lands by Edward Longshanks, and lived at Dryslwyn Castle, he later rebelled and was executed for treason at York, his son was imprisoned at Bristol Castle *Rhys Gryg, Welsh prince, fought against Baron Falkes de Bréauté, his wife was the sister of Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester, a signatory of Magna Carta, his widow remarried to Richard Plantagenet, King of the Romans *Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg, was in the wardship of Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke, his aunt was Countess Isabel Marshal, the great grandmother of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots *Rhys Mechyll, Welsh prince, married to Matilda de Braose (Deheubarth), his sole heiress married into the House of Talbot and assumed the arms of the House of Dinefwr, she was related to the Royal House of Stuart === After the Edwardian Conquest of Wales === *Sir Rhys ap Thomas, most powerful man in Wales, he fought at the Battle of Bosworth with the first monarch of the House of Tudor, Henry VII, and later with Henry VIII at the Battle of the Spurs with the Habsburgs *Sir Gruffydd ap Rhys, married to a relative of Margaret Beaufort, the grandmother of Henry VIII, they both served Queen Catherine of Aragon and Arthur, Prince of Wales *Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel), married to Lady Catherine, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, the grandfather of Queen Anne Boleyn, he was in conflict with Lord Walter Devereux, and petitioned Cardinal Thomas Wolsey *Agnes Rice, 2nd wife of William Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton, the in-law of Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor of Hewell Grange, his estate was later envied by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild of Waddesdon Manor *William Talbot, Earl Talbot, 1st Baron Dynevor, was Lord High Steward to King George III, his father-in-law was Secretary to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough of Blenheim Palace *George Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor, son of George Rice, Lord Commissioner of the Board of trade to Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Prime Minister of Great Britain *George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor, married to a daughter of General Lord FitzRoy, son of Augustus, 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister of Great Britain and descendant of King Charles II of the House of Stuart *Selina Rice-Trevor (1836–1918), married to William Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford, a General during the Indian Rebellion and Crimean War of Napoleon III of the House of Bonaparte *Walter Rice, 7th Baron Dynevor, President of the South Wales Conservatives, married to a daughter of Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, of the House of Villiers, the family of the Dukes of Buckingham *Anne Rhys (1910-1998), Duchess of Ciudad Rodrigo, daughter of Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington, and granddaughter of Arthur Wellesley of Apsley House, Prince of Waterloo and Duke of Victoria ==Castles== File:Lanstephar Castle, Caermarthenshire (1129613).jpg|Llansteffan Castle, captured by Prince Cadell ap Gruffydd File:Carreg Cennen Castle on its crag and in its Carmarthenshire landscape, autumn light.jpg|Carreg Cennen Castle, built by the Prince of Wales, Lord Rhys File:Dinefwr castle at sunrise.jpg|Ruins of Dinefwr Castle, seat of the Royal House of Dinefwr, in the Kingdom of Deheubarth File:Carew Castle across Mill Pond.JPG|Carew Castle, once the property of Sir Rhys ap Thomas File:Larne Castle, Caermarthenshire.jpeg|Laugharne Castle, seized by Lord Rhys, along with St Clears and Llansteffan File:Kidwelly castle whole.JPG|Kidwelly Castle, captured by Prince Lord Rhys File:Newton House, Dynefwr Parc - Feb 2019 - EXPLORED - Flickr - Clint Budd.jpg|Newton House, Llandeilo, seat of the Baron Dynevors File:Cilgerran Castle.png|Cilgerran Castle, retaken by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, his son signed Magna Carta ==Sources== *Castles of Wales by John Davis, 6 apr 2022 - 252 pages *The Royal Families in Europe V by Lars Ulwencreutz - 742 pages *Gruffydd ap Nicholas and the rise of the House of Dinefwr, National Library of Wales, journal, page 256 *The Longhunters: A Report on the History and Family of William Blevins Sr. of Virginia by Leslie W. Blevins Jr. apr 2012 · Xlibris Corporation, - 210 pages *Cardiganshire County History Volume 2: Medieval and Early Modern Cardiganshire (The Cardiganshire County History) by Geraint H. Jenkins, - 921 pages Category:Welsh royal houses |
Caleb Hunter Plant (born July 8, 1992) is an American professional boxer who held the IBF super middleweight title from 2019 to 2021. As of November 2021, he is ranked as the world's third-best active super middleweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, ESPN, and The Ring, and sixth by BoxRec. ==Amateur career== Caleb Plant took up boxing at age 8. He won the 2011 Golden Gloves in the light heavyweight division. Plant was an alternate for the 2012 Summer Olympics. As an amateur Caleb won numerous tournament titles while compiling a record of 97 wins with 20 defeats. ==Professional career== ===Early career=== Plant made his professional debut on May 10, 2014, when he was scheduled to fight Travis Davidson. He won the fight by a first-round knockout, ending the fight after just 47 seconds. He won his next eight fights, five of them by stoppage. Plant won his next two fight against Jamar Freeman and Tyrone Brunson by decision, before scoring another two knockouts against Adasat Rodriguez and Carlos Galvan. Plant fought Juan De Angel on August 23, 2016. It was the first ten round fight in Plant's career. He won the fight by a convincing unanimous decision, with all three judges scoring the fight 100-89 in his favor. Plant fought Thomas Awimbono in the main event of PBC on FOX, on February 25, 2017. Plant beat Awimbono by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–89, 100–89 and 99–90. Plant fought Alan Campa on September 8, 2017. Campa later withdrew from the bout, for undisclosed reasons, and was replaced by Andrew Hernandez. The fight was Plant's Showtime Championship Boxing debut. Plant completely dominated his opponent, with the judges awarding him every single round of the fight. Plant, at the time the #6 ranked IBF super middleweight was scheduled to fight the #12 ranked Rogelio Medina, on February 17, 2018. The was an IBF super middleweight eliminator for the number #2 ranking slot, as well as for the position of the IBF mandatory title challenger. Plant utilized his jab to score points and accumulate damage on the advancing Medina, while using his superior ring-craft to stay out of Medina's punching range. Plant won the fight by a wide unanimous decision, with scores of 120–108, 119–109, 117–111. ===IBF super middleweight champion=== ====Plant vs. Uzcátegui==== In his 18th professional fight, Plant was scheduled to challenge the reigning IBF super middleweight champion José Uzcátegui, on January 13, 2019. Uzcátegui was the former interim IBF super middleweight champion, and was later elevated to full champion when James DeGale vacated his title. It was Uzcátegui's first title defense. Plant was the IBF mandatory, having earned the right to challenge for the title after defeating Rogelio Medina by unanimous decision. The fight was later postponed, as Plant suffered a broken left hand in training camp. Plant needed surgery to repair the injury followed by rehabilitation. While Plant was recovering from his injury, Uzcátegui beat Ezequiel Maderna by unanimous decision, in a non- title bout contested on September 28, 2018. His fight with Uzcátegui was rescheduled for January 13, 2019. The eleven month layoff from his bout with Medina was the longest in Plant's professional career. Plant came into the bout as a +161 underdog, while Uzcátegui was a -200 favorite to defend the title. Plant got off to a great start, managing to score a knockdown in the second round. He had caught the off-balanced Uzcátegui with a left hook, which dropped the champion to the canvas. After sustaining a cut outside his right eye in the third round, Plant would once again knock the champion down with a left hook in the fourth round. Sticking to his outfighting gameplan, Plant remained dominant until the ninth round, during which he was staggered by a short uppercut from Uzcátegui. After losing both the ninth and tenth rounds, Plant made a comeback in the eleventh round. Plant won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 116–110, 116–110 and 115–111. Plant out-landed Uzcátegui by 217 to 157 punches, landing more jabs and power shots along the way. ====Plant vs. Lee==== Plant made his first IBF title defense against Mike Lee, on July 20, 2019. Lee had spent his career competing at light- heavyweight, but moved down to super middleweight to challenge for his first world championship. The fight was scheduled as the lead-in for the Manny Pacquiao vs. Keith Thurman pay-per-view. As Lee was moving down from light- heavyweight, and considering he had never faced the level of opposition that Plant had, Lee wasn't seen as a serious threat to Plant. Accordingly, Plant came into the bout as a -1944 favorite, while Lee was a +1119 underdog. Plant completely dominated his opponent throughout the bout, earning a technical knockout victory midway through the third round. Plant knocked Lee down after just 37 seconds into the first round, and out-landed the challenger 18–3. Plant staggered Lee with a body shot in the second round, and increased the number of landed shots to 41, compared to Lee's seven. Plant knocked his opponent down three times in the third round: the first knockdown came after Plant landed a right straight, the second after a left hook, while the third knockdown was once again the result of a right straight. Referee Robert Byrd decided to stop the bout at the 1:29 minute mark. Lee's domination was such that The Ring magazine declared him a "glorified club fighter". ====Plant vs. Feigenbutz==== For his second title defense, Plant fought the #3 ranked IBF super middleweight and mandatory challenger Vincent Feigenbutz, on February 15, 2020. The fight was scheduled as the main event for PBC on Fox, and was Plant's first fight in his native Nashville. Feigenbutz was seen as yet another easy opponent for Plant, with The Athletic stating it would be "hard to envision Plant having much trouble defusing Feigenbutz's offense and then finding a rhythm and turning the bout into target practice". Plant came into the bout as an overwhelming favorite. Plant justified his role as the favorite, winning by a tenth-round technical knockout, after dominating Feigenbutz through all ten rounds leading up to the knockout. Plant, the longer and taller fighter, utilized his jab to keep the shorter Feigenbutz at distance. After establishing his jab, Plant landed power shots to both the body and head of his opponent. Referee Malik Waleed finally stepped in at the 2:23 minute mark of the tenth round, deeming Feigenbutz unable to continue intelligently defending himself. Afterward, Feigenbutz said: "I can't disagree with the stoppage. The referee did a very good job". ====Plant vs. Truax==== Plant made his third title defense against the former IBF super middleweight titleholder Caleb Truax, on January 30, 2021. It was the second consecutive time that Plant headlined a PBC on Fox event. Truax was seen as a step-up in competition, compared to Plant's last two opponents. However, many fans expressed their disappointment with the match-up, as it was expected that Plant would fight Canelo Álvarez in a super middleweight title unification bout. Regarding the Canelo fight, Plant said in a pre-fight interview: "my manager Luis DeCubas just felt like with that being five weeks away, which is about four weeks of training, he just felt like a fight of that magnitude that he didn't want to pull the trigger on it". Plant dominated the fight by outboxing Truax from a distance, while Truax tried unsuccessfully to get closer and force the action at close range. Truax suffered a bruise and a cut by the end of the fourth round. In the fifth, Truax upped the pressure, but Plant used his jab punch to stay out of trouble. Round eight saw Truax connect with a troublesome right to Plant's jaw, while Plant tried to get a knockout win in the ninth, becoming a bit more aggressive. In the twelfth and final round, Truax, seemingly sensing he needed a knockout to win the fight, threw punches from all angles in an effort to land a knockout punch, but Plant did not get hurt. After the scheduled twelve rounds of fighting were over, Plant was announced as winner by unanimous decision, the three judges scoring the bout by 120–108 in his favor, meaning he won all twelve rounds on each of the judges' scorecards. ====Plant vs. Álvarez==== Plant fought the reigning WBA (Super), WBC, WBO and The Ring super middleweight champion Canelo Álvarez in a title unification bout on November 6, 2021 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The winner of the bout was set to become the first undisputed super middleweight champion in boxing history. Plant entered the bout as an underdog for the first time since his fight with José Uzcátegui, with most odds-makers having him as a +550 underdog. Plant lost the bout via eleventh round technical knockout losing the IBF title, with the loss also being the very first in his professional career. At the time of the stoppage, Plant was behind on all three scorecards with 98–92, 96–94, and 97–93. Plant earned a $10 million guaranteed purse, plus 40% of the PPV proceeds. ===Post championship career=== ====Plant vs. Dirrell==== Plant was booked to face the former two-time WBC super middleweight champion Anthony Dirrell in a WBC super middleweight title eliminator, on the undercard of the Deontay Wilder vs. Robert Helenius heavyweight bout, which took place at the Barclays Center in New York City. It was broadcast as part of a FOX Sports PBC pay-per-view on October 15, 2022. Plant knocked out Dirrell in the ninth round with an emphatic left hook to the head, before immediately celebrating by miming digging his opponent's grave while Dirrell was receiving medical attention, as he still remained motionless on the canvas. Although referee Harvey Dock was quick to attempt to prevent Plant from celebrating in this manner, Plant continued to mime grave-digging. ====Plant vs. Benavidez==== On November 3, 2022, Plant and David Benavidez both revealed that they had agreed terms to face each other. The fight was scheduled as the main event of a Showtime pay-per-view, which is expected to take place on March 25, 2023, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Despite starting off the fight fast, Benavidez found a way back and Plant was heavily stunned and hurt near the end of the bout. He lost by unanimous decision with the scores of 117–111, 116–112 and 115–113. ==Personal life== Plant's daughter, Alia Plant, suffered an unknown medical condition that caused seizures. Alia died in January 2015, at the age of 19 months after she caught a respiratory infection which developed to pneumonia. In March 2019, his mother, Beth Plant, was shot by police after pulling a knife on an officer. She later died in a hospital. Plant is married to Jordan Plant, a Fox Sports reporter. They met in 2016 and were married in November 2019. ==Professional boxing record== Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 24 Loss 22–2 David Benavidez UD 12 Mar 25, 2023 23 Win 22–1 Anthony Dirrell KO 9 (12), Oct 15, 2022 22 Loss 21–1 Canelo Álvarez TKO 11 (12), Nov 6, 2021 21 Win 21–0 Caleb Truax UD 12 Jan 30, 2021 20 Win 20–0 Vincent Feigenbutz TKO 10 (12), Feb 15, 2020 19 Win 19–0 Mike Lee TKO 3 (12), Jul 20, 2019 18 Win 18–0 José Uzcátegui UD 12 Jan 13, 2019 17 Win 17–0 Rogelio Medina UD 12 Feb 17, 2018 16 Win 16–0 Andrew Hernandez UD 10 Sep 8, 2017 15 Win 15–0 Thomas Awimbono UD 10 Feb 25, 2017 14 Win 14–0 Juan De Angel UD 10 Aug 23, 2016 13 Win 13–0 Carlos Galvan KO 4 (8), Jun 3, 2016 12 Win 12–0 Adasat Rodriguez TKO 6 (8), Jan 19, 2016 11 Win 11–0 Tyrone Brunson UD 8 Oct 31, 2015 10 Win 10–0 Jamar Freeman UD 8 Sep 22, 2015 9 Win 9–0 Zoltan Sera TKO 1 (6), Aug 15, 2015 8 Win 8–0 Juan Carlos Rojas TKO 4 (6), Jun 27, 2015 7 Win 7–0 Jason Zabokrtsky TKO 1 (6), May 29, 2015 6 Win 6–0 Daniel Henry 1 (6), Mar 6, 2015 5 Win 5–0 Daryl Gardner KO 1 (4), Dec 5, 2014 4 Win 4–0 Jovan Ramirez KO 1 (4), Nov 1, 2014 3 Win 3–0 Brian True KO 3 (4), Jul 25, 2014 2 Win 2–0 Mike Noriega 4 Jun 27, 2014 1 Win 1–0 Travis Davidson 1 (4), May 10, 2014 ==Amateur kickboxing record== |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2013-13-30 || Win ||align=left| Scott Legus || International Kickboxing Federation || Mounds View, Minnesota, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2010-07-25 || Win ||align=left| Richie Plant || 2010 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Final || Orlando, Florida, United States || TKO || 1 || 2:59 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2010-07-24 || Win ||align=left| David Bourne || 2010 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Semifinal || Orlando, Florida, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2010-07-23 || Win ||align=left| Shawn Dahl || 2010 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Quarterfinal || Orlando, Florida, United States || TKO || 1 || 1:43 |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2009-10-09 || Win ||align=left| Rob Burbridge || USA vs. UK: World Championship Kickboxing || Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States || Decision (Split) || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- |- style="background:#fbb;" | 2009-07-26 || Loss ||align=left| Simon Buettner || 2009 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Final || Orlando, Florida, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2009-07-25 || Win ||align=left| Joseph Corneroli || 2009 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Semifinal || Orlando, Florida, United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2009-07-24 || Win ||align=left| Kevin Pearson || 2009 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Semifinal || Orlando, Florida, United States || KO || 1 || 1:40 |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2007-08-12 || Win ||align=left| Devin Ward || 2007 IKF World Classic Amateur Championships, Tournament Final || Orlando, Florida, United States || TKO || 3 || 0:50 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- | colspan=9 | Legend: ==Pay-per-view bouts== ===Professional boxing=== United States Date Fight Billing Buys Network Revenue Álvarez vs. Plant Road to Undisputed 800,000 Showtime $64,000,000 Benavidez vs. Plant Benavidez vs. Plant Showtime ==See also== *List of world super-middleweight boxing champions ==References== ==External links== * *Biography at IKF Kickboxing *Caleb Plant - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:American male boxers Category:Boxers from Tennessee Category:People from Ashland City, Tennessee Category:Super-middleweight boxers Category:World super-middleweight boxing champions Category:International Boxing Federation champions Category:National Golden Gloves champions |
Kevin Edward Doyle (born 18 September 1983) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for Wexford F.C. (formerly Wexford Youths), St Patrick's Athletic, and Cork City in his homeland before he moved to English side Reading. He was part of Reading's record-breaking promotion to the Premier League in 2006. In June 2009, he moved to Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £6.5 million and finished his career in the United States with Colorado Rapids. Doyle made his debut for the Republic of Ireland national team in 2006. He scored fourteen goals in 62 appearances for Ireland, and played at UEFA Euro 2012. In February 2018, Doyle took a job with the Wexford GAA Under-20s football team as an advisor to the team. ==Club career== ===Early career=== Doyle signed for his first professional club St Patrick's Athletic in September 2001 as a free agent. Doyle initially played for the club's under 18 side but within weeks had made his League of Ireland début as a substitute on 24 September at Oriel Park. ===Cork City=== He then had a successful spell with Cork City, who he joined in February 2003, linking up with his former St. Patrick's Athletic manager Pat Dolan, who had recently taken over at Turners Cross. Doyle scored 25 goals for Cork City where he began playing on the right-wing but soon reverted to his natural position of striker. He also scored two goals from six appearances in the 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup, including the winner against Dutch side NEC Nijmegen. Thousands of fans gave him a standing ovation in his final game for Cork City, against Finn Harps, before his transfer to Reading. ===Reading=== On 7 June 2005, Doyle signed for Reading on a two-year deal from Cork City, Ireland for €117,000 (about £78,000). Despite having left Cork City, Doyle received a championship medal when they won the League of Ireland Premier Division in November 2005. Originally, he was signed as a back-up, but injuries to Dave Kitson and then Leroy Lita gave him an opportunity in the first team which he retained thanks to a number of important goals along the way. He scored 19 in total including the equalising goal at Leicester City on the day the Royals were promoted to the Premier League for the first time in their history, 25 March 2006. He became an intrinsic part of Reading's Championship-winning 2005–06 squad, and according to the Actim Index was the top player in the Championship. He was named the official Reading F.C. player of the season for 2005–06. In April 2006, he was also named as Championship Fans' Player of the Year and one of the Championship Team of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA). Doyle played an important role for Reading in the 2006–07 Premier League season. His first Premiership goal came in the Royals 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa, when he headed Reading into a third-minute lead. Doyle began to show a great threat in the air, during the year 2007 he scored more headers than any other player in England's leagues. He was nominated for the PFA Young Player of the Year but lost out to Cesc Fàbregas. He finished the season with 13 Premier League goals after being curtailed with a torn hamstring for two months. Reading were relegated in the 2007–08 season, but they decided to hold onto Doyle and many of their top players. On 1 September 2008, he was linked with a move to Aston Villa but in the end the striker remained at Reading. Doyle remained at Reading to try to help them return to the top flight in the 2008–09 season. He scored 18 league goals but the club failed to achieve promotion after finishing fourth and losing in the play-offs to Burnley. ===Wolverhampton Wanderers=== Doyle joined newly promoted Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers on 30 June 2009 when he signed a four-year contract for a club record fee, reportedly £6.5 million. However, he immediately had to undergo an operation to remove a hernia, which hindered his first pre-season at his new club. He picked up another minor injury while on international duty with Ireland that caused him to miss the start of the league season. He finally made his debut for Wolves on 22 August 2009, as a half time substitute at Manchester City. He scored his first Wolves goal on 20 September 2009 to earn a 2–1 win over Fulham. Throughout much of the season he operated as a lone striker in a 4–5–1 formation. His contribution helped the club finish 15th in their first season in the Premier League.2009–10 Premier League He also won the club's Player's Player of the Season Award and their Top Goalscorer Award after reaching nine goals. Doyle continued to play the lone striker role throughout most of the 2010–11 season, despite the arrival of Steven Fletcher who equalled Doyle's club record fee. After Mick McCarthy rotated systems using various strikers, he eventually reverted to his previously successful 4–5–1 formation, with Doyle playing the lone front man role. He went on to score five goals for Wolves in the second half of the season – including the winner against Manchester United that halted their 29 match unbeaten run. On 26 March 2011, Doyle tore a knee ligament while on international duty with Ireland, which kept him out of action for up to 6 weeks. He returned to action on 14 May against Sunderland, coming on as a substitute, but played no part in their final game in which they narrowly escaped relegation. Doyle was part of the Wolves squad who suffered successive relegations in consecutive seasons, to drop from the Premier League to League One during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. New Wolves manager Kenny Jackett stated that Doyle's wages were "too high for where we are" and that he expected him to leave. No bids materialised for the striker though during the Summer 2013 transfer window and he featured instead for Wolves' first team during the first part of the season as one of the few remaining players from their time in the Premier League. On 31 January 2014 Doyle was loaned to Championship side Queens Park Rangers in a deal due to run until the end of the season. He scored on his debut against Burnley on 1 February 2014, and netted a second goal for the club against Reading, as the team chased an immediate return to the Premier League. However, a knee injury sustained against Birmingham City saw him spend a period back at Wolves during March and April as he underwent treatment. After returning to Loftus Road, Doyle featured in all three games of QPR's successful play-off campaign as they won promotion back to the Premier League. On 1 September 2014, Doyle was loaned to Premier League side Crystal Palace until January 2015. He made only three substitute appearances for the Eagles in the Premier League, failing to score in any of these appearances. His final appearance during his loan spell saw him score his only goal for the club when he netted in an FA Cup tie against non-league Dover Athletic. At the end of his loan, he returned to Wolves, making a handful of appearances as substitute before his contract expired at the conclusion of the season. In total he scored 33 times for Wolves during 179 appearances, spread across playing from the Premier League to League One level. ===Colorado Rapids=== On 20 March 2015 it was announced that Doyle had signed a pre-contract agreement with the MLS club Colorado Rapids. The two-and-a-half-year deal was originally due to take effect from 1 July 2015 upon the expiry of his contract with Wolves, but the club reached a settlement on 6 May 2015, following the conclusion of Wolves' season, to allow Doyle to join Colorado earlier than planned. He made his MLS debut on 23 May 2015 as a substitute in a 1–0 win over the Vancouver Whitecaps. On 28 September 2017, Doyle announced his immediate retirement from the game due to ongoing effects of concussion. ==International career== Doyle played for the Republic of Ireland U21 team, making his debut on 2 February 2004 against Portugal. With 11 caps, and scoring seven goals making him joint top scorer at that grade, he was also a member of the Irish FIFA World Youth Championship squad in 2003. Scored against Colombia. He was called up to the senior Republic of Ireland squad in October 2005, making his full international debut against Sweden at Lansdowne Road on 1 March 2006. His first start in a competitive international was against Germany on 2 September 2006 in a Euro 2008 qualifier. With this appearance, his family also won a €100 bet at 100/1 they had placed two years earlier on Doyle playing competitively for Ireland. Doyle scored his first goal for Ireland against San Marino in November 2006. He was then named the official Football Association of Ireland Young Player of 2006 on 4 February 2007, also receiving a nomination for the senior award. His second goal came in a 1–0 victory over Slovakia at Croke Park in March 2007. He also scored against Ecuador on 23 May 2007 securing a valiant 1–1 draw against the South Americans, and he scored his best goal for Ireland, with a long-range left-foot shot into the top corner to the keeper's right, in a 2–2 draw against Slovakia on 9 September 2007 in the 2008 European Championships qualifying game in Bratislava. His fifth international goal and fourth in the Euro 2008 qualifying campaign came away to Wales as Ireland drew 2–2. During 2010 World Cup qualifying, Doyle established himself as Robbie Keane's ideal strike partner in the national team's attacking quartet that included Damien Duff and Aiden McGeady. He played in 8 of the 10 games, scoring two goals, including the first in a 2–1 win in the opening game against Georgia. He also scored against Cyprus, his seventh international goal, in a 2–1 win in Nicosia. In the absence of Robbie Keane, Shay Given and other players who had been allowed to return to their clubs, Doyle captained Ireland for the first time in a friendly against South Africa on 8 September 2009. Doyle was nominated as the Football Association of Ireland Player of the Year for 2007 and won the award in 2009, as well as for Goal of the Year for his goal against Slovakia in September 2007. Doyle scored his ninth international goal, and first in 2012 European Championships qualification, against Andorra at the Aviva Stadium on 7 September 2010. On 6 February 2011, Doyle was named Republic of Ireland Player of the Year for 2010, while he also earned the Goal of the Year award for Ireland, for his superb strike in last September's Euro 2012 qualifier against Andorra. Doyle was sent off against Armenia on 11 October 2011. He reached 50 international caps against Italy at UEFA Euro 2012. In the first game of 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C, Ireland were in a bad way against Kazakhstan, the team ranked 142nd in the world. Ireland were 1–0 down with 89 minutes gone. Doyle came off the bench to assist with the equalising goal (a Robbie Keane penalty) and then scored the winner. His reward was being named captain in an international friendly against Oman four days later, the second time he would captain his country. He scored again in that game. Towards the end of the Trapattoni era, Doyle fell out of favour and was dropped from the squads but he was recalled by Interim manager Noel King for the qualifiers against Germany and Kazakhstan. Doyle played the full 90 minutes in both qualifiers against Germany and Kazakhstan in an unfamiliar role playing out on the wings. In his 62nd match for the Republic, at home against Switzerland, he suffered a serious leg injury. After finding out that there were no broken bones, Doyle tweeted a picture of the injury. O'Neill was quoted as saying Doyle would still be in the running for the upcoming Euros. ==Media career== Doyle was part of RTÉ Sport's punditry team for the UEFA Euro 2020, alongside Damien Duff, Liam Brady and Richie Sadlier. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup League cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Reading 2005–06 Championship 45 18 3 1 3 0 — 51 19 2006–07 Premier League 32 13 1 0 1 0 — 34 13 2007–08 Premier League 36 6 0 0 0 0 — 36 6 2008–09 Championship 41 18 0 0 0 0 1 0 42 18 Total 154 55 4 1 4 0 1 0 163 56 Wolverhampton Wanderers 2009–10 Premier League 34 9 1 0 2 0 — 37 9 2010–11 Premier League 26 5 2 1 3 2 — 31 8 2011–12 Premier League 33 4 2 0 1 0 — 36 4 2012–13 Championship 42 9 1 0 1 0 — 44 9 2013–14 League One 23 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 25 3 2014–15 Championship 6 0 0 0 0 0 — 6 0 Total 164 30 7 1 8 2 0 0 179 33 Queens Park Rangers (loan) 2013–14 Championship 9 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 12 2 Crystal Palace (loan) 2014–15 Premier League 3 0 1 1 1 0 — 5 1 Colorado Rapids 2015 MLS 20 5 1 0 — — 21 5 2016 MLS 26 6 1 0 — 4 1 31 7 2017 MLS 25 5 1 0 — — 26 5 Total 71 16 3 0 - - 4 1 78 17 UK and US Career total 401 103 15 3 13 2 8 1 437 109 ===International=== Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Republic of Ireland 2006 5 1 2007 10 4 2008 7 1 2009 9 1 2010 7 2 2011 7 1 2012 7 2 2013 4 0 2014 4 2 2016 1 0 2017 1 0 Total 62 14 :Scores and results list Republic of Ireland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Doyle goal. List of international goals scored by Kevin Doyle No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 15 November 2006 Lansdowne Road, Dublin, Ireland 2–0 5–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying 2 28 March 2007 Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland 1–0 1–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying 3 23 May 2007 Giants Stadium, New York, United States 1–1 1–1 Friendly 4 9 September 2007 Tehelné Pole, Bratislava, Slovakia 2–1 2–2 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying 5 17 November 2007 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales 2–1 2–2 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying 6 6 September 2008 Stadion am Bruchweg, Mainz, Germany 1–0 2–1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 7 5 September 2009 Neo GSP Stadium, Nicosia, Cyprus 1–0 2–1 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 8 25 May 2010 RDS Arena, Dublin, Ireland 1–0 2–1 Friendly 9 7 September 2010 Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland 2–0 3–1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 10 7 October 2011 Estadi Comunal, Andorra la Vella, Andorra 1–0 2–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying 11 7 September 2012 Astana Arena, Astana, Kazakhstan 2–1 2–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 12 11 September 2012 Craven Cottage, London, England 3–0 4–1 Friendly 13 6 June 2014 PPL Park, Philadelphia, United States 1–0 1–1 Friendly 14 3 September 2014 Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland 1–0 2–0 Friendly ==Honours== Cork City *League of Ireland: 2005 Reading *Football League Championship: 2005–06 Wolverhampton Wanderers *Football League One: 2013–14 Queens Park Rangers *Football League Championship play-offs: 2014 Republic of Ireland *Nations Cup: 2011 Individual * PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2005–06 Championship *PFA Team of the Year: 2005–06 Championship *Reading Player of the Season: 2005–06 *FAI Under 21 International Player of the Year: 2005 *FAI Young International Player of the Year: 2006 *FAI Senior International Player of the Year: 2008, 2010 *FAI International Goal of the Year: 2007 vs. Slovakia, 2010 vs. Andorra, 2012 vs. Kazakhstan *Football League Championship Player of the Month: September 2008 ==References== ==External links== * Official club profile * Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Association footballers from County Wexford Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers Category:Republic of Ireland men's international footballers Category:Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers Category:Men's association football forwards Category:Gaelic footballers who switched code Category:St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Category:Cork City F.C. players Category:Reading F.C. players Category:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Category:Crystal Palace F.C. players Category:Colorado Rapids players Category:League of Ireland players Category:Premier League players Category:English Football League players Category:Major League Soccer players Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players Category:Designated Players (MLS) Category:Wexford GAA Category:Wexford F.C. players Category:Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers |
is a fighting game developed by Team Ninja and published by Tecmo. It debuted in arcades in 1999 and was later ported for the Dreamcast and the PlayStation 2 in 2000. It is the second main entry in the Dead or Alive fighting series. Several enhanced editions of the game were released, including the updates Dead or Alive 2 Millennium and Dead or Alive 2 Hardcore. The game's plot focuses on the evil tengu, Gohyakumine Bankotsubo, who escaped from the tengu world into the human world, and the Dead or Alive tournament's change in purpose and significance after the murder of DOATEC's founder and CEO, Fame Douglas. Dead or Alive 2 improved upon the graphics engine of its predecessor by using the Sega NAOMI hardware and on the gameplay system by including many new features, leading to universal acclaim and strong sales. In 2004, DOA2 was remade for the Xbox as part of Dead or Alive Ultimate. On August 22, 2012, DOA2: Hard*Core was made available as a downloadable game on the Japanese PlayStation Network. The North American version was released on the US PlayStation Network on March 24, 2015. The game was followed by Dead or Alive 3 in 2001. ==Gameplay== In Dead or Alive 2, the basis of the entire fighting system is the circular relationship between three types of moves: blows, throws, and holds; blows beating throws, throws beating holds, and holds beating blows. The other defining feature of the game, aside from blows/throws/holds, is its stun system. Many attacks can inflict a stun on the opponent; those stunned cannot attack or guard, however they can hold. If the attacker lands a non-knockdown, non-launching attack while the opponent is stunned, the opponent will be re-stunned in a new way, depending on what attack was landed. A major difference between DOA2 and other fighters was in the safety and non-punishability of attacks, both upon hitting and upon being blocked. Most blows in DOA2 can be punished on hit and block by each character's faster throws, making blow-based offense very risky. In addition to the normal rules of juggling, each character also fits into a specific weight category, which affects how the character responds to being launched and being juggled. In DOA2, fights can occur on either water or ice; when a character is on such a surface, all non-knockdown, non-launching attacks will induce a stun on any successful hit. Walls and falls in the middle of stages are everywhere in the game. Many stages are also multi-tiered: to get to other areas of the stage, one character must be knocked off a ledge and fall into the next area. These falls deal usually fairly high damage, but cannot knock the opponent out. DOA2 offers a new mode called Tag Battle Mode which implements a Tag team fighting system that allows players to choose two fighters to form a team, and fight against another team controlled by either the computer, or by other players. Tag Battle Mode allows characters to switch back and forth instantaneously for combo attacks and even attack simultaneously when timed correctly. Everyone can be partnered to anyone and the mode allows for the participation of four players, something not common in the fighting game genre. DOA2's Tag Battle Mode offers Tag Throws which are special throws unique to pairs of characters. Tag partners perform throws together on their opponent and these special throws do a great amount of damage to the opponent. Other notable features included introducing CG cutscenes in line with the plot, replacing the original "Danger Zone" areas in stages with fully interactive ones, allowing players to juggle each other into walls, propelling characters from landmarks for more damage (the first game to implement this feature was SNK's Samurai Shodown 64), and upon completing the game, presenting the player with (sometimes ambiguous) endings for each character using the game's standard engine. ==Characters== Dead or Alive 2 features a total of 15 fighters, 14 playable fighters and the unplayable Kasumi X. Two of them are unlockable and cannot be used in story mode or in the arcade version. The ten returning veterans from the first DOA game are Ayane, Bass Armstrong, Bayman (unlockable), Gen Fu, Jann Lee, Kasumi, Leifang, Ryu Hayabusa, Tina Armstrong, and Zack. The four newcomers are Ein, Helena Douglas, Leon, and Tengu (unlockable boss). ===New=== *Ein, a merciless karateka who was left to die in the esoteric Black forest of Germany. Now with serious amnesia, he cannot remember his past life and aims to find answers to his self-discovery through participation in the second tournament. *Helena Douglas, a French opera singer, piguaquan practitioner, and the illegitimate daughter of the founder and former DOATEC leader, Fame Douglas, whose recent assassination has pulled Helena into despair. Her mother, while accompanying her daughter on stage at the Opera House, took a bullet meant for Helena. Helena vowed to seek revenge on the assassin. Discovering that the murder of both her parents is somehow related to DOATEC, she joins the second tournament, determined to find the assassin. *Kasumi X (unplayable), a clone of Kasumi created by the DOATEC Super-human Development Project. *Leon, an Italian mercenary soldier and Russian martial arts practitioner who wanders all over the world. His lover Rolande, a thief who worked the Silk Road, died in his arms murmuring that he, the man she loves is the strongest man in the world. In order to fulfill the last words of Rolande, Leon enters the tournament, aspired to be the strongest man on earth. *Tengu (unlockable), real name Gohyakumine Bankotsubo; an evil tengu of the tengu world who murdered his leader, Kuramasan Maouson. He enters the human world to create chaos and make it reign over the world. ===Returning=== *Ayane *Bass Armstrong *Bayman (unlockable) *Gen Fu *Jann Lee *Kasumi *Leifang *Ryu Hayabusa *Tina Armstrong *Zack ==Plot== Fame Douglas, founder and CEO of DOATEC was killed at the end of the 20th century. He was renowned as the sponsor of the legendary Dead or Alive World Combat Championship. After his death, the world began to become chaotic. In the middle of the chaos, it was announced that the second Dead or Alive World Combat Championship will be held. The purpose and significance of the tournament changed after Douglas' death. The promoter of the second Dead or Alive Championship, who is fond of conflicts and jealous of the strong, is responsible for Douglas's death. The new promoter, Victor Donovan, is more than a corrupt mastermind, but a man of pure evil. His involvement in the tournament began to bring a sense of terror to the world, resulting in the infamous tengu disaster. Set less than a year later after the original tournament, an evil tengu known as Gohyakumine Bankotsubo, or just Tengu, escapes from the tengu world and threatens the human world's peace and stability. Tengu considers all functions of the human world to be insignificant, and claims that all disasters are nothing more than illusions he has brought about. Kasumi, who won the first tournament was captured by the DOATEC Super-human Development Project and was unwillingly used in the organization's attempt to develop a physical body with superhuman abilities. Kasumi escapes, but her clone "Kasumi X" was created while she was being held captive. Kasumi's brother Hayate, previously injured by Raidou, was also captured and was unwillingly used as a subject of DOATEC's bio-weapon experiment, Epsilon. Modifications were made to Hayate's nervous system, but failed to produce an improvement in the project. As a result, the experiment became a failure. Ryu Hayabusa (from Ninja Gaiden) enters the tournament vowing to seek and destroy the evil tengu. Though a dangerous, suicidal task for any ordinary man, Hayabusa owes it to himself and to mankind to confront his fate. Hayabusa tries to warn other competitors like Jann Lee about the dangers of the tournament, but finds them unwilling to backdown, so he proceeds to knock them out of the tournament. He later meets a competitor named Ein, who is actually the missing Hayate suffering from amnesia. During their fight, Hayabusa defeats him and restores some semblance of his memory. Eventually, Hayabusa comes face to face with the evil Tengu. He defeats and kills Tengu, winning the tournament. ==Development and release== thumb|right|Dead or Alive 2 arcade cabinet The graphics and gameplay were enhanced and based on a better game engine than the one used in the first game. Running on the Sega NAOMI arcade board, it allowed the characters and stages to appear less angular and more detailed. A popular and commonly discussed feature, one credited to Tomonobu Itagaki, was the level of graphical detail Tecmo put into the animated breasts of the female characters, as Tecmo went so far as to create a physics engine dedicated entirely to the animation of the female characters' breasts. Dead or Alive 2 used the song "Exciter" by Bomb Factory in its opening sequence. Also used as a background track was "Deadly Silence Beach" and "Clumsy Bird". Both "Exciter" and "Deadly Silence Beach" can be found on the self-titled mini-album Bomb Factory and on the Dead or Alive 2 Soundtrack. Two soundtrack CDs were released in 2000 by Wake Up in Japan: Dead or Alive 2 Original Sound Trax (KWCD-1001) and Dead or Alive 2 Original Sound Trax (KWCD-1004). Two guide books for the game were published in North America by Prima Games (Dead or Alive 2: Prima's Official Strategy Guide and DOA2: Hardcore: Prima's Official Strategy Guide). Several Japanese guide books for the game were also published by SoftBank (Dead or Alive 2 Perfect Guide, Dead or Alive 2 Perfect Guide Dreamcast Ban, Dead or Alive 2 Hard Core Perfect Guide) and Dengeki (Dead or Alive 2 Kōshiki Kōryaku Guide, Dead or Alive 2 Kōshiki Kōryaku & Girls, Dead or Alive 2 Hard Core Kōshiki Kōryaku Guide). ===Home versions=== Nine different versions (excluding DOA2 Ultimate on Xbox and the two PSN releases) of Dead or Alive 2 were released: two for the arcade market, and the others were home versions. Tomonobu Itagaki and Team Ninja were constantly enhancing the game for both the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 as they worked towards their vision of the "ultimate fighting game". The Dreamcast port was first released in North America on February 29, 2000. It was identical to the arcade Millennium update release, but added the usual Versus and Sparring modes, as well as Team Battle Mode. This version also featured a simplified hold system compared to the one in the arcade versions. Unlike home ports of the first Dead or Alive game, there were no unlockables in this release. Dead or Alive 2 was the only game that Tecmo published on the Dreamcast. Dead or Alive 2 was released on March 30, 2000, as a launch title for the PlayStation 2 in Japan. This version added new stages (Crimson, Koku An and Prairie) and new unlockable costumes. The game engine ran using Field Rendering instead of Frame Rendering, thus it appeared much more aliased than the Dreamcast ports. This version was buggy and prone to lock up in Versus mode. Itagaki and his team were only given two months initially to produce the first PlayStation 2 port. At the end of this, one of his managers asked to borrow a copy to play, but instead sent in to a production factory. Itagaki was upset by not being able to finish the game on his own terms and fell into a depression during which he briefly considered quitting the industry. The European Dreamcast version was released on April 28, 2000. This version included the costumes from the Japanese PlayStation 2 version, but not the new stages. It also added new costumes for Zack and Tina, which pay homage to The Shadow Man and his love interest from the Shadow Man series. Acclaim developed the Shadow Man video game and published Dead or Alive 2 in Europe. The Japanese Dreamcast version (known as the Limited Edition) was released on September 28, 2000. Cover art featured Kasumi and Ayane, along with a standard cover art version with Kasumi, Ayane and Leifang. The most notable addition was that Bankotsubo and Bayman were now unlockable, playable in all but Story Mode. The new stages from the PlayStation 2 version were not included, in favor of new versions of Burai Zenin and L's Castle stages from the first game. This version also added Sparring mode for Tag Battle, Watch Mode, the User Profile System, online play, more costumes to unlock, and a Gallery Mode with character renders. On October 24, 2000, Tecmo released DOA2: Hardcore (DOA2: Dead or Alive 2 in Europe) for the PlayStation 2 in America and Europe, which was based on the Japanese second update of Dead or Alive 2 for Dreamcast. This version was featuring new playable characters, new stages, extra costumes and introduced the "Gallery" option. The Hardcore release was finally the complete game Itagaki had envisioned at the time, featuring many changes compared to its predecessor: Characters, pictures and moves were altered to appear more realistic, lessening the anime-look. Some fighting animations were elaborated upon, while others were cut. New stages were added (8 more than the Dreamcast update). More character outfits were added. Survival Mode now only took place in the "Danger Zone" arena. Overall gameplay speed was increased, and the entire game (including cutscenes) now ran at a full 60 frames-per-second (in the Dreamcast version, the game ran at 60fps, while cutscenes ran at 30). A special "Items Collection" feature and menu section was added to appeal to video game collectors. New artworks were added, and a CG Gallery section featuring renders of the female characters was added. The player history files were enhanced, and now included statistics on how often the player used each character, and tag battle pairing. Several special moves were added, but left undocumented. English voice-overs were added in addition to the original Japanese voice-overs, making it the first game in the series to have English voice-overs. Kasumi can be unlocked as a trainable 'monster' in Monster Rancher 4 by going to the Shrine, and inserting the DOA2: Hardcore disk in the PS2. Tecmo followed up on the release of Hardcore in the US and Europe with the release of DOA2: Hard*Core in Japan. This last version saw some minor updates, including new cutscenes, a few new costumes, a new turbo speed option, and a second opening sequence which features an English version of the Bomb Factory song "How Do You Feel". This was the last Dead or Alive game to be released for a Sony system, as the series became exclusive to the Xbox until the release of Dead or Alive Paradise, Dead or Alive: Dimensions, and Dead or Alive 5 respectively. ===Re- release=== On August 22, 2012, a software emulated version of DOA2: Hard*Core was made available as a downloadable game on the Japanese PlayStation Network. The North American version was released to the US PlayStation Network on March 24, 2015. ==Reception and legacy== Dead or Alive 2 brought more than $2 million profit in sales. As of 2022, DOA2 is considered one of the best Fighting games in the genre in terms of gameplay and expanded game modes . In Japan, Game Machine listed Dead or Alive 2 on their December 15, 1999 issue as being the second most-successful arcade game of the month. At console release, the Dreamcast version was met with universal acclaim, while the PlayStation 2 version was very well received. Both versions were praised for its graphics, cutscenes and gameplay. Main criticism was the poor English voice dub used in the North American and European PS2 versions of the game. (much like other English dub Japanese video games) Greg Orlando reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for Next Generation, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "You'd have to be Dead and Buried not be enjoy Dead or Alive 2. Gorgeous graphics, excellent gameplay, and some beautiful characters put this square in the running against Namco's Soul Calibur as the best Dreamcast fighting game." Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the PlayStation 2 version of the game for Next Generation, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "This is a tremendous game and a must-have, but if you can choose between the two versions, PS2 enjoys an edge thanks to all the extras – just get used to squinting at the too-bright lights and nasty jaggies.": Jeff Lundrigan also reviewed the PlayStation 2 re-release of Dead or Alive 2 titled DOA2: Hardcore for Next Generation, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "This is the best-looking, most full-featured, most packed-with-extras version of one of the best fighting games ever made. Buy it, period." Dead or Alive 2 was awarded "Console Fighting Game of the Year" and was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Animation" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. The game was nominated for "Best Fighting Game" at E3's Game Critics Awards. Hardcore was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Graphics, Technical" and "Best Fighting Game" awards among console games, but lost respectively to Shenmue and Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000. Dead or Alive 2 was notable for improving and popularizing the concept of multi-tiered environments. Dead or Alive 2's interactive multi-tiered environments offered all kinds of features that made the game feel so alive. The way the intensity of the action triples when knocking opponents off of edges such as cliffs or out of windows, then leaping down after them and continue fighting down below made the experience feel very rewarding. GamesRadar+ included the game on their list of best Dreamcast games, stating that "Dead or Alive's first sequel used separate graphics engines for its fighting and cut-scenes, allowing for unprecedented graphical fidelity." In 2010, UGO.com ranked it as the ninth top fighting game of all time, "perhaps most important for introducing Itagaki's famous breast physics engine."Top 25 Fighting Games of All Time , UGO, July 11, 2010. Dead or Alive 2 appears in the 2002 film Run Ronnie Run, where the character, Jerry Trellis (portrayed by E.J. De la Pena), is shown playing the game as Kasumi in two different scenes and as Gen Fu in one scene. Near the end of the film, Jerry uses some of Kasumi's moves in a real fight. The game also appears in the 2002 film One Hour Photo, where the character, Jake Yorkin (portrayed by Dylan Smith), is playing the game in his bedroom. ==Remake== Dead or Alive Ultimate is a remake of DOA and DOA2 for the Xbox with a greatly improved graphics engine. As it was created after Dead or Alive 3, it takes elements and mechanics from both its original iteration and successor. The action of 3D-axis movement is as free-formatted as DOA3, and Hitomi, as well as Tengu are now playable characters (albeit outside story mode), but other elements have been kept intact from DOA2. The biggest set of changes instituted in Dead or Alive Ultimate are online play over Xbox Live and the inclusion of slopes, which are a type of environmental hazard. ==References== * 50px Content in this article was copied from Dead or Alive 2 at the Dead or Alive wiki, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license. ==External links== * *Tecmo websites: DOA2 for the PlayStation 2, DOA2 for the Dreamcast, DOA2 Hardcore * Category:1999 video games Category:3D fighting games Category:Acclaim Entertainment games Category:Arcade video games Category:Dead or Alive (franchise) video games Category:D.I.C.E. Award winners Category:D.I.C.E. Award for Fighting Game of the Year winners Category:Dreamcast games Category:PlayStation 2 games Category:PlayStation 3 games Category:PlayStation Network games Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games Category:Tecmo games Category:Fighting games Category:Tag team videogames Category:Martial arts video games Category:Video games about amnesia Category:Video games with AI-versus-AI modes Category:Video games about ninja Category:Video games about revenge Category:Science fiction video games Category:Video game sequels Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Head-to-head arcade video games Category:Video games set in China Category:Video games set in the United States Category:Video games set in Germany Category:Video games set in Japan Category:Video games set in the 21st century Category:Video games set in the future Category:Video games with alternative versions Category:Koei Tecmo games |
Laredo ( ; ) is a city in and the county seat of Webb County, Texas, United States, on the north bank of the Rio Grande in South Texas, across from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Laredo has the distinction of flying seven flags (the flag of the former Republic of the Rio Grande, which is now the flag of the city, in addition to the Six Flags of Texas). Founded in 1755, Laredo grew from a village to the capital of the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande to the largest inland port on the Mexican border. Laredo's economy is primarily based on international trade with the United States largest trading partner Mexico, and as a major hub for three areas of transportation - land, rail, and air cargo. The city is on the southern end of I-35, which connects manufacturers in northern Mexico through Interstate 35 as a major route for trade throughout the U.S. It has four international bridges and one railway bridge. According to the 2020 census, the city's population was 255,205, making it the 11th-most populous city in Texas and third-most populated U.S. city on the Mexican border, after San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas. Its metropolitan area is the 178th-largest in the U.S. and includes all of Webb County, with a population of 267,114. Laredo is also part of the cross- border Laredo-Nuevo Laredo metropolitan area with an estimated population of 636,516. Laredo is notable for its high Hispanic proportion, which at over 95%, is the highest proportion of Hispanic Americans of any city in the United States outside of Puerto Rico. It is one of the least ethnically diverse cities in the United States. When economic, household, and social diversity are considered, Laredo is the 19th-least diverse of the 313 largest cities in the nation. Texas A&M; International University and Laredo College are in Laredo. Laredo International Airport is within the Laredo city limits, while the Quetzalcoatl International Airport is nearby in Nuevo Laredo on the Mexican side. The biggest festival, Washington's Birthday Celebration, is held during the later part of January and the majority of February, attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists. ==History== thumb|250px|Map of Laredo in 1892 200px|right|thumb|Laredo Center for the Arts in the downtown square The Spanish colonial settlement of Villa de San Agustin de Laredo was founded in 1755 by Don Tomás Sánchez Barrera, while the area was part of the Nuevo Santander region in the Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Villa de San Agustin de Laredo was named after Laredo, Cantabria, Spain and in honor of Saint Augustine of Hippo. In 1840, Laredo was the capital of the independent Republic of the Rio Grande, set up in opposition to Antonio López de Santa Anna; it was brought back into Mexico by military force. In 1846 during the Mexican–American War, the town was occupied by the Texas Rangers. After the war, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ceded the land to the United States. A referendum was taken in the town, which voted to petition the American military government in charge of the area to return the town to Mexico. When this petition was rejected, many who had been in the area for generations, moved across the river into Mexican territory, where they founded Nuevo Laredo. Many others, especially original land grantees on the north side of the Rio Grande remained, becoming Texans in the process. In 1849, the United States Army set up Fort McIntosh (originally Camp Crawford). Laredo was rechartered as a city in 1852. Laredo is one of the oldest crossing points along the Mexico–United States border, and the nation's largest inland port of entry. In 2005, Laredo celebrated the 250th anniversary of its founding. The etymology of the name for the Spanish town of Laredo is unclear. Some scholars say the name stems from glaretum, which means "sandy, rocky place". Others state Laredo stems from a Basque word meaning "beautiful pastures".Laredo Origin Laredo might also stem from the Latin larida, which means gull. Cellist Yo-Yo Ma brought his Bach Project to the Juarez–Lincoln International Bridge in April 2019. ==Geography== According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 102.6 square miles (265.7 km), of which 1.5 square miles (3.9 km) (1.37%) are covered by water. ===Location=== Laredo is on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains, south of the Edwards Plateau, west of the Coastal Plains, and east of the Mexican Mountains. The area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grasses, oaks, and mesquite. ===Bodies of water=== Notable geographic features are the Rio Grande and Chacon Creek's man-made reservoir, Lake Casa Blanca, in Lake Casa Blanca International State Park. The lake is of land and of water. The six major creeks are Chacon Creek, San Ildefonso Creek, San Ygnacio Creek, Santa Isabel Creek, Sombrerillito Creek, and Zacate Creek, all of which drain into the Rio Grande. Several man-made reservoirs include the San Ildefonso Creek Lake (second-largest reservoir), and the Sombrerillito Creek Lake (third-largest reservoir). ===Nearby cities=== City Population Distance (km) Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas 373,725 0 mi Monclova, Coahuila 198,819 Monterrey, Nuevo León 4,080,329 Reynosa, Tamaulipas 589,466 Corpus Christi, Texas 305,215 San Antonio, Texas 1,927,407 Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas 449,815 Brownsville, Texas 183,046 Saltillo, Coahuila 709,671 ===Climate=== Laredo's climate is semiarid with very hot temperatures in the summer and mild temperatures during the winter. The climate is considered to be hot semiarid (Köppen: BSh). Its weather is affected by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Chihuahuan Desert of Northern Mexico and West Texas. Moisture from the Pacific is cut off by the Mexican mountain range. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from in January to in August; official record temperatures range from on December 30, 1983, up to on May 7, 1927, and June 17, 1908. On average, temperatures reach or higher on 75 days annually, and fall to or below the freezing mark on 5.1 days, although, in five years, the most recent being 2015, the annual minimum temperature was above freezing. Precipitation averages annually, with higher amounts typically occurring from May to October. Although snowfall is rare in Laredo, measurable snow occurred most recently on Christmas Eve 2004, with , and December 7–8, 2017, with . ==Demographics== ===2020 census=== Laredo racial composition (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Number Percentage White (NH) 9,181 3.6% Black or African American (NH) 773 0.3% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 131 0.05% Asian (NH) 1,290 0.51% Pacific Islander (NH) 25 0.01% Some other race (NH) 450 0.18% Mixed/multiracial (NH) 537 0.21% Hispanic or Latino 242,818 95.15% Total 255,205 As of the 2020 United States census, 255,205 people, 72,328 households, and 58,294 families resided in the city. ===2010 census=== As of the 2010, Laredo is the 81st-most populous city in the United States and the 10th-largest in Texas. According to the 2010 census there were 236,091 inhabitants in the city. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the racial composition of Laredo was: * Whites: 87.7%, non-Hispanic Whites: 3.86% * Black or African American: 0.5% * Native American: 0.4% * Asian: 0.6% * Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.00% * Two or more races: 1.5% * other races 9.3% Ethnically, the city was: * Hispanic or Latino (of any race) – 95.6% (Mexican 86.9%, Puerto Rican 0.4%, Cuban 0.1%, other Hispanic or Latino 8.3%) thumb|left|Map of racial distribution in Laredo, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: According to respondents' self-identification on the 2010 Census, the vast majority of Laredo's population is of Hispanic origin (95.6%), mostly Mexican (86.9%). Most Hispanics who did not identify themselves as Mexican identified as "other Hispanic or Latino" (8.3% of the total population). About 84.3% of the population identifies as white Hispanic, while only 11.3% identifies as Hispanic but not white; 4.4% of the population was not Hispanic or Latino (3.4% non-Hispanic White, 0.2% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 0.6% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.1% from some other race (non- Hispanic), and 0.1% of two or more races (non-Hispanic)). The 2005 estimate listed 99,675 males and 108,112 females. The average household contained 3.69 occupants. The population density was . Of the 60,816 households, 56,247 or 92.5% were occupied: 33,832 were owner-occupied units and 22,415 were renter- occupied units. About 62.0% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.7% were not families. Around 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.69, and the average family size was 4.18. The city's population is distributed as 35.5% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,019, and for a family was $32,577. The per capita income for the city was $12,269; 29.2% of families were below the poverty line. According to the United States Census Bureau, at a 2000 census, Laredo was the second- fastest growing city in the United States, after Las Vegas. In 2016, the violent crime rate in Laredo dropped to 379 per 100,000 inhabitants, according to AreaVibes. The violent crime rate in Dallas was 694 per 100,000 inhabitants. In Houston, it was 967 per 100,000 inhabitants. ==Economy== thumb|Laredo Federal Credit Union on McPherson Road thumb|The former Cotulla Barbeque on McPherson Road at Taylor Street was closed, razed in 2012, and replaced by office buildings. South Texas banking institutions in Laredo include Falcon International Bank, International Bank of Commerce, and Texas Community Bank. Laredo is the largest inland port in the United States, and Nuevo Laredo the largest in Latin America. This is due to their respective locations, served by Interstate Highway 35 / Mexican Federal Highway 85, the effects of NAFTA, dozens of twin assembly plants on the Mexican side, and dozens of import export agencies to expedite trade. In January 2014, the Laredo customs district processed "$20 billion in two-way trade with Mexico", about half that for the entire US with Mexico for the month. Laredo is a shopping destination for Mexican shoppers from Northern Mexico. In 2015, the San Antonio Express-News reported the number of Mexican shoppers has declined due to drug war-related violence in Nuevo Laredo. ===Trade=== thumb|View across the Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas (postcard, circa 1909) More than 47% of United States international trade headed for Mexico and more than 36% of Mexican international trade crosses through the Laredo port of entry."National report lists Laredo as largest inland port" , Laredo Morning Times Laredo's economy revolves around commercial and industrial warehousing, import, and export. As a major player in international trade, the Laredo area benefited from passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which has encouraged trade. The Laredo port of entry consists of four international bridges (with a proposed fifth one) crossing the Rio Grande into the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León. ===Retail sales=== Retail sales attract shoppers from Northern Mexico and South Texas. There is one indoor shopping mall in Laredo, Mall del Norte, The Outlet Shoppes at Laredo, and another has not progressed past planning: Laredo Town Center, part of downtown redevelopment. There are dozens of shopping centers. The Streets of Laredo Urban Mall is an association created by businesses on Iturbide Street in the San Agustin historical district to beautify and renovate the area, which has a pedestrian scale. *Mall Del Norte *The Outlet Shoppes at LaredoKendra Ablaza, "Official confirms 31 stores: Opening set for 2016, Laredo Morning Times, July 9, 2015, pp. 1, 12A *Streets of Laredo Urban Mall ===Labor market information=== As of October 2007, Laredo's labor market was in the following industries by percentage of number employed: Trade, Transportation, and Utilities (32%), Information (1%), Financial Activity (5%), Professional and Business Services (6%), Education and Health Services (15%), Leisure and Hospitality (10%), Government (23%), Mining and Construction (5%), Manufacturing (2%), and Other Services (2%). Laredo has increased the number of nonagricultural jobs from 55,100 in January 1996 to 86,600 in October 2007. Laredo has had a higher job growth rate (2%–6.5%) than the state as a whole because of expanded international trade through NAFTA. In 2007, Laredo experienced a job growth rate of 2.5%. As of October 2007, the Laredo unemployment rate was 4.1% or 3,700 unemployed persons, as compared to 3.9% in Texas statewide. This is a significant drop since the mid-1990s, when Laredo's unemployment was over 15%. Laredo has had positive job market growth since the mid-1990s; setbacks in the mining (oil/gas) industry shifted a few thousand workers to other industries such as international trade and construction. Many large employers in the oil and gas industries shut down operations in Laredo and across Texas, and shifted to foreign countries. The same effect occurred in the garment industry (Levis and Haggar) along the Texas border area. Laredo lost its only garment-producing company (Barry), costing the jobs of about 300 workers. Laredo's strong job growth rate in retail and transportation services limited the adverse effects of long-term unemployment from the few massive layoffs of the late 1990s. Laredo's success with international trade is also a vulnerability; it depends on changes to Mexico's economy, that status of immigration laws (along with daily border crossings: shoppers and commercial trade), and terrorism. ====Top employers==== Employer Category Employees United Independent School District Education 6,179 Laredo Independent School District Education 4,500 City of Laredo Government 2,371 Laredo Sector Border Patrol Immigration 2,000 H-E-B Grocery 1,626 Webb County Government 1,500 Laredo Medical Center Health care 1,300 Texas A&M; International University Education 1,215 McDonald's Food 1,200 Walmart Retail 937 Concentrix (formerly Convergys) Call Center 860 Doctors Hospital Health Care 811 International Bank of Commerce Financial Services 661 Stripes Convenience Stores Retail/Convenience 337 Laredo Energy Arena Entertainment 293 Falcon International Bank Financial Services 292 === Agriculture === Laredo is a major center for the cattle ranching in the state. Cattle here suffer from the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (syn. Boophilus microplus). Researchers and ranchers are concerned about pyrethroid resistance developing and spreading here, as it has in nearby areas of the state and neighboring Tamaulipas state.This review cites this study Because the situation is so severe, the main office of the country's is located here. This program is operated by USDA APHIS. The of this tick was collected here by Davey et al., 1980 and is now a commonly used laboratory strain negative for pyrethroid resistance.This review cites this study ==Arts and culture== ===Annual celebrations=== The Washington's Birthday Celebration, a month-long event that celebrates George Washington's birthday, is the largest annual celebration of its kind in the United States, with 400,000 attendees. It was founded in 1898 by the Improved Order of Red Men, local chapter Yaqui Tribe No. 59. The first celebration was a success, and its popularity grew rapidly; in 1923, it received its state charter. In 1924, the celebration held its first colonial pageant, which featured 13 girls from Laredo, representing the 13 original colonies. The celebration includes parades, a carnival, an air show, fireworks, live concerts, and a citywide prom during which many of Laredo's elite dress in very formal attire. The related Jalapeño Festival is one of the United States' top 10 eating festivals. Jamboozie is held in late January in downtown Laredo as part of the Washington's birthday celebrations. Similar to New Orleans' Mardi Gras, the Jamboozie is a colorful event, with many people dressed in beads, masks, and flamboyant outfits. ===Museums=== The Republic of the Rio Grande Museum is in the downtown historical district next to the historic La Posada Hotel. What was once the Capitol building now showcases memorabilia from the short lived Republic of the Rio Grande. It displays pictures, books, and furniture from the 19th century Laredo area, and offers guided tours for school-aged children and adults year-round. Because of this Republic, Laredo had flown seven flags instead of the traditional Six Flags over Texas. The Laredo Center for the Arts is located in downtown Laredo. The building houses three galleries: the Goodman Gallery, the Laredo Art League Gallery and the Lilia G. Martinez Gallery. The Center for the Arts, in the former City Hall offices known as "The Mercado", displays regional artwork and provides community events for children and adults. The Laredo Little Theater provides Laredo with live stage performances. The theater also hosts comedians. Imaginarium of South Texas (formerly Laredo Children's Museum), in Mall del Norte, provides a hands-on experience with science, technology, and art for Laredo's youth. A second museum is planned on the Texas A&M; International University campus. The Nuevo Santander Museum Complex is composed of restored buildings of Fort McIntosh, a historical collection of photographs of the fort, the main guardhouse, which has World War I (1914–1918) memorabilia, and a science and technology museum. ===Planetarium=== The Lamar Bruni Vergara Science Center PlanetariumThe Lamar Bruni Vergara Science Center Planetarium Home Page is on the Texas A&M; International University campus. The planetarium surrounds audiences in a dome with an accurate image of the night sky showing all the motions and cycles of the Sun, Moon, planets, and constellations in the sky. ===Library=== thumb|The Joe A. Guerra Laredo Public Library at the intersection of McPherson Road and Calton Street The Joe A. Guerra Laredo Public Library was first housed on the second floor of the City Hall, now known as the Market Hall, in 1916. In 1974, the Laredo Public Library moved to the historic Bruni Plaza in downtown Laredo. In 1993, the citizens of Laredo approved the construction of a new main library at McPherson and Calton Roads, which opened on February 1, 1998. The Laredo Public Library has a . main library and two branches. The main library is in central Laredo; the Bruni Plaza Branch is downtown east of Washington Street, and the Santo Niño Branch is in south Laredo. Two new libraries opened in 2014, one in northwest Laredo, the Fasken Library on March 14, and another in the south sometime in July. thumb|Market Plaza and Flores Avenue, Laredo, Texas (postcard, c. 1907) ===Nightlife=== The city is populated with both adult and family entertainment, such as bars, nightclubs, sports fields, movie theaters, family restaurants, and other entertainment venues. ===Churches and architecture=== thumb|upright|San Agustin Cathedral thumb|Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church thumb|Renovated St. Patrick's Catholic Church is on Del Mar Boulevard across from the Laredo Fire Department Most of Laredo's architecture is of Spanish Colonial, American, and Mexican flavor. Most of Laredo's Spanish Colonial-style buildings are in downtown Laredo. More modern American architecture can be seen along Interstate Highway 35, as well as in the downtown area Our Lady of Guadalupe is an imposing structure in Romanesque Revival Lombard (North Italian) style. It was designed by Leo M. J. Dielmann of San Antonio, a popular architect of Catholic buildings, and built for a Mexican-American and Hispanic congregation in the inner city, at San Jorge Avenue and Callaghan St. Dielmann was commissioned by church authorities to design churches for similar congregations in Houston and San Antonio. He also did the San Agustin parish school, and may have had a hand in the San Agustin church, itself. Both the First United Methodist Church, in 1949, and the Christ Church Episcopal, were designed by Henry Steinbomer, a popular and prolific San Antonio architect who is credited with more than 100 churches and related buildings during the 1940s and 50s, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley mostly in South and West Texas, from the Sacred Heart Cathedral in San Angelo to Union Church in Monterrey, Mexico. Other Laredo churches include Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Assembly of God, Mormon, and nondenominational congregations. ====National Register of Historic Places sites==== *Barrio Azteca Historic District *Fort McIntosh *San Agustin de Laredo Historic District *Hamilton Hotel, architects Atlee B. Ayers and Robert Ayers, the tallest building in Laredo *U.S. Post Office, Court House, and Custom House *Webb County Courthouse, finished 1909 to designs in the Beaux-Arts style by renowned architect Alfred Giles ====List of the tallest buildings==== thumb|The former Hamilton Hotel, the tallest building in Laredo Rank Building Name Height Floors Year Built 01 Hamilton Hotel 150 ft (46 m) 12 1923 02 San Agustin Cathedral 141 ft (43 m) N/A 1872 03 Rio Grande Plaza – 15 1975 04 Holiday Inn Laredo – 14 1984 05 Laredo National Bank – 10 1926 06 Senior Citizens Home – 8 – 07 Laredo Medical Center – 7 1999 08 Gateway Inn – 6 – 09 Rialto Hotel – 6 1925 10 Walker Plaza – 5 1995 ===Laredo in multimedia=== ====Film and television==== Streets of Laredo is a 1949 Western film starring William Holden, Macdonald Carey, and William BendixJosé David Saldívar, The Dialectics of Our America: Genealogy, Cultural Critique, and Literary History (Duke University Press, 1991), 52. as three outlaws who rescue a young girl, played by Mona Freeman. When they become separated, two reluctantly become Texas Rangers, while the third continues on a life of crime. In 1958, ABC aired the second episode, "Ambush in Laredo", of the 17-part miniseries, Texas John Slaughter. The 1959 Western film, Gunmen from Laredo, stars Robert Knapp, Walter Coy, Paul Birch, and Ron Hayes. He winds up in prison on a false murder charge, but the marshal allows him to escape to pursue the man who killed his wife. The 1983 film Eddie Macon's Run, based on a James McLendon novel, features John Schneider as Eddie Macon, who is wrongly convicted of mostly minor crimes. While performing at a prison rodeo in Huntsville, Texas, he escapes and heads for Laredo, where he hopes to join his family in Mexico. Carl "Buster" Marzack (Kirk Douglas) is a cop in hot pursuit of Eddie. Without transportation, Eddie journeys on foot. He ends up in the woods, where he is nearly killed. He meets Jilly Buck (Lee Purcell), a bored rich girl who agrees to help him. Lone Star is a 1996 American mystery film written and directed by John Sayles and set in a small town in Texas. The ensemble cast features Chris Cooper, Kris Kristofferson, Matthew McConaughey, and Elizabeth Peña and deals with a sheriff's investigation into the murder of one of his predecessors. The movie was filmed in Del Rio, Eagle Pass, and Laredo.. The 2011 series, Bordertown: Laredo, is a 10-episode documentary on the Arts and Entertainment Network based on the work of the narcotics unit of the Laredo Police Department. ====Music==== Laredo has been the subject of several songs in popular culture. One of the most popular songs is the "Streets of Laredo", originally known as "A Cowboy's Lament" and written by Frank H. Maynard, who lived mostly in Colorado. It has been recorded by artists such as Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, Waylon Jennings, John Cale, Roy Rogers, and Prefab Sprout (who also made a lyrical reference to Laredo in an early song, "Cue Fanfare"), and is even featured in a Charlie's Angels episode ("Pretty Angels all in a Row", season two, episode three). On October 28, 1958, in the episode "The Ghost" of the ABC/WB Western series, Sugarfoot, "The Streets of Laredo" is performed by child actor Tommy Rettig. Another song is Laredo Tornado from the british rock band ELO. The first song on Marty Robbins' 1966 LP The Drifter was "Meet Me Tonight in Laredo". From 1959 to 1972, the six-member singing group, The Rondels, dominated the musical scene in Laredo. Carlos Saenz Landin, the lead singer, left the group to work for the Dallas Independent School District, but years later returned to Laredo. Lead guitarist Humberto Donovan served in the United States Marine Corps. The late Roberto Alonzo played the bass guitar. Sammy Ibarra, played the keyboard and composed the song, "Lo Mucho Que Te Quiero (The More I Love You)." He subsequently became a pastor. Singer Noe Adolfo Esparza pursued a college career and became a supervisor for Southwestern Bell Telephone Company. As of 2017, he was still performing with the oldies group, Los Fabulosos in Laredo. Joe Lee Vera served in the United States Navy and played drums for The Rondels. Several of Vera's brothers were drummers too. The Rondels packed the Laredo Civic Center Auditorium. Two other songs characteristic of the group are "Ya-Ya" and "All Night Worker". With their disbanding, Juan Cisneros of Laredo recalls The Rondels "left a large void that will never be forgotten." ==Sports== ===Current teams=== ====Laredo Heat==== The Laredo Heat is a United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League team. The team's home stadium is the Texas A&M; International University Soccer Complex. The team was founded in 2004. In the 2006 season, the Laredo Heat finished runner-up, yet made it only to the first round of the Open Cup. In the 2007 season, the Laredo Heat were the Southern Conference champions and won the PDL championship. The Heat were on hiatus for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. In November 2017, the Heat announced they will be an expansion team of the National Premier Soccer League in 2018. The Heat recently announced they will also be joining the United Premier Soccer League for the 2020 season. ====Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos==== The Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos (Owls of the Two Laredos) are a Mexican League baseball team based in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The team splits their home schedule between Parque la Junta in Nuevo Laredo and Uni-Trade Stadium in Laredo. ===Defunct teams=== Club Sport League Venue Championships Years Active Laredo Apaches Baseball Texas–Louisiana League Veterans Field 0 1995 Laredo Broncos Baseball United League Baseball Veterans Field 0 2006–2010 Laredo Bucks Ice hockey Central Hockey League Laredo Energy Arena 2 2002–2012 Laredo Bucks Ice hockey USA Central Hockey League Sames Auto Arena 0 2018 Laredo Honey Badgers Indoor soccer Professional Arena Soccer League Laredo Energy Arena Never Laredo Law Arena football AF2 Laredo Energy Arena 0 2003–2004 Laredo Lemurs Baseball AAIPB Uni-Trade Stadium 1 2012–2016 Laredo Lobos Arena football AF2 Laredo Energy Arena 0 2005–2007 Laredo Rattlesnakes Indoor football Lone Star Football League Laredo Energy Arena 0 2011–2013 Laredo Roses Women's Football Sugar N Spice Football League Uni-Trade Stadium 2012–2016 Laredo Swarm Basketball American Basketball Association Laredo Energy Arena 2015–2017 Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos Baseball Mexican Baseball League Veterans Field 5 1985–2004 Toros de Los Dos Laredos Basketball Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional Laredo Energy Arena 2 2007–2013 ====Laredo Honey Badgers==== The Laredo Honey Badgers were a proposed professional indoor soccer team that was founded in April 2013, expected to make its debut in the Professional Arena Soccer League with the 2013–2014 season. The team was to play its home games at the Laredo Energy Arena. The official name and colors (black and chrome) of the team were decided with fan participation. However, after several delays the team postponed its launch and eventually ceased operations. ====Laredo Lemurs==== The Laredo Lemurs, a professional baseball team, played their first season in the independent American Association in 2012 with home games at Uni-Trade Stadium. They won the South Division in their inaugural season, but were eliminated in the first playoff round. The Lemurs won the league championship in 2015 but ceased operations after the 2016 season. ====Laredo Roses==== The Laredo Roses were a professional women's full contact football team in the South Texas Sugar N Spice Football League that began play in the 2012 season. The Roses played their home games at the Uni-Trade Stadium. The female players used short-shorts and half-cut jerseys during games. ====Laredo Swarm==== Laredo Swarm was a semi-professional basketball in the relaunched American Basketball Association. They started playing in 2015 in Laredo Energy Arena. The team was disbanded before the 2017–2018 season. ===Stadiums and arenas=== ====Sames Auto Arena==== thumb|With the City of Laredo's approval on July 1, 2018, the SMG-managed venue signed a five-year contract with the oldest local dealership Sames Auto Group. |alt= The Sames Auto Arena, is at Loop 20 and Jacaman Road. The Sames Auto Arena was strongly pushed to fruition by former Laredo Mayor Betty Flores. Sames Auto Arena was home to the former Laredo Bucks. The , $36.5 million facility seats 8,002 people for ice hockey and arena football, and up to 10,000 for concerts. It has fourteen luxury suites, four meeting rooms and a private club for two hundred charter members. It was completed in mid-2002 through an increase in the Laredo sales tax of .25 percent. Sports that can be played at the Sames Auto Arena include ice hockey, arena football, indoor soccer, basketball, wrestling, and boxing. The arena has hosted many events such as The Laredo Hunting and Fishing Show, Miss Texas USA, Laredo Home and Garden Show and the South Texas Collectors Exp's Comic Con. Every year, Laredo College, TAMIU, United ISD and Laredo ISD have their graduation ceremonies at the Sames Auto Arena. Well-known artists and bands that have performed in the arena include Lil Wayne, Rihanna, Kesha, Pitbull, Flo Rida, Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Tool, Aerosmith, Kiss, Elton John, Styx, REO Speedwagon, ZZ Top, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Ricky Martin, George Lopez, T.I., Ludacris, Cher, Hilary Duff, Monster Jam and WWE. ====Uni-Trade Stadium==== The Uni-Trade Stadium is Laredo's newest baseball field. The stadium is near the Laredo Energy Arena. The project was approved by the city council and was voted in favor of (with 61.32% of the votes in favor 38.68% against) constructing it with money collected since 2004 by a .25 percent sales tax increase. There is a surplus of about $15 million. The stadium was home to the Laredo Lemurs of the independent American Association from 2012 to 2016. Beginning in 2018, the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League play half of their home games at the stadium and the other half at Estadio Nuevo Laredo. ====Student Activity Complex==== thumb|Entrance to the Student Activity Complex United Independent School District's students use the Student Activity Complex on State Highway 359 for football, soccer, and baseball. Opened in the summer of 2002, it has the city's first artificial grass stadium. The SAC was also the home of the Laredo Heat. The capacity is 8,500 spectators. ====Texas A&M; International University Soccer Complex==== Texas A&M; International University Soccer Complex (also known as Dustdevil Field and TAMIU Soccer Complex) was built in 2006 and renovated in 2007. The soccer complex is on the Texas A&M; International University campus. The complex has two soccer stadiums with a seating capacity of four thousand each. The Dustdevil Field is the new home stadium to the 2007 champion team Laredo Heat member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL) and the TAMIU Dustdevils women and men's soccer teams member of the Lone Star Conference, NCAA Division II.Laredo Morning Times article; Laredoans of the Year; LMT names sports leaders Shashi and Priya Vaswani (renovation of the TAMIU Soccer Complex) ====Shirley Field==== The original Shirley Field was next to the Civic Center and R&T; Martin High School on San Bernardo Avenue. It was built in 1937, along with Martin High School. Shirley Field was the location for outdoor athletics for Laredo Independent School District and also hosts the annual Border Olympics events. It seats up to about 6,000 fans with additional seating at the 2 endzones. Professional Mexican soccer teams have played various exhibition games here, noting the real grass allows for "better" soccer games. The various sports played on the stadium are football, soccer and track & field events. Major renovations are slated for this historic stadium. In November 2009 Shirley Field was demolished and was rebuilt by the 2011 football season. The total cost of the reconstruction was $12,000,000 and it now seats 8,000 fans and features artificial turf. ====Krueger Field==== Krueger Field is in north Laredo and is owned by United Independent School District. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 and is used to play football and soccer high school games. It is home to United High School's football and soccer teams. ====Veterans Field==== Veterans Field is a 5,000 seat baseball park which was known as West Martin Field. Major renovation is happening to update the 1950 ball park. Veterans Field was also the home to the five-time champion Mexican Baseball League team Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos from 1985 to 2003. Veterans Field is also home to the Texas A&M; International University's Lone Star Conference NCAA Division II Dustdevils baseball team. ====Laredo Civic Center==== Prior to the construction of the Laredo Energy Arena most major concerts and shows were performed at the Laredo Civic Center. The Laredo Civic Center complex has an auditorium with 1,979 seats and a banquet and exhibit hall with 1,635 seats. ==Parks and recreation== ===Lake Casa Blanca=== Lake Casa Blanca International State Park, on Loop 20, has a artificial lake along with cooking out, camping, picnicking, lake swimming, skiing, boating, and mountain biking. The most popular recreational use of the lake is fishing. A boat ramp and fishing pier is available on the lake's eastern side. The lake is a popular destination for winter Texans. The park was operated by the City of Laredo and Webb County before it was acquired by the state in 1990 and opened in March 1991. ===Golf=== Laredo has three 18-hole golf courses: the Laredo Country Club, the Casa Blanca Golf Course. and Laredo's newest course Max A. Mandel Municipal Golf Course. The Laredo Country Club is an 18-hole private course with of golf. The golf course has a rating of 74.6, a slope rating of 133, and has a par of 72. The country club was designed by Joseph S. Finger and was opened in 1983. The Casa Blanca Golf Course is an 18-hole course with of golf. The golf course has a rating of 72.5, a slope rating of 125, and has a par of 72. The golf course was designed by Leon Howard and was opened in 1967. The Max A. Mandel Municipal Golf Course is an 18-hole course with of golf. The golf course has a par of 72. The golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones II Golf Course Architects and was opened in 2012. ===Parks, recreational centers, plazas, and baseball fields=== The City of Laredo owns eight recreational centers, thirty-four developed parks, twenty-two undeveloped parks or under construction, five baseball fields, and four plazas. The parks total area is . ====David B. Barkley Plaza==== thumb|David B. Barkley Plaza flag A memorial honoring the forty-one Hispanic soldiers who have received the Medal of Honor was built in Laredo, Texas in 2002. The plaza was named after the only Laredo Medal of Honor recipient David B. Barkley. The David B. Barkley Plaza has a bronze statue of David B. Barkley and an American flag measuring 100 ft by 50 ft and is 308 ft tall making it the tallest flagpole in the United States.Laredo Morning Times; Monument to medal holders unveiled early The memorial is at . ====City of Laredo Shiloh Trail==== ==Government== ===Municipal government=== thumb|Administrative headquarters of the Laredo Fire Department are on Del Mar Boulevard across from St. Patrick's Catholic Church. The Laredo city government is a strong city council – weak mayor system. The mayor presides over the eight-member city council, but only votes to break a tie. City Council elections are based on single-member districts and campaigns have no party affiliations. Municipal elections are now held in November (formerly in May) of even-numbered years. The municipal government is administered by the city manager hired by the city council. All city elected offices have a four- year term and are nonpartisan though most officials have a Democratic party preference or affiliation. City council meetings are held on Mondays and can be viewed on the public-access television cable TV channel or live online at Public Access Channel live stream. Name Portrait Term start Term end William Franklin Alexander 1852 1854 Bartolome Garcia 1855 1855 Santos Benavides 1856 1856 Refugio Benavides 1857 1857 Bartolome Garcia 1858 1858 Refugio Benavides 1859 1859 Tomas Treviño 1860 1860 Juan Francisco Farias 1861 1861 Bartolome Garcia 1862 1864 Nicolas Sanchez 1865 1865 Agustin Salinas 1866 1867 Samuel M. Jarvis 1868 1868 Agustin Salinas 1866 1867 Hugh James 1874 1876 Atanacio Vidaurri 1877 1877 Rosendo Garcia 1878 1878 Julian Garcia 1879 1880 Porfirio Benavidez 1881 1882 Dario Sanchez 1883 1883 Porfirio Benavides 1884 1884 Dario Sanchez 1885 1885 E. A. Atlee 1886 1890 C. A. McLane 1891 1894 Andrew Hans Thaison 1895 1895 L. J. Christian 1896 1898 A. E. Vidaurri 1899 1900 Amador Sanchez 1901 1909 Robert McComb 1910 1919 L. Villegas 1920 1925 Albert Martin 1926 1939 Hugh Cluck 1940 1953 J. C. Martin Jr. 1954 1977 Aldo Tatangelo 1978 1990 Saul N. Ramirez Jr. 1990 1997 Betty Flores 1998 2006 Raul G. Salinas 50px 2006 2014 Pete Saenz 50px 2014 The council then named the assistant city manager, Horacio De Leon, as the acting city manager. Robert Alexander Eads was selected as City Manager on March 4, 2020, ===State and federal representation=== The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas Laredo division is a relatively new building adjacent to the Webb County Courthouse. The United States Border Patrol Laredo Sector Headquarters is at 207 W. Del Mar Blvd, Laredo, Texas. The United States Postal Service operates its main Post Office at 2700 East Saunders Street south of Laredo International Airport."Post Office Location – LAREDO ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 21, 2010. Postal branches are downtown and at 2395 East Del Mar Boulevard."Post Office Location – DEL MAR ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 21, 2010."Post Office Location – EL CENTRO ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 21, 2010. The Texas Army National Guard armory is at 6001 E. Bob Bullock Loop 20 Laredo, Texas. The Colburn Memorial United States Army Reserve Center is at 1 W End Washington St, Laredo, Texas. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Laredo Parole Office."Parole Division Region IV ." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved May 21, 2010. The private prison operator GEO Group runs the Rio Grande Detention Center in Laredo, which opened in 2008 and holds a maximum of 1900 federal detainees. ==Education== ===Elementary and secondary=== Two school districts, the Laredo Independent School District and the United Independent School District, and eight private schools serve Laredo. The Laredo Independent School District (LISD) serves the areas in central Laredo. The LISD high schools are Cigarroa High School, Martin High School, J. W. Nixon High School and the Laredo Early College High School. LISD also has three magnet schools: Dr. Dennis D. Cantu Health Science Magnet School, LISD Magnet for Engineering and Technology Education, and Vidal M. Trevino School of Communications and Fine Arts. The United Independent School District serves the rest of Laredo and northern Webb County. The UISD high schools are John B. Alexander High School, Lyndon B. Johnson High School Laredo Early College High School, United High School, and United South High School. UISD has three magnet schools: John B. Alexander Health Science Magnet, United Engineering Magnet, and the United South Business Magnet. There are thirty-nine schools within UISD and more are under construction or development. United ISD is one of the state's fastest growing districts, serving almost forty thousand students and covering an area the physical size of Rhode Island. thumb|Former downtown campus of St. Augustine Parochial School Several private schools also serve the city: * Saint Augustine High School, Catholic school, 9th–12th * Laredo Christian Academy, Assemblies of God, Grades PK–12th * United Day School, PK–8th * Mary Help of Christians School, Catholic school, PK–8th * Blessed Sacrament School, Catholic school, PK–7th * Our Lady of Guadalupe School, Catholic school, PK–6th * St. Peter Memorial School, Catholic school, PK–6th * Saint Augustine School, Catholic school, now elementary and middle, PK–8th, established 1928, enrollment 485 (2008) The city also has several charter schools, including: * Gateway Academy K–12 ===Colleges and universities=== Laredo is home to Laredo College and Texas A&M; International University (TAMIU). The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio has a campus in Laredo. Laredo College is a two-campus institution which offers two-year Associate's degrees. The main campus is at the western end of downtown Laredo near the Rio Grande, on the site of the former Fort McIntosh. This fort played a major role in the development of Laredo, as it protected the community from Indian raids in its early history. Several of the old buildings at the fort were converted into classrooms, but after renovation programs nearly all of the campus structures are now modern. The smaller, newer second campus, Laredo College South Campus, is in south Laredo along U. S. Route 83. thumb|left|Texas A&M; International University Library The Texas A&M; International University is a 4/6-year university that offers bachelor's and master's degrees. On April 22, 2004, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in Austin, Texas approved Texas A&M; International University to grant its first PhD in International Business Administration. TAMIU's College of Business Administration has been named an outstanding business school in The Princeton Review's "Best 282 Business Schools", 2007 Edition, and ranked third in the nation for the category: "Greatest Opportunity for Minority Students." The university's campus is in Northeast Laredo along Loop 20. The university was an extension of Texas A&I-Kingsville; and later the former Laredo State University. Prior to its current location along Bob Bullock Loop 20, the university was housed with the Laredo College downtown campus. The University of Texas Health Science Center campus is in East Laredo near U.S. Highway 59 and the Laredo Medical Center. The campus is an extension university from UTHSC in San Antonio, Texas. The university offers doctoral degrees in the medical and dental fields. ==Media== ===Newspapers=== Name Frequency Language City Laredo Morning Times Daily English Laredo LareDOS (Defunct, 2014) Monthly English Laredo El Mañana / Laredo Sun Daily Spanish / English Nuevo Laredo/Laredo El Lider Informativo Daily Spanish Nuevo Laredo El Diario de Nuevo Laredo Daily Spanish Nuevo Laredo Primera Hora Daily Spanish Nuevo Laredo Última Hora Daily Spanish Nuevo Laredo ===Television=== According to Nielsen Media Research, the Laredo region (which includes Webb and Zapata counties) is ranked 185th market by population size in the United States. The first station to broadcast in Laredo was KGNS in 1956, followed by KVTV in 1973, then KJTB (now KLDO) in 1985. The only notable television network missing from Laredo's airwaves is PBS. Laredo had a full-power local The CW affiliate, KGNS-DT2, but on July 3, 2014, the affiliation switched to ABC. Prior to that KJTB channel 27, from January 1985 to October 1988 was Laredo's ABC affiliate. KJTB was later bought by Entravision and affiliated the station to Telemundo and changed its callsign to KLDO. Today KLDO is affiliated to Univision. Before KJTB, KGNS, an NBC affiliate had a secondary affiliation to ABC from its founding in 1956 through KJTB's founding in 1985. On November 6, 2013, KGNS reached an agreement to add the ABC affiliation. The ABC affiliate launched in July 2014 when KGNS dropped The CW programming and added ABC programming.Gray to Air ABC on KGNS Subchannel TVNewsCheck, November 6, 2013. In October 2015 KVTV now KYLX started broadcasting The CW Programming on its digital subchannel 13.2. In December 2014, all Nuevo Laredo stations turned off analog television broadcasting and started broadcasting digitally only. VC DT DTV Dish Spectrum Callsign Network Resolution City of License Official Website Notes 1.1 23.1 98 XHLNA Azteca Uno HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo tvazteca.com 1.2 23.2 XHLNA-TDT2 ADN 40 SD 480i Nuevo Laredo adn40.mx 2.1 29.1 XHLAR Las Estrellas HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo lasestrellas.tv 3.1 35.1 XHCTNL Imagen Televisión HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo imagentv.com 3.4 35.4 XHCTNL-TDT4 Excélsior TV SD 480i Nuevo Laredo excelsior.com 4.1 25.1 14 XHBR Televisa Nuevo Laredo HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo televisaregional.com 5.1 25.1 XHBR-TDT2 Canal 5 SD 480i Nuevo Laredo televisa.com 6.1 32.1 15 XHNAT Multimedios Plus HD 720p Nuevo Laredo multimedios.com 6.2 32.2 XHNAT-TDT2 Milenio TV SD 480i Nuevo Laredo milenio.com 6.3 32.3 XHNAT-TDT3 Teleritmo SD 480i Nuevo Laredo multimedios.com 6.4 32.4 XHNAT-TDT4 MVS TV SD 480i Nuevo Laredo mvstv.com 7.1 33.2 XHLAT-TDT Azteca 7 HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo tvazteca.com 7.2 33.9 XHLAT-TDT2 a+ SD 480i Nuevo Laredo tvazteca.com 8.1 8.3 8 8 10 KGNS NBC HD 1080i Laredo kgns.tv 8.2 8.4 12 15 9 KGNS-DT2 ABC HD 720p Laredo kgns.tv 8.3 8.5 16 25 KGNS-DT3 Telemundo HD 720p Laredo telemundolaredo.tv 8.5 8.7 KGNS-DT5 True Crime Network SD 480i Laredo truecrimenetworktv.com 10.1 10.1 16 25 KXNU Telemundo HD 720p Laredo telemundolaredo.tv 11 KLRN PBS Analog San Antonio klrn.org 13.1 13.3 13 13 6 KYLX CBS HD 1080i Laredo cbs.com 13.2 13.4 9 19 KYLX-LD2 The CW SD 480i Laredo yourcwtv.com 15.1 15.1 KLMV MeTV SD 480i Laredo metv.com 15.2 15.2 KLMV-LD2 Estrella TV SD 480i Laredo estrellatv.com 15.3 15.3 KLMV-LD3 Movies! SD 480i Laredo moviestvnetwork.com 15.4 15.4 KLMV-LD4 Jewelry TV SD 480i Laredo jtv.com 17.1 17.1 99 XEFE Once TV HD 1080i Nuevo Laredo xefetv.com 27.1 19.1 27 78.1 KLDO Univision HD 1080i Laredo noticiasya.com 27.2 19.2 1248 KLDO-DT2 LATV SD 480i Laredo latv.com 27.3 19.3 KLDO-DT3 TBD SD 480i Laredo tbd.com 27.4 19.4 KLDO-DT4 Stadium SD 480i Laredo watchstadium.com 27.5 19.5 KLDO-DT5 Court TV SD 480i Laredo courttv.com 31.1 31.1 39 39 16 KXOF Fox / MyNet HD 720p Laredo foxnewssouthtexas.com 31.2 31.2 KXOF-CD2 Grit SD 480i Laredo grittv.com 31.3 31.3 KXOF-CD3 Laff SD 480i Laredo laff.com 39.1 27.1 77 KETF Unimas HD 720p Laredo ketftv.com 39.2 27.2 KETF-CD2 Comet SD 480i Laredo comettv.com 39.3 27.3 KETF-CD3 Charge! SD 480i Laredo watchcharge.com 39.4 27.4 4 KETF-CD4 Azteca America HD 720p Laredo aztecaamerica.com ===Radio=== According to Arbitron, the Laredo region (which includes Jim Hogg, Webb, and Zapata counties) is ranked 191st market by population size. ====AM radio==== Frequency Callsign Brand City of License Website Webcast 530 WPMQ285 TxDOT HAR Laredo 790 XEFE La Mera Ley Nuevo Laredo listen live 890 KVOZ Radio Cristiana Laredo lanuevaradiocristiana.com 960 XEK La Grande Nuevo Laredo xek.com listen live 1000 XENLT Radio Formula Nuevo Laredo radioformula.com listen live 1090 XEWL La Romantica Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 1300 KLAR Radio Poder Laredo feypoder.com listen live 1340 XEBK Mega 95.7 Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 1370 XEGNK Radio Mexicana Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 1410 XEAS Ke Buena Nuevo Laredo kebuena.com listen live 1490 KLNT Super Tejano Laredo klnt1490.com listen live 1550 XENU La Rancherita Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 1610 WQA200 CBP Information Laredo =====Long range AM stations===== The following Clear Channel AM stations can be heard in Laredo: Frequency Callsign Brand City of License Website Webcast 680 KKYX Country Legends 680 San Antonio kkyx.com listen live 720 KSAH Norteño 720 San Antonio 740 KTRH Newsradio 740 KTRH Houston ktrh.com listen live 760 KTKR Ticket 760 AM San Antonio ticket760.com listen live 990 XET La T Grande Monterrey listen live 1030 KCTA KCTA 1030 AM Corpus Christi kctaradio.com listen live 1050 XEG Ranchera de Monterrey Monterrey rancherademonterrey.com listen live 1140 XEMR MR Deportes Monterrey 1200 WOAI News Radio 1200 San Antonio radio.woai.com listen live 1210 KUBR Radio Cristiana San Juan listen live 1530 KGBT La Tremenda 1530 Harlingen latremenda1530.com ====FM radio==== Frequency Callsign Brand Format City of License Website Webcast 88.1 KHOY Catholic Radio Religious Laredo khoy.org listen live 88.9 XHLDO Radio Tamaulipas Public Radio Nuevo Laredo tamaulipas.gob listen live 89.9 KBNL Radio Manantial Spanish religious Laredo kbnl.com listen live 91.3 XHNOE Stereo 91 Spanish Contemporary Nuevo Laredo xhnoe.com listen live 92.7 KJBZ Z93 Tejano Laredo z93laredo.com listen live 93.7 "XHNLT"PR Radio Estereo Uncion FM Christian Radio Nuevo Laredo uncionfeypoder.com listen live 94.1 XHTLN Imagen / RMX Laredo Talk / Contemporary Nuevo Laredo rmx.com.mx listen live 94.9 KQUR Digital 94.9 Spanish Pop Laredo digital949.com listen live 95.3 XHLPZ La Traviesa Spanish Regional Lampazos • • 95.7 XHBK Mega 95.7 Spanish Contemporary Nuevo Laredo radioavanzado.com listen live 96.5 "XHTWO"PR Radio Two Norteño Nuevo Laredo • listen live 97.1 XHNLO La Caliente Norteño Nuevo Laredo mmradio.com listen live 98.1 KRRG Big Buck Country Country Laredo bigbuck98.com listen live 99.3 XHNK 40 Principales Top 40 Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 100.5 KBDR La Ley Tejano Laredo laley1005.com listen live 101.5 XHAS Ke Buena Norteño Nuevo Laredo kebuena.com listen live 102.3 XHMW Stereo Vida AC/Oldies Nuevo Laredo radiorama.com listen live 102.9 nonePR La Guerrera de la Frontera International Nuevo Laredo laguerrera.mx listen live 103.3 nonePR XRock Classic rock Nuevo Laredo • listen live 104.5 nonePR 2 Beat Electronica Nuevo Laredo • • 104.9 XHNLR Radio UAT University Radio Nuevo Laredo uat.mx listen live 105.1 nonePR RN Radio Spanish Nuevo Laredo rn105.com listen live 105.5 nonePR Mas Musica Spanish Nuevo Laredo • • 106.1 KNEX Hot 106.1 Urban / Rhythmic Top 40 Laredo hot1061.com listen live 106.5 nonePR Radio Voz Norteño Nuevo Laredo radiovoz1065.net listen live 107.3 XHGTS 107.3 Me Gusta Spanish Pop Nuevo Laredo xhgts.com listen live 162.55 WXK26 NOAA Weather Radio Weather Laredo noaa.gov PR:Suspected pirate radio stations since they are not licensed with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States or COFETEL in Mexico.COFETEL: FM stations in Mexico Some pirate stations are suspected, due to the fact other licensed stations nearby share the same frequency, such as 106.5 Radio Voz and KMAE from nearby Bruni, Texas and 103.3 Radio 33 and XHAHU-FM from nearby Anáhuac, Nuevo León, each city less than 50 miles from Laredo. ==Infrastructure== ===Health care=== thumb|Laredo Medical Center, formerly Mercy Hospital, is the largest hospital in Laredo. thumb|Doctor's Hospital in Laredo thumb|Laredo Specialty Hospital, near the Laredo Medical Center, handles certain patients requiring long-term care. In addition to the University of Texas Health Science Center branch, there are five other principal medical centers in Laredo: the Laredo Medical Center, Doctor's Hospital, Gateway Community Health Center, Providence Surgical & Medical Center, and the Laredo Specialty Hospital. Doctors Hospital is Laredo's second-largest medical center. The hospital complex is over , with 180 licensed beds on a campus. Affiliated with Universal Health Services, it is on Loop 20 in north Laredo. The Doctors Regional Cancer Treatment Center offers comprehensive cancer services. The Providence Surgical & Medical Center is an ambulatory health care center in north-central Laredo and also owned by Universal Health Services. The Gateway Community Health Center is the third- largest medical center in Laredo. The health center's main building is . The Medical center moved to its new $11,000,000 building in 2006. The main Gateway Community Health Center is in East Laredo, close to U.S. Highway 59. It also has three branches in the Laredo area: the South Clinic, El Cenizo Community Center, and Quad City Community Center. Gateway Community Health Center services include: The Laredo Specialty Hospital is the fourth-largest medical center in Laredo. It is owned by Ernest Health Inc. and was founded by Elmo Lopez Jr. on May 22, 2006. It admitted its first patient within hours of operation. The grand opening took place in March 2007. ===Transportation=== In 2016, 82.3 percent of working Laredo residents commuted by driving alone, 10.2 percent carpooled, 0.9 percent used public transportation, and 1.9 percent walked. About 2 percent of working Laredo residents commuted by all other means, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycles. About 2.6 percent worked at home. In 2015, 6.5 percent of city of Laredo households were without a car, which decreased slightly to 5.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Laredo averaged 1.85 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household. ====Air==== thumb|Laredo International Airport thumb|Tex-Mex Railway International Bridge view from Laredo Laredo is served by the Laredo International Airport. Daily flights are available to Houston (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) and to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Tri-weekly flights to Las Vegas, Nevada are available. After Laredo Air Force Base closed in the mid-1970s, the federal government handed over the old air force base and property to the City of Laredo for a new municipal airport. From the mid-1970s until the mid-1990s, the airport used a small terminal for passenger airline service and several old hangars for air cargo and private aircraft. A new state-of-the art passenger terminal was built along the then newly constructed Loop 20 to accommodate larger jets and to increase passenger air travel through Laredo. Expansion of air cargo facilities, taxiways and aprons, air cargo carriers such as DHL, FedEx, UPS, BAX, and others have responded by adding commercial air cargo jet services. Laredo also has two medical helipads, at Laredo Medical Center and Doctor's Hospital. ====Mass transit==== El Metro is the public transit system that operates in the city with 21 fixed routes and Paratransit services, with approximately 4.6 million passengers per year. El Metro works with a fleet of over 47 fixed route buses, 2 trolleys and 18 Paratransit/El Lift vans. The El Metro hub is in downtown Laredo at El Metro Transit Center. The center also houses Greyhound Lines and provides fee-based daily parking for downtown shoppers and workers. ====Rural transit==== Rural transportation is provided by the Webb County operated "El Aguila Rural Transportation" (the Eagle) bus services. El Aguila serves fixed daily routes from rural communities (Bruni, El Cenizo, Mirando City, Oilton, and Rio Bravo) to the downtown El Metro Transit Center. ====International bridges==== *Gateway to the Americas International Bridge *Juárez-Lincoln International Bridge *World Trade International Bridge (commercial traffic only) *Colombia- Solidarity International Bridge *Texas-Mexican Railway International Bridge ====Major highways==== Major highways in Laredo and their starting and ending points: *25px Interstate 35 Laredo-Duluth *25px Interstate 69W Laredo-Victoria following I-69 to Port Huron *25px Interstate 2 is proposed to be extended to Laredo following US 83. If it is extended, I-2's terminus would be I-69W. It would also serve as the southern end of I-35. *Interstate 27 is proposed to be extended to Laredo from Lubbock,Tx. following various routes till it meets with US 83. If it is extended, I-27 terminus would be I-35 at marker 18 in north Webb County. *25px U.S. Highway 59 Laredo-Lancaster. Included on the I-69W corridor. *25px U.S. Highway 83 Brownsville-Laredo-Westhope *25px State Highway 255 Laredo-Colombia *25px State Highway 359 Laredo-Skidmore *25px State Loop 20 Loop around Laredo *25px Farm to Market Road 1472 Laredo – Colombia Solidarity International Bridge Major highways in Nuevo Laredo and their starting and ending points: *20px Mexican Federal Highway 85 Nuevo Laredo-Mexico City *20px Mexican Federal Highway 2 Matamoros-Nuevo Laredo- Colombia-Ciudad Acuña *Tamaulipas State Highway 1 Nuevo Laredo-Monterrey *Nuevo León State Highway Spur 1 Colombia-Anáhuac ==Notable people== ===Born in Laredo=== * Pedro "Pete" Astudillo, composer * David Barkley-Cantu, first Mexican-American to be awarded the Medal of Honor * Freddie Benavides, former professional baseball player * Santos Benavides, Confederate States of America colonel * Esther Buckley (1948–2013), member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights from 1983 to 1992; Laredo educator * Kaleb Canales (born 1978), assistant coach of the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association * Quico Canseco, Republican U.S. Representative representing Texas's 23rd congressional district from 2010 to 2012 * Orlando Canizales, professional boxer, Career W 50 L 5 D 1 * Francisco G. Cigarroa, chancellor of University of Texas System * Henry R. Cuellar, Democrat U.S. Representative from Texas's 28th congressional district since 2005, former Texas Secretary of State (2001) and state representative (1987–2001) * Tony Dalton, actor and screenwriter * Elizabeth De Razzo (born 1980), actress * Tom DeLay, former U.S. Representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district, former House Majority Leader, Republican from Sugar Land, Texas * Ramón H. Dovalina (born 1943), educator; president of Laredo Community College from 1995 to 2007 * Elma Salinas Ender (born 1953), first Hispanic woman state court judge in Texas; served on the 341st District Court from 1983 until her retirement in 2012 * Audrey Esparza (born 1986), actress * Megan Frazee (born 1987), women's professional basketball player, (2009–) * Betty Flores (born 1944), first woman mayor of Laredo, 1998–2006 * Alfonso Gomez-Rejon (born 1973), film and television director * Carla Gonzalez (born 2001), professional wrestler known as Rok-C and Roxanne Perez * Armando Hinojosa (born 1944), sculptor, designed Tejano Monument in Austin and "Among Friends There Are No Borders" at the Laredo International Airport * Jovita Idar (1885–1946), was a Mexican-American journalist, political activist and civil rights worker, who fought for the rights of Mexican Americans and women * John King, Professional baseball pitcher for The Texas Rangers * Rodney Lewis (born 1954), oil and natural gas industrialist based in San Antonio * Sebastián Ligarde (born 1954), actor * Thomas C. Mann (1912–1999), Pointman for Latin America policy for President Lyndon Johnson. * Jose C. "Pepe" Martin Jr. (1913–1998), mayor of Laredo from 1954 to 1978; convicted federal felon popularly known as el patron * César A. Martínez (born 1944), artist, prominent in the Chicano world of art * Alicia Dickerson Montemayor, Democratic political activist and educator * Amado Maurilio Peña Jr. (born 1943), American visual artist and art educator * Federico Peña, former mayor of Denver, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation, and former U.S. Secretary of Energy, Democrat * William Merriweather Peña (1919–2018), architect * Roel Ramírez (born 1995), professional baseball player * Ana Rodriguez, Miss USA finalist, finished third runner up, 2011 * Johnny Rodriguez, Tex-Mex Country singer * Pete Saenz (born 1951), mayor of Laredo since November 12, 2014; former trustee of Laredo Community College and Laredo lawyer * Poncho Sanchez (born 1951), conga player, Latin jazz bandmaster & salsa singer * Antonio R. "Tony" Sanchez Jr., oilman and banker, 2002 Democratic nominee for governor of Texas * Edgar Valdez Villarreal (born 1973), nicknamed La Barbie, Mexican-American drug lord and former leader of Los Negros * Kathleen King von Alvensleben, architect * Peggy Webber (born 1925), actress * Jack Wheeler (1944–2010), co-founder of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund; aide to U.S. Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush * Judith Zaffirini (born 1946), First Latina elected to the Texas State Senate. ===Other notable people=== * Steve Asmussen (born 1965), horse breeder who won three legs of the Triple Crown * Norma Elia Cantú (born 1947), Chicana postmodernist writer and a professor of English at the University of Texas at San Antonio * Thomas Haden Church, actor in film Sideways and sitcom Wings * Edmund J. Davis (1827–1883), governor of Texas from 1869 to 1873; resided in Laredo during parts of the 1850s * Ned Kock, information systems professor affiliated with Texas A&M; International University * Jack Lanza, ex-professional wrestler, now WWE producer * Juan L. Maldonado (born 1948), sixth president of Laredo Community College * Saul N. Ramirez Jr., mayor of Laredo from 1990 to 1998 * Richard Peña Raymond, state representative from Webb County since 2001; previously represented Duval County * Jerry D. Thompson (born 1943), historian affiliated with Texas A&M; International University * Jeremy Vuolo, (born 1987), is an American former soccer player for Major League Soccer and the North American Soccer League. * Robert G. Whitehead (1916–2007), businessman/artist who marketed "Blue Star" first-aid ointment * Roger L. Worsley (born 1937), president of Laredo Community College, 1985 to 1995 ==Sister cities== During the month of July, Laredo sponsors the Laredo International Sister Cities Festival, which was founded in 2003. The festival is an international business, trade, tourism, and cultural expo. All of Laredo's sister cities are invited to participate. In 2004, the Laredo International Sister Cities Festival received the best overall Program award from the Sister Cities International. Laredo's sister cities are: * Acámbaro, Mexico (2004) * Campeche, Mexico * Cerralvo, Mexico * Chenzhou, China (2001) * Ciénega de Flores, Mexico (1987) * Ciudad Valles, Mexico * La Cruz, Costa Rica * Cuernavaca, Mexico * General Escobedo, Mexico * General Terán, Mexico * Guadalajara, Mexico * Guadalupe, Mexico (2000) * Los Herreras, Mexico * Hutt, New Zealand * Jerez, Mexico (1987) * Lampazos de Naranjo, Mexico (2000) * Laredo, Spain (1978) * Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico * León, Mexico * Mexticacán, Mexico (2002) * Monclova, Mexico (2003) * Montemorelos, Mexico * Murray Bridge, Australia (1984) * Nuevo Laredo, Mexico (1986) * Papantla, Mexico * San Antonio de Areco, Argentina * San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (2001) * Tainan, Taiwan * Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico * Tijuana, Mexico * Tlahualilo, Mexico (1988) * Tonalá, Mexico * Torreón, Mexico 2004) * Veracruz, Mexico (1992) * Wenzhou, China * Wuwei, China (2004) * Zixing, China (2002) ==See also== *Laredo–Nuevo Laredo *Nuevo Laredo *Webb County, Texas ==Notes== ==References== ==Bibliography== ==External links== *City of Laredo Homepage *Laredo Chamber of Commerce *Laredo Convention and Visitors Bureau *Laredo Development Foundation * *Laredo History provided by the City Of Laredo *Historic Photos from the Laredo Public Library hosted by the Portal to Texas History Category:Cities in Webb County, Texas Category:County seats in Texas Category:Laredo–Nuevo Laredo Category:Divided cities Category:Mexico–United States border crossings Category:Capitals of former nations Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Category:Populated places established in 1755 Category:1755 establishments in New Spain Category:Cities in Texas Category:Texas populated places on the Rio Grande |
This Is Your Life is an American reality documentary series broadcast on NBC radio from 1948 to 1952, and on NBC television from 1952 to 1961. It was originally hosted by its creator and producer Ralph Edwards. In the program, the host surprised guests and then took them through a retrospective of their lives in front of an audience, including appearances by colleagues, friends, and family. Edwards revived the show in 1971–1972, and Joseph Campanella hosted a version in 1983. Edwards returned for various specials in the late 1980s. ==Concept== The idea for This Is Your Life arose while Edwards was working on game show Truth or Consequences. He had been asked by the United States Army to "do something" for paraplegic soldiers at Birmingham General Army Hospital, a California Army rehabilitation hospital in Van Nuys, Los Angeles (a site later converted into a high school). Edwards chose a "particularly despondent young soldier and hit on the idea of presenting his life on the air, in order to integrate the wreckage of the present with his happier past and the promise of a hopeful future." Edwards received such positive public feedback from the "capsule narrative" of the soldier he gave on Truth or Consequences that he developed This Is Your Life as a new radio show. In the show, Edwards surprised each guest by narrating a biography of the subject. The show "alternated in presenting the life stories of entertainment personalities and 'ordinary' people who had contributed in some way to their communities." The host, consulting his "red book", narrated while presenting the subject with family members, friends, and others who had affected his or her life. By the 1950s, the show was aired live before a theater audience. The guests were surprised by Ralph Edwards and confronted by the microphone and cameras. Planning for the broadcast meant that some found out in advance that they were to be featured. For example, Eddie Cantor had a heart condition, so the show's producers made sure that he was not surprised. ==Notable guests== One of the show's subjects was Rev. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, a survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. During the episode Edwards introduced Tanimoto to Robert A. Lewis, the co-pilot of the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. Hanna Bloch Kohner, a Holocaust survivor, was a subject on May 27, 1953. In February 1953, Lillian Roth, a "topflight torch singer of the Prohibition era" was the subject of the show, "cheerfully admit[ting] that she had been a hopeless drunk for 16 years before being rescued by Alcoholics Anonymous." Edwards described Roth's condition as "impending blindness, an inflamed sinus and a form of alcoholic insanity" and brought on a psychiatrist who had treated her, a brother-in-law "who had paid her bills" and several "glamorous foul-weather friends" such as Lita Grey Chaplin and Ruby Keeler. Roth's story became the basis of her 1954 autobiography and 1955 film adaption, I'll Cry Tomorrow, with Edwards appearing as himself. Kate Newcomb, a doctor who practiced in a "70-mile circle" around Woodruff, Wisconsin, was the subject of a 1954 episode, bringing attention to her "million pennies" drive to raise funds for a small community hospital; viewers of the episode donated over $112,000 in pennies. The New York Times reported on September 1, 1955 that the Sixth United States Army requested a kinescope of the April 27 episode which honored World War II and Korean War General Mark Clark. The request stated, "We believe that showing of such a program would contribute materially toward the objectives of troop information, since it would create appreciation of the career of an outstanding military leader and further better understanding of certain highlights in the recent history of the Army.""GEORGE SANDERS TO BE VIDEO HOST / Cast as Narrator of Filmed Series, 'The Ringmaster.' Built on Circus Stories", The New York Times (September 1, 1955, p.46) Retrieved February 12, 2019 According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, 1946–Present, one celebrity that was definitely forbidden was Edwards himself, who supposedly threatened to fire every member of his staff if they ever tried to turn the tables on him and publicly present Edwards' own life.Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, 1946–Present, revised and enlarged, p. 758. New York: Ballantine Books, 1981. In a 1973 episode, Vincent Price was the surprised guest. The show had been planned with his wife Mary while Price was in the UK filming the movie Theatre of Blood. By the time he returned to his US home, he had split with his wife and begun a relationship with his co-star from the movie, Coral Browne. Price's daughter later revealed that his estranged wife had told him about the show in an attempt to manage any potential fall-out and unbeknownst to the producers, he agreed to act surprised when the show was recorded.Price, Victoria: Vincent Price: A Daughter's Biography. Open Road 2014. ==Reception== This Is Your Life was nominated three times for as "Best Audience Participation, Quiz or Panel Program" at the Emmy Awards, losing in 1953 at the 5th Emmy Awards to What's My Line? and sharing the category's award with What's My Line? at the Emmys in 1954 and 1955. It also fared well in the ratings during the 1950s, finishing at #11 in 1953–1954, #12 in 1954–1955, #26 in 1955–1956, #19 in 1957–1958 and #29 in 1958–1959. By October 1960, Time magazine was calling This Is Your Life "the most sickeningly sentimental show on the air"; it cited a May 1960 episode on "Queens housewife and mother" Elizabeth Hahn as evidence that the show had "run through every faded actress still able to cry on cue" and had instead "turned to ordinary people as subjects for its weekly, treacly 'true-to-life' biographies." The episode on Hahn was also cited as an example of the limited research that the show was doing on its guests. The show had presented Hahn as "devoted to her husband and so dedicated to her children that she had worked as a chambermaid, waitress and cook to further their education and keep them off the streets", ignoring details such as that Hahn, on the advice of her rabbi, had brought her daughter into a magistrate's court as a delinquent, and that before the episode was broadcast, Hahn's husband had sued her for divorce. Virginia Graham, in her autobiography, noted that the show had been characterized as a maudlin invasion of privacy. ==Reruns and revivals== In the late 1980s, Edwards made many episodes that featured celebrities available for re- broadcasting: American Movie Classics aired them for several years, accompanying them with "screenings of movies from studio-era Hollywood." Edwards revived the series twice in syndication, the first in 1971 with Edwards again as host, and in 1983 with Joseph Campanella. Both failed to capture the magic of the original series, mostly due to the series being filmed or taped and, in the case of the 1971–72 version, some stations that aired it gave away the surprise elements in ads and promos for the show. During the late 1980s, Edwards hosted a few single prime time network airings of This Is Your Life, most memorably an episode featuring Betty White and Dick Van Dyke. Pat Sajak hosted an episode in November 1993 on NBC where Roy Scheider and Kathie Lee Gifford were the honorees, and Edwards made a cameo at the beginning, then appeared again when Kathie's work as a singer on the 70s version of Name that Tune, which Edwards produced, was mentioned. Actress Angie Dickinson was supposed to have been one of the two celebrities honoured in the special, and was lured under the pretext of being interviewed for a special about director Brian de Palma, but when host Sajak surprised her with the typical "this is your life!" greeting to kick off the show she refused to participate and walked out."Angie Dickinson Refuses 'This is Your Life' Tribute", AP News, 11 November 1993."Angie Dickinson Stops 'This is Your Life' Surprise", YouTube: Raw Footage from the 1993 TIYL Special, 30 March 2020. She later said that she had previously been approached about being a guest on the show and had declined, and that the main reason she refused to participate was that she didn't look good crying. In November 2005, ABC announced that it was developing a new version of the show, to be hosted by Regis Philbin. Coincidentally, creator, Ralph Edwards, died not long after the announcement was made. In August 2006, Philbin decided not to renew his contract with the show (he was committed to hosting America's Got Talent on NBC). ABC announced it was considering moving forward with another host in 2006, but this never came to fruition."ABC Contemplates Life Without Regis", Broadcasting & Cable, 30 August 2006."TV Q&A; with Rob Owen", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 August 2006. In October 2008, Survivor producer Mark Burnett signed a deal with Ralph Edwards Productions to produce an updated version. This also did not come to fruition. ==International versions== International adaptations of the show: * Australia – This Is Your Life (1975–1980, 1995–2005, 2008, 2011, 2022–) * Chile – (1965) * Denmark – (1983–1985, 1987, 1991, 1997–2000, 2011–2014) * France – ("This is your life!") (1993–1994, 2013–2015) * Israel – ("What a life") (1972–2012) * Netherlands - (1960–1961, 1985–1987, 1992/1993) * New Zealand – This Is Your Life (1984–2000, 2007–2008, 2010–2011) * Norway – (1985–1986, 1995) * Peru – Ésta es su vida (1961) * Sweden – ("Here is your life") (1980–1991,1995, 2009–2010, 2019), Ett sånt liv (1995) * Spain – (1962–1968, 1993) * United Kingdom – This Is Your Life (1955–1964, 1969–2003, 2007) In the Taiwanese variety show Super Sunday, the second half of each episode has a This Is Your Life-style segment where a celebrity or a local discussed their past followed by a cinematic re-enactment (usually exaggerated or serious) then a remote segment to search for the individual. However, the final result for each segment may or may not be successful. ==Parodies== * The show was parodied in 1954 by Your Show of Shows, as "This Is Your Story". Carl Reiner played the host, who surprises an uncooperative audience member played by Sid Caesar. * In 1955, Warner Bros. animator Friz Freleng did a sendup called "This Is a Life?", hosted by Elmer Fudd and featured Bugs Bunny as the guest of honor. The cartoon also featured Daffy Duck, Granny and Yosemite Sam. * Bob & Ray issued a 45 rpm record with a routine called "This Is Your Bed (You Made It, Now Lie in It)" on Coral (catalog number 9-61338) in 1955. * A 1960 episode of Walt Disney Presents, "This Is Your Life, Donald Duck", was a parody tribute to Donald Duck, hosted by Jiminy Cricket. * There was a recurring segment on the children's program Sesame Street, "Here is Your Life", which followed the show's format but featured inanimate objects — a loaf of bread, an oak tree, a tooth, a house, a shoe, and a carton of eggs — as its guests. Like most of the game show parodies on Sesame Street, the show was hosted by the Muppet character Guy Smiley; seven sketches were produced between 1972 and 1990. During Season 26 (1994-1995), two others were hosted by Sonny Friendly and the sketch was retitled as "The New Here is Your Life", featuring a storybook and a glass of milk as honorees. Another variant, "This Is Your Story" (1982), was a one-shot featuring Guy honoring Muppet Character Forgetful Jones. * In 1976, the game show The Price Is Right parodied the show in one of its Showcase skits, called "This Is Your Strife," featuring bloopers involving model Janice Pennington. The cast had previously rehearsed a fake skit with Pennington, then sprung the "... Strife" skit on her as a surprise. * As a part of a 1987 Howdy Doody 40th-anniversary retrospective special, Monty Hall and Buffalo Bob Smith imagined, as a way to celebrate Howdy Doody's birthday, a spoof of "This Is Your Life" called "Your Happiest Days". * The WWE spoofed This Is Your Life three times with Mick Foley as the host. The purpose of these segments was to bring out individuals of the guest's past that embarrassed them. The most notable of these segments occurred on September 27, 1999, with The Rock, which many consider being the turning point in the Monday Night Wars. The first of these spoofs is still the highest-rated segment in WWE Monday Night RAW's history. * In the early 1990s, McGruff the Crime Dog was honored by Ralph Edwards in a PSA from the Ad Council with National Crime Prevention Council. * In Season 4 of The Good Place, a parody takes place in the show's afterlife setting, called "That Was Your Life." ==References== ==External links== * This Is Your Life, official website * * Encyclopedia of Television: This is Your Life from the Museum of Broadcast Communications * This Is Your Life (U.S.) radio and TV episode list at ClassicTVInfo.com Category:1940s American radio programs Category:1950s American radio programs Category:1952 American television series debuts Category:1961 American television series endings Category:1970s American television series Category:1980s American television series Category:2000s American television series Category:1950s American documentary television series Category:1960s American documentary television series Category:American Broadcasting Company original programming Category:Black-and-white American television shows Category:CBS Radio programs Category:Emmy Award-winning programs Category:English-language television shows Category:American live television series Category:NBC original programming Category:NBC radio programs Category:Television series by Ralph Edwards Productions Category:20th-century history of the United States Army |
Carl Froch vs. George Groves II, billed as Unfinished Business and The Rematch, was a professional boxing match contested on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was a rematch of the first fight between Carl Froch and George Groves in 2013, with Froch's unified WBA (Regular) and IBF super- middleweight titles at stake as before. Froch won the fight by knockout in the eighth round, which was named the Knockout of the Year by The Ring magazine."Past winners of The Ring year-end awards" . The Ring. Retrieved 9 April 2016. The event drew a then-record attendance figure of 80,000Nakrani, Sachin (1 June 2014). "Carl Froch v George Groves II: proof boxing can still captivate masses". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 9 April 2016. and grossed over £22 million,Lewis, Ron (12 December 2016). "Joshua's Wembley Klitschko date to smash records". The Times. News Corp. Retrieved 5 December 2020. and was named the Event of the Year by The Ring. ==Background== Carl Froch and George Groves first fought on 23 November 2013 at the Manchester Arena (then known as the Phones4u Arena). In that fight, Froch's two world titles were also at stake. Groves scored a surprise knockdown in the opening round and went on to build up a lead on all three judges' scorecards. In round nine, the fight ended in highly controversial circumstances when Froch managed land a series of punches to hurt Groves, which prompted referee Howard Foster to stop the fight on a technical knockout. The result was heavily protested by Groves and his team, as well as by fans and the media, creating immediate demand for a rematch.Nakrani, Sachin (24 November 2013). "Carl Froch controversially defeats George Groves to retain titles". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 9 April 2016."Carl Froch and George Groves agree to rematch". BBC Sport. BBC. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ==Build-up== The rematch was officially announced on 4 March 2014 by Matchroom Boxing promoter Eddie Hearn,Mitchell, Kevin (2 March 2014). "Carl Froch and George Groves rematch is heading for Wembley Stadium". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 5 December 2020. for whom Froch had fought since 2011Dirs, Ben (4 May 2011). "Carl Froch to be promoted by Barry and Eddie Hearn". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 5 December 2020. and Groves since 2013.Christ, Scott (4 March 2013). "George Groves officially signs with Matchroom, added to Barker-Rotolo undercard". SB Nation. Vox Media. Retrieved 5 December 2020. It was the first boxing event to be held at the new Wembley Stadium since it opened in 2007; the last to be held at the old Wembley Stadium was Oliver McCall vs. Frank Bruno on 2 September 1995. A new attendance record for a British boxing event was also anticipated, which would break the previous record of 57,000 at the City of Manchester Stadium, during Ricky Hatton vs. Juan Lazcano on 24 May 2008. Froch's WBA (Regular) and IBF super-middleweight titles would again be on the line. As with their first fight, Froch and Groves appeared on Sky Sports' boxing magazine show Ringside. In their first meeting on the show, on 8 November 2013, Groves insisted on referring to Froch by his second name only, while Froch refused to even look at him."Carl Froch v George Groves: War of words reaches new heights on Ringside". Sky Sports. Sky. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2016. Their second meeting, on 2 May 2014, was slightly more cordial and ended with a handshake."Carl Froch and George Groves meet again on Ringside". Sky Sports. Sky. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016. However, when they shook hands again on Sky's round table sit-down show, The Gloves Are Off, Groves attempted to pull Froch over the table but was himself pulled over instead."Froch v Groves - The handshake". Sky Sports. Sky. Retrieved 16 February 2019. Both fights were likened to the rivalry between Nigel Benn and Chris Eubank in the early 1990s.Dirs, Ben (22 November 2013). "Carl Froch v George Groves fight evokes Benn-Eubank memories". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 9 April 2016.Mitchell, Kevin (29 May 2014). "Second Froch-Groves bout poses question: what is it about rematches?". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 9 April 2016. In the build-up to the rematch there was much animosity between both boxers, with copious amounts of trash-talk and each vowing to score a knockout."George Groves vows to knock Carl Froch out with a left hook". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016.Anderson, David (30 May 2014). "Carl Froch vows to knock out George Groves during tense Wembley weigh-in". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 9 April 2016. The weigh-in took place on 30 May at the nearby Wembley Arena, in front of 4,000 raucous fans who were predominantly in support of native Londoner Groves.Riach, James (30 May 2014). "Wembley Arena raises the roof as George Groves and Carl Froch weigh in". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 5 December 2020. Froch came in at , a shade under the super-middleweight limit of . Groves came in at , considerably under the limit."Photos: Froch-Groves Massive Wembley Weigh-In Gallery". BoxingScene. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Froch taunted Groves during the staredown, to which Groves said afterwards: "Carl was talking and talking, [he] said I looked dry, I looked tight at the weight. He is grasping for something, he needs reassurance. I said this six months ago. He can't find it and for that reason he is going to struggle. He is gone." ==Fight details== As part of the entrance spectacle, Groves first entered the arena on an open top bus, accompanied by the song "Underdog" by Kasabian. Froch, who entered to a medley of "We Will Rock You" by Queen and "Shoot to Thrill" by AC/DC, chose a more conventional walk through the stands. Unlike in their first fight, the crowd was overwhelmingly in support of Groves. In the early rounds of the fight itself, which was described as "often cagey" and one which "burned slowly",Dirs, Ben (31 May 2014). "Carl Froch knocks out George Groves to retain world titles". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 9 April 2016. Groves started well by landing his jab consistently and catching Froch with a combination at the end of round two. Froch started to utilise his own jab in round three, as both boxers exchanged heavy shots. In the fourth, Groves returned to his jab, but Froch responded at the end of the round by catching Groves on the ropes with body punches. Round five was action-packed, as several exchanges of clean punches from both boxers elicited a standing ovation from the crowd. In the sixth, Froch pressed forward while landing more punches, but Groves responded with his own at the end of the round. He followed this up in round seven by landing a left hook that made Froch stumble, as well as a hurtful right hook soon afterwards. By this stage, Froch led by 67–66 on two of the judges' scorecards, with the third judge scoring it 68–65 for Groves. Froch began to rally back in the eighth by pursuing Groves against the ropes, which culminated in the finishing moment of the fight: a left hook from Froch, blocked by Groves' glove, was followed by a devastating right hook flush on the chin, sending Groves to the canvas in a crumpled heap. Without any controversy this time, referee Charlie Fitch immediately waved off the fight as a knockout at 2 minutes and 43 seconds, as Groves attempted to stand up on shaky legs.Keay, Sheldan (31 May 2014). "Carl Froch Knocks Groves Out With Massive Shot". BoxingScene. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ===CompuBox statistics=== According to CompuBox, Froch threw 349 punches and landed 96 for an accuracy of 28%; Groves threw 314 punches and landed 126 for an accuracy of 40%. Groves had the edge in jabs, with 218 thrown and 83 landed (38% accuracy); Froch threw 212 and landed 40 (19% accuracy). Conversely, Froch threw 137 power punches and landed 56 (41% accuracy); Groves threw 96 and landed 43 (45% accuracy).CompuBox (2 June 2014). "CompuBox: Groves Too Tentative in Froch Rematch". BoxingScene. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ==Aftermath== Immediately after the fight, Froch said "I am feeling unbelievably elated, this is the best moment in the history of my boxing career. ... I knew it was only going to take a couple of big right hands to the chin and I timed it perfectly.""Froch: I Showed Why I'm Among The Best in The World". BoxingScene. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016. In the following days, he went on to express satisfaction in having soundly beaten his rival: "I've had to endure some serious abuse, silly games and unnecessary antagonising. He's been antagonising me for so long. ... Some of the stuff his trainer was saying and Groves was saying, it was just horrible. ... He's now been sent back to the hole he crawled out of, as far as I'm concerned.""Froch: KO of Groves Gave Me Smile That Will Never Go". BoxingScene. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016. Groves lamented that "Carl should be gracious with his win. He certainly doesn't need to beat up on me some more. I totally dominated the first fight and I felt like I was in control of the second fight. ... It's just one of those punches. It's a shame it happened now—I've spent my whole career where this could've happened and hasn't, and it's happened to me at the worst possible time. It certainly won't be the end of my career.""Groves Vows: I'll Return Bigger, Better and Stronger!". BoxingScene. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016. On 14 September, Groves returned to the ring and scored a unanimous decision against Christopher Rebrassé, winning the European and WBC Silver super-middleweight titles. In July 2015, more than a year afterwards and having not fought during that time, Froch retired from boxing."Carl Froch retires: Former world champion ends boxing career". BBC Sport. BBC. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016. After announcing his retirement, he spoke more fondly of the event and rivalry with Groves: "We all did ourselves proud and you couldn't have written the script for what happened. The script couldn't have been better. It's just amazing these things happen. ... To transcend the sport over to a whole new audience for me, on that platform and the way to finish it, in such a conclusive manner, was so satisfying. That is my defining moment.""Carl Froch says clashes with George Groves defined his career". Sky Sports. Sky. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016. Groves also reflected on the rivalry that day: "We don't need to be friends—I've got friends. ... There's a rivalry when you're going to box and now that he's no longer a fighter that rivalry isn't there. ... He's a tough man to beat. Sometimes you think you've got him and a bit of controversy gets in the way and sometimes you're boxing really well, you're in full control, and then one punch and it can change a fight.""George Groves not looking for friendship with Carl Froch". Sky Sports. Sky. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016. The attendance figure of 80,000 stood as a British post-War record until being surpassed by Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko in 2017, which drew 90,000. Notably, Joshua fought on the undercard of Froch–Groves II and would go on to headline against Klitschko.Reddy, Luke (29 April 2017). "Anthony Joshua stops Wladimir Klitschko in the 11th round at Wembley". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ==Undercard== *James DeGale defeated Brandon Gonzáles – 4 *Kevin Mitchell defeated Ghislain Maduma – TKO 11 *Jamie McDonnell defeated Tabtimdaeng Na Rachawat – TKO 10 *Anthony Joshua defeated Matt Legg – 1 *Martin Joseph Ward drew with Ian Bailey – 1 *Gamal Yafai defeated Jack Heath – TKO 1 ==Broadcasting== The fight was broadcast in 60 countries worldwide. In the UK, the primary carrier was Sky Box Office. In the US, viewing figures on HBO averaged 700,000 with a peak of 830,000.Donovan, Jake (4 June 2014). "Froch-Groves II Scores With Saturday Afternoon Viewers". BoxingScene. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ==See also== *Carl Froch vs. George Groves ==References== ==External links== * at BoxRec * professional record at BoxRec * professional record at BoxRec Category:2014 in boxing Category:Boxing matches Category:Sky Sports Category:Boxing on HBO Category:Boxing in London Category:2014 sports events in London Category:May 2014 sports events in the United Kingdom |
Douglas McGarel Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham, (28 February 1872 – 16 August 1950) was a British lawyer and Conservative politician who twice served as Lord Chancellor, in addition to a number of other Cabinet positions. Mooted as a possible successor to Stanley Baldwin as party leader for a time in the very early 1930s, he was widely considered to be one of the leading Conservative politicians of his generation. ==Early life== Born in London, Hogg was the son of the merchant and philanthropist Quintin Hogg and of Alice Anna Hogg, née Graham (d. 1918). Both of his grandfathers, Sir James Hogg, 1st Baronet, and William Graham, were Members of Parliament. He was educated at Cheam School and Eton College, before spending eight years working for the family firm of sugar merchants, spending time in the West Indies and British Guiana. During the Boer War he served with the 19th (Berwick and Lothian) Yeomanry, and was wounded in action and decorated. ==Legal career== Returning from South Africa, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1902. Despite starting at the bar relatively late in life, as a junior barrister, he built up a large practice in both common law and commercial law. His son later believed that Hogg was earning £14,000 per annum (around £1.4m at 2018 prices) by 1914.Hailsham 1991, p. 101.Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Sir John Simon later wrote of him: "Hogg had all the qualities that go to make a leader at the bar: an accurate grasp of complicated facts, a clear view of the principles of law which had to be applied to them, a sturdy attitude in the face of the situation with which he had to deal, and a manner which was genial and conciliatory with a persuasive force behind it well calculated to win assent from the tribunal he was addressing. He was never at a loss, and no counsel was more adept at preparing the way to meet the difficulties of the case." He was appointed King's Counsel in 1917, and became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn and Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales in 1920. After his father's death in 1903 he also devoted considerable time to the Royal Polytechnic institution, which his father had founded. == Political background == Hogg began to be involved in Conservative politics while still at the bar. He was involved in the Conservatives' legal attacks against the Liberals during the Marconi scandal. Hogg's son Quintin later recalled that, probably around the time of the Curragh Incident in March 1914 when he was six years old, he had been presented to the adults at the close of a tea party, and had asked “Who is Winston Churchill?” Churchill, a leading member of the Liberal Cabinet at the time, was one of those apparently threatening some kind of military and naval action against Protestant Ulster; Hogg's brother Ian was then serving with the 4th Hussars at the Curragh. Hogg replied that he had always told his son that it was wicked to wish somebody dead (he had, Quintin recorded, never actually told him any such thing) but that if he did wish anyone dead it would be Winston Churchill. Hogg later claimed not to recollect the occasion, when his son reminded him of it in the 1920s; he and Churchill were (Conservative) Cabinet colleagues by then. On the outbreak of war in August 1914 Hogg was cheered by bystanders in a London park, who mistook him for Churchill, to whom he bore a slight physical resemblance.Hailsham 1991, p. 222. Hogg was approached to be the Conservative Party candidate for Marylebone, but stood down before the 1918 election rather than fight the sitting member (Sir Samuel Scott) for the nomination. == Attorney-General: 1922–1924 == The Lloyd George Coalition (Conservative-Liberal) collapsed as a result of the Carlton Club meeting in October 1922. Bonar Law formed a purely Conservative government but found himself short of law officers after many leading members of the Coalition refused to serve. Hogg, not yet an MP, was appointed Attorney General. Harold Macmillan, who was not yet an MP, records the following exchange between the Earl of Derby and Duke of Devonshire (Macmillan's father- in-law): > 'Ah,' said Lord Derby, 'you are too pessimistic. They have found a wonderful > little man. One of those attorney fellows, you know. He will do all the > work.' 'What's his name?', said the Duke. 'Pig,' said Lord Derby. Turning to > me, the Duke replied, 'Do you know Pig? I know James Pigg [he was a great > reader of Surtees]. I don't know any other Pig.' It turned out to be Sir > Douglas Hogg! This was a truly Trollopian scene. Bonar Law arranged for Hogg to be selected as Conservative candidate for the safe seat of St Marylebone. He was returned unopposed to the House of Commons in the November 1922 general election, at which Law's government won a comfortable majority. Hogg therefore began his Commons career on the front bench, and within days had to help pilot through the House the bill which set up the Irish Free State constitution.The Irish Free State had been called into being by the treaty of 1921, nearly a year previously, but did not formally come into existence until December 1922. Britain had recognised the provisional government of Southern Ireland, as it was then called, in the meantime. Within four weeks of entering office he also had to assist Lord Chancellor Cave and Neville Chamberlain (Minister of Health) to write a reply from Baldwin (Chancellor of the Exchequer) to a delegation of the unemployed. Though not yet a full member of the Cabinet, he was sworn of the Privy Council and received the (then) customary knighthood (in December 1922). Hogg continued as Attorney-General when Stanley Baldwin became Prime Minister for the first time in May 1923. Hogg spent much of this time at his country home in Sussex, where he had become a prominent county figure. He was a justice of the peace for the county from 1923. Even when he later became Lord Chancellor he sometimes continued to sit as an ordinary magistrate at Lewes.Hailsham 1991, p. 100. The Conservatives lost their majority in the December 1923 election, which returned a hung Parliament. Hogg continued as Attorney General until the first Labour government, under Ramsay MacDonald, took office in January 1924. Hogg maintained an active Commons role in opposition. Neville Chamberlain wrote that Hogg's speech during the debate which installed MacDonald 'made a great impression and heartened up our party immensely'. The same was true in the debate on the Campbell Case in October 1924, which brought down MacDonald's government. This time Chamberlain wrote that "Hogg's summing up was a real tour-de-force. Until then I confess to having been rattled by the special pleading on the other side and only when I heard Hogg did I realise how strong the case against the Govt still remained." == Baldwin's second government: 1924–1929 == === Attorney-General again === Later in October 1924, Hogg was reappointed Attorney-General, this time with a seat in the Cabinet, when the Conservatives were returned to power. Although Hogg played a full part in cabinet debates, his main responsibility was to advise the government on legal matters, and other ministers seem to have regarded him mainly as a lawyer–politician. He was the minister responsible for the arrest and prosecution of Harry Pollitt and a number of other British communists for subversion in October 1925, though credit was generally attributed to the better-known Home Secretary, William Joynson-Hicks. Hogg also gave legal advice over the general strike of 1926. Hogg was popular among his colleagues, and despite his fierceness in debate he was not particularly disliked by his opponents. Neville Chamberlain wrote in 1926 that he was 'one of the best, straight and loyal and possessed of a wonderful brain. Moreover, he is a first-class fighting man' (Diary Letters, 338). The Miners' Strike (technically a lockout) had continued after the General Strike, but had ended with large-scale unemployment while those still employed were forced to accept longer hours, lower wages, and district (rather than national) wage agreements. As Attorney-General, Hogg guided the Trade Disputes Act of 1927 through the House of Commons. This made mass picketing and secondary strikes (i.e. strikes by other unions who were not party to the dispute in hand) illegal and directed that union members had to "contract in" any political levy (i.e. members had to actively choose if they wished to make a donation to the Labour Party alongside their subscription). It also forbade civil service unions from affiliating with the Trades Union Congress. Over the course of the government, Hogg began to be tipped as a future Home Secretary and perhaps even Prime Minister. In 1928 Austen Chamberlain wrote to one of his sisters about knotty legal issues that he faced at the Foreign Office, over which Hailsham 'was unable to help me to a decision, which if you knew him would alone be sufficient to show you how extremely difficult of solution these problems are'. === First term as Lord Chancellor === Viscount Cave retired as Lord Chancellor early in 1928. Hogg was offered the job but did not want to accept, on the grounds that it “barred any chance of the premiership” and appealed to Neville Chamberlain for help (26 March 1928) on the grounds that he did not want to see “W. Churchill” become Prime Minister after Baldwin. Chamberlain agreed, and felt that Churchill and his friend Lord Birkenhead were more likely to agree to serve in a future Hogg government than under Chamberlain (both Hogg and Chamberlain protested unconvincingly to one another that they did not particularly want to be Prime Minister). However, Baldwin insisted that Hogg accept the promotion.Charmley 1993, pp. 232–3. Besides his own reluctance to accept, he was also aware that a peerage might also inhibit the political ambitions of his elder son, Quintin Hogg, who was already active in student politics at Oxford University—as indeed it did.Quintin was said to have stood in Christ Church's Peckwater Quad to cry in frustration. On 29 March 1928, Hogg became Lord Chancellor, and on 5 April he was created Baron Hailsham, of Hailsham in the County of Sussex.At that time, besides being Minister in charge of the judiciary, the Lord Chancellor was also Speaker of the House of Lords and himself the most senior judge. He sat as one of the Law Lords, the senior judges who carried out the Judicial functions of the House of Lords. They were an ancestor body to today's Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. As the parliament ended in May 1929, Austen Chamberlain wrote that Hailsham's judgement was 'I think as good as that of any member of the Cabinet' (Diary Letters, 322, 330). He held the Great Seal for just over a year until the government's unexpected defeat in the 1929 election. In that year's Birthday Honours (3 June) he was promoted to Viscount Hailsham, of Hailsham in the County of Sussex. == Opposition: 1929–1931 == Between 1929 and 1931, Hailsham was Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. He did not give strong support to Baldwin when the latter's leadership was attacked, and apparently did nothing to quash speculation that he might become leader himself. The former party whip Lord Bayford thought in March 1931 that 'the only possible suggestion made at present is that Hailsham should lead the party and Neville [Chamberlain] be leader in the Commons' (Real Old Tory Politics, p245). As a former Lord Chancellor Hailsham continued to sit as a Law Lord. Sir John Simon identified a number of significant cases in the Lords in which his judgments 'illustrated his power of lucid reasoning and his command of appropriate language': Addie v. Dumbreck (injury to child trespasser, 1929); Tolley v. Fry (defamation, 1931); Swadling v. Cooper (contributory negligence, 1931). Hailsham became president of Sussex County cricket club in 1931. == Secretary of State for War: 1931–1935 == Hailsham was not offered a seat in the small emergency Cabinet of the National Government of August–October 1931, a fact which John Ramsden attributes to his disloyalty to Baldwin in opposition. Hailsham's previous job was not available, as the Labour Lord Chancellor Lord Sankey had joined the National Government; Hailsham was therefore offered, and refused, the sinecure post of Lord Privy Seal. After the October 1931 elections, with the Cabinet restored to a larger size, he joined the second National Government as Secretary of State for War and Leader of the House of Lords. Hailsham was a strong supporter of protectionism (tariffs on goods imported into the British Empire, an aspiration for many Conservatives since Joseph Chamberlain had called for them in 1903). However, he suggested that the Cabinet "agree to differ" on the issue, so that the Conservatives could press on with plans for tariffs, while remaining in coalition with Liberals and National Labour; the free traders left the coalition once tariff plans had been agreed internationally. Hailsham was one of the ministers representing the National Government at the Ottawa Imperial Economic Conference in 1932. At Ottawa, Baldwin told his friend Tom Jones, 'the bulk of the negotiations have been done by Neville [Chamberlain], “ably assisted” (as the papers would say) by Hailsham', but Baldwin also wryly admitted that he had let those two do the work 'because if they failed the Die-Hards at home would know it was not from half-hearted trying' (Jones, 49–50). Hailsham served as President of the MCC in 1933. He was an important contributor to the diplomacy involved following the Bodyline Series problems of 1932-33 during the English Cricket tour of Australia under the captaincy of Douglas Jardine1996: Bradman: an Australian Hero written by Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel. His presidency of the MCC in 1933 combined an interest in cricket with his earlier constituency connection with Marylebone. Hailsham was also leader of the House of Lords from 1931 to 1935; in 1934–5 he had to handle Lord Salisbury's attacks on the government's plans to bring in greater Indian self-government. Hailsham was no longer as well-regarded in the Conservative party in the mid-1930s as ten years earlier. As Secretary of State for War, Hailsham was popular with senior army officers. However, although he presided over the army's first serious rearmament plans, spending priority in 1934-5 was given to the Royal Air Force, and to a lesser extent the Royal Navy. == Second term as Lord Chancellor: 1935–1938 == On 7 June 1935, to his apparent pleasure, Hailsham returned to the Lord Chancellorship under Stanley Baldwin, now Prime Minister for the third time. In December 1935 Hailsham had to preside over the last trial of a peer ‘by his peers’, when he was appointed Lord High Steward to conduct the trial of the 26th Baron de Clifford in the House of Lords for manslaughter. He ruled that there was no case for Lord de Clifford to answer, but also suggested that this mediaeval privilege was obsolete; the procedure was abolished in the Criminal Justice Act 1948. Hailsham earned plaudits both for presiding over House of Lords debates, and for leading the Law Lords. He was awarded honorary doctorates of letters or civil law by the universities of Belfast, Birmingham, Cambridge, Oxford, and Reading. Although he was only in his mid sixties, Hailsham's health was already beginning to fail by 1936. He initially continued as Lord Chancellor under Baldwin's successor Neville Chamberlain from May 1937, but in March 1938 he transferred to the sinecure post of Lord President of the Council. In 1938 Hailsham suffered a serious stroke, which disabled his right side. He later learned to write with his left hand, but although his mind was clear he could no longer speak clearly.Hailsham 1991, p. 111. He had to retire from the government altogether on 31 October 1938, four days after his elder son Quintin had been elected to the Commons at a by-election. A Punch cartoon showed Hailsham as a cricketer heading back to the pavilion as his son came out to bat. == Later life == On 14 October 1940, Hailsham was having dinner at the Carlton Club with his son Quintin, who was about to depart for active service as an army officer in North Africa. The club was hit by a bomb, and observers, including the diarist Harold Nicolson, likened the sight of Quintin carrying his disabled father from the building to Aeneas carrying his father Anchises on his back from the sack of Troy (the event, and the classical allusion, are also mentioned in Churchill's History of the Second World War). Ill health prevented Hailsham from playing an active role in the House of Lords as a private member, though he continued to be as active as he could in such outside bodies as the Inns of Court regiment (honorary colonel, 1935–48) and the British Empire Cancer Campaign (chairman, 1936–50). Hailsham died at his home, Carter's Corner Place, Hailsham, Sussex (which he had bought in 1917 after taking silk), on 16 August 1950, and was buried in the churchyard of All Saints', Herstmonceux. The title passed to his son Quintin. His estate was valued for probate at £225,032 18s. 2d (around £7m at 2018 prices). == Assessments == John Ramsden suggests that rapid success, coming to a man who entered politics at the late age of fifty, made him "overplay his hand" in the events of 1929–31, even though as a peer by then he could not reasonably hope to be Prime Minister. William Bridgeman recorded in his diary that Hogg's success had not impaired "his great ability in debate, though it did I think interfere with his political judgement … He never suffered a reverse until the defeat of the party in 1929, an experience which would have been beneficial if he had had it." The diarist Chips Channon thought that Hailsham looked like Gilbert and Sullivan's lord chancellor in his robes, but, as Lord Denning later recalled, if he 'looked like Mr. Pickwick', he also 'spoke like Demosthenes'. ==Family== On 14 August 1905, Hogg married Elizabeth Marjoribanks, daughter of James Trimble Brown, an American judge from Tennessee. She was the widow of his cousin, the Hon. Archibald Marjoribanks (son of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth). Hogg acquired two stepchildren from Elizabeth's previous marriage. One of these was Edward Marjoribanks (born 1900), who became a Conservative MP in 1929 but committed suicide in 1932.Hailsham 1991, pp. 77–82. Hogg and his wife had two sons: * Quintin McGarel Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham, later Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone (born 9 October 1907, died 12 October 2001), barrister and politician, who disclaimed the viscountcy, but was later given a life peerage and himself became Lord Chancellor. * Hon William Neil McGarel Hogg (born 1910, died 13 February 1995), diplomat. Elizabeth suffered a stroke in 1923, and died in May 1925, shortly after they had visited the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park together. Her poor health had brought them closer together, and Hogg felt that they had become like newlyweds again. Quintin, then aged seventeen, had to answer many of the condolence letters himself, and later recorded that for four years afterwards he could hear his father in his bedroom at night “literally shouting with agony”.Hailsham 1991, pp. 40–2. On 3 January 1929, Lord Hailsham, as he now was, married a second time, to Mildred Margaret (d. 1964), daughter of the Revd Edward Parker Dew and widow of the Hon. Alfred Clive Lawrence, son of Alfred Tristram Lawrence, first Baron Trevethin. They had no children. ==References== == Bibliography == * * (son's memoirs) == External links == * *The Papers of Lord Hailsham held at Churchill Archives Centre Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Category:Attorneys-General of the Duchy of Cornwall Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hogg, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Category:Contributors to Halsbury's Laws of England Category:English justices of the peace Douglas Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Leaders of the House of Lords Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Category:Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939 Category:People educated at Eton College Category:Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club Category:Secretaries of State for War (UK) Hogg, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hogg, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hogg, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages Category:Barons created by George V Category:Viscounts created by George V Category:Viscounts Hailsham |
Terrance James Reid (born 13 November 1949) is an English rock vocalist and guitarist. He has performed with high-profile musicians, as a supporting act, session musician, and sideman. ==Biography== Reid was born in Paxton Park Maternity Home, Little Paxton, St Neots, Huntingdonshire, England. He lived in the village of Bluntisham and attended St Ivo School, St Ives. After leaving school at the age of fifteen, Reid joined Peter Jay and the Jaywalkers after being spotted by the band's drummer, Peter Jay. At the time, Reid was playing for a local band, The Redbeats, who regularly performed at the River Club in St Ives. His public profile was enhanced in 1966 when The Jaywalkers were named as a supporting act for the Rolling Stones during their 23-show British Tour from September to October 1966. At the concert at the Royal Albert Hall, Graham Nash of The Hollies became friends with Reid and suggested The Jaywalkers sign up with UK Columbia Records—an EMI label—to record with producer John Burgess. Their first single, the soul-inspired "The Hand Don't Fit the Glove" was a minor hit in 1967, but by then The Jaywalkers had decided to disband. Reid came to the attention of producer Mickie Most, who became his manager and who was in partnership with Peter Grant at the time. His first single with Most, "Better By Far", became a radio favourite, but the album, Bang Bang, You're Terry Reid, was not a commercial success. With accompanying musicians Peter Solley on organ and Keith Webb on drums, a 1968 tour of the United States with Cream did much to gain Reid a loyal following. His final performance of the tour at the Miami Pop Festival garnered positive reviews from the music press. The song "Without Expression", from Bang Bang, You're Terry Reid, written by Reid at age 14, was recorded by The Hollies in 1968 as "A Man With No Expression", by Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young in 1969 as "Horses Through a Rainstorm", by REO Speedwagon in 1973 as "Without Expression (Don't Be the Man)", and by John Mellencamp on his greatest hits album The Best That I Could Do: 1978–1988, again with the parenthetical "Don't Be the Man", with Nash singing lead on the first two. "Horses Through a Rainstorm" was slated to appear on Déjà Vu before being replaced at the last minute by Stephen Stills's "Carry On". Both versions were not released until years later.The Hollies version on Clarke Hicks & Nash Years (released 2011), CSN&Y; version on CSN box set (released 1991), dates from booklets of each. It was recorded by REO Speedwagon and included on their 1973 release Ridin' the Storm Out. Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page, managed by Peter Grant, became interested in Reid's work, and when The Yardbirds disbanded, Page wanted Reid to fill the vocalist spot for his proposed new group, the New Yardbirds, which was to become Led Zeppelin. Reid had already committed to go on the road for two tours with the Rolling Stones and another with Cream (as an opening act on the 1968 US Tour). Reid suggested to Page that if he were compensated for the gig fees he would lose and if Page would call Keith Richards to explain why Reid had to pull out of the US tours, Reid would try some things out with Page. It never happened and Reid told Page to consider a young Birmingham-based singer, Robert Plant, instead, having previously seen Plant's Band of Joy as a support act at one of his concerts. Reid also suggested Page check out their drummer John Bonham. Reid also rejected an offer from Ritchie Blackmore to replace the departing Rod Evans in Deep Purple. In 1969, Reid supported British tours, notably Jethro Tull and Fleetwood Mac. Reid, Solley and Webb toured the United States again when he opened for the Rolling Stones on their 1969 American Tour. He did not appear at the infamous Rolling Stones concert at Altamont Music Festival. ===1970s–present=== In December 1969, Reid had a falling out with producer Mickie Most, who wanted Reid to become a balladeer and strictly follow Most's own formula. Before this, Reid had toured extensively in major venues in the US, including two tours with the Rolling Stones and another with Cream (he also performed at Mick and Bianca Jagger's wedding in Saint-Tropez in 1971). Unable to record or release his music, Reid concentrated on live work, mostly in the US whilst awaiting the outcome of litigation with Most, making only sporadic UK performances during that period. In 1970, he returned briefly to England to perform at the Isle of Wight Festival with bass player Lee Miles (a former member of Ike & Tina Turner's band whom Reid met while touring the US with the Stones), David Lindley and Tim Davis. During this period he also took part in the second Atlanta International Pop Festival, and was filmed performing at Glastonbury in 1971. That same year, Reid was signed by Ahmet Ertegun to Atlantic Records, with his band consisting of David Lindley, Lee Miles and Alan White; they began recording in the UK and later switched to the US. White left to join Yes and Lindley left to tour with Jackson Browne. However, Lee Miles remained and was Reid's trusty sidekick for many years to come. Other musicians on the album, titled River, included Conrad Isidore on drums and Willie Bobo on percussion. Produced by Reid, engineered by Tom Dowd, and mixed by Eddy Offord this third album was released in 1973 and received favourable reviews, but failed commercially. The remainder of the material from those extensive sessions was released in 2016 as The Other Side of The River. Over the next decade, Reid switched to different labels in search of a winning formula. Seed of Memory was released by ABC Records in 1976, and produced by Graham Nash (ABC filed for bankruptcy the week the album was released), and Rogue Waves was produced by Chris Kimsey for Capitol Records in 1979. Reid retired his solo career in 1981 to concentrate on session work, appearing on albums by Don Henley, Jackson Browne and Bonnie Raitt. In 1991, Reid returned with producer Trevor Horn for the WEA album The Driver. The album featured a cover version "Gimme Some Lovin'" which also appeared on the soundtrack for the Tom Cruise movie Days of Thunder by Tony Scott. In the 1990s, he also toured the US and Hong Kong with Mick Taylor. "Rich Kid Blues" was the eponymous song on an album released by Marianne Faithfull, produced by Mike Leander in 1984 but unreleased for 14 years. Reid and friends put together an informal group in March 1993, calling themselves The Flew. Members included Reid, Joe Walsh, Nicky Hopkins, Rick Rosas, and Phil Jones. They played one show at The Coach House in San Juan Capistrano. This was Nicky Hopkins' last public performance before his passing. In late 2002, Reid returned to the UK with longtime bass player Lee Miles for three shows at the [WOMAD] festival near Reading, his first live appearance in years. In 2005 he returned for a UK tour with London shows at The 100 Club and Ronnie Scott's. One venue billed him as 'The Man with a Hell of a Story To Tell'. This began a run of regular visits by Reid, who has toured the UK every year since. For appearances at festivals and his London shows, Reid uses a full band and venues have included The Jazz Cafe, The Borderline, The 100 Club, Dingwalls, The Half Moon and notably an invite to return to Ronnie Scott's in 2009 for a week long residency as part of their 50th anniversary (one of only 6 non-jazz acts to do so). This became Reid's favourite venue and he had residencies there for several years after. In 2012, his album Live in London featured an entire set from one of these gigs at Ronnie Scott's, and was released with no remixes or overdubs. Reid's UK band regularly attracts the best UK session players (Ash Soan - drums, BJ Cole - pedal steel, Dzal Martin -guitar, Mark Smith - bass, David Tench - piano). Between 2002 and 2012, Reid appeared at the Glastonbury Festival several times and many other festivals: The Isle of Wight, The Secret Garden (twice), The Rhythm Festival (twice), and All Tomorrows Parties. Also during this period, EMI produced the Superlungs box set of his first two albums and all his sessions for them recorded between 1966 and 1970. Also Seed of Memory and River became available on CD and a new live album, Alive was released by Sanctuary Records, having previously been available from Reid himself, who made 200 copies to sell at WOMAD 2002. Around this time Reid began a residency at The Joint in Los Angeles, this became "Big Monday' and ran for four years, with many of his friends dropping by when they were in town including Robert Plant, Keith Richards, Bobby Womack, Roger Daltrey, and Eric Burdon. His song "Dean" from the River album was used in the feature film The Criminal produced 1999 and released in 2001. Reid became good friends with the film's producer Chris Johnson who also become Reid's business advisor and persuaded Reid to return live work in the US in early 2000's and arranging UK tours, recruiting players for his band, arranging collaborations with other artists, organising back catalogue releases, licensing his songs for films and even an acting role. In 2003 Johnson placed three of Reid's songs, "Seed of Memory", "To Be Treated Rite", and "Brave Awakening" in the movie The Devil's Rejects directed by Rob Zombie. Also his song "Faith To Arise" was in the 2003 film Wonderland and in the 2017 film Win It All. In 2009, his song 'Be Yourself", which he wrote for Graham Nash's Songs For Beginners, appeared in the Jason Reitman film Up in the Air (2009). In the 2005 Bill Paxton movie The Greatest Game Ever Played, Reid played a golf caddy. In July/August 2007, Reid returned for another six-week UK tour being backed by The Cosmic American Derelicts, a band out of northern New Jersey and southern New York, and their guitar player Eddie Rainey became a member of Reid's band for three or so years. On 26 June 2009, Reid appeared with Rainey at Great Yarmouth club, The Residence, where Reid was reunited with Peter Jay for the first time in over 15 years. Reid is popular with newer artists as a collaborator; the pairing of Shine (a French trip-hop act) and Reid led to him spending a week in Paris to record several tracks as guest vocalist. They played a one-off at the Pigalle Club in London on 26 August 2009. Shine featuring Terry Reid was released as an EP in November 2009. Reid was in San Francisco lending his voice to the track "Listen" by DJ Shadow as one of a few bonus tracks added to his best of album. Another collaboration has yet to see the light of day: "All God's Children Need Dancing Shoes" with Alabama 3 after they shared a stage at the Rhythm Festival. Reid is acknowledged by Robert Plant as the outstanding voice of his generation and an influence on Led Zeppelin's early material and is credited by Jimmy Page for connecting him to Robert Plant. Reid's early song "Rich Kid Blues" was covered on an album by Marianne Faithfull in 1984. The UK artist Rumer recorded "Brave Awakening" on her Boys Don't Cry 2012 album and appeared at his London shows at the Jazz Cafe and Half Moon. Cheap Trick recorded Reid's "Speak Now" for their 1977 debut album. The Raconteurs with Jack White also recorded a version of Reid's "Rich Kid Blues" for their second album Consolers of the Lonely in 2008. The American rock group The Split Squad recorded a cover of Reid's "Tinker Taylor" for their debut album, Now Hear This..., released in 2014. Joe Perry's album Sweetzerland Manifesto, released in 2018, features three tracks co-written and sung by Reid. In 2020, a recording of Chris Cornell covering Reid's "To Be Treated Rite" was released on his posthumous album No One Sings Like You Anymore, Vol. 1, which also included a cover of "Stay with Me Baby" based on Reid's own version. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * Bang, Bang You're Terry Reid (1968) * Terry Reid (1969) (US title: Move Over for Terry Reid) * River (1973) * Seed of Memory (1976) * Rogue Waves (1979) * The Driver (1991) * The Other Side of the River (2016) ===Compilations=== * Super Lungs: The Complete Studio EMI Recordings 1966–1969 (2004) * The Most of Terry Reid (1969) MFP5220 ===Live albums=== * The Hand Don't Fit the Glove (1985) * Alive (2004) * Silver White Light – Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (2004) * Live in London (2013) ==Filmography== * Glastonbury Fayre (1972) Directed by Nicolas Roeg features "Dean", an extended jam with Linda Lewis). The drummer in the band at the time was Alan White who would later join 'Yes'; lap-steel player David Lindley later worked with Ry Cooder and Jackson Browne. * Days of Thunder (1990) directed by Tony Scott features "Gimme Some Lovin'" * The Criminal, produced 1999 and released in 2001, featured his song "Dean" from the 'River album. Reid became good friends with the film's producer Chris Johnson who also become Reid's business advisor, * Wonderland (2003) features "Faith to Arise" and "Dean" * The Devil's Rejects (2005) Directed by Rob Zombie features "Brave Awakening", "To Be Treated Rite" and "Seed of Memory" * Groupies – Cherry Red Films – 1970 performance and backstage footage in San Francisco: "Bang Bang" and "Superlungs My Supergirl" * The Summit (2013 documentary) features "July" over the closing credits. * Superlungs (2016) a feature-length documentary based on the life and music career of Terry Reid. * 3 from Hell (2019) Directed by Rob Zombie. "Faith to Arise" is played over the end credits. "The Frame" is heard on the car radio. ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:English rock guitarists Category:English male guitarists Category:English male songwriters Category:English rock singers Category:People from Huntingdon Category:Columbia Graphophone Company artists Category:Epic Records artists Category:Musicians from Cambridgeshire Category:English session musicians Category:British male songwriters |
The Lusitanians (, Portuguese: Lusitanos) were an Indo-European speaking pre- Celtic people living in the far west of the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding roughly to Central Portugal (known as central region nowadays) and some areas of modern-day Extremadura and Castilla y Leon, in Spain. After its conquest by the Roman Republic the land was subsequently incorporated as a Roman province named after them (Lusitania). == History == === Origins === thumb|Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BCE (before the Carthaginian conquests). Frontinus mentions Lusitanian leader Viriathus as the leader of the Celtiberians, in their war against the Romans.https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2*.html|Sextus Julius Frontinus. Stratagems: Book II. V. On Ambushes The Greco-Roman historian Diodorus Siculus attributed them a name of another Celtic tribe: "Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all similar to the Cimbri". The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner Artemidorus. . [S.l.]: Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades. . [S.l.]: Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. 94 p. Strabo differentiated the Lusitanians from the Iberian tribes and thought of them as being Celtiberians who had been known as Oestriminis in ancient times. Lusitanians and Vettones however, based on archeological findings, seems to have been largely pre-Celtic indo-European populations that adopted some Celtic cultural elements by proximity, thus why Strabo might have mistake them as Celtiberians. On the other hand, Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela distinguished the Lusitanians from neighboring Celtic groups like the Artabrians in their geographical writings.Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, III.7-9. The original Roman province of Lusitania briefly included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Soon later, Gallaecia would become its own province (taking much of modern Galicia and Northern Portugal). After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro River, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river. === Wars with Rome === thumb|right|250px|Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [http://arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm] . Lusitanian mercenaries fought for Carthage between the years 218 and 201 BC, during the Second Punic War against Rome. Silius Italicus describes them as forming a combined contingent with the Gallaeci and being led both by a commander named Viriathus (not to be confused with the similarly named chieftain).Silius Italicus, Punica, 3 According to Livy, Lusitanian and Celtiberian cavalry performed raids in the north of Italy whenever the terrain was too rough for Hannibal's famed Numidian cavalry. Since 193 BC, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans in Hispania. In 150 BC, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a treacherous trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). This massacre would not be forgotten by Viriathus, who three years later (147 BC) would become the leader of the Lusitanians, and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BC, Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by three of his companions (who had been sent as emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas (although they were Viriathus warrior companions they were not Lusitanians themselves, they seem to have been Turdetanians, or from other people that was not Lusitanian). However, when the three returned to receive their reward from the Romans, the Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors". === Romanization === After the death of Viriathus, the Lusitanians kept fighting under the leadership of Tautalus, but gradually acquired Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the Romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". == Culture == thumb|Generalised distribution and movements of Bell-Beaker cultures Categorising Lusitanian culture generally, including the language, is proving difficult and contentious. Some believe it was essentially a pre-Celtic Iberian culture with substantial Celtic influences, while others argue that it was an essentially Celticcf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362 culture with strong indigenous pre-Celtic influences associated with the Beaker culture. == Religion == The Lusitanians worshiped various gods in a very diverse polytheism, using animal sacrifice. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture. Endovelicus was the most important god for the Lusitanians. He is considered a possible Basque language loan god by some, yet according to scholars like José Leite de Vasconcelos, the word Endovellicus was originally Celtic,https://europe- nations.estudosculturais.com/pdf/0034i.pdf Andevellicos. Endovelicus is compared with Welsh and Breton names, giving him the meaning of "Very Good God", the same epithet of the Irish god Dagda. Even the Romans worshiped him for his ability to protect. His cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult was maintained until the fifth century; he was the god of public health and safety. thumb|right|250px|Ataegina by Pedro Roque, Museu do Marmore, Vila Viçosa, Portugal The goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south; as the goddess of rebirth (spring), fertility, nature, and cure, she was identified with Proserpina during the Roman era. Lusitanian mythology was heavily influenced by or related to Celtic mythology. Also well attested in inscriptions are the names BanduaInventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité, L’Arbre CeltiqueCIL II, *00215. (one of the variants of Borvo) often with a second name linked to a locality such as Bandua Aetobrico, and Nabia,TY - CHAP AU - Lemos, Francisco PY - 2008/01/01 SP - 122 EP - 211 T1 - A Cultura Castreja no Minho. Espaço Nuclear dos grandes povoados do Noroeste peninsular. ER - a goddess of rivers and streams. According to Strabo the Lusitanians were given to offering sacrifices; they practiced divination on the sacrificial offering by inspecting its vitals and veins. They also sacrificed human victims, prisoners of war, by striking them under coarse blankets and observing which way they fell. They cut off the right hands of their captives, which they offered to the gods. == Language == The Lusitanian language was a Paleohispanic language that clearly belongs to the Indo- European family. The precise affiliation of the Lusitanian language inside the Indo-European family is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a para-Celtic language with an obvious Celticity to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages; based on the names of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area. The Lusitanian language may in fact have been basal Italo-Celtic, a branch independent from Celtic and Italic, and splitting off early from Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after new Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley. Alternatively, a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to not only Celtic and Italic, but also to Germanic and Balto-Slavic. Ellis Evans believes that Gallaecian - Lusitanian were one language (not separate languages) of the “P” Celtic variant. == Tribes == thumb|250px|Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations: Turduli movement in red, Celtici in brown, and Lusitanian in blue; most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin. The Lusitanians were a people formed by several tribes that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus, in most of today's Beira and Estremadura regions of central Portugal, and some areas of the Extremadura region (Spain). They were a tribal confederation, not a single political entity; each tribe had its own territory and was independent, and was formed by smaller clans. However, they had a cultural sense of unity and a common name for the tribes. Each tribe was ruled by its own tribal aristocracy and chief. Many members of the Lusitanian tribal aristocracy were warriors as happened in many other pre- Roman peoples of the Iron Age. Only when an external threat occurred did the different tribes politically unite, as happened at the time of the Roman conquest of their territory when Viriathus became the single leader of the Lusitanian tribes. Punicus, Caucenus and Caesarus were other important Lusitanian chiefs before the Roman conquest. They ruled the Lusitanians (before Viriathus) for some time, leading the tribes in the resistance against Roman attempts of conquest, and were successful. The known Lusitanian tribes were: * Arabrigenses * Araocelenses * Aravi * Coilarni/Colarni * Interamnienses * Lancienses ** Lancienses Oppidani ** Lancienses Transcudani ** Lancienses Ocelenses (may be the same as the Oppidani) * Meidubrigenses * Paesuri - Douro and Vouga (Portugal) * Palanti (according to some scholars, these tribes were Lusitanians and not Vettones) ** Calontienses ** Caluri ** Coerenses * Petravioi * Tangi ** Elbocori ** Igaeditani ** Tapori/Tapoli - River Tagus, around the border area of Portugal and Spain * Talures * Veaminicori * Vissaieici It remains to be known if the Turduli Veteres, Turduli Oppidani, Turduli Bardili, and Turduli were Lusitanian tribes (coastal tribes), were related Celtic peoples, or were instead related to the Turdetani (Celtic, pre-Celtic Indo-European, or Iberians) and came from the south. The name Turduli Veteres (older or ancient Turduli), a tribe that dwelt in today's Aveiro District, seems to indicate they came from the north and not from the south (contrary to what is assumed on the map). Several Turduli peoples were possibly Callaeci tribes that initially came from the north, towards the south along the coast and then migrated inland along the Tagus and the Anas (Guadiana River) valleys. More Lusitanian tribes are likely, but their names are unknown. == Warfare == The Lusitanians were considered by historians to be particularly adept at guerrilla warfare. The strongest amongst them were selected to defend the populace in mountainous sites. They used hooked javelins or saunions made of iron, and wielded swords and helmets like those of the Celtiberians. They threw their darts from some distance, yet often hit their marks and wounded their targets deeply. Being active and nimble warriors, they would pursue their enemies and decapitate them. In times of peace, they had a particular style of dancing, which required great agility and nimbleness of the legs and thighs. In times of war, they marched in time, until they were ready to charge the enemy. Appian claims that when Praetor Brutus sacked Lusitania after Viriathus's death, the women fought valiantly next to their men as women warriors. == Contemporary meaning == Lusitanians are often used by Portuguese writers as a metonym for the Portuguese people, and similarly, Lusophone is used to refer to a Portuguese speaker. Lusophone is at present a term used to categorize persons who share the linguistic and cultural traditions of the Portuguese-speaking nations and territories of Portugal, Brazil, Macau, Timor-Leste, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and others. == See also == * History of Portugal * Timeline of Portuguese history * Beira Alta * Beira Baixa * Ribatejo * Alentejo * Extremadura * Emerita Augusta, capital of the Roman province of Lusitania (Lusitaniae et Vetoniae) * Hispania * Lusitania (Roman province) * Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula * List of Celtic tribes * List of Celtic place names in Portugal * List of Ancient Peoples of Portugal * National Archaeology Museum (Portugal) * Roman Empire == Notes == == References == * Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) * Alarcão, Jorge de, O Domínio Romano em Portugal, Publicações Europa-América, Lisboa (1988) * Alarcão, Jorge de et alii, De Ulisses a Viriato – O primeiro milénio a.C., Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Instituto Português de Museus, Lisboa (1996) * Amaral, João Ferreira do & Amaral, Augusto Ferreira do, Povos Antigos em Portugal – paleontologia do território hoje Português, Quetzal Editores, Lisboa (1997) === Further reading === *Amílcar Guerra, A propósito dos conceitos de "Lusitano" e "Lusitânia", Paleohispanica, 10, 81–98, Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza (2010) - * Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) * Burillo Mozota, Francisco, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) * * . * Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) * . == External links == * Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC) * Unknown ancient author text (about Julius Caesar in Hispania) of De Bello Hispaniensi (Spanish War). * Pliny the Elder text of Naturalis Historia (Natural History), books 3-6 (Geography and Ethnography). * Strabo's text of De Geographica (The Geography). Category:Tribes of Lusitania Category:Historical Celtic peoples Category:Ancient peoples of Portugal Category:Indo-European peoples |
The word Gong Nui, or Gong neoi () can be directly translated to "Hong Kong Girls" and is commonly used on Hong Kong Internet forums as well as in the press. It represents a negative stereotype portraying Hong Kong women as worshiping money, narcissistic, being obsessed with foreign culture, and suffering from the so-called "Princess Syndrome" which means girls or non- married women requesting others to treat her like a princess. == History == === Past === "Gong nui" () was a neutral word used to describe ordinary Hong Kong women. Hong Kong women were usually compared with Chinese women and Taiwanese women due to the Chinese family background and similar Chinese sociocultural background. In the past, compared to women in South East Asian countries, Hong Kong women were described as being independent, subjective and ambitious in work, which are much more outstanding and positive. Along with the increasing number of female occupations at the management level, Hong Kong women are even positively described as "career women" and "tough women". === Present === The negative usage of gong nui began in 2005 when several fights and discussions started online. In February 2005, a Hong Kong girl identified as "Jenny" complained about her boyfriend for not paying $63.8 for snacks on online forum, which is later known as the "63.8 Incident". After the posts, a lot of Internet users negatively commented and responded to Jenny's behaviour, which led to an argumentative conflict between Jenny, her few supporters and attackers. "Gong nui" was then used to describe Jenny. This word does not represent all women in Hong Kong but being used to describe all the women who are arrogant, proud and shallow. The word "Hong Kong Girls" was coined online and there are several main forums either defending or attacking this phenomenon. === The "63.8" Incident" === The Hong Kong girl, Jenny, posted their story on the online forum, she.com and let netizens comment on it. Jenny 2005-02-11 12:08 > 我去citysuper買左幾十蚊野，但我男友眼白白睇著我俾錢都唔幫我俾，我覺得佢幾cheap > <> Jenny 2005-02-11 12:29 > > 我買左幾包零食，佢都有份食同俾意見，跟著就排隊俾錢喇，咁個cashier話$63.8，咁我就好自然Q埋雙手等佢俾錢喇，點知佢好似無意識咁，郁都唔郁，咁我扮攞銀包出黎等佢醒目下喇，佢都仲係咁，我咪自己俾law…. > 雖然買野之前餐飯&買野之後齣戲都係佢俾錢，(d零食都係睇戲時食，佢都有份食ga ma) 我都係同佢開始左無耐，真係要諗清楚同唔同佢一齊呀! > 總之$63.8就睇清楚佢喇 > < _> == Situation == "Gong Nui" come from the phrase "Hong Kong’s girl". Originally, it is a neutral phrase. But after many Hong Kong internet forum users use this word to describe the females they met in Hong Kong which are materialistic, snobbish, superficial, self-centered and selfish, this word become a negative phrase. There are no formal characteristics to describe "Gong Nui". According to "Kong Girls and Lang Mo: teen perceptions of emergent gender stereotypes in Hong Kong", respondents suggest that "Gong Nui" always expects others to comply, full of vanity, bad-tempered and materialistic. Although this phrase normally addresses specific individuals, it becomes a representative of Hong Kong females’ characteristic when comparing with other place females. According to research, 50% of the respondents say that it is common to find characteristics of Kong Girls among Hong Kong female. Sometime, "Gong Nui" is used to mention a lady which is combined of "gold worshipper" and "Princess Sickness". "Gold worshipper" means the workers who dig gold. In this case, it means female which consider money as a measure of all standards of behaviour. "Princess Sickness" is a popular slang expression closely related to the "by imperial decree" attitude. In the eventual development of the "Gong Nui" stereotype, "Gong Nui" becomes synonymous with women with "princess sickness", those who act as if they were princesses waiting for others to serve them. People may think that it is a phrase that only males use it to belittle females, but some females also use this phrase to label another female. They think that those "Gong Nui" will give Hong Kong female a bad reputation. They make efforts to avoid themselves not to be assigned as "Gong Nui", thus highlighting gender as a relevant category in the number of cross- China border marriages between Hong Kong men and Mainland Chinese women is increasing. The number of cross-border marriages between Hong Kong residents and Mainland Chinese has risen tenfold from 1995 to 2005, accounting for more than one-third of registered marriages involving Hong Kong residents in 2005. The reason that people labels "Gong Nui" as a negative representative is not only because they hate those characteristics. They want to express a positive image that females should be: Females should not be materialistic, snobbish, superficial, self-centered and selfish. Actually, it is an emergent gender stereotypes in Hong Kong. Not only “Kong Girl”, “Lang Mo” can also be an example. Although there are half of the respondents think that “Lang Mo” is positive in the research, "Lang Mo" are criticised for using their sexy bodies as a form of currency. Both groups of females are labelled because they violate social expectations of how good girls should behave. "Gender stereotypes are not created in a vacuum, but rather emerge from within a particular sociohistorical context in which social participants position themselves and others in salient ways." Hong Kong is an international city, but the main gender stereotype still comes from China. For example, "Men are breadwinners; women are homemakers". According to the research of the Women’s Commission, the results showed that the community, men and women alike, still considered generally that women should be responsible for housework. In the past, Chinese female was expected to be a housewife and male is expected to work outside. At that time, male earning more money to fulfill the need of the family are their responsibility. It is normal that femals want a rich male to confirm a stable life. Female can be accepted to be snobbish and superficial when choosing a companion. Using other words, it is the only life indemnification to their future. But nowadays, females have relatively more chance to work and are financial independence from males. So, more people expect that females should not be same as the old day. They can afford their own consumption and don't need to focus on male property. If females think that the male should be rich and pay all the thing, they will be labelled as greedy or "Gold digger". But in another word, because females are financial independence from males, they can have more freedom in their future. They can choose not to marry and maintain single until an ideal male appearing, but not control by family and society. Consider higher financial ability and education of females, it is normal that female hope a more higher – quality companion, surely property is one of the important requirements. Especially, the old Chinese gender stereotype mentions that males should have better background than female. Even the society encourages equality of male and female, this gender stereotype still stays in the person's heart. == Viewpoints on Gong Nui== Traditional media generally present a neutral view of the Gong Nui phenomenon. Generally, men have negative feelings on 'Gong Nui'. They refuse to get married with Gong Nui as they think those girls are materialistic and above all, the girls are not looking for true love but someone who is wealthy. Besides, it is difficult to get along with Gong Nui while they are "narcissistic" according to the definition of Gong Nui. Gong Nui being self- confident, men would gradually lose their self-esteem in front of these girls and they would be afraid of having low status at home after marriage. They, therefore, do not even want to have a relationship with Gong Nui. Hong Kong Observation: Gong Nan and Gong Nui. 4 June 2007. BBC Chinese * Casting gong nui as undesirable woman Most of the online forum users recognise gong nui as undesirable and greedy women, who even represent a bad image of Hong Kong girls. > 都未見過一個咁物質的女人,影衰我地d女仔呀… > <> > q埋手等人俾錢?不如你搵人包起你算啦 > <> > 這位小姐一定是拜金主義者 > <> > jenny, […] 嗰少少錢都同你bf計, 唔怪得之d男人覺得香港d女人貪錢啦! […] 個個月LV Gucci咁買比個gf 你去搵過嗰d男人做bf啦 > <> * Positioning themselves as disadvantaged stakeholders: Men > 可唔可以介紹比我識呀? 好想識佢 防下都好嘛, 一陣追個個係佢咪弊? > <> > 有時真係好驚 d女仔同你拍拖 究竟真係鍾意你 定為左你d錢?! > <> * Positioning themselves as disadvantaged stakeholders: Women Among the attackers, men expressed their fear of meeting gong nui while women expressed their anger on how gong nui reflects a bad and terrible image of other Hong Kong women. > 本人是女性-有這種像jenny的人,影衰晒d香港女性… 難怪香港男性上大陸找女伴… > < _> > 呢個女人簡直丟晒我o地同性o既面~點解仲夠膽post出o黎? 香港有部份女士到今時今日仲自視過高，唔怪之男士們開始北上尋妻啦~ > <> * Comparing gong nui to women in other countries People also compare gong nui to women in other countries, for example Taiwan and South East Asia. Hong Kong men believe Hong Kong women do not have the appropriate manners that a wife or a girlfriend should have. > 我既愛妃乃香港溝台灣種既 ….. 溫柔賢淑 係絕佳妻子 ……..係澳洲識既 大家真係咪係HK 溫食la …… 上大陸la ….包你地有意外收穫 > …..我有好多朋友都係上邊識到D非大戶出身 但行出來氣質絕不差於大家閨秀ge女子 最重要係 唔單止有心去相夫 打點家頭係直頭專業地識服侍老公 專業既管家 > …..同埋很知足 不貪慕名牌 ... 基本上拒地係靚到 咩著係身都係名牌 > <> > 小弟內子乃緬甸華僑, 各位有興趣試試東南亞女子, 小弟覺得佢地相對比較純同溫柔體貼, 而且通常華僑都有d米, 但係又唔會話好好名牌, 仲會同你慳家 > <> However, the truth is that there is also existence of "Gong nui", narcissistic women in many countries. They are merely not publicised and talked widespread by people. In most cases, women in Hong Kong regard the "Gong nui" label as offensive. Some of them nowadays have high education level and income, as a result, they would simply want their partner to have as same social status as they have. From their point of view, all they want is a stable future and the sense of security instead of money or material stuff.Gong Nui rebut the criticism by saying they are just being more independent 遭批評 港女反擊 勝在獨立自主. 9 May 2011. Apple Nextmedia Though most of the comments are negative and attacking Jenny's behaviour, there are also few online users agreeing with Jenny's viewpoints and defending women's demand to feel how men actually care about them. * Defending women's behaviour > jenny, 算啦, 佢地唔明我地why 會介意??? 唔係貪金錢,,, 而係想體驗佢有幾緊自己… 仲有, 唔好再係呢度講啦,, > 會激死自己…..blessｕ. > <> == Reason == Consumerism is a serious phenomenon in Hong Kong, due to the fact that Hong Kong is an international city. No one cares how people work hard at the back of success, but only how you superficially behave gloriously. According to "After the Binge, the Hangover" Research, After the Binge, the Hangover. 2017. Greenpeace there are more than 50% Hong Kong respondents have brand new clothes with hangtags in their closets that have never been worn, because they have to continuously buy clothes in order to show that he or she lives well under this international city. Gong nui is definitely one of the respondents and consumers. Consumerism surely relates to materialism. In Hong Kong, many loan advertisements are existed on the TV show and they promote that Loan can help people pay off the credit card. Some even say loan can help people travelling and shopping freely. Normally, they hide the consequence and set the step of loan more earlier. The media of Hong Kong encourages people to consume, which actually encourage materialism too. The education level of Hong Kong women has been increasing, that more and more women in Hong Kong are getting equal opportunities of higher education as men. Women can be more independent nowadays, but the old Chinese gender stereotype is still staying in Hong Kong. Although equality of male and female is encouraged in Hong Kong, the old thinking "husband should be richer than wife" is still not eliminated. An asymmetric gender stereotype change is happening. The right of the females is increasing without the responsibility. Nowadays, female can be financial independent from males, it means that they don't need males to afford their consumption. They can choose a male not only because he is rich but more about love, personality... But the old thinking "husband should richer than wife" encourage females to choose a male which more property. According to the research of the Women's Commission, more women considered objective factors such as education level and social status to be among the major considerations for choosing a spouse. Additionally, the population proportion in Hong Kong also accounts for the reason why there is an existence of the term of gong nui. According to the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong government, the female population in Hong Kong in 2017 is 4.012 million, while male population is merely 3.397 million. The gender population in Hong Kong is rather imbalanced. Moreover, Hong Kong men start to search for women in other countries instead of in Hong Kong, leading to more and more Hong Kong unmarried women in excess. That is why Hong Kong women become more materialistic and arrogant, because they also do not aim for Hong Kong men within Hong Kong society. == Gong nui VS Gong nam == In addition to Gong nui, there is also an existence of the term "Gong nam", referring to a typical type of Hong Kong boys. While the online platform criticises gong nui as unruly, obstinate, materialistic, picky and have princess sickness, gong nui also criticises gong nam for an equal number of shortcomings. There is an article listing 81 faults of Hong Kong boys, including stingy, horny, immature and appear to be very weak in a relationship . In 2013 October, one Hong Kong girl slapped her boyfriend publicly in the street. The man kneeled on the ground, apologised and hoped for a forgiveness from his girlfriend. The video later was uploaded online to many of the online platforms and become widespread. On one hand, people criticise the girl acting exactly like a Gong nui, however, on the other hand, people also blame the man for being coward and losing male's faces, which refers to the characteristics of a Gong nam. The conflicts usually start with a contradiction of generosity and narrow-mind, material and body. Gong nui believe men should appropriately do a better work and be generous on the aspect of money, while gong nam criticise women in Hong Kong over-rank themselves. == See also == * Kong Boys and Kong Girls * Culture of Hong Kong * Internet culture * Women in Hong Kong == References == Category:Culture of Hong Kong |
The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011/HR2314 was a bill before the 111th Congress. It is commonly known as the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii, who proposed various forms of this bill after 2000. The bill proposes to establish a process for US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians similar to an Indian tribe. However, the bill prohibits indigenous Native Hawaiians from gaming and other benefits available to federally recognized Indian tribes. The 2009 House version of the bill prohibited indigenous Native Hawaiians from pursuing their claims in the courts and arguably legitimizes past transfers of Hawaiian land that would not have been legitimate for Indian Tribes. The most updated Senate version however allows Native Hawaiians to pursue claims in court. On December 16, 2009, a Congressional House Committee passed an unamended version of the Akaka Bill. On the following day, the Senate Indian Affairs Committee approved the amendments in S. 1011, the Senate version of the Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act. As of January 10, 2009, H.R. 2314 was not completely consistent with S. 1011. Akaka said on the floor of the U.S. Senate in December 2010 that "misleading attacks" and "unprecedented obstruction" led to the failure of legislation in the 111th Congress. ==Purpose== The stated purpose of the Akaka Bill is "to provide a process for the reorganization of the single Native Hawaiian governing entity and the reaffirmation of the special political and legal relationship between the United States and that Native Hawaiian governing entity for purposes of continuing a government-to- government relationship". The government that the Akaka Bill intends to reorganize is identified as the Kingdom of Hawaii in the first paragraphs of Indian Affairs Committee Report 108–85. ==Proposed provisions== The recognition proposed in the Akaka bill is somewhat similar to the recognition that federally recognized Tribes in the continental 49 states have. However, unlike those groups, the current version of the Akaka Bill prohibits Hawaiians from establishing casinos under current laws without banning the establishment of casinos under future negotiations (Section 9a), from participation in programs and services enjoyed by Indians (Section 9f), from being included on the Secretary of the Interior's list of Tribes eligible for federal benefits because of their status as Indians ("Public Law 103-454, 25 U.S.C. 479a, shall not apply."), and from pursuing claims against the United States for past wrongs in court. Also, unlike recognized Tribes in the continental 48 states and Alaska, the Akaka Bill does not require any of the same requirements for tribal recognition. The Bureau of Indian Affairs requires the satisfaction of 7 criteria before recognizing a tribe,25CFR83.7, Code of Federal Regulations none of which are present in the Akaka Bill. They are: * 83.7a: The petitioner has been identified as an American Indian entity on a substantially continuous basis since 1900. * 83.7b: A predominant portion of the petitioning group comprises a distinct community and has existed as a community from historical times to the present. * 83.7c: The petitioner has maintained political influence or authority over its members as an autonomous entity from historical times until the present. * 83.7d: A copy of the group's present governing documents including its membership criteria. * 83.7e: The petitioner's membership consists of individuals who descend from a historical Indian tribe or from historical Indian tribes which combined and functioned as a single autonomous political entity. * 83.7f: The membership of the petitioning group is composed primarily of persons who are not members of an acknowledged North American Indian tribe. * 83.7g: Neither the petitioner nor its members are the subject of congressional legislation that has expressly terminated or forbidden the federal relationship. The current version of the bill provides for negotiations between the United States and the proposed new Hawaiian government. The bill provides for the new Hawaiian government to negotiate for land, rights, and resources, however, the bill does not indicate what the Federal government will be negotiating for, that is what it is Hawaiians have that the Federal government will expect in return at the negotiating table. Typically however, in Tribal/U.S. negotiations, Indians give up their legal and other grievances against the United States in exchange for a portion of disputed land, rights, and resources. (See United States Code Title 25 Chapter 19 for examples.) Section 2 of findings is based primarily upon the Apology Resolution of 1993. Section 3 defines "Native Hawaiian" as: :(i) an individual who is 1 of the indigenous, native people of Hawaii and who is a direct lineal descendant of the aboriginal, indigenous, native people who— ::(I) resided in the islands that now comprise the State of Hawaii on or before January 1, 1893; and ::(II) occupied and exercised sovereignty in the Hawaiian archipelago, including the area that now constitutes the State of Hawaii; or :(ii) an individual who is 1 of the indigenous, native people of Hawaii and who was eligible in 1921 for the programs authorized by the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (42 Stat. 108, chapter 42) or a direct lineal descendant of that individual. Section 5 establishes the "United States Office for Native Hawaiian Relations". In a revision to a previous version of the Akaka Bill, S.147, the new S.310 no longer requires consultation with the Governor of the State of Hawaii explicitly, but only the "State of Hawaii". Section 6 establishes the "Native Hawaiian Interagency Coordinating Group" for coordination of various federal agencies and policies, with the specific exclusion of the Department of Defense. Section 7 establishes a commission of 9 members to certify which adults meet the definition of “Native Hawaiian" established in Section 3(10), and to prepare and maintain a roll of adult "Native Hawaiians" by that definition. Originally requiring specific ancestry to be a member of the commission in S.147, S.310 only requires "(i) not less than 10 years of experience in the study and determination of Native Hawaiian genealogy; and (ii) an ability to read and translate into English documents written in the Hawaiian language." The bill cites the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which was multi-racial from its inception, but it does not provide any opportunity for non-Native Hawaiians as defined by the law to participate in the new governing entity.Honolulu Star Bulletin, August 7, 2005: Perspectives on the Akaka Bill Once a roll is established, those on the roll will establish a "Native Hawaiian Interim Governing Council", who would establish a permanent form of government. The bill provides that governing documents may, but do not have to be approved by a majority of the people on the roll, and that the form of government chosen "provide for the protection of the civil rights of the citizens of the Native Hawaiian governing entity and all persons affected by the exercise of governmental powers and authorities by the Native Hawaiian governing entity", but does not enumerate if equal protection on the basis of race is one of those civil rights. Section 8 defers any settlement of issues such as the transfer of lands, the exercise of governmental authority, civil and criminal jurisdiction, and "grievances regarding assertions of historical wrongs committed against Native Hawaiians by the United States or by the State of Hawaii" to future negotiations between the newly organized Native Hawaiian Government and the United States and the State of Hawaii. Also provides:” Nothing in this Act is intended to create or allow to be maintained in any court any potential breach-of-trust actions, land claims, resource-protection or resource-management claims, or similar types of claims brought by or on behalf of Native Hawaiians or the Native Hawaiian governing entity for equitable, monetary, or Administrative Procedure Act-based relief against the United States or the State of Hawaii, whether or not such claims specifically assert an alleged breach of trust, call for an accounting, seek declaratory relief, or seek the recovery of or compensation for lands once held by Native Hawaiians. Also Provides: "Nor shall any preexisting waiver of sovereign immunity (including, but not limited to, waivers set forth in chapter 7 of part I of title 5, United States Code, and sections 1505 and 2409a of title 28, United States Code) be applicable to any such claims. This complete retention or reclaiming of sovereign immunity also applies to every claim that might attempt to rely on this Act for support, without regard to the source of law under which any such claim might be asserted." And Also: "It is the general effect of section 8(c)(2)(B) that any claims that may already have accrued and might be brought against the United States, including any claims of the types specifically referred to in section 8(c)(2)(A), along with both claims of a similar nature and claims arising out of the same nucleus of operative facts as could give rise to claims of the specific types referred to in section 8(c)(2)(A), be rendered nonjusticiable in suits brought by plaintiffs other than the Federal Government." Section 9 Provides: "Native Hawaiians may not conduct gaming activities" and; "the Secretary (of the Interior of the United States) shall not take land into trust on behalf of individuals or groups claiming to be Native Hawaiian, and; "(c) Real Property Transfers – The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (25 U.S.C. 177), does not, has never, and will not apply after enactment to lands or lands transfers present, past, or future, in the State of Hawaii. If despite the expression of this intent herein, a court were to construe the Trade and Intercourse Act to apply to lands or land transfers in Hawaii before the date of enactment of this Act, then any transfer of land or natural resources located within the State of Hawaii prior to the date of enactment of this Act, by or on behalf of the Native Hawaiian people, or individual Native Hawaiians, shall be deemed to have been made in accordance with the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act and any other provision of Federal law that specifically applies to transfers of land or natural resources from, by, or on behalf of an Indian tribe, Native Hawaiians, or Native Hawaiian entities." and; "nothing in this Act provides an authorization for eligibility to participate in any Indian program." ==Support== Although the bill has changed substantially since some of these groups announced their support, supporters of the bill have included: # Former President Barack Obama # Hawaii's Democratic congressional delegation Senators Daniel Akaka and Daniel K. Inouye and Representative Mazie Hirono. # Hawaii's Democratic State Governor and former congressional Representative Neil Abercrombie.[ Neil Abercrombie for Governor of Hawaii, 2010] # Hawaii's State legislature, which has unanimously passed at least three resolutions supporting federal recognition for Native Hawaiians. # The National Congress of American Indians, the oldest and largest national Native American organization.National Congress of American Indians, 2005. # The Alaska Federation of Natives, the largest organization representing the Native people of Alaska. # The National Indian Education Association. # The American Bar Association. # The Japanese American Citizens League. # Those who seek legislation to provide federal recognition for Native Hawaiians to ensure that the native (especially at-risk) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Minority Health, April 17, 2007; United States, President’s Advisory Commission Report, 2003; University of Hawaii at Manoa Public Policy Center, 2003; and State of Hawaii, Hawaii Policy Academy on Chronic Homelessness, September 2004. population continues to receive services in health care, housing, education, job training, employment, culture, and the arts. #The United States Commission on Civil Rights. The Commission previously opposed federal recognition in 2006, but reversed its position in 2018. Supporters of the bill seek to protect the programs assisting Native Hawaiians, such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and the Kamehameha Schools, as well as health-care and housing for the Hawaiian population. Senator Akaka said, as he introduced the 2007 version on the Congressional floor:Akaka. January 17, 2007. > The legislation I introduce today seeks to build upon the foundation of > reconciliation. It provides a structured process to bring together the > people of Hawaii, along a path of healing to a Hawaii where its indigenous > people are respected and culture is embraced. Through enactment of this > legislation, we have the opportunity to demonstrate that our country does > not just preach its ideas, but lives according to its founding principles. > As it has for America's other indigenous peoples, I believe the United > States must fulfill its responsibility to Native Hawaiians. In a 2005 editorial in the Washington Times, the Republican Attorney General of Hawaii Mark Bennett vigorously defended the Akaka Bill against claims that it would create a race-based government, by explaining that the bill simply respects the “special status of native peoples recognized consistently for decades by the U.S. Supreme Court.” He argued that “Hawaiians are not asking for 'special' treatment — they’re simply asking to be treated the same way … other native indigenous Americans are treated in this country.” In addition, supporters of the bill – including other Congressional delegates, Governor Lingle, Hawaii Attorney General Bennett, Native American groups, and Asian American groups – argue that rejecting the bill would be racially discriminatory. Supporters also argue that the State legislature, which has unanimously supported the bill, is bi-partisan, multiracial, and multicultural and, as Hawaii residents, closely understand the needs of the Native Hawaiian community. In support of the bill, Senator Inouye responded that failing to pass the bill would discriminate against the Native Hawaiians, for Congress had already provided federal recognition of the other indigenous and aboriginal peoples of America. He also argued that the Rice v. Cayetano case cited by opponents was irrelevant to the Akaka Bill, reminding Congress that current Chief Justice John Roberts himself had written the State brief and had argued that Native Hawaiians were aboriginal and indigenous people and could be recognized as such by Congress.Inouye, June 7 and 8, 2006. Senator Akaka had also asserted in his introduction of the bill: > This measure does not result in race discrimination. But discrimination will > occur if this measure is not passed. It is undisputed that Native Hawaiians > are the aboriginal, indigenous people of Hawaii. Yet some of my colleagues > want to discriminate against them and treat them differently from other > Native Americans – the American Indian and the Alaska Native. In response to opponents citing Congressional requirements for Native Americans and arguing that Native Hawaiians don't meet such requirements, Governor Lingle and Hawaii Attorney General Bennett responded that the bill did not authorize Native Hawaiian participation in American Indian programs, that Native Americans and Alaska Natives support the bill, that to suggest otherwise resulted in placing native groups against each other, that barring Native Hawaiians from programs that provided to other natives was offensive.Bennett and Lingle, 2005. In addition, they also wrote: > The arguments against recognition for Native Hawaiians because Hawaiians > cannot satisfy the requirements Congress set out for the recognition of > Native Americans (in the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934) are simply not > relevant because Congress has not and need not include those conditions in > S. 147. Native Hawaiians have always had to rely on a separate bill for > recognition because the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was never intended > to be the means of providing recognition for Native Hawaiians – it literally > only applies to the native people of the "continental United States." See 25 > U.S.C. § 473; 25 C.F.R. § 83.3.... Rather than crack the "melting pot" that > is Hawaii (an outcome opponents of S. 147 purport to fear), passage of S. > 147 will finally give official and long overdue recognition to the losses > Hawaiians have suffered – the blurring, if not diminution, of Hawaiians’ > native identity; the erosion of their confidence as a people; the > destruction of any semblance of self-determination and self-governance; and, > as the United States Supreme Court put it, the loss of a "culture and way of > life." Finally, Native Hawaiians will have restored to them what they lost > more than a hundred years ago – status as a people and recognition of their > roots. In a 2005 interview,Inskeep, Kaste, Akaka, et al., August 16, 2005. Senator Akaka said that the bill, "creates a government-to-government relationship with the United States” as it provides a legal parity similar to that of native tribal governments in the contiguous states and Alaska. When the reporter commented that the bill could potentially lead to independence, Senator Akaka replied "that could be" but that it would be up to future generations to decide. Some who oppose the bill cite this statement as indicative of its potential support of secession of a Native Hawaiian government from the United States. However, the 2007 version of the bill has specified that secession is not a provision of the bill.S. 310/H.R. 505, Summary on akaka.senate.gov website In 2018, the United States Commission on Civil Rights released a report evaluating the federal government's efforts to meet its trust obligations to Native Americans and Native Hawaiians. Regarding Native Hawaiian sovereignty, it found: > The federal government does not have an official government-to-government > relationship with the Native Hawaiian community. However, Congress has > acknowledged the role of the United States in the overthrow of the Kingdom > of Hawaii and the annexation of Hawaii without the consent or compensation > of Native Hawaiians. Congress has passed over 150 laws that promote the > welfare of Native Hawaiians and establish a special political and legal > relationship with the Native Hawaiian community similar to the trust > relationship between the United States and Native Americans. In 2016, the > federal government finalized an administrative rule that allows a unified > Native Hawaiian government (if established) to enter into a formal > government-to-government relationship with the U.S. government. In reversing its earlier 2006 position, the Commission recommended: > Congress can acknowledge a government-to-government relationship with Native > Hawaiians to confirm its intent to provide Native Hawaiians at least all the > same federal benefits that Native Americans have. Congress should pass > legislation to provide a process for the reorganization of a Native Hawaiian > governing entity and to confirm the special political and legal relationship > between the United States and such Native Hawaiian governing entity. ==Opposition== Opposition to the Akaka Bill includes: # Those who believe that the bill is unconstitutionally race-based; # Those who believe the 'tribe' created via the Akaka Bill would shield corrupt trustees from prosecution; # Those who believe that a school voucher system would allow Kamehameha Schools to serve all interested Hawaiian students and also admit non-Hawaiians thus eliminating the race-discrimination basis of the lawsuits; # Those who believe that it could begin the process of secession of a single racial group from the United States; # Those who believe the United States never legally annexed the Hawaiian Kingdom and that it has no jurisdiction over the territory and populace of the country; # Those who believe that it could thwart the process of secession of Hawaii from the United States and the restoration of an independent Hawaiian nation controlled by native Hawaiians (native Hawaiian sovereignty activists); # Hawaii's Attorney General Mark Bennett. # The George W. Bush Administration, which issued a letter arguing against the earlier version of the bill;International Herald Tribune http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/22/america/NA-GEN-US-Hawaiian- Recognition.php # Aloha 4 All, a Hawaii-based civil rights group; # The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii, a Hawaii-based think-tank # US Representatives who wrote a letter to the Speaker of the House and Majority Leader asking them to kill the Akaka Bill. The letter entailed three reasons for killing the bill: (1) The Constitution does not allow for a separate, sovereign, race- based government; (2) Practical issues have not been addressed such as how businesses could fairly compete with each other if one must for example pay state taxes and another must not; (3) Historical commitments do not support such a bill. For example, when Hawaii became a state there was broad congressional consensus and assurances given by the State of Hawaii that Native Hawaiians would not seek to be treated as a separate racial group and transformed into an "Indian tribe". Native Hawaiian sovereignty activists who oppose the bill believe that it blocks their attempts to establish their independence from the federal government and disregards 1993 Public Law (103-150), in which Congress apologized "for the overthrow and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination." Washington-based constitutional scholar Bruce Fein has outlined a number of counter-arguments disputing the accuracy of the assertions made in the Apology Resolution, stating "The apology wrongly insinuates that the overthrown 1893 government was for Native Hawaiians alone". In 2006, the United States Commission on Civil Rights held hearings on the Akaka bill, and published a report that recommended against it. The report did not contain any official findings and its only recommendation stated in part: > The Commission recommends against passage of the Native Hawaiian Government > Reorganization Act of 2005 (S. 147) as reported out of committee on May 16, > 2005, or any other legislation that would discriminate on the basis of race > or national origin and further subdivide the American people into discrete > subgroups accorded varying degrees of privilege. The Commission later reversed its position in 2018. Some opponents believe that programs maintained exclusively for Native Hawaiians, such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and the Kamehameha Schools, are race-based and discriminatory and see the Akaka bill as an attempt to subvert the February 23, 2000 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Rice v. Cayetano, which ruled that limiting participation in OHA elections to Native Hawaiians was an unconstitutional restriction on the basis of race. A Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaii residents responding to the poll opposed the Akaka Bill. Some opponents are also skeptical of the bill's language disallowing casinos or other gaming in Hawaii, since although it denies the newly created government "inherent" authority to conduct gaming, it leaves that issue open to future negotiation. In May 2006, Senator Akaka began a run of fifteen daily speeches on the issue to gain support for a cloture vote on the bill, after the Commission on Civil Rights report recommended against the bill. Opponents of the Akaka bill have responded to his daily speeches, as well as to the arguments in favor made by other politicians. Regarding the latest version of the bill, S.310, Akaka's website states, "This language has been publicly available since September 2005 and has been widely distributed." However, opponents note, S.147, which failed to get enough votes for cloture on June 8, 2006, did not include the revisions now present in S.310. In 2007, at a hearing before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General Gregory Katsas stated:Rewritten Akaka Bill stirs same objections, Honolulu Star Bulletin 5/4/2007 > By dividing government power along racial and ancestral lines, S. 310 (the > bill) would represent a significant step backwards in American history and > would create far greater problems than those it might purport to solve FreeHawaii.info is a site that documents many of the misgivings of this bill, the history of changes, and a few voices of the many opponents. ==Previous versions== The Akaka Bill was previously introduced, in different forms, on the following occasions: * From the 106th Congress: ** (July 20, 2000) ** (July 20, 2000) * 107th Congress: ** (January 22, 2001) ** (February 14, 2001) ** (April 6, 2001) ** (December 7, 2001) * 108th Congress: ** (February 11, 2003) ** (February 11, 2003) ** (May 5, 2004) * 109th Congress: ** (January 25, 2005) ** (January 25, 2005) ** (May 25, 2006) * 110th Congress: ** (January 17, 2007) ** (January 17, 2007) ==See also== * Hawaiian sovereignty movement * Legal status of Hawaii * Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom == References == ==External links== * "Reservation for a Broken Trust" * "More than 73% of Hawaiians not 'Qualified' for membership in Akaka Tribe" * "The Akaka bill — What would it mean for Hawai'i?" Special article from the Honolulu Advertiser, April 10, 2005 * "The Akaka bill" Article by Ilima Loomis in Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine, Vol.13 No. 4 July 2009. * FreeHawaii.info Category:106th United States Congress Category:Proposed legislation of the 107th United States Congress Category:Proposed legislation of the 108th United States Congress Category:Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress Category:Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress Category:Hawaii law Category:Native Hawaiian Category:Politics of Hawaii Category:Indigenous land rights in Hawaii |
|} Since the Great Depression, Rhode Island politics have been dominated by the Rhode Island Democratic Party, and the state is considered part of the Democrats' "Blue Wall." Democrats have won all but four presidential elections since 1928, with the exceptions being 1952, 1956, 1972, and 1984. The Rhode Island Republican Party, although virtually non-existent in the Rhode Island General Assembly, has remained competitive in gubernatorial elections, having won one as recently as 2006. Until 2014, Democrats did not win a gubernatorial election in the state since 1992, and it was not until 2018 that they won one by double digits. The Rhode Island General Assembly has continuously been under Democratic control since 1959. Democrats hold all statewide and congressional seats including Governor Daniel McKee, Lt. Governor Sabina Matos, House Speaker K. Joseph Shekarchi, Senate President Dominick Ruggerio, U.S. Representatives David Cicilline and Seth Magaziner, U.S. Senators Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse, Secretary of State Gregg Amore, General Treasurer James Diossa, and Senate Majority Leader Michael McCaffrey. In a 2020 study, Rhode Island was ranked as the 19th easiest state for citizens to vote in. ==History== ===Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (1776–1820)=== Rhode Island declared independence from the British Empire on May 4, 1776, two months before the U.S. Declaration of Independence was ratified. However, despite this eagerness for independence, Rhode Island was also a stronghold for Anti- Federalism through the Country Party, which was widely popular among rural areas of Rhode Island and dominated the Rhode Island General Assembly from 1786 to 1790. The Country Party's dominance prevented ratification of the Federalist U.S. Constitution, and the state had even refused to send any delegation to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that wrote it. Father of the Constitution James Madison described Rhode Island as ruled by "wickedness and folly" in which "All sense of character as well as of right have been obliterated." After the insurance of the inclusion of a bill of rights, however, support grew for the Constitution in Rhode Island. Rhode Island became the last of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution in 1790 by only 2 votes, after Gov. John Collins supported it and several remaining Anti-Federalists boycotted the ratifying convention. After ratification, many Anti-Federalists remained with the Country Party or joined Thomas Jefferson's Anti-Administration faction, which eventually became the Democratic-Republican Party. Rhode Island's first 2 governors after ratification (Anti-Federalist leader Arthur Fenner and Henry Smith) were both nominees of the Country Party. Meanwhile, one of Rhode Island's first 2 senators, Joseph Stanton Jr., was a nominee of the Anti-Administration Party. Despite the Anti-Federalist views during the 1780s, the Federalist Party eventually became the dominant party in Rhode Island. Rhode Island gave its electoral votes in most Presidential elections to the Federalist candidate during this era. Meanwhile, Federalist Senator William Bradford became the 1st U.S. Senator from Rhode Island to serve as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 5th Congress. While the Federalist Party is generally considered to have died after the War of 1812, Rhode Island still had Federalists in the U.S. Congress as late as 1820, and Federalist Governor William Jones was not defeated by a Democratic-Republican candidate until Nehemiah R. Knight was elected in 1816. ===Democratic-Republican Era (1820s)=== In the 1820s, Rhode Island, like the rest of the union, was largely dominated by the Democratic-Republican Party. Knight, William C. Gibbs, and James Fenner (son of former Governor Arthur Fenner) were all elected Governors of Rhode Island during this time. After the party split into Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and the opposition National Republican Party, Rhode Island was generally opposed to Jackson's policies and supportive of the Federalist-inspired policies of National Republican leaders John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, supporting the former in the hotly contested Presidential elections of 1824 and 1828. Many of these "Anti-Jacksonians" or "Adams Men", such as Asher Robbins and former Governor Nehemiah R. Knight, represented the state in Congress before the formation of the Whig Party in 1833. ===Whig Era (1833–1850)=== Rhode Island Congressmen were almost exclusively Whigs during the 1830s and early 1840s. Whigs Lemuel H. Arnold, Elisha Harris, Henry B. Anthony, and William W. Hoppin were also Governors of Rhode Island during this time. However, Democrats John Brown Francis and William Sprague III served for most of the 1830s. Rhode Island's electoral votes also backed the Presidential candidacies of Whig leaders William Henry Harrison in 1840, Henry Clay in 1844, and Zachary Taylor in 1848. ====Dorr Rebellion (1840–1842)==== In 1841, Rhode Island was the last state to still require ownership of property to vote in its elections, as it was still governed by the provisions of its original colonial charter of 1663, which restricted voting rights to landowning white men and their eldest sons. About 60% of Rhode Island adult men were ineligible to vote due to these restrictions by 1840. Political activist Thomas Wilson Dorr was the leader of a group known as the Rhode Island Suffrage Association (or "Dorrites") that attempted to amend or replace the charter with a new constitution extending suffrage to all white men, but efforts to do so consistently failed in the Rhode Island General Assembly. After failed attempts to change the system from within, the Dorrites held a convention for the newly formed "People's Party", which drafted a new constitution that enfranchised all white men after one year's residence. Meanwhile, General Assembly members who supported the charter, known as "Charterites" or the "Law and Order Party", drafted a constitution that made concessions to the People's Party, but two referendums held later that year determined that a majority of voters approved of the People's Party constitution, but disapproved of the Law and Order Party's constitution by a narrow margin. However, Governor Samuel Ward King, a Charterite, refused to recognize the results of the referendums, resulting in the holding of two elections that April: one set up by the People's Party, which elected Dorr as governor, and another set up by the Law and Order Party, which re-elected King. King and Dorr essentially served as governors concurrently after this election. King declared martial law and attempted to persuade U.S. President John Tyler to send federal soldiers to Rhode Island to resolve the issue, but Tyler, feeling that the threat of violence was "hourly diminishing", refused. Without the threat of federal interference, Dorr's government mounted an attack upon the Providence Arsenal on May 19, 1842. Charterite defenders, including Dorr's own father and uncle, suppressed the attack and the Dorrites retreated to the village of Chepachet to hold another People's Convention. Charterites cut off the retreat in the city of Woonsocket, causing Dorr's government to fall. Despite their victory, the Charterite General Assembly ultimately drafted and adopted the current Rhode Island Constitution in September 1842, which extended voting to all free men (of any race) who owned property or could pay a $1 poll tax. Although the former members of the People's Party attempted to oppose the Law and Order Party's candidates in the 1843 elections, the Law and Order Party took all major offices in these elections, and their new constitution was adopted in May. Encouraged by the new constitution's expanded suffrage, Dorr returned to the state, but was captured by King and tried and convicted of treason. However, public protests resulted in Dorr's pardon by Governor James Fenner in 1845. ====Law and Order Party and Whig Party co-dominance (1840s)==== After the Dorr Rebellion ended, the Law and Order Party shared power with the Whigs for the remainder of the 1840s, until the former dissolved and the latter fell from power in Rhode Island. The Law and Order Party's James Fenner was the first governor elected under the Rhode Island Constitution. Fenner had previously served as governor on two other occasions as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. Byron Diman also represented the Law and Order Party as governor. In 1843, Rhode Island was given a 2nd Congressional district. The Law and Order Party's Elisha R. Potter was the first Congressman from this district. The 2nd district also elected Benjamin Babock Thurston to Congress in 1847; Thurston was the first Democrat elected to Congress from Rhode Island. In the late 1840s and early 1850s, the nationally declining Whig Party became diminished in Rhode Island, while the Law and Order Party dissolved, and most of its members returned to their pre-Dorr Rebellion allegiances to the Whigs or Democrats. ===Republican Era (1850s–1930s)=== After the demise of the Rhode Island Whigs, the Know Nothing and Democratic Parties were briefly co-dominant parties in Rhode Island. From 1851 to 1853, Rhode Island had an all-Democrat set of executive offices for the first time, led by Governor Philip Allen. In the same year, Charles Tillinghast James became Rhode Island's first Democratic Senator. Meanwhile, Benjamin Babock Thurston returned to his Congressional seat as a Know-Nothing, and William W. Hoppin was Rhode Island's only Know-Nothing governor in 1854, serving in the office until 1856. In the late 1850s, however, much of the remaining Know- Nothings and Whigs nationally were absorbed by the Republican Party, which would become the dominant party in Rhode Island until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Republican dominance in Rhode Island began with the elections of several Republicans to major offices in 1857, such as Governor Elisha Dyer, and Sen. James F. Simmons. The first 14 Republican Party Presidential candidates, beginning with John C. Frémont in 1856, won Rhode Island's electoral votes during this era. The Constitutional Union Party became strong in Rhode Island during the early 1860s. Across the country, many conservative former Whigs and Know-Nothings, unsatisfied with the secessionists in the national Democratic Party, became Unionists, and nominated Unionist candidates at their state conventions. Both Rhode Island representatives to the 37th U.S. House of Representatives were Unionists. During the American Civil War, Rhode Island was the first state to respond to President Abraham Lincoln's 1861 request for troops from the individual Union states. Governor William Sprague IV (nephew of former Governor William Sprague III) believed that the war would be over rather quickly and easily in the Union's favor, and chose to lead the Rhode Island brigade to Virginia to oversee what he expected to be a Union victory. There, he participated in the First Battle of Bull Run and, despite the Confederate victory, was offered a commission as Brigadier General, which he refused, opting to remain Governor of Rhode Island. Sprague went on to serve 2 six-year terms as a Senator from Rhode Island after retiring from the Governor's post in 1863. Burnside also became a Governor of Rhode Island from 1866 to 1869, and then replaced Sprague in the U.S. Senate in 1875, serving there until his death in 1881. From 1863 to 1887, every governor of and U.S. Congressman from Rhode Island was a member of the Republican Party. During this time, Senator Henry B. Anthony served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate, the 2nd Rhode Island Senator to do so, after William Bradford in 1797. Also during this time, Governor Henry Lippitt became the first in a familial line of several prominent Rhode Island politicians, dating to Governor Lincoln Chafee, and including one of Lippitt's sons, Sen. Henry F. Lippitt, who was a brother-in-law of U.S. president and Chief Justice William Howard Taft. Also, the administration of three-term Governor Alfred H. Littlefield officially established the current boundary line of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and authorized the establishment of the state's first industrial school for impoverished children, in an effort to update the state's education system to keep in time with manufacturing developments. In 1887, some Democratic power returned when prominent Democratic businessman John W. Davis was elected governor over incumbent Republican George P. Wetmore, with whom many in both parties were dissatisfied. During Davis' first one-year term, a women's suffrage amendment to the State Constitution was passed by the state legislature but not accepted by the state's male voters in an April 6, 1887 referendum. Also during Davis' first term, the current boundary line with Connecticut was established, revised election laws were passed which made voter fraud more difficult, and orphanages were regulated by the state. However, Davis was defeated in his 1888 and 1889 gubernatorial bids, but Davis returned to the governorship for another one-year term in 1890. Another popular Democrat during Rhode Island's Republican Era was Lucius F.C. Garvin, a longtime General Assembly member from Cumberland and eventual governor, serving two one-year terms. However, a Republican-controlled legislature prevented most of Garvin's reform-minded programs from passing. Garvin was considered for the Democratic nomination for U.S. president in 1904. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, there was much controversy in the state political system surrounding Republican leader and lobbyist Charles R. Brayton, who generally supported the interests of Republican senators Henry B. Anthony and Nelson W. Aldrich. As both a Civil War veteran and a member of the state's "economic elite", Brayton was easily supported by the majority of Rhode Islanders, and is credited with helping many candidates into office, including Sen. Aldrich, who would later become one of the most prominent U.S. Senators. Brayton rose to political prominence in Rhode Island in the 1890s as a chairman of the Republican State Committee, and eventually as a member of the Republican National Committee. Brayton campaigned heavily for the passage of laws shifting gubernatorial powers, including almost all appointment powers, to the State Senate, which was reliably a Republican majority. The "Brayton Act" was a major hindrance to Democratic reformers such as Governor Garvin after its passage, and would continue to hinder gubernatorial power until Democrats gained a State Senate majority in 1935. Brayton also had a political rivalry with James H. Higgins, another Democratic governor during Rhode Island's Republican Era. Higgins greatly opposed Brayton's lobbying, claiming Brayton was paid by railroad and telephone companies to lobby their special interests. Brayton did not deny this, but said that he never lobbied against the interests of the Republican Party to favor a corporation's interest. In 1912, President Taft's reelection campaign was the first Republican campaign to not receive Rhode Island's electoral votes, despite the fact that he was a 5th cousin of former Governor Royal C. Taft. Democrat Woodrow Wilson, who won the election, was the first Democrat to receive Rhode Island's electoral votes since Franklin Pierce in 1852, before the founding of the Republican Party. Also in 1912, the Republican ticket for executive offices, led by Aram J. Pothier, who was also the first Rhode Island governor of foreign birth (born in Quebec), won the first 2-year executive terms, having previously served four 1-year terms. Upon the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929, Republican Norman S. Case was Governor of Rhode Island. Although he was reelected in 1930, the Depression worsened and Republican popularity lessened, and Theodore F. Green summarily defeated Case in 1932. The Depression is generally cited as the primary reason for the fall of Republicans in Rhode Island, transitioning to a period of Democratic dominance which continues today. ===Democratic Era (1930s–present)=== In the 1932 and 1934 elections, Democrats officially swept Republicans out of power in the state. Theodore F. Green easily defeated Republican Governor Norman S. Case in the 1932 gubernatorial election. Democrat Peter G. Gerry, who served 2 terms in the U.S. Senate before the Depression, reclaimed his former seat by defeating incumbent Republican Senator Felix Hebert. In the State Senate elections in 1934, 2 seats were contested, both held by Republicans, but Democratic victories in these districts would create a Democratic Party majority in the Senate. Lt. Gov. Robert Quinn, assigned to preside over seating the newly elected State Senators, refused to seat the Republicans who had claimed re-election to those two seats. Green demanded a recount on January 1, 1935, and the recount determined that the Democratic candidates in both districts had won by narrow margins. This has become known as the "Bloodless Revolution", as Republicans have struggled to regain power in Rhode Island since. Republicans remained in some power throughout the 1930s, as Charles Risk served the 1st Congressional district in the 74th and 76th Congresses. In 1938, many Republicans, led by gubernatorial candidate William Henry Vanderbilt III, was elected into office, including retaking control of both houses of the General Assembly. However, in 1939, Vanderbilt's support was seriously weakened by a wire-tapping scandal involving a private detective he had hired to search for election fraud. The scandal cost him his re-election chances, and many Republicans elected in 1938 were defeated by Democratic challengers in 1940; Democrats also regained a majority in both houses of the General Assembly, and have not lost it since. Meanwhile, many prominent Rhode Island Democrats also became nationally prominent under Democratic Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. The most notable of these was former Governor Green, who successfully ran for Senate in 1936, and served there until 1960, finally retiring in ill health at age 93, the oldest Congressman in history at the time. Green was known as "the President's man", as a strong supporter of Democratic Presidents, and one of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower's strongest Democratic supporters. Green was also a civil rights leader, working closely with then–Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson to pass voting rights bills, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The state's largest airport is named T.F. Green Airport after him. J. Howard McGrath, first a governor after defeating incumbent Vanderbilt in 1940, also went on to serve for many years in a federal capacity. McGrath was appointed U.S. Solicitor General by Truman in October 1945, and served there for one year, before resigning to become a senator in the 80th Congress, which had Republican majorities in both houses. However, he chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on the District of Columbia at the beginning of the Democrat-ruled 81st Congress. McGrath was also chairman of the Democratic National Committee during this time, allowing for racial integration of the Democrats' national headquarters and successfully managing President Truman's 1948 reelection campaign. For this, McGrath was promoted to United States Attorney General, until his resignation in 1952, after refusing to be investigated after suspected corruption.Marcus, Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power, 1977, pp. 35–36. With McGrath's resignation to become Solicitor-General, then–Lt. Gov. John O. Pastore became the first Italian-American governor in U.S. history, and would later become the first Italian-American U.S. Senator. As governor, Pastore enacted Rhode Island's first sales taxes, corporate income taxes, and primary election laws. Pastore retired from his post as governor upon winning a special election to replace McGrath in the U.S. Senate, where Pastore would serve until 1976, where he was famously involved in a 1969 Senate hearing on the funding of PBS in which famous public TV host Fred Rogers testified successfully against President Richard Nixon's proposed PBS funding cuts. McGrath and Pastore were two of many Democrats who served lengthy amounts of time in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives during their time. Between 1941 and 1976, Rhode Island sent only 11 different people to the U.S. Congress, all of them Democrats, including Pastore, McGrath, and Green. Other notables included: 12-term Rep. Aime Forand, who proposed the first bill for the program that eventually became Medicare; Rep. John E. Fogarty, who became a national political leader on medical research as a longtime member of the House Appropriations Committee; 14-term Rep. Fernand St. Germain, Rep. Forand's successor, who was involved in passing legislation that would ultimately be blamed for the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s–1990s. Back in Rhode Island itself, four-term Governor J. Joseph Garrahy became iconic for his handling of the Blizzard of 1978, during which Governor "Joe" kept a calm, casual, comforting demeanor while living at his State House office for about a week to manage the crisis and maintain order. Perhaps the most notable member of the Democratic dynasty of the 1940s–1970s, though, was Sen. Claiborne Pell. Best known as the father of Pell Grants, Claiborne Pell was elected to the U.S. Senate after a lengthy career as a U.S. Department of State diplomat, during which time he had been involved in the drafting of the United Nations Charter. Pell was first elected in 1960 upon the retirement of T. F. Green, after defeating both former Gov. Dennis J. Roberts and former U.S. Attorney General J. Howard McGrath in the Democratic primary election. Senator Pell was considered eccentric by D.C. politicians due to his insistence on using only public transportation and low-cost automobiles, and supposed paranormal beliefs, and was often considered the least electable politician in Washington; however, Rhode Island would ultimately reelect him to the Senate five times. Sen. Pell is best remembered as the creator of "Basic Educational Opportunity Grants" in 1973 (now known as Pell Grants) that provide financial aid to American university students. Pell was also largely responsible for the creation of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations for eight years later in his tenure. Having served for 36 years upon his retirement, Claiborne Pell is the longest-serving U.S. Senator in Rhode Island history. ===Return of Republicans and rise of third parties (1976–present)=== In his 36 years in the Senate, Claiborne Pell served alongside only two other U.S. Senators from Rhode Island: John Pastore, and John Chafee, the first Republican U.S. Senator from Rhode Island in 40 years, and a prominent Rockefeller Republican. Chafee had previously served three two-year terms as governor in the 1960s; his administration was celebrated for championing public transportation and environmental conservation, but ended in a surprise reelection loss to Democrat Frank Licht after Chafee both reversed his anti-income tax stance and had to lessen his campaign efforts due to family matters. Chafee first ran for the U.S. Senate as a challenger Sen. Claiborne Pell in 1972, but Pell held the seat by a result of 54–46%. However, Chafee ran again in 1976 to replace the retiring Sen. John O. Pastore and defeated Democrat Richard Lorber 58–42%. Sen. Chafee broke with his own party on many issues, most notably on environmental issues, which Chafee made his main concern as a senator. Chafee authored the Coastal Barrier Resources Act that designated protected coastal areas that became ineligible to government development and was also instrumental to the passages of the Superfund program, the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and later chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Chafee was described as a moderate, but was among the most liberal U.S. Senators on social issues during his time. Upon his death in October 1999, Chafee was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton, and his son Lincoln Chafee was appointed to replace his father; the elder Chafee had already announced his plans to retire at the end of his term and the younger Chafee had already announced his plans to run to succeed him. Meanwhile, the Chafees' tenure in the U.S. Senate corresponded to some return to Republicans holding major state offices in Rhode Island, although the Democrats always held their majority in both houses of the General Assembly. In 1984, Republican Edward DiPrete was elected after Governor Garrahy's retirement and went on to serve 3 terms as governor despite the Democrats consistently holding over 85% of Assembly seats. However, DiPrete was widely suspected of corruption (and would later do time in prison for bribery, extortion, and racketeering), and ultimately lost in a landslide to Democrat Bruce Sundlun in 1990, the third time that Sundlun had challenged the incumbent DiPrete. Sundlun immediately closed 45 banks and credit unions due to the collapse of the RI Share and Deposit Indemnity Corporation (RISDIC) under DiPrete. Sundlun became a champion of improving infrastructure and tourism, working across the aisle with controversial Providence Mayor Buddy Cianci (who would also later do time in prison for "racketeering conspiracy", i.e. running the city of Providence as a criminal enterprise) to support the building of or improvement of key infrastructure such as the Rhode Island Convention Center, Quonset Air Museum, T.F. Green Airport, Providence Place Mall, and more. The work of the Cianci and Sundlun administrations launched what became known as the city of Providence's "Renaissance" period in which infrastructure, the arts, and the economy were all booming. Sundlun was the last Rhode Island governor to be elected to 2-year terms; beginning in 1994, governors (and all other state offices) would be elected for 4-year terms and limited to two such terms. In a surprising upset, Gov. Sundlun lost the 1994 Democratic primary to strongly liberal State Senator Myrth York, who was then defeated by Republican Lincoln Almond by a slim margin of 47–44% in the general election (third-party activist Robert J. Healey won 9%). Beginning with York's loss in 1994, Democrats would go on to lose five consecutive gubernatorial elections, despite maintaining their supermajorities in both houses of the General Assembly and Rhode Island's 4 electoral votes always going to Democratic candidates in Presidential election years during those 20 years. Between Governor Almond and his successor, Gov. Donald Carcieri, Republicans held the Rhode Island governorship for the longest period of time (16 years) since the 19th century. Gov. Almond prioritized health care, making significant expansions to the public children's health care program Rite Care and making Rhode Island among the states with the highest percentage of people having health insurance. Almond was also instrumental in the creation of the Community College of Rhode Island's Newport campus funded by a bond referendum passed with the Governor's support in 2000, and made major investments to improve and modernize the University of Rhode Island, his alma mater. When Almond was term-limited in 2002, conservative businessman Donald Carcieri defeated party-endorsed Jim Bennett in the Republican primary and then defeated 3rd-time Democratic nominee Myrth York to become Almond's successor, and was thrust into the national spotlight early in his term by The Station nightclub fire of February 2003. Carcieri's governorship was characterized by conflicts with the General Assembly and organized labor, as Carcieri often attacked the state government's expansive welfare programs and history of corruption but could do little to enact changes due to the Democrat-controlled Assembly's ability to override his vetoes. The Assembly also overrode Carcieri's vetoes of bills to legalize medical marijuana and make progress on LGBT civil rights issues. The latter position was particularly controversial with Rhode Islanders; the year of Carcieri's first election, 2002, was also the year that Providence elected the first openly homosexual mayor of a U.S. state capital, David Cicilline, in a landslide election, and Carcieri won reelection in 2006 against Lt. Gov. Charles J. Fogarty by only 2 percentage points. Also in 2006, Sen. Lincoln Chafee lost the seat that had been held by him or his father for 30 years. Former State Attorney General Sheldon Whitehouse defeated Chafee by a margin of 53.5–46.5% in an election that was part of a national swing to a Democratic majority in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Chafee, one of the most left-of-center Senators at the time, later admitted that his loss to Whitehouse was good for the country since it helped give the majority to the Democrats, and Chafee later disaffiliated from the Republican Party and announced a run for governor for 2010. In the 2010 gubernatorial election, there were four major candidates: State Treasurer Frank T. Caprio for the Democrats, John Robitaille for the Republicans, former Sen. Lincoln Chafee as an independent, and businessman Ken Block, who had founded the Moderate Party of Rhode Island in 2009 to advocate for meaningful political, economic, and educational reform. The Moderate Party's founding involved a court battle for official recognition that ended in the overturning of several laws that made it much easier for third-party and independent candidates to gain ballot access in elections beginning in 2010. The four-way race gained international attention when President Barack Obama, to whom Chafee has been a political ally, refused to endorse a candidate, and Caprio publicly told the President of the United States to "take his endorsement and really shove it." Caprio's remark hurt his campaign such that, despite being a Democrat in a heavily Democratic state, he ultimately placed third with just 23% of the vote. Chafee won the race with 36%, just about 2.5 percentage points more than Robitaille, while Block earned 6.5%, enough to gain major party status for the Moderate Party. Chafee became Rhode Island's first independent governor since the 18th century. He also immediately proved to be a very unpopular governor, likely owing to the fact that 64% of Rhode Islanders voted for someone else. Chafee's approval ratings fell further when he proposed a variety of tax increases, and he stirred up national controversy when he stood by his decision to refer to the annual State House Christmas tree as a "Holiday Tree" in the name of separation of church and state. Among Gov. Chafee's accomplishments was passing LGBT marriage equality. Also in 2010, Providence Mayor David Cicilline won the District 1 House of Representatives seat being vacated by retiring Rep. Patrick J. Kennedy, and fellow Democrat Angel Taveras won the election to succeed Cicilline as Mayor in a landslide. Shortly after taking office in 2011, Taveras discovered that he had inherited over $180 million in debt that Cicilline had largely hidden from the public through what was described by Providence City Council Finance Chairman John Igliozzi as "illusory revenue, borrowing and other tricks." Cicilline's approval ratings just a few months after winning federal office went below 20% as the vast majority of voters blamed Cicilline for the city's financial woes, which ultimately required controversial austerity-like measures to prevent the city of Providence from declaring bankruptcy. Rep. Cicilline was also accused by District 2 Rep. James Langevin of gerrymandering by tampering with the regular redrawing of district lines to ensure his own reelection in 2012, which, despite the controversies, Cicilline did win with 53% of the vote. In 2014, Governor Chafee, having officially joined the Democratic Party in 2013 and facing massive unpopularity and likely primary challengers, chose not to run for reelection. The primaries in both parties were hotly contested: on the Democratic side, venture capitalist and State Treasurer Gina Raimondo, perceived as a fiscally center-right frontrunner, defeated Providence Mayor Angel Taveras and Clay Pell (grandson of the late Sen. Pell) after unions and other liberals divided almost evenly between the 2 more liberal challengers, while on the Republican side, Moderate Party founder Ken Block left his own party to run as a Republican, only to be defeated in the primary by conservative Cranston Mayor Allan Fung. Without Block, the Moderate Party had nominated James Spooner for governor, but when he became severely ill, Robert J. Healey, who had previously run for governor or lieutenant governor 6 times on the platform of his own "Cool Moose Party," was announced as the substitute nominee with less than 2 months until election day. Spending less than $40 in total and campaigning mostly through social media, a blog, and organizing charity fundraisers, Healey's "guerrilla campaign" stunned pundits and pollsters by winning 22% of the vote and even winning pluralities in a few towns. Ultimately, however, Raimondo defeated Fung to become Rhode Island's first female governor by a margin of 40–36%. Meanwhile, the election to replace Taveras as Mayor of Providence saw former Mayor and convicted felon Buddy Cianci attempt to return to politics. The race was seen by many as a referendum on Cianci's legacy, with supporters pointing to the improved infrastructure, city parks, arts scene, and other gains associated with the city's "Renaissance" during Cianci's time as Mayor, while detractors pointed to Cianci's history of violent, criminal behavior and frank, less-than-remorseful admissions to using "public power for personal reasons." In a rare move into municipal politics, President Obama publicly endorsed Cianci's little-known Democratic challenger, Jorge Elorza, as did Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, who, as a U.S. Attorney, oversaw the investigation that led to Cianci's racketeering charges and eventual conviction in 2002. Even the Republican nominee for Mayor, Dan Harrop, urged citizens to vote for his Democratic opponent Elorza, citing concerns that Cianci would not have the city's best interests at heart. Ultimately, Elorza proved victorious by a margin of 53–44% over Cianci. It was the first election that Cianci has ever lost. === 2020 election === Joe Biden continued the Democratic trend in Rhode Island, carrying the state by 20.8 points, or 107,564 votes. Republican Donald Trump carried the crucial Catholic vote (50% to Biden's 49%), who comprised 52% of the electorate, the most of any state. Catholics were once a reliable Democratic constituency, but have become competitive in recent elections due to their social conservatism. ==Issues== Rhode Island has comprehensive health insurance for low-income children, and a large social safety net. Many urban areas still have a high rate of children in poverty. Due to an influx of residents from Boston, Massachusetts, increasing housing costs have resulted in more homeless in Rhode Island. ==Minor parties== ===Moderate Party=== The Moderate Party of Rhode Island is the third-largest contemporary political party in the U.S. state of Rhode Island, after the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Moderate Party of Rhode Island gained official party status and ballot access via a federal lawsuit and the gathering of 34,000 signatures on August 18, 2009. In August 2018, Tony Jones was appointed to the North Kingstown School Committee making him the first-ever Moderate in public office. ===Constitution Party=== ===Cool Moose Party=== ===Green parties=== ===Libertarian Party=== ===Natural Law Party=== ===Reform Party=== ===Socialist Party=== ==Defunct parties== ===Country Party=== ===Federalist Party=== ===Democratic-Republican Party=== ===People's Party=== A party briefly created in the Rhode Island Voting Crisis, leading to the Dorr Rebellion. The party was founded by Thomas Dorr, as an alternative to the old- guard legislature which enforced strict voting restrictions. ===Law and Order Party=== ===Whig Party=== ===Native American Party ("Know Nothings")=== ===Constitutional Union Party ("Unionists")=== ==Party registration== Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party registration as of February 2021https://datahub.sos.ri.gov/RegisteredVoter.aspx Party Party Total voters Percentage Unaffiliated 348,569 43.18% Democratic 346,320 42.90% Republican 112,334 13.92% Total Total 807,223 100% ==Federal representation== Rhode Island currently has 2 House districts In the 118th Congress, both of Rhode Island's seats are held by Democrats There are as follows: *Rhode Island's 1st congressional district represented by David Cicilline (D) *Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district represented by Seth Magaziner (D) Rhode Island's two United States Senators are Democrats Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse, serving since 1997 and 2007, respectively. Rhode Island is part of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the Boston-based United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. ==See also== * 2020 Rhode Island elections * Government of Rhode Island * United States presidential elections in Rhode Island * Women's suffrage in Rhode Island ==References== |
thumb|Pan Am Flight 103 after its destruction. Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories suggest a number of possible explanations for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 on December 21, 1988. Some of the theories preceded the official investigation by Scottish police and the FBI; others arose from different interpretation of evidence presented at Libyan agent Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's 2000–2001 trial; yet others have been developed independently by individuals and organisations outside the official investigation. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) was the first suspect, in light of a threat it issued against U.S. and Israeli interests before the bombing. The state of Iran was also in the frame very early, with its motive thought to be revenge for the July 1988 shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by . This theory was later reinforced by Abolghasem Mesbahi, former head of Iranian intelligence operations in Europe, who stated after defecting to Germany that Iran had asked Libya and Abu Nidal, a Palestinian guerrilla leader, to carry out the attack on Pan Am 103. In his 1994 film The Maltese Double Cross, Allan Francovich suggested that rogue CIA agents were implicated in a plot that involved them turning a blind eye to a drug running operation in return for intelligence. Evidence presented at Megrahi's trial, together with concerns about the reliability of his conviction, spawned a theory that Libya was framed. Abu Nidal allegedly confessed to the bombing before his death, thereby triggering another theory, while Joe Vialls put forward his own explanation that relied on the bomb being detonated remotely. Finally, in December 2013, Patrick Haseldine suggested that the bombing was an assassination by South Africa's apartheid government of United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, Bernt Carlsson."Why Flight 103?" ==PFLP-GC== For many months after the bombing, the prime suspects were the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC), a Damascus-based rejectionist group led by former Syrian army captain Ahmed Jibril, sponsored by Iran. In a February 1986 press conference, Jibril warned: Secret intercepts were reported by author, David Yallop, to have recorded the Iranian Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) in Baalbeck, Lebanon, making contact with the PFLP-GC immediately after the downing of the Iran Air Airbus. Israeli intelligence (Mossad) allegedly intercepted a telephone call made two days after PA 103 by Mohtashemi-Pur, Interior Minister in Tehran, to the chargé d'affaires at the Iranian embassy in Beirut, instructing the embassy to hand over the funds to Jibril and congratulating them on the success of "Operation Intekam" ('equal and just revenge'). Jibril is alleged to have received $11 million from Iran—although a banking audit trail to confirm the payment has never been presented. Jibril's right-hand man, Hafez Dalkamoni, set up a PFLP- GC cell which was active in the Frankfurt and Neuss areas of West Germany in October 1988, two months before PA 103. During what Germany's internal security service, the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV), called Operation Herbstlaub ('Operation Autumn Leaves'), the BfV kept cell members under strict surveillance. The plotters prepared a number of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) hidden inside household electronic equipment. They discussed a planned operation in coded calls to Cyprus and Damascus: oranges and apples stood for 'detonating devices'; medicine and pasta for 'Semtex explosive'; and auntie for 'the bomb carrier'. One operative had been recorded as saying: "auntie should get off, but should leave the suitcase on the bus" (Duffy and Emerson 1990). The PFLP-GC cell had an experienced bomb-maker, Jordanian Marwan Khreesat, to assist them. Khreesat made at least one IED inside a single- speaker Toshiba Bombeat 453 radio cassette recorder, similar to the twin- speaker model RT-SF 16 Bombeat that was used to blow up PA 103. However, unlike the Lockerbie bomb with its sophisticated timer, Khreesat's IEDs contained a barometric pressure device that triggers a simple timer with a range of up to 45 minutes before detonation. Unbeknown to the PFLP-GC cell, its bomb-maker Khreesat was an optician and Jordanian intelligence service (GID) agent and reported on the cell's activities to the GID, who relayed the information to Western intelligence and to the BfV. The Jordanians encouraged Khreesat to make the bombs but instructed him to ensure they were ineffective and would not explode. (A German police technician would however be killed, in April 1989, when trying to disarm one of Khreesat's IEDs). Through Khreesat and the GID, the Germans learned that the cell was surveying a number of targets, including Iberia Flight 888 from Madrid to Tel Aviv via Barcelona, chosen because the bomb-courier could disembark without baggage at Barcelona, leaving the barometric trigger to activate the IED on the next leg of the journey. The date chosen, Khreesat reportedly told his handlers, was October 30, 1988. He also told them that two members of the cell had been to Frankfurt airport to pick up Pan Am timetables. Acting upon this intelligence, the German secret police moved in to arrest the PFLP-GC cell on October 26, raiding 14 apartments and arresting 17 men, fearing that to keep them under surveillance much longer was to risk losing control of the situation. Two cell members are known to have escaped arrest, including Abu Elias, a resident of Sweden who, according to Prime Time Live (ABC News November 1989), was an expert in bombs sent to Germany to check on Khreesat's devices because of suspicions raised by Ahmed Jibril. Four IEDs were recovered, but Khreesat stated later that a fifth device had been taken away by Dalkamoni before the raid, and was never recovered. The link to PA 103 was further strengthened when Khreesat told investigators that, before joining the cell in Germany, he had bought five Toshiba Bombeat cassette radios from a smugglers' village in Syria close to the border with Lebanon, and made practice IEDs out of them in Jibril's training camp away. The bombs were inspected by Abu Elias, who declared them to be good work. What became of these devices is not known."Flight 103," ABC News Prime Time Live, November 30, 1989 Some journalists such as Private Eyes Paul Foot and a PA 103 relative, Dr Jim Swire, believed that it was too stark a coincidence for a Toshiba cassette radio IED to have downed PA 103 just eight weeks after the arrest of the PFLP- GC cell in Frankfurt. Indeed, Scottish police actually wrote up an arrest warrant for Marwan Khreesat in the spring of 1989, but were persuaded by the FBI not to issue it because of his value as an intelligence source.Emerson, Steven and Duffy, Brian. (1990) The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation, In the following spring, King Hussein of Jordan arranged for Khreesat to be interviewed by FBI agent, Edward Marshman, and the former head of the FBI's forensic lab, Thomas Thurman, to whom he described in detail the bombs he had built. In the 1994 documentary film Maltese Double Cross,The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie (1994), Producer Allan Francovich the author David Yallop speculated that Libyan agents and agents paid by Iran may have worked on the bombing together; or, that one group handed the job over to a second group upon the arrest of the PFLP-GC cell members. The former CIA head of counter-terrorism, Vincent Cannistraro, who previously worked on the PA 103 investigation, was interviewed in the film and said he believed the PFLP-GC planned the attack at the behest of the Iranian government, then sub- contracted it to Libyan intelligence after October 1988, because the arrests in Germany meant the PFLP-GC was unable to complete the operation. Other supporters of this theory believed that whoever paid for the bombing arranged two parallel operations intended to ensure that at least one would succeed; or, that Jibril's cell in Germany was a red herring designed to attract the attention of the intelligence services, while the real bombers worked quietly elsewhere. ==Iran== A number of journalists considered the Iranian revenge motive (retaliation for the shooting down of the Iran Air Airbus by USS Vincennes) to have been prematurely dismissed by investigators. They drew attention to a comment by former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in her 1993 memoirs, where she seemed to discount the Libya revenge motive (for Operation El Dorado Canyon, the 1986 bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi by the United States Air Force): Additionally, Abolghasem Mesbahi, former head of Iranian intelligence in Europe, eventually defected and "told [German] investigators that Iran had asked Libya and Abu Nidal, a Palestinian guerrilla leader, to carry out the attack on Pan Am 103." The US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) alleges that Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur (Ayatollah Mohtashemi), a member of the Iranian government, paid US$10 million for the bombing: Part of report, which is dated September 24, 1989, cites information acquired at Ft. Meade, MD: and In 2013 a former CIA agent told The New York Timess Robert F. Worth that "the best intelligence" supported Iran as the culprit. Although the evidence supporting it is classified, many in US intelligence believe the theory, the agent said.Robert F. Worth, "The Spy Novelist Who Knows Too Much", New York Times, 03 February 2013; accessed 14 November 2018 ==CIA drug smuggling== This theory suggests that U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agents had set up a protected drug route from Europe to the United States—allegedly called Operation Corea—that allowed Syrian drug dealers, led by Monzer al-Kassar (who was involved with Oliver North in the Iran-Contra scandal) to ship heroin to the U.S. using Pan Am flights, in exchange for intelligence on Palestinian groups holding hostages in Syria. The CIA allegedly protected the suitcases containing the drugs and made sure they were not searched. On the day of the bombing, as the theory goes, terrorists exchanged suitcases: one with drugs for one with a bomb. Time introduced another version of this theory, claiming that the American intelligence officers on PA 103—Matthew Gannon of the CIA and Maj. Charles McKee of the DIA—had found out about the drug operation, and were headed to Washington to raise their concerns about its impact on their hostage rescue plans. Juval Aviv introduced a variation of this story in October 1989. Aviv was the owner of Interfor Inc, a private investigation company based on Madison Avenue, New York. Aviv claimed to be a former Mossad officer who led the Operation Wrath of God team that assassinated members of Black September who were believed to have been responsible for the Munich Massacre in 1972. According to his theory, the CIA knew in advance that the baggage exchange would take place, but let it happen anyway, because the protected drugs route was a rogue operation, and Gannon and McKee were on their way to Washington to tell their superiors about it. After PA 103, Aviv was employed by Pan Am as their lead investigator for the bombing. He submitted a report (the Interfor Report) in October 1989, blaming the bombing on a CIA-protected drug route (Barrons December 17, 1989). This scenario provided Pan Am with a credible defense against claims for compensation by relatives of victims, since, if the U.S. government had helped the bomb bypass Pan Am's security, the airline could hardly have been held liable. The Interfor report alleged inter alia that Khalid Jafaar, a Lebanese-American passenger with links to Hezbollah, had unwittingly brought the bomb on board thinking he was carrying drugs on behalf of Syrian drug dealers he supposedly worked for. However, the New York court, which heard the civil case lodged by the U.S. relatives, rejected the Interfor allegations for lack of evidence. Aviv was never interviewed by either the Scottish police or the FBI in connection with PA 103. The theory of the CIA- protected suitcase was detailed as well in Patrick Pesnot's Rendez-vous avec X radio program in June 1998.Also broadcast in October 2007 In 1990 the protected-suitcase theory was given a new lease on life by Lester Coleman in his book Trail of the Octopus.Goddard, Donald and Coleman, Lester. (1993) Trail of the Octopus, Coleman was a former journalist turned intelligence agent working with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) while employed by DIA in Cyprus. Coleman claimed to have seen Khalid Jafaar in the DEA office in Nicosia, Cyprus, once again implying that Jafaar was a drug mule, but this time for the DEA instead of Syrian drug dealers. In 1997, Coleman pleaded guilty to five counts of perjury in a federal court after admitting that he submitted false testimony in civil litigation brought on behalf of the families of passengers killed in the bombing. Coleman's theory gained impetus when British journalist Paul Foot wrote a glowing review of Coleman's book for the London Review of Books. However, on March 31, 2004—four months before his death—Foot reverted to the orthodox Iran–PFLP-GC theory in an article he wrote for The Guardian entitled "Lockerbie's dirty secret". The previously mentioned 1994 documentary film The Maltese Double Cross—Lockerbie, which included interviews with Lester Coleman and Juval Aviv, seemed to favor a hybrid version embracing both the CIA-protected suitcase and the drug mule versions of the theory. Shortly after the film was broadcast by Channel 4 television on May 11, 1995, Aviv was indicted on fraud charges. Aviv was quick to claim that they were trumped-up, and in due course they were dropped. ==Alleged framing of Libya== This conspiracy theory is based on the premise that key evidence presented at the trial (e.g. timer fragment, parts from a specific radio cassette model, clothing bought in Malta, bomb suitcase originating at Luqa Airport) could have been fabricated by the U.S. and Britain for the "political" purpose of incriminating Libya. ===Recent Libyan history=== Muammar al-Gaddafi's regime in Libya had a long and well-documented history of support for rebel and paramilitary groups. During the 1970s and 1980s, Gaddafi supplied large quantities of Libyan weapons and explosives to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Other incidents that have been attributed to Libya are not so clear cut: * The 1984 murder of police constable Yvonne Fletcher outside the Libyan embassy in London was blamed on Libya and led to a long- term rupture of diplomatic relations. No prosecution has taken place, but Libya has paid compensation to WPC Fletcher's family and recently allowed Scotland Yard to interview suspects in that country. * U.S. president Ronald Reagan was convinced that Libya was responsible for the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing—in which 2 American servicemen were killed and another 50 injured—and, in retaliation, ordered the bombing of Tripoli in Operation El Dorado Canyon. In 2001, a Libyan and two Palestinians were convicted and imprisoned by Berlin's Supreme Court, and in 2004 Gaddafi agreed to pay $35 million in compensation to the non-American victims of the Berlin bombing. * A French court convicted six Libyan nationals (some members of Libyan Intelligence) in absentia of the 1989 bombing of French UTA Flight 772. The bomb bore remarkable similarities to the one that brought down PA 103, since it was also consisted of PETN (Semtex) carried in a Samsonite suitcase and detonated by a timing device. France at the time supported Libya's neighbour Chad in a border dispute. With remarkable parallels to the PA 103 bombing trial, the Paris court heard that UTA 772 was brought down by a bomb triggered by a sophisticated timing device. * Libya supplied the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) with tons of Semtex—amongst other weapons. At the end of the Lockerbie trial an international observer appointed by the United Nations, Hans Köchler, called the verdict a "spectacular miscarriage of justice". Even though Libya never formally admitted responsibility for PA 103 or UTA 772, Libya "accepted responsibility for the actions of its officials" and agreed to pay compensation to the relatives of the victims. In October 2008 Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund which will be used to compensate relatives of: # the Lockerbie bombing victims, with the remaining 20% of the sum agreed upon in 2003 ($2.7 billion); # the American victims of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing; # the American victims of the 1989 UTA 772 bombing; and # the Libyan victims of the 1986 U.S. bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi. ===Lord Advocate's comment=== In an address to a conference of law officers in August 2001 (seven months after the PA 103 verdict) the Scottish Lord Advocate, Lord Boyd, rejected any suggestion that Libya had been framed and denied that this was a politically driven prosecution, instead blaming conspiracy theorists for such allegations: :Conspiracy theorists have alleged that the investigators' move away from an interest in the PFLP-GC was prompted by political interference following a re-alignment of interests in the Middle East. Specifically it is said that it suited Britain and the United States to exonerate Syria and others such as Iran who might be associated with her and to blame Libya, a country which we know trained the IRA. Accordingly, evidence was "found" which implicated Libya. This is best answered by looking at the evidence. The Lord Advocate went on to list the various pieces of evidence found to prove that the PA 103 investigators' interest in Libya was "as a result of the evidence which was discovered and not as a result of any political interference in the investigation". He reiterated: "There is no evidence whatsoever to suggest that there was political interference. The investigation was evidence-led." Lord Boyd spoke about each piece of evidence, as follows: * Toshiba radio cassette fragment: * Mebo timer fragment: * Clothing material: Since this statement was made two of the three points have been discredited. In 2007 the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission granted Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's application for a new appeal against conviction, citing six points on which the Commission believed that a miscarriage of justice may have occurred. Five of the six points related to evidence demonstrating that the man who bought the clothes from Tony Gauci could not have been Megrahi.Press release Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission 28 June 2007 In addition, in a book published in 2016, the Scottish Justice Secretary who granted Megrahi compassionate release revealed that "Clothes in the suitcase that carried the bomb were acquired in Malta, though not by Megrahi." The provenance of the item described as the "Mebo timer fragment" was undermined in 2012. In 1990 the fragment of printed circuit board (PCB) recovered among the Pan Am 103 wreckage was discovered by Scottish investigators to have circuitry coated with almost pure tin, consistent with the use of an amateur process known as "liquid tin". However the PCBs used in the MEBO timers were coated with a tin/lead alloy consistent with the use of the standard industrial manufacturing process. All the timer units supplied to Libya had the standard alloy coating; the fragment found at Lockerbie did not. This fact was known to the investigators and the prosecution however it was concealed from the trial court. The discovery in 2013 that the bomb suitcase was on the bottom layer of luggage in the container, not the second layer, and thus that it reconciles to a suitcase seen at Heathrow airport an hour before the feeder flight from Frankfurt landed (see Iran and the Heathrow Angle below) also provides Megrahi with a solid alibi for the crime itself, as he was in Tripoli at the time the brown Samsonite hardshell appeared in the baggage container at Heathrow. Thus the Lord Avocate's 2001 statement as detailed above has been falsified in every respect other than the identity of the radio-cassette player used to conceal the bomb. ===Reliance on forensic science=== One of Britain's foremost criminal lawyers, Michael Mansfield QC, spoke on the BBC Scotland Frontline Scotland television episode "Silence over Lockerbie", broadcast on 14 October 1997, warning against over-reliance upon forensic science to secure convictions. He said he wanted to make just one point: A number of news media outlets also investigated the bombing and the various theories that were put forward to explain it. One news team headed by Pierre Salinger accused the prosecution of disinformation, and of attempting to steer the investigation toward Libya."Lockerbie trial adjourns", BBC News, 21 November 2000. Retrieved 2007-08-10. ==Iran and the London angle== Towards the end of the bombing trial, lawyers for Megrahi argued that the PA 103 bomb could have started its journey at Heathrow, rather than at Luqa Airport in Malta. The Boeing 747 that was destined to carry the 259 passengers and crew on the London–New York leg had arrived from San Francisco at noon on December 21, 1988, and stood unguarded on the tarmac for much of the period before PA 103's passengers began to board the aircraft after 5:00 p.m. (scheduled departure 6:00 p.m.). The Iran Air terminal in Heathrow was adjacent to the Pan Am terminal, and the two airlines shared tarmac space. The lawyers invoked the 1990 Scottish Fatal Accident Inquiry and the evidence it heard that the baggage container AVE 4041, into which the bomb suitcase had been loaded, was left unsupervised at Heathrow for about forty minutes that afternoon. A reanalysis of the original forensic evidence published 25 years after the disaster provides strong support for the theory that the bomb was indeed introduced at Heathrow. A small number of suitcases were put into the container in question in the Heathrow terminal buildings before it was used for the transfer luggage from the Frankfurt flight. These cases covered the floor of the container but none of them were on the second layer. The original reason for excluding these suitcases was that in the opinion of the forensic scientists the exploding suitcase was on the second layer of luggage, not the bottom layer. The 2013 analysis examines the condition of the other suitcases surrounding the explosion, the floor of the container and the airframe under the floor, and concludes that the bomb suitcase was indeed on the bottom layer of luggage, corresponding to a suitcase matching the description of the bomb suitcase that was seen in the container by a baggage handler at 16.45, almost an hour before the flight from Frankfurt landed. That suitcase appeared while the baggage handler was on a break and none of the staff in the shed admitted to loading it. ==Libya and Abu Nidal== right|thumb|160px|Abu Nidal in the early 1980s Abu Nidal was widely regarded as the most ruthless international terrorist until that mantle was assumed by Osama bin Laden. Nidal (aka Sabri al-Banna) was reported to have died in a shoot-out in Baghdad on 16 August 2002. A former senior member of his group, Atef Abu Bakr, told journalists that shortly before his death Abu Nidal had confided to Bakr that he had orchestrated the PA 103 bombing. After settling in Tripoli in 1985, Nidal and the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi allegedly became close, Gaddafi sharing what The Sunday Times called "Abu Nidal's dangerous combination of an inferiority complex mixed with the belief that he was a man of destiny." According to Atef Abu Bakr, Gaddafi asked Nidal to coordinate with the head of Libyan intelligence, Abdullah al-Senussi, an attack on the U.S. in retaliation for the 1986 bombing of Benghazi and Tripoli. Nidal then organized the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi on September 5, 1986, killing 22 passengers and wounding dozens of others. In August 1987, Abu Nidal allegedly tried again, this time using an unwitting bomb mule to carry a device on board a flight from Belgrade (airline unknown), but the bomb failed to explode. For PA 103, Senussi allegedly told Nidal to supply the bomb, and Libyan intelligence would arrange for it to be put on a flight. No evidence has been produced in support of these theories. ==South-West Africa (Namibia)== According to another theory, suggested by former UK diplomat Patrick Haseldine, apartheid South Africa was responsible for the sabotage of PA 103. The theory is rooted in an allegation made by Die Zeit and in the film The Maltese Double Cross that the United States government knew of the bomb and warned staff from its embassies in Helsinki and Moscow, as well as a high-level South African delegation, to avoid the flight. Someone allegedly contacted the US embassy in Helsinki, Finland, 16 days before the bombing, warning of a bomb on a Pan Am aircraft departing Frankfurt for the U.S.; none of the staff at the Moscow embassy took the flight, despite it being a popular route for them over Christmas. The allegation prompted a strong statement in November 1994 from the private secretary of Pik Botha, then South African Foreign Minister, stating that "Had he known of the bomb, no force on earth would have stopped him from seeing to it that Flight 103, with its deadly cargo, would not have left the airport." In January 2014, the satirical Private Eye magazine carried the following article about Patrick Haseldine: ==Syria== In The Colonel, the fifth chapter of the 2016 documentary HyperNormalisation by Adam Curtis, it is proposed that the Reagan administration used Muammar Gaddafi as a pawn in their strategy of creating a simplified, morally unambiguous foreign policy by blaming him for the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks and the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing that killed US soldiers, both of which European security services attributed to Syrian intelligence agencies. Gaddafi is described as playing along for the sake of increasing his profile in the Arab world as a revolutionary. The 1986 United States bombing of Libya, 10 days after the disco bombing, is described as an operation carried out mainly for PR reasons, because the US and the UK needed Syria's help against Saddam Hussein.Hypernormalization, packaging a fake world, Nagihan Haliloğlu, 17th February 2017, Daily Sabah. ==Review by American RadioWorks== In a special pre-trial report by American RadioWorks, the strengths and weaknesses of the case against Libya were explored. The report also examined in detail the evidence for and against the other main suspects in the first five alternative theories of this article. The report did not consider either the radio detonation or the South-West Africa (Namibia) theory. ==See also== * Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 * Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial * UTA Flight 772 * Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission * Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternate theories * Timeline of airliner bombing attacks ==References== ==External links== * Parliamentary debate led by Tam Dalyell MP, July 1997 * Taking the blame by Paul Foot, a review of Lester Coleman's book * "Setting Up" Libya for the Lockerbie bombing * "Setting Up" Libya - Part 2 * The bomb trigger on Pan Am 103 * Libya offers $2.7 billion Lockerbie settlement by Patrick Rizzo, The Namibian, May 29, 2002 * Focus: Was justice done? * Category:Conspiracy theories involving aviation incidents Category:Conspiracy theories involving Muslims Category:Pseudohistory |
300px|thumb|Tornadoes in the United States 1950-2019 Tornadoes are more common in the United States than in any other country or state. The United States receives more than 1,200 tornadoes annually—four times the amount seen in Europe. Violent tornadoes—those rated EF4 or EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale—occur more often in the United States than in any other country. Most tornadoes in the United States occur east of the Rocky Mountains. The Great Plains, the Midwest, the Mississippi Valley and the southern United States are all areas that are vulnerable to tornadoes. They are relatively rare west of the Rockies and are also less frequent in the northeastern states. Tornado Alley is a colloquial term for an area particularly prone to tornadoes. There is no officially defined 'Tornado Alley' – at its broadest this area stretches from northern Texas to Canada with its core centered on Oklahoma, Kansas and northern Texas. Another highly significant region – colloquially known as Dixie Alley – is the southern United States and particularly the northern and central parts of Alabama and Mississippi. Florida is one of the most tornado- prone states. However, Florida tornadoes only rarely approach the strength of those that occur elsewhere. Although favorable conditions for tornadoes in the United States can occur at any time, they are most common in spring and least common in winter. Because spring is a transitional period for the climate, there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air, resulting in more thunderstorms. Tornadoes can also be spawned by landfalling tropical cyclones, which usually occur in late summer and autumn. In the United States, thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes usually form when the temperature is at its highest, typically from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Although the period in which most tornadoes strike ("tornado season") is March through June, tornadoes – including violent tornadoes and major tornado outbreaks – have been documented in the United States during every month and day of the year. Two examples of this are when a series of tornadoes hit the state of Indiana on November 22, 1992, and injured at least nine people. Another notable non- season tornado was where a tornado struck the area of McLean County, Illinois. Even though the tornado was during a winter month, it blew 20 railroad cars off their tracks, and hauled a camper over 100 yards (91 m). During the winter months of the year, tornadoes have been known to hit the Southern United States and Southeastern United States the most, but have hit other areas as well. One notable recent example of a winter tornado outbreak was the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak on February 5 and February 6, 2008. 84 tornadoes occurred over the course of the outbreak. The storm system produced several destructive tornadoes in heavily populated areas, most notably in the Memphis metropolitan area, in Jackson, Tennessee, and the northeastern end of the Nashville metropolitan area. At least 57 people were killed across four states and 18 counties, with hundreds of others injured. The outbreak was the deadliest of the modern NEXRAD doppler radar era, until the 2011 Super Outbreak killed over 348 people (324 of which were tornado-related). It was the deadliest single outbreak since the May 31, 1985 outbreak, which killed 76 across Ohio and Pennsylvania, as well claiming 12 victims in Ontario, Canada. It was also the deadliest outbreak in both Tennessee and Kentucky since the 1974 Super Outbreak. Usually, tornadoes hit specific areas of the United States in specific seasons. During the winter months, tornadoes are usually spotted in the Southern area of the country, as well as states near the Gulf of Mexico. This is due to cold air moving southward reaching its southern limit of expansion, and stopping over the Gulf Coast. As spring comes, hot air progressively moves back into the Gulf Coast. This pushes the mass of colder air forward out of the Gulf States and into the Southeastern states, where tornado frequency is highest in April. As spring passes and summer begins, the mass of warm moist air moves northwest into the Great Plains and Midwestern states. During the months of May and June, tornado activity is as its peak in the southern Great Plains. The air mass then moves northward into the Northern Great Plains and the Great Lakes area, causing a tornado activity peak in these areas during the summer months. During the late summer and early fall months, tornado activity in the United States tapers off. This is due to the relatively small difference between the temperature at the boundary of the hot air mass and the cool air mass at that time and an extension of the Bermuda High sitting over parts of the United States. Though there may be some thunderstorms, they don't often become severe enough to spawn tornadoes. Tornadoes may be formed out of season, especially during the months of hurricane season in the Gulf Coast states and Southeastern states. Because these areas are prone to hurricanes, they may be struck with tornadoes that are spawned from hurricanes. Tornadoes are most likely to form in the right- front quadrant of the hurricane, but can also form in rain bands associated with the storm. This is caused by the large amount of vertical wind shear to the right of the storm. Tornadoes are also spawned from U.S. hurricanes due to the moistness of the air at the landfall of the storm, which makes conditions favorable for a supercell storm to develop within the hurricane. ==Regional activity== thumb|300px|right|Average annual tornado reports in the United States. Tornadoes have been documented in every U.S. state (not including the non-state territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico) at least once since 1950, although some regions and states are hit by tornadoes far more than others. For example, the average number of tornadoes to hit the states of Alaska, Rhode Island, and Vermont is less than one, while the state of Oklahoma receives an average of 52 tornadoes per year, and the state of Texas is hit with 126 tornadoes in an average year. The state with the most tornadoes per unit area is Florida, though most are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma, with Cleveland County having the most tornadoes per square mile. States such as Oklahoma and Kansas have much lower population densities than Florida, so tornadoes may go unreported. ===Midwest=== The Midwestern states are very prone to tornado activity, as they are part of "Tornado Alley." States included in the area that are hit by tornadoes the most are Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, and South Dakota. The Midwestern States are often hit by tornadoes during the late spring and early summer months, especially the months of May and June. This is due to the aforementioned air mass moving northward into the Midwest and combining with another air mass that move southward from Canada. This creates unstable air, creating the potential for storms to strike the most during these months. The frequency begins to decrease in the middle of the summer, as the air mass moves northward into the Great Lakes states. A very notable recent storm that has hit this area was the Northwood, Kansas tornado, in the May 2007 Tornado Outbreak. The tornado apparently strengthened as it neared Northwood, and at 9:38 pm CDT (0238 UTC), storm chasers reported that it had grown to over in diameter. Several satellite tornadoes were observed as the very large wedge approached the town of Greensburg, Kansas. It was an estimated in diameter and was later confirmed to have been an EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale (the highest possible rating). Based on the damage produced, winds inside the tornado were estimated to have been in excess of . Nebraska is fifth overall for sheer numbers of tornadoes, while Indiana has had 88 violent tornado reports from the 1950–2006 period, more than any state except Oklahoma. Iowa reported 3,900 almost as many as Texas. The deadliest tornado in US history, the Tri-State Tornado, struck Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana in March 1925. St. Louis, Missouri and neighboring East St. Louis, Illinois have been hit more than once by violent tornadoes, the most notorious of which was the St. Louis Tornado of May 1896. The New Richmond Tornado of May 1899 and the Flint, Michigan tornado of June 1953 also rank amongst the deadliest tornadoes in US history. The region was badly hit by the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak in April 1965 and by the Super Outbreak of April 1974. According to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period, Nebraska reported 2,440 tornadoes followed by Iowa (2,185), Illinois (2,086), Missouri (1,922), South Dakota (1,487), Minnesota (1,477), Indiana (1,327), North Dakota (1,216), Wisconsin (1,185), Michigan (981), and Ohio (916). ===South=== The Southern United States has suffered more tornado fatalities than any other part of the country. Some areas experience repeated damaging tornado events, such as the Tennessee Valley and in northern Alabama. The state of Alabama is tied for the most reported F5 tornadoes. For the period 1950 to 2006, three hundred and fifty eight people were killed by tornadoes in Alabama, ranking the state third nationwide behind Texas (521) and neighboring Mississippi (404). Fourth is Arkansas (336) and fifth is Tennessee with 271 fatalities. Tornado disasters to affect the southern USA include the Great Natchez Tornado of May 1840 – second deadliest on record in the US, behind only the Tri-State Tornado. Other outbreaks included the Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak of April 1936, the 1908 Southeast tornado outbreak of April 1908 and the Candlestick Park Tornado of 1966. Alabama and Kentucky were very badly affected by the Super Outbreak of 1974. The 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak was the deadliest tornado outbreak in the US in 23 years. 58 people lost their lives with Tennessee, Arkansas, and Kentucky particularly badly affected. The 2011 Super Outbreak devastated much of the South, leaving 348 people dead. Hurricanes and other tropical storms can also generate tornadoes. Louisiana and the coastal regions of Mississippi and Alabama are most at risk from these storms. The Atlantic seaboard states can be affected too. According to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period, Mississippi reported 1,787 tornadoes, followed by Louisiana (1,644), Alabama (1,608), Arkansas (1,579), Georgia (1,324), North Carolina (1,042), Tennessee (892), South Carolina (819), Kentucky (710) and Virginia (565). West Virginia, by contrast, is one of the least vulnerable states of all with just 120 tornadoes reported over the period. ===East and Northeast=== The Northeastern U.S. to the east of the Appalachian Mountains is much less vulnerable to violent tornadoes but is by no means immune. One of the most extraordinary tornadoes in history struck Worcester, Massachusetts. This F4 tornado struck the city on 9 June 1953 and killed 90 people. The tornado was generated by the same storm system that hit Flint, Michigan with a devastating F5 tornado that killed 116 people. Areas further south – notably Pennsylvania and Maryland – and areas to the west of the Appalachians are more vulnerable to tornadoes. NCDC figures for the period 1950 to 2006 show that Pennsylvania reported 697 tornadoes, followed by New York State (358), Maryland (269), Massachusetts (153), New Jersey (144), Maine (101), New Hampshire (86), Connecticut (82), Delaware (58), Vermont (37), Rhode Island (9), and the District of Columbia (1). The worst tornado outbreak in the Northeast occurred in Pennsylvania on May 31, 1985, and produced the only F5 tornado in the region to date. Florida is one of the most tornado prone states, with only Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma reporting more storms. During the period 1950 to 2006, Florida reported 2,884 tornadoes according to NCDC figures. However, Florida tornadoes are usually weak in comparison with those that strike the Plains and the Southern states – there have been only four reports of F4 strength tornadoes since 1950 and none of F5 strength. Florida experiences more thunderstorms than any other state but fewer supercell storms. Florida tornadoes are more often spawned by the frequent ordinary thunderstorms that occur over the state. Hurricanes and other tropical storms can generate large numbers of tornadoes. Non-supercell tornadoes are rarely as strong as supercell-generated storms. Florida's most violent tornadoes generally occur during the winter months, when the state is most vulnerable to invasions of cold air that help generate such storms. In recent years there have been some particularly disastrous tornado events. During the night of February 22 and 23, 1998, an F3 tornado struck Kissimmee and killed 25 people. Later that night, another F3 tornado struck Seminole and Volusia Counties and killed 13 people (see Kissimmee Tornado Outbreak). On February 2, 2007, an EF3 tornado struck Lake County with 21 fatalities resulting – see 2007 Central Florida Tornadoes. ===West and Southwest=== Of the states around the Rocky Mountains, Colorado reports by far the greatest numbers of tornadoes. Eastern Colorado, both climatically and physically, has much more in common with the neighboring Plains states of Kansas and Nebraska than with the mountainous areas further west. Small cities such as Limon, Kit Carson, Thurman, and Flagler are some places in Eastern Colorado that have experienced dangerous tornadoes. The same can be said, to a lesser extent, of eastern Wyoming. Tornadoes are less frequent in mountainous areas. Of the states in this region – according to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period – Colorado reported 1,617 tornadoes, followed by Wyoming with 560, Montana (345), Idaho (175), and Utah (114). In the Southwestern United States, New Mexico reported 485 tornadoes during the 1950 to 2006 period (NCDC figures), California reported 355, Arizona reported 209, and Nevada reported 75. New Mexico borders the notoriously tornado prone states of Texas and Oklahoma, hence the noticeably higher figures. Most of the tornadoes here happen in the very eastern part of the state. New Mexico's region and the desert landscape of the state help prevent the amount of twisters that happen in Oklahoma and Texas. Arizona and New Mexico experience regular summer thunderstorms during their monsoon season. These are sometimes tornadic but rarely produce violent tornadoes. The Pacific Northwest is perhaps the least vulnerable region. NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period show that Washington reported just 96 tornadoes for the entire period and that Oregon reported 91. However, Portland, Oregon and neighboring Vancouver, Washington were hit by a deadly tornado on 5 April 1972. This storm was the deadliest to hit the United States that year. ==Intensity== Tornadoes' damage varies based on their wind speeds and where they strike. The Enhanced Fujita Scale classifies a tornado by its damage and then uses that classification to estimate the tornado's wind speed. For example, if it causes very little damage, then it is classified as an EF0 tornado and likely had very low winds. If damage from the tornado is severe enough, then it may be rated and likely had winds exceeding . In the United States, tornadoes have been known to form at high and low intensities. The probability of a high intensity or violent tornado differs by location across the country. For example, due to the high frequency of tornadoes in the "Tornado Alley" area mentioned before, a more violent tornado would be more likely to form there due to the strength of the thunderstorms produced by the two bordering air masses. The states with the highest number of F5 and EF5 rated tornadoes since data was available in 1950 are Alabama and Oklahoma, each with seven tornadoes. Iowa, Kansas, and Texas each are tied for second- most with six. The state with the highest number of F5 and EF5 tornadoes per square mile, however, was Iowa. The state with the most number of tornadoes classified as "violent", or F4 and F5, is Kentucky, and the state with the highest average intensity ranking for tornadoes is Alabama. Tornadoes that are classified as EF4 and EF5 (or "violent tornadoes") on the Enhanced Fujita Scale only account for an average of two percent of all tornadoes in the United States each year. However, these high-intensity storms do account for an average of seventy percent of all tornado-related deaths in the United States each year. These storms can have winds of over and stay on the ground for over an hour. The United States has seen 59 F5 and EF5 (the highest intensity and damage ranking) tornadoes since records began in 1950. No tornadoes prior to 1950 were officially ranked F5, due to inadequate engineering data and other information on the historical tornadoes. From 1950–1970 tornadoes were assessed retrogressively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, and newspaper photographs and descriptions. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys. On May 3, 1999, a storm produced a violent tornado in the vicinity of Oklahoma City and was a part of the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, which also brought many violent storms to the states of Kansas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. In total, the storm produced 66 tornadoes over four states. The strong F5 storm took place near the town of Bridge Creek, Oklahoma, located in Grady County. During the storm, a group of students in meteorology from the University of Oklahoma had chased the storm on a Doppler on Wheels (or DOW), which scans storms while attached to a car. Doppler on Wheels data from the nearby storm revealed winds of , which was over the wind speed in the F5 classification of that time. Though the wind speed was over the F5 maximum, the tornado was not named the first ever F6 storm, as there was no F6 classification. Other scientists reviewed the DOW data taken by the students, and concluded that the estimated wind speed may have been inaccurate, but still over . Also, the wind speed recorded was taken from over above ground level. The National Weather Service also did a damage check, and found that the damage was that of an average F5 tornado. ==Impacts== ===Injuries and fatalities=== In the United States over 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries are associated with tornadoes each year.Statistics on the ten deadliest tornados in the US, Time. May 2011. According to the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, most tornado deaths are caused by people not following instructions on what to do the right way. They also mention that some people are not even warned that a tornadic storm is coming, while others get a warning but do not believe that a tornado will hit their area. In 2012, 68 people were killed by tornadoes in the United States. Kentucky had the most fatalities, 22. Kentucky was followed by Indiana (13), Illinois (9), Missouri and Oklahoma (6), Ohio (4), Alabama and Tennessee (3), and Florida and Kansas (1). Over 39 percent of all tornado-related deaths and many injuries come from residents of mobile homes. It is a widespread myth that tornadoes are "attracted" to mobile home parks, and cause the most fatalities there because they hit there the most. This is not true. However, mobile homes do often have poor construction and do not provide adequate protection during a tornado event. An example to confirm this occurred in April 1991, when a very powerful tornado struck the town of Andover, Kansas. When the town was hit, eighty-four homes and fourteen businesses were destroyed by the tornado, but with no fatalities and only minor injuries. After the tornado hit Andover, it swept through a mobile home park consisting of 223 trailers. The park did have a tornado shelter, to which over 200 residents fled and survived without injuries. Others that did not take shelter in the tornado shelter stayed in their mobile homes, and thirteen of them were killed by the tornado. ===Damages=== The Enhanced Fujita Scale classifies tornado strength from weakest - an EF0 tornado - to strongest - an EF5 tornado - based on damage caused to property and infrastructure. An EF0 tornado has estimated wind speeds from which usually results in minor structural damage and broken tree limbs. An EF5 tornado has estimated wind speeds of greater than and can destroy reinforced concrete structures and well-built homes, reducing them to piles of rubble or sweeping them entirely off their foundations or slabs. When a tornado cannot be rated because there is no evidence that it caused structural or other relevant damage (which often occurs when a tornado touches down in unpopulated rural areas), it is classified as an EFU - U meaning "unknown" - tornado. ==Forecasting== Until recently there was little hope of forecasting these systems. Meteorologists could identify those conditions that were likely to produce severe weather and generate a watch. If a tornado was spotted a warning was issued. More recently Doppler radar allows investigators to see a circulation develop in the storm. Because of their size and intensity, there are few storm observations. Increasing information has been gathered in the field from those chasing the storm. ==Research activities== ==See also== *Tornado climatology *List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks *List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes *Climate of the United States ==Notes== ==Bibliography== * * * ==External links== * NOAA severe weather page * United States Year to date tornado reports * U.S. Severe Weather and Meteorology and Climatology * Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology * Chasing Tornadoes (National Geographic Magazine) * National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University Category:Climate of the United States |
Ruth Marie Terry (September 8, 1936 – c. July 1974), also known as Lady of the Dunes, was a formerly unidentified murder victim found on July 26, 1974, in the Race Point Dunes in Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States. Her body was exhumed in 1980, 2000, and 2013 in efforts to identify her. On October 31, 2022, the FBI field office in Boston announced that Terry had been officially identified. == Background == Ruth Marie Terry was born on September 8, 1936, in a mountainside shack in Whitwell, Tennessee, to Johnny and Eva Terry, the latter of whom died at the age of 23. In 1957, following a short-lived marriage, Terry left Whitwell to work at the Fisher Body automotive plant in Livonia, Michigan. In 1958, she gave birth to her son, Richard, but was unable to care for him due to financial difficulties. She allowed the superintendent of her workplace, Richard Hanchett Sr., to adopt her son in return for him paying off her expenses. After the adoption process was finalized, Terry left Livonia and moved to California. In 1972, Terry reached out to her son, but he was not ready to meet her due to a drug overdose which left him in a coma for eighteen days. On February 16, 1974, she married Guy Rockwell Muldavin, an antiques dealer in Reno, Nevada. Four months before her death, the couple visited her family in Whitwell. Ruth's grand-niece, Brittanie Novoglonsky, later recalled that that Terry "wasn't herself" whenever she was with Muldavin, who exhibited possessive behavior towards her. The couple then went to Chattanooga to visit Terry's half-brother, Kenneth, and his wife Carole; they later recalled Terry and Muldavin saying they were going to travel the U.S. to look for antiques. Kenneth also noted that they spoke about returning to Massachusetts as they were leaving. In the late summer of 1974, Muldavin returned to Tennessee to tell Terry's family that she had gone missing from the couple's California home. According to her sister-in-law, Jan Terry, he stayed for a short time and simply told them that he didn't know where Terry was. Terry's brother, James, traveled to California and hired a private investigator to find her. The investigator told Terry's family that all of her belongings had been sold and that she had left the state of her own will after becoming involved with a religious cult. In the two decades prior to her identification, Terry was listed as deceased in family obituaries. Carole theorized that she was in a witness protection program and could not contact her family. ==Discovery== thumb|left|Terry's body upon her discovery On July 26, 1974, a 12-year-old girl followed a barking dog to the decomposing body of an unidentified woman in the Race Point Dunes of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The remains were just yards away from a road and had a significant amount of insect activity. Two sets of footprints led to the body, and tire tracks were found from the scene. The woman may have died two weeks beforehand. The victim was lying face-down on half of a beach blanket. There was no sign of a struggle; police theorized she either knew her killer or had been asleep when she died. A blue bandanna and pair of Wrangler jeans were under her head. She had long auburn or red hair pulled back into a ponytail by a gold-flecked elastic band. Her toenails were painted pink. Police determined the woman was approximately tall (initially believed to have been ), weighed , and had an athletic build. She also had expensive dental work – including crowns – worth between $5,000 and $10,000. Several of her teeth had been removed. Both hands and one forearm were missing. Most sources say she was between 25 and 40 years old. However, she could have been as young as 20 or as old as 49. The woman was nearly decapitated, possibly from strangulation; one side of her head had been crushed possibly with a military-type entrenching tool. This head injury was the cause of death. There were also signs of sexual assault, likely postmortem. Some investigators believe that the missing teeth, hands, and forearm indicate the killer wanted to hide either the victim's identity or their own. The woman was buried in October 1974 after the case went cold. In 2014, one of the case investigators raised funds for a new casket, because the original thin metal casket had rusted and deteriorated. ==Investigation== thumb|2010 Reconstruction thumb|Other depictions of Terry, created between 1979 and 2006 Police pored over thousands of missing-person cases and a list of approved vehicles driven through the area; no matches were found. At the scene, the sand and beach blanket were not disturbed, suggesting that the body was possibly moved to the specific spot where her body was found. No other evidence was found (besides the jeans, bandanna, blanket and ponytail holder) despite extensive searches of the surrounding dunes. The first facial reconstruction of the woman was created with clay in 1979. Her remains were exhumed in 1980 for examination; no new clues were uncovered (although the skull was not buried at the time). The body was exhumed again in March 2000 for DNA testing. In May 2010, a CT of her skull was carried out that generated images that were then used by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children for another reconstruction. ===Leads=== In 1987, a Canadian woman told a friend that she saw her father strangle a woman in Massachusetts around 1972. Police attempted to locate the woman but were unsuccessful. Another woman told police the reconstruction of the victim looked like her sister, who had disappeared in Boston in 1974. Investigators also followed a lead involving missing criminal Rory Gene Kesinger, who would have been 25 years old at the time of the murder (she had broken out of jail in 1973). Authorities saw a resemblance between Kesinger and the victim. However, DNA from Kesinger's mother did not match the victim. Two other missing women, Francis Ewalt of Montana and Vicke Lamberton of Massachusetts, were also ruled out. ===Jaws film extra possibility=== In August 2015, speculation arose that Lady of the Dunes may have been an extra in the 1975 film Jaws, which had been shot on Martha's Vineyard (specifically the village of Menemsha), about south of Provincetown, between May and October 1974. Joe Hill, the son of horror author Stephen King, brought this to police attention after reading The Skeleton Crew: How Amateur Sleuths are Solving America's Coldest Cases just weeks before. While watching the film's Fourth of July beach scene, Hill spotted a woman in the crowd wearing a blue bandana and jeans, similar to those found with the body. Although a lead investigator has noted interest in this lead, others have described it as "far-fetched" and "wild speculation". ==Identification== In 2022, the skeletal remains were sent to Othram; from these, a DNA profile was generated that was used to identify distant relatives, and eventually identify the victim. On October 31, 2022 the FBI field office in Boston announced that the victim had been identified as Ruth Marie Terry. No details of any potential suspects were disclosed nor any reason why Terry was in Massachusetts at the time of her murder. The FBI stated that Terry's identity was determined using investigative genealogy, the same method used to identify other unidentified homicides and over 150 criminals, including the Golden State Killer. The case is currently (as of October 2022) being investigated as a homicide by the Massachusetts State Police (MSP). ==Guy Muldavin== On November 2, 2022, the MSP announced that they were seeking information on Terry's deceased husband, Guy Rockwell Muldavin (October 27, 1923 – March 14, 2002). Muldavin had also been known as Raoul Guy Muldaven, Raoul Guy Rockwell and Guy Muldavin Rockwell during his lifetime. Muldavin was an orphan who was adopted by Abram Albert Zadworanski Muldavin and Sylvia 'Lily' Silverblatt, and had a brother Michael Semyon J. Muldavin. In 1942, Muldavin was living in Manhattan, New York and attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He was disqualified from active service in the military during the Second World War due to a mastoid infection. On May 11, 1946, while working as a professor, he married Joellen Mae Loop in Bellevue, Pennsylvania. The couple lived in New York, California, and then Seattle, Washington where he worked as a disk jockey. The couple divorced on July 16, 1956. Two years later, Raoul Guy Rockwell married Manzanita Aileen 'Manzy' Ryan on September 30, 1958, in Kootenai, Idaho. Manzanita had a daughter from a previous marriage, Dolores Ann Mearns, who was 18 at the time. She and her mother disappeared in Seattle, Washington on April Fool's Day in 1960 and Muldavin was the prime suspect. He fled Seattle but was arrested by the FBI and charged with unlawful flight to avoid giving testimony into their deaths. Shortly thereafter, Muldavin married Evelyn Marie Emerson on July 29, 1960, in King County, Washington, and they married again a second time on August 10, 1963, in Los Angeles. Muldavin subsequently faced larceny charges for swindling his third wife's family out of $10,000 around the time his second wife went missing. In 1961 he was convicted of those charges and was sentenced to no more than 15 years. In March 1962, a judge suspended the sentence provided that Muldavin repay the money. True-crime writer Ann Rule devoted a section of her 2007 book Smoke, Mirrors and Murder to Muldavin in connection with the 1960 disappearance of his second wife and her daughter, with an extensive discussion of police efforts to connect Muldavin with the crime. Investigators found dismembered human body parts in Muldavin's septic tank but were unable to prove they were from either of the missing women. According to Rule, Muldavin was never charged in connection with the disappearances, as the King County elected prosecutor was reluctant to charge Muldavin with murder without a confirmed body of a victim. Rule mentions that Muldavin married a woman named 'Teri' in February 1974 in Reno, Nevada. Muldavin is also the prime suspect in the June 1950 murder of 28-year-old bread truck driver Henry Lawrence "Red" Baird and the disappearance of his 17-year-old waitress girlfriend Barbara Joe Kelley that occurred shortly thereafter. Barbara was last seen in Humboldt County, California on June 17, 1950. She lived in Fortuna, California and her boyfriend, Baird, lived in Eureka, California. They went out together that night, and they never returned. Baird's body was discovered face down on the beach near Table Bluff the following morning. He had received a gunshot to the back of the head. Except for his shoes and socks, he was naked. Barbara's personal clothing was found carefully folded and tucked underneath the rest of his, with the exception of her shoes and stockings. No trace of Barbara herself could be found. She has not been seen or heard from since, and it is thought that whoever shot Baird kidnapped her. One of Fortuna's two restaurants was owned by the parents of Muldavin's first wife, with whom he was then cohabitating. Barbara Kelley had a job at the other eatery. Both were on Baird's route. Muldavin also worked as a short-order cook in the restaurant owned by his father-in-law. Around 1976 Muldavin moved to Chualar a small community near Salinas, California. According to a feature article written about him in 1985 he had retired from his job as a executive vice president of a silver store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. In the profile he was working at the radio station KAZU in Pacific Grove as a volunteer host of a 3-hour weekly call-in show on "aging, growing and making transitions". He also worked at a tobacco shop in Carmel. According to his obituary he died at his home in Salinas of a "lengthy illness", born in Santa Fe, New Mexico, was a "buyer with Bullocks and an artist, actor and poet." He was survived by his wife Phyllis Muldavin and his sister Joan Towers of Salinas". ==Earlier suspects== thumb|250px|Additional reconstruction, depicting Terry with and without freckles In 1981, investigators learned a woman who resembled the victim was seen with mobster Whitey Bulger around the time the woman presumably died. Bulger was known for removing his victims' teeth. A link to Bulger has not been proven, and he was murdered in prison in 2018. Tony Costa, a serial killer in the area, was initially a suspect, but later eliminated. Costa died on May 12, 1974. The victim was found in July 1974. ===Hadden Clark confession=== Murderer Hadden Clark confessed to the murder, stating "I could have told the police what her name was, but after they beat the shit out of me, I wasn't going to tell them shit.[...] This murder is still unsolved and what the police are looking for is in my grandfather's garden." Authorities say Clark suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a condition which may lead someone to confess falsely to crimes. In 2004, Clark sent a letter to a friend stating that he had killed a woman on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. He also sent two drawings: one of a handless, naked woman sprawled on her stomach, and another of a map pointing to where the body was found. In April 2000, Clark led police to a spot where he claimed he had buried two victims 20 years before. He also stated that he had murdered several others in various states between the 1970s and the 1990s. ==See also== *List of solved missing person cases *Miss X (decedent) *Murder of Ruth Waymire *Perry County Jane Doe ==References== ==Cited works and further reading== * * ==External links== *Fox News report * * Category:1936 births Category:1970s missing person cases Category:1974 deaths Category:1974 murders in the United States Category:20th- century American women Category:Deaths by beating in the United States Category:Deaths by person in Massachusetts Category:False confessions Category:Female murder victims Category:Formerly missing people Category:Incidents of violence against women Category:July 1974 events in the United States Category:Missing person cases in Massachusetts Category:People from Provincetown, Massachusetts Category:People from Tennessee Category:Provincetown, Massachusetts Category:Sexual assaults in the United States Category:Unsolved murders in the United States Category:Violence against women in the United States Category:Women in Massachusetts |
And Tango Makes Three is a children's book written by Peter Parnell and Justin Richardson and illustrated by Henry Cole which was published in 2005. The book tells the story of two male penguins, Roy and Silo, who create a family together. With the help of the zookeeper, Mr. Gramsay, Roy and Silo are given an egg which they help hatch. The female chick, that completes their family, is consequently named "Tango" by the zookeepers. The book was based on the true story of Roy and Silo, two male chinstrap penguins who formed a pair bond in New York's Central Park Zoo. And Tango Makes Three has been mentioned in numerous censorship and culture war debates on same-sex marriage, adoption, and homosexuality in animals. The American Library Association (ALA) reports that And Tango Makes Three was the most frequently challenged book from 2006 to 2010, and the second most frequently challenged in 2009. Ultimately, it became the fourth-most banned book between 2000 and 2009, as well as the sixth-most banned book between 2010 and 2019. And Tango Makes Three has also won multiple awards, including the ALA Notable Children's Book Nominee in 2006, the ASPCA Henry Bergh Book Award in 2005, and was named one of the Bank Street Best Books of the Year in 2006. Scholars of children's literature and education believe And Tango Makes Three is a good way to introduce the idea of diverse families to children. The book does not take a stance on same-sex marriage, but rather the validity of same-sex families. == Background == The story was inspired by two male penguins, Roy and Silo, at the Central Park Zoo. During mating season, each penguin began pairing with another, and Roy and Silo paired with each other. While reading an article in The New York Times about Roy and Silo's relationship, "Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name," the couple of Peter Parnell, a playwright and children's book author, and Justin Richardson, a psychiatrist focused on the sexual development of children, decided they wanted to tell the story in the form of a children's picture book. Prior to co-authoring And Tango Makes Three, Richardson co- authored Everything You Never Wanted Your Kids to Know About Sex (but Were Afraid They'd Ask) in 2003 with Mark Schuster. After publishing this resource for parents to discuss sexuality with their children, readers requested a resource on "gay stuff" from Richardson. Finding that many parents had trouble introducing the concept of homosexuality to their children, the couple thought a book such as And Tango Makes Three would make the conversation easier, and create a more inclusive environment for future generations. When actually working on the book itself, Richardson commented on how the subject material would be interesting to kids as stories about animals are seen as fun. Through writing the book, they wanted to be able to introduce the idea of same-sex relationships to children in a way that would be easy for children to understand. ==Summary== The story opens in the Central Park Zoo, a place that houses families of all different kinds. Soon, it is the time of year when all the chinstrap penguins couple up. All of the couples have one female penguin and one male penguin except for Roy and Silo, two male penguins who have fallen in love. They do everything together: they sing, swim, and even build a nest so that they can start a family. The two penguins take turns sitting on a rock, thinking that it is an egg. The zookeeper, Mr. Gramsay, notices this and he brings them an extra egg from another penguin couple who would not be able to care for it. Roy and Silo sit on their egg and take care of it until it hatches. The zookeepers name the female chick Tango. People cheer when they come to visit the zoo and see Tango with her two fathers. The story ends by reiterating that Roy, Silo, and Tango are a happy family and that families can look different. ==Genre== And Tango Makes Three is a non-fiction children's picture book intended for children aged three to eight. And Tango Makes Three is similar in style to the other book published by Parnell and Richardson in 2010, Christian, the Hugging Lion. Both books are non-fiction children's picture books about real animals, with Christian, the Hugging Lion telling the story of Christian the lion. In one challenge relating to the genre of the book, And Tango Makes Three was moved from the children's section to the adult non-fiction section in public libraries in Savannah and St. Joseph, Missouri. This change was made after parents made complaints about the book's placement in the children's picture book section. The change was made to not "blindside" readers. == Analysis == The primary argument for the inclusion of And Tango Makes Three and books like it, ones that strive to introduce children to the subject of homosexuality in an appropriate and accessible way, is to foster inclusivity for children in same sex families. Literary critics have explored the values of And Tango Makes Three mainly because of its use in classrooms. Jennifer Harvey, a Curriculum Librarian and assistant professor at Calvin T. Ryan Library, University of Nebraska at Kearney, wrote that the book's diverse makeup and its subsequent lessons adds to its overall value. Harvey states that "since families vary, literature that explores types of families can improve the chances of the reader having a healthy response to non-normative family units, whether their own, or the family of an acquaintance."Möller, Karla, J. "Heather is 25! so, what Literature Featuring Gays and Lesbians is Available for Primary Grades Today?" Journal of Children's Literature 40.1 (2014): 62. Web. The inclusion of two male parents is reflective of a typical upbringing in American culture, and Harvey believes that addressing this is beneficial for a classroom setting. Indeed, she argues in favor of the book because it "can increase the likelihood of compassion for difference." Harvey notes that "Institute of UCLA’s School of Law has estimated that a quarter of all same-sex households include children under eighteen. This distribution suggests that children are likely to be aware of families where the parents are same sex. In the event that they do not encounter a family with same-sex parents, they will likely know children raised in families not made up of the child’s biological parents."Harvey, Jennifer. "And Tango Makes Three: Introducing Family Diversity to Children." Children & Libraries 11.3 (2013): 27-33. Education Database. Web. She contends that families are becoming more diverse and that books like And Tango Makes Three help introduce the subject to children while also fostering a more accepting generation. Professionals have included And Tango Makes Three as an example of a book that can make introducing the topic of homosexuality easy for children to understand. Bre Evans Santiago, who holds a PhD in LGBTQ issues, argued for the importance of LGBTQ friendly books. Arguing the idea that when such books are read, a sense of pride will emerge from children with non-traditional families, making them feel more accepted. And Tango Makes Three was frequently cited by Evans- Santiago. She goes on to describe how young students in a classroom she studied enjoyed the book. The penguins had become beloved characters in the classroom, and the children always grew excited when Roy and Silo received their egg. She claimed that prejudice does not run in children, and if we teach children that something such as same-sex parenting exists, they are less likely to hold bias about the subject. Janine Schall, an instructor of teacher education, and Gloria Kauffman, a fourth and fifth grade teacher, collaborated and conducted an experiment with thirty fourth and fifth graders to explore how much children understand about homosexuality. They found that the majority of the children questioned understood the word "gay" as an insult. They concluded that the introduction to a topic like homosexuality is critical in developing an inclusive environment and recommended including books like And Tango Makes Three in the younger students’ curricula.Janine Schall and Gloria Kauffman, “Exploring Literature with Gay and Lesbian Characters in the Elementary School,” Journal of Children’s Literature 29, no.1 (Spring 2003): 36–45. Brianna Burke and Kristina Greenfield, professors at Iowa State University, found that And Tango Makes Three can hold a place of value in higher education as well. In their experiment, students read the book and were pushed to engage with what the message of the book was. They were asked questions such as what their idea was of family, and if that idea may be changed or enhanced from the book. When the students discovered the positive message of the book they then were taught about how and why the book has been so contested. This introduction to the children's book, and backlash it received, gives older students a sense of the issues of heteronormativity in the classroom, and how this discussion can help dismantle harmful ideas of heteronormativity. They also went on to say that students would be able to access an "other'd" perspective more easily through the nonthreatening tone of the picture book. According to Julia Mickenberg and Philip Nel, professors and scholars of children's literature, the focus of the book is on the story of Roy and Silo and not on the underlying message of acceptance of same-sex relationships. By being a fun book for children, it is "threatening to would- be censors." == Publication == And Tango Makes Three was published in 2005 by Simon and Schuster. Originally published in hardcover, the book was published in a tenth anniversary edition as a board book, ebook, and paperback with CD audiobook in 2015. The audiobook was narrated by actor Neil Patrick Harris. ==Reception== Reviewers say that the positive takeaway from And Tango Makes Three comes from the idea that it helps spark the conversation "about same-sex partnerships in human society." Selena E. Van Horn, a doctoral candidate in literacy education at the University of Missouri published a piece titled "'How Do You Have Two Moms?' Challenging Heteronormativity While Sharing LGBTQ-Inclusive Children's Literature" in the National Council of Teachers of English. She suggested And Tango Makes Three as a book to be used to better introduce homosexual acceptance into the classroom. And Tango Makes Three was published in the UK as a result of a study done in the country titled No Outsiders by Dr. Elizabeth Atkinson and Dr. Renee DePalma. Moreover, an article written by Anna Paula Peixoto da Silva recognized that the inclusion of diverse literature and toys that are reflective of both the male and the female gender as well as "various ages and ethnicities" in an elementary school curriculum would be effective for students who have parents of the same gender. One of the age-appropriate books recommended for preschoolers was And Tango Makes Three. == Challenges == Some parents have objected to their kids reading this book because it contains the topic of homosexuality. Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by some social conservatives who believe that illustrating animal homosexuality as normal suggests that homosexuality in humans is normal. Others believe that it has no implications and that it is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to that of humans. While many challenges were based on the claim that the topic of homosexuality in animals made the book inappropriate, a random focus group found many adults saying that there was nothing explicitly inappropriate with Roy and Silo's relationship as it is portrayed in the book. Parnell and Richardson noted the positive aspect of increased publicity leading to a larger audience of readers of And Tango Makes Three after it began to be challenged in schools and libraries. The American Library Association (ALA) tracks challenges and censorship cases made against literature in public schools and libraries. It reports that And Tango Makes Three was the most challenged book of 2006, 2007, and 2008. The book dropped to the second position in 2009 but returned to the top slot in 2010. The book has reappeared in the top ten on the list in 2012, 2014, 2017, and 2019. Ultimately, it became the fourth-most banned book between 2000 and 2009, as well as the sixth-most banned book between 2010 and 2019. Specific instances of challenges When Were Outcome Notes Reference(s) 2006 Savannah Missouri public library Moved Moved from fiction to non-fiction Bailey, Aaron. "Tango Takes a Trip Around - the World - Children's Book Moved to Children's Nonfiction Section." St.Joseph News-Press (MO)Mar 16 2006. Web. 2006 Shiloh, Illinois public schools Retained 2007 Lodi, California public library Retained 2008 Loudoun County Public Schools Retained Removed initially and then retained after discovery that policies had not been followed 2008 Ankeny, Iowa public schools Retained 2009 Bristol primary schools Removed 2009 Chico Unified School District Retained 2009 Calvert County, Maryland public library Retained 2009 Farmington, Minnesota public schools Retained 2010 North Kansas City, Missouri public schools Retained 2012 Davis, Utah public schools Removed 2012 Rochester, Minnesota public schools Retained Removed initially and then retained after discovery that policies had not been followed 2014 Singapore Moved Action by the National Library Board removed the book, later moved to the adult section instead of being removed. "Singapore national library to destroy LGBT-themed children’s books" Library says three books are contrary to its "pro-family" stance. The AFP, July 2014, TheJournal.ie. 2018 Hong Kong Removed 2020 Independence, Kansas public library Retained 2023 Lake County (FL) Schools Removed Under the auspices of a new state law. 2023 Escambia County School District Removed As above. Also banned were All Boys Aren't Blue by George M. Johnson and When Aidan Became a Brother by Kyle Lukoff. ==Awards and nominations== ===Awards=== *American Booksellers Association Book Sense Kid's Picks, Fall 2005 *American Library Association Notable Children's Book, 2005 *ASPCA Henry Bergh Award, 2005 *Bank Street College of Education Best Children's Books of the Year, 2005 *Capitol Choices Committee Capitol Choices, 2006 *Cooperative Children's Book Council Choices, 2006 *Gustavus Myer Outstanding Book Award, 2006 *Kirkus Book Review Stars, 2005 *Nick Jr. Family Magazine Best Book of the Year *Publishers Weekly Book Review Stars, 2005 === Nominations === * Lambda Literary Award finalist * Sheffield Children's Book Award, 2008 Shortlist ==References== Category:2005 children's books Category:2000s LGBT literature Category:American picture books Category:Children's books with LGBT themes Category:Censored books Category:Children's books about penguins Category:LGBT-related controversies in literature Category:LGBT literature in the United States Category:Children's books set in zoos Category:Children's books set in Manhattan Category:Children's books about families Category:Central Park in fiction |
is a Japanese light novel series written by Keiichi Sigsawa, with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi. There are three Allison novels, with the third split into two volumes, published by MediaWorks under their Dengeki Bunko label. The first novel was released on March 10, 2002, and the last novel was published on May 10, 2004. There is a follow-up series of light novels called Lillia and Treize which were released between March 2005 and April 2007. There is also an Allison sound novel for the Nintendo DS which was released on December 7, 2006. A manga adaptation by Hiroki Haruse started serialization in the shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Comic Gao! on July 27, 2007, also published by MediaWorks. The manga ended serialization in Dengeki Comic Gao! on January 27, 2008, but continued serialization in MediaWorks' seinen manga magazine Dengeki Daioh from March 21 to December 27, 2008. It was compiled in two volumes. An anime adaptation based on both the Allison and Lillia and Treize novels, known as Allison & Lillia, aired between April and October 2008. ==Plot== Allison is an adventure series set in a world containing one continent (extending roughly from the Equator to 60 degrees North latitude) which is divided down the center by a towering mountain range and a huge river. The industry and technology of the world are roughly equivalent to Europe in the 1930s. Due to the geography, two cultures developed on either side of the divide, and at the time the story begins, the cultures have been at war on and off for hundreds of years. The bloodiest conflict yet began thirty-five years before the start of the story; both sides are so exhausted by the conflict that an uneasy armistice is signed after some five years of fighting. Aside from a brief conflict over the jurisdiction of the river, resulting in the formation of a buffer zone on either side, this peace has largely been unbroken. The east side of the world is known as , though formally the region's name is the Roxcheanuk Confederation. The entire region comprises sixteen countries which all speak a common language. The west side is known as , though formally the region's name is the Allied Kingdoms of Bezel Iltoa. The region comprises the two kingdoms of Bezel and Iltoa which both serve to bring together a small number of countries under a common language different than that of the eastern region. There are far more blond- haired people in the West than the East. At the beginning of the first novel, Allison, a pilot in the Roxche Air Force, has come to visit her childhood friend Wilhelm ("Wil" for short), who has remained at school over his summer break to continue his studies. While traveling in the countryside near the school, the two encounter an old man well known to Wil's schoolmates as a teller of tall tales. Nevertheless, he captures their interest with his talk about a "treasure" which, if found, is said to be able to put an end to the war. No one would believe him that the war between the countries could ever end, so no one listened to him. When the old man is abducted and taken over to Sou Beil, Allison and Wil steal an airplane and chase the abductors across the river into the next region. Fortunately, the two were raised as orphans by a woman who came from the West, and thus can speak both languages. ==Main characters== ;Allison Whittington :The series' main protagonist and namesake, Allison is a corporal in the Roxche Air Force. Sent to Future House when her father Oscar Whittington went into battle, the strong-willed, adventurous girl became unlikely friends with the quiet, bookish Wil, making him her "lackey" and getting the two of them into situations with a regularity that would earn them a reputation among the other children. Like Wil, Allison speaks Bezelese fluently, but already knew it when the two met, having learned it from her father. Though she and Wil now spend most of their time apart, they exchange letters frequently and Allison works to arrange meetings between them in often-convoluted ways. :An ace pilot, Allison is fond of unnecessarily acrobatic stunts in missions that amount to delivering planes or engaging in joint emergency training with soldiers from "Across the River". Frequently worried about shrinking military budgets and the limitations of her current position, her ultimate goal is to become a test pilot, where she can have both job security and the opportunity to engage in even more wild maneuvers. She makes money on the side by smuggling and reselling goods from mission sites, and takes holiday more than once by claiming to be in hospital with various injuries, which would have serious consequences were she to be caught. In spite of this, she maintains a good relationship with her fellow soldiers, who actively cover for her during her adventure-related absences. :Though she finds it difficult to admit outright, Allison is in love with Wil and is continually trying to bring the two closer in ways that either Wil fails to notice or other events interrupt. Her current aim is to convince him to attend university in the Roxchean capital where the two can share an apartment, a move Wil resists on financial grounds. However, she refuses to give up, and is encouraged in her efforts by Benedict and (later) Fiona, whose own happy relationship only adds fuel to the fire. ;Wilhelm "Wil" Schultz :The male protagonist of the series, Wil is a fifth-year student at the prestigious Rowe Sneum Upper School, where he is one of the top students. Abandoned by his parents at a young age, he grew up under the watchful eye of "granny" Corason Moot at Future House, where he learned Bezelese and gained an interest in the West. Upon Allison's arrival ten years ago, he became her semi-willing "lackey" almost immediately. Now seventeen, he splits his school holidays between on-campus study and his friend's family's palatial estate. Though he is exceptionally bright, Wil's financial situation is tenuous at best and his scholarship dictates that he cannot skip grades or graduate early. When Allison insists on one of their adventures, he relies on her, or his friend's, financial backing. :Having spent much of his childhood with Allison, Wil knows her better than almost anyone, and despite getting roped into her schemes, finds himself able to deal with her impulsiveness and her idiosyncrasies better than most. Nevertheless, when he sees a familiar twinkle in her blue eyes, he knows that something is bound to happen, and it will probably involve him too. :Although Wil is not as physically strong or willing to be involved in the action as his companions, he has dead accurate aim with almost any kind of firearm, a photographic memory, and a strong sense of duty to protect the people and things he cares about, even if it means putting himself in harm's way. ;Carr Benedict (Note: as a resident of Sou Beil, "Carr" is his surname and "Benedict" his personal name.) :The third member of the core cast to appear, Benedict starts out in the series as a 24-year-old sublieutenant in the Sou Beil Air Force. Though an accomplished pilot, he is relegated to a mid-ranking soldier at a base of little note on the edge of the uninhabited Buffer Zone. With few duties of substance, he spends his time flirting with (and trying to pick up) the women of the base, which earns him the ire of his fellow male soldiers. He would even be relatively successful at it, if not for his potential dates discovering that he's asked out everyone else as well. In spite of this, he appears not to be a womanizer so much as genuinely interested in the women in his life, and unable to keep himself from acting on this impulse (albeit to a foolish degree). As a soldier, he is fiercely loyal to his comrades, but harbors a sense of justice that supersedes his official duties, leading him to disobey orders in favor of doing what he feels is right. :Benedict first encounters Allison during a joint training session between Roxche and Sou Beil and is quite taken with her, inviting her to dine with the Sou Beil soldiers in broken Roxchean and later asking her to exchange letters as a couple. Though Allison rebuffs him, he still recognizes her when she and Wil are involved in the incident with Captain Graz's "Gang of Thugs", and pursues them himself with the intent of stopping them non-lethally. Defeated in a one-on-one dogfight, Benedict becomes their ally and defends them against his own, while agreeing to take the credit for their discovery. It is at this point that his life turns upside-down. Lauded as a hero for single-handedly ending the War, Benedict finds himself promoted to the youngest-ever Major in Sou Beil history, recognized wherever he goes, and the recipient of admiration and scorn from fawning women and jealous fellow soldiers, respectively. He views Allison and Wil as the true heroes of the ordeal, and considers all the attention an inconvenience, which he feels he does not deserve anyway. However, his second adventure with them leads to his meeting Fiona, who not only had never heard of him, but forces him into doing something actually heroic. The relationship he forges with her in the process proves to be a lasting one. :Although he does not start out with much knowledge of Roxchean, Benedict studies hard and makes leaps in his command of the language over the course of the series. Nevertheless, he is prone to the occasional slip-up, and prefers to talk to Allison and Wil in Bezelese unless stealth warrants otherwise. At the very least, what he does know is enough for him to woo Fiona, who understands only Ikstovan and Roxchean. ==Media== ===Light novels=== Allison began as a series of light novels written by Keiichi Sigsawa and drawn by Kouhaku Kuroboshi. The novels are published by MediaWorks under their Dengeki Bunko publishing label. There are three Allison novels, with the third split into two volumes. The first novel was released on March 10, 2002, and the final novel was published on May 10, 2004. The light novels have sold over one million copies. These novels were developed into the first thirteen episodes of the television adaptation Allison & Lillia. # Title ISBN Release date 1 March 2002 Allison drops in on her childhood friend Wilhelm during his summer break from school. When the two meet an old man who boasts of a treasure that will end the war between East and West, they are initially skeptical, but he is soon kidnapped and the two are targeted as witnesses. Allison and Wil steal an airplane and cross the border into Sou Beil, to rescue the old man and recover the treasure. 2 March 2003 When Wil writes to Allison that his school will be having an excursion in the mountain country of Iks, she urges him into going despite his limited financial resources. Once there, he is "abducted" by Allison, who takes him to meet a now world-famous Benedict. When Allison's plan to be alone with Wil is thwarted by a sudden snowstorm, the two take shelter in a remote village, and a worried Benedict sets out after them. The mystery the three of them uncover, embodied by a girl named Fiona, could shake the foundations of the "Kingdom without a King". 3 March 2004 4 May 2004 Fifteen-year-old Lilliane Schultz lives with her mother, a test pilot for the Roxche Air Force, in a small apartment in the Roxchean capital. Reflecting on her family, she tells of how her father perished in a train accident before she was born. Years earlier, Allison, Wil, and Fiona are each shocked to find themselves the recipients of a ticket for the Transcontinental Limited Express, courtesy of Benedict. The luxury train, on only its fourth trip, is set to take them on a multi-day journey from Roxche to Sou Beil, across the only recently completed bridge over the Lutoni River. However, the quartet's peaceful ride in the lap of luxury is brought to an abrupt end when the train's conductors and passenger attendants are murdered, with the killer still among them. Diverting to a nearby Sou Beil army base, the train leaves most of its guests (save for the targeted steel magnate Mr. Terror) in the hands of the soldiers there. However, the four friends choose instead to cast their lot with the enigmatic Major Stork, whose mission grows ever murkier as the train presses westward. Indeed, the Sou Beil officer has objectives of his own, and his words indicate he may hold the answer to the mystery surrounding Allison's father's death. Back in the present, Lillia welcomes both her mother's boyfriend, a Major in the Sou Beil Army, and her childhood friend Treize into her home. But unbeknownst to her, the two men harbor their own secrets... ===Visual novel=== A sound novel, with card game attributes, based on the series was released on December 7, 2006 in limited and regular editions by MediaWorks playable on the Nintendo DS. Allison is one of the few light novels originally published by MediaWorks that has been made into a sound novel under DS Dengeki Bunko, a section of MediaWorks which produces sound novels playable on the Nintendo DS based from light novels published under MediaWorks' Dengeki Bunko publishing label. Allison was the first game produced under DS Dengeki Bunko, and the only others include Baccano!, Inukami!, and Iriya no Sora, UFO no Natsu. ===Manga=== A manga adaptation started serialization in the Japanese shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Comic Gao! on July 27, 2007, published by MediaWorks. and ended on December 27, 2008. The manga takes its story from the light novels that preceded it, and is illustrated by Hiroki Haruse. The manga ended serialization in Dengeki Comic Gao! on January 27, 2008, but continued serialization in MediaWorks' shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Daioh on March 21, 2008. The first bound volume was published by ASCII Media Works on April 26, 2008 under their Dengeki Comics label. Two volumes in total were published. ==References== ==External links== *Allison at ASCII Media Works *Visual novel official website * Category:2002 Japanese novels Category:2006 video games Category:Anime and manga based on light novels Category:Adventure anime and manga Category:Dengeki Bunko Category:Dengeki Comic Gao! Category:Dengeki Comics Category:Dengeki Daioh Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:Light novels Category:2007 manga Category:MediaWorks games Category:Tale of a Single Continent Category:Kadokawa Dwango franchises Category:Nintendo DS games Category:Nintendo DS-only games Category:Shōnen manga Category:Visual novels Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Novels set in the 1930s |
West Tilbury is a village and former civil parish in the Thurrock district, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. It is on the top of and on the sides of a tall river terrace overlooking the River Thames. Part of the modern town of Tilbury (including part of Tilbury Fort) is within the traditional parish of West Tilbury. In 1931 the parish had a population of 444. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished to form Thurrock. ==Location and administration== West Tilbury is a former Church of England parish. West Tilbury is one of seven conservation areas in Thurrock.Thurrock Council | Natural & Historic Environment | Conservation Areas in Thurrock The modern town of Tilbury is partly in its traditional area (including Tilbury Fort) but is buffered from it and mainly in the traditional parish of Chadwell St Mary.Grid square map Ordnance survey website ==West Tilbury Village Hall== The Village Hall (Memorial Hall), was opened in 1924 by Captain E. A. Loftus, in remembrance of those local men who gave their lives in World War I. The names are recorded on a memorial tablet in St. James's Church, in the village hall and on the village hall website. Located in Rectory Road and on the southern edge of the great common field, the hall was built using funds raised within the village and by donations from local landowners. The hall is available for hire and thereby continues to serve the wider community to the present day as the hub of village activity. West Tilbury Village Hall is a registered charity supported by local residents and their fund raising activities.Charities Commission ==Landscape and geology== West Tilbury lies in the extreme south of Essex, fronting the Thames. About half of its land surface is Thames alluvium (clay), the inland portion rising as a dramatic gravel ridge (about 30 metres OD). Upon its northward border with Mucking parish there are limited sandy loams. The substratum is of Thanet Sands, which in turn overlie a considerable depth of chalk. A post-glacial stream valley transects the gravel ridge along the north parish edge, revealing slight surface yellow sands (Thanets), over a generally gravely agricultural surface. Some large nodules of flint, and erratic Bunter pebbles surface on the valley bottom. The rich soils of the southward Thames alluvium have been reclaimed from a former natural (tidal) saltmarsh state, being gradually embanked from the medieval onward. An Inquisition of 1362 refers to one marsh on the manor as already within a 'wall'. The last major 'inning' or reclamation for agricultural land came in the 1720s. A significant creek once ran inland to near the Domesday manor centre at Hall Hill, but this was blocked off, apparently in the mid 16th century. Its inlet, known to rivermen as Bill Meroy Creek, allowed the access of small vessels to the Marsh Farm (near Tilbury Fort) to within living memory. Earlier agricultural regimes over the parish embraced mixed farming (cattle, grasses, cereals, beans) upon the 'upland' gravel heights, where, before present demands upon the water table, numerous surface springs, brooks and ponds existed, and intensive marshland sheep husbandry (producing ewes' milk and cheeses for the local and wider markets). In the 21st century, the agricultural picture is one of interesting variety within a wholly arable framework, with rotations which include oilseed rapes, barley, potatoes, springreens, salad onions and some maize corn across the high, lighter soils, and rape, potatoes and wheat upon the low lying clays. A few runner beans and small herbs such as coriander are cultivated on suitable loamy patches near the village centre.Bingley, R. (Contributor), Personal Field Observation 2000–2012 ==Archaeology== The 30-metre gravel terrace within the parish produces numerous examples of pointed handaxes of the Lower Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age); some evidence of Mousterian (Neanderthal) tools has been found close to the village centre. A massive presence of post-glacial peoples Maglemosian along the northern stream valley abutting Mucking parish is indicated by the finding of flint production-cores and blades, together with the characteristic tranchet axes, adzes and flint picks ('Thames Picks') of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Occupation continued through the Neolithic, doubtless closely associated with the nearby Orsett causewayed enclosure. These early farmers appear to have been more prevalent upon the upper slopes (gravels) above the aforesaid valley than their Middle Stone Age predecessors. A continuity of field systems throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages is apparent. During 2010, excavations north of Mill House uncovered a Later Bronze Age burial mound (barrow) and other pre-Roman features.Excavation Report forthcoming (Archaeological Solutions) A Claudian period rectangular defensive enclosure on Gun Hill was excavated in the late 1960s (finds at Thurrock Museum). A most important migration period (c.600 AD) grubenhaus – a sunken floored hut – was examined, also in the late 1960s during gravel extraction. It indicates the early Anglo-Saxonisation of the area from c. 450 AD onward and is similar to the numerous other grubenhauser 2 kilometres away on the Mucking hilltop.Bingley R. A Saxon Grubenhaus at West Tilbury. Thurrock Local History Society Vol. 16, 1972–3 In 2000, a twisted gold wire torc with decorated buffer finials, probably of 1st century B.C. date, was discovered by an agricultural worker here. It was illegally disposed of and is now lost to the archaeological record,Bingley, Randal, The West Tilbury Gold Torc in Panorama 53 - The Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society but photos taken at the time of finding indicate it was similar to torc-types from the Waldalgesheim chariot burial in the Rhineland.Eluére, C. The Celts: First Masters of Europe. p. 161, 1992 ===Hedges and woodland=== Upon the reclaimed marshland, the traditional division of fields (called 'hopes') was by drainage ditches ('water-fences'). These soon develop effusions of phragmites reed, bramble, and wild sloe but are periodically redug and so do not grow into lasting hedges. The upland fields were formerly criss-crossed by lofty columns of elm. This tree is now decimated, but a continuously reviving (cloning) scrub prevails within hedgerows of more mixed character. In places, very ancient fragments of hedgeline survive, giving beautiful ranges of hazel, spindle, field maple, oak, ash and with representative ground flora such as red campion, stitchwort and bluebell. Regrettably, the introduced herb called 'Alexanders' (Smyrnium olusatrum) is now colonising most of West Tilbury's lanes, to the detriment of the richer mosaic of small plants. Several notable but very small and vulnerable areas of ancient woodland can still be seen. Known as Ashen Shaw, Rainbow Shaw and Shrove Hill, each adheres to the parish boundary, a noticeable feature of many ancient woodlands in the district. The former takes its name from its outline, being set on the northern edge of West Tilbury in a curve around the stony hill summit. In spring its canopy of wild cherries in blossom is a continuing delight. Its ancient coppice stools include Field Maple, Ash, Crab Apple, Hornbeam and Oak (Q.robur), while the woodland floor is prolific with violets, native bluebell and wild arum. Pignut is also present. Shrove Hill, upon the west boundary with Chadwell, is so called from 'shrough', an old word for rough woodland. Another tiny parcel of wood is Coopers Shaw – the latter an Elm thicket of more recent origin. The local word 'shaw' derives from a medieval term for woodland which was usually managed as coppice. ===Field Systems=== The field enclosures are recorded over the past 400 years or more, beginning with John Walker's manor survey of 1584, to more modern mapsJames Asser’s complete parish, 1804, the Tithe Apportionment mapping, 1838, and subsequent O.S. coverage Additionally a 'terrier' notebook (an account of land details) dating from the 1780s describes every West Tilbury farm and field with its crops; tallies of livestock etc. The present day field systems have developed as farming needs require from those which the above earlier maps describe, and, apart from hedge removal and general enlargement of the plots, show no marked difference (in some cases, the enclosure shapes of 1584 are still evident). ===The Common Fields=== Unique to this part of Essex, West Tilbury still has a large expanse of unenclosed (unhedged) land known as 'Great Common'. This was one of the three medieval areas of strip field, on which the manorial farmers worked their individual copyhold ribbons of ground. It lies backing the village Green and public house. There was another comparable area off Low Street Lane, known as the 'Little Common', where similarly the individual strips (called 'dayworks' here in the medieval period) were marked out by posts or other distinguishing features. The last of these posts – of cast iron – were re- erected in 1868 and bear the name of Sir John Cass, whose charity school at Aldgate owned an estate and strip plots here.Surviving example visible, Sir John Cass, 1868, in Blue Anchor Lane, West Tilbury. ===Agriculture=== Unusually for south Essex, West Tilbury continued to operate some open field farming well into the 19th century. Although they were in the open field, individual holdings were freehold. There were occasional disputes as to the location of these holdings. In due course, the two institutional land owners – the Sir John Cass Foundation and the town of Henley on Thames – erected markers to define their holdings. Earlier agricultural regimes over the parish embraced mixed farming (cattle, grasses, cereals, beans) upon the 'upland' gravel heights, where, before present demands upon the water table, numerous surface springs, brooks and ponds existed, and intensive marshland sheep husbandry (producing ewes' milk and cheeses for the local and wider markets). ===West Tilbury Commons=== Also survivals of medieval manor farming practice, these are the zones of grassland reserved for the commoners of the township – those who held the copyholds (or later freeholds) of the dozen or more farms within the parish. Each was allowed to graze a certain number of bullocks, cows or sheep upon the commons between spring and late autumn. By the 18th century, this regulation of the manor court was being abused, and various unauthorised villagers let their animals onto the grounds to feed. In 1895 an Act of Parliament finally set up a regulatory body known as the West Tilbury Common Conservators, allows the proper use of the several parts of the Commons. The West Tilbury Commons at present cover above 100 acres of the parish, the smallest portion being the central area of village Green. This was originally (from about 1257) the market square (held each Wednesday) set up by Richard de Tilbury, the manor lord. Adjacent to it, was the manor pond, doubtless an important feature in an age when rural markets were supplied by pack-horses coming from considerable distances. The annual St. James' fair also took place here, and Walker's mapping of 1584 refers to it as the 'Fayer Green'. The larger areas of common grazing lay farther off: Hall Common (south of the manor house) 13 acres; Parsonage Common (near the medieval parsonage house) 15 acres; Tilbury Fort Common 16 acres and 20 acres; Walton Common (close to the Tilbury Power Station) 24 acres; fringes of Fort Road 15 acres. ===Development and Industry=== Remarkably, within an area of past industrialisation, West Tilbury has remained more or less intact as an agricultural parish. This is largely due to the influence of the (now) major landowner, the C. H. Cole and Sons farming estate, which is based at the Mill House Farm. Present in the parish since the mid Victorian years, previous family representatives resisted the influences which saw surrounding areas urbanised. A minimal piece of the parish near Tilbury Town was developed for housing with the arrival of the East and West India Co. docks, c.1883, and the ancient Marsh Farm (Meroys) was utilised for the nearby town's sewage works. To east of Tilbury Fort (which stands partly on the W. Tilbury marsh and partly in the next-door parish of Chadwell) the 1950s saw the building of the first of two giant power stations, the later of which still dominates the parish foreshore. Random surface destruction in the form of scattered gravel workings ('ballast-holes') either open or infilled, is evident in places, one of the 19th-century quarries being now overgrown and serving as a pleasant scouting camp-ground. The alluvial marshgrounds were transected by a railway line (London, Tilbury and Southend Railway) in 1854–55, with a small station being erected at Low Street a half dozen years later. It was demolished under the Beeching cuts in 1969. West Tilbury is one of the three proposed sites for a new Thames bridging scheme and motorway link within the next decade. ==The Parish== Bede's History of the English Church talks of a minster church established by St Cedd at Tilaburg. A case has been made that this was West Tilbury,David R Mott The Medieval Religious Houses of Essex, Vol 2, page 38 however, majority opinion favours East Tilbury.A Saunders Chapel-Hospital- Blockhouse?, Panorama, The Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society, Volume 13, 1970 The West Tilbury parish church was dedicated to St James (The Great) whose saint's day is 25 July, upon which the West Tilbury fair was held annually. Most of the windows appear to be 14th century.Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England, Essex (Penguin, 2nd edition reprinted 1996) It is now a private dwelling.Andrew Barham, Lost Parish Churches of Essex;; (Ian Henry Publications, 2000) William Laud, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was appointed rector of West Tilbury in 1609. ===St. James' Church and the parish=== The parish church was St James, a grade II* listed building. It is constructed from flint and rubble and was restored by W Benton. It contains remnants of Early Norman windows. There is an elaborate memorial in the chancel to Lady Gordon and to her husband, the reverend Sir Adam Gordon (3rd Baronet) who was rector from 1796 to 1817.St James, West Tilbury ===The Churchyard=== The apsidal form of the eastern churchyard, upon a considerable lynchet edge, may suggest that originally the church was positioned upon an oval mound of earlier (perhaps religious) importance. On the west it abuts the manor hall grounds. The soil here is deep gravel, which quickly disposes of organic remains. Fragments of the 1883 period oakslat fence survive upon the east and north and there is a Victorian timber lych gate, recently retiled with red terracotta dragon finials. The burial yard in that period was enclosed by a stone wall, referred to in the parochial returns of 1565 as somewhat 'broken down' and to be repaired. Its flint base has recently been revealed during clearing operations. The ground is the traditional acre, with a range of 18th and 19th century headstones, many in imported limestone. A few are of military interest, and several notable village farming names occur: COLE, TALMASH, ASPLIN etc. The burial area was extended downslope upon a piece of agricultural land given by George Burness, of the Hall, consecrated in December 1921 and partly planted round its perimeter with cherry-plum saplings.Grays and Tilbury Gazette 17 December 1921, p. 11. The churchyard contains the war graves of two British Army soldiers of World War II. ===Rectors=== The identities of the earliest (Norman period) rectors are not known. A parson of Tilbury called Richard is named in a property transaction of 1223–4 and in 1228 William, rector of Little (West) Tilbury is recorded. The first rector for whom we have a surname is William de Hareworth who was presented by the King (Edward I).Reaney, P. H. Early Essex Clergy Essex Review, Vol. 54, 1945, p. 80. The scholastic author Simon Alcock was rector from before 1422 until 1428. The last rector of the separate parish of West Tilbury was the Rev. Dudley A. Whitwham, who held office between 1954 and 1971. Thereafter a priest-in-charge, Leonard James Middleton officiated at St. James' until 1977, when the parishes were united. ===The Parsonage House=== Otherwise known in recent centuries as 'The Rectory', the medieval priests' dwelling was situated in the Glebe field area, to S. East of St. James' churchyard, close to the foot of what is now Cooper Shaw Road. Pottery of the 13th century onwards has been recorded on the site together with roofing tile from the house and buildings. It was here also that the 18th century 'Rectors' Well' for medicinal water was pumped.Bingley, Randal (2010). Behold the Painful Plough, Country Life in West Tilbury, Essex, 1700–1850. Thurrock Unitary Council Museum Service. For a short while under the incumbency Rev. David Evans in the 1780s, a house on the Green (Well House) was used as the parson's home, and about a decade later, the Rev. Adam Gordon purchased the 'Bell Inn' public house at the Gun Hill corner, converting it into a handsome parsonage house. This gave its name to Rectory Road, and served as the home of West Tilbury's future rectors from about 1799 until the mid 20th century, when it was sold off and demolished. Some elements of its old garden remain amongst wooded scrubland on the site. ===West Tilbury Medicinal Waters=== During much of the 18th century, the village was noted for its medicinal springwaters; the most famous of which was pumped from under the Hall Farm kitchen area. The water was soon observed to cure various cattle complaints and was eventually sent for testing by some notable London chemists, (1736). One of these was Dr. John Andree, one of the founders of the London Hospital.Bingley, Randal (2010). Behold the Painful Plough, Country Life in West Tilbury, Essex, 1700–1850. Thurrock Unitary Council Museum Service. Among his several publications is a pamphlet outlining the efficacy of the 'Tilbury Water'. Numerous testimonials were made to its value, especially in the relief of 'bloody fluxes' and various enteric disorders. It was sold both at the village and from the London warehouse of John Ellison,Bingley, Randal (2010). Behold the Painful Plough, Country Life in West Tilbury, Essex, 1700–1850. Thurrock Unitary Council Museum Service. whose initials appear upon the only known complete surviving quart glass bottle (Thurrock Museum). With the 1780s, competition arose when the current rector of St. James', the Rev. David Evans, began to market a springwater from his rectory house yard (which stood upon the same hill as the Hall). This was sold from Owen's warehouse in Saville Row near Temple Bar. The attempt to impose this 'inferior' substitute on the public probably lasted less than a decade (the Rev. D. Evans died early 1795), by which time the West Tilbury springs were in any case falling from public awareness.Bingley, Randal (2010). Behold the Painful Plough, Country Life in West Tilbury, Essex, 1700–1850. Thurrock Unitary Council Museum Service. In 1803 it was described as 'occasionally resorted to' and the parish rate records do not refer to the main well-site after 1807. ==Heritage Buildings== Most notable is Tilbury Fort (English Heritage), a mid-late 17th century star- fort commanding the narrow (900 metres wide) passage of Thames. It is well documented in available guide books, though these concentrate largely on the fort's strategic concept, layout and architecture. The military men's social life is less accentuated. Public access is year-round and there are useful exhibitions within. Other heritage buildings are either central or peripheral to the inland village itself and, taken as a group, demonstrate admirably the local vernacular, plan and style of the late 15th to mid 19th centuries within the locality. West Tilbury Hall, Condovers (now Walnut Tree Cottage) and Marshalls are all early Tudor timber framed (oak and elm) hall-houses with crosswings. Of these, West Tilbury Hall is the largest, with fine Tudor brick cellars under its rear projection. This is the only moated site within the parish, one fragment only of the wide dry ditch remaining at the south garden edge, next to the churchyard. Polwicks at Low Street represents the newer Renaissance house of the early 17th century (about 1620), again timber framed but of double-pile arrangement (two houseframes side by side), while Manor Farm (currently called The White House), is of the late 17th century, being essentially one pile or houseframe of double length to the previous. It reflects foreign softwood timbers coming in from Scandinavia (Norwegian Fir) and is largely weatherboard clad. The move to brick which became a village feature from the 18th century is represented in The King's Head (c.1770s with additions) but this, like the Post Office of c.1810 has been stucco faced. The upper windows of this important building above a pleasant shopfront bow, have been atrociously replaced in the late 20th century. The Old Bakery on the Green is therefore the best example to seek – a compact yellow stockbrick home of small scale and with appropriate windows, built in the 1830s. A little outside the village, at Gunhill Farm and the Mill House Farm, are two characteristic early Victorian villa-type residences, erected for prosperous farming and milling families, the first in 1839 and the latter in 1850. They reflect the comfortable style of town-influenced architecture which replaced outdated farmstead homes throughout the district over much of the 19th century. Well House, which overlooks the Green, gives the impression of being an early Victorian residence of yellow stock brick. Its interior however, reveals late 15th century timber framing. A probable crosswinged hall-house of that period seems subsequently to have been remodelled to a 17th-century building of elongate form. This is shown upon Charles Sloane's map of 1742. In 1794 it was described in the Sun Fire Assurance ledgers as 'Lath and Plaister and tyled', serving at that period as the rectory house for parson David Evans. About 50 years later, its frontage would be cased in with local brick. Its origins are possibly very ancient, for in the deeds of Merton College, Oxford is a document of 1272 relating to West Tilbury, to which several local landholders were witness, including 'John of the Well' (de fonte). The Saxon word 'well' meant a spring of water, or natural fountain. The pond adjacent to Well House is fed by a gravel spring, which is dammed at its south-western end above the small valley. Situated to one side of the Memorial Hall, The Schoolhouse is a gabled slate-roofed building of yellow stock brick with red courses, a typical example of late Victorian 'board-school' architecture. Currently it stands empty, its final use having been a council depot for storing and repairing grasscutting equipment. The iron railed and tarmaced playground looks onto Rectory Road. It opened in 1876 with capacity to take 66 children from infant stage through to school-leaver age, an average attendance in the mid-1880s being 55 scholars. The 1891 census indicated a considerable gipsy camp had arrived on the West Tilbury common and the presence of this population together with new docks overspill led to the extension of the schoolhouse in 1894. In 1913, it was described in the local newspaper as a 'comprehensive' and as late as the 1930s, under the charge of a headmistress and 2 teachers, as many as 118 children were on its register. Closure came with Friday, 22 July 1960 when transfer to the newly formed Torrells School, some distance off at Little Thurrock, commenced for seniors, the younger children moving mainly to Chadwell. The headteachers' log books are not present in any known public archive – a significant loss to the social story of the village. ==Notable people== *Emily Mary Osborn (1828–1925), or Osborne, was an English painter of the Victorian era. She was born in Essex, the eldest of nine children of a clergyman. She was educated at Dickinson's Academy in London. In 1851, at the age of seventeen, Osborn began showing her work in the annual Royal Academy exhibits, and continued to do so over a span of four decades (to 1893). She was best known for her pictures of children and her genre paintings, especially on themes of women in distress. *Ernest Achey Loftus has claim to be the world's most durable diarist,Guinness book of records having kept a detailed journal, with brief periods of omission, over 91 years, between 1896 and 1987. *Gervase of Tilbury. Born in the 1150s, author of the 'Otia Imperialia', a medieval work which enjoyed a wide currency in the later Middle Ages and was twice translated into French. Some thirty manuscripts of his writing survive, one of which (in the Vatican library), has corrections and additions in Gervase's own hand. It was intended as a volume of instruction and entertainment for the Roman Emperor Otto IV (c.1175–1218), the son of Queen Matilda of England and grandson to Henry II of England. *John Nevison also known as William Nevison, was one of Britain's most notorious highwaymen, a gentleman-rogue supposedly nicknamed Swift Nick by King Charles II after a renowned 200-mile (320 km) dash from Kent to York to establish an alibi for a robbery he had committed earlier that day. The story inspired William Harrison Ainsworth to include a modified version in his novel Rookwood, in which he attributed the feat to Dick Turpin. ==Elizabeth's Armada Camp== Confusion has arisen as to exactly where the royal review took place. Various locations became favoured, especially that of Tilbury Fort itself. Other authorities decided for the high ground surrounding St James' church, or the plateau top of Gun Hill. Early in the 18th century, an accurate county historian, William Holman, had concluded that the field of parade on that historic occasion, had been just outside the village centre near the windmill and this location was offered again in Philip Morant's 'History and Antiquities ...', 1768. As 1988 approached, the local council (Thurrock Borough) became involved in preparations for a re-enactment of the historic scenes somewhere in the village surrounds and the local museum undertook to finally answer the locational question. The project ranged between archival research at the British Museum, where two important maps by the military surveyor Robert Adams were examined, and fieldwork around the parish (1986). The project resulted in certifying that Holman had been correct. 'The place of assemblie at armes', where the speech had been given was certainly in fields beside the manorial post mill, but there was another important site a little to the south-west, on the present Gun Hill summit. Here, overlooking the fort and Gravesend, had stood the Lord General's pavilion, doubtless with the other richly adorned tents of the Earl of Leicester's staff officers close by. The queen had moved to this site to dine among her captains after the parade. Such images of spectacular ceremonial and royal glamour all apply to the two days of Elizabeth's visit – 8 and 9 August 1588. The Camp Royal itself had been in preparation for several weeks beforehand. On the river, just downstream of the Tudor blockhouse (fort), a defensive boom made of ships' masts and anchors was being constructed at a cost of over £2,000. The numbers of soldiers present at the time of the queen's visit is not clear. Over the month or so of the great army's presence at West Tilbury, between 17,000 and 22,000 men are said to have lain in camp, but certainly not all served throughout. The high stone tower of St. James' is the most likely visual communications station to have served the Armada camp, conveying signals via all waterfront blockhouses, Leicester's pavilion, Gravesend and the ports of the Downs, (exploiting the Kentish hilltops). Eastward, it looked far beyond Sheppey, where the uppermost turrets of Queenborough held a beacon facility. Ranging the Thames during the invasion scare were two specially appointed watch vessels, the 'Victory' and 'Lion', while the fishermen of Leigh – a small seaport visible with moderate eyesight from the West Tilbury fields – were primed to give warning of the presence of any hostile galley to speedy English pinnaces patrolling the estuary. Leigh-on-Sea's pale 15th-century tower still carried its masonry beacon turret, as does that of nearer church of St. Michael's, Fobbing. On the day of her arrival by royal barge from London (8 August), the queen's progress, (after being received by the Earl of Leicester at the blockhouse fort), was across the mile or so of marshland below the church and Tilbury Hill. Robert Adam's detailed 'second' map depicts the route of her coach over the raised marshland – 'the causey from the forte to ye Campe' – where he shows the positions of groups of guards, with no less than 34 fluttering ensigns (banners) along the way: The drums do sound, the phifes do yield their notes And ensigns are displayed ... They couch their pikes and bowe their ensigns downe When as their sacred royal Queene past by ... So tells James Aske in his contemporary verse-picture of the royal visit, called 'Elizabetha Triumphans'. After an initial visit to the camp, the queen continued on through the narrow lane which led northwards out of West Tilbury, onto Mucking hilltop and thence toward Horndon on the Hill, where she was to stay the night at the manor house called 'Cantis', the home of 'Master Edward Rich'. Upon the morning of 9 August, a return journey through the valley of 'Howe ford' was made, climbing finally to the 'place of assemblie at armes', where the great review was to be enacted and Elizabeth's historic speech delivered. West Tilbury's highest unwooded ground provided the queen's parade area – some 17 acres of common strip field, lying eastward from the windmill and with clear views of the distant Thames, beyond (modern) Southend. From this dry gravely hilltop, the landscape fell to a small tree-crowned valley, across which, perhaps, a mock skirmish, 'of two battalions' described by the ballad maker Thomas Deloney: 'such a battaile pitcht in England many a day had not been seene'.Bingley R. Elizabeth’s Armada Camp: A Locational Report. Thurrock Local History Society Vol. 29. 1988 Spanish captives, destined for confinement at Richard Drake's house near Esher, were brought into the queen's presence. Among them was Pedro de Valdez, General of the Andalusian squadron, which had sailed with the Armada from Lisbon. Interrogated by the Privy Council as to why Philip's armies had put forth, Don Pedro answered; 'Why, but to subdue your nation, and root you all out'. All, he said, meant both Catholic and Protestant alike – to send the former 'good men' to heaven, and 'all you that are heretics, to hell'. The drift of this bloody message was ordered to be read out to the trained bands by the camp's chaplain next sermon.Queen Elizabeth Slept Here. Thurrock Local History Society. 1988 Reaching the queen whilst at dinner, came the earliest dispatches from Francis Drake aboard Revenge, reporting the Spanish fleet already hastening in the eastern channel; less joyous was other news that the Duke of Parma's squadrons lying in the Netherlands, were immediately to sail for the invasion of the south of England. It was a false alarm. By mid August, the Camp Royal was discontinued, its warriors, ill-fed and wanting wages despite royal promises, were drifting homeward. The Surrey contingent's records reveal dreadful confusion over equipment and misplacement of 'furniture'; as the camp dispersed. William Virtell of Croydon claimed that his morion helmet of iron had been taken by Lieutenant Pavett who 'gave him a worste for it'. Numerous men were pressed into sea-service before they could officially leave the military zone. Thus Edward Upchurch of Surrey lost his equipment (a firearm, powder flask and 'tuch box') aboard a ship called the Rose or the Lion. Another soldier called Merce 'lefte his musket in pawne', while Anthonie Clarke's complaint was that he had served his country at Tilbury 'one whole week with a calliver and had no paie'.Ridley Bax, A. Preparations by the County of Surrey to Resist the Spanish Armada, Surrey Archaeological Society, Vol. 16, 1901. ==Notes== ==External links== For more details about St James visit St James, West Tilbury web site Category:Villages in Essex Category:Populated places on the River Thames Category:Former civil parishes in Essex Category:Thurrock |
Lee Kyou-hyuk (, born 16 March 1978) is a South Korean retired long track speed skater who specializes in the 500 and 1,000 meters. He was the 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011 World Sprint Speed Skating Champion and the 2011 World Champion for 500 m. He is one of four men to have won the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships four times. His first world sprint championship, in 2007, was his first International Championships medal after a 13-year top- level career. As well as his success in the World Sprint Championships, Lee has fourteen wins in individual World Cup races, a gold medal, two silver and one bronze from the World Single Distance Championships and four gold medals from the Asian Winter Games as well as numerous South Korean titles, including 10 successive National Sprint Speed Skating Championships (2001–2010). He has set two world records during his career. ==Career== ===Junior=== Lee made his debut in ISU events in 1992 at age 13, when he competed at the World Junior Championships in Warsaw. He did not qualify for the final distance, but his samalog total ranked him as 21st of 49 competitors and the second best from South Korea. He returned the following year but again failed to qualify, though he improved two places and was the best Korean after Bong Ju-hyeon got disqualified in the 1,500 meters. In the 1994 season, Lee was sent to the first four World Cup races of the season as warm-up to the 1994 Winter Olympics at age 15. His best place came in Davos, where he was 21st of 36 on the 500 meters, but he earned no World Cup points. At the Olympics, Lee finished 36th at the 500 meters and 32nd at the 1,000 meters. At the World Junior Championships in Calgary, however, Lee qualified for the final distance for the first time and finished fourth overall, 0.098 points behind the bronze medalist. Lee also finished fourth at the Junior Championships in 1995 and 1996, losing his lead after the opening three distances to long-distance specialists Bob de Jong and Mark Knoll. Nevertheless, he was selected to represent South Korea at the 1995 World Championships all round, where he finished fourth on the 500 meters but still failed to qualify for the final distance, ending as 20th. In the 1996 championship, however, he lowered the junior world record in the 500 meters to 36.59 seconds, though Jeremy Wotherspoon bettered it by 0.01 seconds two weeks later. His World Cup placings improved little until 1996, when he got his first top ten placing of eighth at a World Cup meet in Medeo, though he still failed to place in the top 20 overall. In his fourth international season as junior, Lee finished 21st in the World Allround after winning the 500 meters, and in eight World Cup appearances in 1997, Lee finished in the top ten three times, all on the 1,000 meters. He even made the podium 0.15 seconds behind winner Gerard van Velde at a race in Jeonju. This brought him up to 15th place overall in the 1,000 meter World Cup, though he did not skate in World Cup races in Europe or the world junior championships. ===1998 to 2001=== Over this period of his career, Lee was an out-and-out sprinter who only participated in the 500 and 1,000 meter races. Though he set a world record in the 1,500 meters, he never competed in World Cup races in that distance until 2002. In the 1997–98 World Cup, Lee improved to 11th in the 1,000 meters and 16th in the 500 and won a World Cup race in Calgary with a world-record time of 1:10.42, his first world record. Over that weekend, the world record was cut 1.15 seconds. The record stood for a month until Jeremy Wotherspoon beat it in a domestic Canadian race. Lee missed the final two World Cup meets, before and after the Olympics, but after four of eight sprint events he was placed fifth in the 1,000 meters World Cup and tenth in the 500 meters World Cup. While still a world record holder, he won silver at the Asian Single Distance Championships in Obihiro, only beaten by fellow Korean Kim Yun-Man. Lee finished 12th at the World Sprint Championships in Berlin two weeks before the Olympics, and registered 8th (2 × 500) and 13th place (1,000) in his two Olympic appearances. The following season was poor for Lee. He was relegated to the B group in the World Cup following finishes of between 25 and 38 in the opening race in Nagano, and did not figure in the top eight of the B group either. At the Asian Winter Games, he won silver on the 1,000 meters, but that tournament lacked the participation of the best Japanese skaters such as Hiroyasu Shimizu, Junichi Inoue and Yukinori Miyabe, who all beat Lee at the World Cup in Nagano. Lee bounced back in 2000. In the first World Cup race of the season, Lee won the B group in the first 500-meter race, and finished third in the second 0.19 seconds behind winner Jeremy Wotherspoon. His B group appearances in the 1,000 meters was also good enough for promotion, and though he got no further podium places, he finished 11th overall in the 500-meter World Cup, his best placing to date. He also qualified for the World Single Distance Championships for the first time, taking 12th place on the 1,000 meters as his best result, and went below 1:10 for the first time in a World Cup race. The 2001 season was even more consistent. Lee finished on the podium twice in a World Cup race, in Seoul (1,000) and Calgary (500), and in 20 World Cup starts he never finished out of the top 11 (though he took 11th place five times). He finished fourth in the overall World Cup standings in the 1,000 meters and sixth in the 500 meters, his best records in the overall World Cup. In the major championships, Lee took part in the World Sprint Championships for the first time in three years, finishing ninth just over a samalog point behind Mike Ireland. In March, he rounded off the season with fourth and fifth place at the World Single Distance Championships in the Utah Olympic Oval. Times were significantly faster this season, and in March Lee registered 34.84 in the 500 meters (in Calgary and Salt Lake City, which was 0.85 better than his last season's time in Calgary) and 1:08.61 in the 1,000 meters (more than a second better than last season's World Cup final effort). A week after the World Cup final event, Lee competed in an international race in Calgary, which he won with a new world record time of 1:45.20. The record stood for almost a year until Derek Parra beat it at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. ===2002 to 2005=== Lee began the Olympic season with fifth place during a 500-meter race in the Utah Olympic Oval, but also finished 19th on a 1,000 meter race that weekend. In Heerenveen in January, however, he won his first World Cup race in four years, sharing the win with Gerard van Velde, whose last-pair effort was good enough to tie with Lee's time. He also won a B group race during that World Cup event, and finished third on the 1,000 meters behind two Dutchmen. A week later, Lee recorded his best placing at a World Sprint championship, though he finished sixth and further behind the winner than he had been the previous year. His best placing in an individual race was fifth on the first 500 meters. With those results, Lee went into the Olympics, and started on three distances, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 meters. On the 500, Lee finished the first run in fifth, setting a personal best of 34.74 and finishing 0.13 seconds behind leader Hiroyasu Shimizu, but could only register the 10th-best time the following day and finished in fifth place. He finished in eighth place on both the 1,000 meters and the 1,500 meters, though on the latter he was within half a second of a medal. Lee finished off the season with three top-ten placings at the World Cup finals in Inzell, which secured eighth place in the overall 500 metre World Cup. In 2003, Lee again put in consistent placings between 4 and 11 in the World Cup, except for the 100 metre event in Inzell where he finished 24th. His only showing on the 1500 metres in the World Cup ended with 1:48.78 and fourth place in Heerenveen in March; however, in Berlin a week later, he finished 24th and last on the distance during the World Single Distance Championships. In January, he had repeated last season's sixth place in the World Sprint Championships, though the distance to winner Wotherspoon grew to 1.8 points, and at the Asian Winter Games in Aomori, he won gold on both the 1000 and 1500 metre event, pipping Hiroyasu Shimizu by 0.05 seconds on the 1000 metres. 2004 was another weak season for Lee. In November, he skated trial races in Calgary, and finished with times above 36 seconds on 500 metres and 1:11 on 1000 metres, well behind his personal bests. On the 500 metres he was relegated into the B group of the World Cup, despite skating better times than in the test races (around 35.8 seconds), and at the Sprint World Championships he finished 20th, though he was still the best Korean. The Single Distance Championships was slightly better, with 13th (500) and 15th place (1000), but he was well behind the leaders. The 2005 season started in a similar vein: he finished 19th during the first 1000-metre World Cup race in Nagano, though he was 11th on the 500 metres. However, the following day, he improved by 1.8 seconds on his first 1000-metre time, and then watched seven pairs of skaters fail to beat his time, though Dutchman Beorn Nijenhuis in the last pair came within 0.01 seconds of beating it. He could not repeat the performance in the remainder of the season, with two ninth-placings in Calgary as best, and finished 15th in the overall 1000 metre World Cup. He improved to 11th in the World Sprint Championships, but during the World Single Distance Championships he failed to place in the top 20 of 24 skaters on any distance. ===2006 and beyond=== Lee took part in his fourth Olympic Games in Turin, and showed strength by winning a 1000-metre test race in Calgary in 1:08.77, close to his personal best. He later lowered it during the World Cup in Salt Lake City, skating a new personal best of 1:08.16 to finish fifth, and he also came fourth in a race in Turin two months before the Games, 0.14 behind winner Dmitry Dorofeyev, though in a race without world record holder Shani Davis. In January, Lee used strong 1000 metre times to finish fourth overall at the World Sprint Championships, despite 13th and 14th places on the 500 metre races, and another fourth place came at the Turin Olympics. Lee skated in the penultimate pair, and had the bronze when he finished, but Dutchman Erben Wennemars finished 0.05 ahead to beat the Korean. The 2007 season, his 14th in international speed skating, became Lee's best. At the first World Cup meet of the season in Thialf, Lee won the first 1000 metres and placed second and third in the 500 metre races, and led the 1000 metre World Cup after one weekend. He then won a 500-metre race in Berlin Sportforum, thus taking the lead in both sprint distance cups before the sprinters travelled to Asia. In Harbin, China, Lee stretched his run of podium places in 500 and 1000 metre races to 11, and won three of the four races – both 1000 metres, in the absence of World Cup third and Olympic gold medallist Shani Davis, as well as a 500-metre race tied with Keiichiro Nagashima. Lee remained in the lead in both sprint World Cups, but after fourth and sixth places in M-Wave, Nagano, he had to give the 500 metre lead over to Japanese skater Nagashima. Lee was runner-up in both 1000 metre races, though, and led the 1000 metre World Cup by 80 points before the six-week World Cup break. Lee's next international meet was the 2007 World Sprint Championship in Vikingskipet, Hamar, five weeks after the Nagano World Cup meet. NRC Handelsblad named him as one of the favourites along with Shani Davis, Pekka Koskela and Erben Wennemars.Koele Finse favoriet danst op sprintnummers , Maarten Scholten, NRC, retrieved 22 January 2006 After the first day, Lee trailed Koskela by 0.075 points, having lost 0.31 seconds on the 500 metres. However, Lee lost less on the second day's 500 metre race, and set Koskela the challenge of repeating his time from Saturday to become World Sprint Champion. Koskela arrived 0.13 seconds too late, leaving Lee as the third South Korean world sprint champion, despite not winning a single distance. His placings were fourth, second, third and second. Lee then travelled to Changchun for the 2007 Winter Asian Games, missing a coinciding World Cup meet in Heerenveen to fall down to fourth place in the 500 metre standings and second place in the 1000 metre standings. In Changchun he enjoyed success, however, winning the 1000 metres by half a second and the 1500 metres by 0.11 seconds as well as taking silver in the 500 metres. He thus became the most-winning male speed skater at the Games. The return to competitive speed skating in March, for the World Cup final and the World Single Distance Championships, saw Lee's worst placings on the 500 metres in the whole season, with seventh and tenth place at the World Cup final in Calgary causing him to fall to fifth place. He did set a personal best on the 1000 metres, going under 1:08 for the first time in his career, but finished in fourth place, finishing a tenth of a second too late to beat Erben Wennemars in the overall World Cup. This placed him ninth on the distance all- time list. All Time best performances as of 06–07–01 , by Evert Stenlund Lee, however, had three wins in the 2007 World Cup season, compared to Wennemars' one, and had a 9–1 record against Wennemars in top level meets, also including the World Sprint Championships. Shani Davis, who finished third in the World Cup standings after skipping four of nine meets, also had three wins and beat Lee in four of six races in the season. Lee finished off the season with two appearances at the World Single Distance Championships in Utah Olympic Oval. He bettered his personal bests by nearly 0.3 seconds on the 500 metres and 0.4 on the 1000, but still missed the medal in the 500 metres by 0.01 seconds, finishing fourth after a tie with Tucker Fredricks was split on the time in the second race. Lee came back to win bronze in the 1000 metre event, again beaten by Davis as well as Denny Morrison. Lee continued to be among the top world skaters on the shorter distances in the 2008 season. In the first World Cup race of the season, at the Utah Olympic Oval, Lee skated a new personal best mark with 34.31 seconds, just 0.01 seconds behind the world record before that race, yet was beaten both by compatriot Lee Kang-seok, who thus took the Korean national record, and Jeremy Wotherspoon, who had returned after a 365-day absence. Lee then missed out on Sunday's 1000 metre victory by 0.04 seconds, and despite lowering his personal best to 1:07.07, he ended in third place, advancing to fourth on the all-time list and a Korean record. Fourth places on the other 500 and 1000 metre events of the weekend resulted in third place on aggregate in both World Cup classifications. Lee picked up podium spots on the 500 m in Heerenveen and Erfurt, and had three successive third- place appearances on the 1000 m, starting with the race in Calgary. However, in Erfurt he fell on Saturday's 1000 m, and on Sunday he placed sixth, his worst finish in an international 1000 m for three seasons. In the new year, Lee came back strongly. He became world sprint champion despite trailing Jeremy Wotherspoon by 0.365 points after the first day, by winning both distances on the final day. Lee beat Wotherspoon on the 500 m, his only win over Wotherspoon in twelve races, and then faced off with Wotherspoon in the final pair of the 1000 m, with Lee needing to win by 0.53 seconds. With one lap to go, the two were neck and neck, but Lee came from the last inner lane to win the distance by 0.72 seconds and take the overall title. Lee only got two further podium appearances in the remainder of the season; a third place in the final meet at Heerenveen on the 500 m secured the fourth place overall, and on 1000 m he ended sixth, falling from a second spot overall before the New Year. Like the rest of the Korean squad, though, he skipped the meet in Inzell. The second podium appearance was at the World Single Distance Championships in Japan, two weeks after the World Cup finals, where he took silver on the 2 × 500 metres, half a second behind Wotherspoon. Lee enjoyed another season near the world top in 2009, finishing on the podium in 9 of 22 international starts, and winning two 500 m races and one 1000 m race. However, he fell in the final race in the world sprint championships, ruining his chance of third successive world sprint title, and was found in fifth in the World Cup standings on both the shorter distances after missing nearly one-third of the season. At the 500 m in the World Single Distance Championship, Lee beat every race winner from earlier in the season, only to be pipped to the title by Lee Kang-seok. The Olympic 2009–10 season began with two podium appearances on the 500 m in the opening races in Berlin, and in the third World Cup meet of the season, Lee won the Saturday race on the 500 metres with a new personal best of 34.28 seconds. He also finished second on the 1000 metres, though well behind both his personal best and the winner Davis. Two more 500 m race wins in the Utah Olympic Oval, shaving another 0.02 seconds off his personal best, propelled him into second in the overall World Cup standings after 8 of 12 races. In January 2010, Lee was one of the few top skaters who entered the World Sprint Championships in Obihiro, Japan. Lee won both 1000 m races and finished on the podium in the 500 m races, winning the overall title by a margin of nearly one point after four races, the largest margin of victory for eighteen years. He thus became the fourth male skater to win three world sprint titles. However, Lee was unable to back up his good form in the four pre-Olympic years at the Vancouver Olympics; 9th place on 1000 m and 15th place on 500 m meant that the veteran had his worst Olympic performance since his 1994 debut. He was one of few disappointments in a strong Korean team, which topped the medal table in speed skating; teammate Mo Tae-bum, who had skipped the Obihiro championship, won the 500 m gold. In December 2010, Lee won his 10th consecutive National Sprint Speed Skating Championships. On January 23, 2011, he won his fourth World Sprint Speed Skating Championships, joining Igor Zhelezovski (six-time World Champion), Eric Heiden (consecutive four times) and Jeremy Wotherspoon among men to win four. In 2021, Lee signed a contract with IHQ. ==Personal life== Lee married actress Son Dam-bi on May 13, 2022 in a private ceremony. Their romantic relationship started in September 2021. == Filmography == === Television shows === Year Title Role Notes 2022 Same Bed, Different Dreams 2: You Are My Destiny Cast with Son Dam-bi ==Records== ===Personal records=== Personal best speedskating results of Lee Kyou-hyuk, data fromLee Kyou-hyuk on SpeedSkatingNews.info Distance Time Venue Date Note 500 m 34.26 Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City 11 December 2009 1000 m 1:07.51 Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City 10 March 2007 World Single Distance Championships 1500 m 1:45.20 Olympic Oval, Calgary 15 March 2001 former world record 3000 m 3:54.30 Olympic Oval, Calgary 27 October 2001 5000 m 7:07.61 Olympic Oval, Calgary 10 March 1996 1996 World Junior Championships 10,000 m 15:32.67 Chichibu Muse-Park, Chichibu 19 December 1992 aged 14 Source: SpeedskatingResults.com ===World records=== Event Time Date Venue 1000 m 1:10.42 23 November 1997 Olympic Oval, Calgary 1500 m 1:45.20 16 March 2001 Olympic Oval, Calgary Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com ==Achievements overview== Speedskating achievements of Lee Kyou-hyuk, data from Year Winter Olympics Single Distance WCh Allround WCh Sprint WCh World Cup 1994 36th 500m 32nd 1000m 1995 NC20 - 36th 1000m 1996 24th 500m 21st 1000m 1997 - NC21 - 29th 500m 15th 1000m 1 third 1998 8th 500m 13th 1000m - - 12th 16th 500m 11th 1000m 1 win 1999 - - - 49th 500m 49th 1000m 2000 15th 500m 12th 1000m - - 11th 500m 12th 1000m 1 third 2001 5th 500m 4th 1000m - 9th 6th 500m 4th 1000m 1 second, 1 third 2002 5th 500m 8th 1000m 8th 1500m - 6th 8th 500m 12th 1000m 27th 1500m 1 win, 1 third 2003 10th 1000m 24th 1500m - 6th 8th 500m 14th 1000m 22nd 1500m 2004 13th 500m 15th 1000m - 20th 40th 500m 31st 1000m 2005 21st 500m 22nd 1000m - 11th 16th 500m 15th 1000m 1 win 2006 4th 1000m 17th 500m - 4th 17th 500m 17th 1000m 39th 1500m 2007 1000m 4th 500m - Gold 5th 500m 2nd 1000m 5 wins, 4 second, 4 third 2008 500m 6th 1000m - Gold 4th 500m 6th 1000m 1 second, 5 third 2009 500m 7th 1000m - Disqualification 5th 500m 5th 1000m 2 wins, 2 second, 3 third 2010 15th 500m 9th 1000m - Gold 7th 500m 10th 1000m 3 wins, 3 second, 1 third 2011 500m 4th 1000m - Gold 500m 1000m 1 win, 5 second, 4 third :- = did not take part :NC# = not qualified for the final distance ==References== ==External links== * * Lee Kyou-hyuk at SpeedSkatingStats.com * * * * Player profile at Yahoo Sports * Player profile at NBC Olympics * SpeedSkatingNews.info: Athleten vorgestellt * Jakub Majerski's Speed Skating Database * Category:1978 births Category:South Korean male speed skaters Category:Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics Category:Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics Category:Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Category:Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Category:Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Category:Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Category:Olympic speed skaters for South Korea Category:World record setters in speed skating Category:Speed skaters from Seoul Category:Living people Category:Asian Games medalists in speed skating Category:Speed skaters at the 1996 Asian Winter Games Category:Speed skaters at the 1999 Asian Winter Games Category:Speed skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games Category:Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Category:Speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea Category:Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea Category:Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games Category:Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games Category:Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Category:Universiade medalists in speed skating Category:World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists Category:World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists Category:Universiade silver medalists for South Korea Category:Universiade bronze medalists for South Korea Category:Competitors at the 1997 Winter Universiade Category:South Korean Buddhists |
This is a list of foreign football players in the Russian Premier League. The players had to play at least one league game to be included, the players who were signed by a Premier League club but only played in the Cup games, reserves team or in friendlies are not listed. The years listed are the calendar years the players played at least one league game in, if they didn't play in a year, that year is not listed even if they played in Cup games or for the reserves that year or played in the previous year that was the part of the same season. That includes the new signings who aren't yet registered to play. Players who originally played for a foreign national team but later played for Russia (such as Yuri Nikiforov or Valery Kechinov) are not included. Players who originally played for Russia but later played for a foreign team (such as Aleksei Bakharev or Vladislav Lemish) are included. Players who hold dual citizenship (including Russian) are included, unless they played for the Russian national team (including junior levels). The players who hold dual citizenship (none of them Russian) are listed under the country of their birth (if they have not played for any national team) or under the country they represented internationally (including junior levels). If a player represented more than one country internationally, he is listed under the country he represented last. The players whose name is written in bold are on the 2022–23 squad lists in the league. ==Afghanistan== * Sharif Mukhammad – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010–2014 ==Albania== * Bekim Balaj – FC Akhmat Grozny, FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2016–2019, 2021 * Elvin Beqiri – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Enis Gavazaj – FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2018 * Ilion Lika – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Mario Mitaj – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022–2023 * Odise Roshi – FC Terek Grozny – 2016–2020 ==Algeria== * Sofiane Hanni – FC Spartak Moscow – 2018–2019 * Raïs M'Bolhi – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011 * Mehdi Zeffane – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2020–2021 ==Angola== * Bastos – FC Rostov – 2013–2016, 2021 * João Batxi – FC Krasnodar – 2022–2023 * Egas Cacintura – FC Ufa – 2021–2022 * Felício Milson – FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod – 2022 * Francisco Zuela – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2009–2011 ==Argentina== * Oscar Ahumada – FC Rostov – 2011 * Cristian Ansaldi – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2008–2014 * Alejandro Barbaro – FC SKA- Khabarovsk – 2017 * Antonio Barijho – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004 * Pablo Barrientos – FC Moscow – 2006–2008 * Adrián Bastía – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004 * Héctor Bracamonte – FC Moscow, FC Terek Grozny, FC Rostov – 2003–2012 * Fernando Cavenaghi – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004–2006 * Germán Conti – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2023 * Tino Costa – FC Spartak Moscow – 2013–2014 * Alejandro Domínguez – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2004–2009 * Sebastián Driussi – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2017–2021 * Leandro Fernández – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006–2014 * Osmar Ferreyra – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2004–2005 * Gabriel Florentín – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Pablo Fontanello – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2014–2016 * Adolfo Gaich – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2020–2022 * Ezequiel Garay – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2014–2016 * Walter García – FC Rubin Kazan – 2006 * Benjamín Garré – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2023 * Pablo Guiñazú – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004 * Juan Manuel Insaurralde – FC Spartak Moscow – 2012–2015 * Matías Kranevitter – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2017–2019 * Juan Lescano – FC SKA-Khabarovsk, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2017–2019 * Gustavo Lillo – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002–2003 * Maxi López – FC Moscow – 2007–2008 * Cristian Maidana – FC Spartak Moscow – 2008, 2010 * Emanuel Mammana – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, PFC Sochi – 2017–2021 * Braian Mansilla – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Lucas Masoero – FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2021–2023 * Patricio Matricardi – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2020 * Daniel Montenegro – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004–2005 * Maximiliano Moralez – FC Moscow – 2007 * Leandro Paredes – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2017–2018 * Nicolás Pareja – FC Spartak Moscow – 2010–2012 * Franco Parodi – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2009 * Nicolás Pavlovich – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2003–2005 * Guillermo Pereyra – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2008 * Matías Pérez – FC Orenburg – 2023 * Gustavo Pinto – FC Moscow – 2003–2004 * Ezequiel Ponce – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019–2021 * Lucas Pusineri – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2003–2004 * Federico Rasic – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2018 * Emiliano Rigoni – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2017–2020 * Clemente Rodríguez – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004–2006, 2008–2009 * Marcos Rojo – FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2012 * Lucas Vera – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 ==Armenia== * Armen Adamyan – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995 * Georgy Arutyunyan – FC Krasnodar – 2023 * Robert Arzumanyan – FC Amkar Perm – 2015 * Garnik Avalyan – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Uralan Elista – 1993–2000 * Khoren Bayramyan – FC Rostov, FC Rubin Kazan – 2011–2012, 2015–2023 * Roman Berezovsky – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Khimki – 1996–2005, 2007–2009, 2012–2014 * Karen Dokhoyan – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2000–2006 * Pavel Gorelov – FC Rostov – 2020 * Ara Hakobyan – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999 * Varazdat Haroyan – FC Ural Yekaterinburg, FC Tambov – 2017–2020 * Sargis Hovhannisyan – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1992–1999 * Sargis Hovsepyan – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Torpedo- Metallurg Moscow – 1998–2003 * Manuk Kakosyan – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997–2001 * Aleksandr Karapetyan – PFC Sochi, FC Tambov – 2019–2020 * Vardan Khachatryan – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1993 * Barsegh Kirakosyan – FC Khimki – 2009 * Sergey Kochkanyan – FC Rostov – 2020 * Arshak Koryan – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Khimki – 2017, 2020–2021 * Ruslan Koryan – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017 * Yervand Krbachyan – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1993 * Armen Manucharyan – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2020 * Edgar Manucharyan – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013–2017 * Karapet Mikaelyan – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999–2000 * Hrayr Mkoyan – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2012 * Arthur Mkrtchyan – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1998–1999 * Karlen Mkrtchyan – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2013–2016 * Andrey Movsisyan – CSKA Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Moscow, Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 1996–1997, 2000–2006 * Yura Movsisyan – FC Krasnodar, FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2015 * Aras Özbiliz – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Spartak Moscow – 2012–2015 * Eduard Partsikyan – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1999 * Artur Petrosyan – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1999 * Tigran Petrosyants – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow, FC Uralan Elista, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1995–2000 * Marcos Pizzelli – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Krasnodar – 2012–2013 * Artur Sarkisov – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2012–2014, 2018–2019 * Albert Sarkisyan – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Amkar Perm – 1997–2006 * Armen Shahgeldyan – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2000 * Artyom Simonyan – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022 * Eduard Spertsyan – FC Krasnodar – 2020–2023 * Nair Tiknizyan – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2019–2023 * Erik Vardanyan – PFC Sochi – 2020 * Artur Voskanyan – FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Yeghia Yavruyan – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Aramais Yepiskoposyan – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995–1997 * David Yurchenko – Krylia Sovetov, Mordovia Saransk, FC Ufa, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Tosno, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2010, 2012–13, 2014–19 * Robert Zebelyan – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Khimki – 2007 ==Australia== * Ivan Franjic – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2014–2015 * Luke Wilkshire – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2014, 2016 ==Austria== * Moritz Bauer – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Ufa – 2016–2017, 2021 * Markus Berger – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2014 * Darko Bodul – FC Amkar Perm, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2016–2018 * Jakob Jantscher – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2012–2013 * Emanuel Pogatetz – FC Spartak Moscow – 2005 * Martin Stranzl – FC Spartak Moscow – 2006–2010 ==Azerbaijan== * Ilgar Abdurahmanov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Ruslan Abishov – FC Rubin Kazan – 2013 * Emin Ağayev – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001 * Tarlan Ahmadov – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2000 * Azer Aliyev – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Ufa, FC Tambov – 2018–2021 * Kamran Aliyev – FC Khimki – 2020 * Arif Asadov – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz, FC Tyumen – 1994, 1998 * Deni Gaisumov – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Terek Grozny – 1995, 1997, 2005 * Vali Gasimov – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow – 1992 * Elbeyi Guliyev – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016 * Gurban Gurbanov – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2000–2001 * Ruslan İdiqov – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995 * Vagif Javadov – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011 * Dmitry Kramarenko – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, PFC CSKA Moscow – 1993–2002 * Magomed Kurbanov – FC Rostov – 2012 * Vladislav Lemish – FC Kuban Krasnodar, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1992, 1994, 1997 * Vyacheslav Lychkin – FC Dynamo Stavropol, FC Tyumen – 1992, 1998 * Emin Mahmudov – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2010–2016 * Lev Mayorov – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995–2001, 2003 * Filip Ozobić – FC Spartak Moscow – 2010–2011 * Kazemır Qudiyev – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1996–1997 * Emin Quliyev – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Ramil Sheydayev – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2015, 2018–2019 * Mahir Shukurov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Narvik Sırxayev – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Moscow, FC Terek Grozny – 2000–2005 * Branimir Subašić – FC Amkar Perm – 2005 * Nazim Suleymanov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1992–1998 * Aleksandr Zhidkov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2001 ==Belarus== * Yury Afanasenko – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998 * Mikhail Afanasyev – FC Amkar Perm – 2008–2009 * Dzmitry Aharodnik – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2000–2002 * Anton Amelchenko – FC Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Terek Grozny – 2007–2010, 2012–2014 * Syarhey Amelyanchuk – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Rostov, FC Terek Grozny, FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2013 * Yury Antanovich – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1993–1998 * Andrey Astrowski – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Moscow – 1997–2000, 2004 * Syarhey Balanovich – FC Amkar Perm – 2014–2018 * Eduard Baltrushevich – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2001 * Alyaksandr Baranaw – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Vasili Baranov – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 1996–2003 * Dzmitry Barazna – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Igor Belov – FC Luch Vladivostok – 1993 * Gennadi Bliznyuk – FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2010 * Maksim Bordachyov – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Rostov, FC Orenburg – 2013–2017 * Renan Bressan – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2013 * Vital Bulyga – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Uralan Elista, FC Amkar Perm, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2002–2008 * Dzmitry Chaley – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2002 * Alyaksandr Chayka – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1998–2002 * Artyom Chelyadinsky – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Ilya Chernyak – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2023 * Anton Chichkan – FC Ufa – 2022 * Alyaksandr Chysty – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Amkar Perm – 1996–1997, 2004 * Andrey Chukhley – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013 * Ruslan Danilyuk – FC Dynamo- Gazovik Tyumen – 1995 * Stanislaw Drahun – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Orenburg – 2013–2017 * Yegor Filipenko – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Sibir Novosibirsk, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2008–2010, 2022–2023 * Vyacheslav Geraschenko – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Uralan Elista – 1995–2000, 2002 * Dmitry German – FC Tambov – 2021 * Artem Gomelko – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011 * Boris Gorovoy – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 1999–2003 * Valery Gromyko – FC Arsenal Tula – 2020–2021 * Sergei Gurenko – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1995–1999, 2003–2008 * Syarhey Herasimets – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1997–1999 * Alexander Hleb – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2012, 2017 * Alyaksandr Hrapkowski – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Alyaksandr Hutar – FC Orenburg – 2016 * Pyotr Kachura – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Timofey Kalachyov – FC Rostov, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2006–2019 * Dzmitry Kamarowski – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2005 * Kirill Kaplenko – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Orenburg – 2017, 2020, 2022–2023 (received Russian citizenship in 2018, switched international allegiance back to Belarus in 2022) * Alyaksandr Karnitsky – FC Tosno – 2017–2018 * Uladzimir Karytska – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye, FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Terek Grozny, FC Arsenal Tula – 2002–2005, 2015 * Yury Kavalyow – FC Arsenal Tula, FC Orenburg – 2020–2023 * Yury Khadaronak – FC Luch Vladivostok – 1993 * Vasil Khamutowski – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Amkar Perm – 2001, 2006–2007, 2011 * Andrey Khlebasolaw – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1995 * Syarhey Kislyak – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Krasnodar – 2011–2016 * Andrey Klimovich – FC Orenburg – 2019–2020 * Volodymyr Konovalov – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz – 1993 * Artem Kontsevoy – FC Spartak Moscow, PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2003, 2009 * Sergei Kornilenko – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2008–2019 * Andrei Kovalenko – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Rotor Volgograd, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1992–1993, 1996–1998, 2000 * Konstantin Kovalenko – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 1996–2000, 2002 * Igor Kovalevich – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1994–1995 * Leonid Kovel – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2008–2010 * Dzyanis Kowba – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2000–2011 * Aliaksei Kuchuk – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Alyaksandr Kulchy – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Rostov, FC Krasnodar – 1997–1999, 2002–2007, 2009–2012 * Syarhey Lagutko – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1996 * Leanid Lahun – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2001–2002 * Vital Lanko – FC Fakel Voronezh, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Luch- Energiya Vladivostok – 2001, 2006–2008 * Denis Laptev – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022 * Andrei Lavrik – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Amkar Perm – 1998–2001, 2004–2007 * Alyaksandr Lebedzew – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007 * Dmitry Lentsevich – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2006 * Vitaly Lisakovich – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rubin Kazan – 2020–2022 * Alyaksandar Lukhvich – FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Uralan Elista, FC Torpedo Moscow – 1997–2004 * Mikhail Markhel – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1993–1996 * Yuri Markhel – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001 * Alyaksandr Martynovich – FC Krasnodar, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2011–2022 * Aleksandr Martyoshkin – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994–1995, 1997 * Ivan Mayewski – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2015–2016, 2021 * Alyaksandr Mazhavoy – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz – 1993 * Vladimir Medved – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2021 * Uladzimir Mihurski – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1992 * Dmitry Molosh – FC Sibir Novosibirsk, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2010–2012 * Pavel Nyakhaychyk – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Orenburg – 2011–2012, 2014, 2016–2017 * Alyaksandr Oreshnikow – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995–1998, 2000 * Radislav Orlovsky – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1997–2001 * Ihar Patapaw – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996 * Aleksandr Pavlovets – FC Rostov, FC Orenburg – 2020–2022 * Kiril Pavlyuchek – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Denis Polyakov – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2019–2020 * Anton Putsila – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Torpedo Moscow – 2013–2015 * Kiryl Pyachenin – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Syarhey Pyatrukovich – FC Dynamo- Gazovik Tyumen – 1994 * Pavel Radnyonak – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1994 * Artsyom Radzkow – FC Khimki, FC Terek Grozny – 2008, 2013 * Andrei Rapeika – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996–1997 * Dzmitry Rawneyka – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2003–2004 * Maksim Romaschenko – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Khimki – 1997–2000, 2004–2006, 2009 * Miroslav Romaschenko – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg, FC Spartak Moscow – 1994–1998 * Mikalay Ryndzyuk – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1998–2000 * Andrei Satsunkevich – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995–1997 * Aleksandr Sednyov – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1995, 1998 * Aleksandr Selyava – FC Rostov – 2022–2023 * Valeri Shantalosau – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Torpedo Moscow – 1992–2000 * Igor Shitov – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2011–2016 * Aleh Shkabara – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002, 2005 * Ilya Shkurin – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2020–2021 * Syarhey Shtanyuk – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 1996–2000, 2003–2007 * Yuri Shukanov – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Uralan Elista, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1996–2001 * Uladzimir Shuneyka – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000–2003 * Mikalay Signevich – FC Khimki – 2020 * Mikhail Sivakow – FC Orenburg, FC Amkar Perm – 2017–2020, 2022–2023 * Vadim Skripchenko – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2000 * Aleksey Skvernyuk – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Kuban Krasnodar, PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2005–2009, 2011–2012 * Mikhail Smirnov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1993 * Andrei Sosnitskiy – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz, FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1992–1996 * Sergey Sosnovski – FC Tom Tomsk – 2011–2012 * Alyaksey Suchkow – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004 * Rodion Syamuk – FC Tambov – 2021 * Andrey Syarohin – FC Tyumen – 1997 * Ihar Tarlowski – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998–2004 * Ihar Tsaplyuk – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1993 * Yan Tsiharaw – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2015 * Gennady Tumilovich – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1998–2002 * Vital Valadzyankow – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Maksim Valadzko – FC Arsenal Tula, FC Tambov – 2019–2020 * Raman Vasilyuk – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001–2003 * Sergey Vekhtev – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1997 * Sergey Veremko – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Ufa – 2011–2014 * Dzmitry Verkhawtsow – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Ufa – 2012–2015 * Andrei Viktorovich – FC Luch Vladivostok – 1993 * Zakhar Volkov – FC Khimki – 2022 * Uladzimir Vostrykaw – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997 * Valery Vyalichka – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995–1996 * Alyaksandr Vyazhevich – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997 * Erik Yakhimovich – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1994–2000 * Syarhey Yaskovich – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2000–2001, 2004–2005 * Vladimir Yurchenko – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2008–2009 * Roman Yuzepchuk – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2023 * Maksim Zhavnerchik – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009, 2011–2014 * Yuri Zhevnov – FC Moscow, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2005–2015 * Uladzimir Zhuravel – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1998–1999 * Kirill Zinovich – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021 * Nikolay Zolotov – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2020 ==Belgium== * Gianni Bruno – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2016–2017 * Maximiliano Caufriez – FC Spartak Moscow – 2021–2022 * Danilo – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2014–2015 * Jonathan Legear – FC Terek Grozny – 2011–2013 * Maxime Lestienne – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Nicolas Lombaerts – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2007–2017 * Cédric Roussel – FC Rubin Kazan – 2004 * Jeroen Simaeys – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2015–2016 * Axel Witsel – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2012–2016 ==Bolivia== * Juan Carlos Arce – FC Terek Grozny – 2010 ==Bosnia and Herzegovina== * Mersudin Ahmetović – FC Rostov, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2009–2012 * Ricardo Baiano – FC Kuban Krasnodar, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Moscow – 2004, 2007–2009 * Ivan Bašić – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Džemal Berberović – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007 * Dragan Blatnjak – FC Khimki, FC Rostov – 2007–2012 * Dario Damjanović – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Goran Drmić – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2010 * Samir Duro – FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2003 * Nenad Gagro – FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2002 * Renato Gojković – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Vladan Grujić – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Dennis Hadžikadunić – FC Rostov – 2018–2021 * Amir Hamzić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Haris Handžić – FC Ufa – 2014–2016 * Dženan Hošić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2002 * Senijad Ibričić – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2012 * Petar Jelić – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2012 * Omer Joldić – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2001–2002 * Mario Jurić – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2004–2006 * Miro Katić – FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 2003 * Zehrudin Kavazović – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Branislav Krunić – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Moscow – 2005–2009 * Edis Kurtić – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001 * Josip Lukačević – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Ajdin Maksumić – FC Khimki – 2007 * Darko Maletić – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004–2005 * Zvjezdan Misimović – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2011–2012 * Amel Mujčinović – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Samir Muratović – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2001–2003 * Srđan Pecelj – FC Sokol Saratov – 2001 * Elvir Rahimić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2000–2013 * Amar Rahmanović – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2022–2023 * Senad Repuh – FC Sokol Saratov – 2001–2002 * Munever Rizvić – FC Moscow – 2001–2004 * Miloš Šatara – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2023 * Igor Savić – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Kabir Smajić – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2001 * Emir Spahić – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2004–2008, 2013 * Dragan Stojkić – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Toni Šunjić – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2015, 2017–2020 * Darko Todorović – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2021–2023 * Marko Topić – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 2005–2010 * Vule Trivunović – FC Khimki – 2007–2009 * Ognjen Vranješ – FC Krasnodar, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Tom Tomsk – 2011–2013, 2016 * Aleksandar Vrhovac – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999–2000 * Adnan Zahirović – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2011–2012 * Hadis Zubanović – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 ==Brazil== * Adílson – FC Terek Grozny – 2012–2016 * Luiz Adriano – FC Spartak Moscow – 2017–2019 * Aílton – FC Terek Grozny – 2012–2015 * Alberto – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2004 * Carlos Alberto – FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow – 1997 * Alex – FC Spartak Moscow – 2009–2011 * Aloísio – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2004 * Yuri Alberto – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2022 * Alex Alves – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004 * André Alves – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Léo Andrade – FC Khimki – 2023 * Ângelo – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001–2002 * Apodi – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2016 * Ari – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krasnodar, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2010–2018 (received Russian citizenship in 2018, called up to the Russia national team) * Fábio Augusto – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Gabriel Atz – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Khimki – 2006–2008 * Baiano – FC Rubin Kazan – 2006 * Helio Batista – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999 * Rodrigo Becão – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2019 * William Boaventura – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Pedro Botelho – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2007 * Ricardo Bóvio – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Brener – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Calisto – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2007 * Rafael Carioca – FC Spartak Moscow – 2009, 2011–2014 * Diego Carlos – FC Ufa – 2014–2016 * Jean Carlos – FC Amkar Perm – 2009–2010 * Carlos Eduardo – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010, 2012, 2014–2016 * Carlos Roberto – FC Rostov – 2003 * Cardoso – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012 * Anderson Carvalho – FC Tosno – 2017 * Daniel Carvalho – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2004–2009 * Cassiano – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Celsinho – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006 * Júlio César – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2002–2003 * Charles – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2008–2010 * Claudinho – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2021–2023 (received Russian citizenship in 2023) * Cléber – FC Terek Grozny – 2009 * Fábio Costa – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Fernando Costanza – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2022–2023 * Da Silva – FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2003 * Da Silva – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995 * Danielson – FC Khimki – 2008 * Danilo – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2014 * Derlei – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005–2006 * André Dias – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Dudu – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2005–2008 * Edu – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 1998–2001 * Élson – FC Rostov – 2011–2012 * Paulo Emilio – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998–2002 * Ewerton – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2012–2014 * Ewerthon – FC Terek Grozny – 2011 * Lucas Fasson – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022–2023 * Felipe – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2008–2009 * André Felipe – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2023 * Mário Fernandes – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012–2016 (received Russian citizenship in 2016, called up to the Russia national team) * Fernando – FC Spartak Moscow – 2016–2019 * Antonio Ferreira – PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Terek Grozny – 2009–2014 * Fininho – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2009 * Flamarion – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2020–2021 * Flávio – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Bruno Fuchs – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2020–2022 * Gaúcho – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002–2003 * Éder Gaúcho – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Géder – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Spartak Moscow – 2003–2007 * Gelson – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004 * Giuliano – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2016–2017 * Guilherme – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2009–2010 * Marcos Guilherme – FC Khimki – 2023 * Hernani – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2017–2019 * Hulk – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2012–2016 * Ibson – FC Spartak Moscow – 2009–2011 * Ilson – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004 * Isael – FC Krasnodar – 2013–2014 * Ismael – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2017–2021 * Léo Jabá – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2017–2018 * Jaílson – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007 * Jajá – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2023 * Jean – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rubin Kazan – 2004–2007 * Jean – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2005–2006 * Jefferson – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Jefthon – FC Kuban Krasnodar, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Rubin Kazan – 2004, 2006–2008 * Ricardo Jesus – PFC Spartak Nalchik, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2007–2010 * Jô – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2006–2008 * João Carlos – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2015 * Joãozinho – FC Krasnodar, FC Dynamo Moscow, PFC Sochi – 2011–2023 (received Russian citizenship in 2016) * Jonathas – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Jorginho – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999 * Junior – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995–1996 * Jucilei – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011–2013 * Kady – FC Krasnodar – 2023 * Kaio – FC Krasnodar – 2019–2023 * Kanu – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2016 * Pedro Ken – FC Terek Grozny – 2016 * Leandro – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2003–2004 * Leandro – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004 * Leandro da Silva – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2008–2011, 2013–2014 * Leilton – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2003–2011 * Leonardo – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015 * Leonidas – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow – 1996–1997 * Francisco Lima – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004–2006 * David Lopes – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Róbson Lopes – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Vágner Love – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2004–2011, 2013 * Ayrton Lucas – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019–2022 * Jorge Luís – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006 * Luizão – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Maicon – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2010–2017 * Malcom – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2019–2023 (received Russian citizenship in 2023) * Gustavo Mantuan – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2022–2023 * Marcão – FC Spartak Moscow – 2000–2001 * Marcelo Silva – FC Spartak Moscow – 2002 * Marcinho – FC Ufa – 2014–2016 * Marcos – FC KamAZ- Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Maurício – FC Spartak Moscow – 2016–2017 * Maurício – FC Terek Grozny, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2010–2017 * Diego Maurício – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012 * Miguel – PFC Sochi – 2023 * Murilo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2019–2021 * Mendes – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1998 * Milá – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Moisés – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002–2004 * Moisés – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Mozart – FC Spartak Moscow – 2005–2008 * Nadson – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2013, 2015–2018 * Naldo – FC Krasnodar – 2016–2017 * Danilo Neco – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012–2013 * Pablo – FC Rubin Kazan – 2020 * Pablo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021 * Pedrinho – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022 * Peniche – FC Spartak Moscow – 1999 * Ramón – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2007–2009 * Eduardo Ratinho – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2007 * Ravanelli – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2017–2020 * Régis – FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2003 * Robert Renan – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2023 * Ricardinho – FC Tosno – 2018 * Robert – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Roberto Carlos – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011 * Luis Robson – FC Spartak Moscow – 1997–2001 * Pedro Rocha – FC Spartak Moscow – 2017–2018 * Rodolfo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Terek Grozny – 2007–2010, 2015–2019 * Rodrigão – PFC Sochi, FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2021–2023 * Rômulo – FC Spartak Moscow – 2012, 2014–2016 * Rôni – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003–2005 * Rudnei – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012–2013 * Russo – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Leandro Samarone – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rubin Kazan – 1996–1998, 2000–2003 * Philipe Sampaio – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2017 * Felipe Santana – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2016 * Douglas Santos – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2019–2023 * Lucas Santos – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2019 * Rafael Schmitz – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2004 * Souza – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003–2005 * Diego Tardelli – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011 * Bruno Teles – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2012–2014 * Thiago Maciel – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Rodrigo Tiuí – FC Terek Grozny – 2010–2011 * Vanderlei – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Bruno Viana – FC Khimki – 2022 * Victor – FC Amkar Perm – 2010 * Vitinho – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2013–2014, 2017–2018 * Felipe Vizeu – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2020 * Jorge Wagner – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2003–2004 * Wágner – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2009–2010 * Wanderson – FC Krasnodar – 2017–2021 * Wánderson – FC Krasnodar, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2012–2017 * Welinton – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2013 * Welliton – FC Spartak Moscow – 2007–2012 * Wendel – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2020–2023 * Willer – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Luch- Energiya Vladivostok – 2002, 2006 * William – FC Amkar Perm, FC Ufa – 2009, 2014 * Willian – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2013 * Willyan – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Xandão – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2013–2016 * Zelão – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2008–2012 ==Bulgaria== * Mihail Aleksandrov – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2018 * Atanas Bornosuzov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2006 * Nikolay Dimitrov – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2017–2020 * Viktor Genev – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011 * Tsvetan Genkov – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2007–2009 * Blagoy Georgiev – FC Terek Grozny, FC Amkar Perm, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Orenburg – 2009–2017 * Ventsislav Hristov – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017 * Valentin Iliev – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 * Ivan Ivanov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Arsenal Tula – 2010, 2017 * Georgi Kostadinov – FC Arsenal Tula – 2018–2022 * Lachezar Kotev – FC Khimki – 2023 * Martin Kushev – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Amkar Perm – 2003–2010 * Zdravko Lazarov – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Dimitar Makriev – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011 * Georgi Milanov – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2013–2018 * Zhivko Milanov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2013–2014 * Aleksandar Mladenov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2006–2008 * Stanislav Manolev – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2016 * Plamen Nikolov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2012–2013 * Georgi Peev – FC Amkar Perm – 2007–2016 * Ivaylo Petkov – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004, 2007 * Svetoslav Petrov – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004 * Ivelin Popov – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov, PFC Sochi – 2012–2022 * Zahari Sirakov – FC Amkar Perm – 2004–2015 * Mateo Stamatov – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Radostin Stanev – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2003 * Ivan Stoyanov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 * Dimitar Telkiyski – FC Amkar Perm – 2009 * Todor Timonov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Dimitar Trendafilov – FC Fakel Voronezh – 1997 * Chavdar Yankov – FC Rostov – 2010–2011 * Evgeni Yordanov – FC Amkar Perm – 2005–2006 * Petar Zanev – FC Amkar Perm, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2013–2019 ==Burkina Faso== * Ibrahim Gnanou – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 * Charles Kaboré – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Krasnodar, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2013–2021 * Mohamed Konaté – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, FC Tambov, FC Khimki, FC Akhmat Grozny – 2016, 2019–2023 * Bakary Koné – FC Arsenal Tula – 2019 * Herve Xavier Zengue – FC Terek Grozny – 2010–2012 ==Burundi== * Parfait Bizoza – FC Ufa – 2021 ==Cameroon== * Benoît Angbwa – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Saturn Moscow Oblast, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Rostov – 2006–2013 * Mvondo Atangana – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Samuel Didier Biang – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004 * André Bikey – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2005–2006 * Jean Bouli – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 * Petrus Boumal – FC Ural Yekaterinburg, FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2017–2021 * Serge Branco – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2005–2007 * Hans Eric Ekounga – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1998–1999 * David Embé – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Guy Stéphane Essame – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2012 * Samuel Eto'o – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011–2013 * Bruno Koagne Tokam – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1998–1999 * Didier Lamkel Zé – FC Khimki – 2022 * Moumi Ngamaleu – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Jupiter Yves Ngangue – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Bertrand Ngapounou – FC Rostov – 2004 * Clinton N'Jie – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2022 * Gaël Ondoua – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2018–2019 * Ambroise Oyongo – FC Krasnodar – 2021 * Michel Pensée – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Alex Song – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Alphonse Tchami – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Jerry- Christian Tchuissé – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Moscow – 1998–2006 * Adolphe Teikeu – FC Krasnodar, FC Terek Grozny – 2013, 2015 * Luc Zoa – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004 ==Canada== * Joseph Di Chiara – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011–2012 * Richie Ennin – FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2021–2022 * Ante Jazić – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004 ==Cape Verde== * Zé Luís – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2015–2021 * Kevin Pina – FC Krasnodar – 2022–2023 * Nuno Rocha – FC Tosno – 2017–2018 ==Central African Republic== * Cédric Yambéré – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016 ==Chad== * Ezechiel N'Douassel – FC Terek Grozny – 2012–2013 ==Chile== * Gerson Acevedo – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013–2016 * Mark González – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2009–2013 * Eduardo Lobos – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2005–2010 * Víctor Méndez – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Marco Villaseca – FC Rostov – 2004 ==Colombia== * Wilmar Barrios – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2019–2023 * Daniel Buitrago – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2012 * Jorge Carrascal – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Mateo Cassierra – PFC Sochi, FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2021–2023 * Roger Cañas – FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2010 * Jhon Córdoba – FC Krasnodar – 2021–2023 * Juan Carlos Escobar – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2007–2011 * Ricardo Laborde – FC Krasnodar – 2013–2018 * Dilan Ortiz – FC Ufa – 2022 * Darwin Quintero – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2007 * Jherson Vergara – FC Arsenal Tula – 2016–2017 ==Congo== * Emmerson – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2022–2023 * Delvin N'Dinga – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2015–2016 * Maurice Pedro – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Christopher Samba – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2012–2016 ==Congo DR== * Jeremy Bokila – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2015 * Giannelli Imbula – PFC Sochi – 2020 * Patrick Etshimi – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2010 * Chris Mavinga – FC Rubin Kazan – 2013 * Mulumba Mukendi – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2013–2014 * Ilongo Ngasanya – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006 * Joël Tshibamba – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2012 ==Costa Rica== * Felicio Brown Forbes – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Ufa, FC Arsenal Tula, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Amkar Perm – 2013–2014, 2016–2018 * Carlos Castro – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003 * Jimmy Marín – FC Orenburg – 2022–2023 * Winston Parks – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2003–2005 * Marco Ureña – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2011–2014 * Berny Wright – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003 ==Croatia== * Mateo Barać – PFC Sochi, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2021–2022 * Tonči Bašić – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001 * Silvije Begić – FC Orenburg, FC Rubin Kazan, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2018–2023 * Kristijan Bistrović – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2021 * Igor Budiša – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005–2006 * Mijo Caktaš – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Vedran Celiščak – FC Torpedo- Metallurg Moscow – 2003 * Josip Čondrić – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2020–2021 * Vedran Ćorluka – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2012–2021 * Mario Ćurić – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Marko Dinjar – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Tomislav Dujmović – FC Amkar Perm, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2006–2013 * Matija Dvorneković – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2012–2013 * Marko Dugandžić – PFC Sochi – 2020–2021 * Danijel Hrman – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Ivo Iličević – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016 * Tin Jedvaj – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021–2022 * Edin Junuzović – FC Amkar Perm – 2009 * Josip Knežević – FC Amkar Perm – 2010–2011 * Dario Krešić – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2012–2013 * Matija Kristić – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Ivica Križanac – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2005–2010 * Marko Livaja – FC Rubin Kazan – 2014–2015 * Dejan Lovren – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2020–2022 * Hrvoje Milić – FC Rostov – 2013–2015 * Danijel Miškić – FC Orenburg, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2018–2023 * Nikola Moro – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2020–2022 * Filip Mrzljak – FC Ufa – 2020–2022 * Zoran Nižić – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2019–2023 * Igor Novaković – FC Tom Tomsk – 2006–2007 * Ivica Olić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2003–2006 * Mario Pašalić – FC Spartak Moscow – 2017–2018 * Ivan Paurević – FC Ufa – 2014–2019 * Boris Pavić – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Ante Pešić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1999 * Stipe Pletikosa – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostov – 2007–2009, 2011–2015 * Ante Puljić – FC Tom Tomsk – 2016–2017 * Dejan Radonjić – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2019–2020 * Zvonimir Šarlija – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2019 * Gordon Schildenfeld – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2012 * Marko Šimić – FC Khimki – 2007, 2009 * Stjepan Skočibušić – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2006 * Stjepan Tomas – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007–2009 * Filip Uremović – FC Rubin Kazan – 2018–2022 * Hrvoje Vejić – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2008 * Nikola Vlašić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2021 * Marijan Vuka – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004 * Ognjen Vukojević – FC Spartak Moscow – 2013 * Danijel Vušković – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Ivica Žunić – FC Orenburg – 2016 ==Czech Republic== * Erich Brabec – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2002–2004 * Marek Čech – FC Luch- Energiya Vladivostok, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2007–2009 * Tomáš Čížek – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Moscow, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2003–2008, 2010 * Richard Dostálek – FC Rubin Kazan – 2004 * Lukáš Droppa – FC Tom Tomsk – 2016 * Jan Flachbart – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2004–2005 * Lukáš Hartig – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2003–2005 * Martin Hašek – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004 * Jan Holenda – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Rostov, FC Tom Tomsk – 2010–2014 * Martin Horák – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Rostov, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2003–2007, 2010 * Roman Hubník – FC Moscow – 2007–2008 * Martin Hyský – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002 * David Jablonský – FC Tom Tomsk – 2016 * Jiří Jarošík – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003–2004, 2008–2009 * Martin Jiránek – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Terek Grozny, FC Tom Tomsk – 2004–2014 * Luboš Kalouda – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2008 * Marek Kincl – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2004 * Antonín Kinský – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004–2010 * Jan Koller – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2008–2009 * Radoslav Kováč – FC Spartak Moscow – 2005–2008 * Alex Král – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019–2021 * Tomáš Kuchař – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2003 * Jan Kuchta – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022 * Roman Lengyel – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Rostov – 2004, 2007, 2009–2010 * Pavel Mareš – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2003–2006 * Tomáš Necid – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2009–2013 * Jaroslav Nesvadba – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006 * Jiří Novotný – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2004 * Marian Palát – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2007 * Michal Papadopulos – FC Rostov – 2011–2012 * Adam Petrouš – FC Rubin Kazan – 2004 * Radek Šírl – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2003–2009 * Marek Suchý – FC Spartak Moscow – 2010–2013 * Aleš Urbánek – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004 * Karel Urbánek – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1999 * Ondřej Vaněk – FC Ufa – 2016–2019 * Petr Vašek – FC Sibir Novosibirsk, FC Tom Tomsk – 2010, 2012–2014 * Stanislav Vlček – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004 * Tomáš Vychodil – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2005, 2010 * Martin Zbončák – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004 ==Denmark== * Oliver Abildgaard – FC Rubin Kazan – 2020–2022 * Anders Dreyer – FC Rubin Kazan – 2021 * Michael Lumb – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2010–2012 * Younes Namli – FC Krasnodar – 2019 ==Ecuador== * Felipe Caicedo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2013 * Christian Noboa – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, PFC Sochi – 2007–2023 * Cristian Ramírez – FC Krasnodar – 2017–2023 (acquired Russian citizenship in 2021, is not eligible to play for Russia national team) ==El Salvador== * Rodolfo Zelaya – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2013 ==England== * Tino Anjorin – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021 * David Bentley – FC Rostov – 2012 ==Estonia== * Enar Jääger – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2005–2006 * Tarmo Kink – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Andrei Krasnopjorov – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1999 * Dmitri Kruglov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rostov – 2005–2006, 2011–2012 * Oleg Lepik – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997–1999 * Jevgeni Novikov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005 * Andres Oper – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2003–2005 * Sergei Pareiko – FC Rotor Volgograd, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2001–2010, 2013–2014 * Andrei Stepanov – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Khimki – 2004–2008 * Sergei Terehhov – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005 * Konstantin Vassiljev – FC Amkar Perm – 2011–2014 * Sergei Zenjov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2015 ==Finland== * Alexei Eremenko – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Rubin Kazan – 2006–2009, 2011–2013 * Roman Eremenko – FC Rubin Kazan, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostov – 2011–2016, 2018–2020 * Otto Fredrikson – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2010–2012 * Juhani Ojala – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2014 * Boris Rotenberg – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Khimki, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2008–2010, 2013–2018 * Berat Sadik – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2015–2017 * Jani Tapani Virtanen – FC Khimki – 2009 ==France== * Filipe Azevedo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2000 * Alexis Beka Beka – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021–2022 * Mohamed Brahimi – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2023 * Rémy Cabella – FC Krasnodar – 2019–2021 * Djibril Cissé – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2013 * Lassana Diarra – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2012–2014 * Johann Duveau – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2000 * Mounir El Haimour – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2004 * Samuel Gigot – FC Spartak Moscow – 2018–2022 * Wilson Isidor – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022–2023 * Steeve Joseph-Reinette – FC Sibir Novosibirsk, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2010–2013 * Damien Le Tallec – FC Mordovia Saransk, FC Torpedo Moscow – 2014–2015, 2022 (acquired Russian citizenship in 2020) * Yohan Mollo – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2015–2018 * Yann M'Vila – FC Rubin Kazan – 2013–2014, 2016–2017 * Gabriel Obertan – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016 * Thomas Phibel – FC Amkar Perm, FC Mordovia Saransk, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2013–2017 * Sébastien Puygrenier – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2008 * Réda Rabeï – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2023 * Sébastien Sansoni – FC Khimki – 2009 * Florent Sinama Pongolle – FC Rostov – 2012–2014 * William Vainqueur – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2015 * Mathieu Valbuena – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2015 ==Gabon== * Guélor Kanga – FC Rostov – 2013–2016 ==Gambia== * Ebrima Ebou Sillah – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2005 * Ali Sowe – FC Rostov – 2021–2022 ==Georgia== * Valeri Abramidze – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Uralan Elista – 2002–2003 * Rati Aleksidze – FC Rostov – 2004 * Besik Amashukeli – FC Lada Togliatti – 1996 * Aleksandre Amisulashvili – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Krasnodar, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2006–2014 * Jano Ananidze – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2009–2019 * Giorgi Arabidze – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2021 * Zurab Arziani – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2010–2011 * Malkhaz Asatiani – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2003–2010 * Mikheil Ashvetia – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Rubin Kazan – 1997, 2000, 2002–2006 * Revaz Barabadze – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Besik Beradze – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1998 * Paata Berishvili – FC Dynamo Stavropol – 1992 * Gennadi Bondaruk – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1993–1999 * Vladimir Burduli – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * David Chaladze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Rubin Kazan – 1998, 2003 * Giorgi Chanturia – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013, 2016–2018 * Soso Chedia – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1996 * Giorgi Chelidze – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2005–2006 * Davit Chichveishvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999 * Gia Chkhaidze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999 * Vitali Daraselia Jr. – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2004–2005 * Zuriko Davitashvili – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rotor Volgograd, FC Arsenal Tula – 2019–2022 * Giorgi Davitnidze – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Giorgi Demetradze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1998–1999, 2002, 2005 * Akaki Devadze – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1995–1996 * Giorgi Dzneladze – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1992–1993 * Iuri Gabiskiria – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1996 * Luka Gagnidze – FC Ural Yekaterinburg, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2021–2023 * Giorgi Gakhokidze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997–1998 * Rezo Gavtadze – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2016 * Aleksandre Geladze – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1998 * Irakli Geperidze – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006 * Zurab Gigashvili – FC Tambov – 2020–2021 * Vasil Gigiadze – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Giorgi Gogiashvili – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1996–1999 * Aleksandre Gogoberishvili – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000 * Gocha Gogrichiani – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1993, 1996–1999 * Gogita Gogua – PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Terek Grozny, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2006–2011 * Shota Grigalashvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012 * Gia Grigalava – FC Rostov, FC Moscow, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Arsenal Tula, FC Khimki – 2007, 2009–2014, 2017–2022 * Soso Grishikashvili – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 1995 * Giorgi Gudushauri – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1998 * Gocha Gujabidze – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1995 * Davit Gvaramadze – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999–2000 * Levan Gvazava – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, FC Terek Grozny – 2004–2011 * Giorgi Iluridze – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Grigol Imedadze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2002 * Gela Inalishvili – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1997 * Zurab Ionanidze – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996–1997 * Gocha Jamarauli – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1996 * Davit Janashia – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1997 * Zaza Janashia – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1996–2001 * Gizo Jeladze – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1999 * Mikheil Jishkariani – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995–1997 * Jaba Kankava – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Mikheil Kavelashvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1995, 2004 * Otar Khizaneishvili – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2001, 2004, 2010 * David Khmelidze – FC Rostselmash Rostov- on-Don – 2001 * Gocha Khojava – FC Rostov, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2005, 2010–2011 * Akaki Khubutia – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2013 * Georgi Kinkladze – FC Rubin Kazan – 2005–2006 * Mamuka Kobakhidze – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2014–2016 * Levan Kobiashvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997 * Dimitri Kudinov – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1997 * Khvicha Kvaratskhelia – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rubin Kazan – 2019–2022 * Irakli Kvekveskiri – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2022–2023 * Davit Kvirkvelia – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2005, 2008–2010 * Solomon Kvirkvelia – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2011–2021 * Giorgi Ladaria – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996 * Jaba Lipartia – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2017 * Elguja Lobjanidze – FC Orenburg – 2017 * Nugzar Lobzhanidze – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1997 * Giorgi Lomaia – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2004, 2006 * Giorgi Loria – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015–2018 * Otar Martsvaladze – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Krasnodar – 2011–2012 * Zurab Menteshashvili – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2003, 2006 * Beka Mikeltadze – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2019–2020 * Mamuka Minashvili – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1994–1998 * Lasha Monaselidze – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1998 * Davit Mujiri – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2009 * Kakhaber Mzhavanadze – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001–2002 * Giorgi Navalovski – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017–2018 * Tornike Okriashvili – FC Krasnodar – 2016–2018 * Zurab Popkhadze – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997–2001 * Mikheil Potskhveria – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Aleksandre Rekhviashvili – FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 2003 * Giorgi Revazishvili – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1998 * Nukri Revishvili – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Krasnodar, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2006–2007, 2009–2012, 2015–2016 * Zaza Revishvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1995–1996 * Guja Rukhaia – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2011–2012 * Edik Sajaia – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2001–2002 * Lasha Salukvadze – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2005–2011 * Saba Sazonov – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2021–2023 * Vaso Sepashvili – FC Lada Togliatti – 1996 * Giorgi Shashiashvili – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Murtaz Shelia – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1995–1997 * Levan Silagadze – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Rubin Kazan – 2000, 2003 * David Siradze – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2008–2012 * Jemal Tabidze – FC Ural Yekaterinburg, FC Ufa – 2017–2021 * Said Tarba – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1995 * Sevasti Todua – FC Uralan Elista – 2002 * Mamuka Tsereteli – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998–2000 * Zurab Tsiskaridze – FC Amkar Perm – 2011 * Kakhaber Tskhadadze – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1992, 1997 * Luka Tsulukidze – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2023 * Mate Vatsadze – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011 ==Germany== * Robert Bauer – FC Arsenal Tula – 2019–2021 * Patrick Ebert – FC Spartak Moscow – 2014–2015 * Malik Fathi – FC Spartak Moscow – 2008–2009 * Benedikt Höwedes – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2018–2020 * Kevin Kurányi – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2010–2015 * Maximilian Philipp – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2020 * Marvin Pourié – FC Ufa – 2015–2016 * André Schürrle – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019 * Serdar Tasci – FC Spartak Moscow – 2014–2018 ==Ghana== * Baba Adamu – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2001–2002, 2004–2006 * Lawrence Adjei – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001 * Prince Koranteng Amoako – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2001–2004 * Haminu Draman – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007–2010 * Joel Fameyeh – FC Orenburg – 2019–2020 * Emmanuel Frimpong – FC Ufa, FC Arsenal Tula – 2014–2016 * Baffour Gyan – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004–2008 * Mohammed Kadiri – FC Arsenal Tula – 2018–2020 * Laryea Kingston – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Terek Grozny, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2004–2006 * Emmanuel Osei Kuffour – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Jonathan Mensah – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016 * Kwadkwo Poku – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2018 * Quincy – FC Spartak Moscow – 2006–2007, 2009 * Mohammed Rabiu – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Tambov – 2013–2016, 2018–2020 * Illiasu Shilla – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2006–2007 * Abdul Aziz Tetteh – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2018–2019 * Patrick Twumasi – FC Amkar Perm – 2014 * Mubarak Wakaso – FC Rubin Kazan – 2013–2014 * Abdul Majeed Waris – FC Spartak Moscow – 2013–2014 ==Greece== * Nikos Karelis – FC Amkar Perm – 2012–2013 * Giourkas Seitaridis – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 ==Guinea== * Ibrahima Cissé – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2022–2023 * Sékou Condé – FC Amkar Perm – 2016–2018 * François Kamano – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2020–2023 * Momo Yansané – FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod – 2022–2023 ==Guinea-Bissau== * Janio Bikel – FC Khimki – 2023 * Cícero – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005–2007 * Almami Moreira – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006 ==Haiti== * Réginal Goreux – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rostov – 2013–2014 ==Hungary== * Balázs Dzsudzsák – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2011–2015 * Miklós Gaál – FC Amkar Perm, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2007–2011 * Szabolcs Huszti – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2009–2012 * Ákos Kecskés – FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod – 2021–2022 * Vladimir Koman – FC Krasnodar, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2012–2014 * Márk Koszta – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022 * Norbert Németh – FC Tom Tomsk – 2009–2010 * Ádám Pintér – FC Tom Tomsk – 2013–2014 * Tamás Priskin – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012–2013 * Szabolcs Sáfár – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 ==Iceland== * Jón Guðni Fjóluson – FC Krasnodar – 2018–2020 * Sverrir Ingi Ingason – FC Rostov – 2017–2018 * Viðar Örn Kjartansson – FC Rostov, FC Rubin Kazan – 2018–2019 * Hörður Björgvin Magnússon – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2022 * Sölvi Ottesen – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013–2014 * Björn Bergmann Sigurðarson – FC Rostov – 2018–2019 * Arnór Sigurðsson – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2021 * Hannes Sigurðsson – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2011 * Ragnar Sigurðsson – FC Krasnodar, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov – 2014–2019 * Arnór Smárason – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2015 ==Iran== * Sardar Azmoun – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov, FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2013–2021 * Saeid Ezatolahi – FC Rostov, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Amkar Perm – 2016–2018 * Milad Mohammadi – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2016–2019 * Reza Shekari – FC Rubin Kazan – 2018 ==Iraq== * Safaa Hadi – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2020 ==Ireland== * Aiden McGeady – FC Spartak Moscow – 2010–2013 ==Israel== * Dani Bondar – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011–2012 * Eli Dasa – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Edi Gotlieb – FC Orenburg – 2019–2020 * Ze'ev Haimovich – FC Terek Grozny – 2009–2011 * Bibras Natcho – FC Rubin Kazan, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2010–2018 * Toto Tamuz – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013 ==Italy== * Salvatore Bocchetti – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Spartak Moscow – 2010–2019 * Domenico Criscito – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2011–2018 * Alessandro Dal Canto – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Claudio Marchisio – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2018 * Cristian Pasquato – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2016–2017 * Dario Passoni – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Ivan Pelizzoli – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2007–2008 * Alessandro Rosina – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2009–2012 * Francesco Ruopolo – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2005 ==Ivory Coast== * Victorien Angban – PFC Sochi – 2021–2023 * Yacouba Bamba – FC Orenburg – 2016 * Yannick Boli – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015–2016 * Jean-Jacques Bougouhi – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016–2017 * Idrissa Doumbia – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2018 * Seydou Doumbia – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2010–2015 * Néné Gbamblé – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2023 * Jean- Philippe Gbamin – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022 * Roman Mory Gbane – FC Khimki – 2022–2023 * Cédric Gogoua – FC Tambov, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2019–2021 * Dacosta Goore – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, FC Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2008–2010, 2012–2013 * Eboue Kouassi – FC Krasnodar – 2016 * Igor Lolo – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Rostov – 2011–2015 * Habib Maïga – FC Arsenal Tula – 2018 * Marco Né – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2011 * Abdul Razak – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2013 * Senin Sebai – FC Khimki, FC Akhmat Grozny – 2021–2022 * Lacina Traoré – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Anzhi Makhachkala, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2011–2013, 2016 ==Jamaica== * Shamar Nicholson – FC Spartak Moscow – 2022–2023 * Damani Ralph – FC Rubin Kazan – 2005, 2007 * Robert Scarlett – FC Spartak Moscow – 2002 * Luton Shelton – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2013–2014 * Errol Stevens – FC Khimki – 2009 ==Japan== * Takafumi Akahoshi – FC Ufa – 2014 * Kento Hashimoto – FC Rostov – 2020–2022 * Keisuke Honda – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2010–2013 * Seiichiro Maki – FC Amkar Perm – 2010 * Daisuke Matsui – FC Tom Tomsk – 2010 * Takuma Nishimura – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2019 * Mitsuki Saito – FC Rubin Kazan – 2021 ==Jordan== * Badran Al-Shaqran – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995–1997 * Adnan Al-Shuaibat – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995–1996 ==Kazakhstan== * Vitaliy Abramov – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin, FC Rotor Volgograd – 1995–1999 * Yuri Aksenov – FC Uralan Elista – 1998–1999, 2002 * Nuraly Alip – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2022–2023 * Igor Avdeyev – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997 * Akmal Bakhtiyarov – PFC Sochi – 2019–2020 * Ruslan Baltiyev – FC Sokol Saratov, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2001–2005 * Aleksandr Bogatyryov – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1992 * Marat Bystrov – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2020–2023 * Sergei Chekmezov – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1993–1994 * Oleg Chukhleba – FC Lada Togliatti, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1994, 1996 * Viktor Dmitrenko – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Renat Dubinskiy – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2002–2005 * Vadim Egoshkin – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996 * Aleksandr Familtsev – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2001, 2005 * Kazbek Geteriev – PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2007–2010, 2012 * Aleksandr Goncharenko – FC Luch Vladivostok – 1993 * Igor Grokhovskiy – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1994 * Yuri Ivanov – FC Lada Togliatti – 1994 * Askhat Kadyrkulov – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2000–2001 * Oleg Kapustnikov – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995 * Andrei Karpovich – FC Rostov, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002–2003, 2007–2008 * Oleg Kornienko – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1994–1999 * Islambek Kuat – FC Orenburg, FC Khimki – 2020 * Andrei Kurdyumov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997–1999 * Konstantin Ledovskikh – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg, FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1993–1994, 1999 * David Loriya – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2009 * Yevgeny Lovchev – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1996 * Dmitry Lyapkin – FC Energiya- Tekstilshchik Kamyshin, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Khimki – 1996, 1999–2002, 2007 * Andrei Miroshnichenko – FC Rotor Volgograd, FC Lada Togliatti – 1993, 1996 * Aleksey Muldarov – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2012 * Oleg Musin – FC Sokol Saratov – 2001–2002 * Vladimir Niederhaus – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1992–1997, 1999 * Maksim Nizovtsev – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Sokol Saratov, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1999, 2001, 2003 * Yevgeni Ovshinov – FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000, 2002–2003 * Konstantin Pavlyuchenko – FC Lada Togliatti, FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1994–1996 * Aleksei Popov – FC Amkar Perm, FC Rubin Kazan – 2004–2012 * Mikhail Rozhkov – FC Rostov – 2009 * Yerkebulan Seydakhmet – FC Ufa – 2018 * Aleksey Shchyotkin – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2021 * Maksim Shevchenko – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997, 1999–2001 * Dmitry Shomko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2021 * Andrey Shkurin – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995–1999 * Andrei Sidelnikov – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2007 * Aleksandr Sklyarov – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1997 * Lev Skvortsov – FC Khimki – 2023 * Samat Smakov – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2000–2001 * Yevgeni Tarasov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Sokol Saratov – 2000–2002 * Sergey Timofeev – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1992–1997 * Arsen Tlekhugov – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Rafael Urazbakhtin – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2001 * Roman Uzdenov – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2007 * Sergei Volgin – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1993–1995 * Valeriy Yablochkin – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1997 * Sergei Yegorov – FC Uralan Elista – 1999 * Bakhtiyar Zaynutdinov – FC Rostov, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2019–2023 * Georgy Zhukov – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016 * Sergey Zhunenko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1992, 1994–1997 ==Kosovo== * Bernard Berisha – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Terek Grozny, FC Akhmat Grozny – 2016–2023 * Ylldren Ibrahimaj – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2021 ==Kyrgyzstan== * Nazim Ajiev – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1995 * Sergei Ivanov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001–2002 * Valery Kichin – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2013, 2018–2019 * Igor Tkachenko – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1992–1993 ==Latvia== * Vitālijs Astafjevs – FC Rubin Kazan – 2004–2005 * Oļegs Blagonadeždins – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Aleksandrs Cauņa – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2011–2016 * Aleksandrs Isakovs – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999–2000 * Valērijs Ivanovs – FC Uralan Elista, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1998–1999 * Aleksandrs Jeļisejevs – FC Uralan Elista – 1998 * Vladimirs Kamešs – FC Amkar Perm – 2013 * Ģirts Karlsons – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004 * Oskars Kļava – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Vladimirs Koļesņičenko – FC Moscow – 2003–2004 * Aleksandrs Koliņko – FC Rostov, FC Rubin Kazan, PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2003–2007, 2010 * Juris Laizāns – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2001–2008 * Valentīns Lobaņovs – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1999 * Mihails Miholaps – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Ēriks Pelcis – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Andrejs Prohorenkovs – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004–2005 * Vīts Rimkus – FC Rostov – 2005 * Andrejs Rubins – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Spartak Moscow – 2003–2006 * Dzintars Sproģis – FC Energiya-Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1996 * Igors Stepanovs – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Andrejs Štolcers – FC Spartak Moscow – 2000 * Igors Troickis – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1997 * Kirill Varaksin – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994 ==Liberia== * Sylvanus Nimely – FC Spartak Moscow – 2018 * Sekou Oliseh – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009–2012, 2014 * Dioh Williams – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 ==Lithuania== * Vytautas Apanavičius – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1997 * Giedrius Arlauskis – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010–2012 * Virginijus Baltušnikas – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996–1997 * Nerijus Barasa – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001–2005 * Algimantas Briaunys – FC Asmaral Moscow – 1992 * Orestas Buitkus – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Rubin Kazan – 1997–1998, 2005 * Fedor Černych – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Orenburg – 2018–2020 * Deividas Česnauskis – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2000–2004 * Edgaras Česnauskis – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov – 2006–2013 * Vidas Dančenka – FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Tomas Danilevičius – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1998 * Ignas Dedura – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, FC Spartak Moscow – 2001, 2004–2009 * Rolandas Džiaukštas – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Moscow – 2001–2007 * Artūras Fomenka – FC Rostselmash Rostov- on-Don – 2000–2002 * Andrius Gedgaudas – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005 * Tadas Gražiūnas – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2000–2001 * Darius Gvildys – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1999 * Algis Jankauskas – FC Amkar Perm – 2004–2005 * Edgaras Jankauskas – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow – 1996–1997 * Andrius Jokšas – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2000–2001 * Mindaugas Kalonas – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007 * Žydrūnas Karčemarskas – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2008 * Igoris Kirilovas – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Arūnas Klimavičius – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2007–2008, 2010 * Darius Maciulevičius – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997 * Valdemaras Martinkėnas – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Darius Miceika – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2002 * Saulius Mikalajūnas – FC Uralan Elista, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 1999–2002 * Tomas Mikuckis – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2015 * Viktoras Olšanskis – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1997 * Tadas Papečkys – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Vadimas Petrenko – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Eimantas Poderis – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997 * Robertas Poškus – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov – 2002–2007 * Aidas Preikšaitis – FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow, FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Nerijus Radžius – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Tomas Ražanauskas – FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow, FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Mantas Samusiovas – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Khimki – 2003–2005, 2007–2008 * Darius Sanajevas – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998 * Mantas Savėnas – FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2010 * Deividas Šemberas – FC Dynamo Moscow, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz– 1998–2013 * Darvydas Šernas – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2008 * Andrius Skerla – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2006 * Audrius Šlekys – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1998 * Gintaras Staučė – FC Spartak Moscow – 1992–1994 * Irmantas Stumbrys – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1997 * Tomas Tamošauskas – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003 * Valdas Trakys – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2000, 2004 * Nerijus Vasiliauskas – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Andrius Velička – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Darius Žutautas – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Dynamo Moscow – 1999–2002, 2005 * Giedrius Žutautas – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1997 * Raimondas Žutautas – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997–1999 * Rimantas Žvingilas – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2000 ==Luxembourg== * Christopher Martins – FC Spartak Moscow – 2022–2023 * Olivier Thill – FC Ufa – 2018–2020 * Sébastien Thill – FC Tambov – 2020 ==Malawi== * Essau Kanyenda – FC Rostov, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2003–2007 ==Mali== * Moussa Doumbia – FC Rostov, FC Arsenal Tula – 2014–2017 * Mamadou Maiga – FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod – 2022–2023 (acquired Russian citizenship in 2021} * Moussa Sissako – PFC Sochi – 2022–2023 * Samba Sow – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2017–2019 * Dramane Traoré – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2006–2010 ==Moldova== * Alexandru Antoniuc – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010–2011 * Igor Armaș – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011–2018 * Victor Berco – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2002–2003 * Vitalie Bordian – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2013 * Simeon Bulgaru – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2010, 2012–2014 * Mihail Caimacov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Emil Caras – FC Tyumen – 1997 * Cătălin Carp – FC Ufa, FC Tambov – 2017–2021 * Valeriu Catînsus – FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2009 * Ilie Cebanu – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2013–2016 * Eugeniu Cebotaru – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2012 * Valeriu Ciupercă – FC Krasnodar, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Rostov, FC Tambov – 2012, 2016–2020 * Serghei Cleșcenco – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1998, 2003 * Vasile Coșelev – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Alexandr Covalenco – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002–2005 * Serghei Covalciuc – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2004–2010 * Alexandru Curtianu – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 1998–2000, 2002 * Sergiu Dadu – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2003–2005, 2010 * Dumitru Dolgov – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Alexandru Epureanu – FC Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2007–2014 * Sergiu Epureanu – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Viorel Frunză – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2008 * Alexandru Gațcan – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2006–2007, 2009–2020 * Radu Gînsari – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2019 * Victor Golovatenco – FC Khimki – 2007–2009 * Stanislav Ivanov – FC Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rostov – 2004–2011 * Nicolae Josan – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Vladislav Lungu – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Vitali Maevici – FC Uralan Elista, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999–2000 * Ivan Mandricenco – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 1992 * Stanislav Namașco – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2011 * Ghenadie Olexici – FC Amkar Perm, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004–2006, 2008 * Victor Patrașco – FC Ufa – 2017 * Igor Picușceac – FC Krasnodar, FC Amkar Perm – 2011–2015 * Mihai Plătică – FC Rostov – 2015 * Alexandru Popovici – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1999 * Radu Rebeja – FC Uralan Elista, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Moscow, FC Khimki – 1999–2008 * Serghei Rogaciov – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2000–2005 * Iurie Scala – FC Lada Togliatti – 1994 * Ștefan Sicaci – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Eugen Sidorenco – FC Tom Tomsk – 2013 * Oleg Șișchin – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Tom Tomsk – 1999–2001, 2005–2006 * Adrian Sosnovschi – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1999–2003 * Dmitri Stajila – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2016 * Gheorghe Stratulat – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000–2001 * Alexandru Suharev – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1997 * Mihail Tcaciuk – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1996 * Boris Tropaneț – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1993–1997 ==Montenegro== * Marko Baša – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2008–2011 * Radoslav Batak – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2005 * Fatos Bećiraj – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2016–2017 * Mladen Božović – FC Tom Tomsk – 2013 * Vladimir Božović – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2013–2015 * Radosav Bulić – FC Rubin Kazan – 2004 * Zaim Divanović – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2023 * Radomir Đalović – FC Amkar Perm – 2011–2012 * Luka Đorđević – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Arsenal Tula, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, PFC Sochi – 2012–2013, 2016–2023 * Nikola Drinčić – FC Amkar Perm, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krasnodar – 2007–2013 * Miodrag Džudović – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006–2012 * Sead Hakšabanović – FC Rubin Kazan – 2021–2022 * Milan Jovanović – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2010–2011 * Mladen Kašćelan – FC Arsenal Tula, FC Tosno – 2014–2015, 2017 * Dušan Lagator – PFC Sochi – 2019–2020 * Vojvoda Malesija – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Nemanja Mijušković – FC Tosno – 2018 * Bogdan Milić – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2011 * Mitar Novaković – FC Amkar Perm – 2008–2013 * Marko Obradović – FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2018 * Rade Petrović – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Marko Rakonjac – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022 * Bojan Roganović – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Marko Simić – FC Rostov – 2017 * Jovan Tanasijević – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov – 2003–2009 * Vladimir Vujović – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Simon Vukčević – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2006–2007 * Miodrag Zec – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2004 ==Morocco== * Ismaïl Aissati – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2016 * Abdelillah Bagui – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostov – 2003, 2005–2006 * Mustapha Bidoudane – FC Rostov – 2005 * Mbark Boussoufa – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2015 * Mehdi Carcela – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011–2013 * Manuel da Costa – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2012 * Khalid Fouhami – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2004 * Abdelkarim Kissi – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2004 * Noureddine Ziyati – FC Amkar Perm – 2004–2006 ==Netherlands== * Otman Bakkal – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2012 * Glenn Bijl – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2021–2023 * Alexander Büttner – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2014–2015 * Romeo Castelen – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2013 * Demy de Zeeuw – FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2012 * Douglas – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2013–2015 * Royston Drenthe – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2013 * Lorenzo Ebecilio – FC Mordovia Saransk, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2014–2016 * Jorrit Hendrix – FC Spartak Moscow – 2021 * Othman El Kabir – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2018–2021 * Gyrano Kerk – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2021–2022 * Gianluca Nijholt – FC Amkar Perm – 2012–2014 * Quincy Promes – FC Spartak Moscow – 2014–2018, 2021–2023 * Fernando Ricksen – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006–2008 * Guus Til – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019–2020 * Tonny Vilhena – FC Krasnodar – 2019–2021 * Rai Vloet – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2022–2023 ==Niger== * Moussa Maâzou – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2009 * Amadou Moutari – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015–2016 ==Nigeria== * Dele Adeleye – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2013, 2018 * Abdulwaheed Afolabi – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2012 * Haruna Babangida – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Benito – FC Tambov – 2019 * Justice Christopher – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Moses Cobnan – FC Krasnodar – 2023 * Babajide Collins Babatunde – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 * Bright Dike – FC Amkar Perm – 2016 * Augustine Eguavoen – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1997–1998 * Chidera Ejuke – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2020–2022 * Isah Eliakwu – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011 * Emmanuel Emenike – FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2013 * Joseph Enakarhire – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Richard Eromoigbe – FC Khimki – 2008 * Okon Flo Essien – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001–2003 * Kehinde Fatai – FC Ufa – 2016–2018 * Idriss Harouna – FC Rostselmash Rostov- on-Don – 2001 * Lukman Haruna – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015 * Ezekiel Henty – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2016 * [Brian Idowu]] – FC Amkar Perm, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Khimki – 2012, 2014–2023 * Sylvester Igboun – FC Ufa, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2015–2022 * Lucky Isibor – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1998–2000 * Sani Kaita – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2009–2010 * Obafemi Martins – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010–2012 * Jerry Mbakogu – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2016 * Victor Moses – FC Spartak Moscow – 2020–2023 * Ahmed Musa – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012–2016, 2018 * Ifeanyi David Nduka – FC Krasnodar – 2023 * Lawrence Nicholas – FC Tambov, FC Khimki – 2020, 2022 * Victor Obinna – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2013 * James Obiorah – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2001–2002, 2004 * Peter Odemwingie – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2007–2010 * Chidi Odiah – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2004–2011 * Fegor Ogude – FC Amkar Perm, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2014–2019 * Samuel Ogunsania – FC Spartak Moscow – 2002 * Emmanuel Okoduwa – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007, 2009 * Isaac Okoronkwo – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Moscow, FC Rostov – 2005–2013 * Jonathan Okoronkwo – FC Krasnodar – 2022 * Solomon Okoronkwo – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2008–2009 * Aaron Samuel Olanare – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Amkar Perm – 2016–2018 * Olakunle Olusegun – FC Krasnodar – 2022–2023 * Patrick Ovie – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002–2006 * Omonigho Temile – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2004–2006 * Duke Udi – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002 * Louis Udoh – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Mohammed Usman – FC Tambov – 2019 * Izunna Uzochukwu – FC Amkar Perm – 2015 ==North Korea== * Choe Myong- ho – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2008 * Hong Yong-jo – FC Rostov – 2009–2010 ==North Macedonia== * Fikret Alomerović – FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow – 1997 * Dragan Čadikovski – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2005 * Goran Dimovski – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Nikola Gjoševski – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001 * Adis Jahović – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2015–2016 * Nikola Karčev – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Igor Kralevski – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2007–2008 * Goran Maznov – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2002, 2007–2010 * Igor Mitreski – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001–2004 * Stevica Ristić – FC Amkar Perm – 2010–2011 * Marko Simonovski – FC Amkar Perm – 2014 * Igor Stamenovski – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001 * Veliče Šumulikoski – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2004–2006, 2010 * David Toshevski – FC Rostov – 2020, 2023 ==Norway== * Haitam Aleesami – FC Rostov – 2020–2021 * Chuma Anene – FC Amkar Perm – 2015–2017 * Emil Bohinen – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2021 * Erik Hagen – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2005–2007 * Jørgen Jalland – FC Rubin Kazan – 2005–2006 * Magnus Nordengen Knudsen – FC Rostov – 2022 * Lars Olden Larsen – FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2022 * Mathias Normann – FC Rostov, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2023 * Stefan Strandberg – FC Krasnodar, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2015–2016, 2019–2021 ==Panama== * Alberto Blanco – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 ==Paraguay== * Diego Acosta – FC Orenburg – 2022 * Júnior Alonso – FC Krasnodar – 2023 * Fabián Balbuena – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2021–2022 * Fredy Bareiro – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2005–2006 * Lucas Barrios – FC Spartak Moscow – 2013–2014 * Luis Nery Caballero – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2012–2014} * Óscar Díaz – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Rubin Kazan – 2004–2005 * Alexis Duarte – FC Spartak Moscow – 2023 * Roberto Fernández – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Jesús Medina – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Lorenzo Melgarejo – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Spartak Moscow – 2013–2020 * Nelson Valdez – FC Rubin Kazan – 2011–2012 * Pablo Zeballos – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2012 ==Peru== * Rivelino Carassa – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003–2004 * Christian Cueva – FC Krasnodar – 2018 * Jefferson Farfán – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2017–2020 * Martín Hidalgo – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2003, 2005 * Andrés Mendoza – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006 * Yordy Reyna – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2023 * Carlos Zambrano – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 ==Poland== * Rafał Augustyniak – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2019–2022 * Ariel Borysiuk – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2014 * Janusz Gol – FC Amkar Perm – 2013–2018 * Damian Gorawski – FC Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005–2008 * Bartłomiej Grzelak – FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2010 * Dawid Janczyk – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2007–2008 * Artur Jędrzejczyk – FC Krasnodar – 2013–2016 * Mariusz Jop – FC Moscow – 2004–2009 * Adam Kokoszka – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2014–2015 * Marcin Komorowski – FC Terek Grozny – 2012–2015 * Marcin Kowalczyk – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2008–2010, 2013–2014 * Wojciech Kowalewski – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2003–2006, 2010 * Grzegorz Krychowiak – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Krasnodar – 2018–2021 * Michał Kucharczyk – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2019–2020 * Marcin Kuś – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2006 * Krzysztof Łągiewka – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004–2009 * Maciej Makuszewski – FC Terek Grozny – 2012–2013 * Konrad Michalak – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2019 * Rafał Murawski – FC Rubin Kazan – 2009–2010 * Grzegorz Piechna – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2006 * Piotr Polczak – FC Terek Grozny, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011–2014 * Maciej Rybus – FC Terek Grozny, FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Spartak Moscow – 2012–2023 * Łukasz Sekulski – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2018 * Damian Szymański – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2019 * Sebastian Szymański – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2022 * Jarosław Tkocz – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004 * Jakub Wawrzyniak – FC Amkar Perm – 2014 * Maciej Wilusz – FC Rostov, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2017–2018, 2020 * Damian Zbozień – FC Amkar Perm – 2014 ==Portugal== * Márcio Abreu – FC Krasnodar – 2011–2014 * Hugo Almeida – FC Kuban Krasnodar, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015 * Bruno Alves – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2010–2013 * Ricardo Alves – FC Orenburg – 2018–2020 * Bruno Basto – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Miguel Cardoso – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Tambov – 2018–2020 * Costinha – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Custódio – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2007 * Danny – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2005–2017 * Yannick Djaló – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2015 * Eder – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2017–2021 * Fábio Felício – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007 * Manuel Fernandes – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Krasnodar – 2014–2020 * Nuno Frechaut – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Luís Loureiro – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Maniche – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * João Mário – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2019–2020 * Fernando Meira – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2009–2011 * Rui Miguel – FC Krasnodar – 2011 * Luís Neto – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2013–2019 * Nuno – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Jorge Ribeiro – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2005 * Tiago Rodrigues – FC Ufa – 2022 * Ricardo Silva – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Tomás Tavares – FC Spartak Moscow – 2023 * Hugo Vieira – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2014–2015 ==Romania== * Marian Alexandru – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001 * Paul Anton – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2018–2020 * Iulian Arhire – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Cosmin Bărcăuan – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2005 * Eric Bicfalvi – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016–2023 * Valeriu Bordeanu – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2004 * Alexandru Bourceanu – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017 * Marius Bratu – FC Uralan Elista – 2002 * Gheorghe Bucur – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2011–2016 * Zeno Bundea – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2002 * Daniel Chiriță – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2002–2004 * Răzvan Cociș – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rostov – 2007–2009, 2011–2013 * Florin Costea – FC Arsenal Tula – 2015 * Ovidiu Dănănae – FC Tom Tomsk – 2011 * Cristian Dancia – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2004–2006 * Iulian Dăniță – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Mihai Drăguș – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1999–2000 * Gabriel Enache – FC Rubin Kazan – 2018 * George Florescu – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006, 2010, 2013–2014 * Sorin Ghionea – FC Rostov – 2010 * Gabriel Giurgiu – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007 * Nicolae Grigore – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001–2003 * Gheorghe Grozav – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2017 * Gabriel Iancu – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2021 * Adrian Iencsi – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004–2006 * Adrian Iordache – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Andrei Ivan – FC Krasnodar – 2017–2018 * Erik Lincar – FC Amkar Perm – 2004–2006 * Andrei Mărgăritescu – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 * Ioan Mera – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2012 * Damian Militaru – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1999 * Florinel Mirea – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000–2001 * Andrei Mureșan – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Gabriel Mureșan – FC Tom Tomsk – 2013–2014 * Ionuț Nedelcearu – FC Ufa – 2018–2020 * Daniel Niculae – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2012–2013 * Norbert Niță – FC Uralan Elista – 2002 * Daniel Oprița – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2013 * Daniel Pancu – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 * Ionel Pârvu – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Florentin Petre – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 * Mihăiță Pleșan – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011–2013 * Andrei Prepeliță – FC Rostov – 2016–2017 * Adrian Ropotan – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2009–2014 * Florin Costin Șoavă – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Khimki – 2004–2008 * Nicolae Stanciu – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Pompiliu Stoica – FC Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2004–2008 * János Székely – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011 * Gabriel Tamaș – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004, 2006 * Iulian Tameș – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Gabriel Torje – FC Terek Grozny – 2016–2017 * Cristian Tudor – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Moscow – 2003–2005 * Alexandru Tudorie – FC Arsenal Tula – 2019, 2021 * Dacian Varga – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2011 ==Rwanda== * Gerard Gohou – FC Krasnodar – 2013 ==Scotland== * Garry O'Connor – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2007 ==Senegal== * Ibrahima Baldé – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2012–2016 * Keita Baldé – FC Spartak Moscow – 2022–2023 * Baye Djiby Fall – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2009, 2011 * Marcel Gomis – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Papa Gueye – FC Rostov – 2016 * Ibra Kébé – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001–2004, 2010–2011 * Pape Maguette Kebe – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003 * Moussa Konaté – FC Krasnodar – 2012–2013 * Ablaye Mbengue – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2015–2020 * Pascal Mendy – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2006 * Baye Gueye Ndiaga – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003 * Ibrahima Niasse – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2014–2015 * Oumar Niasse – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2014–2015 * Dame N'Doye – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2012–2014 * Babacar Sarr – FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2019 * Mamadou Sylla – FC Orenburg – 2020 * Khaly Thiam – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2017 * Pape Thiaw – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002 ==Serbia== * Predrag Alempijević – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Dušan Anđelković – FC Rostov, FC Krasnodar – 2009–2013 * Komnen Andrić – FC Ufa – 2020–2021 * Nikola Antić – FC Khimki – 2023 * Mihajlo Banjac – FC Krasnodar – 2022–2023 * Stevan Bates – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2004 * Nenad Begović – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2008 * Marko Blažić – FC Amkar Perm – 2011–2012 * Miroslav Bogosavac – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2020–2023 * Vidak Bratić – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2004 * Goran Čaušić – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2022 * Aleksandar Ćirković – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2022–2023 * Nenad Ćirković – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Vladica Ćurčić – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Ivan Cvetković – FC Khimki – 2009 * Nikola Damjanac – FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2002 * Đorđe Despotović – FC Orenburg, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Arsenal Tula – 2018–2022 * Dominik Dinga – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016–2018 * Nenad Đorđević – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2010–2011 * Slavoljub Đorđević – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005, 2008 * Rade Dugalić – FC Tosno, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk – 2017–2018 * Milan Gajić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Nemanja Glavčić – FC Khimki – 2022–2023 * Stevo Glogovac – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Jovan Golić – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2010–2012 * Petar Golubović – FC Khimki – 2023 * Nenad Injac – FC Amkar Perm – 2008 * Branislav Ivanović – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006–2007, 2017–2020 * Nebojša Jelenković – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2007 * Ivan Jević – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Đorđe Jokić – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Tom Tomsk – 2005–2006, 2008–2011 * Nikola Jolović – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2001–2005 * Goran Jovanović – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Milan Jovanović – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2004 * Miodrag Jovanović – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Khimki – 2000, 2007–2009 * Milan Jović – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 2000–2003 * Branko Jovičić – FC Amkar Perm, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2014–2017, 2020–2021 * Mateja Kežman – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2009 * Zoran Knežević – FC Khimki – 2008 * Aleksandar Komadina – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2002–2003 * Ognjen Koroman – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Terek Grozny – 2002–2005, 2011 * Zoran Kostić – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Miloš Krasić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2004–2010 * Miloš Kruščić – FC Rostov – 2001–2007 * Jovica Lakić – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001–2002 * Ognjen Lakić – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2000 * Darko Lazić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2015–2016 * Danko Lazović – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Rostov – 2010–2013 * Milan Lešnjak – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2003–2005 * Marko Lomić – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2010–2016 * Aleksandar Luković – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2010–2013 * Milan Majstorović – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2023 * Nikola Maksimović – FC Spartak Moscow – 2018 * Miroslav Marković – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017–2018 * Stefan Melentijević – FC Khimki – 2023 * Nikola Mijailović – FC Khimki, FC Amkar Perm – 2008, 2011–2013 * Srđan Mijailović – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2017–2020 * Predrag Mijić – FC Amkar Perm – 2011–2012 * Ivan Miladinović – PFC Sochi, FC Nizhny Novgorod – 2019–2023 * Draško Milekić – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Nemanja Miletić – FC Ufa – 2021 * Aleksandar Miljković – FC Amkar Perm – 2016–2018 * Savo Milošević – FC Rubin Kazan – 2008 * Marko Milovanović – FC Amkar Perm – 2007–2008 * Dragan Mrđa – FC Khimki – 2007–2008 * Vladimir Mudrinić – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2002 * Albert Nađ – FC Rostov – 2007 * Nenad Nastić – FC Khimki – 2009 * Nemanja Nikolić – FC Rostov – 2013–2014 * Ratko Nikolić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001 * Rade Novković – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2007–2008 * Milan Obradović – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2001–2003 * Ognjen Ožegović – FC Arsenal Tula – 2018–2019 * Radovan Pankov – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2016–2017 * Veljko Paunović – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007 * Nemanja Pejčinović – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2014–2018 * Mitar Peković – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010 * Milan Perendija – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2013–2016 * Dušan Petković – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004, 2006–2007 * Marko Petković – FC Spartak Moscow – 2017–2018 * Nikola Petković – FC Tom Tomsk – 2010 * Aleksandar R. Petrović – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2008 * Boško Petrović – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2001 * Branimir Petrović – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2007, 2009–2010 * Mihajlo Pjanović – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rostov – 2003–2007 * Marko Poletanović – FC Tosno – 2017–2018 * Uroš Radaković – FC Orenburg, FC Arsenal Tula – 2019–2022 * Dejan Radić – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Rostov – 2004–2005, 2007–2011 * Milan Radojičić – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001 * Slobodan Rajković – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2020 * Lazar Ranđelović – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2022–2023 * Predrag Ranđelović – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2000–2003 * Vuk Rašović – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002 * Mihailo Ristić – FC Krasnodar – 2017 * Milan Rodić – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2013–2017 * Sead Salahović – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Stefan Šapić – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022 * Srđan Savičević – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Marko Šćepović – FC Terek Grozny – 2015 * Predrag Sikimić – FC Amkar Perm – 2007–2009 * Aleksandar Simčević – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2012 * Petar Škuletić – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2015–2016 * Nenad Šljivić – FC Rostov – 2009 * Uroš Spajić – FC Krasnodar – 2018–2019, 2021 * Goran Sretenović – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Sreten Sretenović – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Srđan Stanić – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Nenad Stojanović – FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok – 2007 * Dejan Stojković – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Nebojša Stojković – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2002 * Zoran Tošić – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2010–2017 * Goran Trobok – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003–2004 * Nikola Trujić – FC Tosno – 2017–2018 * Nemanja Tubić – FC Krasnodar, FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2011–2013, 2018 * Nikola Valentić – FC Sibir Novosibirsk – 2010 * Radojica Vasić – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Nemanja Vidić – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004–2005 * Milan Vještica – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Rostov, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2002–2008, 2013 * Mićo Vranješ – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Nemanja Vučićević – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2001–2003 * Vanja Vučićević – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2019 * Zvonimir Vukić – FC Moscow – 2008–2009 * Ivan Vukomanović – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2002–2003 * Saša Zdjelar – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022–2023 * Ivan Živanović – FC Rostov – 2009–2011 ==Sierra Leone== * Mohamed Camara – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2001 ==Slovakia== * Ladislav Almási – FC Akhmat Grozny – 2021 * Marek Bakoš – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Michal Breznaník – FC Amkar Perm – 2012–2013 * Kamil Čontofalský – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2003–2007, 2009 * Juraj Dovičovič – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2000 * Ján Ďurica – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2016 * Michal Ďuriš – FC Orenburg – 2017 * Branislav Fodrek – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2006 * Norbert Gyömbér – FC Terek Grozny – 2017 * Marián Had – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2007 * Michal Hanek – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2003–2005 * Richard Höger – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1999 * Marek Hollý – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 1999–2001 * Zsolt Hornyák – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2001–2002 * Tomáš Hubočan – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Dynamo Moscow – 2008–2016 * Martin Jakubko – FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Khimki, FC Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Amkar Perm – 2006–2010, 2012–2015 * Kamil Kopúnek – FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 2010 * František Kubík – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2011 * Róbert Mak – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2016–2019 * Ján Mucha – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Arsenal Tula – 2013–2015 * Branislav Obžera – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2006 * Pavol Pavlus – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Peter Petráš – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2006–2008 * Kornel Saláta – FC Rostov, FC Tom Tomsk – 2011–2014 * Martin Škrtel – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2004–2007 * Lukáš Tesák – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Arsenal Tula – 2014–2016 * Radoslav Zabavník – FC Terek Grozny – 2008–2009 ==Slovenia== * Gregor Balažic – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2017–2018 * Jaka Bijol – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2022 * Lovro Bizjak – FC Ufa – 2018–2020 * Matija Boben – FC Rostov – 2017–2018 * Nastja Čeh – FC Khimki – 2007–2008 * Vanja Drkušić – PFC Sochi – 2022–2023 * Suad Fileković – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2006–2007 * Goran Gutalj – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1999 * Denis Halilović – FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 2009–2010 * Branko Ilić – FC Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2009–2011 * Dragan Jelić – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2010 * Bojan Jokić – FC Ufa – 2017–2022 * Amir Karić – FC Moscow – 2004 * Miha Kline – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Igor Lazič – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Žan Majer – FC Rostov – 2017–2018 * Darijan Matić – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006–2007 * Miha Mevlja – FC Rostov, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, PFC Sochi, FC Spartak Moscow – 2016–2022 * Nejc Pečnik – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011 * Jalen Pokorn – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Denis Popović – FC Orenburg, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2017–2020 * Aleksandar Radosavljević – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Tom Tomsk – 2002, 2004–2009 * Dejan Rusič – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2010 * Miral Samardžić – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2017–2019 * Žiga Škoflek – FC Orenburg – 2019–2020 * Dalibor Stevanović – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Mordovia Saransk – 2014–2016 * Dušan Stojinović – FC Khimki – 2021 * Dalibor Volaš – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2012–2013 * Andrés Vombergar – FC Ufa – 2019–2020 * Luka Žinko – FC Amkar Perm – 2010 ==South Africa== * Matthew Booth – FC Rostov, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2002–2008 * Tony Coyle – FC Rostov – 2003–2005 * Stanton Fredericks – FC Moscow – 2004–2005 * Rowan Hendricks – FC Rostov – 2003–2005 * Jacob Lekgetho – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2001–2004 * Bennett Mnguni – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Rostov – 2002–2005 * Dillon Sheppard – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2004 * MacBeth Sibaya – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2010 * Siyanda Xulu – FC Rostov – 2012–2014 * Japhet Zwane – FC Rostov – 2003–2005 ==South Korea== * Hwang In-beom – FC Rubin Kazan – 2020–2021 * Hyun Young-min – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006 * Kim Dong-hyun – FC Rubin Kazan – 2006 * Kim Dong-jin – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006–2009 * Kim In-sung – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012 * Kim Nam-il – FC Tom Tomsk – 2010–2011 * Denis Laktionov – FC Tom Tomsk – 2011 * Lee Ho – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2006 * Oh Beom-seok – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2008–2009 * Yoo Byung-soo – FC Rostov – 2013–2015 ==Spain== * Víctor Álvarez – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2020 * Catanha – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2004 * Chico – FC Rubin Kazan – 2018 * Marc Crosas – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod – 2011 * Ángel Dealbert – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2012–2014 * Javi García – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2014–2017 * Jordi – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010 * José Manuel Jurado – FC Spartak Moscow – 2012–2015 * Iván Marcano – FC Rubin Kazan – 2012–2013 * César Navas – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov – 2009–2018 * Pablo Orbaiz – FC Rubin Kazan – 2012–2013 * Rubén Rochina – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Rodri – FC Spartak Moscow – 2011–2012 * Samu – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016 * Sergio Sánchez – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016–2017 * Antonio Soldevilla – FC Amkar Perm – 2007 * Jonatan Valle – FC Rubin Kazan – 2012 * Alberto Zapater – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2011–2013 ==Suriname== * Mitchell Donald – FC Mordovia Saransk – 2014–2015 ==Sweden== * Pontus Almqvist – FC Rostov – 2020–2022 * Marcus Berg – FC Krasnodar – 2019–2021 * Emil Bergström – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016 * Axel Björnström – FC Arsenal Tula – 2021 * Viktor Claesson – FC Krasnodar – 2017–2021 * Filip Dagerstål – FC Khimki – 2021–2022 * Rasmus Elm – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012–2014 * Armin Gigović – FC Rostov – 2020–2022 * Pyotr Gitselov – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov – 2007–2009 * Andreas Granqvist – FC Krasnodar – 2013–2018 * Oscar Hiljemark – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2020 * Sebastian Holmén – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2016–2019 * Kim Källström – FC Spartak Moscow – 2012–2015 * Jordan Larsson – FC Spartak Moscow – 2019–2022 * Kristoffer Olsson – FC Krasnodar – 2019–2021 * Filip Rogić – FC Orenburg – 2019–2020 * Besard Šabović – FC Khimki – 2021–2022 * Anton Salétros – FC Rostov – 2018 * Carl Starfelt – FC Rubin Kazan – 2020–2021 * Carlos Strandberg – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2015–2016 * Jonas Wallerstedt – FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 2003 * Pontus Wernbloom – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012–2018 ==Switzerland== * Kemal Ademi – FC Khimki – 2021–2022 * Marco Aratore – FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2018–2020 * Eldin Jakupović – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2007 * Darko Jevtić – FC Rubin Kazan – 2020–2021 * Vero Salatić – FC Ufa – 2017–2019 * Reto Ziegler – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2012 * Steven Zuber – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2013–2014 ==Syria== * Nihad Al Boushi – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1996–1997 * Assaf Khalifa – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1994, 1998 * Anas Makhlouf – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1996–1999 ==Tajikistan== * Aliyor Ashurmamadov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1993 * Arsen Avakov – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Uralan Elista – 1996–2000, 2002 * Yuri Baturenko – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Tyumen – 1992–1995, 1997 * Igor Cherevchenko – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1996–2002 * Alisher Dzhalilov – FC Rubin Kazan – 2011–2013, 2016 * Khakim Fuzaylov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1992–1994 * Rakhmatullo Fuzaylov – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2002–2005 * Nail Galimov – FC Luch Vladivostok – 1993 * Valeriy Gorbach – FC Fakel Voronezh – 1992 * Rustam Khaidaraliyev – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996 * Andrei Manannikov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Rotor Volgograd – 1992–1993 * Vazgen Manasyan – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1992 * Vitaliy Parakhnevych – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1995 * Vasili Postnov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1992 * Alimzhon Rafikov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1992–1995 * Rashid Rakhimov – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1992–1994 * Oleg Shirinbekov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1994–1995 * Georgi Takhokhov – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz – 1992 * Farkhod Vasiyev – FC Saturn Moscow Oblast, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Orenburg, FC Tambov – 2009–2010, 2016, 2021 * Anatoli Volovodenko – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1992–1994 ==Togo== * Arafat Djako – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011 * Abdoul-Gafar Mamah – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 ==Trinidad and Tobago== * Sheldon Bateau – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2015–2017 ==Tunisia== * Selim Benachour – FC Rubin Kazan – 2006–2007 * Anis Boussaïdi – FC Rostov – 2011 * Montassar Talbi – FC Rubin Kazan – 2021–2022 * Chaker Zouaghi – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2006–2007 ==Turkey== * Mehmet Aksu – FC Rostov – 2003 * Caner Erkin – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2007–2009 * Hasan Kabze – FC Rubin Kazan – 2007–2010 * Gökdeniz Karadeniz – FC Rubin Kazan – 2008–2018 * Fatih Tekke – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Rubin Kazan – 2006–2010 * Gökhan Töre – FC Rubin Kazan – 2012–2013 * Tamer Tuna – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Yusuf Yazıcı – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2022 ==Turkmenistan== * Wladimir Baýramow – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Khimki – 2003–2008 * Valeri Broshin – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1993–1994 * Pavel Harçik – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003, 2005–2007 * Maksim Kazankov – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017–2018 * Dmitri Khomukha – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Terek Grozny – 1996–2000, 2002–2003, 2005 * Vladimir Kostyuk – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1992–1993 * Andrei Martynov – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1992, 1997 * Çaryýar Muhadow – FC Lada Togliatti – 1996 * Dmitriý Neželew – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg, FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1992–1994, 1996 * Denis Peremenin – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2002 * Wahyt Orazsähedow – FC Rubin Kazan – 2011 * Andrei Zavyalov – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995 ==Ukraine== * Andrey Aleksanenkov – FC KamAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny – 1995–1996 * Akhmed Alibekov – FC Ufa – 2020 * Oleksandr Aliyev – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2010, 2014 * Vadym Alpatov – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Oleksiy Antyukhin – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2003 * Andriy Anishchenko – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1995–1996 * Oleksandr Babiy – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1998–1999 * Oleksandr Babych – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Aleksei Bakharev – FC Lada Togliatti, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Rotor Volgograd – 1994, 1996–1998 * Vitaliy Balashov – FC Tambov – 2020 * Vitaliy Balytskyi – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2002 * Serhiy Bezhenar – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2001 * Anatoliy Bezsmertnyi – FC Tyumen, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1994–1995, 1997–2001 * Maksym Biletskyi – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Moscow, FC Rostov – 2000–2006 * Dmytro Bilonoh – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2015 * Illya Blyznyuk – FC Rostov, FC Spartak- Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Tom Tomsk, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2000–2007 * Serhiy Borysenko – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Serhiy Boyko – FC Terek Grozny – 2005 * Viktor Brovchenko – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 2000 * Pylyp Budkivskyi – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016–2018 * Bohdan Butko – FC Amkar Perm – 2015–2016 * Ihor Chaykovskyi – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2017–2018 * Oleh Danchenko – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk, FC Rubin Kazan, FC Ufa – 2017–2020 * Serhiy Datsenko – FC Rostov, FC Terek Grozny – 2000–2005 * Denys Dedechko – FC Amkar Perm, FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2010, 2017 * Marko Dević – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Rostov – 2014–2017 * Anatoliy Didenko – FC Amkar Perm – 2004–2005 * Serhiy Dmytriyev – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2001–2002 * Yuriy Dmytrulin – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Serhiy Doronchenko – FC Lada Togliatti – 1994 * Yevhen Drahunov – FC Lada Togliatti – 1994 * Ihor Dudnyk – FC Terek Grozny – 2008 * Yuriy Dudnyk – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1993, 1997–1998 * Vladislav Duyun – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Sokol Saratov – 1996–2002 * Andriy Dykan – FC Terek Grozny, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krasnodar – 2009–2015 * Kostyantyn Dymarchuk – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Tyumen, FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1997–1999 * Vitaliy Fedoriv – FC Amkar Perm – 2008–2011 * Vitaliy Fedotov – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017–2018 * Dmitry Gorbushin – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2009 * Volodymyr Hapon – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Oleh Haras – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1996, 1998, 2000–2001 * Serhiy Harashchenkov – FC Amkar Perm – 2012 * Volodymyr Herashchenko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1992–1998 * Oleksiy Hetman – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2001 * Ivan Hetsko – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1995–1997 * Yaroslav Hodzyur – FC Terek Grozny, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2008, 2010–2021 * Dmytro Horbatenko – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994–1995 * Valeriy Horodov – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1994–1995, 1997 * Oleksandr Horshkov – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 1996–2007 * Oleksandr Hranovskyi – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001 * Yuriy Hritsyna – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1994–1995 * Artem Hromov – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2017 * Dmytro Hryshko – FC SKA-Khabarovsk – 2017–2018 * Yuriy Hulyayev – FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1992, 1993 * Yuriy Hudymenko – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Lada Togliatti – 1993–1994 * Oleksandr Humenyuk – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1998 * Andriy Husin – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2005–2006, 2008 * Andriy Huzenko – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1998 * Dmytro Ivanisenya – PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2021–2022 * Yuriy Kalitvintsev – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1992–1994 * Maksym Kalynychenko – FC Spartak Moscow – 2000–2008 * Oleksandr Kapliyenko – FC Tambov – 2020 * Oleh Kastornyi – FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1998, 2000–2001 * Oleksandr Kasyan – FC Tom Tomsk – 2016 * Oleksiy Khramtsov – FC Uralan Elista – 2000 * Vyacheslav Khruslov – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1994–1995 * Ihor Khudobyak – FC Rostov – 2013–2014 * Sergei Kormiltsev – FC Uralan Elista, FC Torpedo Moscow – 1998, 2000–2006 * Ihor Korniyets – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1995–1997 * Ihor Korol – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1998 * Oleh Koshelyuk – FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow – 1997 * Ihor Kostyuk – FC Tyumen – 1997 * Pavlo Kotovenko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2001–2004 * Oleksandr Koval – FC Sokol Saratov – 2001 * Kyrylo Kovalchuk – FC Tom Tomsk – 2009–2011, 2016 * Serhiy Krukovets – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996–2000 * Denys Kulakov – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2015–2023 * Kostyantyn Kulyk – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1995 * Ihor Kutyepov – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov- on-Don – 1994–1995, 1997–2000 * Serhiy Kuznetsov – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994 * Serhiy Kuznetsov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2010 * Oleh Kyrylov – FC Asmaral Moscow – 1993 * Oleksandr Kyryukhin – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2000–2001 * Ihor Lahoyda – FC Uralan Elista – 1999 * Oleksandr Lavrentsov – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 2000–2003 * Viktor Leonenko – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1992 * Yevhen Levchenko – FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 2009 * Maksym Levytskyi – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow – 1999–2005 * Volodymyr Lobas – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Energiya-Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1996 * Andriy Lopushynskyi – FC Fakel Voronezh – 1997 * Yehor Luhachov – FC Spartak Moscow – 2008 * Taras Lutsenko – FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Yevhen Lutsenko – FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2003–2004 * Yevhen Lysytsyn – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001 * Yuriy Maksymov – FC Rostov – 2003 * Roman Maksymyuk – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1998–1999 * Aleksandr Malygin – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2000–2002 * Mark Mampassi – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2022 * Oleksandr Martsun – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1998 * Volodymyr Matsyhura – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1996–2000 * Vasyl Mazur – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1996–1998, 2000 * Roman Meleshko – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz – 1993 * Ilya Mikhalyov – FC Amkar Perm – 2011 * Oleh Mishchenko – FC Amkar Perm – 2016 * Oleksandr Mitrofanov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2002 * Oleh Mochulyak – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1996 * Ihor Moiseyev – FC Asmaral Moscow – 1993 * Yuriy Mokrytskyi – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1997 * Anton Monakhov – FC Uralan Elista – 2002–2003 * Roman Monaryov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow, FC Luch- Energiya Vladivostok, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1998, 2001–2003, 2006, 2008 * Yuriy Moroz – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 1997–1998, 2001 * Ruslan Mostovyi – PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk – 2006–2007 * Asan Mustafayev – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1995 * Taras Mykhalyk – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 2013–2018 * Volodymyr Mykytyn – FC Rostov – 2001–2003 * Oleh Naduda – FC Spartak Moscow – 1994 * Serhiy Nahornyak – FC Spartak Moscow – 1995–1996 * Oleksandr Nefyodov – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1995 * Oleksandr Nikiforov – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1993–1994 * Denys Onyshchenko – FC Tom Tomsk – 2006 * Viktor Oparenyuk – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1995 * Anatoliy Oprya – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1999 * Hennadiy Orbu – FC Rotor Volgograd, FC Sokol Saratov – 1996, 2001–2002 * Ivan Ordets – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2019–2021 * Oleksiy Osipov – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2000–2001 * Oleh Ostapenko – FC Fakel Voronezh – 2001 * Dmytro Parfenov – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Khimki, FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 1998–2007, 2009–2010 * Oleh Patyak – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2008 * Hennadiy Perepadenko – FC Spartak Moscow – 1992 * Serhiy Perepadenko – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1994–1995 * Serhiy Perkhun – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2001 * Oleh Pestryakov – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Spartak Moscow – 1996–1999, 2003 * Eduard Piskun – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994 * Serhiy Pohodin – FC Spartak Moscow – 1993–1994 * Artem Polyarus – FC Khimki, FC Akhmat Grozny – 2020–2021 * Oleksandr Pomazun – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, FC Saturn-RenTV Ramenskoye – 1993, 1996–1998, 2001–2002 * Vitaliy Ponomarenko – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1995 * Serhiy Popov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1996–1997 * Hennadiy Popovych – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1997–2001 * Andriy Poroshyn – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006 * Oleksiy Prokhorenkov – FC Dynamo Moscow – 1998 * Volodymyr Pryyomov – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2011–2012 * Andriy Proshyn – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Rostov – 2006–2007, 2010–2011 * Vyacheslav Protsenko – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1993–1995 * Vladyslav Prudius – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 1996–2002 * Oleksandr Pryzetko – FC Tyumen, FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995, 1997–1998, 2000–2001, 2003 * Serhiy Puchkov – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1994 * Vitaliy Pushkutsa – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 2000–2001 * Andriy Pylyavskyi – FC Rubin Kazan – 2016 * Serhiy Pylypchuk – PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Khimki – 2006–2009, 2011 * Yaroslav Rakitskyi – FC Zenit Saint Petersburg – 2019–2021 * Serhii Rebrov – FC Rubin Kazan – 2008–2009 * Oleksandr Rolevych – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1996 * Vitaliy Rozghon – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999 * Petro Rusak – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1997 * Roman Rusanovskyi – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1998 * Oleh Rypan – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1996–1997 * Yuriy Sak – FC Spartak Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1994, 1999 * Viktor Sakhno – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny – 1993 * Vitaliy Samoylov – FC Sokol Saratov, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2001–2002, 2004 * Oleh Samsonenko – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1992–1993 * Andriy Sapuha – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1998–2000 * Volodymyr Savchenko – FC Rostov, FC Terek Grozny – 1997–2003, 2005 * Serhiy Seleznyov – FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001 * Yevhen Seleznyov – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2016 * Yuriy Seleznyov – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 2000–2001 * Dmytro Semochko – FC Uralan Elista, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Khimki – 2000, 2002–2003, 2006–2009 * Serhiy Serebrennikov – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1998 * Oleksandr Sevidov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1993 * Dmytro Shcherbak – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016 * Bohdan Shershun – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2002–2005 * Vyacheslav Shevchenko – FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow – 2003 * Vyacheslav Shevchuk – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2002–2004 * Pavlo Shkapenko – FC Uralan Elista, FC Torpedo Moscow – 1999–2001 * Serhiy Shmatovalenko – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1999 * Serhiy Shubin – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1996–1997 * Ihor Shukhovtsev – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1996 * Vitaliy Shumeyko – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2007–2008 * Oleksandr Shutov – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Amkar Perm – 1995–1999, 2004–2005 * Anton Shynder – FC Amkar Perm – 2016–2017 * Serhiy Shyshchenko – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1998 * Andriy Sidelnikov – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1997 * Serhiy Skachenko – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1992–1993, 1998–1999 * Denys Skepskyi – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2006, 2009 * Vitaliy Skysh – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1996 * Miro Slavov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2011 * Valentyn Slyusar – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1999 * Serhiy Snytko – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Kuban Krasnodar – 1997–2001, 2003–2004 * Oleg Solovyov – FC Lada Togliatti, FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Uralan Elista – 1994–1997, 1999–2000, 2002 * Yevhen Sonin – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1994–1995 * Oleksandr Spivak – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2000–2006 * Mykhaylo Starostyak – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2004–2005 * Pavlo Stepanets – FC Mordovia Saransk, FC Ufa – 2012–2015 * Oleksandr Stepanov – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz – 2003 * Vasyl Storchak – FC Asmaral Moscow – 1992–1993 * Serhiy Surelo – FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen – 1992 * Hennadiy Sushko – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi – 1998 * Vyacheslav Sviderskyi – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2002–2005 * Oleksandr Svystunov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1997, 2000–2001 * Serhiy Symonenko – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1999, 2001–2002 * Oleh Tereshchenko – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin, FC Uralan Elista, FC Sokol Saratov, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1993, 1998–2001 * Maksim Tishchenko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1996–2000 * Maksym Trusevych – FC Rostov – 2007 * Mykola Tsygan – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2005, 2010 * Eduard Tsykhmeystruk – FC Spartak Moscow – 2001–2002 * Dmytro Tutychenko – FC Uralan Elista – 1999–2000 * Dmytro Tyapushkin – FC Spartak Moscow, PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow – 1994–1998 * Anatoliy Tymoshchuk – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2007–2009, 2013–2015 * Vladyslav Vashchuk – FC Spartak Moscow – 2003 * Andriy Vasylytchuk – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Energiya-Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1996 * Yuriy Vernydub – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 1997–1999 * Kostyantyn Vizyonok – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1998 * Oleh Volotyok – FC Asmaral Moscow – 1993 * Valeriy Vorobyov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1997–2003 * Andriy Voronin – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2010–2014 * Viktor Yablonskyi – FC Baltika Kaliningrad – 1996–1998 * Dmytro Yakovenko – PFC CSKA Moscow – 1997 * Serhiy Yakovenko – FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1993, 2000 * Ivan Yaremchuk – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Energiya- Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1994, 1996 * Serhiy Yarmolych – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995 * Kostyantyn Yaroshenko – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2014–2016 * Artem Yashkin – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl, FC Uralan Elista – 1992, 1998, 2002 * Yuriy Yaskov – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2000 * Bohdan Yesyp – FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1999 * Vasyl Yevseyev – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin – 1993 * Andriy Yudin – FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin, FC Fakel Voronezh – 1993–1994, 1997 * Vyacheslav Zapoyaska – FC Sokol Saratov – 2002 * Artem Zasyadvovk – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005–2006 * Volodymyr Zayarnyi – FC KamAZ- Chally Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1996–1997, 1999–2001 * Serhiy Zayets – FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg – 1994–1995 * Ihor Zhabchenko – FC Rotor Volgograd – 1996 * Ihor Zhurakhovskyi – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2016 * Hennadiy Zhylkin – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1995 * Oleksandr Zinchenko – FC Ufa – 2015–2016 * Vladyslav Zubkov – FC KamAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1993–1997 ==United States== * Eugene Starikov – FC Tom Tomsk, FC Rostov – 2010–2013 ==Uruguay== * Luis Aguiar – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2009 * Gonzalo Bueno – FC Kuban Krasnodar – 2013 * Guillermo Cotugno – FC Rubin Kazan – 2015–2016 * Javier Delgado – FC Saturn Ramenskoye – 2004–2005 * Carlos Gutiérrez – FC Rostov – 2004–2006 * Abel Hernández – PFC CSKA Moscow – 2018–2019 * Diego Laxalt – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2021–2023 * Mauricio Lemos – FC Rubin Kazan – 2015 * Víctor López – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Javier Mancini – FC Rostov – 2005 * Nicolás Marichal – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Sebastián Morquio – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Omar Pérez – FC Rostov – 2004–2006 * Mauricio Pereyra – FC Krasnodar – 2013–2019 * Facundo Píriz – FC Terek Grozny – 2013–2017 * Agustín Rogel – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2018–2019 * Andrés Scotti – FC Rubin Kazan – 2003–2006 * Bruno Silva – FC Rostov – 2004 * Marcelo Sosa – FC Spartak Moscow – 2004 * Cristian Tassano – FC Khimki – 2023 * Guillermo Varela – FC Dynamo Moscow – 2020–2022 ==Uzbekistan== * Vadim Afonin – FC Orenburg, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2016–2019 * Ruslan Agalarov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2000–2002 * Odil Ahmedov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Krasnodar – 2011–2016 * Andrey Akopyants – FC Rostov – 2000–2005 * Sergey Andreyev – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1998 * Bakhtiyor Ashurmatov – FC Spartak-Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003, 2005 * Ulugbek Bakayev – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow – 2001–2002 * Marat Bikmaev – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, PFC Spartak Nalchik, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005, 2008–2010 * Pavel Bugalo – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000 * Gennadi Denisov – FC Spartak Vladikavkaz – 1992–1994 * Vitaliy Denisov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rubin Kazan – 2013–2019 * Khojimat Erkinov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 2022–2023 * Davron Fayziev – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2000–2002 * Andrei Fyodorov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Rubin Kazan – 1998–1999, 2003–2008 * Vagiz Galiulin – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Sibir Novosibirsk, FC Ufa, FC Tosno – 2008, 2010, 2014–2015, 2017–2018 * Alexander Geynrikh – PFC CSKA Moscow, FC Torpedo Moscow – 2003, 2005–2006 * Jafar Irismetov – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 1998, 2001–2002 * Victor Karpenko – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2003–2004 * Dostonbek Khamdamov – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2018 * Igor Kichigin – FC Fakel Voronezh – 1992 * Leonid Koshelev – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2005–2006 * Yaroslav Krushelnitskiy – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2004 * Sergey Lebedev – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1999 * Sergey Lushan – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don – 1997–2003 * Vladimir Maminov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1993–2008 * Davron Mirzaev – FC Rubin Kazan – 2009 * Eduard Momotov – FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk – 1998–1999 * Bahodir Nasimov – FC Rubin Kazan – 2010 * Aleksey Nikolaev – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2006 * Oleg Pashinin – FC Lokomotiv Moscow – 1993–2007 * Aleksey Polyakov – FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, FC Tom Tomsk – 1999, 2001–2010 * Mirjalol Qosimov – FC Alania Vladikavkaz, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 1992, 1994–1996, 1999–2001, 2003–2004 * Vladimir Radkevich – FC Rotor Volgograd – 2002–2004 * Bakhodyr Rakhmanov – FC Okean Nakhodka – 1993 * Andrey Rezantsev – FC Okean Nakhodka, FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 1993–1999 * Yevgeni Safonov – FC Shinnik Yaroslavl – 2002–2006 * Aleksandr Sayun – FC Torpedo Moscow, FC Uralan Elista, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod – 1998–2000 * Nikolay Shirshov – FC Rostov – 2002–2005 * Igor Shkvyrin – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 1992 * Eldor Shomurodov – FC Rostov – 2017–2020 * Gennadi Skripnik – FC Dynamo Stavropol – 1992 * Pavel Solomin – FC Saturn Moscow Oblast – 2007 * Sanzhar Tursunov – FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod, FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2011–2012 * Oston Urunov – FC Ufa, FC Spartak Moscow, FC Ural Yekaterinburg – 2020–2022 * Igor Volkov – FC Torpedo Moscow – 1994–1996 * Ibrokhimkhalil Yuldoshev – FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod – 2021–2023 ==Venezuela== * Wilker Ángel – FC Terek Grozny – 2016–2021 * Jhon Chancellor – FC Anzhi Makhachkala – 2018 * Leopoldo Jiménez – FC Alania Vladikavkaz – 2005 * Fernando Martínez – FC Uralan Elista – 2003 * Yordan Osorio – FC Zenit St. Petersburg – 2019–2020 * Andrés Ponce – FC Anzhi Makhachkala, FC Akhmat Grozny, FC Rotor Volgograd – 2018–2021 * Salomón Rondón – FC Rubin Kazan, FC Zenit St. Petersburg, PFC CSKA Moscow – 2012–2015, 2021 ==Zambia== * Lameck Banda – FC Arsenal Tula – 2019–2020 * Gift Kampamba – FC Rostov – 2002–2004 * Evans Kangwa – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2022 * Kings Kangwa – FC Arsenal Tula – 2019–2022 * Chisamba Lungu – FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast – 2013–2017 * Chaswe Nsofwa – FC Krylia Sovetov Samara – 2003 * Stoppila Sunzu – FC Arsenal Tula – 2017–2018 ==Zimbabwe== * Newton Ben Katanha – PFC Spartak Nalchik – 2006 * Musawengosi Mguni – FC Terek Grozny – 2011 ==Notes== Russian Premier League Russian Premier League players Expatriate footballers in Russia Category:Association football player non-biographical articles |
Modesty Blaise is a 1966 British spy-fi comedy film directed by Joseph Losey, produced by Joseph Janni, and loosely based on the popular comic strip Modesty Blaise by Peter O'Donnell, who co-wrote the original story upon which Evan Jones and Harold Pinter based their screenplay. It stars Monica Vitti as "Modesty", opposite Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin and Dirk Bogarde as her nemesis Gabriel. The cast also includes Harry Andrews, Michael Craig, Alexander Knox, Rossella Falk, Clive Revill (in a dual role), and Tina Aumont. The film's music was composed by Johnny Dankworth and the theme song, Modesty, sung by pop duo David and Jonathan. It was Vitti's first English-speaking role. The film's production saw creative clashes between director Losey and Blaise creator O'Donnell over the vision of the final film, Losey wanting to create a "pop art"-inspired spoof of the spy movie craze prevalent at the time, in contrast to the relatively serious and grounded tone of the source material. As a result, the film heavily diverged from O'Donnell's comics and story outline in many ways, and includes a number of non sequitur elements including avant garde-inspired editing and production design, musical numbers, and deliberate continuity errors. Modesty Blaise was entered into the Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Palme d'Or. General critical reception was far more muted, with critics praising the visual style and off- beat tone, but criticizing the divergences from the source material, convoluted plot, and perceived "style over substance" direction. Critical reception continues to be mixed decades after release, but the film has gained a cult following. ==Plot== thumb|Interview with Terence Stamp, Monica Vitti and director Joseph Losey After the assassination of one of their agents in Amsterdam, British Secret Service chief Sir Gerald Tarrant recruits former criminal mastermind Modesty Blaise to protect a shipment of diamonds en route to Abu Tahir, the Sheikh of a small Middle Eastern kingdom. The shipment has also attracted Gabriel, the head of a criminal organization that includes his accountant McWhirter and bodyguard Mrs. Fothergill. Modesty believes that Gabriel, who maintains a compound in the Mediterranean, is dead, but he reveals himself to her. In exchange for an exclusive discount on the kingdom's oil exports, the British government delivers periodic diamond shipments to the Sheikh. Blaise, who enjoys an ongoing love-hate relationship with law enforcement, is recruited not only for her competence, but because she is the Sheikh's adopted daughter and thus trusted by him implicitly. Modesty agrees to the arrangement, on the condition that she is given total immunity by the British government and complete freedom to deliver the diamonds how she sees fit. With Sir Gerald monitoring her from afar, Modesty travels to Amsterdam, where she reunites with her former lover Paul Hagen, a Secret Service agent and aide to Sir Gerald. She calls upon her longtime partner, Willie Garvin, who is reuniting with an old flame, Nicole, who may have information on Gabriel through her employer, an illusionist associated with him. Modesty narrowly survives several attempts on her life by Gabriel's assassins, whose failure leads to their swift execution by the ruthless Mrs. Fothergill. Modesty continually toys with Hagen, first seducing him before stealing his gun and disappearing. When Gabriel learns that Nicole is working with Modesty and Willie, he orders her assassinated. The illusionist sends thugs to have her killed, and they succeed when Modesty and Willie fail to intervene in time. Modesty and Willie set themselves up as live bait to draw Gabriel out, but find themselves pursued by Tarrant and a jilted Hagen, being briefly arrested before quickly escaping with the help of some smoke bombs. When Modesty attempts to identify and infiltrate the boat being used by Gabriel for the planned diamond theft, she is lured into a trap and captured. Gabriel reveals his true plan, to use Modesty as leverage to force Willie to steal the diamonds for him. Willie reluctantly agrees to the arrangement, successfully stealing the diamonds from under Tarrant and Hagen's noses. He and Modesty are subsequently taken to Gabriel's island fortress, where they are promptly thrown into prison cells. Gabriel offers Modesty to join forces, but she refuses. Willie and Modesty manage to escape and kill Mrs. Fothergill, and signal their location to the Sheikh's forces. The Sheikh leads his army to the island, leading to an all-out battle with Gabriel's forces and ending in his capture and the diamonds reaching their intended owner. In his desert camp, the Sheikh leaves Gabriel tied up outside to dehydrate. McWhirter suddenly appears in Highland dress to free his employer, though no one seems to notice or care. When the Sheikh asks Modesty what he can do for her, she asks for the diamonds. He responds by laughing boisterously and she seems to go along with it, but suddenly breaks the fourth wall by looking directly at the camera as the film ends in a freeze-frame shot. ==Cast== * Monica Vitti as Modesty Blaise, a criminal mastermind with a love-hate relationship with the British Secret Service, who occasionally employ her and grant her immunity due to her immense talents. * Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin, Modesty's loyal Cockney sidekick with whom she has a "will they or won't they" relationship that ends in mutual (possibly sarcastic) marriage proposals. Their relationship differs from the source material, where it is purely platonic. * Dirk Bogarde as Gabriel, another criminal mastermind and Modesty's equal, defined by camp mannerisms and a sensitivity to violence in spite of his ruthlessness. * Harry Andrews as Sir Gerald Tarrant, the chief of the British Secret Service who has a begrudging respect for Modesty and acts as her liaison to the government. * Michael Craig as Paul Hagen, a straight-laced agent of the British Secret Service and former lover of Modesty's. He is an original character created for the film. * Clive Revill as McWhirter & Sheik Abu Tahir, the former is Gabriel's loyal and dogged Scottish accountant, and the latter is the once- deposed ruler of a small Middle Eastern kingdom and the informal foster father of Modesty, whom he calls his 'son'. The latter character takes the role of Modesty's mentor "Lob" from the original comics, and is otherwise an original character. * Alexander Knox as The Minister, an anxious government bureaucrat tasked with protecting the Sheikh's diamonds, a task is largely unsuited to and leaves to his subordinates. * Rossella Falk as Mrs. Clara Fothergill (credited as Rosella Falk), Gabriel's Amazonian bodyguard and chief of security, a psychopath who enjoys killing people to cure her boredom. She is loosely based on the more tough, muscular and thuggish character of the same name in O'Donnell's source novel. * Tina Aumont as Nicole (credited as Tina Marquand), Willie's old flame now working as a magician's assistant in Amsterdam. She becomes embroiled in her former lover's schemes due to her employer's connections to Gabriel. She is an original character created for the film. * Michael Chow as Weng, Modesty's loyal Chinese butler. * Scilla Gabel as Melina * Joe Melia as Crevier * Saro Urzì as Basilio * Oliver MacGreevy as Tattooed Man * Jon Bluming as Hans * Roberto Bisacco as Enrico * John Karlsen as Oleg * Robin Hunter as Pilot * Robin Fox as Desmond * Silvan as the illusionist == Production == In 1965, Mim Scala of the Scala Browne Agency saw O'Donnell's strip and acquired the film rights to the character. Scala had the idea of casting Barbara Steele as Modesty with Michael Caine as Willie and Sidney Gilliat directing, but he sold the rights to produce the film to Joseph Janni, who had Monica Vitti and Joseph Losey as his clients.Scala 2009, pp. 75–76. Caine would ultimately star in Alfie, a role intended for his friend and former flatmate Terence Stamp, who wound up playing Willie. Modesty Blaise was released at the height of two cinematic trends: The popularity of James Bond had spawned a number of similarly themed films. Some were intended as serious spy adventures, others as parodies or pastiches of Bond and his genre. Director Joseph Losey and the screenwriters chose to follow the latter approach, by making Modesty Blaise a campy, sometimes surrealistic comedy-adventure. Playwright Harold Pinter made uncredited contributions to the final script. The film was shot on location in London, Amsterdam, and Naples. Interiors were filmed at Shepperton Studios. Gabriel's island fortress was filmed at Castello di Sant'Alessio Siculo in Sicily. Joseph Losey found it difficult to work with Monica Vitti, as she would invariably be accompanied on the set by director Michelangelo Antonioni, in whose movies she had become famous. Antonioni would often whisper suggestions to her, and she would take direction from him rather than Losey. Eventually, Losey asked Antonioni, whom he greatly admired, to keep away from the studios during filming. Antonioni complied. Dirk Bogarde likewise disliked working with her, saying in a radio interview years later that she was the only one of his leading ladies whom he had actively disliked. Modesty Blaise includes a metafictional element during one sequence where Blaise, while visiting a friend's apartment, comes across several newspapers with the Modesty Blaise comic strip, which are shown in close-up; artist Jim Holdaway's work is prominently shown, as is Peter O'Donnell's name. Supporters of the film suggest this indicates that the film is not intended to take place in the same "universe" as the comic strip. === Comparison to source material === O'Donnell's original screenplay went through a large number of rewrites by other people, and he often later complained that the finished movie retained only one line of his original dialogue. O'Donnell states this in some of his introductions to reprints of his comic strip by Titan Books. As a result, although the basic plotline and characters are based on the comic strip, such as Willie killing a thug in an alley, many changes were made. Some are cosmetic — Vitti appears as a blonde for most of the film, except for one sequence in which she actually dresses up like a real-life version of the comic strip character. Likewise, Stamp initially appears in a blond wig and subsequently reverts to his natural dark hair. Other changes are more profound. For example, as the film progresses, Willie and Modesty fall in love and decide to get married, proclaiming the same during a sudden musical production number that pops up during a lull in the action. This breaks a cardinal rule set out by O'Donnell when he created the characters: They would never have a romantic relationship; the writer stayed true to this edict right up to the end of the comic strip in 2001. The character of Sheikh Abu Tahir fills the function of Lob, Modesty's adoptee father and mentor, who gives her the name "Modesty Blaise". The Sheikh is otherwise an original character with no equivalent character in the source material. Other original characters include Paul Hagen, Mrs. Fothergill, McWhirter, and Nicole. == Novelization == Prior to the release of the film, O'Donnell novelised his version of the screenplay as a novel titled Modesty Blaise. This book was a critical and sales success, resulting in O'Donnell alternating between writing novels and writing the comic strip for the next 30 years. O'Donnell's version of the screenplay was also used as the basis for a late-1990s Modesty Blaise graphic novel published by DC Comics. == Release == According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $5,800,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,825,000, meaning it lost money. ==Critical reception== Modesty Blaise was a moderate success at the time of its original release, Bosley Crowther, writing in The New York Times, characterised the film as "a weird film, all right. Maybe, if the whole thing were on a par with some of its flashier and wittier moments, or were up to its pictorial design, which is dazzling, it might be applauded as a first-rate satiric job." According to Crowther: "The scenery, a few pop- art settings and a gay, nonchalant musical score are indeed, about the only consistently amusing things about this whacky color film."Crowther, Bosley. "Modesty Blaise (1966); Screen: Gaudy 'Modesty Blaise,' girl secret agent: Monica Vitti co-stars with Dirk Bogarde, imported Farrago has flashes of humor," The New York Times, 11 August 1966. Modesty Blaise was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or, but lost to A Man and a Woman and The Birds, the Bees and the Italians."Modesty Blaise." Festival de Cannes. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. Two more serious attempts at adapting the comic strip for the screen occurred in 1982 with a Modesty Blaise starring Ann Turkel as Blaise, and again in 2003 with My Name Is Modesty, a prequel starring Alexandra Staden in the title role and omitting the Willie Garvin character entirely. ==References== ===Notes=== ===Bibliography=== * Scala, Mim. Diary of a Teddy Boy: A Memoir of the Long Sixties. Surrey, UK: Goblin Press, 2009. . * Walker, Alexander. Hollywood UK: The British Film Industry in the Sixties. London: Stein and Day, 1994. . ==External links== * * * * * Category:1966 films Category:British spy comedy films Category:1960s spy comedy films Category:Films based on works by Peter O'Donnell Category:Films based on British comics Category:Films based on comic strips Category:Films directed by Joseph Losey Category:Films set in Amsterdam Category:Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Category:Films set on islands Category:Films set in London Category:Films set in England Category:Films set in Naples Category:Films shot in Amsterdam Category:Films shot in Italy Category:Films shot in London Category:Films shot in Naples Category:Films shot in Surrey Category:Girls with guns films Category:Live-action films based on comics Category:1966 comedy films Category:Films scored by John Dankworth Category:Parody films based on James Bond films Category:1960s English- language films Category:Modesty Blaise |
Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera created by Reg Watson. It was first broadcast on 18 March 1985. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the serial in 1997, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the show's executive producer Stanley Walsh. The 13th season of Neighbours began airing from 20 January 1997. Lisa Elliot was introduced in the same month. February saw the arrival of student Tim Buckley. Ben Atkins debuted in April, while Amy Greenwood made her first appearance in July. Matt Compton and Ben's sister Caitlin Atkins were introduced in September. November saw the first appearance of Paul McClain. ==Lisa Elliot== Lisa Elliot, played by Kate Straub, made her first screen appearance on 27 January 1997. Straub was cast after being spotted in the audience of variety television show Hey Hey It's Saturday.Johnston 2005, p.204. Straub told Amanda Ruben of TV Week that she felt embarrassed by what had happened, but considered it the break she needed. She added "I was an avid fan of Neighbours when Kylie and Jason were on, but I haven't watched much since. But my short time with the show has given me a huge appreciation of the television industry." Straub was initially contracted with the show until early 1997. Lisa is introduced as a new teacher at Erinsborough High. Straub said it was "a great part to have". Jason Herbison of Inside Soap noted that at 21, Straub was barely old enough to have achieved a teaching qualification in real life. Producers decided not to renew Straub's contract, and Herbison reported that her lack of training contributed to their decision. Lisa moves to Erinsborough after she gets a job as a science teacher at the local high school. When Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) learns Lisa needs somewhere to stay, she tells her the residents of Number 30 Ramsay Street are looking for a new housemate and Lisa moves in. She gets on well with sisters Catherine O'Brien (Radha Mitchell) and Sarah Beaumont (Nicola Charles). Lisa is the target of several pranks by her students, including boot polish on her bike seat. Lisa and Sarah compete for the same man, and fall out when Lisa offers the spare room to Darren Stark (Todd MacDonald), who was involved in the breakdown of Catherine's relationship with Malcolm Kennedy (Benjamin McNair). They soon reconcile and invite Ben Atkins (Brett Cousins) to become their new housemate. Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver) persuades Lisa to coach the netball team. She becomes depressed when the team lose the final, but Sarah later diagnoses her with an over-active thyroid. Billy Kennedy (Jesse Spencer) becomes suspicious of Lisa's marking methods and writes an insulting sentence in his essay, which Lisa fails to notice. Billy proves that Lisa has not been reading the student's essays and Susan launches an investigation. Lisa quits her job, realising that she is not cut out for teaching. She later accepts a job in the research labs at a university in Tasmania. Before Lisa's leaving party, Ben overhears her talking about him on the phone and believes she has feelings for him. Ben kisses Lisa and she tells him that they might have had a chance of a relationship if she was not about to leave. After selling her belongings at a garage sale, Lisa says her goodbyes and leaves. ==Tim Buckley== Tim Buckley, played by Dean Francis, made his first screen appearance on 27 February 1997. Tim was a high school student, who was a friend of Michael Martin (Troy Beckwith). He stayed with Michael's family on Ramsay Street. Tim was a shy boy, who was befriended by his school teacher Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne). Tim developed a crush on Susan after she took him to the theatre. An Inside Soap reporter observed that it was clear Tim confused her friendly gestures for something more. They also noted that Tim became "a bit too dependent" on Susan's company. A few weeks later, Tim was unable to hold back his feelings for Susan and kissed her. Woodburne commented that to Tim it was not just a childish crush, saying "he truly think that he's in love with Susan. It's a very serious thing as far as he's concerned." Susan did not respond to the kiss, but Tim told her he was in love with her. Woodburne said Susan was not attracted to Tim, but felt an obligation to him, as it was affecting his studies. When Tim learned this, he became embarrassed and threatened to leave town. Tim comes to stay with Michael Martin's family while he repeats Year 12. He tells Michael's sister, Hannah (Rebecca Ritters), that he had to drop out of school when his dad got sick. Tim is introduced to his teachers Susan Kennedy and Lisa Elliot (Kate Straub). He struggles to connect with anyone at school due to his age. Tim invites Susan to come to the theatre with him to see a play and she agrees. Tim later asks for her help with his history essay and she begins tutoring him. Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) takes Tim aside and tells him that he knows all about his crush on Susan and warns him to back off. Tim admits to Susan that he likes her, but wants to stop the rumours about him having a crush on her. When Susan searches out a book for Tim, she begins quoting from it and Tim kisses her. He later tells Susan that he loves her, but she lets him down gently. He sends her a love letter and Susan's husband, Karl (Alan Fletcher), confronts Tim. He leaves that same day, but Susan drives to his home and convinces him to return to Erinsborough for his schooling. However, Tim finds it hard being back and he returns home after saying goodbye to Susan. ==Ben Atkins== Ben Atkins (previously Christopher Wilkinson), played by Brett Cousins, made his first screen appearance on 9 April 1997. Cousins previously appeared in the show in a small guest role. He was surprised when he learned that he had won the role of Ben, saying "I could hardly believe it when they rang and said I had the part." A Daily Record reporter commented on Ben's arrival, saying "the girls at number 30 are bowled over by their new flatmate, Ben Atkins ... but he is harbouring a secret which has something to do with Ruth." It later emerged that Ben was actually Ruth Wilkinson's (Ailsa Piper) son. She had given birth to him when she was just 16 and kept it to herself. Ben's arrival won an AFI Award and Piper said the episode was "beautifully written", allowing her and Cousins to feed the characters and not just the plot. ==Amy Greenwood== Amy Greenwood, played by Jacinta Stapleton, made her first screen appearance on 10 July 1997. Stapleton had previously guested in a few television dramas, before being cast in the regular role of Amy. She called Neighbours "the best training ground" for herself. Amy was "fun-loving", "mischievous" and "sneaky". Stapleton said she shared some similarities to Amy, as they both liked to party and did not take things too seriously. Amy began a relationship with Lance Wilkinson (Andrew Bibby) shortly after meeting him. A reporter from The Age branded Amy "Ramsay Street's wild child turned party, fashion and gossip queen". ==Matt Compton== Matt Compton, played by Jonathon Kovac, made his first screen appearance on 4 September 1997. Kovac was working at Melbourne's Crown Entertainment Complex when he saw and greeted the Neighbours casting agent. A couple of weeks later, his own agent informed him the casting agent wanted to see him. He was offered the role of Matt soon after and it marked his first acting role. Of his casting, Kovac commented "I was happy. Thrilled. It took a long time for it to sink in." Matt was introduced as a love interest for Sarah Beaumont, after actress Nicola Charles complained about a "lack of success" in her character's romantic life. Kovac found his first storyline "pretty nerve-racking", adding "It is hard enough just acting, let alone being thrown into a romance." Matt was also the first policeman to live on Ramsay Street. Jason Herbison of Inside Soap commented "Writers have always tried to avoid the long arm of the law, deeming it as a soap stereotype." Charles said there is an instant attraction between Sarah and Matt, and Sarah wants him to move into Number 30 as soon as she sees him. However, her housemate, Ben Atkins (Brett Cousins), is not so keen, as he does not want to live with a policeman. The pair had also agreed there would be no household relationships, so Matt and Sarah try to hide their attraction to one another, until it becomes too hard. Charles was pleased that her character had finally been given a love interest, but she did not want Sarah to settle into a long-term relationship. Sarah and Matt's romance marked Charles and Kovac's first on-screen love scenes. Kovac admitted that the kissing scenes were initially hard to do in front of the crew, but he praised Charles for helping him. An Inside Soap reporter branded the character "hunky". Matt applies for the spare room at Number 30 Ramsay Street and is interviewed by Sarah Beaumont and Ben Atkins. When Ben learns Matt is a policeman, he worries about living with him, but Sarah informs Matt that he can move in. Matt pulls Ben over as his car is not registered and gives him a ticket. When he returns home, Matt apologises to Ben and invites him to the pub to play pool. While Ben is showing some school students around the garage, Matt notices that one of the engines does not have a serial number, resulting in tension between him and Ben, who thinks Matt is accusing him of stealing. Matt and Sarah share a kiss. Matt and Ben apologise to each other and Matt asks Sarah to the police graduation ball, which she agrees to go to as friends. They kiss again and start dating, but they initially hide their relationship from Ben. Matt and Ben eventually bond while working on Ben's new car. Matt is given a transfer to Port Campbell and asks Sarah to come with him. She turns the offer down and they agree to a long distance relationship. Matt gives Sarah a friendship ring before he leaves and Ben throws him a farewell party. A few weeks later, Sarah and Matt end their relationship. ==Caitlin Atkins== Caitlin Atkins, played by Emily Milburn, made her first screen appearance on 29 September 1997. Milburn unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Anne Wilkinson. She was cast as Caitlin six months later. Caitlin moved to Erinsborough to be with her adopted brother, Ben (Brett Cousins). She was described as being "wilful and manipulative" by Annette Dasey of Inside Soap. A reporter for the Illawarra Mercury observed, "Caitlin Atkins manages to stir up trouble in Ramsay Street, hiding her inner feelings under an air of tough bravado." Milburn did not share any similarities with Caitlin, but she found it was fun playing her. Caitlin was a competitive swimmer, who developed a romantic interest in her training partner Billy Kennedy (Jesse Spencer). ==Paul McClain== Paul McClain, played by Jansen Spencer, made his first screen appearance on 4 November 1997. Spencer auditioned for a small role on the show, but a month later he was told that he had secured a permanent role. Spencer was initially contracted for three months. Of joining the cast as a teen, Spencer commented "Getting a full time job at the age of fifteen or sixteen is a bit weird, because most kids are still at school or just working part time then. You can't really muck around too much on a show like Neighbours because everyone has a job to do." Spencer described Paul as being "a bit of a dag", but thought that as he got older he was becoming cooler. Paul was best friends with Tad Reeves (Jonathon Dutton) and dated Hannah Martin (Rebecca Ritters). ==Sondra Pike== Sondra Pike, played by Cathy Godbold, made her first appearance on 10 November 1997. The role marked Godbold's first television appearance in two years, following the cancellation of Newlyweds. She had been doing voice over work while attending auditions. Godbold was initially shocked after hearing a message from her agent telling that she had the role, before she ran around her flat screaming. She admitted that being cast in the show was "the best thing that's happened to me in a long time." Goldbold said her character Sondra would "wreak havoc", and described her as "the Heather Locklear of Ramsay Street" in reference to the actress's villainous character Amanda Woodward from Melrose Place. Sondra causes trouble after she is left in charge of a house that Darren Stark (Todd MacDonald) is renovating. Sondra meets with Darren Stark and introduces herself as Martin Pike's (Fletcher Humphrys) sister, who will be joining them on their house renovation. She explains that she has been taking an interior design course and her father wants her in charge. Darren asks if they can talk about her ideas for the house when he returns to work next week, but Sondra tells him that she wants him back tomorrow, as she does not believe he has a bad back. After Darren's girlfriend Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine) leaves, Sondra asks him to attend her father's party with her or she will replace him on the renovation project. When Sondra comes to pick Darren up, Libby tells her that the only reason he is going is because Sondra forced him into it, but Sondra replies that Darren jumped at the chance. When they return, Sondra mentions that her father thought they would make a great couple, but Darren tells her that they only have a working relationship. Sondra later tells Libby that Darren is not her type, however, she soon makes it clear that she is romantically interested in him. She makes advances towards him while he is working on the house and he tries to put her off by pretending he wants to kiss her. Sondra hesitates and asks about Libby, but Darren says it is between them and she kisses him. Darren runs off and Sondra questions him about his behaviour. He explains that he was not really coming onto her, he just wanted her to stop flirting with him. Libby also tells Sondra to stop flirting with Darren, but she counters that Darren propositioned her. Sondra continues to pursue Darren, who tells her she has no chance. Days later, Sondra visits Darren to discuss some changes to the bathroom and he later brings Libby to work with him, so Sondra tries talking to her about interior design. Libby gets bored and leaves the site, leading Sondra to ask Darren why he wants to be with Libby and not her. She runs her hands over his body and he tries to fend her off just as Libby returns. Sondra later threatens Darren, but he and Libby dare her to ring her father. Instead she leaves and Libby admits that she feels sorry for her. ==Others== Date(s) Character Actor Circumstances The attendant helps Billy Kennedy prepare for a bungee jump. 6–14 February Claudia befriends Harold Bishop, while he is suffering from amnesia. When Harold regains his memories and returns to Erinsborough, he invites Claudia to stay with him and his wife, Madge. Claudia and Madge do not get along, and Claudia attempts to leave as she does not feel welcome, but Harold insists that she stay. Claudia deliberately causes trouble to get Harold's attention, causing Madge to ask Harold if they can have some time alone. He then makes arrangements with some friends in Tasmania to look out for Claudia and sends her home. 20 February–4 March Justin is Anne Wilkinson's ex-boyfriend. He competes with Billy Kennedy for Anne, which does not impress her. Anne and Justin share a kiss, but Justin eventually gives up and returns home. 7–22 April When Debbie Martin offers Darren Stark a job renovating the Coffee Shop, Darren asks his former cellmate Wayne to help. Wayne offers to get some stolen materials from a friend when Darren cannot pay his supplier, but later reveals that they have to rob a warehouse. Wayne begins dating Debbie and when she learns about his plan to rob the warehouse, she tells him to stay away from her. Wayne gets violent with Debbie but Darren warns him off and Lou Carpenter bars Wayne from the pub. 9 April 1997–7 December 2004 Dorothy manages the Pacific Bank and several Ramsay Street residents visit her for business loans. She also owns the Coffee Shop lease, which Malcolm Kennedy and Harold Bishop offer to buy from her. Dorothy also goes on dates with both Harold and Lou Carpenter. In 2004, Stuart Parker foils an armed robbery at the bank and Dorothy presents him with a cheque for $5000. 28 April–9 May Rebecca dates Toadfish Rebecchi while she is visiting Erinsborough. They both lie about their age, but Rebecca eventually confesses that she is only 17 and still at school. Toadie continues to lie that he is older, but Billy Kennedy reveals that Toadie is still at school too. Rebecca forgives Toadie for lying and they part as friends. Rohan is a blind man, who hires Libby Kennedy to help him around the house. Libby does not get along with Rohan, until she learns that he is lacking in confidence in himself. While out walking one day, Libby slips off a ledge and Rohan fetches help by himself. Libby and Rohan date, but Rohan ends the relationship when he realises Libby is not over her ex-boyfriend, Darren Stark. 20 June–10 July Runaway Jamie-Lee attempts to steal from Helen Daniels, but ends up befriending her. Jamie-Lee takes advantage of Helen's kind nature and she torches Lou Carpenter's mobile restaurant. Jamie-Lee is reunited with her parents and she confesses to torching the bus. 14 July 1997 –10 February 1998 When Amy Greenwood begins dating Lance Wilkinson, Jacinta refuses to accept him. When Lance humiliates Jacinta during class, she and Mitch get revenge by inserting a rude drawing of Susan Kennedy, drawn by Lance, into the school newsletter. Lance is suspended and struggles to prove that Jacinta was to blame. When Jacinta learns that Amy and Lance have broken up, she accepts Amy back into the group and reveals how she sabotaged the newsletter. Amy asks Jacinta to repeat the story and Toadfish Rebecchi films Jacinta from a tree. When Susan sees the tape, she suspends Jacinta for a week. During a swimming carnival, Jacinta taunts Anne Wilkinson about being a better swimmer than her. Anne swaps places with Caitlin Atkins, who easily beats Jacinta. 14 July–17 October Mitch helps Jacinta Myers replace one of the pages in the school newsletter with a rude drawing of Susan Kennedy, to get Lance Wilkinson into trouble. Amy later invites Mitch and Cara Winfield to Lou Carpenter's house while Lance is babysitting, but their partying angers Lance and they fall out with Amy. 15 July 1997 –26 November 1998 Cara is Amy Greenwood and Jacinta Myers's friend. Amy invites Cara and Mitch to Lou Carpenter's house while Lance is babysitting, but their partying angers Lance and they fall out with Amy. After Lance is suspended for including a rude drawing of Susan Kennedy in the school newsletter, Cara admits that Jacinta had something to do with the incident. Cara later tells Mitch and Jacinta that Amy has broken up with Lance. Cara is injured during a muck-up day prank when Toadfish Rebecchi puts polystyrene balls in the air-conditioning system, causing dangerous gases to be pumped out. 18–20 July Lloyd meets with Marlene Kratz for a date. They bond over their shared love of Elvis Presley, but Lloyd soon becomes more interested in Debbie Martin after learning that she is running the Coffee Shop. He talks to her about his businesses and later comes to her house to continue their conversation. Lloyd visits Marlene to tell her about his plans for another business and wants her as a partner. Marlene eventually tells him that she just wants to be friends. 24 July–29 August Tommy is a friend of Darren Stark, who gives Harold Bishop tuba lessons. When Darren mentions that he knew Tommy from the prison, Harold assumes Tommy is a criminal, until Tommy explains that he was a chaplain. Tommy later advises Darren about a move to Byron Bay. Bob BJ Ricky After finding a stray Maltese, Sarah Beaumont names him Bob and takes him home. Bob destroys Sarah's roommate Richard Jones' ventriloquists dummy, is run over twice and dyed blue. When Sarah marries and leaves the country, she gives Bob to Toadfish Rebecchi and Joel Samuels. Bob goes missing and Toadie picks him up from the pound, but soon realises that he has brought home the wrong dog. Toadie spots Charlie Thorpe with Bob and they swap dogs. Bob and the Scully's dog, Harvey, go missing together and are put up for sale. Joel, Lou Carpenter and Stephanie Scully manage to get them back. Sarah eventually calls Toadie to ask that he sends Bob over to her, but Toadie sends her Bib, an identical dog as he has fallen in love with Bob. In 2008, Frazer Yeats hits Bob with his car and leaves him to be cared for by Steve Parker, the local vet. Bob is forced to move out of Number 30 when Daniel Fitzgerald says he is allergic to him. However, it turns out Dan is allergic to Bob's bed and he returns home. In 2009, Bob is diagnosed with cancer and is put to sleep. His ashes are scattered over the lake. 6–13 August Richard moves into Number 30 with Sarah Beaumont and Ben Atkins. Sarah and Ben become worried when they hear Richard talking to himself in his room, but soon learn that he is practising his ventriloquism. Sarah's dog Bob does not like Richard's dummy and destroys it. A devastated Richard soon moves out. 11–26 August Alistair is an old school friend of Ruth Wilkinson. They meet up to discuss their lives and Alistair admits that he had a crush on Ruth. They go out to dinner and begin seeing more of each other. Alistair tries to impress Ruth and her children. He gives Lance Wilkinson some dating advice and introduces him to his daughter. Eventually, Ruth tells Alistair that she just wants to be friends. 21–26 August Angela has a brief relationship with Ben Atkins after they meet in a club. Ben wants Angela to move into Number 30 with him, his housemate, Sarah Beaumont, puts her foot down as she does not want to live with a couple. Angela later reconciles with her ex-boyfriend. 25–26 August Samantha is Alistair O'Connor's daughter. He introduces her to Lance Wilkinson and she develops a crush on him. 26 August 1997–5 February 1998 Jack works as a lifeguard at the local swimming pool. Hannah Martin develops a crush on him and tries to catch his attention with the help of her friend Claire Girard. But after Claire gives Hannah a make-over, Jack asks Claire out instead. Claire tries again and succeeds in getting Jack to ask Hannah on a date, but then Jack learns Hannah is only 14. Jack is fired when he becomes distracted and Toadfish Rebecchi injures himself. 8 September–30 October Claire is a French exchange student, who stays with Madge and Harold Bishop. Claire develops a crush on Billy Kennedy and befriends Hannah Martin. Claire and Hannah reignite the feud between the Ramsay and the Robinson families, by replacing the Ramsay Street sign with a Robinson Street one. Claire comforts Hannah when her grandmother, Helen Daniels dies and returns to France shortly after. The following year, Hannah goes to stay with her family. 26 September–3 November Jimmy is the track manager at Calder Park Raceway. Ben Atkins shows his car to Jimmy and he lets him have a drive on the track, as long as he does not race. Sarah Beaumont gets into another car with Jimmy and when he picks up speed, so does Ben. However, Ben skids off at a corner and Jimmy threatens to ban him from the raceway. He later drops off an application form for Ben's racing licence. Jimmy introduces Ben to his rival Steve Van Eck. 29 September 1997–2 February 1998 When competitive swimmer Caitlin Atkins goes to the local pool to join the swim team, she befriends Mandi. Their coach Simon Butterworth realises that their friendship is beneficial to their training and encourages them to spend more time together. When Mandi's family move to Geelong, she is allowed to continue her training in Erinsborough, until she misses her train home one day and has to stay with Caitlin. That night, Mandi and Caitlin go to a club and Ben Atkins catches them coming home in the morning. When Mandi, Caitlin and Billy Kennedy go to Sydney for a swimming contest, Caitlin asks Mandi to lock her and Billy in the changing rooms. When Billy girlfriend, Anne Wilkinson, comes to see him, Mandi unlocks the door. She and Caitlin eventually drift apart. 30 September 1997–8 July 1998 Carol is a tax inspector who comes to help Lou Carpenter with his audit. While they are working, they realise that they have seen each other before at a dating agency. Lou asks Carol out to dinner and she accepts. A few months later, Carol visits Lou and apologises for not returning his calls. She admits that she was wary of starting a relationship with him, as he has a young daughter. However, she wants to be with him and they begin dating. The relationship ends when Carol realises that Lou is not over his former partner Cheryl Stark. 6–14 October George Marshall George meets Marlene Kratz at their local bowls club and they get on well. George asks Marlene to accompany him on a three month world cruise and Marlene agrees. Simon coaches the local swim team. He encourages Caitlin Atkins and Mandi Rodgers to spend time together as their friendship is beneficial to their training times. He later takes the team to a contest in Sydney and puts Billy Kennedy in the relay race, after another swimmer is injured. 28 October 1997–4 August 1998 Tracey is a social worker, who convinces Harold and Madge Bishop to foster Paul McClain. Tracey later returns to tell Paul that his father, Leo, wants to see him. 3 November 1997–19 January 1998 Steve is Ben Atkins's motor racing rival. Steve tells Ben that his car has a timing problem, but Ben disagrees. They race, but Steve easily beats Ben. The following day, Steve teases Ben about his engine and wins another race. Ben eventually beats Steve, but at their next race, Ben hits a stationary car and flips over before coming to a stop. The engine bursts into flames, but Ben is pulled to safety and put in an ambulance, as Steve watches on in shock. 3 November Kay is Cara Winfield's mother. When Cara is injured during a muck-up day prank executed by Toadfish Rebecchi, Kay takes her to Susan and Karl Kennedy's home to demand that he is punished. Mike befriends Hannah Martin on the internet and eventually visits her in Erinsborough. Hannah's father, Philip, becomes suspicious and tries to contact Mike's parents. After he is reported missing on the news, Mike later reveals that his parents are on holiday and he told his grandmother he was staying with a friend. Mike is allowed to stay and he befriends Paul McClain, before he leaves. 24 November 1997, 17 November 1999–3 February 2000 Jeff is Amy Greenwood's brother and captain of the local cricket team. He invites Amy's boyfriend Lance Wilkinson to play cricket with him and his friend Johnny, but the game ends when Lance is injured. Stephanie Scully asks to join the team and Jeff tells her that no woman has ever played for them. When Steph proves to be capable of playing with the team and is selected, Jeff threatens to quit. 24 November 1997–27 February 1998 Shane Nicholson Johnny is Jeff Greenwood's friend. He and Jeff play cricket with Lance Wilkinson, until Johnny bowls the ball and hits Lance in the face. Johnny later asks Jeff's sister, Amy, to the university ball and she accepts. Johnny then taunts Lance about the date. ==References== * ==External links== *Characters and cast at the Official AU Neighbours website *Characters and cast at the Official UK Neighbours website *Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database 1997 *, Neighbours |
The Efé are a group of part-time hunter-gatherer people living in the Ituri Rainforest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the depths of the forest they do not wear much clothing, using only leaf huts as shelter for their bodies in the intense heat. The Efé are Pygmies, and one of the shortest peoples in the world. The men grow to an average height of 142 cm (4 ft. 8 in.), and women tend to be about 5 cm (2 in.) shorter. Dr. Jean-Pierre Hallet was very involved with the Efé, from raising awareness to the plight of the tribe, to the introduction of new foods and methods previously unknown (such as a legume called the "winged bean" of New Guinea). He also introduced new methods of farming to the Efé, who likely had been a hunter-gatherer society for many thousands of years. ==Origins== The Efé (and other Western pygmy groups) show genetic evidence of an early genetic divergence from neighboring groups. The Semliki harpoon, 90,000 years old, is one of the oldest known human tools and was found in the current range of the Efé pygmies. This suggests an initial aquatic civilisation based on fishing. Jean-Pierre Hallet promoted the establishment of a sanctuary for the Efé along the Semliki River near Virunga National Park, and also lobbied heavily for the rights of the semi-nomadic pygmies to continue living in the protected Okapi Wildlife Reserve in the Ituri Forest. ==Location and overview== The Efe are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively named BaMbuti, of the Ituri forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The other groups are the Sua, and the Aka. Of these, the Efé occupy the most land, from the north to the southeast of the forest. One of the main ways in which these groups are distinguished is by the neighbouring non-pygmy tribes with whom they cooperate. The Efé, who differ from other pygmy groups in that they hunt with bows and arrows instead of nets, are associated with the Lese people. The Efé language is related to that of the Lese, and is Central Sudanic in origin. (The pygmy groups in the region generally speak the language of the tribes with whom they associate.) ==History and external influences== There is some debate over how long the Efé have lived in their present state, with accounts of their having been in the Ituri forest for 20,000 years. Bailey states that the Ituri area has been inhabited since 40,700 BC, but that the region was most likely savannah and temperate forest (as opposed to rainforest) until somewhere between 2900 and 720 BC. His analyses suggest that hunter-gathering is not a sufficient source of caloric intake alone, so that some form of agricultural pursuits were likely and that the civilization probably developed at the border of the savannah and the rainforest, rather than in the forest itself. Net hunting by other pygmy tribes, however, seem to provide higher caloric intake than the bow and arrow hunting of the Efé. Some suggestions as to the evolutionary benefit of the pygmy short stature was the ability to navigate the dense jungle, with its low hanging branches, more easily. Small stature also confers a small advantage for body heat dissipation in equatorial (hot, humid) regions. (While there are pygmy peoples in colder climates as well, this may have occurred by migration.) Arab slave raids, especially from the 1850s until the 1890s, served to destabilise the region. Trade routes were opened up, and a common dialect called Kingwana (a Congo variant of Kiswahili, also known as Copperbelt Swahili) was introduced. New crops, firearms, and hut designs were also introduced during that time. The Efé assumed roles as watchmen for the Lese against the slavers. Belgian Congo was established in 1908, and the Belgian colonial government played a role in shaping the lives of the Efé and Lese. Chiefdoms among the Lese were formalised and police forces were created with Lese policemen. These supervised the work projects of the colonial administration: primarily the construction of three main roads in the Ituri region. Whole villages of Lese and Efé were relocated alongside these roads in these work projects, and new crops were planted for sale as well as for village use. The structure of these roadside villages and the resultant behaviour of the Efé differed significantly from their forest villages. When Congo became independent from Belgium on June 30, 1960, the Ituri region began to fall into decay. The dictatorship of Mobutu that soon followed independence followed a practice of neglect for the region, allowing the roads to fall into disrepair. "...We have no roads, we have no insurrection" was one of his favourite sayings. In 1997 he died of prostate cancer and the rebel army of Laurent Kabila took control of the country in the First Congo War. This was soon followed by Rwandan and Ugandan invasions of the Eastern Congo in the Second Congo War. Congolese militias known as Mai Mai also sprang up and began fighting in this conflict, and the Ituri region was one of the areas most affected by this conflict, the largest in Africa. ==Economic and cultural features== The Efé are primarily a foraging society, but they do sometimes perform wage labour for the Lese villagers. Efé men hunt and gather honey while the women gather food and also fish. Recently, the Ituri forest has been logged at a tremendous rate, and Efé have been hired to assist with the logging. ==Attaining necessities== Hunting is a primary way in which Efé men contribute to the food supply of the tribe, which they were observed doing 21.1% of the time during 12-hour observation days. They hunt either alone or in groups, using either spears or bows and arrows (the arrows may be iron- tipped or poison-tipped, depending on the type of prey). Monkeys are hunted alone using poison-tipped arrows, which is done by solitary hunters who locate groups of monkeys feeding in trees and stand where they think the monkeys will move. Once they are within , an Efé archer fires several arrows and, if he hits one of the monkeys, he will either try to follow it up to through the forest (waiting for the poison to set in), or he will return later (the same day or the next morning) in order to bring it back to camp. Poison-tipped arrows are labour-intensive to make (the poisonous roots and vines have to be gathered and then crushed up to turn them into a juice that can be used to coat the arrow tip), and are made in batches of about 75, with about 5.9 minutes spent on each arrow. Duikers (a type of antelope) are hunted either in groups or ambushed alone from trees with iron-tipped arrows. The ambush hunts are called ebaka, and they are performed by building perches in fruit trees from which the duikers eat dropped fruits and waiting there during feeding hours, which are early morning and late afternoon. If the hunter hits a duiker, he will jump out of the 2.5- to 3-metre perch and chase it, and call the dogs to join him. Sometimes, though, the animal gets away, since they can run the distance of several football fields away in the dense forest, even wounded. Group hunts, which are called mota, take place with between 4 and 30 men who use either spears for large animals (like forest buffalo and elephants) or iron-tipped arrows for duikers, other species of antelope, and water chevrotain. They also use their dogs to drive game out of their hiding and/or sleeping places and to chase down wounded animals. Another exclusively male task is to gather honey, which takes place from June through September. Honey season, however, can last until November if it is a particularly plentiful season. Women perform most tasks unrelated to hunting and honey- gathering. These include gathering firewood and water, which women do about 5 percent of the time. Generally, they do this with at least one other person, very occasionally a man. Gathering forest foods, namely fruits, nuts, tubers, mushrooms, caterpillars, and termites takes up a lot of their time, as does labouring in the villages. Women also spend 17% of their time preparing food, and are almost solely responsible for maintaining the camp. ==Family life== One interesting feature of the family life of the Efé is the degree of cooperation involved in caring for children, particularly babies. Sometimes Efé infants will even be nursed by a woman other than the mother if the mother's milk has not come in yet. Other women help more in caretaking than the baby's father, and studies indicate that Efé babies spend just 40% of their time with their mothers and are switched around between caretakers 8.3 times per hour, with about 14 people looking after the infant on average in 8 hours of observation. Also notable is the fact that children constitute only a quarter to a third of the population, and nearly half of women have either no or one child during their lifetime. The Efé ideal is to marry by sister exchange, but this happens for only 40 percent of men. There is no bridewealth and very little bride service. The Efé are not allowed to marry anyone related to their grandfathers, and they trace their heritage patrilineally. Generally, residence is patrilocal and the composition of camps roughly follows that of a patriclan. == Relationship to the Lese == The Efé can be said to live in cooperation with the Lese, who live in villages of between fifteen and a hundred people and grow their food. The Efé make their camps on the outskirts of the forest near a Lese village for about seven months of the year (save for the best hunting season, January through March, and honey season), and are never more than eight hours away on foot from a village. The Efé generally trade the meat and honey they acquire in the forest for material goods or the cassava, bananas, peanuts, and rice grown by the Lese, and the meat provided by the Efé accounts for over half of the meat eaten by the Lese. Important goods that the Lese villagers provide for the Efé are tobacco and marijuana, which about half of men and a third of women smoke. In addition to trading meat and honey with the villagers, Efé men and women also provide their labour in exchange for foods, tobacco, marijuana, iron, cloth or other material goods. Women do this about 9.6% of their time, usually helping to plant, harvest, and prepare the food from Lese gardens in return for food from the garden. Efé men, on the other hand, mostly perform work related to clearing fields in December, and spend about 3.5% of their time doing it. They are usually paid with cooked food, some of which they eat right away and some of which they bring back to camp with them; but they are also occasionally paid with marijuana or tobacco. Men spend more time in the villages doing things other than working, like drinking palm wine with the villagers and generally socializing. Lese and Efé men even establish partnerships, which can be inherited and constitute a special bond between a Lese and an Efé man. However, these partnerships can be dissolved when an Efé man returns borrowed items to his Lese partner. One aspect of the Lese–Efé relationship that is less than cooperative is the way in which they view each other. Efé often steal from Lese gardens, particularly around April and May when there is little food and the Lese are ungenerous about payment for Efé labor. The Lese, on the other hand, view the Efé with something of a condescending attitude and see themselves as entirely separate entities. Efé are viewed by Lese men and women alike as being female. The Lese also see strict dichotomies between themselves and the Efé – they characterize the Efé as uneducated savages and see themselves as more civilized since they go to school and live in villages. Another interesting image they create is that of red versus white – the Efé and the meat and honey they provide are described as red, and the goods the Lese provide (dried corn, cassava, etc.) are closer to white in colour. However, Lese men describe Efé men as "devoted friends and protectors" and also find Efé women "stronger, more sexually attractive, and more fertile than Lese women". The Lese also believe that the Efé can hunt witches and protect the village from them. ==Religion== It is rather difficult to accurately describe the Efé religion, as there is not a great deal of information that deals specifically with the Efé. The main source used was a collection of Bambuti legends, i.e. legends that the author felt belonged to some extent to all of the pygmy groups of the Ituri forest, but the tribe from whom the legends were gathered were one of the net-hunting groups, not the Efé. Because of the lack of information, it seems imprudent to relay any of the specific legends. The legends, though, tend to fall into three categories: “creation myths; legends of origin and tradition, legends dealing with social relations, and legends dealing with relations with the supernatural". Another interesting aspect of Efé religion is that it is also shared with the Lese. Many of pygmy legends deal with their larger partners, and the associated tribes have myths dealing with the pygmies. Even some religious ceremonies are held in common, such as the ima celebration in which girls who have reached menarche and been secluded in a hut together are carried back out into the village. Bailey describes the period of seclusion as being three months, but Grinker states that it is more like six months to a year and that the girls’ feet are not allowed to touch the ground without being wrapped in palm leaves and that whenever they have to use the bathroom, they must be carried to an outhouse wrapped in palm leaves so that the sun does not touch them. This period is also supposed to make the girls fat, and they are supposed to consume a lot of palm oil and meat while they are being sequestered. == Language == The Efé speak Lese without any dialectical distinction from the Lese themselves. They also have a relationship with other farming peoples in the region: the Mamvu and Mvuba (close relatives of Lese) and the Bantu Bira, Nyali, and Nande. == Footnotes == == External links == *African Pygmies Culture, music and rites *Pygmy Fund: Dr Jean-Pierre Hallet *The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest (Sound Recording -- Music) * Kumuka 1993 – Efé Pygmy Visit, Zaire (DR Congo) (Video Recording – 49 minutes) Category:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:African Pygmies |
Hypercompetition, a term first coined in business strategy by Richard D’Aveni, describes a dynamic competitive world in which no action or advantage can be sustained for long. Hypercompetition is a key feature of the new global digital economy. Not only is there more competition, there is also tougher and smarter competition. It is a state in which the rate of change in the competitive rules of the game are in such flux that only the most adaptive, fleet, and nimble organizations will survive. Hypercompetitive markets are also characterized by a “quick-strike mentality” to disrupt, neutralize, or moot the competitive advantage of market leaders and important rivals. Often a hypercompetitive market is triggered by new technologies, new offerings, and falling entry barriers that cause market leaders to be dethroned, causing standards and rules to be in flux. This results in near chaotic competition that confuses management and causes the destruction of the core competencies of established firms. While most firms are blindsided and lose their competitive advantage, other firms find opportunities to enrich themselves through reinvention and rapid escalation of competition. The empirical evidence for the concept of hypercompetition is somewhat equivocal. McNamara, Vaaler and Devers, Vaaler and McNamara, as well as Lindskov, Sund, and Dreyer, have for example contested the existence of a universal state of hypercompetition. Lindskov, Sund and Dreyer conclude that instead it may be that some industries, regions or time-periods could be associated to hypercompetition, others not. In D’Aveni's conceptualization of hypercompetition, the only source of a truly sustainable competitive advantage is a company’s ability to string together a sequence of temporary advantages. Firms manage their dynamic strategic interactions with competitors by means of frequent movements and counter-movements that maintain a relative position of strength in each of four arenas. According to D’Aveni’s model, competition unfolds in a series of dynamic strategic interactions in four arena’s: cost/quality, timing and know-how, strongholds, and deep pockets. Each of the four arenas represents different types of competitive advantage. The price/quality arena represents the competitive advantage from product positioning. The timing and know-how arena represents the competitive advantage from tacit and explicit knowledge and the timing of their deployment – first movers, fast followers and cautious followers. The strongholds arena represents the competitive advantage from high barriers of entry, but more importantly, from the ability to circumvent, neutralize, and destroy entry barriers. The deep pockets arena represents the competitive advantage from size including financial and political clout. ==The Four Arenas== === Price / Quality === In his book Competitive Strategy, Michael Porter stated that there are only two basic competitive advantages, and thus only two main generic strategies: cost leadership and differentiation, and further, that attempts to achieve both at once will result in doing neither well. Porter assumes a tradeoff between quality and price. In contrast, D'Aveni takes a dynamic and multidimensional view of price and quality relationships using graphical analysis. By plotting price vs. quality for various marketing strategies, it is possible to plot the movements of different firms, creating a multidimensional view of the overall market. Adding a time dimension to this analysis creates a more dynamic view. Graphical analysis also reveals strategic groups, if any, that develop around different points on the graph. D'Aveni’s price-quality mapping not only subsumes Porter's strategic groups, allowing not only for "within-segment positioning" but also "between-segment position", where nearby clusters can begin to directly or indirectly compete with firms that previously were not direct competitors. Competition in the first arena, price/quality, occurs via seven dynamic strategic interactions: price wars, quality and price positioning, “the middle path”, “cover all niches”, outflanking and niching, the move toward an ultimate value marketplace, and escaping from the ultimate value marketplace by restarting the cycle. Based on research using price-quality graphs, some interesting lessons have been learned. Consider the price-quality graph below which shows all of the iPods that were released over a five-year period. This graph illustrates many of the dynamic principles in hypercompetition including movement towards the ultimate value (lower right hand corner), and how Apple built momentum toward it. Apple led the race to the bottom, but planned for the future by inventing the iPhone, which obsolesced the portable music player market. In addition, Apple maintained a full line of iPods that made it difficult to tell which product was stuck in the middle. In a sense, almost all the products were stuck in the middle between two other products. Even more insights can be found if competitors are plotted on the same graph or if different types of quality are used for the graph. It is preferable to use the primary quality in the eyes of the consumer. Primary quality is determined by what is most important to consumers. Other definitions of quality are considered secondary qualities which can be used to redefine the primary quality and create a new playing field.Kim, W. Chan; Mauborgne, Renee (2005). Blue Ocean Strategy. Harvard Business School Press Because different segments of a market may view primary quality differently, it is sometimes best to perform price/quality analyses for different segments. For example, the sports car segment of the automobile market primarily values engine performance. Meanwhile, the soccer mom segment primarily values safety; the commuter segment primarily values fuel efficiency; and the luxury segment primarily values brand perception such as product prestige. Surprisingly, reliability is not on this list because it is now table stakes, and not a point of differentiation. Also surprisingly, safety features such as seatbelts were not valued when they cost $150 each. But when competitors produced seatbelts in such volume that they only cost $10 each, seatbelts became much more important, eventually being mandated by the government. So, it is not only the consumers that define perceived quality, but competition and regulations can affect it as well. === Timing and know-how === The second arena for hypercompetition is the timing and know-how arena.Global Marketing, Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall This arena represents the true chess game of innovation and imitation that underlies product evolution and the successful adaptations firms undertake to stay in the game. While all of the arenas incorporate an explicit hypercompetitive view of sequential advantages, this arena's focus on moves and countermoves implicitly explores the ability to manage and organize various types of resources dynamically. This arena of competition is based on knowledge and the timing with which it is deployed. A firm that has the skills to be a 'first mover' and arrives first in a market has achieved a timing advantage. A knowledge advantage includes the technology underlying the product, knowledge about customers, the skills that underlie each stage of a firm's value-added chain, as well as the specialized knowledge that underlies culture, and expert knowledge of physical and digital assets. This knowledge may be tacit or explicit. In addition, the knowledge may be the know-how associated with a new method of doing business that allows the firm to create an entirely new product, market, service or business model. This arena also implies that all knowledge, even the skills to invent a new business model and the skills needed to be a first-mover or follower, erodes with hypercompetitive maneuvering. The first level is the static resource-based view. The second level represents hypercompetition’s contribution to dynamic capabilities. The third level is hypercompetition’s contribution to knowledge- based theories of competitive advantage. D'Aveni identifies six dynamic strategic interactions that drive competition in this arena: * capturing first-mover advantages; * imitation and improvement by followers; * creating impediments to imitation; * overcoming the impediments; * transformation or leapfrogging; * downstream vertical integration. Timing moves are predicated on neutralizing or destroying the opponent's advantages. A first mover tries to create impediments on imitation by subsequent followers. The followers replicate the leader's resource base and overcome these impediments. They gradually become better and faster at imitation until the knowledge becomes commoditized or "table stakes". The first mover then adopts a strategy of leapfrogging innovations, building on large technological advantages that require entirely new resources and know-how. These moves become increasingly more expensive and risky for the firm. Eventually because of the speed with which imitators catch up, the leapfrogging strategy becomes unsustainable. The three major conclusions to take away from the timing and know-how arena are: # Speed. This cycle of dynamic strategic interactions is speeding up, driving more frequent transformations, leapfrog moves, and downstream vertical integration. Knowledge/know-how is commoditizing faster and first-mover advantages are eroding more quickly as well. # Aggressiveness. Even though many of these timing and know-how advantages appear in Porter's five forces as static barriers to entry, hypercompetition urges potential entrants to use these advantages to destroy, neutralize or moot the strengths of rivals. Porter’s model represents established firms on the defense.D’Aveni’s model represents outsiders seeking to get in or to grow their positions. # Imitation and Improvement. Although imitation is frequently discussed, D'Aveni's addition of the word "improvement" changes the playing field. Whereas many authors only discuss pure imitation (knockoffs), D'Aveni notes that it is often the improvements made by imitators that change the nature of the game. === Strongholds === The third arena is based on strongholds – a firm's product and geographic position best protected by barriers to entry and substitutes. These barriers include economies of scale, product differentiation, capital investments, switching costs, access to distribution channels, cost advantages other than scale, and government policies. Firms compete for different positions in their competitive space. A competitive space can be mapped using a two dimensional grid based on product (rows) and geography (columns). A firm and its rivals can be visualized by plotting them on this grid. If any firm takes significant market share in a specific geo-product position, it has created a stronghold which it will attempt to protect using its own barriers to entry. Once a firm has established a secure stronghold, it typically will diversify around that core to create a sphere of influence. Each geo-product position should have a defensive or offensive purpose such as buffer zones and forward positions, respectively. Firms try to take positions that not only allow them to protect their core stronghold but also enable strikes into the core or buffer zones of rivals. Frequently some spheres of influence overlap. If they do, they may eventually settle on a tacit division of the market. Otherwise, the firms perpetually engage in skirmishes, use allies to fight a “proxy war,” or continue to diversify until they get spread too thin. Many other strategies for the dynamic strategic interaction of strongholds have been discovered by empirical studies by D'Aveni. Not all firms are able to create a stronghold or sphere of influence. However, niche firms create strongholds or spheres of influence within tiny slivers of the competitive space. Similarly, not all industries can be described by hypercompetition. Competitive advantages can be institutionalized by government regulations and patents, giving firms permanent entry barriers and localized monopolies. D'Aveni has found that being hypercompetitive is not black or white. Some industries are hybrids. Firms can establish détente using oligopolistic behaviors with a select group of competitors so that they can free up resources to hypercompete against different rivals or to grow into new markets. For example, in the 1990s, the American car companies generally did not compete aggressively against each other so that they could focus on competition against Asian rivals. Also in the 1990s, the big three airlines (Delta, United, American) acquired failing airlines in such a way that they ended up with approximately equal market shares and some relatively uncontested airports. This allowed them to free up resources for hypercompeting against Continental, Northwest, Trans World Airlines, Eastern and Pan Am, driving some of them into bankruptcy. As these weaker rivals failed, the big 3 continued to acquire gates left behind by their rivals, resulting in a strengthening of the oligopoly among the big three. This then freed up resources for the big 3 to compete for international routes. The strongholds arena is the best example of the dynamic versus static approaches. In Porter's concept of "five forces"", entry barriers are present or not, and if present, reduce the threat of new entrants coming into the industry to increase competition. D'Aveni's strategic interactions, on the other hand, posit strategies for jumping over or slipping under or going around entry barriers, so that even in the presence of strong entry barriers, incumbent firms should not feel safe. D'Aveni suggests that firms need to unequivocally signal their intent to defend their strongholds or alternatively to attack those of their rivals. D'Aveni's model about spheres of influence and the balance of power explore a whole new level of competition. In contrast to those who have looked at multimarket contacts,Javier Jimenos, 1996 special issue D'Aveni's model does not predict mutual forbearance as the only outcome of multimarket contact. He argues that in some cases the multimarket contacts will result in escalating rivalry when those contacts have created separate coalitions with an imbalance of power or when the coalitions lack cohesiveness. The strongholds arena maps onto Porter's entry barriers in the five forces model, but again the hypercompetition model is dynamic rather than static. Entry barriers can be erected in a number of ways, but while entry barriers may temporarily slow down rivals, determined opponents can always find a way to circumvent or vault over entry barriers through employing a variety of tactics. D'Aveni has identified eight strategic interactions in this arena: * building barriers; * launching forays into a competitors stronghold; * the incumbents short-run counterresponses to a guerilla attack on its home turf; * the incumbent's delayed reaction; * overcoming the barriers; * long-run counterresponses to the attack; * slow learners and the incumbent's reaction to entrants who don't get the message; * and unstable standoffs. Over time, a stronghold erodes as entry barriers are overcome. D'Aveni is in agreement with Peter Drucker, who long counseled that the role of marketing is innovation and the creation of new markets. Innovation begins with abandonment of the old and obsolete. The age of strategic planning is fast evolving into the era or organizational learning. Likewise, D'Aveni urges managers to reconsider and reevaluate the use of what he believes are old strategic tools and maxims. He warns of the dangers of commitment to a given strategy or course of action. The flexible, unpredictable player may have an advantage over the inflexible, committed opponent. D'Aveni notes that, in hypercompetition, pursuit of generic strategies results in short-term advantage at best. The winning companies are the ones that successfully move up the ladder of escalating competition, not the ones that lock into a fixed position. D'Aveni is also critical of the five forces model. The best entry barrier, he argues, is maintaining the initiative, not mounting a defensive attempt to exclude new entrants. The strongholds arena offers a substantive set of options for addressing the entry barriers once capable of providing long-term competitive advantages. Basically, hypercompetition changed the impression of rock-walled castle strongholds to sandcastles ever susceptible to new tides and constant rebuilding. Importantly, it did not depict stronghold competition as fruitless, but transitory. === Deep Pockets === Hypercompetition theory depicts the deep pockets arena as not based on unassailable advantages. Conventional views say that large firms have several deep pocket advantages including a wider margin for error, global or national reach, political power, market power, and financial clout. “Hypercompetition provides strategies that advise both large firms with deep pockets and a small agile competitor." Starting with the conventional view, D'Aveni suggests that firms can derive advantage through a larger resource base and superior concentration of focus to crush a smaller competitor through brute force. These advantages however can be neutralized fairly quickly. “For instance, competitors can use mergers and acquisitions to develop equally-matched or even deeper-pockets… Alternatively, franchise and partnership arrangements can neutralize the [deep pocket] advantages… And, large firms always face the potential of an anti-competitive government legal action." The strategic interactions in this arena include "drive 'em out," using the courts or Congress to derail the deep-pocketed firm, large firm thwarting the antitrust suit, small firms neutralizing the advantage of the deep pocket, and the rise of a countervailing power. Although the deep pockets arena is the least remarkable of the four, it does offer some hope for the small firm when facing a Microsoft or a Google. "The world is changing very fast… big will not beat small anymore… it will be the fast beating the slow.” In the deep-pockets arena, D’Aveni concludes that brawn is no match for brains. ==Hypercompetition vs traditional strategy== Hypercompetitive strategy differs from The Five Forces Model/oligopoly theory of strategy in at least four distinctive ways. === Stakeholder strategy === The Five Forces Model/oligopoly theory of strategy promotes friendly relations with rivals to prevent competition or slow it down. It fosters building oligopolistic bargains amongst rivals while improving margins by reducing the power of suppliers and buyers. Hypercompetition inspires the opposite. It fosters fiercer and faster competition amongst rivals while generating margins by creating value for customers and forming alliances with suppliers. In sum, the five forces model treats rivals nicely and suppliers and customers poorly. The hypercompetition model treats customers and suppliers nicely while treating rivals aggressively. === The nature of competitive advantage === National oligopolies and their long-term sustainable advantages were destroyed by foreign competition, an influx of technology and other disruptive forces that made it difficult to sustain competitive advantage. Hypercompetition is based on unsustainable, temporary competitive advantages. There is considerable evidence in the financial, accounting, economic, and strategy literatures that suggests an increase in temporary advantages. In macroeconomics, studies have demonstrated the steady increase in the magnitude of volatility in growth of unemployment, sales, earnings, capital expenditures and total factor productivity since 1950,Comin and Mulani, 2006; Comin and Philippon, 2006 suggesting that sustainable competitive advantage is becoming more difficult. In finance, research has documented an increase in the volatility of returns for US equity prices.Campbell et al., 2001; Irvine and Pontiff, 2009 In the strategy literature, Thomas and D’Aveni also found increased volatility and decreased duration of stock returns from 1950 to 2002. The competitive advantage of established industry leaders has become shorter over time and more likely to erode in several studies. Market share erosion and dethronement of market leaders have been found to be more frequent over time, indicating that even the most established and profitable players are experiencing a loss of competitive advantage. === The relationship between rivalry and performance === Hypercompetition suggests that increased rivalry leads to higher performance while oligopoly theory / The Five Forces Model suggest that decreased rivalry is associated with higher performance. L. G Thomas found that rivalry and performance were positively correlated in over 200 manufacturing industries from 1950 to 1996, supporting Hypercompetition theory. The relationship between rivalry and performance is controversial. While Porter recommended oligopolistic behavior which is based on the idea that higher competition leads to lower performance. However, in his extensive study of national economies (1990), he found the opposite. Countries with the highest levels of hypercompetition performed better in global markets than those dominated by oligopolies. The reasons for the high-performance high- rivalry finding are numerous. They include the many significant benefits of a competitive aggressive approach. By constantly improving a product, a firm delivers superior value to its customers and generates new demand. An aggressive series of actions also delays rival responses and creates temporary monopolistic positions, allowing firms to charge premium prices and earn higher profit margins. L. G Thomas found evidence that over time, the within- industry variance of profits increased, suggesting that the positive relationship between rivalry and industry performance is partially due to a few firms that have the resources to master the art of hypercompetition. Firms that are flexible and able to bear the costs of aggressive actions become winners but the costs of aggressiveness can increase as the pace of competition intensifies. There are inefficiencies caused by rushed planning and execution including mistakes, poor judgement, and lack of coordination among departments and suppliers. Competitive aggressiveness can certainly be a winning strategy in newly developed markets or highly dynamic industries such as consumer electronics, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. “We’ve accumulated a lot of evidence that aggressiveness matters, that it really improves performance, especially in these highly dynamic environments,” says Goce Andrevski, associate professor and Distinguished Faculty Fellow of Strategy at Smith School of Business. Consistent with L.G Thomas’ within- industry findings, competitive aggressiveness pays for firms with the proper resources – such as technological know-how, and dense networks of reliable partners and suppliers. It also pays when firms have the resources to generate a series of many temporary advantages at a rapid pace, relentlessly rolling out new products, price cuts, marketing campaigns, or similar actions designed to create superior value for customers, confuse rivals, and disrupt, destroy or neutralize the core competency of an opponent. === The type of strategic actions recommended === Sequences of temporary competitive advantages are a means of gaining momentum and destroying, mooting, or otherwise neutralizing the core competencies of oligopolists. For example, Hypercompetition includes undermining the core competence of industry leaders, building off of one’s weaknesses to create surprise, and to circumvent entry barriers, making them moot. Traditional strategy often uses SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis as a tool to identify, measure and leverage core competencies. This analysis typically suggests firms leverage, strengthen, and exploit their strengths, i.e their core competencies. And, to use these strengths against the opportunities, which derive from the weaknesses of competitors. No decisive victory can be achieved by using strengths to attack weaknesses. The traditional approach leaves a rival intact and manages competition to keep its level down to a slower speed and reduce the aggressiveness of rivals, behaviors which support existing oligopolies. In contrast, hypercompetition encourages using strengths against the strengths of rivals. To be successful at attacking the strengths of a rival, a firm must build its weaknesses so that the attack will be a surprise. In hypercompetition, only temporary advantages are possible. This suggests the surprising implication that leveraging core competencies is a mistake in hypercompetition because those strengths will often turn into disadvantages weighing down the firm with assets that create inflexibilities. Truly decisive victories only come from strengths overwhelming strengths.von Clauswitz In most cases, before attacking the strength of a rival, firms prepare for counterattacks and build their weaknesses. Destroying or eroding the strengths of rivals enables firms to undermine, neutralize or eventually moot their advantages. Faced with relentless withering attacks, rivals can also become exhausted and demoralized when they are constantly playing catch-up to a hypercompetitor on the loose. == See also == * D'Aveni's 7S framework == References == == Further reading == * Plant, R. 2006. Hypercompetition and Differentiation. accessed 5/11/2010. * D'Aveni, R & Gunther, R Hypercompetition - Hypercompetitive Rivalries. accessed 01/11/2010 * Category:Competition (economics) |
South Wales () is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north. Generally considered to include the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, south Wales extends westwards to include Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people would probably recognise that they lived in both south Wales and west Wales.. The Brecon Beacons National Park covers about a third of south Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest British mountain south of Cadair Idris in Snowdonia. thumb|Pen y Fan 2,907 ft (886 metres) A point of some discussion is whether the first element of the name should be capitalised: 'south Wales' or 'South Wales'. As the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, style guides such as those of the BBCBBC Academy, 'Grammar, spelling and punctuation'. Retrieved 27 December 2015. and The GuardianThe Guardian, ' Guardian and Observer style guide: C '. Retrieved 27 December 2015. use the form 'south Wales'. In a more authoritative style guide, the Welsh Government, in their international gateway website, Wales.com, state that it should always be capitalised.Wales.com, 'Language and style guidance'. Retrieved 1 July 2021. It is always capitalised on motorway signs. ==History== Between the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and the Laws in Wales Act 1535, crown land in Wales formed the Principality of Wales. This was divided into a Principality of south Wales and a Principality of north Wales. The southern principality was made up of the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, areas that had previously been part of the Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth ('the southern land'). The legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the Justiciar of South Wales based at Carmarthen. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various Marcher Lords. The Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on four legal circuits. The Brecon circuit served the counties of Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Glamorgan while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. Monmouthshire was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales. The Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the Local Government Act 1972 which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county (Montgomeryshire) with two southern ones (Breconshire and Radnorshire). There are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales. But the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales. Areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. The valleys and upland mountain ridges were once a very rural area noted for its river valleys and ancient forests and lauded by romantic poets such as William Wordsworth as well as poets in the Welsh language, although the interests of the latter lay more in society and culture than in the evocation of natural scenery. This natural environment changed to a considerable extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal and iron. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff and Newport. In the 1870s, coal was transported by rail transport networks to Newport Docks, at the time the largest coal exporting docks in the world, and by the 1880s coal was being exported from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan. frameless|right|upright=0.7 The Marquess of Bute, who owned much of the land north of Cardiff, built a steam railway system on his land that stretched from Cardiff into many of the South Wales Valleys where the coal was being found. Lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. With coal mining and iron smelting being the main trades of south Wales, many thousands of immigrants from the Midlands, Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall and even Italy came and set up homes and put down roots in the region. Very many came from other coal mining areas such as Somerset, the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire and the tin mines of Cornwall such as Geevor Tin Mine, as a large but experienced and willing workforce was required. Whilst some of the migrants left, many settled and established in the south Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera, and on the social and cultural side, the near-loss of the Welsh language in the area. The 1930s inter-war Great Depression in the United Kingdom saw the loss of almost half of the coal pits in the South Wales Coalfield, and their number declined further in the years following World War II. This number is now very low, following the UK miners' strike (1984–85), and the last 'traditional' deep-shaft mine, Tower Colliery, closed in January 2008. Despite the intense industrialisation of the coal mining valleys, many parts of the landscape of South Wales such as the upper Neath valley, the Vale of Glamorgan and the valleys of the River Usk and River Wye remain distinctly beautiful and unspoilt and have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest. In addition, many once heavily industrialised sites have reverted to wilderness, some provided with a series of cycle tracks and other outdoor amenities. Large areas of forestry and open moorland also contribute to the amenity of the landscape. ==Industrialised areas in the 19th and 20th centuries== Merthyr Tydfil () grew around the Dowlais Ironworks which was founded to exploit the locally abundant seams of iron ore, and in time it became the largest iron-producing town in the world. New coal mines were sunk nearby to feed the furnaces and in time produced coal for export. By the 1831 census, the population of Merthyr was 60,000—more at that time than Cardiff, Swansea and Newport combined—and its industries included coal mines, iron works, cable factory, engine sheds and sidings and many others. The town was also the birthplace of Joseph Parry, composer of the song Myfanwy. The Heads of the Valleys towns, including Rhymney, Tredegar and Ebbw Vale, rose out of the industrial revolution, producing coal, metal ores and later steel. Aberfan: The Merthyr Vale colliery began to produce coal in 1875. Spoil from the mine workings was piled on the hills close to the village which grew nearby. Tipping went on until the 1960s. Although nationalised, the National Coal Board failed to appreciate the danger they had created. In October 1966, heavy rain made the giant coal tip unstable, resulting in the Aberfan disaster. The recent dumping of small particles of coal and ash known as 'tailings' seems to have been partly responsible. A black wave tore downhill across the Glamorganshire Canal and swept away houses on its path towards the village school. 114 children and 28 adults were killed. The Rhondda Valleys (Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fawr) housed around 3,000 people in 1860, but by 1910 the population had soared to 160,000. The Rhondda had become the heart of a massive South Wales coal industry. Mining accidents below ground were common, and in 1896 fifty-seven men and boys were killed in a gas explosion at the Tylorstown Colliery. An enquiry found that the pit involved had not been properly inspected over the previous 15 months. Ebbw Vale, the valley of the Ebbw River which stretches from the town of Ebbw Vale to Newport, includes the mining towns and villages of Newbridge, Risca, Crumlin, Abercarn and Cwmcarn. The Carboniferous Black Vein coal seams in the area lay some 900 feet (275 metres) below the surface and the mining activity associated with it was responsible for many tragic subsurface explosions, roof collapses and mining accidents. Now the Valleys' heavy industrial past is overprinted with urban regeneration, tourism and multi-national investment. Large factory units, either empty or turned over to retail use, bear witness to the lack of success in replacing older industries. ==Language== The native language of the majority of people in South Wales is English, but there are many who also speak Welsh. In western parts of Glamorgan, particularly the Neath and Swansea Valleys, there remain significant Welsh-speaking communities such as Ystradgynlais and Ystalyfera, which share a heritage with other ex- anthracite mining areas in eastern Carmarthenshire, as much as with the Glamorgan valleys. The local slang, dialect and phrases of the South Wales Valleys communities have been referred to as 'Wenglish', and are often used with comic effect. The dialect is found in such coastal towns as Barry, as featured in the BBC comedy series, Gavin & Stacey. Welsh is now a compulsory language up to GCSE level for all students who start their education in Wales. Several secondary schools offering Welsh medium education operate in this area, for example Ysgol Gyfun Llanhari in Pontyclun, Ysgol Gyfun Y Cymmer in Porth in the Rhondda, Ysgol Gyfun Rhydywaun in Penywaun in the Cynon Valley, Ysgol Gyfun Gwynllyw in Pontypool, Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni in Blackwood, Ysgol Gymraeg Plasmawr in Cardiff and Ysgol Gyfun Garth Olwg in Church Village. A significant number of people from ethnic minority communities speak another language as their first language, particularly in Cardiff and Newport. Commonly spoken languages in some areas include Punjabi, Bengali, Arabic, Somali and Chinese, and increasingly Central European languages such as Polish. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a vigorous literary and musical culture centred round eisteddfodau... Despite a few timid attempts to emulate this literature in English, it can be argued that few writers seem to connect with either the landscape or the literary tradition.. The one exception, to some extent, can be considered to be Dylan Thomas.. ==Culture== *Welsh Factor talent competition ==Religion== The South Wales landscape is marked by numerous chapels, places of worship (past and present) of the various Christian Nonconformist congregations. The Baptist congregation at Ilston, Gower, moved to Swansea, Massachusetts, but after the restoration of the Anglican worship with the issue of the Book of Common Prayer in 1662, several "gathered" churches survived belonging to the Baptist, Independent and Presbyterian denominations. In the 18th century members of some of these congregations became dissatisfied with the theological innovations of some trained ministers, and created new congregations such as that at Hengoed near Ystrad Mynach.. In the same century, churches were sometimes involved in the Methodist movement, especially at Groeswen and Watford near Caerphilly, which both received frequent visits from John Wesley. The largest denomination, however, became the Calvinist Methodists (later the Presbyterian Church of Wales), whose distinctive grey stone chapels can be seen in many parts. These were mainly Welsh-language congregations. Anglicanism in South Wales became autonomous from the Church of England with the Welsh Church Act 1914, but the immediate demise of the denomination feared at that time has not taken place in the Church in Wales... There are a number of Brethren Assemblies in Cardiff and in the Swansea area and Free Presbyterian Churches in Rhiwderin, near Newport and at Merthyr Tydfil. The Roman Catholic community, despite systematic persecution, survived in the 17th to 19th centuries, especially in Brecon and among minor gentry such as the Vaughans of Welsh Bicknor, on the Monmouthshire–Herefordshire border... Among members of foreign origin of later urban Catholic congregations were the Bracchi, Italians in the café and catering trades often from Bardi in the Apennines. Post-war diversity has brought mosques, especially in Cardiff and Newport, Sikh gurdwaras, including one on the mountain near Abercynon and a growing number of Evangelical and Pentecostal congregations. These often add a strongly international element into local life, such as the "Pont" twinning project between Pontypridd and Mbale, Uganda, and the creation of "Fairtrade" relationships with primary producers worldwide. ==Industry today== The former heavy industries of coal and iron production have disappeared since the economic struggles of the 1970s, with the closures of that decade continuing sharply into the 1980s, and by July 1985 just 31 coal pits remained in the region.. Further closures left the region with just one deep mine by the early 1990s, and this finally closed in January 2008, by which time it had transferred to private ownership after being sold off by the National Coal Board.. These industries have since largely been replaced by service sector industries. The cities along the M4 corridor are home to a number of high-profile blue-chip companies such as Admiral Insurance, Legal & General and the Welsh-based Principality Building Society. A large number of telephone call centres are located in the region and in particular in the Valleys area. Merthyr Tydfil is home to the principal UK call centre for German mobile telephone company, T-Mobile. Many jobs are also provided in small-scale and family businesses.Business analysis with the former INDIS, Mid Glamorgan industrial information unit It is clear from anecdotal personal contacts, apart from official figures, that the new industries have so far failed to cope with the task of providing stable employment for the large number of employable people resident in the area. One site of note on the M4 corridor is Port Talbot Steelworks – the largest steel producer in the UK and one of the biggest in Europe. The television and film sectors are fast becoming a major industry in South Wales, with the development, by the BBC, of a vast dedicated production studio in Nantgarw, near Pontypridd, for the Doctor Who series. Lord Attenborough is shortly due to open the first completely new film studio in the UK in over fifty years. Dragon International Film Studios, a huge purpose-built studio complex located alongside the M4 motorway between Bridgend and Llantrisant, contains a number of large soundstages which have already attracted the interest of a number of Hollywood directors and producers alike, looking for suitable facilities in Europe. ==Railways== Great Western Railway operate services from Swansea,Cardiff Central and Newport to London Paddington with Class 800s. Most services in South Wales are operated by Transport for Wales Rail on the South Wales Main Line and associated branches such as the Valley Lines. ==Media== Radio stations include: * Capital South Wales * Heart South & West Wales * The Wave * Greatest Hits Radio South Wales * Breezy Radio * Radio Carmarthenshire * Radio Pembrokeshire * Bridge FM * BBC Radio Wales * BBC Radio Cymru * Nation Radio * Kiss 101 The Welsh national media is based in Cardiff where the BBC and ITV have their main studios and offices. ==Gallery== File:A view of Ogmore Castle and countryside by Merthyr Mawr - geograph.org.uk - 1429117.jpg|Ogmore Castle and Merthyr Mawr File:Central Cardiff.jpg|Section of the southeastern Cardiff skyline File:Barry Island (26138857225).jpg|Beach at Barry Island File:Wales blaenavon bigpit.jpg|The Big Pit National Coal Museum at Blaenavon – exhibiting economic past File:Wingfield Crescent, Llanbradach - geograph.org.uk - 372337.jpg|Terraced housing in Llanbradach in the South Wales Valleys File:Coast path from Mumbles to Langland Bay - geograph.org.uk - 461032.jpg|Gower and Swansea Bay Coast Path, part of the Wales Coast Path File:Porthcawl promenade (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1490500.jpg|Porthcawl seafront File:Bilingual railway sign - geograph.org.uk - 33133.jpg|Bilingual signs in Cardiff ==See also== * South East Wales * West Wales * Mid Wales * North Wales * Geography of Wales * Subdivisions of Wales * M4 corridor * South Wales coalfield * South Wales Valleys * South Wales Metro * South Wales Police * South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner == References == Category:Regions of Wales |
Gorden James Tallis (born 27 July 1973), also known by the nickname of "Raging Bull" for his on-field aggression, is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. A Queensland State of Origin and Australian international representative second-row forward, he captained both these teams as well as the Brisbane Broncos with whom he won the 1997, 1998 and 2000 Grand Finals, after starting his career with the St. George Dragons in Sydney. At the peak of his career Tallis was considered as the best forward in the world and in 2008 was named in an Indigenous Australian rugby league team of the century. He is currently a commentator and pundit for the Fox Sports network. He served as a National Rugby League board member and was a member of the board of directors for the North Queensland Cowboys. Tallis also worked on the coaching staff of the South Sydney Rabbitohs. ==Background== Tallis is of Tongan and Indigenous descent. Tallis' father Wally played rugby league briefly for Leigh in the 1960s. Gorden Tallis was born in Townsville, North Queensland on 27 July 1973. There he played for the Centrals Tigers club. ==Professional playing career== ===St George Dragons=== Tallis moved to Sydney to make his first grade debut in the Winfield Cup premiership for St. George on 29 August, 1992, aged . In 1992 Tallis played for NSW City under 19s and NSW Under 19s. He was a reserve in St George's 1993 grand final loss to Brisbane. Tallis was used to bad effect off the interchange bench during the 1994 season and also made his representative debut for the Queensland side in the final two State of Origin series games that year. In 1995 he was included in the Tongan squad for the 1995 World Cup but had to withdraw due to injury.Coffey and Wood The Kiwis: 100 Years of International Rugby League When the proposed Super League competition was put on hold in 1995, Tallis offered to buy out the final year of his contract with St George in order to join the Broncos. The Dragons declined the offer however, and subsequent court action held him to his original contract. Having already signed a Super League contract to play with Brisbane, the fiery North Queenslander caused controversy when he was the only player who chose to sit out the 1996 season rather than play a final year with St George.Player Profile at yesterdayshero.com.au After having made 54 appearances for the Dragons, he left Sydney. ===Brisbane Broncos=== thumb|right|250px|Gorden Tallis about to receive the ball during a Brisbane Broncos match in 2004. Tallis returned to the game with the Broncos for the 1997 Super League season and was the most dominant forward in the competition, which culminated in Brisbane's crushing 26–8 win over the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the Telstra Cup grand final. In addition to representing Queensland in the Super League Tri-series competition, he made his international debut in the 1997 post season's Super League Test series against Great Britain, playing at second-row forward in all three matches. In 1998 Tallis returned to St. George for the first time since his acrimonious split with the Saints and was pelted with garbage and insults and was loudly booed every time he touched the ball before his try secured a 30–18 victory.CNN/SI: "Newcastle on top of table" – Sunday 28 June 1998 03:11 PM Brisbane went on to capture another premiership with Tallis scoring a try and winning the prestigious Clive Churchill Medal as the best and fairest player on-field in the club's 38–12 1998 NRL grand final win over the Canterbury Bulldogs. Tallis made his Australian Kangaroos Test debut in the second match of the Trans-Tasman series. He continued his great personal form when chosen for the ANZAC Test in 1999 and spearheaded Queensland's State of Origin campaign in a historic tied series. However, the season ended with Brisbane's failure to defend its premiership and Tallis was ruled out of October's Tri-Nations competition because of injury. 2000 saw him score a try in Australia's 52–0 thrashing of New Zealand in the ANZAC Test, but after being sent off in the opening State of Origin match for verbally abusing referee Bill Harrigan, Tallis suffered the ignominy of a whitewash defeat (his public admission that the 'dead' third match of the series should be cancelled was a momentary lapse in judgment that may have indirectly contributed to the Blues' 56–16 win). If Tallis' stature as the most dominant forward in the game wasn't secure following Brisbane's 14–6 win over the Roosters in the 2000 NRL grand final, his four tries in Australia's 82–0 humiliation of Papua New Guinea before the 2000 World Cup, and his selection as Australian captain for the match against Russia (which resulted in a record 110–4 victory) did. In 2000, Tallis also received the Australian Sports Medal. Following Australia's World Cup victory, Tallis and teammate Shane Webcke wrote an open letter to players appealing for an end to scandalous behaviour amongst footballers which had been tarnishing the sport. ====Captaincy==== Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership, the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000's Super League V Champions, St Helens R.F.C. for the 2001 World Club Challenge, with newly appointed captain Tallis playing at second-row forward in Brisbane's loss. Tallis captained a rookie Queensland team in the 34–16 win over New South Wales in the opening match of the 2001 State of Origin series and was named man-of-the-match. Soon after, he suffered a career-threatening neck injury in a club match against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles which revealed a spinal condition that required corrective surgery. While Tallis' season was over (despite the smokescreen of his naming on the Broncos' interchange bench for the club's preliminary final) he made a strong return to football in 2002. It was in the deciding match of the 2002 State of Origin series that Gorden Tallis performed a famous tackle on Blues fullback, Brett Hodgson, dragging him several metres and eventually tossing him out of the field of play like a rag-doll. Tallis' reaction later of giving the one- finger salute to a section of the crowd, right behind the northern try-line where Dane Carlaw's series-tying try was scored, became a major after-match talking point. Tallis gained some sympathy when it was revealed that he was objecting to an offensive sign about his mother. But many again raised questions about his capacity to captain Australia with debate raging over the choice between Tallis or Andrew Johns to succeed Brad Fittler. Days later Johns was chosen to lead the Kangaroos in the July Test against Great Britain. Tallis scored a try in Australia's 64–10 win in that match and was later named Test leader (in Johns' absence) for the one-off Test against New Zealand in October, which Australia also won 32–24. In January 2003, Tallis' book Raging Bull was published. His ancestry and ethnicity has been the subject of many questions much to the bemusement of Tallis. In his book, Tallis addresses these questions; "People ask me about my ethnic background. Newspapers pick me in their "fantasy" Indigenous and Aboriginal sides. To tell the honest truth, I haven't worried too much about it. An auntie of mine did some research and she found that my great-grandfather came from North Western Ambrym in Vanuatu and my great-grandmother was from Loh Island in the Torres Strait. All we were ever told in my family was that we were Australians. My dad was born in Townsville and his dad was born in Bowen, so that makes us Australian and we’re proud of it. I have played in one Indigenous side though, the Redfern All Blacks, who won the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander tournament in 1992. That was some side. We had Choc Mundine who was about 17, Tricky Trindall who was 25, and Wes Patten who was 19. People might have read a bit into me playing in that tournament but to me it was just a chance to play some footy with my mates." At the end of 2003, Tallis, who was expected to lead Australia on the 2003 Kangaroo tour"Tallis quits rep football" (2003-09-30) abc.net.au announced his retirement from representative football, but continued playing with the Broncos. In 2004 he started to feel more affected by his neck injury and took heed of the warning signs his body was emitting. He played his last official match in the 2004 semi-final for the Brisbane Broncos, fittingly in his hometown of Townsville, against the Cowboys, which the Broncos lost. At the time of his retirement, he held the Broncos' club record of most career tries for a forward. During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included Tallis. In 2010 Tallis was inducted into the Broncos official Hall of Fame. == Career Stats == === NSWRL/ARL/Super League/NRL === Season Team Appearances Tries Goals Goal- kicking Percentage Field Goals Points 1992 NSWRL Season St. George Dragons 1 - - - - 1993 NSWRL Season St. George Dragons 15 1 - - 4 1994 NSWRL Season St. George Dragons 17 4 1/1 100% - 18 1995 ARL Season St. George Dragons 21 12 0/2 0% - 48 1997 Super League Season Brisbane Broncos 19 3 - - - 12 1998 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 25 8 - - - 32 1999 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 20 7 - - - 28 2000 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 23 9 - - - 36 2001 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 10 3 - - - 12 2002 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 24 10 - - - 40 2003 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 18 4 - - - 16 2004 NRL Season Brisbane Broncos 21 5 - - - 20 === Representative === Years Team Appearances Tries Goals Goal-kicking Percentage Field Goals Points 1994, 1998-2003 Queensland 17 4 - - - 16 1997 Queensland (SL) 3 - - - - - 1997 Australia (SL) 3 - - - - - 1998-2000, 2002-2003 Australia 13 9 - - - 36 == Accolades == Clive Churchill Medal: 1998 Dally M Second Rower Of The Year: 1999 Indigenous Team of the Century: 2008 NRL Team of the 1990s: 2003 ==Post-football career== In 2005 Tallis was appointed as one of News Ltd's members on the NRL board, replacing John Brass but stood down from the role in 2008, amid speculation that he will join the coaching staff of Catalans Dragons. He was a director on the board of the North Queensland Cowboys, a role he had to relinquish when he joined the South Sydney Rabbitohs as a forwards coach."Tallis heads South to join Rabbitohs" smh.com.au He was brought in by Russell Crowe to add his knowledge and aggression to the team.Article at skynews.com.au Tallis commentates games for Fox Sports, as well as providing written columns for newspapers. Tallis has made his views on fighting clear on the Fox Sports broadcasts of Rugby League, stating that if a fight erupts, "he would run in, you would run in, we would all run in, because it's your mate getting bashed".Fox Sports NRL Monday Post Game Show, Canberra v Newcastle, 31 August 2009 During the 2010 NRL season after it was announced that South Sydney Rabbitohs head coach John Lang would be retiring, incoming replacement coach Michael Maguire from the Wigan Warriors announced that Tallis' services as forwards coach were no longer required. In 2016, Tallis was immortalised with a Gord-e-mojiGord-e-moji emoji keyboard, in the same vein as his contemporary Kim Kardashian's "Kimoji". The app was developed for iOS by Devotion Digital in Sydney, with plans to roll out an Android version later in 2016. In 2018, Tallis was inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. In August 2019, Tallis called for the NRL to relocate Sydney teams and called crowds at Sydney games as "Embarrassing". Tallis went on to say “Could the NRL put in some key performance indicators to move one of the Sydney teams?, It’s got to go on fans,” he said. “It’s got to go on filling a stadium. It’s got to go on people wanting to watch you, coming through the gate to pay to watch your brand, your style of football, Roosters are on top of the table and count their fans with a fork to get their numbers up, There’s nothing worse when you watch a game of footy and there’s no one there, you get embarrassed". ==References== ==External links== * *Gorden Tallis at Global Speakers & Entertainers *Gorden Tallis FootySocial Profile * Gorden Tallis at stateoforigin.com.au * Tallis calls it quits – ABC Sport * Pressure Mounts on Tallis – article at smh.com.au *Gorden Tallis at nqsports.com.au *Gorden Tallis Hosting 2011 State of Origin Corporate Packages with EP Marketing *Gorden Tallis as Ambassador of Jobs in Central Queensland Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Australia national rugby league team captains Category:Australia national rugby league team players Category:Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent Category:Australian people of Vanuatuan descent Category:Australian rugby league administrators Category:Australian rugby league commentators Category:Australian rugby league players Category:Brisbane Broncos captains Category:Brisbane Broncos players Category:Clive Churchill Medal winners Category:Fox Sports (Australian TV network) people Category:Indigenous Australian rugby league players Category:Queensland Rugby League State of Origin captains Category:Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players Category:Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Category:Rugby league players from Townsville Category:Rugby league second-rows Category:St. George Dragons players |
The Staffordshire Militia was an auxiliary military force in Staffordshire in the West Midlands of England. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands in 1572 and their reorganisation in 1662 and 1777, the Militia regiments of Staffordshire served during times of international tension and all of Britain's major wars. They provided internal security and home defence but in the Crimean War were stationed in the Mediterranean relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties. They also acted as a source of trained officers and men for the Regular Army. By the later 19th Century there were four battalions, assigned to the South and North Staffordshire Regiments. All the battalions went on active service during the Second Boer War and all served as Special Reserve training units in World War I, with two battalions seeing considerable action on the Western Front. After 1921 the militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953. ==Early history== The English militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd, the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. It continued under the Norman kings, notably at the Battle of the Standard (1138). The force was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285.Fortescue, Vol I, p. 12.Fissell, pp. 178–80.Grierson, pp. 6–7.Hay, pp. 60–1Holmes, pp. 90–1.Maitland, pp. 162, 276.Oman, pp. 110, 359–60. Under this statute 'Commissioners of Array' would levy the required number of men from each shire. The usual shire contingent was 1000 infantry commanded by a millenar, divided into companies of 100 commanded by centenars or ductores, and subdivided into platoons of 20 led by vintenars. Edward I regularly summoned the men of the nearest shires, including Staffordshire, to fight in his Welsh Wars and for his Scottish campaign of 1300, when 216 Staffordshire men in two companies were present at the Siege of Caerlaverock.Morris, pp. 92–7, 301. This procedure was continued for border campaigns under later kings, with the shire levies of Staffordshire and other northern counties being called out in 1327 during the campaign that ended in the Battle of Stanhope Park.Fissell, p. 180.Nicholson, p. 16. By now the infantry were mainly equipped with the English longbow. Edward III called out the Staffordshire levies in 1333, when they served at the Siege of Berwick and the Battle of Halidon Hill. In 1335, 247 Staffordshire archers (57 of them Mounted infantry) served under two ductores and 10 vintenars.Nicholson, pp. 117, 130; Appendix VI, p. 252. King Henry VIII strengthened the military capability of the country and in 1539 he called out a 'Great Muster' across the country, when armed men in the various hundreds of Staffordshire ranged from 300 to 1100.Hay, p. 70.Hay, pp. 348–50. ==Staffordshire Trained Bands== The legal basis of the militia was updated by two Acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. cc. 2 and 3) covering musters and the maintenance of horses and armour. The county militia was now under the Lord Lieutenant, assisted by the Deputy Lieutenants and Justices of the Peace (JPs). The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England.Beckett, Amateur Tradition, p. 20.Boynton, Chapter II.Cruickshank, p. 17.Fissell, pp. 184–5.Fortescue, Vol I, p. 125.Hay, p. 88.Maitland, pp. 234–5, 278. Although the militia obligation was universal, it was clearly impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular training. The government aimed for 10 days' training a year, with a two-day 'general muster' at Michaelmas, and two 'special musters' lasting four days for detailed training at Easter and Whitsun. Staffordshire offered to train 300 out of 1500 able men. The government progressively stepped up the organisation and training: in 1580 the Earls of Warwick and Leicester and Sir Christopher Hatton were assigned a group of shires (including Staffordshire) to oversee and reinforce the work of the county commissioners for horses. When war broke out with Spain training and equipping the militia became a priority. From 1583 counties were organised into groups for training purposes, with emphasis on the invasion-threatened 'maritime' counties. Staffordshire was in the second group of 'inland' counties organised from May 1585 onwards. When the counties levied troops for overseas expeditions they usually conscripted the unemployed and criminals rather than the Trained Bandsmen.Boynton, pp. 13–7, 81, 91–2, 96.Cruickshank, pp. 24–5.Fissell, pp. 187–9. The Armada Crisis in 1588 led to the mobilisation of the trained bands. Staffordshire was assessed at 400 trained men, but actually furnished 100 trained and 200 untrained (or pioneers) with 28 lancers, 50 light horsemen and 26 armed with 'petronelles' (the Petronel was an early cavalry firearm).Beckett, Amateur, pp. 24–5.Hay, pp. 91, 96. With the passing of the threat of invasion, the trained bands declined in the early 17th Century. Later, King Charles I attempted to reform them into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control. In 1638 the King's Sergeant major general of infantry, Sir Jacob Astley, and his officers reviewed the TBs in several counties, when the Staffordshire contingent comprised 400 foot (with 248 muskets and 152 'corslets' or pikemen with armour), together with 73 cuirassiers and 30 light horse. The TBs were called out in 1639 and 1640 for the Bishops' Wars, though many of the men who actually went were untrained hired substitutes. Staffordshire was ordered to send 300 men for the 1640 expedition.Fissell, pp. 4, 10–6, 43–4, 174–8, 198, 208, 212, 246-63.Kenyon, p. 42.Staffordshire TBs at BCW Project. When the Staffordshire contingent returned to be discharged after the 1639 campaign, some of the men took the opportunity to destroy the hated Enclosure fences of the Royal forests, and the riots were repeated when they were mustered for the 1640 campaign.Fissell, pp. 275–7. ===Civil War=== Control of the trained bands was one of the major points of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. However, with a few exceptions neither side made much use of the trained bands during the war beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops.Cruickshank, p. 326. Nevertheless, the Stafford TBs (Horse and Foot) under Colonel William Comberford were part of the Royalist garrison of Stafford when the town was besieged in February 1643. The threat to Stafford was raised after the Battle of Hopton Heath in March.Reid, pp. 32–3.Rogers, pp. 63–4. During the Royalist uprising of 1648 (the Second English Civil War) the Staffordshire Militia (two troops of Horse and a regiment of Foot) provided the garrison of Leek.Wylly, pp. 5–6. Once Parliament had established full control it passed a new Militia Act on 2 December 1648 that replaced lords lieutenant with its own county commissioners (at the same time the term 'Trained Band' began to disappear in most counties). The first name on the list of commissioners for Staffordshire and the City of Lichfield was Sir William Brereton, who had commanded the Parliamentarian forces in the area during the First Civil War. But he declined to sit as one of the King's judges a few weeks later and retired from public life. In 1650 the Staffordshire Militia were commanded by Col Henry Danvers (Foot) and Col John Ashenhurst (Horse, with Danvers as major).Hay, pp. 99–104.at BCW Project. Under the Commonwealth and Protectorate the militia received pay when called out, and operated alongside the New Model Army to control the country.Gardiner, Vol I, p. 267. During the Scottish invasion in the Third English Civil War in 1651, the Cheshire and Staffordshire Militia (Horse and Foot) joined Major-Generals Thomas Harrison and John Lambert's cavalry in trying to halt the invaders. At the skirmish known as the Battle of Warrington Bridge (16 August) they tried to hold the bridge, but the country was unsuitable for cavalry action and the foot were outnumbered and forced to fall back.Gardiner, Vol II, pp. 13, 35–6.Rogers, pp. 302–3. On 24 August Cromwell joined Harrison and Lambert with the main army and the Staffordshire Militia were engaged at the subsequent Battle of Worcester that destroyed the Scottish Royalist army.Militia of the Worcester Campaign 1651 at BCW Project.Gardiner, Vol II, pp. 40–6.Reid, p. 247 & fn 22. The Staffordshire Militia were called out following the death of Cromwell in 1659 to help deal with Booth's Uprising in neighbouring Cheshire. They were not present at Sir George Booth's defeat at the Battle of Winnington Bridge. At the time the regiment comprised 490 foot in six companies under the command of Col Crompton, and a troop of 67 horsemen.Farrow. At the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Col John Bowyer of Knypersley Hall commanding the Staffordshire Militia arrested Maj-Gen Harrison as one of the Regicides of Charles I. Harrison was living in retirement in Staffordshire and made no attempt to escape. Bowyer was created a Baronet shortly afterwards. ==Staffordshire Militia== After the Restoration, The King's Sole Right over the Militia Act 1661 and the Militia Act of 1662 re-established the English Militia under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship.Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 294–5.Hay, pp. 104–6.Kenyon, p. 240.Maitland, p. 326. During the Second Anglo- Dutch War of 1666 the Militia were called out, with the cavalry of the inland counties, including the Staffordshire Militia Horse, moving up towards the East Coast. They were stood down on 6 August after the naval victory of the St. James's Day Battle when the threat of invasion receded.Western, p. 41. Training for the militia was usually perfunctory, so when the Duke of Monmouth became Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in 1677, he ordered that there should not only be an annual muster of the whole county force in May, but that each captain of a company or troop should hold local musters as often as he conveniently could.Western, p. 26. The Staffordshire Militia consisted of five companies of foot (500 men) and two troops of horse (120 men) in 1697, but the militia was allowed to decline thereafter, especially after the Peace of Utrecht in 1713. There was a half-hearted attempt to raise a force in Staffordshire during the Jacobite Uprising of 1715, but generally the militia disappeared thereafter.Western, p. 73. Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 re-established county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. There was a property qualification for officers, who were commissioned by the lord lieutenant. The Midland counties were generally apathetic: Staffordshire was given a quota of 560 men to raise, but the county leaders failed to do so, and paid a fine instead.Fortescue, Vol II, pp. 288, 299, 301–2, 521.Hay, pp. 136–44.Holmes, pp. 94–100.Western, Appendices A & B.Western, pp. 125, 251.Staffordshire Militia at School of Mars. ===American War of Independence=== Staffordshire remained a defaulter county liable for militia fines throughout the 1760s. It was not until the War of American Independence, when Britain was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain, that the Staffordshire Militia was reformed. It was embodied for full-time duty on 31 March 1778. The regiment was disembodied in 1783 after the end of the war.Frederick, p. 309.Western, pp. 196, 204.1st Staffs Militia at Regiments.org.Wylly, pp. 7–9. From 1784 to 1792 the militia were supposed to assemble for 28 days' annual training, even though to save money only two- thirds of the men were actually called out each year.Fortescue, Vol III, pp. 530–1. However, the Staffordshire Militia only trained in two of those years.Wylly, p. 10. ===French Revolutionary War=== The French Revolutionary Wars saw a new phase for the English militia: they were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, while their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the Volunteers and mounted Yeomanry.Knight, pp. 78–9, 111, 255, 411. The Staffordshire Militia was embodied in 1793 and spent 1794–5 quartered in Weymouth, Dorset, where it came to the notice of King George III who holidayed there. It served at Weymouth again in 1797, after which the king requested that it should carry out Royal duties at Windsor Castle. Until the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 the regiment spent most its time on duty at Windsor and Weymouth.Wylly, pp. 11–2. ===Supplementary Militia=== In a fresh attempt to have as many men as possible under arms for home defence in order to release regulars, the Government created the Supplementary Militia, a compulsory levy of men to be trained in their spare time, and to be incorporated in the Militia in emergency. Staffordshire's quota was fixed at 2095 men, and two new regiments were formed from them by 1798, so that the original regiment was numbered 1st. The 2nd Regiment, of 10 companies, including grenadier and light companies, was commanded by Lord Granville Leveson-Gower, previously a captain in the 1st Regiment, who was commissioned on 5 April 1797. The 3rd Regiment, of 6 companies, was commanded by Francis Perceval Eliot, formerly major of the Staffordshire Yeomanry Cavalry, who was commissioned Lt-Col Commandant on 25 April 1798. However, the 2nd and 3rd were disbanded the following year when the militia quotas were reduced, and their remaining men were incorporated into the 1st. The Staffordshire Militia was disembodied on 26 April 1802 after the Treaty of Amiens.Hay, pp. 150–52.Western, pp. 220–3.Wylly, pp. 10–3. ===King's Own Staffordshire Militia=== The Peace of Amiens was short-lived, and the Staffordshire Militia was embodied again on 30 March 1803. A new 2nd Regiment was raised on 28 June, when Col Francis Eliot was appointed to command it. The 1st Regiment was ready for duty by 17 May and was immediately ordered to Windsor, where the King rode at its head when it marched into Windsor Barracks. It accompanied him to Weymouth in the summer of 1804, returning with him to Windsor in the autumn. In 1805 George III commanded that the regiment should become the King's Own Staffordshire Militia, and it was augmented by 200 men from the 2nd Regiment, which was disbanded. The regiment was on service at Windsor, St James's Palace and Kew Palace almost continuously until it was disembodied in 1814 at the end of the Napoleonic War. When Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, the regiment was re-embodied while the regular army was serving in the Waterloo campaign. It was finally disembodied in April 1816.War Office, 1805 List.Wylly, pp. 14–7, 23–4. ===Local Militia=== While the Militia were the mainstay of national defence during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, they were supplemented from 1808 by the Local Militia, which were part-time and only to be used within their own districts. These were raised to counter the declining numbers of Volunteers.Fortescue, Vol VI, pp. 180–1.Fortescue, Vol VII, pp. 34–5, 334.Western, p. 240. Staffordshire had five regiments of local militia:Staffs Local Militia at School of Mars. * Eastern Regiment at Cheadle, Lt-Col Commandant Thomas Wilson, commissioned 24 September 1808 * Western Regiment at Wolverhampton, Lt-Col Commandant Sir John Wrottesley, 9th Baronet, commissioned 1 March 1809, retired major, 32nd FootWrottesley at History of Parliament Online. * Northern Regiment at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Lt-Col Commandant Walter Sneyd, commissioned 1 March 1809, previously Lt-Col, Staffordshire Militia * Southern Regiment at Tamworth (moved to Lichfield 1810), Lt-Col Commandant Sir John Boughey, 2nd Baronet, commissioned 1 March 1809, previously Capt-Commandant, Betley and Audley VolunteersBoughey at History of Parliament Online. * Central Regiment at Lichfield, Lt-Col Commandant George Chetwynd, commissioned 9 April 1810Chetwynd at History of Parliament Online. ==1852 Reforms== After Waterloo there was another long peace. Although officers continued to be commissioned into the militia and ballots were still held, the regiments were rarely assembled for training and the permanent staffs of sergeants and drummers were progressively reduced. The Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a renewed period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the Militia Ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full- time home defence service in three circumstances:Dunlop, pp. 42–5.Grierson, pp. 27–8.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 91–2. * 1. 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'. * 2. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'. * 3. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'. Under this Act, two new regiments of King's Own Staffordshire Militia were raised in 1853. Thereafter the county's militia was organised as follows: * King's Own (1st Staffordshire) Militia at Lichfield * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire) Light Infantry Militia raised 5 January 1853, based at StaffordFrederick, p. 312.Hay, pp. 397–8.2nd Staffs Militia at Regiments.org. * King's Own (3rd Staffordshire) Rifle Militia, raised 5 April 1853, based at Newcastle-under-LymeHay, pp. 399–401.3rd Staffs Militia at regiments.org. ===Crimea and Indian Mutiny=== War having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the militia were called out for home defence and service in overseas garrisons:Spiers, Army and Society, pp. 162–3. * King's Own (1st Staffordshire) Militia: embodied from May 1854 to October 1856; volunteered for overseas service and stationed in the Ionian Islands (then a British protectorate) from April 1855 to August 1856, losing a number of men and families dead from sickness; awarded the Battle honour Mediterranean. * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire) Light Infantry Militia: embodied from 19 December 1854 to 16 June 1856 * King's Own (3rd Staffordshire) Rifle Militia: embodied from 19 December 1854 to 26 May 1856 Part of the militia was called out again to release regulars for service in suppressing the Indian Mutiny in 1857: * King's Own (1st Staffordshire) Militia: embodied from 3 November 1857 to 30 November 1860 * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire) Light Infantry Militia: embodied from 28 September 1857 to 31 July 1860 Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army. The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.Dunlop, pp. 42–52.Grierson, 84–5, 113, 120.Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 97, 102, 126–7. ==Cardwell and Childers reforms== Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with Regular and Volunteer battalions in a regimental district sharing a permanent depot at a suitable county town. The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6.Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 4, 15, 19. Two pairs of regular battalions were assigned to Staffordshire: 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot and the 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers) in Sub-District No 19; 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot and 98th (The Prince of Wales's) Regiment of Foot in Sub-District No 20. The 1st Staffordshire Militia was attached to the first pair (38th/80th), the 2nd and 3rd Staffordshire Militia to the second pair (64th/98th). It was intended that each sub-district would have two regular and two militia battalions, and so the 1st Staffordshire Militia raised a 2nd Battalion on 22 August 1874.2nd Bn 1st Staffs Militia at Regiments.org.Hay, pp 351–2. All these battalions eventually shared a depot at Whittington Barracks, outside Lichfield, completed in 1881. Although often referred to as brigades, the sub-districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Staffordshire Militia formed 2nd Brigade of 2nd Division, VI Corps. The brigade would have mustered at Liverpool in time of war.Army List, various dates. The Childers Reforms of 1881 completed the Cardwell process by converting the linked regular regiments into county regiments and incorporating the militia battalions into them: * King's Own (1st Staffordshire) Militia became 3rd and 4th Bns, South Staffordshire Regiment (38th/80th) * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire) Light Infantry Militia: became 3rd Bn, Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment) (64th/98th) * King's Own (3rd Staffordshire) Rifle Militia became 4th Bn, Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment Although Cardwell's army corps scheme had been abandoned, the Stanhope Memorandum of 1888 proposed that the home defence army should consist of three corps, of which the first two would be regular, and the bulk of the third would be militia, while the rest of the militia and the volunteers would be assigned to fixed defences round London and the seaports.Dunlop, p. 16; Appendix A.Spiers, Army and Society, p. 229. ===Second Boer War=== After the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, followed by many militia reservists as reinforcements. Militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and a number volunteered for active service or to garrison overseas stations.Dunlop, pp. 77–9, 91–3.Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239.Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 309. All four militia battalions of Staffordshire regiments served a tour of duty in South Africa. Their embodiments were as follows: * South Staffordshire Regiment ** 3rd Bn: 3 May to 4 December 1900 and 6 May 1901 to 19 July 1902; served in South Africa from 10 July 1901 to 2 July 1902, guarding Boer prisoners of war and blockhouse lines ** 4th Bn: 5 December 1899 to 12 August 1901; served in Ireland and then with 20th Brigade in South Africa defending Lindley against attack and then participating in the attack on Leeuw Kop. Later guarded convoys and blockhouses before returning home on 11 August * North Staffordshire Regiment ** 3rd Bn: 2 May to 15 October 1900 and 10 February to 23 September 1902; served in South Africa from 26 March 1902, guarding blockhouses and participating in 'drives' to round up Boer guerrillas ** 4th Bn: 24 January 1900 to 11 June 1902; served in South Africa from 29 March 1900 to 13 JUne 1902, guarding prisoners and defending Fraserburg against a heavy attack ==Special Reserve== After the Boer War, the future of the militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254. Under the more sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve (SR), a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime, rather like the earlier Militia Reserve.Dunlop, pp. 270–2.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7. All four Staffordshire militia battalions transferred to the SR, the 3rd battalions being designated 'Reserve' and the 4th battalions 'Extra Reserve'. ===World War I=== The SR was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of World War I and the four Staffordshire battalions proceeded from Whittington Barracks to their war stations. For the 3rd (Reserve) Battalions of the South and North Staffs this was at Plymouth, where they combined defence responsibilities with training and forming drafts of reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the regular battalions of the two regiments. They also assisted in the formation of reserve battalions for the New Army (Kitchener's Army) battalions of their regiments. Both battalions moved to the Newcastle upon Tyne area in November 1916 and remained there in the Tyne Garrison for the rest of the war.James, p. 80.South Staffs at Long, Long Trail.James, pp. 98–9.North Staffs at Long, Long Trail. The war stations for the two 4th (Extra Reserve) battalions were in the Channel Isles, the South Staffs on Jersey and the North Staffs on Guernsey, and they also helped to form New Army reserve battalions of their respective regiments. In September 1916 they both moved to Marske-by-the-Sea in the Tees Garrison. Until June 1917 their training and defence role was the same as the 3rd battalions'; however at that point they were sent to Canterbury in Kent to join 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division of the Territorial Force (TF). The division was being prepared for active service, but this was cancelled, and the two Staffordshire battalions were sent to the Western Front independently. They were thus among the few SR units (mainly 'Extra Reserve' battalions) actually to see overseas service in the war.Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 75–82.67th Division at Long, Long Trail. ====4th (Extra Reserve) Bn, South Staffordshires==== In October 1917 this battalion joined 25th Division, a Kitchener formation. It was in reserve when the Germans launched their Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. They held off several attacks but suffered heavy casualties while extricating themselves as Third Army fell back. Reinforced with raw 19-year-olds, the division was moved to the quieter Flanders front, where the Germans chose to launch the second phase of their offensive (the Battle of the Lys). 4th South Staffs held a salient at Ploegsteert ('Plugstreet') Wood and was virtually destroyed, losing its commanding officer captured. It fought on as part of a composite battalion until the division was withdrawn. After receiving a few reinforcements, the battalion was involved in a counter-attack at the Second Battle of Kemmel that the Official Historian described as a 'useless waste of life'.Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 135–42.25th Division at Long, Long Trail.Blaxland, p. 67.Edmonds, 1918, Vol I, pp. 131, 224, 227, 252, 310, 385–6, 434–41.Edmonds, 1918, Vol II, pp. 409–10, 424, 432–4, 439. 25th Division was now sent to the 'quiet' Chemin des Dames ridge sector of the French front to recover and to absorb young recruits. Unfortunately, it was once more placed exactly where the next phase of the German offensive would fall: the Third Battle of the Aisne. The attack opened with the heaviest bombardment so far, which overwhelmed the front line troops; soon 25th Division in reserve remained as the only intact formation. For a while it held on, then was swept back in the retreat. Soon the division could only provide a composite brigade, with 4th South Staffs temporarily combined with 11th Lancashire Fusiliers as one of its battalions, sent to help 50th (Northumbrian) Division. After the battle, the rest of 25th Division went back to the UK to be reconstructed with recruits. 4th South Staffs remained in France as a training cadre with 39th Division, running training courses for newly arrived US Army divisions before they went into the line. It was demobilised on 6 November, just before the Armistice with Germany.Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 97–100. ====4th (Extra Reserve) Bn, North Staffordshires==== In October 1917 4th North Staffs was attached to 56th (1/1st London) Division (TF) for training in Trench warfare, then joined 35th Division, another Kitchener formation. The division was in GHQ Reserve when the Spring Offensive opened, and was sent south as reinforcements. The battalion went into action on 24 March in a counter-attack to clear Maricourt Wood. On 26 March the division was withdrawn across the River Ancre, but due to a misunderstanding the 4th North Staffs was sent back across the river, and found itself isolated. It was not until 01.30 the following morning that it extricated itself from its dangerous position. The battalion then successfully defended its position on the Ancre.Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 51–9.35th Division at Long, Long Trail.Blaxland, pp. 72–3, 113Davson, Appendix VIII.Davson, pp. 199–217.Edmonds, 1918, Vol I, pp. 253, 366–8, 413, 473–4, 489, 509–16.Edmonds, 1918, Vol II, pp. 54, 96. 35th Division spent the summer engaged in trench warfare at Aveluy Wood, then it was moved to the Ypres Salient. As the Allied Hundred Days Offensive got under way further south, the Germans on this front began to withdraw. Second Army began to follow up (the Fifth Battle of Ypres). By late October the situation had changed to open warfare, as 35th Division advanced along the River Scheldt. On 9 November 4 South Staffs was among the units that scrambled across the river by any means possible, and was pursuing eastwards when the Armistice came into force on 11 November. In January 1919 the division was used to quell disturbances among men awaiting demobilisation in camps at Calais. The battalion itself went home in April and was disembodied on 28 April 1919.Davson, pp. 246–96.Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, pp. 59, 67–8, 77–9, 286–91, 428–32, 446–50, 548–9, 556. ===Postwar=== The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 but like most militia battalions the Staffordshires remained in abeyance after World War I. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the only officer remaining listed for any of the four battalions was the Honorary Colonel of the 3rd South Staffs. The Militia was formally disbanded in April 1953. ==Precedence== In the early days militia regiments serving together drew lots for their relative precedence. From 1778 the counties were given an order of precedence determined by ballot each year; for Staffordshire the positions drawn were:Baldry.Parkyn. * 40th on 1 June 1778 * 31st on 12 May 1779 * 23rd on 6 May 1780 * 19th on 28 April 1781 * 10th on 7 May 1782 However, when the militia were re-embodied in 1793, the order of precedence balloted for that year (when Staffordshire was 27th) remained in force throughout the French Revolutionary War: this covered all the regiments formed in the county. Another ballot for precedence took place at the start of the Napoleonic War, when Staffordshire was 2nd. This list continued until 1833. In that year the King drew the lots for individual regiments: those raised before the peace of 1763 took the first 47 places, followed by the regiments raised between 1763 and 1783, with the Staffordshires at 66th. This permanent list was revised in 1855: * King's Own (1st Staffordshire): 66th * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire): 58th * King's Own (3rd Staffordshire): 78th In line with most other militia regiments the Staffordshires paid little attention to the additional number. ==See also== * Trained Bands * Militia (English) * Militia (Great Britain) * Militia (United Kingdom) * Special Reserve * King's Own (1st Staffordshire) Militia * King's Own (2nd Staffordshire) Light Infantry Militia * King's Own (3rd Staffordshire) Rifle Militia * South Staffordshire Regiment * North Staffordshire Regiment ==Footnotes== ==Notes== ==References== * W.Y. Baldry, 'Order of Precedence of Militia Regiments', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 57 (Spring 1936), pp. 5–16. * Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Ian F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition 1558–1945, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991, . * Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638, London: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1967. * C.G. Cruickshank, Elizabeth's Army, 2nd Edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. * Lt-Col H.M. Davson, The History of the 35th Division in the Great War, London: Sifton Praed, 1926/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, . * Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938. * Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol I, The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, London: Macmillan, 1935/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, /Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, . * Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol II, March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives, London: Macmillan, 1937/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, /Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, . * Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, . * G.W.E. Farrow, 'The Raising of the Staffordshire Militia in 1659', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 58, No 236 (Winter 1980), pp. 247–52. * Mark Charles Fissell, The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's campaigns against Scotland 1638–1640, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, . * Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol I, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1910. * Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol II, London: Macmillan, 1899. * Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol III, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1911. * Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol VI, 1807–1809, London: Macmillan, 1910. * Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol VII, 1809–1810, London: Macmillan, 1912. * J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, . * S.R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, Vol I, 1649–1650, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1988, . * S.R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, Vol II, 1651–1653, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1988, . * Lt-Col James Moncrieff Grierson (Col Peter S. Walton, ed.), Scarlet into Khaki: The British Army on the Eve of the Boer War, London: Sampson Low, 1899/London: Greenhill, 1988, . * Col George Jackson Hay, An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force), London:United Service Gazette, 1905. * Richard Holmes, Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors, London: HarperPress, 2011, . * Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, . * John Kenyon, The Civil Wars of England, London" Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, . * Roger Knight, Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory 1793–1815, London: Allen Lane, 2013/Penguin, 2014, . * F. W. Maitland, The Constitutional History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931. * John E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901 (1968 reprint). * Ranald Nicholson, 'Edward III and the Scots, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. * Sir Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Vol I, 378–1278AD, London: Methuen, 1924/Greenhill 1991, . * H.G. Parkyn, 'English Militia Regiments 1757–1935: Their Badges and Buttons', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 60 (Winter 1936), pp. 216–248. * Stuart Reid, All the King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War 164–1651, Staplehurst: Spelmount, 1998, . * Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, . * Edward M. Spiers, The Late Victorian Army 1868–1902, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992/Sandpiper Books, 1999, . * War Office, A List of the Officers of the Militia, the Gentlemen & Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Infantry of the United Kingdom, 11th Edn, London: War Office, 14 October 1805/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-207-2. * J.R. Western, The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965. * Capt C.H. Wylly, Col [F.] Charrington and Capt [E.A.E.] Bulwer, Historical Records of the 1st King's Own Stafford Militia, now 3rd & 4th Battalions South Staffordshire Regiment, Lichfield: The Johnson's Head, 1902/London: Forgotten Books, 2015, . ===External sources=== * British Civil War Project * History of Parliament Online * Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail * Richard A. Warren, This Re-illuminated School of Mars: Auxiliary forces and other aspects of Albion under Arms in the Great War against France Staffordshire Staffordshire Category:Military units and formations in Staffordshire |
Wokingham is a market town in Berkshire, England, west of London, southeast of Reading, north of Camberley and west of Bracknell. == History == thumb|right|Wokingham All Saints Church thumb|upright|St Paul's Church thumb|right|Wokingham Baptist Church Wokingham means 'Wocca's people's home'. Wocca was apparently a Saxon chieftain who may also have owned lands at Wokefield in Berkshire and Woking in Surrey. In Victorian times, the name became corrupted to Oakingham, and consequently the acorn with oak leaves is the town's heraldic charge, granted in the 19th century. Geologically, Wokingham sits at the northern end of the Bagshot Formation, overlying London clay, suggesting a prehistorical origin as a marine estuary. The courts of Windsor Forest were held at Wokingham and the town had the right to hold a market from 1219. The Bishop of Salisbury was largely responsible for the growth of the town during this period. He set out roads and plots making them available for rent. There are records showing that in 1258 he bought the rights to hold three town fairs every year. Queen Elizabeth granted a town charter in 1583. From the 14th to the 16th centuries, Wokingham was well known for its bell foundry which supplied many churches across the South of England. During the Tudor period, Wokingham was well known as a producer of silk. Some of the houses involved in these cottage industries are still to be seen in Rose Street. The houses with the taller ground floors housed the looms. This can be seen from the position of the exterior beams of the houses. It is said that one of the original mulberry bushes (favourite food of the silk worm), still remains in one of the gardens. In the years 1643–44 Wokingham was regularly raided by both sides in the Civil War. These raids would involve the looting of livestock and trading goods, and over thirty buildings were burnt down, accounting for nearly 20% of buildings in the town at that time. It was not until the early 18th century that Wokingham had fully recovered. Wokingham was once famous for its bull-baiting. In 1661 George Staverton left a bequest in his will giving two bulls to be tethered in the Market Place and baited by dogs on St. Thomas' Day (21 December) each year. The bulls were paraded around the town a day or two before the event and then locked in the yard of the original Rose Inn which was situated on the site of the present-day Superdrug store. People travelled from miles around to see the dangerous spectacle. A number of dogs would be maimed or killed during the event and the bulls were eventually destroyed. The meat and leather were distributed amongst the poor people of the town. Some of the spectators also sustained fatal injuries. In 1794 on the morning after the bull-baiting Elizabeth North was found dead and covered with bruises. In 1808, 55-year-old Martha May died after being hurt by fighters in the crowd. The cruel 'sport' was prohibited by the Corporation in 1821 but bulls were still provided at Christmas and the meat distributed to the poor. Bull-baiting was banned by Act of Parliament in 1833. In 1723, the 'Black Act' was passed in Parliament to make it an offence to black one's face to commit criminal acts. It was named after an infamous band of ruffians, known as the 'Wokingham Blacks', who terrorised the local area until 29 of them were arrested after fighting a pitched battle with Grenadier Guards in Bracknell. The formerly important industry of brick-making has given way to software development, light engineering and service industries, and the population has greatly increased. == Governance == Northern Wokingham, centred on Ashridge, was, archaically, a detached part of Wiltshire. This area extended well into the town centre (and the area currently where the Dowlesgreen, Norreys and Bean Oak estates currently are situated) until transferred to Berkshire in 1844. The ancient parish was divided in 1894 into urban and rural civil parishes, Wokingham Without forming the latter. Wokingham was one of the boroughs left unreformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and was reformed subsequently in 1883. Wokingham merged with the Wokingham Rural District in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 to form the non-metropolitan district of Wokingham, which has been a unitary authority area since 1998. It consists of 54 elected councillors and is presided over by one councillor who is elected annually to be the chairman of the council. Elections to the council are held in three out of every four years. In May 2022, the Conservative party lost it’s majority on the Borough Council and since then the council has been run by the Liberal Democrats in partnership with Labour and Independent councillors. The Borough Council Offices are based at Shute End in the town of Wokingham. A successor parish continued in existence in Wokingham and is governed by Wokingham Town Council. The council is elected every four years and consists of twenty-five councillors representing Emmbrook, Evendons, Norreys and Wescott, the four wards of the town. Every year, they elect one of their number as mayor. Wokingham Town Hall was erected on the site of the old guildhall in 1860. The Wokingham constituency's MP is the Conservative John Redwood, who has represented it since 1987. == Geography == thumb|right|Agates Meadow Wokingham is on the Emm Brook in the Loddon Valley in central Berkshire situated west of central London. It sits between the larger towns of Reading and Bracknell and was originally in a band of agricultural land on the western edge of Windsor Forest. The soil is a rich loam with a subsoil of sand and gravel. Wokingham has a town centre, with main residential areas radiating in all directions. These include Woosehill to the west, Emmbrook to the northwest, Dowlesgreen, Norreys, Keephatch and Bean Oak to the east, and to the south Wescott and Eastheath. Older names include Woodcray and Luckley Green. Much of Wokingham has been developed over the past 80 years. Woosehill and Dowlesgreen were built on farmland in the late 1960s and early '70s, along with Bean Oak. Keephatch was built in the early '90s. The Norreys Estate was built in the 1960s; however, Norreys Avenue is the oldest residential road in that area, having been built in the late 1940s as emergency housing following the Second World War. Norreys Avenue has a horseshoe shape and occupies the site of the demolished Norreys Manor. Much of the road contains 1940s-style prefabricated houses, although there are some brick houses along with three blocks of 1950s police houses. In 2010, the council set up WEL (Wokingham Enterprise Limited) to manage a £100m regeneration project to redevelop the town centre with new retail, leisure and residential facilities, parking, roads and open spaces. Several major expansion projects around the town are planned over the next decade, including a major redevelopment of the town centre, new north and south relief roads and at the former military base at nearby Arborfield Garrison. As of 2015, the redevelopment of the railway station and surrounding area is complete, and large scale housing construction is underway to the north-east and south-east of the town. == Transport == The A329(M) motorway, accessible from the east of town, connects Wokingham to Reading and the rest of the motorway network at junction 10 of the M4. The Wokingham junction is where the A329(M) ends and becomes the A322, for Bracknell and the M3. Wokingham railway station is at the junction of the Waterloo to Reading line with the North Downs Line. South Western Railway manages the station and provides services, along with Great Western Railway. Most local bus services are provided by Thames Valley Buses, but the services from Wokingham to Reading and Bracknell are operated by Reading Buses, after First Berkshire & The Thames Valley closed their Bracknell depot in the summer of 2015. There is also a football bus run on Reading FC match days by Stagecoach South to the Madejski Stadium. == Institutions == === Charities === * The redundant Lucas Hospital, almshouses founded in 1663 for sixteen elderly men from the surrounding parishes. * Wokingham United Charities providing grants to people living within the Wokingham area relieving poverty, hardship, and distress. Also providing sheltered accommodation for local people. === Churches === *All Saints' Church (CofE). Now a Grade 2* listed historic building. Founded in 1180 as a chapel-of-ease from Sonning. Extensively re-built in the late 15th century and restored and expanded in the mid-19th century. * Corpus Christi Catholic Church * St. Paul's Church (CofE), built by John Walter III in 1864 * Wokingham Baptist Church * Wokingham Methodist Church * Christ Church Wokingham (CofE). Officially The Church at the White House, Christ Church is not a church building but an extra-parochial congregation currently meeting temporarily in hired premises. * Woosehill Community Church * Norreys Church * Kings Church Wokingham === Manors === * Evendon's Manor * Ashridge Manor (now in Hurst, Berkshire) * Beche's Manor (burnt down 1953) * Buckhurst Manor (now St. Anne's Manor) * Norreys' Manor (demolished long ago, now Norreys Avenue) ===Other buildings of note=== * Keep Hatch House (Built 1871–74, demolished late 1990s due to dereliction to make way for the Keephatch housing estate) == Education == === Secondary schools === Wokingham is served by five state secondary schools. The Emmbrook School is a mixed-sex comprehensive school, St Crispin's School is a mixed-sex comprehensive school. The Holt School, founded in 1931 in the Dower House of Beche's Manor, is a girls' school. === Private schools === * Holme Grange School founded in 1945 for Girls and Boys aged 3–16 years * Luckley House School founded at Luckley House in 1918 for girls aged 11–18 * White House Preparatory School, for girls aged 2–11, now closed ===Junior School=== Westende Junior School is a co-educational junior school established in 1974. The school caters for children from the ages of seven to eleven. The school is near the town centre in Seaford Road and is bordered by St Crispin's School and the King George V playing field. The majority of children at Westende come from the nearby Wescott Infant School, and the two schools share a joint Parent Teachers' Association. In September 1995 the school opened ‘The Acorns’, the first junior school resource in Berkshire for pupils with a diagnosis of Special Educational Need for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Bracknell News, 9 November 1995. == Literature == In the 18th century, the Ballad of Molly Mogg was written in Wokingham. Molly was the barmaid daughter of the publican of the old Rose Inn (not on the site of the present one). She was well known to local Binfield man, Alexander Pope, who, during a storm, found himself stranded at the inn with his friends, Gay, Swift and Arbuthnot. They wrote the ballad extolling her virtues to pass the time. Wokingham is the setting of Lars Iyer's 2019 novel Nietzsche and the Burbs. The character of Tom the chimney sweep in Charles Kingsley's classic childhood story The Water Babies was based on the life and times of a Wokingham boy called James Seaward, who was a boy sweep in Victorian times. In his later years, Seaward swept the chimneys at Charles Kingsley's home at the Rectory in Eversley, Hampshire. Seaward was elected Alderman of Wokingham from 1909 until his death in 1921. He had 12 children. The Water Babies are the subject of Wokingham's first public sculpture, installed in 1999, which graces the upper- level entrance to Wokingham Library. == Film == The 1971 film See No Evil, also released under the title Blind Terror, was filmed in and around Wokingham, with scenes shot at the since-redeveloped Wokingham railway station. Scenes for ITV series Primeval were filmed at Wokingham's Red Lion pub. == Sport and leisure == * There are public parks at Barkham Road Recreation Ground, Langborough Recreation Ground, Cantley Park, Chestnut Park, Elizabeth Road Recreation Ground, Elms Field, Riverside Walk, and Waverley Park. * There is a local nature reserve called Holt Copse & Joel Park. * The council provides a number of leisure facilities such as the Carnival Hub, St. Crispin's Sports Centre and the Pinewood Leisure Centre. Pinewood is the base for over 20 clubs and associations. There is a King George V Playing Field behind St. Crispin's in memory of King George V. * Speedway racing was staged at California in Reading. Before then the track, known then as Longmoor was used as a training track. After the war the track featured in the Southern Area League in the 1950s. The team were known as the Poppies. The site of the stadium is now part of a nature reserve but a few remnants of the track remain. * The local football team is Wokingham and Emmbrook F.C. * The Wokingham Half Marathon is held each February and starts and finishes at Cantley Park. * Wokingham Library is now located in the Carnival Hub leisure centre having relocated from Denmark Street in September 2022. * Wokingham Cricket Club (founded 1825) played at their ground on Wellington Road before relocating to a new, bigger ground in Sindlesham in 2012. * Wokingham Music, Food & Drink Festival is held every August. Showcasing local musicians, local food producers and also wines, beers, and ciders from Berkshire and surrounding breweries. * Wokingham Open Air Cinema. For its second year, three films were shown the weekend before the Wokingham Festival. == Twin towns == Wokingham is twinned with: * — Erftstadt in Germany * — Viry-Châtillon in France == Notable people == * Matt Allwright, TV presenter * Luke Bedford, composer * Thomas Bradley, chaplain to King Charles I * Sir Richard Browne, 1st Baronet, of London, born in Wokingham sometime prior to 1616 * Kate Bryan, arts broadcaster * The Cooper Temple Clause, post-hardcore punk band * Isaac Deutscher, Polish historian and political activist, lived in Wokingham from the late 1950s to 1963. * Claude Duval, highwayman, supposedly owned a house in the town * Dick Francis, writer * Thomas Godwin, Bishop of Bath and Wells, born and died in Wokingham * Nicholas Hoult, actor and model, best known for his roles in the films About a Boy (2002) portraying Marcus, X-Men: First Class (2011) portraying Hank McCoy and for portraying Tony Stonem in the E4 drama series Skins (2007–2008) * Daniel Howell, YouTuber, author and former BBC Radio 1 presenter * Stephen Hughes, footballer, born in Wokingham * Diane Kendal, makeup artist * Steven Lewington, professional wrestler formerly known as "The British Babe", now wrestling as "DJ Gabriel" with WWE * Frederick Lucas, founder of The Tablet * Henry Lucas, founder of the Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at Cambridge University * Leslie Sears, cricketer * Russell Slade, football manager * Anne Snelgrove, MP * Bill Stone, veteran of both World Wars; lived in Sindlesham * William Talman, architect and landscape designer * Mark Tildesley, murdered in Wokingham, on 1 June 1984, at the age of seven * John Walter III, local benefactor and proprietor of The Times newspaper * Anna Watkins, gold medallist at the 2012 London Olympics and bronze medallist at the Beijing Olympics in 2008 in the women's double sculls * Jason Watkins, actor * Will Young, singer and Pop Idols Series 1 (2002) winner == References == === Bibliography === * Goatley, K. Wokingham: The Town of my Life. Reading: Conservatree Print and Design, 2004. . * The Wokingham Society. Wokingham: A Chronology, 1978. * Wyatt, B. Wokingham in Old Photographs. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Budding Books, 1999. . * Harison, J. Living Heritage – 300 years of bells, ringing and bellringers at All Saints Wokingham, 2009. . * Bell, J. "Memories of Wokingham Town Hall 1860 to 1946" * Bell, J. "Wokingham and the Royal Jubilees" * Bell, J. "Former Mayors of Wokingham 1885 to 1946" * Bell, J. "Former Mayors of Wokingham 1947 to 1979" * Bell, J. "A Stroll Through St. Paul´s Churchyard" * Bell, J. "St. Paul´s Wokingham - Early 20th Century Parish Magazine Extracts" * Bell, J. "St. Paul´s Parish Wokingham at War 1939-1945" * Bell, J. "the Memorials Inside All Saints' Parish Church" * Bell, J. "the Story of H.M.S. Garth" * Bell, J. "St. Paul´s Parish Church, Wokingham" * Bell, J. "Miss Winifred Spooner, Aviatrix" * Bell, J. "Wokingham Remembers the Second World War" * Bell, J. "High Stewards of Wokingham" * Bell, J. "Five Wokingham Families" * Bell, J. "Former Town Clerks of Wokingham" == External links == * Wokingham Town Council * Wokingham Borough Council * Westende Junior School website Category:Market towns in Berkshire Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire Category:Towns in Berkshire |
The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks, Middle Turkic: , , , , , , , , , ; , were a semi-nomadic Oghuz Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language. == Ethnonym == The Pechenegs were mentioned as Bjnak, Bjanak or Bajanak in medieval Arabic and Persian texts, as Be-ča-nag in Classical Tibetan documents, and as Pačanak-i in works written in Georgian. Anna Komnene and other Byzantine authors referred to them as Patzinakoi or Patzinakitai. In medieval Latin texts, the Pechenegs were referred to as Pizenaci, Bisseni or Bessi. East Slavic peoples use the terms Pečenegi or Pečenezi (plural of Pečeneg), while the Poles mention them as Pieczyngowie or Piecinigi. The Hungarian word for Pecheneg is Besenyő; the Romanian term is Pecenegi. According to Max Vasmer and some other researchers the ethnonym may have derived from the Old Turkic word for "brother-in-law, relative” (baja, baja- naq or bajinaq; Kyrgyz: baja, and ), implying that it initially referred to an "in-law related clan or tribe". Peter Golden considers this derivation by no means certain. In Mahmud Kashgari's 11th-century work Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, Pechenegs were described as "a Turkic nation living around the country of the Rum", where Rum was the Turkic word for the Eastern Roman Empire or Anatolia, and "a branch of Oghuz Turks"; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the Pecheneg were the 19th. Pechenegs are mentioned as one of 24 ancient tribes of Oghuzes by 14th-century statesman and historian of Ilkhanate-ruled Iran Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in his work Jāmiʿ al- Tawārīkh ("Compendium of Chronicles") with the meaning of the ethnonym as "the one who shows eagerness". The 17th-century Khan of the Khanate of Khiva and historian Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur mentions the Pechenegs as bechene among 24 ancient tribes of Turkmens (or Oghuzes) in his book Shajara-i Tarākima (“Genealogy of the Turkmen") and provides for its meaning as "the one who makes". Three of the eight Pecheneg "provinces" or clans were collectively known as Kangars. According to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, the Kangars received this denomination because "they are more valiant and noble than the rest" of the people "and that is what the title Kangar signifies".Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 37), p. 171. Because no Turkic word with a similar meaning is known, Ármin Vámbéry connected the ethnonym to the Kirghiz words kangir ("agile"), kangirmak ("to go out riding") and kani- kara ("black-blooded"), while Carlile Aylmer Macartney associated it with the Chagatai word gang ("chariot"), semantically related to the Turkic Gaoche.Golden, Peter B., "Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks". From: Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes, ed. C. Hriban, Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologicaeque Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi, IX (Bucharest-Brăla, 2011):17-63 / ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0 Omeljan Pritsak proposed that the name had initially been a composite term (Kängär As, mentioned in Old Turkic texts) deriving from the Tocharian word for stone (kank) and the ethnonym As, suggesting that they were Tocharian-speaking or at least formed a confederation consisting of Tocharian, Eastern Iranian and Bulgaric Turkic elements. Their connection with Eastern Iranian elements is hinted at in the remark of al-Biruni regarding a people that "are of the race of al-Lān and that of al-Ās and their language is a mixture of the languages of Khwarazmians and the Badjanak.". If the latter assumption is valid, the Kangars' ethnonym suggests that (East) Iranian elements contributed to the formation of the Pecheneg people but Spinei concedes that Pechenegs were of "a predominantly Turkic character... beyond any doubt".Victor Spinei, "Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid- Thirteenth Century", / Brill 2009, p.181 This may be mirrored in the Old Rus translation of Josephus Flavius (ed. Meshcherskiy, 454) which adds "the Yas, as is known, descended from the Pecheneg tribe." On the basis of their fragmentary linguistic remains, scholars view them as Common Turkic-speakers, most probably Kipchak (Németh, followed by Ligeti)Németh, "Die Inschriften," 16, pp. 50-1; Ligeti, "A magyar nyelv," p.362, 506; and Györffy, "A Besenyők nyelve," p.170-91. Cited in the Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition), Vol.VIII, Leiden 1994, p.289 or Oguz (Baskakov).Баскаков, Н. А. Тюркские языки, Москва 1960, с. 126-131. Hammer-Purgstall classifies the Chinese Kangju and Byzantine Kangar as purely Turkic name variants of the Kangly;Hammer- Purgstall, Joseph, Freiherr von, Geschichte der Goldenen horde in Kiptschak, das ist: der Mongolen in Russland, 1840. digital page n70 or 6/mode/2up. however, Wang Pu's institutional historical work Tang Huiyao apparently distinguishes the Kang(ju) from the Kangheli (aka Kangly).Tang Huiyao, "Vol. 72" quote: "康國馬。康居國也。是大宛馬種。形容極大。武德中。康國獻四千匹。今時官馬。猶是其種。……康曷利馬。印宅。" rough translation: "Horses of the Kang nation, which is the Kangju nation. They are a stock of Dayuan horses. In the middle of the Wude era [622 - 626 CE], the Kang nation tributed 4,000 horses. Nowadays, the officials' horses are [probably] of that stock. [...] Kangheli's horses; tamga [resembles] [character] 宅" Menges saw in Kang-ar-as the plural-suffix -as, and Klyashtorny the Turkic numerus collectivus -ar-, -er-.K. H. Menges, Altaic elements, s. 101-104. (cited PDF)S.G. Klyaštornij, Drevnetyurkskie Runiçeskie Pamyatniki Kak Istoçnik Po Istorii Sredney Azii, Moscow 1964, p.163-167 (cited PDF) == Language == Mahmud al-Kashgari, an 11th-century man of letters who specialized in Turkic dialects argued that the language spoken by the Pechenegs was a variant of the Cuman and Oghuz idioms. He suggested that foreign influences on the Pechenegs gave rise to phonetical differences between their tongue and the idiom spoken by other Turkic peoples. Anna Komnene likewise stated that the Pechenegs and the Cumans shared a common language. Although the Pecheneg language itself died out centuries ago, the names of the Pecheneg "provinces" recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus prove that the Pechenegs spoke a Turkic language. The Pechenegs are thought to have belonged to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family, but their language is poorly documented and therefore difficult to further classify.Баскаков, Н. А. Тюркские языки, Москва 1960, с. 126-131. ==Composition== Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos lists eight Pecheneg tribal groupings, four on each side of the Dnieper river, reflecting the bipartite left-right Turkic organization. These eight tribes were in turn divided into 40 sub-tribes, probably clans. Constantine VII also records the names of eight former tribal leaders who had been leading the Pechenegs when they were expelled by the Khazars and Oghuzes. Golden, following Németh and Ligeti, proposes that each tribal name consists of two parts: the first part being an equine coat color, the other the tribal ruler's title. The Erdim, Čur, and Yula tribes formed the Qangar/Kenger (Greek: Καγγαρ) and were deemed "more valiant and noble than the rest". Tribal Compositions Transcribed tribal name Reconstructed tribal name Meaning Location Transcribed leader's name Reconstructed leader's name Ιαβδι-ερτί(μ) *Yavdı-Erdim Tribe of the Erdem with brilliant, shining horses Dniepr's west bank Βαϊτζαν *Bay-ča Κουαρτζι-τζούρ *Küerči-Čur Tribe of the Čur with bluish horses Dniepr's east bank Κούελ *Küğel Χαβουξιν-γυλά *Qabuqšın-Yula or *Khabuži/Kapuži-Jula Tribe of the Yula with bark-colored horses Dniepr's west bank Κουρκοῡται *Qorqutai Συρου-κουλπέη *Suru-Kül-Bey Tribe of the Kül-Bey with grayish horses Dniepr's east bank Ιπαόν *Ipa / *Iba (?), Χαρα-βοη *Qara- Bay Tribe of the Bey with black horses Dniepr's west bank Καϊδούμ *Qaydum Βορο-ταλμάτ *Boru-Tolmač Tribe of the Tolmač with grayish horses Dniepr's east bank Κώσταν *Qosta Γιαζι-χοπὸν *Yazı-Qap(ğ)an Tribe of the Qap(ğ)an with dark- brown horses Dniepr's west bank Γιαζή *Yazı Βουλα-τζοπόν *Bula-Čopan Tribe of the Čopan with piebald horses Dniepr's east bank Βατᾱν *Bata / *Bota === Notes === == History == === Origins and area === According to Omeljan Pritsak, the Pechenegs are descendants from the ancient Kangars who originate from Tashkent. The Orkhon inscriptions listed the Kangars among the subject peoples of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Pritsak says that the Pechenegs' homeland was located between the Aral Sea and the middle course of the Syr Darya, along the important trade routes connecting Central Asia with Eastern Europe, and associates them with Kangars. According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in c. 950, Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretched west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and was four days distant from "Tourkias" (i.e. Hungary). Paul Pelliot originated the proposal that the Book of Suia 7th-century Chinese workpreserved the earliest record on the Pechenegs. The book mentioned a people named Bĕirù, who had settled near the Ēnqū and Alan peoples (identified as Onogurs and Alans, respectively), to the east of Fulin (or the Eastern Roman Empire). Victor Spinei emphasizes that the Pechenegs' association with the Bĕirù is "uncertain". He proposes that an 8th-century Uighur envoy's report, which survives in Tibetan translation, contains the first certain reference to the Pechenegs. The report recorded an armed conflict between the Be-ča-nag and the Hor (Uyghurs or Oghuz Turks) peoples in the region of the river Syr Darya. Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820 – 912 CE), Mahmud al-Kashgari (11th century), Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165), and many other Muslim scholars agree that the Pechenegs belonged to the Turkic peoples. The Russian Primary Chronicle stated that the "Torkmens, Pechenegs, Torks, and Polovcians" descended from "the godless sons of Ishmael, who had been sent as a chastisement to the Christians".Russian Primary Chronicle (year 6604/1096), p. 184) === Westward migration === The Turkic Khaganate collapsed in 744 which gave rise to a series of intertribal confrontations in the Eurasian steppes. The Karluks attacked the Oghuz Turks, forcing them to launch a westward migration towards the Pechenegs' lands. The Uighur envoy's report testifies that the Oghuz and Pecheneg waged war against each other already in the 8th century, most probably for the control of the trade routes. The Oghuz made an alliance with the Karluks and Kimaks and defeated the Pechenegs and their allies in a battle near the Lake Aral before 850, according to the 10th- century scholar, Al-Masudi. Most Pechenegs launched a new migration towards the Volga River, but some groups were forced to join the Oghuz. The latter formed the 19th tribe of the Oghuz tribal federation in the 11th century. The Pechenegs who left their homeland settled between the Ural and Volga rivers. According to Gardizi and other Muslim scholars who based their works on 9th- century sources, the Pechenegs' new territory was quite large, with a 30-day- walk extension, and were bordered by the Cumans, Khazars, Oghuz Turks and Slavs. The same sources also narrate that the Pechenegs made regular raids against their neighbors, in particular against the Khazars and the latter's vassals, the Burtas, and sold their captives. The Khazars made an alliance with the Ouzes against the Pechenegs and attacked them from two directions. Outnumbered by the enemy, the Pechenegs were forced into a new westward migration. They marched across the Khazar Khaganate, invaded the dwelling places of the Hungarians, and expelled them from the lands along the Kuban River and the upper course of the river Donets. There is no consensual date for this second migration of the Pechenegs: Pritsak argues that it took place around 830, but Kristó suggests that it could hardly occur before the 850s. The Pechenegs settled along the rivers Donets and Kuban. It is plausible that the distinction between the "Turkic Pechenegs" and "Khazar Pechenegs" mentioned in the 10th-century Hudud al-'alam had its origin in this period. The Hudud al-'Alama late 10th-century Persian geographydistinguished two Pecheneg groups, referring to those who lived along the Donets as "Turkic Pechenegs", and to those along the Kuban as "Khazarian Pechenegs". Spinei proposes that the latter denomination most probably refers to Pecheneg groups accepting Khazar suzerainty, implies that some Pecheneg tribes had been forced to acknowledge the Khazars supremacy. In addition to these two branches, a third group of Pechenegs existed in this period: Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Ibn Fadlan mention that those who decided not to leave their homeland were incorporated into the Oghuz federation of Turkic tribes. However, it is uncertain whether this group's formation is connected to the Pechenegs' first or second migration (as it is proposed by Pritsak and Golden, respectively). According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, one of the Üçok clans of the Oghuz Turks was still formed by Pechenegs in the 1060s. === Alliance with Byzantium === thumb|Sviatoslav enters Bulgaria with Pecheneg allies, from the Constantine Manasses Chronicle. In the 9th century, the Byzantines became allied with the Pechenegs, using them to fend off other, more dangerous tribes such as Kievan Rus' and the Magyars (Hungarians). The Uzes, another Turkic steppe people, eventually expelled the Pechenegs from their homeland; in the process, they also seized most of their livestock and other goods. An alliance of Oghuz, Kimeks, and Karluks was also pressing the Pechenegs, but another group, the Samanids, defeated that alliance. Driven further west by the Khazars and Cumans by 889, the Pechenegs in turn drove the Magyars west of the Dnieper River by 892. Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I employed the Pechenegs to help fend off the Magyars. The Pechenegs were so successful that they drove out the Magyars remaining in Etelköz and the Pontic steppes, forcing them westward towards the Pannonian plain, where they later founded the Hungarian state. === Late history and decline === By the 9th and 10th centuries, Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula. Although an important factor in the region at the time, like most nomadic tribes their concept of statecraft failed to go beyond random attacks on neighbours and spells as mercenaries for other powers. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus'. For more than two centuries they had launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full- scale wars (like the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev, reported in the Primary Chronicle). The Pecheneg wars against Kievan Rus' caused the Slavs from Walachian territories to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries.V. Klyuchevsky, The course of the Russian history. v.1: "Myslʹ.1987, Rus'/Pecheneg temporary military alliances also occurred however, as during the Byzantine campaign in 943 led by Igor.Ibn Haukal describes the Pechenegs as the long-standing allies of the Rus', whom they invariably accompanied during the 10th century Caspian expeditions. In 968 the Pechenegs attacked and besieged Kiev; some joined the Prince of Kiev, Sviatoslav I, in his Byzantine campaign of 970–971, though eventually they ambushed and killed the Kievan prince in 972. According to the Primary Chronicle, the Pecheneg Khan Kurya made a chalice from Sviatoslav's skull, in accordance with the custom of steppe nomads. The fortunes of the Rus'-Pecheneg confrontation swung during the reign of Vladimir I of Kiev (990–995), who founded the town of Pereyaslav upon the site of his victory over the Pechenegs,The chronicler explains the town's name, derived from the Slavic word for "retake", by the fact that Vladimir "retook" the military glory from the Pechenegs. followed by the defeat of the Pechenegs during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise in 1036. Shortly thereafter, other nomadic peoples replaced the weakened Pechenegs in the Pontic steppe: the Cumans and the Torks. According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky (History of Ukraine-Ruthenia), after its defeat near Kiev the Pecheneg Horde moved towards the Danube, crossed the river, and disappeared out of the Pontic steppes. Pecheneg mercenaries served under the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert. After centuries of fighting involving all their neighbours—the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, Kievan Rus', Khazaria, and the Magyars—the Pechenegs were annihilated as an independent force in 1091 at the Battle of Levounion by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Alexios I recruited the defeated Pechenegs, whom he settled in the district of Moglena (today in Macedonia) into a tagma "of the Moglena Pechenegs". Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were slain or absorbed. The Byzantines defeated the Pechenegs again at the Battle of Beroia in 1122, on the territory of modern- day Bulgaria. With time the Pechenegs south of the Danube lost their national identity and became fully assimilated, mostly with Romanians and Bulgarians. Significant communities settled in the Hungarian kingdom, around 150 villages. In the 12th century, according to Byzantine historian John Kinnamos, the Pechenegs fought as mercenaries for the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in southern Italy against the Norman king of Sicily, William the Bad.Kinnamos, IV, 4, p. 143 A group of Pechenegs was present at the battle of Andria in 1155.Chalandon 1907 The Pechenegs as a group were last mentioned in 1168 as members of Turkic tribes known in the chronicles as the "Chorni Klobuky (Black Hats)".Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, Historical Dictionary of Ukraine, Scarecrow Press, 2013, p. 439. It is likely that the Pecheneg population of Hungary was decimated by the Mongol invasion of Hungary, but names of Pecheneg origin continue to be reported in official documents. The title of "Comes Bissenorum" (Count of the Pechenegs) lasted for at least another 200 years. In 15th-century Hungary, some people adopted the surname Besenyö (Hungarian for "Pecheneg"); they were most numerous in the county of Tolna. One of the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner who was captured by the Byzantines. The Muslim prisoner was brought into the Besenyő territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. In the late 12th century, Abu Hamid al- Gharnati referred to Hungarian Pechenegs – probably Muslims – living disguised as Christians. In the southeast of Serbia, there is a village called Pečenjevce founded by Pechenegs. After war with Byzantium, the remnants of the tribes found refuge in the area, where they established their settlement.Studies on Pechenegs Dr. AKDES KURATATLAS NATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ISSN 2602-4128 TWO FRIEND PEOPLE IN THE NORTH OF THE BLACK SEA: ON THE RELATIONS OF THE PECHENEKS AND THE KUMAN-KIPCHAKST.R. FIRAT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE RELATIONS OF PEÇENEK AND KIPÇAKS WITH THE BYZANTINE STATE MASTER'S THESIS ==Settlements bearing the name Pecheneg== *Besenyszög, Hungary *Besenyőd, Hungary *Besenyőtelek, Hungary *Besnyő, Hungary *Bešenovački Prnjavor, Serbia *Bešeňov, Slovakia *Bešeňová, Slovakia *Bešenovo, Serbia *Beščeně, a part of Kunovice, Czech Republic *Biçənək, Azerbaijan *Ládbesenyő, Hungary *Máriabesnyő a part of Gödöllő, Hungary *Pechenihy, Ukraine *Pecineaga, Romania *Pecinișca, Romania *Peçenek, Turkey *Pečenice, Slovakia *Pečenjevce, Serbia *Pečeneg Ilova, Bosnia and Herzegovina *Pečeňady, Slovakia *Pieczeniegi, Poland *Pieczonogi, Poland *Pöttsching, Austria *Szirmabesenyő, Hungary == Leaders == * Kurya c. 970sWhile his rule's exact end cannot be dated, Kurya was no longer khan by 988. * Metiga c. 980s * Kuchug c. 990s * Kızıl Beg Western Anatolia c. 1184-(????)s == See also == *Chorni Klobuky *Cumans *Kangar union *Kankalis *Khazars *Kipchaks *Manav People *Petržalka *PKP Pecheneg, A Russian made general-purpose machine gun named after the Turkic tribe *Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300) == Notes == == Footnotes == == References == === Primary sources === *Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. . *Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. . === Secondary sources === * * * * * * * * * * * == Further reading == * * * == External links == *www.patzinakia.ro *The Primary Chronicle *Of the Pechenegs, and how many advantages Category:Turkic peoples of Europe Category:10th century in Kievan Rus' Category:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary Category:Ethnic groups in Hungary Category:Islam in Hungary Category:Pastoralists Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia Category:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages Category:Romania in the Early Middle Ages Category:Late Byzantine-era tribes in the Balkans Category:11th century in Kievan Rus' Category:History of the western steppe Category:Extinct Turkic peoples |
The seventh season of the renamed American reality television series Food Network Star premiered Sunday, June 5, 2011. Food Network executives, Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson, are joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York. After the first episode of this season aired as "The Next Food Network Star", the series was retitled Food Network Star and this name was used from the second episode onward. ==Contestants== ===Eliminated=== (In order of elimination) * Howie Drummond – Highlands Ranch, Colorado * Juba Kali – New Orleans, Louisiana * Katy Clark – Long Beach, California * Alicia Sanchez – New York, New York * Justin Balmes – Marietta, Georgia * Justin Davis – Minneapolis, Minnesota * Orchid Paulmeier – Bluffton, South Carolina * Chris Nirschel – Hoboken, New Jersey * Penny Davidi – Los Angeles, California * Jyll Everman – Glendora, California * Whitney Chen – New York, New York * Mary Beth Albright – Washington, D.C. * Vic "Vegas" Moea – Las Vegas, Nevada ===Runner-Up=== * Susie Jimenez – Aspen, Colorado ===Winner=== * Jeff Mauro – Elmwood Park, Illinois ==Contestant Progress== Contestant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 Camera Challenge Winner Orchid Penny Jyll Jyll None N/A Whitney Jyll Mary Beth Jeff N/A Susie Susie Jeff WIN IN WIN WIN HIGH IN IN WIN WIN LOW IN WINNER Susie IN IN LOW WIN WIN HIGH IN LOW HIGH WIN WIN RUNNER-UP Vic LOW IN WIN WIN HIGH WIN IN LOW HIGH WIN OUT Mary Beth IN WIN LOW WIN IN LOW LOW LOW LOW OUT Whitney IN WIN IN LOW IN LOW IN HIGH OUT Jyll LOW IN IN IN LOW IN LOW OUT Penny IN IN WIN LOW IN HIGH OUT Chris IN LOW WIN IN IN IN OUT Orchid WIN IN IN WIN LOW OUT Justin D. IN IN WIN LOW OUT Justin B. IN WIN WIN OUT Alicia IN LOW OUT Katy IN OUT Juba WIN OUT Howie OUT : (WINNER) The contestant won the competition and became the next "Food Network Star". : (RUNNER-UP) The contestant made it to the finale, but did not win. : (WIN) The contestant won that episode's Star Challenge. : (HIGH) The contestant was one of the Selection Committee's favorites for that week, but did not win the Star Challenge. : (IN) The contestant was not one of the Selection Committee's favorites nor their least favorites. They were not up for elimination. : (LOW) The contestant was one of the Selection Committee's three or four least favorites for that week, but was not eliminated. : (LOW) The contestant was one of the Selection Committee's two least favorites for that week, but was not eliminated. : (OUT) The contestant was the Selection Committee's least favorite for that week, and was eliminated. ==Episodes== ===Week One: Lights, Camera, Cook=== *Camera Challenge: The contestants created breakfast dishes representing their culinary points of view and presented them on camera. **Winner: Orchid (Breakfast Tortilla) *Star Challenge: The contestants were divided into groups of three and got four takes to create promos with Alton Brown. Then, the groups headed to the Food Star Kitchens to create one dish on their own and one collaborative dish. After, they presented their dishes and promos to the Selection Committee, Brown, and special guests, including Extra host Mario Lopez. **Winners: Juba (Boil Spiced Shrimp with Whole Tomato Ketchup), Jeff (Chicken Slider on Ciabatta Bread) and Orchid (Hot Asian Pork Skewer with Cole Slaw) (collaborative dish: "Que" Lime Pie with Mango Coulis and Chili Whipped Cream) **Eliminated: Howie (Potato Gnocchi with Lemon Zest) Original Air Date: June 5, 2011 ===Week Two: In the Line of Fire=== *Camera Challenge: The contestants created pizzas that reflected their culinary points of view and presented them on camera. For the first time on Food Network Star, a contestant was eliminated after the Camera Challenge. **Winner: Penny (Middle Eastern Pizza with Roasted Eggplant, Mint and Feta Cheese) **Eliminated: Juba (Three-Pepper "Holy Trinity" Pizza with Toasted Pinenuts, Clam Juice and White Wine) *Star Challenge: As the Camera Challenge winner, Penny was awarded the task of creating the teams for the Star Challenge. The challenge was to render dishes that were time-consuming, technically difficult and that had expensive ingredients accessible to untrained home cooks. The teams presented their dishes to the selection committee and to guest judges Anne Burrell, Scott Conant and Pat and Gina Neely. The contestants were not only judged on their culinary merits but also on their personalities in the kitchen. **Winners: Whitney (Ginger-Orange Biscuit, Bacon and Pan-Sausage Gravy), Mary Beth (Rib-Eye Steak in Red Wine Sauce with Marrow Bone) and Justin B. (Pan-Fried Calamari Steak with Clams) **Eliminated: Katy (Pepper Short Ribs on Gorgonzola Mashed Potatoes with Bacon and Apple-Walnut Shallot Compote) Original Air Date: June 12, 2011 ===Week Three: Dueling Desserts=== *Camera Challenge: Each finalist went to a vending machine filled with Hershey candy. The type of candy they got was what they had to use in their dish. They then presented to camera once cooking was complete. **Winner: Jyll (Almond Joy Coconut-Fried Shrimp) *Star Challenge: The finalists were put into two groups with six people represented by Robert Irvine or Duff Goldman. As Jyll was the winner of the Camera Challenge, she picked which chef her group would be based on (Chef Duff), and who would be in her group. Each made a dessert for 150 people and for the Selection Committee, as well as two group collaboration dishes. **Winners: Team Robert (Chris, Jeff, Justin B., Justin D., Penny, and Vic) **Eliminated: Alicia (Vanilla Bean Cupcakes with Fondant Star) Original Air Date: June 19, 2011 ===Week Four: Cougar Town and Paula Deen=== *Camera Challenge: The finalists were given a Kellogg's product to cook with and had to present their dishes to camera. Michael Symon and Melissa d'Arabian were the guests for the challenge and helped give advice for further success. **Winner: Jyll (Rice Krispies Crab Fritter with Spicy Aioli) *Star Challenge: The finalists were divided into pairs to create a lunch for 150 people on the set of the TV show Cougar Town. Paula Deen was the surprise guest and shared words of wisdom with the contestants regarding their personalities. Each pair had to base their meal on a specific on-set job and what the workers doing the job would like to eat for lunch. Once all pairs had served those workers, the contestants then served a small table of people, including the selection committee, Courteney Cox and Brian Van Holt. (During the judging, the judges stated they had originally planned to declare one winning team, but felt that it was more appropriate to choose one winner from each team.) **Winners: Jeff (Thai Basil Tofu Lettuce Cups), Mary Beth (Buttermilk-Soaked Panko Meatloaf), Orchid (Dirty Rice and Collard Greens), Susie (Chicken and Quinoa-Stuffed Peppers) and Vic (Roasted Vegetable Baked Penne) **Eliminated: Justin B. (Seared Tuna over Israeli Couscous and White Balsamic Vinaigrette) Original Air Date: June 26, 2011 ===Week Five: Diners, Drive-Ins and Fourth of July=== *Camera Challenge: Guy Fieri took the finalists to a Mel's Diner in Hollywood. They were broken into five pairs and were assigned to do a specific segment similar to those done on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives: open the show, interview the owner, interview the executive chef, interview the head server, and close the show. No winner was declared in this challenge. **Winner: None *Star Challenge: The finalists had to prepare a Fourth of July meal for 150 people. First, they were assigned an original summertime meal to re-create. The finalists had two hours to prepare their meals in the Food Star Kitchen before packing up for presentation the next day. Once they got to the field where the Fourth of July event was being held, a special challenge was presented - they had to give a three-minute demo to all 150 people and the Selection Committee, before handing out the food. (Props were allowed to be used during the presentations) **Winner: Susie (Ribs and Coleslaw as Spicy Pork Ribs with Tangy Avocado-Lime "Slaw") **Eliminated: Justin D. (Burger and Watermelon as Pork Burger with Grilled Pickled Watermelon Salad and Blue Cheese) Original Air Date: July 3, 2011 ===Week Six: Food Truck Face-Off=== *Camera Challenge: None *Star Challenge: The finalists were greeted by Tyler Florence and put into three teams of three. Their task was to create food to be sold to 150 people from a food truck. Before the cooking started, each team had a few minutes to come up with a name for their truck, create a theme and decide what dish each contestant would cook. Each team filmed a commercial to be shown to potential customers, designed to entice them to the truck. When the customers arrived, the commercials were shown, and the customers picked up a ticket for the truck they wanted to patronize. **Winner: Vic (Philly Cheesesteak Burrito with American cheese) **Eliminated: Orchid (Adobo Pork Taco with Coleslaw) Original Air Date: July 10, 2011 ===Week Seven: Dinner Party for Wolfgang Puck=== *Camera Challenge: The contestants had to make their own signature dishes based on their point of view. They had two hours to cook and once the cooking was complete, they had to do a two-minute demo to camera. **Winner: Whitney (Gazpacho) *Star Challenge: Bobby Flay arrives at the finalists' house and announces their star challenge: create a meal for Wolfgang Puck and the Selection Committee. The chefs were to cook at the house, and were limited to items in their pantry and refrigerator. Whitney, as the Camera Challenge winner, assigned everyone a specific course to cook. Penny and Mary Beth were selected to shop for their table settings. They were met at the store by designer Sabrina Soto, who provided tips on how to select table settings. **Winner: None **Eliminated: Chris (Chocolate Fudge Cake with Tahitian Creme Anglaise) and Penny (Sauteed Prawns over Baby Arugula and Figs) Original Air Date: July 17, 2011 ===Week Eight: Ina Garten and Rachael Ray=== *Camera Challenge: The finalists left Los Angeles and went to New York City. Once they arrived, they went to Chelsea Market, and were greeted by Ina Garten. She presented them a coconut and almond cupcake that each contestant had to remake using their point of view. Once cooking was complete, they presented to camera and the Selection Committee. **Winners: Jyll (Chocolate-Orange Cupcake) and Mary Beth (Roasted Strawberry Cupcake) *Star Challenge: All the finalists were going to be on The Rachael Ray Show. They were given a classic American dish and had to remake it with a modern twist. The day before they were going to be on the show, they prepared their dishes in the Food Network Kitchen. On the day of presentation they were greeted by Rachael Ray. She told them that they had to do a 30-second opening designed to entice possible viewers. They also had to do a 3-minute demo while answering an audience member's question. **Winner: Jeff (Braised Pork Sandwich with Slaw, Gorgonzola Spread and Sweet Potato Chips) **Eliminated: Jyll (Meatloaf, Mashed Potatoes and Roasted Vegetables) Original Air Date: July 24, 2011 ===Week Nine: Comedy Roast=== *Camera Challenge: The contestants searched Chelsea Market, sampling different food to describe for a segment of The Best Thing I Ever Ate. Each chef made a selection, then presented that dish to camera, directed by Bobby Flay. None of the contestants prepared any food. **Winner: Jeff (Reuben Sandwich with Gruyere Cheese and Russian Dressing) *Star Challenge: The contestants had to prepare a traditional roast, which they would serve to the Selection Committee and a group of stand-up comics, while being roasted themselves. Jeff as the winner of the Camera Challenge, assigned his fellow contestants the roast they would prepare. Guest comedians included: Louie Anderson, Gilbert Gottfried, Judy Gold, Anthony Anderson and Aubrey Plaza. **Winner: Jeff (Italian Beef Sandwich with Suet-Fried Chips and Jardinera) **Eliminated: Whitney (Roasted Pork with Greens Stuffing and Roasted Tomatoes) Original Air Date: July 31, 2011 ===Week Ten: Iron Chef=== *Camera Challenge: None *Star Challenge: The contestants were divided into pairs to be pitted against each other in an Iron Chef America competition, completing three dishes within an hour. Jeff, as the winner of the last challenge, was allowed to pick who he would go up against – Susie. The contestants were also assisted by a former finalist as sous chef: Jeff with Whitney, Susie with Chris, Mary Beth with Penny and Vic with Jyll. The contestants were asked to judge their opponent's dishes and to provide kitchen-side commentary during the battle they were not participating in. Vic and Mary Beth's secret ingredient was rack of lamb while Susie and Jeff's was lobster. **Winners: Susie (Lobster Ceviche, Lobster Enchilada in Swiss Chard & Lobster Stew over Potato Cake) and Vic (Seared Loin of Lamb with Arugula Salad, Lamb Burger with French Fries & Broiled Lamb Chop with Mint-Grand Marnier Glaze) **Eliminated: Mary Beth (Grilled Lamb Chop with Israeli Couscous, Pan-Cooked Lamb Chop with Fall Pears & "Umami Explosion" Roast Lamb Chop with Roast Tomatoes) Original Air Date: August 7, 2011 ===Week Eleven: Cook for Your Life and Pilots=== *Camera Challenge: The finalists had two hours to cook the best dish of their life. Once cooking was complete, they had one minute to present to camera. Once everyone presented, one finalist was eliminated; a first in Food Network Star history. **Winner: Susie (Pork Carnitas with Grilled Cactus Salad) **Eliminated: Vic (Zuppa di Pesce) *Star Challenge: The two finalists joined Guy Fieri to film their pilots. They had four tries and had to be sure to have a story behind their dish and demonstrate how to make the dish. Once filming was complete, they presented their pilots to the Selection Committee, and a focus group made up of previously eliminated contestants. **Runner-Up: Susie **The Next Food Network Star: Jeff **New Show: Sandwich King - premiered on Sunday, August 21, 2011 at 11:30/10:30c AM Original Air Date: August 14, 2011 ==References== Category:Food Network Star Category:2011 American television seasons |
Squeeze is an English new wave band from London. Formed in March 1974, the group originally consisted of guitarists and vocalists Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford, bassist Harri Kakoulli, keyboardist Jools Holland and drummer Paul Gunn. The group's current lineup features Tilbrook and Difford, drummer Simon Hanson, keyboardist Stephen Large (both of whom joined in 2007), percussionist Steve Smith (since 2017), steel guitarist Melvin Duffy (since 2019) and bassist Owen Biddle (since 2020). ==History== ===1974–1982=== Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford formed Squeeze in March 1974, later completing the lineup with the additions of bassist Harri Kakoulli, keyboardist Jools Holland and drummer Paul Gunn. In 1976, Gunn was replaced by Gilson Lavis, who had previously toured with artists including Chuck Berry, Dolly Parton and Jerry Lee Lewis. The band released their first EP Packet of Three in 1977, followed by their self-titled full-length debut the next year. Shortly after the release of the group's second album Cool for Cats in April 1979, Kakoulli was replaced by John Bentley. The new lineup released the single "Christmas Day" later in the year, followed by their third album Argybargy in early 1980. During the subsequent promotional tour, Holland left in August 1980 to start a solo career. Holland was replaced by Paul Carrack, formerly of Roxy Music, although his appointment was not announced until early 1981. By September that year, after the release and promotion of East Side Story, the keyboardist had left again to join Carlene Carter's backing band. He was replaced a couple of months later by Sinceros keyboardist Don Snow. The new lineup issued Sweets from a Stranger and the single "Annie Get Your Gun" in 1982, before disbanding at the end of the year. The breakup was attributed to Tilbrook and Difford being "Tired of touring and [the band's] frustrating commercial fortunes". ===1985–1999=== In January 1985, the Argybargy lineup of Squeeze (with Jools Holland returning) reunited for a one-off performance. Tilbrook and Difford subsequently chose to reform the group officially, with Keith Wilkinson taking Bentley's place on bass. After the release of Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti, Holland's brother Christopher joined as a second keyboardist on tour, but was replaced shortly thereafter by Andy Metcalfe. In the summer of 1987, he was made an official member in time for the release of Babylon and On. Metcalfe had left by 1988, with his place taken by Matt Irving. Eighth album Frank was released in 1989. After a run of shows ending in January 1990, Holland left Squeeze for a second time. The 1991 release Play was subsequently credited to Tilbrook, Difford, Wilkinson and Lavis as a four-piece. For the ensuing concert tour, keyboards were performed by former member Don Snow and new addition Carol Isaacs. By the summer of 1992, Lavis had been replaced by Pete Thomas of the Attractions, while his bandmate Steve Nieve (who contributed to Play) took over on keyboards. Former keyboardist Paul Carrack returned to take over from Nieve in early 1993. In September, the group released their tenth studio album Some Fantastic Place, for which they toured until the end of the year. For a Japanese tour in early 1994, Carrack (who was touring with Mike and the Mechanics) was temporarily replaced by former keyboardist Andy Metcalfe. In the summer, Squeeze toured the US with Aimee Mann as an additional vocalist and guitarist. The group performed without a drummer after Thomas had joined the reunited Attractions, with returning keyboardist Carrack contributing some percussion. For a string of UK shows later in the year, Andy Newmark joined on drums. In early 1995, Kevin Wilkinson took over for the recording of Ridiculous, while Don Snow rejoined for a third time on the subsequent touring cycle. After a short hiatus, the group returned in 1998 with a lineup including bassist Hilaire Penda, keyboardist Christopher Holland (brother of Jools) and drummer Ash Soan. During the tour in promotion of new studio album Domino, co-founder Chris Difford left Squeeze in early 1999 due to ongoing problems with alcohol abuse, with the band continuing for the rest of the year as a quartet. For select dates, support act Nick Harper appeared as a second guitarist and vocalist, and for the final few shows of the tour Holland was replaced by Chris Braide. After the tour concluded in November, Squeeze disbanded and Tilbrook and Difford continued working on separate projects. ===Since 2007=== After eight years apart (save for sporadic collaborations), Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford reformed Squeeze in early 2007. The rest of the lineup was completed with former bassist John Bentley and new members Stephen Large on keyboards and Simon Hanson on drums. During a UK tour in late 2010, Large was temporarily replaced by Steve Nieve. The group issued two live albums and Spot the Difference, comprising new recordings of old songs, between 2007 and 2012. Personnel remained stable until July 2015, when Bentley left the band by "mutual decision". He was replaced by Lucy Shaw, who completed recording for Cradle to the Grave. After the release and promotion of their eleventh studio album, Squeeze announced in July 2017 that Shaw had been replaced by Yolanda Charles, and that Steve Smith had joined on percussion, guitar and vocals. Both new members debuted on The Knowledge that year. The group became a seven-piece for the first time in August 2019, when steel guitarist Melvin Duffy – who had performed with the band for several years as a backup member – joined officially. Sean Hurley replaced Charles in February 2020, who was followed by Owen Biddle in April. ==Members== ===Current=== Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Glenn Tilbrook all Squeeze releases Chris Difford Stephen Large 2007–present all Squeeze releases from Five Live: On Tour in America (2007) onwards Simon Hanson Steve Smith 2017–present The Knowledge (2017) Melvin Duffy 2019–present all Squeeze releases from Cradle to the Grave (2015) onwards Owen Biddle 2020–present none to date ===Former=== Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Julian "Jools" Holland all Squeeze releases from Packet of Three (1977) to Argybargy (1980), and from Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti (1985) to A Round and a Bout (1990) Harri Kakoulli 1974–1979 bass Paul Gunn 1974–1976 drums none Gilson Lavis all Squeeze releases from Packet of Three (1977) to Play (1991) John Bentley all Squeeze releases from "Christmas Day" (1979) to "Annie Get Your Gun" (1982), and from Five Live: On Tour in America (2007) to Cradle to the Grave (2015) Paul Carrack Don Snow Keith Wilkinson 1985–1997 all Squeeze releases from Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti (1985) to Ridiculous (1995) Pete Thomas 1992–1994 Some Fantastic Place (1993) Andy Newmark 1994–1995 drums none Kevin Wilkinson 1995–1997 Ridiculous (1995) Hilaire Penda 1998–1999 bass Domino (1998) Ash Soan Christopher Holland 1998–1999 Lucy Shaw 2015–2017 Cradle to the Grave (2015) Yolanda Charles 2017–2020 bass The Knowledge (2017) Sean Hurley 2020 none ===Touring=== Image Name Years active Instruments Release contributions Andy Metcalfe Babylon and On (1987) Matt Irving 1988–1991 Carol Isaacs 1991–1992 none Steve Nieve Play (1991) Aimee Mann 1994 none Nick Harper 1999 Domino (1998) Chris Braide Ridiculous (1995) ==Timeline== ==Lineups== Period Members Releases Spring 1974 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals rowspan="2" 1974–1976 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Harri Kakoulli – bass *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Paul Gunn – drums 1976 – April 1979 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Harri Kakoulli – bass *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, backing vocals *Packet of Three (1977) *Squeeze (1978) *Cool for Cats (1979) April 1979 – August 1980 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *John Bentley – bass, backing vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, backing vocals *"Christmas Day" (1979) *Argybargy (1980) Autumn 1980 – September 1981 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *John Bentley – bass, backing vocals *Paul Carrack – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, backing vocals *East Side Story (1981) November 1981 – November 1982 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *John Bentley – bass, backing vocals *Don Snow – keyboards, backing vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Sweets from a Stranger (1982) *"Annie Get Your Gun" (1982) Band inactive November 1982 – January 1985 January 1985 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *John Bentley – bass, backing vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals March – summer 1985 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti (1985) Summer – autumn 1985 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Chris Holland – keyboards, backing vocals Autumn 1985 – spring 1988 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Andy Metcalfe – keyboards, backing vocals *Babylon and On (1987) Summer 1988 – January 1990 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Jools Holland – keyboards, vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Matt Irving – keyboards, backing vocals *Frank (1989) *A Round and a Bout (1990) Early 1990 – summer 1991 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Matt Irving – keyboards, backing vocals *Play (1991) Summer 1991 – summer 1992 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Gilson Lavis – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Don Snow – keyboards, backing vocals *Carol Isaacs – keyboards, backing vocals rowspan="2" Summer 1992 – early 1993 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Pete Thomas – drums, percussion *Steve Nieve – keyboards, harpsichord Early 1993 – summer 1994 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Paul Carrack – keyboards, vocals *Pete Thomas – drums, percussion *Some Fantastic Place (1993) Summer 1994 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Paul Carrack – keyboards, percussion, vocals *Aimee Mann – rhythm guitar, vocals rowspan="2" Late 1994 – early 1995 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Paul Carrack – keyboards, percussion, vocals *Andy Newmark – drums Early – summer 1995 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Kevin Wilkinson – drums, percussion *Ridiculous (1995) Summer 1995 – early 1997 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Keith Wilkinson – bass, backing vocals *Kevin Wilkinson – drums, percussion *Don Snow – keyboards, backing vocals Early 1997 – spring 1998 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *"Down in the Valley" (1998) Spring 1998 – January 1999 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Hilaire Penda – bass *Chris Holland – keyboards, backing vocals *Ash Soan – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Domino (1998) January – October 1999 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Hilaire Penda – bass *Chris Holland – keyboards, backing vocals *Ash Soan – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Nick Harper – rhythm guitar, vocals rowspan="2" October – November 1999 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Hilaire Penda – bass *Ash Soan – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Nick Harper – rhythm guitar, vocals *Chris Braide – keyboards, backing vocals Band inactive November 1999 – March 2007 March 2007 – July 2015 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *John Bentley – bass, backing vocals *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Five Live: On Tour in America (2007) *Spot the Difference (2010) *Live at the Fillmore (2012) *Packet of Four (2012) *Cradle to the Grave (2015) August 2015 – July 2017 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Lucy Shaw – bass, vocals *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Cradle to the Grave (2015) July 2017 – August 2019 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Yolanda Charles – bass *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Steve Smith – percussion, backing vocals *The Knowledge (2017) August 2019 – February 2020 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Melvin Duffy – steel guitars, dulcimer *Yolanda Charles – bass *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Steve Smith – percussion, backing vocals rowspan="2" February – April 2020 *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Melvin Duffy – steel guitars, dulcimer *Sean Hurley – bass *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Steve Smith – percussion, backing vocals April 2020 – present *Glenn Tilbrook – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals *Chris Difford – rhythm guitar, vocals *Melvin Duffy – steel guitars, dulcimer *Owen Biddle – bass, backing vocals *Stephen Large – keyboards, backing vocals *Simon Hanson – drums, percussion, backing vocals *Steve Smith – percussion, backing vocals none to date ==References== ==External links== *Squeeze official website Squeeze * |
Century is a family of serif type faces particularly intended for body text. The family originates from a first design, Century Roman, cut by American Type Founders designer Linn Boyd Benton in 1894 for master printer Theodore Low De Vinne, for use in The Century Magazine. ATF rapidly expanded it into a very large family, first by Linn Boyd, and later by his son Morris. Century is based on the "Scotch" genre, a style of type of British origin which had been popular in the United States from the early nineteenth century and is part of the "Didone" genre of type popular through the entire nineteenth century. Its design emphasizes crispness and elegance, with strokes ending in fine tapers, ball terminals, and crisp, finely pointed serifs. However, compared to many earlier typefaces in the genre, stroke contrast is quite low, creating a less sharp and highly readable structure. With ATF no longer operating, a wide variety of variants and revivals with varying features and quality are available. Despite originating in the nineteenth century, use of the typeface remains strong for periodicals, textbooks, and literature. The Supreme Court of the United States requires that briefs be typeset in Century family type. According to Charles Shaw, "The rugged simplicity of the Century family of types has made it an enduring favorite of American typographers for almost one hundred years. Beginning as foundry type, Century has withstood a series of technical transformations into Linotype, Monotype, Ludlow, phototype, transfer type, digital type, and Xerox-like 'toner type'."Shaw, Paul. "The Century Family" in Fine Print on Type. Edited by Charles Bigelow, Paul Hayden Duensing, and Linea Genry. San Francisco: Bedford Arts, 1989. , p. 46–9. ==Distinctive characteristics== thumb|Century types from the ATF specimen book, 1912. Century Schoolbook had not yet been released at this time. Characteristics of this typeface are: lower case: curl ending in a ball terminal on top of letter c. Ball terminal on hook of f, ear of g, and tail of j. upper case: curled tail on the capital R and reflexive curled tail on the capital Q. Prominent top spur on capital C. figures: curl ending in a ball terminal on both tails of 3, and on single tail of 2, 5, 6 and 9. ==Variations== ===Century Roman=== Theodore Low De Vinne, the printer of Century Magazine, wanted a more legible typeface for the magazine. He commissioned his friend Linn Boyd Benton from the newly formed American Type Founders to devise such a face. Over the course of the nineteenth century, largely because of the influence of Bodoni, common printing fonts had become thin, making a weak impression on the page. De Vinne and fellow printer William Morris decried this "growing effeminacy" and called for a reversion to sturdier faces. The face L.B. Benton produced, Century Roman, had a larger x-height than most faces and thicker hair-lines than was common, giving the appearance of a condensed face because De Vinne believed this to be more legible.De Vinne, Theodore Low. The Practice of Typography, Plain Printing Types. New York, NY: The Century Co., 1902. p. 359. This was made only in foundry type and later an accompanying face of normal width was produced by L.B. Benton, called variously Century Broad Face or Century No. 2.MacGrew, Mac. American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century. New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Books, 1993. , pp. 76–81. Despite being the original member of the Century family, it is not popular compared to the later members of the family with more normal proportions. ===Century=== With the merging of twenty-three foundries into American Type Founders in 1892, Linn Boyd Benton's son, Morris Fuller Benton, was given the task of consolidating and purging the faces of these manufacturers into a coherent selection. Following this, he was given the task of adapting Century No. 2 to meet the Typographical Union standards of the time. Records now in the Smithsonian show that M.F. Benton not only re- designed his father's face, but did so with reference to #16 Roman of the Bruce Type Foundry which A.T.F. had recently acquired. (And which, probably not coincidentally, had been introduced in the Bruce Foundry catalog of 1877 which had been printed by De Vinne.) The result was Century Expanded, which proved hugely successful. By 1912 the A.T.F. catalog no longer offered the original Century Roman, while displaying 64 pages of samples of other members of the Century family.American Specimen Book of Type Styles. Jersey City: American Type Founders Company, 1912. p. 359. Archived: https://archive.org/stream/americanspecimen00amerrich#page/n15/mode/2up Following the successful introduction of this type, M.F. Benton embarked upon the creation of the first planned type family, and it is this conception of "type families" that is probably Benton's single greatest achievement. The faces were issued over a period of ten years, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F.: * Century Expanded (1900) * Century Italic + Century Bold (1905) * Century Bold Condensed (1909) * Century Bold Extended (1910) ====Hot metal copies==== Century proved to be hugely popular and was either licensed or copied by all the makers of mechanical composition machines, including Linotype, Intertype, and Monotype. Barnhart Brothers & Spindler called their version Century Roman, while Ludlow called their 1953 version Century Modern. A few variants were even added: * Century Bold Condensed Italic (1938, Sol Hess, Monotype) * Century Extra Bold Extended (Linotype), designed for use in newspaper and magazine headlines. ====Cold type copies==== Century's popularity and usefulness continued right through the cold type era and was made available for photocomposition by all the leading producers under the following names:Lawson, Alexander, Archie Provan, and Frank Romano. Primer Metal Typeface Identification. Arlington, Virginia: Printing Industries of America: National Composition Association 1976, pp. 34–35. * Century Expanded – Autologic, Berthold, Dymo, Harris, Mergenthaler, Monotype, Varityper. * Century X – Alphatype * Century Light – Compugraphic * Censtar Expanded – Star/Photon * Cambridge Expanded – Graphic Systems Inc. * Digi-Antiqua – Hell AG * ITC Century - ITC: a less faithful version with increased x-height, but extremely popular, has also been digitised. A Century typeface was also available for the IBM Selectric Composer. ====Digital variants==== A digital version named Benton Modern Text was first prepared by Font Bureau for the Boston Globe and the Detroit Free Press. It was designed by Tobias Frere-Jones and is based on Century Expanded, but the accompanying italic and bold are based upon Century Schoolbook and were designed by Richard Lipton and Christian Schwartz. Benton Modern was released in two optical sizes: text for general use and display for large text sizes.Berlow, David and Roger Black. "New Fonts: Benton Modern Display, Rocky & ITC Franklin" from The Font Bureau, Inc. Blog. 15 September 2008. http://www.fontbureau.com/news/2008-09-15 Font Bureau had already digitised as a separate project Century Bold Condensed on its own, intending it particularly for newspaper headlines. ===Century Oldstyle=== Century Oldstyle was released at a time when heavier faces with bracketed serifs were returning to vogue. The faces, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F., were issued over a period of six years. Century Oldstyle is Linn Boyd Benton's and Morris Fuller Benton's renovation of Phemister's Miller & Richard Old Style for ATF (also known as Bookman Oldstyle) forty-five years later, using the Century name for marketing purposes. Despite the name it is not purely an old-style serif font (the type of metal type used before around 1750), but retains many more modern characteristics such as its curling capital Q. * Century Oldstyle + italic + bold (1909) * Century Oldstyle Bold Italic (1910) * Century Oldstyle Bold Condensed (1915) ====Hot metal copies==== Century Oldstyle was not as popular as its predecessor, but the roman and italic were copied by Linotype, Intertype, and Monotype. ====Cold type copies==== As oldstyle faces gained in popularity during the photo-comp era, Century Oldstyle was copied more widely then than during the hot type era. Copies were made under following names: * Century Oldstyle – Alphatype, Berthold, Harris, Mergenthaler * Cambridge Oldstyle – Graphic Systems Inc. ===Century Catalogue=== Century Catalogue (as spelled in ATF specimen books) had a lower x-height than Century Expanded but, despite longer ascenders, adheres to the same general design. Century Catalogue Italic is basically a re-working of Baskerville Italic, only the A, V and W being different. Both were designed by M.F. Benton and released by A.T.F. in 1917. As far as is known, Century Catalogue was never copied by other foundries, for machine composition, or as cold type. Raph Levien has produced a "nearly complete" (but largely abandoned for the past decade) digitization of Century Catalogue under the terms of the Open Font License.OFL Fonts (section: Century Catalogue). 14 March 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2019. ===Century Schoolbook=== Century Schoolbook is a transitional serif typeface designed by Morris Fuller Benton in 1919 for the American Type Founders (ATF) at the request of Ginn & Co., a textbook publisher, which wanted an especially easy- to-read face for textbooks. Century Schoolbook has elements similar to the Didone classification. Century Schoolbook is based on the earlier Century Roman. Century Schoolbook is familiar to many in North America as being the typeface with which many first learned to read. Morris Fuller Benton utilized research done by Clark University that showed young readers more quickly identified letterforms with contrasting weight, but with the lighter strokes maintaining presence. Tests also showed the importance of maintaining counter- form (the white space around the black letterform) in recognizing the face at smaller sizes. In designing Century Schoolbook, M. F. Benton increased the x-height, the stroke width, and overall letterspacing. The faces were issued over a period of five years, all of which were designed by Benton and issued by A.T.F.: * Century Schoolbook (1918) * Century Schoolbook Italic (1921) * Century Schoolbook Bold (1923) A final member of the Century family was an oldstyle version called Schoolbook Oldstyle begun in 1920 and released in 1926, an italic following in 1928. This never achieved the popularity of its sister faces, was never adapted for machine composition (much less cold type or digital). and was eventually withdrawn. ====Hot metal copies==== Another immensely popular face for A.T.F. and Benton, Century Schoolbook was either licensed or copied by all the makers of mechanical composition machines, including Linotype, Intertype, Monotype, and Ludlow. One variant, Century Schoolbook Bold Italic was even added by Intertype. Linotype also commissioned Rudolph Ruzicka to design Primer, which was intended to compete directly with Century Schoolbook for the text-book market. ====Cold type copies==== The popularity of Century Schoolbook outstripped that of Century in the cold type era, and it was offered by all manufacturers under the following names: * Century Schoolbook – Autologic, Berthold, Dymo, Harris, Mergenthaler, Monotype, MGD Graphic Systems. * Century Text – Alphatype * Century Textbook – Compugraphic * Censtar School – Star/Photon * Cambridge Schoolbook – Graphic Systems Inc. * Schoolbook – Varityper ====Digital copies==== The most common digital version is Monotype's, bundled with many Microsoft products. There are also versions of New Century Schoolbook by URW++, DTP Types, Bitstream, Elsner+Flake and others.Stephen Coles, Chris Jordan, Henrique Gusso, Rainer Joswig, and Sarah Jenkins. Identifont. http://www.identifont.com/show?EIE A very limited set of styles digitised by URW++ has been released as open-source software as part of the Ghostscript project in type 1 format. TeX Gyre Schola is an adaptation of the URW release by a Polish group. Including a Cyrillic version and small caps, it is perhaps the most complete open-source digitisation of the Century family. Confusingly, the Monotype version offered with Microsoft products is also called just 'Century', perhaps for backwards compatibility reasons from the period when file names had to be short. Modern Microsoft products include both this 'Century' (in roman style only but with Cyrillic characters) and the same design as 'Century Schoolbook', only the latter including the whole family with bold and italics. ====Digital variants==== Grad is a variant by Phil Martin (digitized by Mark Simonson) based on the original ATF Century Schoolbook. It is an extensive digitisation with text figures and small caps, also adding unusual features such as asymmetric serifs. ====Century Schoolbook Infant==== 280px|right This is a single-story version of the typeface that is used to help children learn to read. It is very rare, but it can be found in the Spot books by Eric Hill. As of 2020, a version of it can be purchased from DTP Types Limited. ==== Cyrillic adaptations ==== The Century Schoolbook typeface was also adapted by Soviet typographies. The first Cyrillic adaptation, named Pioner (Russian for "pioneer"), was designed in 1939, and later in 1961 the second adaptation was made in the scientific research institute (NII) "Poligrafmash". The latter version acquired the name Shkol'naya (Russian for "of school") and since then it has been the standard and most widely used typeface for children publications and for school textbooks in the Soviet Union and later in Russia. ===Century Nova=== Century Nova + Italic (1964) was designed by Charles E. Hughes with the stipulation from A.T.F. that it must be equally suited for both letterpress (hot type) and offset (cold type) reproduction."Century Nova, New Typeface, Shown at Premiere in Milwaukee," Inland Printer, November 1965, p. 176. The thin lines are substantial and the lower-case letters have a larger x-height, and (perhaps ironically) it returns to the condensed nature of the original Century Roman.Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. , p.43. This was the second-to-last face cut by A.T.F. Scangraphic has released a digitisation. ==Related digital revivals== thumb|Comparison between Century Schoolbook (in Monotype's digitisation) and Old Standard by Alexey Kryukov, based on nineteenth-century printing especially from Russia. Both have the same basic letter structure but Old Standard is much more crisp with finer hairlines and serifs, especially in italic. Nick Shinn's Scotch Modern revival is a digitisation in three optical sizes of the Scotch Modern types that inspired Century. Described by reviewer Mark Simonson as 'insanely complete', it has a stronger level of contrast and sharper Didone serifs than Century designs, in a release featuring small caps and a range of matching figure designs. Shinn based the revival on that used in an 1873 book on New York State wildlife. The Old Standard web font by Alexey Kryukov is loosely based on the similar styles of type that were used in Europe during the early 20th century. It includes Cyrillic and polytonic Greek glyphs for classical studies use.Kryukov, Alexey. Old Standard TT accessed through Google Fonts website. https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Old+Standard+TT Matthew Carter's Miller is a revival of the Scotch Roman types that are Century's distant ancestors in the early nineteenth century. It features a much more restrained level of stroke contrast. It is an extremely large family often used by newspapers, with five optical sizes and many professional features such as small caps and alternate figure designs. Chronicle Text and Display by Hoefler & Frere-Jones are another large Scotch Roman-inspired family with optical sizes intended for newspaper and professional use. Eames Century Modern is a digitisation inspired by the family's use by furniture designers Charles and Ray Eames. It is used by Comedy Central, among others. Century 751 from Bitstream Inc is actually a digital revival of Rudolph Ruzicka's Primer. ==See also== *Typefaces category *List of typefaces ==References== ==Further reading== *Meggs, Philip and Rob Carter. Typographic Specimens: The Great Typefaces. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1993. *Meggs, Philip B. and Roy McKelvey. Revival of the Fittest. RC Publications, Inc.: 2000. * DeVinne, Theodore, The practice of typography; modern methods of book composition, Century Co., New York, 1904 * DeVinne, Theodore, The practice of typography; a treatise on the processes of type-making, the point system, the names, sizes, styles and prices of plain printing types, Century Co., New York, 1902 Category:Transitional serif typefaces Category:American Type Founders typefaces Category:Corporate typefaces Category:Newspaper and magazine typefaces Category:Typefaces with infant variants Category:Typefaces with optical sizes Category:Letterpress typefaces Category:Photocomposition typefaces Category:Digital typefaces Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1894 Category:Typefaces designed by Morris Fuller Benton |
Billy Taylor (July 24, 1921 – December 28, 2010) was an American jazz pianist, composer, broadcaster and educator. He was the Robert L. Jones Distinguished Professor of Music at East Carolina University in Greenville, and from 1994 was the artistic director for jazz at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. A jazz activist, Taylor sat on the Honorary Founders Board of The Jazz Foundation of America, an organisation he founded in 1989, with Ann Ruckert, Herb Storfer and Phoebe Jacobs, to save the homes and the lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians, later including musicians who survived Hurricane Katrina. Taylor was a jazz educator, who lectured in colleges, served on panels and travelled worldwide as a jazz ambassador. Critic Leonard Feather once said, "It is almost indisputable that Dr. Billy Taylor is the world's foremost spokesman for jazz." ==Biography== ===Early life and career=== Taylor was born in Greenville, North Carolina, United States, but moved to Washington, D.C., when he was five years old. He grew up in a musical family and learned to play different instruments as a child, including guitar, drums and saxophone. He was most successful at the piano, and had classical piano lessons with Henry Grant, who had educated Duke Ellington a generation earlier. Taylor made his first professional appearance playing keyboard at the age of 13 and was paid one dollar. Taylor attended Dunbar High School, the U.S.'s first high school for African American students. He attended Virginia State College and majored in sociology. During his time, he joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Pianist Undine Smith Moore noticed young Taylor's talent in piano and he changed his major to music, graduating with a degree in music in 1942. Taylor moved to New York City after graduation and started playing piano professionally from 1944, first with Ben Webster's Quartet on New York's 52nd Street. The same night he joined Webster's Quartet, he met Art Tatum, who became his mentor. Among the other musicians Taylor worked with was Machito and his mambo band, from whom he developed a love for Latin music. After an eight-month tour with the Don Redman Orchestra in Europe, Taylor stayed there with his wife, Theodora, and in Paris and the Netherlands. Taylor returned to New York later that year and cooperated with Bob Wyatt and Sylvia Syms at the Royal Roost jazz club and Billie Holiday in a successful show called Holiday on Broadway."The Billy Taylor Story". A year later, he became the house pianist at Birdland and performed with Charlie Parker, J.J. Johnson, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis. Taylor played at Birdland longer than any other pianist in the club's history. In 1949, Taylor published his first book, a textbook about bebop piano styles. ===Mid-career=== In 1952, Taylor composed one of his best known tunes, "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free", which achieved more popularity with the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Nina Simone covered the song in her 1967 album Silk & Soul. The tune is known in the UK as a piano instrumental version, used for BBC Television's long-running Film... programme. He made dozens of recordings in the 1950s and 1960s, including Billy Taylor Trio with Candido with Cuban percussionist Candido Camero, My Fair Lady Loves Jazz, Cross Section and Taylor Made Jazz. In 1958, he became music director of NBC's The Subject Is Jazz, the first television series focusing on jazz. The 13-part series was produced by the new National Educational Television Network with guests such as Duke Ellington, Aaron Copland, Bill Evans, Cannonball Adderley, Jimmy Rushing, and Langston Hughes. Taylor also worked as a DJ and programme director on radio station WLIB in New York in the 1960s. During the 1960s, the Billy Taylor Trio was a regular feature of the Hickory House on West 55th Street in Manhattan. From 1969 to 1972, he served as music director for The David Frost Show and was the first African American to lead a talk-show band. Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich were just a few of the musicians who played on the show. In 1964, he established Jazzmobile in New York City as a way to promote jazz through educational programmes. In 1981, Jazzmobile produced a jazz special for National Public Radio, for which the programme received the Peabody Award for Excellence in Broadcasting Programs. Jazzmobile's 1990 Tribute Concert to Taylor at Avery Fisher Hall, part of the JVC Jazz Festival, featured Nancy Wilson, Ahmad Jamal Trio, and Terence Blanchard Quintet. Taylor hosted two long-running jazz programmes on National Public Radio. Jazz Alive! ran from 1977 to 1983, and Billy Taylor's Jazz at the Kennedy Center ran from 1995 to 2001. The former program won the Peabody Award. ===Later career=== In 1981, after being profiled by CBS News Sunday Morning, Taylor was hired as an on-air correspondent and then conducted more than 250 interviews with musicians. He received an Emmy Award for his segment on the multi-talented Quincy Jones. In 1989, Taylor formed his own "Taylor Made" record label to document his own music. You Tempt Me (1996), by his 1985 trio (with Victor Gaskin and drummer Curtis Boyd), includes a rendition of Ellington's "Take the "A" Train". White Nights (1991) has Taylor, Gaskin, and drummer Bobby Thomas performing live from Leningrad in the Soviet Union. Then came Solo (1992), and Jazzmobile Allstars (1992). In 1997, he received the New York State Governor's Art Award. Taylor suffered from a 2002 stroke, which affected his right hand, but he continued to perform almost until his death. He died after a heart attack on December 28, 2010, in Manhattan at the age of 89. His legacy was honored in a Harlem memorial service on January 11, 2011, featuring performances by Taylor's final working trio – bassist Chip Jackson and drummer Winard Harper – along with long-time Taylor associates Jimmy Owens, Frank Wess, Geri Allen, Christian Sands and vocalist Cassandra Wilson. Taylor was survived by his wife of 65 years, Theodora Castion Taylor; a daughter, Kim Taylor-Thompson; and a granddaughter. His son, artist Duane Taylor, died in 1988. ==Legacy== Taylor appeared on hundreds of albums and composed more than 300 songs during his career, which spanned over six decades. His 1963 song "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free" dealt with civil rights issues and became the unofficial anthem of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. It was selected as "one of the greatest songs of the sixties" by The New York Times and was the theme music of the 1996 film Ghosts of Mississippi.Steven McDonald, "Music from the Motion Picture Ghosts of Mississippi", AllMusic; accessed November 19, 2017. Engaging and educating more audience and young people was a central part of Taylor's career. He was the Wilbur D. Barrett Chair of Music at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a Duke Ellington Fellow at Yale. Besides publishing instructional books on jazz, he taught jazz courses at Howard University, Long Island University, the Manhattan School of Music, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he had studied under Roland Wiggins and earned his Master's degree and EdD degree in Music Education in 1975. His extensive appearance in television series and jazz educational programs brought the music he loved to the masses at the grassroots level as well as more formal arenas. He was sometimes better known as a television personality than a pianist. He was quoted in a 2007 article in the Post Magazine: "there's no question that being an advocate eclipsed my reputation as a musician. It was my doing. I wanted to prove to people that jazz has an audience. I had to do that for me." ==Awards and honors== Taylor had more than 20 honorary doctoral degrees and was the recipient of two Peabody Awards for Jazzmobile, NEA Jazz Masters Award (1998), an Emmy Award (1983) for carrying out over 250 interviews for CBS News Sunday Morning, a Grammy Award (2004) Down Beat magazine's Lifetime Achievement award (1984), National Medal of Arts (1992), and the Tiffany Award (1991). In 1981, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from the Berklee College of Music. He was honored in 2001 with the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Jazz Living Legend Award, and election to the Hall of Fame for the International Association for Jazz Education. He served as artistic director for jazz at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, where he developed many critically acclaimed concert series, including the Louis Armstrong Legacy series, and the annual Mary Lou Williams Women in Jazz Festival. In addition, he performed at the White House seven times and was one of only three jazz musicians to be appointed to the National Council of the Arts. Taylor was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2010. ==Discography== 250px|thumb|right|Billy Taylor performing at Usdan Center for the Creative and Performing Arts, Long Island, New York, June 25, 2007 ===As leader=== *1945: Billy Taylor Piano (Savoy) *1951: Piano Panorama (Atlantic and 1957 as most of The Billy Taylor Touch) *1952: Jazz At Storyville (Roost 1952) *1953: Billy Taylor Trio (Prestige) *1953–54: Cross Section (Prestige) – released 1956 (includes all tracks from Billy Taylor Plays for DJs) *1954: The Billy Taylor Trio with Candido (Prestige) *1954: Billy Taylor Trio at Town Hall (Prestige) (Status 1965) *1955: A Touch of Taylor (Prestige) *1956: Evergreens (ABC-Paramount) *1956: Billy Taylor at the London House (ABC- Paramount)ABC-Paramount LP ABC 134. *1957: Introduces Ira Sullivan (ABC- Paramount) *1957: My Fair Lady Loves Jazz (ABC-Paramount; Impulse! 1965, ABC Impulse! 1968) *1957: The Billy Taylor Touch (Atlantic) - featuring tracks recorded in 1951 and 1957 *1957: The New Billy Taylor Trio (ABC-Paramount) *1959: One for Fun (Atlantic) *1959: Billy Taylor with Four Flutes (Riverside; with Frank Wess, Herbie Mann and Jerome Richardson) *1959: Taylor Made Jazz (Argo) *1960: Uptown (Riverside) *1960: Warming Up! (Riverside) - also released as Custom Taylored (SeSac) and Easy Like (Surrey) *1961: Interlude (Prestige Moodsville) *1961: Kwamina (Mercury) *1962: Impromptu (Mercury) *1963: Right Here, Right Now! (Capitol) *1965: Midnight Piano (Capitol) *1968: I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free (Tower) *1969: Sleeping Bee (MPS) - also released as Billy Taylor Today (Prestige) *1970: Ok Billy (Bell) *1977: Jazz Live (Monmouth Evergreen) *1977: Live at Storyville (1977 recording for West 54 Records) *1981: With Joe Kennedy Where've You Been (Concord Jazz) *1985: You Tempt Me (Taylor-Made, 1989) *1988: White Nights And Jazz in Leningrad (Taylor-Made) *1988: Solo (Taylor-Made) *1989: Billy Taylor and the Jazzmobile All Stars (Taylor-Made) *1991: White Nights and Jazz in Leningrad (Taylor-Made) *1992: Dr. T with Gerry Mulligan (GRP Records) *1993: Live at MCG with Gerry Mulligan, Carl Allen, Chip Jackson *1993: It's a Matter of Pride (GRP) *1995: Homage (GRP) *1997: The Music Keeps Us Young (Arkadia Jazz) *1999: Ten Fingers – One Voice (Arkadia Jazz) *1999: Taylor Made at the Kennedy Center with Dee Dee Bridgewater (Kennedy Center Jazz) *2001: Urban Griot (Soundspot) *2002: Live at AJE New York (Soundspot) ===As sideman=== With Arkadia Jazz All Stars *Thank You, Duke! With Johnny Hartman *Once in Every Life (Bee Hive, 1980) With Coleman Hawkins *Timeless Jazz (Jazztone, 1954) With Mundell Lowe *A Grand Night for Swinging (Riverside, 1957) With the Metronome All-Stars *Metronome All-Stars 1956 (Clef, 1956) With Sal Salvador *Juicy Lucy (Bee Hive, 1978) With Sonny Stitt *The Matadors Meet the Bull (Roulette, 1965) *What's New!!! (Roulette, 1966) With Lucky Thompson *Accent on Tenor Sax (Urania 1954) With Various Artists *Charlie Parker 10th Memorial Concert (Limelight Records, 1965) *"Jazz Tones" with Coleman Hawkins,1954, reissued 1984 Xanadu Records ==References== ==External links== *Billy Taylor Jazz *Official Website that includes extensive video *Billy Taylor's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project *Billy Taylor Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2009) Category:1921 births Category:2010 deaths Category:American jazz composers Category:American male jazz composers Category:American jazz pianists Category:American male pianists Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Bebop pianists Category:GRP Records artists Category:Hard bop pianists Category:Mainstream jazz pianists Category:Mercury Records artists Category:People from Greenville, North Carolina Category:Prestige Records artists Category:Radio personalities from New York (state) Category:Riverside Records artists Category:Savoy Records artists Category:Soul-jazz pianists Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Education alumni Category:Virginia State University alumni Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty Category:Musicians from Washington, D.C. Category:American jazz educators Category:20th-century American pianists Category:20th-century American composers Category:Jazz musicians from Virginia Category:Jazz musicians from North Carolina Category:20th-century American male musicians Category:Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni Category:20th-century jazz composers |
Lewisburg is a city in and the county seat of Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 3,930 at the 2020 census. ==History== thumb|left|Civil War cemetery, Lewisburg Lewisburg is named after Andrew Lewis. In 1751 Lewis, as a young surveyor, established a camp near the spring behind the present courthouse. This spring has been known as the Lewis Spring since that time. During Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, Native Americans completely destroyed two of the early European settlements in Greenbrier County, killing the men and carrying off the women and children. This raid virtually eliminated all of the earliest settlers in the county. The Native Americans were primarily Shawnees, and (according to undocumented tradition) were led by the famous leader Hokoleskwa, or Cornstalk. By 1770 a fortified encampment called Fort Savannah was established at the Lewis Spring. In 1774, Governor Dunmore of Virginia instructed then-Colonel Andrew Lewis to gather "willing and able men" to go to the great Kanawha River and stand against the Native American forces that were attacking the Greenbrier Valley. In what became known as Lord Dunmore's War, over 1,490 men were assembled, some at Fort Pitt at present-day Pittsburgh, and others at Fort Union, on the site of present-day Lewisburg. These recruits included Lewis's brother Charles, and others which history books refer to as one of the most remarkable assemblages of frontier leaders in American history. Thirteen were men of political and military distinction. Lewis's army marched down the New and Kanawha Rivers to the Ohio River, where they intended to cross over and invade the Ohio Country, which was the home of the Shawnees. The Native Americans, led by Cornstalk, attempted to cut them off at the mouth of the Kanawha, where they fought an inconclusive battle that came to be known as the Battle of Point Pleasant.(Pages 78, 98–99) thumb|Old Stone Presbyterian Church alt=Map of Lewisburg in 1825 showing residents|thumb|Map of Lewisburg in 1825 When the town of Lewisburg was formally laid out in 1780, Matthew Arbuckle, Sr. was the first settler. Among Lewisburg's first trustees was Col. John Stuart (1749-1823), a Revolutionary War commander who surveyed and settled the area and is known locally as the “Father of Greenbrier County”. The land on which the first county courthouse, and the Old Stone Church in Lewisburg, are situated was donated by Stuart. Lewisburg was formally established in 1782 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly. The original trustees were Samuel Lewis, James Reid, Samuel Brown, Andrew Donnelly, John Stuart, and Archer Mathews.Page 284 To accommodate Virginians west of the mountains, several Virginia courts sat in Lewisburg, where Patrick Henry once successfully defended a client accused of murder. The town and the surrounding farms prospered and a number of spas and resort hotels were established at some of the outlying mineral springs. During the Civil War a number of engagements were fought in and around Lewisburg, including the 1862 Battle of Lewisburg. Several of the present buildings in town were used as hospitals and barracks by both sides in this conflict, and bullet marks can still be seen in some today. The Virginia Supreme Court library, which was located in Lewisburg and served as the Greenbrier County Library until 2008, was used as a hospital and has preserved a section of wall with soldiers' graffiti. In the mid 20th century, the Lewisburg area was home to several children's summer camps. Camp Ann Bailey, (named after Revolutionary War scout Anne Bailey) was located on the Greenbrier River. This Girl Scout camp was integrated in the 1950s thanks to the efforts of Charleston civil rights activist Elizabeth Harden Gilmore. The camp operated between 1927 and 1974, when it was closed to permit construction of Interstate 64. A boys' camp, Camp Shaw-Mi-Del-Eca, founded in 1929, was also located on the river. The two camps held joint activities, such as dances, with another nearby girls' camp, Camp Alleghany. In 1978, a area in the heart of Lewisburg was designated a National Register Historic District. Today, Lewisburg is home to the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, one of 29 osteopathic medical schools in the United States and one of three medical schools in West Virginia. ==Geography== Lewisburg is located approximately one mile north of the Greenbrier River.Lewisburg, WV, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1972 (1979 rev.) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Much of it is within the karst belt and a sinkhole is gated over at an intersection. It is part of the Davis Spring subwatershed. Lewisburg is part of the Southern West Virginia region. ===Climate=== The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lewisburg has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.Climate Summary for Lewisburg, West Virginia ==Demographics== ===2010 census=== As of the census of 2010, there were 3,830 people, 1,892 households, and 989 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,100 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.5% White, 5.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population. There were 1,892 households, of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.7% were non- families. 40.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.73. The median age in the city was 46.1 years. 17.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 24.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.6% male and 53.4% female. ===2000 census=== As of the census of 2000, there were 3,624 people, 1,746 households, and 1,000 families living in the city. The population density was 951.0 people per square mile (367.3/km2). There were 1,929 housing units at an average density of 506.2 per square mile (195.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.73% White, 6.68% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population. There were 1,746 households, out of which 20.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.7% were non- families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.69. In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,857, and the median income for a family was $42,940. Males had a median income of $38,056 versus $21,386 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,139, About 12.4% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over. ==Arts and culture== thumb|Carnegie Hall in Lewisburg, one of only four Carnegie Halls still in continuous use. In 1902, steel baron and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie built Carnegie Hall as a classroom building for the Lewisburg Female Institute, later the Greenbrier College. Carnegie Hall, Inc. was incorporated in 1983 as a regional not-for-profit arts and education center. Today, the cultural center annually serves more than 75,000 patrons with live performances by artists from around the world, arts in education programming, classes, workshops, fine art exhibits, an independent film series and more. Carnegie Hall, Inc. is one of only four Carnegie Halls still in continuous use in the world. The Greenbrier Historical Society and North House Museum is dedicated to collecting, preserving, and interpreting the rich history of the Greenbrier Valley. The Greenbrier Historical Society has operated within the North House since 1976 and has owned the building since 1992. Built in 1820, the North House was the home of local lawyer John North and his wife Charlotte for more than a decade before becoming James Frazier's Star Tavern and Inn. At the turn of the 20th century, the North House became the President's home for Greenbrier Women's College. Today, the museum's permanent displays and temporary exhibits feature items from across the Greenbrier Valley, including, but not limit to; the training saddle of General Robert E. Lee's horse Traveller, an 18th-century covered wagon, Civil War artifacts, furniture made by local craftsman David Surbaugh, as well as original items from the North family. The Greenbrier Historical Society archives and museum hold artifacts from before the revolutionary war through today. The Greenbrier Historical Society and North House Museum also offers educational program, a research archive, group tour rates, and membership opportunities. The Lewisburg post office holds a mural, Old Time Camp Meeting, painted by American artist Robert F. Gates as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. The mural depicts a religious camp meeting, thought to be based on a local camp ground called Brushy Ridge. The Lost World Caverns are nearby, and feature self-guided tours and numerous rock formations. Organ Cave is also in the area. The State Fair of West Virginia is held in nearby Fairlea every August. Lewisburg is the site of West Virginia's largest Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebration. The event includes a march through downtown Lewisburg, a community lunch, and a program commemorating the memory and legacy of Dr. King. Belsnickle or Old Christmas is celebrated with the Shanghai Parade on New Year's Day. In this observation of the older traditions, people dress in costumes and march down the main street. Its term comes from "collie-shanghai", an old word related to making a lot of noise. The parade has been going on for over 150 years . Other annual celebrations include two food festivals, Taste of Our Towns (TOOT) in October and the Chocolate Festival in April, and the Lewisburg Literary Festival, a celebration of books and the written word, held in August. Speakers at the Literary Festival have included Homer Hickam, author of Rocket Boys, Jeanette Walls, author of The Glass Castle, Garth Stein, author of The Art of Racing in the Rain, NBA basketball legend Jerry West, NPR's Noah Adams, West Virginia Poet Laureate and children's author Marc Harshman, and children's author Tom Angleberger of the Origami Yoda series. In 2013, musicians in the community created the West Virginia Winter Music Festival, as a fundraiser for musicians in need of financial support due to a life emergency. It has grown to be an anticipated event in the area every January. The Greenbrier Classic Concert series are held in nearby Fairlea at the State Fair Grounds every July. Artists who have performed include West Virginia native Brad Paisley, Carrie Underwood, Keith Urban, Reba McEntire. Miranda Lambert, Rod Stewart, Lionel Richie, Victoria Justice, Jon Bon Jovi, Kenny Chesney, Aerosmith, Maroon 5 and Jimmy Buffett. == Transportation == Historic Lewisburg is centered at the crossroads of U.S. Route 60, historically called The Midland Trail, and U.S. Route 219. Interstate 64's intersection with U.S. Route 219 near the northern border of the town has drawn most modern development into that area. Greenbrier Valley Airport supports a vibrant general aviation community, and also has direct daily flights on United Airlines to hubs in Washington DC (IAD) and Chicago (ORD). ==Notable people== * Cleve Benedict – former congressman, West Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture and US Undersecretary of Energy * Pinckney Benedict – novelist, writer of short stories, and son of Cleve Benedict * Vernell "Bimbo" Coles – Basketball Olympian, played for Miami Heat beginning in 1990 * Phillip Hamman – Soldier and scout, known as "The Savior of the Greenbrier". * Brad Hoylman (born 1965) - New York State Senator * Jim Justice – Governor of West Virginia * Robert Bruce King – Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit * Gary W. Martini – Marine awarded the Medal of Honor for service in the Vietnam War, local bridge named in his honor * Henry M. Mathews – former Governor of West Virginia. Member of the Mathews family * Stuart Margolin - actor and director, best known for his work on The Rockford Files * Johnny Olson – announcer, best known for his work on What's My Line?, Match Game, and The Price is Right * Mason Patrick – United States Army general and air power advocate * Colonel John Stuart – Pioneer and soldier, the "Father of Greenbrier County" ==References== ==External links== * City of Lewisburg official web page Category:Cities in West Virginia Category:Cities in Greenbrier County, West Virginia Category:County seats in West Virginia Category:Populated places established in 1782 Category:1782 establishments in Virginia |
Rock Werchter is an annual music festival held in the village of Werchter, near Leuven, Belgium, since 1976 and is a large sized rock music festival. The 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012 and 2014 festivals received the Arthur award for best festival in the world at the International Live Music Conference (ILMC). It can host 88,000 guests daily, of which 67,500 combine all four days, to add up to a total maximum of 149,500 different attendees. The festival started in 1974 as a one-day event with performances from Banzai and Kandahar, but over the years it has evolved to become one of Belgium's largest music festivals. Originally it was a double-festival, called "Torhout-Werchter", with two festival areas at different sites in Belgium: one in Werchter and one in Torhout. In 1999, the festival dropped the Torhout site and since then has taken place only in Werchter. Since 2003 Werchter has been a 4-day festival, as it was sold by owner Herman Schueremans to American organizers Live Nation. Schueremans however remains the main organizer of the event. The festival is organized every first weekend of the summer vacation in Belgium (last weekend of June or the first of July). In recent years, there has been controversy about rising ticket prices. Because of this, Schueremans was heckled during an appearance on HUMO's Pop Poll, a Belgian alternative award show. At €200 for four days (€18 extra to include camping or €25 for xl-camping) in 2012, it was still considered a relatively inexpensive music festival. The camping sites officially open at 8am on the first day of the festival, but because of guests arriving early and camping on the street, the organizers have traditionally been forced to open the camping sites early - sometimes more than 24 hours. The campsites are located along the three main entrance roads into Werchter (from Haacht, Aarschot and Leuven), most of them within one kilometer of the festival site, but some located as far as 3 kilometers away. In 2011, for the first time, XL camping tickets are available, allowing festival goers to arrive and camp from 4pm on the Wednesday before the festival. Until the 1990s, the festival attracted mostly Flemish festival goers, but in recent years it has become more and more international with an especially large influx of Dutch, French, Walloon and British visitors, with notable Australian, South African and other contingents. Belgians alternatively go to the Pukkelpop and Dour festivals. All graphics of Rock Werchter, inclusive the posters, were designed by Tom Hautekiet, who died in April 2020. ==History== right|thumb|Rock Werchter 2010 The festival started off as a one-day event, then named "Torhout-Werchter" festival, becoming a two-day festival in 1996, a 3-day festival in 2000, and a 4-day festival named "Rock Werchter" since 2003. Before 1995, when the festival was still a double-festival, it had one stage with 8 or 9 bands performing twice, once in Torhout and once in Werchter. Since 1995 the Main stage was accompanied by a second stage. This stage was an open-air stage until 1999 when it was made a tent named 'Pyramid Marquee', with a capacity of 6,000 people. The performers in Pyramid Marquee are usually lesser-known or aimed at a specific audience. Sometimes groups that do well in Pyramid Marquee are expected to have a hard time taking the step to the Main stage, especially when they are seen as an act needing intimate, smaller venues. Sigur Rós is the most famous example of this, when they were programmed on Main Stage in 2008 after their 2006 performance in Pyramid Marquee, but they managed the transition and were hailed as one of the best performances of the festival. right|thumb|Inside Pyramid Marquee In 2012, a new third stage was added, called "The Barn" which is translated to "De Schuur" in Dutch, a reference to the nickname of organiser Herman Schueremans. The new tent – with a capacity of 10,000 – is meant for the more intimate concerts on Rock Werchter, like Beirut in 2012. In 2013, Pyramid Marquee was replaced by a new bigger tent, named "KluB C". The bands presented at Rock Werchter are traditionally a balanced mix of well known artists, popular crowd-pleasing acts and local Belgian acts. Belgian band Deus in 2008 was the first local band to close the Main Stage on the last day for several years. The days usually start around noon and end around 1am. At the end of the last day there is a big fireworks show. ==Satellite festivals== ===TW Classic=== Since 2002, the organizers created TW Classic as a tribute to the early days of Rock Werchter. TW Classic ('TW', as in Torhout-Werchter, is the traditional abbreviation of the festival) is a one day/one stage festival held one week after the main event. It usually programs veteran acts like Bruce Springsteen, Phil Collins, The Police, Depeche Mode or Simple Minds, supplemented with younger mainstream Belgian acts. In 2014, The Rolling Stones headlined TW Classic as one of their few festival concerts of 2014. In 2015, Robbie Williams headlined with his Let Me Entertain You Tour, and in 2016 Bruce Springsteen returned to the stage. ===Werchter Boutique=== This new festival was created in 2008 and organised one week after the main festival. It mainly aims at complete families with acts for children, teenagers as well as adults. The main acts in 2008 were Tokio Hotel, Santana and Doe Maar. In 2009 was centered on a concert of Madonna during her Sticky & Sweet Tour. In all, 68,000 tickets were sold for the concert, making it a one-day sell-out event. In 2010 Prince made one of his only 3 stops in Europe as the headliner. In 2012, it was headlined by metal band Metallica, supported by various heavy metal and rock bands like Gojira, Mastodon and Soundgarden. Muse performed there during their 2013 Unsustainable Tour, with Belgian bands Balthazar and SX as support. In 2016, Rihanna was planned to headline the event, but a shortage of police forces on the planned day because of the Belgian national holiday led to the 2016 event being cancelled, with Rihanna rescheduled to appear a month later at Pukkelpop. ===Main Square Festival=== Since 2008, the organizers created a small version of Rock Werchter on the central square of Arras, in northern France. It is held on the same dates as Rock Werchter, with a similar line-up - which is an advantage for organisers as they can offer artists two shows instead of one. Arras was chosen as a location because of its large historic central square and because of the lack of big rock festivals in France. ==Festival by year== Year Dates Guests per day (avg) Main artists Notes 1977 5,000 Philip Catherine, Jan Akkerman, Kayak, Dr. Feelgood 1978 6,000 Talking Heads, Dr. Feelgood, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds & Rockpile 1979 12,000 Raymond van het Groenewoud, Talking Heads, Dire Straits, Rory Gallagher 1980 18,000 Kevin Ayers, Fischer-Z, The Specials, The Kinks 1981 23,500 Elvis Costello & the Attractions, The Cure, Robert Palmer, Dire Straits The Cure, after being told to cut their set short by Robert Palmer's managers, play a 9-minute long rendition of "A Forest". 1982 37,500 Allez Allez, U2, Steve Miller Band, Talking Heads, Jackson Browne 1983 36,000 Eurythmics, Simple Minds, U2, Peter Gabriel, Van Morrison 1984 55,000 Chris Rea, John Hiatt, Joe Jackson, Simple Minds, Lou Reed Schueremans and De Meyer created StageCo Staging Company. All audio and video equipments were dismantled at Torhout and transported to Werchter to be built up for the Werchter leg of the festival. This had to be done in 10 hours. 1985 63,000 Ramones, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions, R.E.M., Depeche Mode, U2, Joe Cocker 1986 60,000 Simply Red, Talk Talk, UB40, Elvis Costello & the Attractions, Simple Minds Ticket price was Bfr 850, which is €21 nowadays. 1987 60,000 Iggy Pop, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Pretenders, Eurythmics, Peter Gabriel 1988 60,000 Ziggy Marley & the Melody Makers, Los Lobos, John Hiatt, INXS, Bryan Adams, Sting Bryan Adams records his live album Live! Live! Live! while it "rained in torrents." 1989 50,000 Texas, Pixies, Tanita Tikaram, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, The Robert Cray Band, Elvis Costello, R.E.M., Joe Jackson, Lou Reed Elvis Costello is performing solo, yet he manages to overwhelm the crowd 1990 60,000 Mano Negra, De La Soul, The Jeff Healey Band, Lenny Kravitz, Ry Cooder / David Lindley, Wendy and Lisa, Sinéad O'Connor, Midnight Oil, Bob Dylan, The Cure 1991 50,500 The Scene, Dave Stewart, Deee-Lite, Happy Mondays, Bonnie Raitt, Pixies, Iggy Pop, Sting, Paul Simon In Torhout the crowd spontaneously started throwing empty bottles in the air during Sting's song 'Message in a Bottle', soon filling the skies with bottlework. The same happened in Werchter the next day, ending with bottles hitting people's heads and resulting in injuries. This incident marked the beginning of the prohibition of visitors bringing their own drinks to the festival, a decision criticized and alleged to be for mere commercial purposes. 1992 60,000 The Tragically Hip, Extreme, The Smashing Pumpkins, Crowded House, Lou Reed, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Bryan Adams, Luka Bloom and Michael Jackson. Kiedis shouted at the crowd: "If you love us, throw more mud!" A few seconds later the stage was transformed in a place best described as a mud fight arena. 1993 60,000 Sonic Youth, The Levellers, The Black Crowes, Faith No More, Neil Young w/ Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Lenny Kravitz, Metallica 1994 50,500 Tool, Clawfinger, Therapy?, Sepultura, Rage Against the Machine, Aerosmith, Peter Gabriel A camping festival was held the night before the festival itself. dEUS and Tool performed on this stage. 1995 65,000 Jeff Buckley, PJ Harvey, The Offspring, The Cure, The Cranberries, R.E.M. Second stage added. 1996 50,000 David Bowie, The Chemical Brothers, Afghan Wigs, Rage Against the Machine, Radiohead, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Björk, Pulp, Massive Attack, Foo Fighters, Neil Young & Crazy Horse First time as a two-day festival. First time ever Radiohead played Paranoid Android. 1997 50,000 David Bowie, Daft Punk, Supergrass, Live, Radiohead, Jamiroquai, The Smashing Pumpkins, Beck, Deus 1998 20,000 Sonic Youth, Eagle Eye Cherry, Garbage, Therapy?, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Beastie Boys, Björk 1999 2–4 July 51,500 Pavement, Blur, Marilyn Manson, Bryan Adams, Metallica, Placebo, Robbie Williams, Faithless, Lenny Kravitz, R.E.M. First time in Werchter only. First time as a three-day festival (shows started at 5pm on Friday). 2000 30 June - 2 July 55,000 Nine Inch Nails, Oasis, Bush, A Perfect Circle, Counting Crows, The Cure, Eels, Paul Weller, Live, Hooverphonic, Manu Chao, Kelis, Suzanne Vega 2001 29 June - 1 July 60,000 Fun Lovin' Criminals, Sting, Beck, Placebo, PJ Harvey, Muse, Sigur Rós, Grandaddy, Faithless, Incubus 2002 28 - 30 June 63,000 Sonic Youth, The White Stripes, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rammstein, Queens of the Stone Age, Faithless, Coldplay 2003 26 - 29 June 70,000 Radiohead, Björk, Massive Attack, Moby, Metallica, Queens of the Stone Age, R.E.M., Coldplay First time as a four-day-festival Arthur award for Best festival in the world 2004 1 - 4 July 70,000 The Cure, Metallica, KoЯn, Lenny Kravitz, Pixies, Muse, 2 Many DJs, Placebo, Moloko Arthur award for Best festival in the world. Headliner David Bowie cancelled because of a shoulder nerve injury. 2 Many DJs were flown back from the UEFA Euro 2004 Final in Lisbon to replace him. 2005 30 June - 3 July 80,000 New Order, The Chemical Brothers, Garbage, Green Day, Kraftwerk, Queens of the Stone Age, Snoop Dogg, Faithless, Rammstein, Foo Fighters, R.E.M. 2006 29 June - 2 July 80,000 Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Black Eyed Peas, The Who, Muse, Franz Ferdinand, Placebo, Deus, Depeche Mode Arthur award for Best festival in the world 2007 28 June - 1 July 80,000 Muse, Kaiser Chiefs, The White Stripes, Arctic Monkeys, Pearl Jam, The Chemical Brothers, Metallica, Queens of the Stone Age, Faithless Arthur award for Best festival in the world. Pearl Jam finally played at the festival after cancellations in 1992 (Eddie Vedder's stress collapse) and 2000 (drama at Roskilde). 2008 3 - 6 July 80,000 The Chemical Brothers, R.E.M., Moby, Neil Young, Radiohead, Sigur Rós, Deus, Beck, Kaiser Chiefs The ILMC (who gives the Arthur Awards) changed their restrictions, a festival which has won 2 years in a row can not enter the next year. This change has been done in favour of the other festivals. 2009 2 - 5 July 80,000 Coldplay, The Killers, Lady Gaga, Placebo, Metallica, Kings of Leon, Oasis, Bloc Party, Franz Ferdinand, Nine Inch Nails, Limp Bizkit European Festival Award for Best line-up, artist's favourite festival and best promoter 2010 1 - 4 July 80,000 Arcade Fire, Pearl Jam, Muse, Pink, Rammstein, Faithless, Green Day, Them Crooked Vultures, Editors 2011 30 June - 3 July 82,750 Coldplay, Linkin Park, Kings of Leon, Iron Maiden, The Chemical Brothers, Arctic Monkeys, Queens of the Stone Age, Robyn, Black Eyed Peas European Festival Award for Best line-up 2012 28 June - 1 July 85,000 Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Cure, Garbage, Skrillex, Justice, Pearl Jam, Deadmau5, Mumford & Sons, Editors, Rise Against, Chase & Status, Snow Patrol Third stage added, Arthur award for Best festival in the world 2013 4 - 7 July 85,000 Depeche Mode, Blur, Rammstein, Green Day, Kings of Leon, The National, Editors, Netsky, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Volbeat 2014 3 - 6 July 88,000 Pearl Jam, Metallica, Arctic Monkeys, Kings of Leon, Pixies, The Black Keys, Placebo, Damon Albarn, Skrillex, Ellie Goulding One of only two festival appearances by Pearl Jam in their exclusive 12-date 2014 European tour. 2015 25–28 June 88,000 The Chemical Brothers, Faith No More, Mumford & Sons, Pharrell Williams, Lenny Kravitz, The Prodigy, Muse, Kasabian 2016 30 June - 3 July TBD Rammstein, Florence and the Machine, Paul McCartney, Ellie Goulding, Editors, Iggy Pop, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis 2017 Foo Fighters, Radiohead, Linkin Park, System Of A Down, Kings of Leon, Arcade Fire, Alt-J, Blink 182, Imagine Dragons 2018 5-8 July Arctic Monkeys, Queens of the Stone Age, Pearl Jam, Gorillaz, The Killers, Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, Jack White, Nine Inch Nails, First year with 4 stages 2019 Fleetwood Mac, Kylie Minogue, Tool, The Cure, Muse, Mumford & Sons, Florence and the Machine, Bring Me The Horizon, Pink 2022 30 June- July 3 Pearl Jam, The Kid LAROI, Metallica, Twenty One Pilots, Imagine Dragons, The Killers, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Polo G ==See also== *List of historic rock festivals ==References== ==External links== * Category:Rock festivals in Belgium Category:Music festivals established in 1974 Category:Summer events in Belgium |
Project-706, also known as Project-786 was the codename of a research and development program to develop Pakistan's first nuclear weapons. The program was initiated by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1974 in response to the Indian nuclear tests conducted in May 1974. During the course of this program, Pakistani nuclear scientists and engineers developed the requisite nuclear infrastructure and gained expertise in the extraction, refining, processing and handling of fissile material with the ultimate goal of designing a nuclear device. These objectives were achieved by the early 1980s with the first successful cold test of a Pakistani nuclear device in 1983. The two institutions responsible for the execution of the program were the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and the Kahuta Research Laboratories, led by Munir Ahmed Khan and Abdul Qadeer Khan respectively. In 1976 an organization called Special Development Works (SDW) was created within the Pakistan Army, directly under the Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan) (COAS). This organization worked closely with PAEC and KRL to secretly prepare the nuclear test sites in Baluchistan and other required civil infrastructure. It was a major scientific effort of Pakistan. Project-706 refers specifically to the period from 1974 to 1983 when it was under the control of former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and later on under the military administration of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. The program's roots lay in scientists' fears since 1967 that India was also developing nuclear weapons of its own. Time magazine has called Project-706 Pakistan's equivalent of the United States Manhattan Project. The project initially cost US$450 million (raised by both Libya and Saudi Arabia) and was approved by Bhutto in 1972. Project-706 led to the creation of multiple production and research sites that operated in extreme secrecy and ambiguity. Apart from research and development the project was also charged with gathering intelligence on Indian nuclear efforts. The Project was disbanded when the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) carried out the first cold test of a miniature nuclear device on 11 March 1983. Scientists and military officers who participated in the Project were given leadership positions in their respective services, and conferred with high civil decorations by the Government of Pakistan. ==Origins== Chaghi Monument Islamabad Pakistan|thumb|right|250px ===Proposals=== The history of Pakistani interest into nuclear science goes back to late 1948 when a large number of scientists, mathematicians, chemists, and physicists moved to Pakistan from India on the request of Prime minister Liaqat Ali Khan. The research in nuclear technology was encouraged by Mark Oliphant who, in 1948, wrote a letter to Muhammad Ali Jinnah to engage research in the peaceful use of nuclear technology. According to Mark Oliphant, no other Muslim scientist was available in the South Asia other than Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry, who could prove useful for the newly independent country in the field of nuclear technology. A letter was directed to Chaudhry, who migrated to Pakistan in 1948 and established High-Tension Laboratory in 1952. On 8 December 1953, US President Dwight Eisenhower launched the Atoms for Peace program, where Pakistan was one of the first countries to sign the treaty. On 8 December 1953, the Pakistani media welcomed the proposed peaceful use of atomic energy, but Foreign minister Sir Zaf-rulla Khan stated that Pakistan did not have a policy towards the atom bomb.Atoms for Peace: Eisenhower UN Speech," The Eisenhower Institute, 8 December 1953, www.eisenhowerinstitute.org, (July 2005); Ashok Kapur, "1953–59: The Origins and Early History of Pakistani Nuclear Activities," Pakistan's Nuclear Development, (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 34 In 1956, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was founded and its first chairman was Nazir Ahmad, and Science Advisor to the Prime minister, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui served agency's first Technical (member). In 1958, the PAEC drafted a proposal to the military government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan for the acquisition of either the Canadian NRX heavy water reactor or the CP-5 reactor, at the Argonne National Laboratory. However, Ayub Khan's military government vetoed the proposal.Ashok Kapur, "1953–59: The Origins and Early History of Pakistani Nuclear Activities," Pakistan's Nuclear Development, (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 38–39, 42 In March 1958, Nazir Ahmad made another proposal to the chairman of the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) for setting up a heavy water nuclear plant with a production capacity of 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan in conjunction with a planned fertilizer factory. However, the PIDC did not act on the PAEC's proposal. Field Marshal Ayub Khan rejected the proposal and instead transferred Nazir Ahmad immediately to the Federal Bureau of Statistics. In March 1959, the PAEC entered an agreement with United States Atomic Energy Commission, in which the United States agreed to provide a 5 MW pool-type reactor. In 1960, a bureaucrat named Ishrat Hussain Usmani succeeded Ahmad as chairman of the PAEC. Usmani played a pivotal role in the construction and development of Karachi Nuclear Power Plant by setting up uranium and plutonium exploration committees throughout the country. Many nuclear research institutes were also established, and work was begun to set up surveying the suitable sites for nuclear power plants. In 1965, Science Advisor to the Government Abdus Salam traveled to United States to sign an agreement with the government of United States to provide a research reactor in Rawalpindi. In United States, Salam also held meeting with Edward Durell Stone, where he signed another contract. It was under Abdus Salam's leadership that Stone designed and then led construction of a nuclear research institute in Nilore. The same year, the PAEC entered another agreement with General Electric of Canada to build a 137 MW Nuclear power plant at Karachi. In 1967, Abdus Salam urged Field Marshal Ayub Khan to acquire a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility from the United States, but Ayub Khan and his Finance minister, Muhammad Shoaib, had denied Salam's request.Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road To Chagai, p. 21Munir Ahmad Khan, "Salam Passes into History", The News (Islamabad), 24 November 1996. After the 1965 India-Pakistan War, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Foreign minister at that time, began to lobby for a nuclear weapons option.Ashok Kapur, "Dr. Usmani Takes Over, 1960–71," Pakistan's Nuclear Development pp. 77–87. 'If India builds the bomb, we will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own. We have no other choice'.Sublettle, Carey (2 January 2002 (original date: 15 October 1965)). "Historical Background: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Nuclear weapons archives. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved 25 June 2011. 'In October 1965, Bhutto visited Vienna to attend the International Atomic Energy Agency meeting. While there, he met with Munir Ahmad Khan, and other Pakistani scientists working at IAEA. Pakistani IAEA scientists briefed Bhutto on the rapid development of Indian nuclear programme. According to Munir Ahmad Khan, the nuclear facility at Trombay consisted of a plutonium production reactor, a reprocessing plant, and other facilities associated to weapon production. Bhutto quickly arranged a meeting with Ayub Khan. After this meeting, Ayub Khan remained unconvinced, and rejected the proposal made by Munir Ahmad Khan. Khan notified Bhutto immediately and told him about what had happened. After learning what happened, Bhutto famously replied, "Don't worry. Our turn will come".Farhatullah Babar, "Bhutto’s footprints on nuclear Pakistan", The News, (Islamabad) 4 April 2006. In 1967, a team of Pakistani scientists, under Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry, produced the first batch of radioisotopes at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology."Pakistan Makes Achievements in Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 27 October 1979; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 October 1979, http://web.lexis-nexis.com . The research in nuclear technology at PINSTECH began to pick up speed, and Abdus Salam began to supervise Pakistani research institutes."Pakistan Produces Radio-Isotopes," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 20 September 1978; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 September 1978 In 1968, research on theoretical physics had begun at the newly created Institute of Physics (IP). The IP was established in the small department of physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University (as of today, the IP and the department of physics has been expanded). Pakistani theoretical physicists, such as Faheem Hussain, Peter Rotolli, John Mumtaz, Fayyazuddin, Ishfaq Ahmad, and Masud Ahmad, had begun research on theoretical and quantum physics.Fayyazuddin, Faheem Hussain, a friend Faheem Hussain became the first physicist at IP to published research analysis on string theory. Later on, the Relativity Group under Fayyazuddin carried out work on the Bethe-Bloch theory.Abdus Salam as I know, Fayyazuddin In 1969, Raziuddin Siddiqui established Einstein's Physics Group (EPG) and carried out experiments on general relativity and quantum mechanics. ==The Indo-Pakistani 1971 War== In March 1970, the general elections were held in Pakistan under the Military government of General Yahya Khan. The electoral results triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan. Meanwhile, the political situation in West Pakistan was further deteriorating, and tension momentarily grew between the East and West Pakistan. A military action in East Pakistan called Operation Searchlight opened a series of bloody counter-insurgency operations led by the defected Bengali dissidents of Pakistan Armed Forces. Later, India intervened in the conflict as covert operations were successfully led by the Indian intelligence agencies. This was followed by Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, a war in the western front. Pakistan, now fighting on both fronts, lost the war after only 13 days. The war with India and East-Pakistan had caused the collapse of the military dictatorship of Yahya Khan, and dissolution of United Pakistan. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Pakistan had lost a significant amount of territory as well as geopolitical and economic influence in South-Asia. The size of the Military of Pakistan and the civil population dramatically decreased. Pakistan lost half its Navy, a quarter of its Air Force and a third of its Army as well as losing millions of citizens to newly created Bangladesh. Under pressure by the public and media, Military Government's Combatant Headquarters, the GHQ, gave in to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. As Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came into political power, governmental nuclear organizations came under control of Bhutto. In early January 1972, the year after the war, the ISI learned that India was close to developing an atomic bomb. Bhutto called Munir Ahmad Khan from Vienna and immediately removed Ishrat Hussain Usmani as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Abdus Salam, Science Advisor, managed a meeting of senior scientists and officials of PAEC. ==Organization== In December 1972, Nobel laureate Abdus Salam began to initiate the work on nuclear weapons. Abdus Salam called two of his students, Riazuddin and Masud Ahmad working at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) to report to Munir Ahmad Khan."Shahid-ur-Rahman Khan, Long Road to Chaghi(Islamabad: Print Wise Publications, 1999), pp. 38–39. Theoretical physicists at Institute of Physics (IP) of Quaid-e-Azam University began to report back to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Theoretical physicists at IP formed the "Theoretical Physics Group (TPG)", which was mandated to develop the design of Pakistan's nuclear weapons. Abdus Salam played an integral role in TPG, and had done the groundbreaking work for the "Theoretical Physics Group", which was initially headed by Salam until 1974. The TPG took the research in Fast neutron calculations—the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation. The TPG began to report directly to Abdus Salam and research was undertaken under his supervision. The TPG examined the problems of neutron diffraction, the theory of Simultaneity, hydrodynamics, and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be used. In 1973, Bhutto appointed Raziuddin Siddiqui as Technical member of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and made him responsible for the preparation of its charter. Raziuddin Siddiqui, a theoretical physicist, established the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) that took charge to carry out research in calculations on MC Integrals, cross section theory, critical mass theory, and mathematics involved in general theory of fission reactions.Long Road to Chagai, A Story of Mathematician, p.61, Shahidus Rehman Educated at the Argonne National Laboratory,Munir Khan Passes Away," Business Recorder, 23 April 1999 Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdus Salam called a meeting to initiate a work on an atomic weapon in March 1974 at the Pinstech Institute. The meeting was convened by Abdus Salam and Riazuddin of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), Asghar Qadir and Munir Ahmad Rashid of Mathematical Physics Group (MPG), Ishfaq Ahmad and Samar Mubarakmand of Nuclear Physics Group (NPG), and Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh of Wah Group Scientists (WGS). During the meeting, the word "bomb" was never used, instead the academic scientists preferred to use scientific research rationale.The Wah Group Scientist: Designers and Manufactures of the early nuclear device There, the scientists decided to develop an 'implosion' over the 'gun type fission device' citing economy in the use of fissile material.Shahidur Rehman,1990, pp 39–40 The Plutonium and Uranium exploration committees, under Ishfaq Ahmad and Ahsan Mubarak, made discoveries of natural raw plutonium ores and Natural uranium deposits in the different areas of country. The Nuclear Physics Group, formed in 1967, began to work to under Ishfaq Ahmad. The NPG analysis the problems on the converting 238U into 239Pu. In the 1980s the NPG successfully produced the 10 kg of uranium. The NPG also manufactured and reprocessed the Plutonium isotopes at the New Labs, PARR- Reactor.Rehman, Shaheed-Ur- (1999). Pakistan's Finest Hour, pp. 69–70 In March 1974, a meeting led by Abdus Salam and Munir Ahmad Khan constituted a small directorate, code name Wah Group Scientists (WGS). Its members contained Hafeez Qureshi, director-general of Radiation Isotope Application Division (RIAD), and Zaman Sheikh, a chemical engineer from DESTO. The Wah Group Scientists began research on high precision mechanical and chemical components, physics calculation, high explosives and triggering mechanism.Shahidur Rehman, Long road to chagai, p. 3–4 The same month of March, Abdus Salam and Munir Ahmad Khan set up a plant to manufacture fissile explosive lenses. In April 1974, Abdus Salam formed another group, Laser Physics Group (LPG), headed by Shaukat Hameed Khan.Cosmic Anger by Gordon Fraser, Electroweak Experiments in Pakistan, p. 205 The Laser Physics Group was charged to carry out research and discover a process to separate NU into EU and DU. The LPG used advanced laser technologies, and examined the problems in molecular isotopic of separation of 235U—whether to use infrared or Ultra violet lasers—and Electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectroscopy— what would be its wavelength and how atoms separated and ionized.PAEC's contribution to Uranium enrichment. In early 1974, under the advice of Abdus Salam, PAEC formed another group, "Fast Neutron Physics Group", under Samar Mubarakmand. The Fast Neutron Physics Group (FNPG) took research in and examined the problems in the science of neutron, a subatomic particle. The Fast Neutron Physics Group calculated the numerical ranges of neutrons—how much power would be produced by the neutrons—and the efficiency of neutrons—determined the number of neutrons would be produced—in a device. The Fast Neutron Physics Group discovered the treatment process for the Fast, thermal and slow neutrons, and examined the behaviour of Neutron fluxes, and Neutron sources in particle accelerator installed at PINSTECH. The Fast Neutron Physics Group used the R-process to determine the neutrons' behaviour in the fissionable device. End of 1974, Pakistan's Parliament passed a bill with a majority, declaring Ahmadis to be non-Muslims after which Abdus Salam, a senior scientist and Ahmadi, left Pakistan for Great Britain in protest. After the departure of Salam Munir Ahmad Khan continued the organizations. The Nuclear Engineering Division, under Bashiruddin Mahmood set up a 238U production facility and the construction began under Munir Ahmad Khan's direction. ===Abdul Qadeer Khan=== On 22 May 1974, three years after the events in 1971, India carried out its first nuclear test, code named Smiling Buddha, near Pakistan's Eastern Border of Sindh. The nuclear test came as a surprise and caused a great alarm at the Government of Pakistan. On 19 May 1974, in a news conference, Bhutto stressed that India's nuclear program was designed 'to intimidate Pakistan and establish India's hegemony in the subcontinent'. Abdul Qadeer Khan, a German-trained metallurgical engineer and nuclear weapon technologist, had spent years at URENCO in Belgium and the Netherlands. While at URENCO, Khan was considered a senior translator at the facility and as such had gained access to the most confidential sites and information. After the India's nuclear test, Khan wrote a letter to Bhutto in which he explained that he had gained expertise in centrifuge-based uranium enrichment technologies at URENCO in Belgium.Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Dr. A.Q. Khan: Nothing Succeeds Like Success," Long Road To Chagai Bhutto directed the letter to Munir Ahmad Khan to arrange a meeting with A.Q. Khan. In October 1974, Munir A. Khan sent Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood to The Netherlands to interview Qadeer Khan. In December 1974, Khan returned to Pakistan to meet Prime Minister Ali Bhutto and PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, where he tried to convince Bhutto to adopt his uranium route rather than the plutonium approach. Bhutto did not agree to halt the Plutonium route but decided on the spot to place Khan in charge of the uranium program, which would become a parallel nuclear program. Khan initially worked under Bashiruddin Mahmood. But on 19 April 1976, Khan wrote to Munir Ahmad Khan expressing that he was not satisfied and that he wanted to work independently. The letter was forwarded to Prime minister's secretariat. A.Q. Khan, with support from Prime Minister Bhutto, formed the Engineering Research Laboratories, which later became known as the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL). Just as PAEC, the KRL was under direct control of Prime Minister Bhutto and A.Q. Khan reported directly to the Prime Minister. A.Q. Khan disliked the idea of PAEC getting involved in ERL project, but favoured the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers to lead the program. The work on ERL was initiated by Bhutto, and the project was assigned to Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers. As per recommendation of A.Q. Khan, the Engineer-in-Chief of Corps of Engineers selected Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar Khan, who was renowned for the construction of the GHQ in Rawalpindi, the headquarters of Pakistan Army's Combatant Command, as the head of the project. Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar led the accelerated construction of the facility, and began to co-administrator the program, alongside Bhutto himself. Impressed by his work at Kahuta, Bhutto gave him additional and secretive assignments for both PAEC and KRL. An office was set up in Prime minister's Secretariat for Brigadier Akbar as he kept Bhutto informed about the construction of the ERL. Throughout the years, A.Q. Khan had established an administrative proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to the Kahuta Research Laboratories. He established Pakistan's gas-centrifuge program which was also loosely based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. ===Zahid Ali Akbar Khan=== By September 1976 a one hundred acre site near Kahuta was personally selected, as Abdul Qadeer Khan claimed in his columns.http://www.southasianmedia.net/index_opinion.cfm?category=Science&country;=Pakistan#A history of Kahuta Prime Bhutto asked Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan that Brigadier Akbar Khan be promoted to two-star major-general, as it was felt that the title "general" would sway with the academic scientists working on the confidential projects. As a two-star general, Zahid Ali Akbar Khan led the constructions of both the Metallurgical Laboratory in Wah Canntonment (ML) and the uranium enrichment plant in Kahuta. Originally known as Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL), the facility was renamed Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in May 1981 by the Military President and Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq in the honor of Abdul Qadeer Khan. There are inconsistencies in the above account, which suggests that Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar Khan was promoted to the rank of two star general by Gen Tikka on the orders of Bhutto to sway the scientists. This account contradicts Dr A.Q. Khan's account which suggests that Zahid Ali Akbar was neither promoted nor deputed by Gen Tikka. According to A.Q., Zahid was deputed to KRL as a Brigadier in the days of Gen Zia (after Gen Tikka retired from the Army) and the promotion to two star general came sometime after that event. ===Administrative committees=== Considering the secrecy of the projects and to maintain leadership over the programmes, Bhutto decided to form a committee that would be responsible for coordination and order in the projects that the academic scientists were working on. In 1974, Bhutto appointed the civil engineer Mubashir Hassan as the head of the committee. Mubashir, with Munir Ahmad Khan, devised a policy that prevented the nuclear proliferation at first. Before the arrival of Abdul Qadeer Khan, Mubashir had been encouraging academic scientists to develop classified technologies ingeniously. Hassan supervised the construction of the nuclear research laboratories, facilities and testing laboratories throughout the country. With little influence of military, Hassan was a proponent of establishing nuclear facilities. Scientists were directly reporting to Dr. Hassan and other civilian officers, while the final reports were submitted to Hassan, who would brief Bhutto over the progress. After his arrival, Khan started to work with Hassan and Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, but was dissatisfied with constant involvement of Hassan, who continued to look critically at Khan's suspected activities in Europe and elsewhere. In 1975, Abdul Qadeer Khan met with Bhutto in private and requested a military department to supervise his work rather than Hassan. Throughout the 1975 until 1977, the military had little influence in the programme and were only involved in a small scale programme with Khan. However, the civil committee was disbanded by General Zia-ul-Haq as he fired Hassan and imprisoned him in the Central Jail of Ralwalpindi with Bhutto in 1977. The same year, the military took control of the programme and, for the first time, became involved in every aspect of the programme. 26 September 1979, after the removal of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan assumed the command of Project-706. A military engineer by profession, Khan administratively established military engineer groups in his Corps. He supervised the rapid construction of the Electrical and Vacuum Laboratory (EVL) as well as the development of the town of Kahuta. Throughout the years, Major-General Akbar served as the director-general the Kahuta facility. By the 1983, Akbar was promoted to three-star rank of lieutenant general as the military wanted a suitable administrator who thoroughly understood the scientific needs of the project. The same year, Akbar was also given command of the Pakistani Army Corps of Engineers in order to recruit senior people whose cooperation were required. Lieutenant-General Akbar established a military unit to provide logistic support to both PAEC and KRL. Known as "Special Works Development (SDW)", it was responsible for the rapid construction of facilities, led by Brigadier Muhammad Sarfaraz. In 1977, Prime minister Bhutto established a military committee to maintain military administrative leadership in project. The Military Engineering Committee (MEC) was led by Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar, and had Major-General Anis Ahmad — OC of Central Works Organization, Air Vice-Marshal (Major-General) Michael John O'Brian—AOC of Sargodha Air Force Base, Air Vice-Marshal (Major-General) Eric Gordan Hall—AOC of Chaklala Air Force Base, Brigadier Muhammad Sarfaraz—CO of Special Works Development, and Colonel Zulfikar Ali Khan—CO of 17th FWO Regiment. Meanwhile, A.Q. Khan had established a proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to Kahuta Research Laboratories, including sensitive vacuum and technical equipments necessary for the enrichment technology. He subsequently established Pakistan's gas- centrifuge program based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. Qadeer Khan had brought with him knowledge of gas centrifuge technologies that he had learned through his position at the classified URENCO uranium enrichment plant in the Netherlands. After General Akbar, Khan himself was put in charge of building, equipping and operating the Kahuta facility. Khan took over the centrifuge part of the Uranium Enrichment Program from Chairman of PAEC Munir Ahmad Khan, while all other uranium related steps to making uranium gas for enrichment remained under Munir Ahmad Khan's responsibility. Bhutto also continued to retain Chairman of PAEC Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan as the head of Plutonium production, nuclear fuel cycle, uranium exploration, processing and conversion, nuclear weapons development and reactor programs. ===Foreign Intelligence=== The locations of nuclear sites were more secure than the Prime Minister Secretariat, as the Government of Pakistan was aware of the United States, Soviet Union, and other foreign intelligence agencies had a strong interest. According to Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmad, United States had ground intelligence and the ISI had apparently arrested a number of Soviet and American spies in 1976. Brigadier Imtiaz also claimed in an interview with News International that he had conducted the military operation "Rising Sun" in 1979 that successfully thwarted a CIA plot to target Pakistani nuclear scientists and engineers who were closely associated with Pakistan's nuclear programme. The operation concluded with the arrest and life imprisonment of a supposed Pakistani CIA agent, Rafiq Safi Munshi, who it was alleged had been working as a nuclear engineer at KANUPP, and as such had tried to wire classified atomic documents to the American consulate in Karachi. This however, was untrue, as Mr Munshi was employed by KESC at the time and was engaged in the movement against Zia. It was his pro-democracy politics that lead to his imprisonment. The operation ended with a declaration of a few undercover CIA agents and U.S. diplomats as personae non-gratae. On 26 June 1979, Pakistan's ISI arrested the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Pol LeGourrierec, and his First Secretary, Jean Forlot, close to Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex. Both were intercepted and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. According to Pakistan, documents that were intercepted later suggested that the two were recruited by the CIA."Profiles of Intelligence" Brigadier Syed A. I. Tirmazi (1985). Profiles of Intelligence. Combined Printers. Library of Congress Catalogue No. 95-930455. After the successful outcomes of Operation Opera, Israel supposedly planned an attack on the suspected nuclear facility in the early 1980s. The M.I. and Air Intelligence (AI) of Pakistan learned of the Israeli attempted operation when Israeli Air Force's fighter jets flew close to Pakistan's northern border. The PAF responded immediately. The PAF's aggressor squadron's jets belonging to No. 11 Squadron Arrows intercepted the IAF jets and gained a missile lock on one of the Israeli jets. The Israeli jets pulled back subsequently.India Thwarts Israeli Destruction of Pakistan's "Islamic Bomb", McNair Paper Number 41, Radical Responses to Radical Regimes: Evaluating Preemptive Counter-Proliferation, May 1995 Soon after the incident, Munir Ahmad Khan met with Raja Ramanna of India. A high-level Pakistani mission was sent to Vienna, where both countries signed an agreement promising not to attack or assist a foreign power to attack each other's facilities. ===Uranium route=== Natural uranium consists of only 99.3% 238U and only 0.7% 235U, but only the latter is fissile. The rarer but chemically identical 235U must be physically separated from the more plentiful isotope. This process of uranium enrichment into weapon-grade is extremely difficult and sensitive, and requires advanced technology. Before Khan's arrival, a Coordination Board was set up to manage and supervise the Projects' uranium-route.Shahid-ur-Rahman Khan, Long Road to Chaghi (Islamabad: Print Wise Publications, 1999) Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood of the Nuclear Engineering Division, was made the project director. Khan took over the project from Mahmood as he wanted to work alone. This Board was composed of A G N Kazi, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Agha Shahi, and Munir Ahmad Khan. The Pakistan Defence Forces also had established their own boards to support the engineering research activities throughout the country. However, the ERL continued to remain under the overall supervision of PAEC until 1977 after which it was separated and made independent, but throughout the subsequent years and the 1980s, Munir Ahmad Khan continued to serve as a member and later as head of the Uranium enrichment project's Coordination Board. The PAEC sat its own uranium enrichment program to develop an advanced version for uranium fuel. The PAEC had worked on the most challenging method of isotope separation molecular laser isotopes, gaseous and thermal diffusion.Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmad Khan – The Uranium Route to the Bomb: PAEC's role in Uranium Enrichment All of these methods were developed and supervised under Shaukat Hameed Khan of the Laser Physics Group (LPG) and Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood of the Nuclear Engineering Division (NED). At PAEC, the Laser Physics Group, under the direction of Shaukat Hameed Khan, developed the MLIS process for the isotopes separation. Meanwhile, the PAEC continued its support to Engineering Research Laboratories. The PAEC produced 6UF and provided its feedstock to KRL while the PAEC had used 6UF in both of their developed Gas and Thermal diffusion methods in their enrichment laboratories.The Uranium Route to the Bomb: PAEC's role in Uranium Enrichment, Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmad Khan, pp3 In 1978, the PAEC had eliminated the MLIS method as secondary process due to its difficulty and complexity. A.Q. Khan's gas centrifuges also became a reason that PAEC was not supported to continue its work on MLIS method as secondary process. However, the PAEC did not completely abandon the work on MLIS method; instead it was continued for the research purposes only under Shaukat Hameed Khan. In 1982, the MLIS method was used to separate plutonium isotopes at the Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory of the PINSTECH. For this, Shaukat Hameed Khan was conferred with a civil award by the president. thumb|left|100px|Dr. A.Q. Khan's designed the centrifuges loosely based on Zippe-type gas centrifuges. Initially, the KRL scientists suffered many setbacks and were unable to develop the machine. While visiting at the Physics Hall of Qau, Alam met with Tasnim Shah, a professor of mathematics at Qau. Alam introduced Shah with KRL scientists where they examined the problems. It was followed by forming Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Division. The CFD Division analyzed the problems of the SWU—measuring the amount of work done by the centrifuge, and Centrifugal acceleration—how many rpm would a machine covered, and Rotational dynamics—what would be its appropriate rotational speed. Tasneem Shah gained fame when he independently analysed the issue, and assisted the KRL scientists to develop a powerful version of the centrifuges.Rehman, Shahidur, Long Road to Chagai, pp 57–58 and 72 As the problems were being resolved, Khan began the enrichment operations. By the start of 1983, the KRL had developed around 1,500–2,900 gas centrifuges loosely based on Urenco Group technology. It was thanks to Abdul Qadeer Khan's effort that on 4 June 1978, scientists working in the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) succeed in enriching uranium by electromagnetic isotope separation of 238U and 235U isotopes at the then- Pakistan Air Force controlled-Chaklala Air Force Base Centrifuge Laboratory (CACL). Ghulam Dastagir Alam, who co-headed the isotope separation project, informed Abdul Qadeer Khan. Khan immediately went to GHQ to informed General Zia-Ul-Haq. By the end of 1983, ERL/KRL under Qadeer Khan, claimed to carry out the first cold test of a single nuclear device but this is debated as the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission had also carried out a first cold test of a working nuclear device on 11 March 1983. Although, PAEC did not use weapon grade plutonium or uranium in their test, KRL's cold test was different in this regard. ===Plutonium route=== Despite the research and development effort put to develop an atomic device, the Plutonium route was never a part of Project-706 as PAEC had separated the Plutonium route from that project. The climax and the main focus of Project-706 was to build the Kahuta facility as well as the atomic bomb by using the centrifugal technology that was developed by the Qadeer Khan from his experience at URENCO GROUP. On many different occasions, Khan had objected the Munir Ahmad Khan's work, and unsuccessfully tried to remove Munir Khan from the research and development as A.Q. Khan wanted the government to focus on his method only. After the dismissal of the Bhutto Government, Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar became in charge of the Project, supervising both PAEC and KRL research developmental work. General Zahid Ali Akbar led the accelerated construction of a plutonium reactor in Rawalpindi which was designed by Hafeez Qureshi. In 1981, the reactor went critical under Iqbal Hussain Qureshi. The reactor was put on test in the early 1980s and was processed at ~50% efficiency; the reactor produced the first batch of weapon-grade plutonium. In 1976, A.Q. Khan was unable to convince Bhutto to halt the Plutonium route. Against the wishes of Khan, the work on plutonium separation process and conversion of uranium into plutonium was taking place under Munir Ahmad Khan. Meanwhile, a team of nuclear chemists of Nuclear Chemistry Division (NCD), under Iqbal Hussain Qureshi, considered the problem of how plutonium could be separated from uranium when its chemical properties were not known. Nuclear chemists were able to find a separation process, and balanced the first equation for the nuclear weapon at PAEC. The PAEC had worked on the difficult and most challenging plutonium separation process which was developed by both Ishfaq Ahmad and Iqbal Hussain Qureshi. At New Labs, the PAEC produced the reactor-grade plutonium isotopes, and reprocessed them into weapon-grade.Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan Made Nuclear Fuel", pp. 5–9 The breakthrough with plutonium experiment was at the PINSTECH Laboratory by Iqbal Hussain Qureshi of NCD and Ishfaq Ahmad of Nuclear Physics Group (NPG). The scientists realized that a slow neutron reactor fuelled with uranium would theoretically produce substantial amounts of 239Pu as a by-product. The experiments also showed theoretically feasible grounds that element 94 would be readily fissionable by both slow and fast neutrons, and had the added advantage of being chemically different from uranium, and could easily be separated from it.Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan Made Nuclear Fuel", pp. 9–10 After the discovery, the PAEC used Shaukat Hameed Khan's MLIS method to separate plutonium isotopes at Neutron Facility at PINSTECH. From 1974, Shaukat Hameed Khan had continuously worked on this complex and difficult method and successfully used the method to separate the isotopes of plutonium. For this achievement, Shaukat Hameed Khan was conferred with high-civil award by the President. Unlike A.Q. Khan, the PAEC scientists and engineers under Munir Ahmad Khan developed an indigenous capability to develop the programme. The scientists and engineers brought together the experience which they had gained while working in European and American nuclear firms, and designed reprocessing plants, weapons laboratories, enrichment techniques and production of weapon grade plutonium. In March 1983, only senior scientists and high civil and military officials were invited to witness the cold test of a working nuclear device. In March 1983, the Corps of Engineers, under General Akbar, cleared the tunnels and a PAEC's diagnostic team headed by Samar Mubarakmand arrived on the nuclear test site with trailers fitted with computers and diagnostic equipment. This was followed by the arrival of the DTD Group and the Wah Group Scientists (WGS) with the atomic device, in sub-assembly form. This was assembled and then placed inside the tunnel. A monitoring system was set up with around 20 cables linking various parts of the device with oscillators in diagnostic vans parked near the Kirana Hills. On 11 March 1983, PAEC, successfully tested the non-weapon grade plutonium device in Kirana Hills under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan with Ishfaq Ahmad heading the test team.defencejournal.com"Pakistan Became a Nuclear State in 1983-Dr. Samar", The Nation, (Islamabad) 2 May 2003 accessed on 6 August 2009 The 10 kg non-weaponized grade 239Pu, and the natural uranium came from New-Labs at PINSTECH institute, and the detonation system of the implosion devices was developed at the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) of PAEC under the leadership of Hafeez Qureshi. The successful cold fission test was witnessed by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, General Khalid Mahmud Arif, Air Vice-Marshal (Major-General) Michael John O'Brian, and then-Chairman of Senate, Ghulam Ishaq Khan.Tests and HMX The nuclear device was indigenously developed by the PAEC's research wing, Directorate of Technical Development (DTD), headed by Mr. Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi."Pakistan Became a Nuclear State in 1983-Dr. Samar", The Nation, (Islamabad) 2 May 2003 accessed on 6 August 2009 Also, it was Qureshi's designed and developed plutonium-based nuclear device, which was developed during the period of the 1980s under the umbrella of Project-706. Pakistan, under the leadership of Samar Mubarakmand, who tested the two nuclear device on 30 May 1998 at the Kharan desert, with the codename Chagai-II. ==Libya and Project-706== According to Time magazine, Pakistan received hundreds of millions of dollars for Project-706 from Libya. In return, Libya sent scientists to study Pakistan's enrichment advances. Nominally, the Libyan payments were made in return for Pakistani military assistance.Time magazine Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto invited Libya to join Project-706 as Libya was the sole financier of Pakistan's Project-706. Libya also hoped that by following Pakistan's Project-706, Libya could have its own nuclear weapon program. Libya responded to the invitation by preparing and sending its small team of nuclear scientists to the Pakistan's high-powered nuclear research institutions. By the time Libya had joined the research, Bhutto was hanged after a military coup d'état by Chief of Army Staff Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. According to Time magazine, General Zia had opposed Bhutto's idea of Libya joining Project-706. In 1977, after General Zia took over the government, Libya's connection with Project-706 was immediately cut. According to the Time article, General Zia personally disliked and distrusted Colonel Gaddafi. Zia quickly excluded Libyan scientists from Project-706, resulting in Libyans leaving Pakistan. ==See also== * Soviet atomic bomb project * Manhattan Project * Chagai-I * Pakistan and nuclear weapons * Other projects ** Operation Alsos ** German nuclear energy project ** Japanese atomic program ** Soviet atomic bomb project ** Tube Alloys (British World War II atomic program) * Nuclear weapons ** History of nuclear weapons ** Nuclear arms race ** Nuclear weapon ** Nuclear weapon design ** Isotope separation (necessary for uranium enrichment) ** List of countries with nuclear weapons ** The United States and nuclear weapons * Other Topics ** Pakistan – United States relations ** Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 ** Indo-Pakistani relations ** Pakistan-Soviet Relations ==References== ==Further reading== ;Personal References and Accounts * Nuclear Activities in South Asia * The Kahuta Project (Available in Urdu) * ==External links== * Project 706 : The Muslim Bomb (BBC Film) * Project-706: A history by Dr. Inam-ur-Rahman (Film only in Urdu) Category:Code names Category:Military history of Pakistan Category:Secret military programs Category:Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Category:History of science and technology in Pakistan Category:Military projects of Pakistan Category:Defence industry of Pakistan |
Mulayam Singh Yadav PV (22 November 1939 – 10 October 2022) was an Indian politician, a socialist figure and founder of the Samajwadi Party. Over the course of his political career spanning more than six decades, he served for three terms as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, and also as the Minister of Defence in the Union Government. A long-time parliamentarian, he was a seven-time Member of Parliament representing Mainpuri, Azamgarh, Sambhal and Kannauj constituencies in the Lok Sabha, a ten-time member of the Legislative Assembly, member of the Legislative Council and the Leader of Opposition for several times as well. The veteran politician was a prominent figure of his time in Indian Politics, and was often referred to as Netaji (meaning respected leader in Hindi) and Dhartiputra (son of mother earth) by party leaders and workers. In 2023, the socialist leader was posthumously conferred with Padma Vibhushan, India’s second highest civilian award by the Government of India. == Early life and education == Mulayam Singh Yadav was born to Murti Devi and Sughar Singh Yadav on 22 November 1939 in Saifai village, Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Akhilesh Yadav is his only son from his first marriage to Malti Devi. Yadav earned three degrees in political science — a B.A. from Karm Kshetra Post Graduate College in Etawah, a B.T. from A. K. College in Shikohabad, and an M.A. from B. R. College, Agra University. == Teaching career == Before joining politics, Yadav was engaged in teaching profession. In 1963, he was a schoolmaster at Jain Inter-College in Karhal, Mainpuri. In 1974, he was promoted to a lecturer after attaining his master's degree. == Political career == Groomed by leaders such as Ram Manohar Lohia, Raj Narain, Anantram Jaiswal and Chandra Shekhar, Yadav was first elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in 1967 from Jaswantnagar on a Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP) ticket the party founded by Anantram Jaiswal & George Fernandes. In 1975, during Indira Gandhi's imposition of the Emergency, Yadav was arrested and kept in custody for 19 months. He first became a state minister in 1977. Later, in 1980, he became the president of the Lok Dal (People's Party) in Uttar Pradesh, which became a part of the Janata Dal (People's Party) afterwards. In 1982, he was elected leader of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council and held that post until 1985. When the Lok Dal party split, Yadav launched the Krantikari Morcha party. ==Chief Minister== === First term === Yadav first became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1989. In 1990, a large body of Sangh Parivar supporters reached Ayodhya and attempted to attack the 16th-century Babri mosque. They organized a march towards the mosque in an attempt to reclaim the land for a grand temple for Hindu god Rama. This resulted in a pitched battle with the paramilitary forces. In a bid for crowd control, firing by the police with live rounds was ordered by Yadav. At least 16 rioters were killed in the incident. The mosque was razed in 1992 by the Hindu mobs sparking religious violence across the country. Muslims credited Yadav for saving the mosque in 1990 and became the major voting bloc of Samajwadi Party. The BJP withdrew its support to the V. P. Singh ministry, necessitating fresh elections. The BJP substantially increased its tally in the union parliament, as well as winning a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly. After the collapse of the Union government led by V. P. Singh in November 1990, Yadav joined Chandra Shekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) party and continued in office as chief minister with the support of the Indian National Congress (INC). His government fell when the INC withdrew its support in April 1991 in the aftermath of developments at the national level where it had earlier withdrawn its support for Chandra Shekhar's government. Mid-term elections to Uttar Pradesh assembly were held in mid-1991, in which Mulayam Singh's party lost power to the BJP. === Second term === In 1992, Yadav founded his own Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party). In 1992, Hindu right wing mob was involved in the demolition of the Babri Mosque, which caused violence across India. In 1993, he allied with the Bahujan Samaj Party for the elections to the Uttar Pradesh assembly due to be held in November 1993. The alliance between Samajwadi Party and Bahujan Samaj Party prevented the return of BJP to power in the state. In 1993, Yadav became the Chief minister of Uttar Pradesh for the second time. Yadav became chief minister of Uttar Pradesh with the support of Congress and Janata Dal. His stand on the movement for demanding separate statehood for Uttarakhand was as controversial as his stand on the Ayodhya movement in 1990 was. There was a firing on Uttarakhand activists at Muzaffarnagar on 2 October 1994, something for which Uttarakhand activists held him responsible. He continued holding that post until his ally opted into another alliance in June 1995. === Third term === In 2002, following a fluid post-election situation in Uttar Pradesh, the Bharatiya Janata Party and Bahujan Samaj Party joined to form a government under Dalit leader Mayawati, who was considered to be Yadav's greatest political rival in the state. The BJP pulled out of the government on 25 August 2003, and enough rebel legislators of the Bahujan Samaj Party left to allow Yadav to become the Chief Minister, with the support of independents and small parties. He was sworn in as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh for the third time in September 2003. Yadav was still a member of the Lok Sabha when he was sworn in as chief minister. In order to meet the constitutional requirement of becoming a member of state legislature within six months of being sworn in, he contested the assembly by- election from Gunnaur assembly seat in January 2004. Yadav won by a record margin of 1,83,899 votes, polling 91.45 per cent of the votes. With the hope of playing a major role at the centre, Yadav contested the 2004 Lok Sabha elections from Mainpuri while still Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. He won the seat and his Samajwadi Party won more seats in Uttar Pradesh than all other parties. However, the Congress party, which formed the coalition government at the centre after the elections, had the majority in the Lok Sabha with the support of the Communist parties. As a result, Yadav could not play any significant role at the centre. Yadav resigned from the Lok Sabha and chose to continue as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh until the 2007 elections, when he lost to the BSP. == Member of Parliament == He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ten times and to the Parliament of India, Lok Sabha seven times. === Minister of Defence for India === In 1996, Yadav was elected to the eleventh Lok Sabha from Mainpuri constituency. In the United Front coalition government formed that year, his party joined and he was named India's Defence Minister in the Deve Gowda ministry. That government fell in 1998 as India went in for fresh elections, but he returned to the Lok Sabha that year from Sambhal parliamentary constituency. After the fall of Atal Bihari Vajpayee union government in April 1999, he did not support the Congress party in the formation of the union government. === Second term, 1999 General election === He contested the Lok Sabha general elections of 1999 from two seats, Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency and Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency, and won both seats. He resigned from the Kannauj seat for his son Akhilesh in the by-elections. === Sixth term, 2014 General election === He was elected in the 2014 Indian general election. He became a MP in the 16th Lok Sabha from Azamgarh and Mainpuri. The competing party BJP did not field a strong candidate in the election from Mainpuri. In June 2014 he resigned from Mainpuri seat and continued to represent Azamgarh in Parliament. In May 2017, two Indian soldiers were killed and their bodies were mutilated by Pakistan's Border Action Team. When Yadav, who had served as the Defence Minister in past, was asked by journalists to comment on the attacks, he responded by saying "Defence Minister (Arun Jaitley) is weak and coward can never take on enemies. I have one question for the union government and the minister concerned: why are you not able to muster courage to show the enemy their place." He also said that during his term as defence minister in the Deve Gowda ministry, he had ordered the Indian Army to cross into Pakistan in response to attacks.He was responsible for the killing of karsewaks during Ram mandir andolan. === Seventh term, 2019 General election === He was re-elected in the 2019 Indian general election from Mainpuri for a fifth time. This was his fourth consecutive victory from the same constituency. He died in 2022, two years before the end of his term. == Samajwadi Party == In 1992, Yadav founded his own Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party). Muslims make a sizeable minority in the Uttar Pradesh state. Samajwadi Party and Yadav emerged as the advocates for Muslims. Since Akhilesh Yadav became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2012, surpassing Mulayam's brother Shivpal Singh Yadav, the Yadav family was divided into two feuding groups. One of the groups, led by Akhilesh, enjoyed the support of his father's cousin and National General Secretary Ram Gopal Yadav. The rival group was led by Mulayam Singh and supported by his brother and State Chief of Party, Shivpal Yadav, and a friend, former MP Amar Singh. Akhilesh had fired his uncle twice from his cabinet as it was seen by many as a direct challenge to his father, who has steadily supported Shivpal over Akhilesh. On 30 December 2016, Mulayam Yadav expelled his son Akhilesh and his cousin Ram Gopal from the party for six years on the grounds of indiscipline, only to revoke the decision 24 hours later. Akhilesh, in response, stripped his father of the party presidency and instead named him the chief patron of the party following the national convention of the party on 1 January 2017. Mulayam termed the national convention illegal and directly expelled his cousin, Ram Gopal Yadav, who had convened the national executive convention. But the Election commission of India ruled that Ram Gopal Yadav had the right to convene that executive convention, and reversed Mulayam's order. Hence Akhilesh Yadav officially became the new national leader of the party. == Positions held == Mulayam Singh Yadav had been elected 10 times as MLA and 7 times as Lok Sabha MP. # From To Position Party Party 1\. 1967 1969 MLA (1st term) from Jaswantnagar in 4th Vidhan Sabha 2\. 1974 1977 MLA (2nd term) from Jaswantnagar 3\. 1977 1980 MLA (3rd term) from Jaswantnagar 4\. 1982 1985 MLC (1st term) in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council 5\. 1985 1989 MLA (4th term) from Jaswantnagar 6\. 1989 1991 * MLA (5th term) from Jaswantnagar * Chief Minister (1st term) in Government of UP 7\. 1991 1993 MLA (6th term) from Jaswantnagar, Nidhauli Kalan and Tilhar (by-boll) 8\. 1993 1996 * MLA (7th term) from Jaswantnagar and Shikohabad * Chief Minister (2nd term) in Government of UP (1993–1995) 9\. 1996 1996 MLA (8th term) from Sahaswan (resigned in 1996) 10\. 1996 1998 * MP (1st term) in 11th Lok Sabha from Mainpuri * Minister of Defence in Government of India 11\. 1998 1999 MP (2nd term) in 12th Lok Sabha from Sambhal 12\. 1999 2004 MP (3rd term) in 13th Lok Sabha from Sambhal and Kannauj (resigned from Kannauj in 2000) 13\. 2003 2007 * Chief Minister (3rd term) in Government of UP * MLA (9th term) from Gunnaur by-poll (2004–2007) 14\. 2004 2004 MP (4th term) in 14th Lok Sabha from Mainpuri (resigned in 2004) 15\. 2007 2009 MLA (10th term) from Gunnaur and Bharthana (resigned in 2009) 16\. 2009 2014 MP (5th term) in 15th Lok Sabha from Mainpuri 17\. 2014 2019 MP (6th term) in 16th Lok Sabha from Azamgarh and Mainpuri (resigned from Mainpuri in 2014) 18\. 2019 2022 MP (7th term) in 17th Lok Sabha from Mainpuri (died in 2022) == Political positions == === Socialism === He followed Socialism. In the 1980s the Union Government of India had appointed Mandal Commission, a federal commission to identify the "socially backward classes" in India. The appointment led to protests across the country. During these protests Yadav defended the demands of the backward castes and religious minorities. Through these protests Yadav emerged as a socialist leader. === Support for a sovereign independent Tibet === Yadav said it is necessary for India to support a sovereign and independent Tibet. He said that a past government had made a "big mistake" on the issue and noted that he had spoken against it at the time. He believed that Tibet was a traditional buffer between China and India and that India should support the Dalai Lama and Tibetan independence. Claiming that China had secreted nuclear weapons in Pakistan, he cautioned that "China is our enemy, not Pakistan. Pakistan can do us no damage". == Controversies == === Comment on rape === The crime of rape became a capital offence in India following the 2012 Delhi gang rape incident. Following the trial in the Shakti Mills gang rape, on 10 April 2014, in an election rally, Yadav said, "When boys and girls have differences, the girl gives a statement that 'the boy raped me,' and that poor boy gets a death sentence." Referring to the Mumbai gang rape he stated, "... later they had differences, and the girl went and gave a statement that I have been raped. And then the poor fellows, three of them have been sentenced to death. Should rape cases lead to hanging? Boys are boys, they make mistakes. Two or three have been given the death sentence in Mumbai." Following this, complaints were filed against Yadav with the Election Commission and the National Commission for Women (NCW). His comments were denounced by the Indian media, women's groups, women's rights activists, public prosecutor in the Shakti Mills gang rape case Ujjwal Nikam, Bollywood celebrities, and a large section of Uttar Pradesh residents. In response to 2014 Badaun gang rape and Yadav's comments, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said "We say no to the dismissive, destructive attitude of, 'Boys will be boys. On 19 August 2015, Yadav remarked that gang-rapes are impractical and rape-victims in those cases tend to lie. He was summoned by the Judicial Magistrate of Mahoba district court in Uttar Pradesh for that remark. === Phone Threat case === On 10 July 2015, ex Indian Police Service officer and President Adhikar Sena, Amitabh Thakur allegedly got a phone call from Yadav. Thakur alleged that Yadav had threatened him over the phone call. He released the audio of the phone call, in which Yadav is allegedly heard saying certain sentences, which Thakur called as being threatening in nature. Thakur alleged that Mulayam Singh was unhappy about the complaint lodged by his wife activist and advocate Nutan Thakur against the then state mining minister Gayatri Prasad Prajapati. On 11 July 2015, Thakur presented a complaint before Hazratganj police station for registration of FIR against Yadav as regards the alleged phone threat, which the Police refused to register. On the contrary, in the same night of 11 July, a rape case was registered against Thakur by the Lucknow police at Gomtinagar police station, which raised political storm. Later FIR was registered in this case on Court intervention, which the Police closed but Thakur went on pursuing it before Court. The matter remained inconclusive till the end. ==Personal life and death== Yadav was married twice. His first wife, Malti Devi, was in a vegetative state from 1974 until her death in May 2003 following complications while giving birth to their only child, Akhilesh Yadav. Akhilesh was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017. Mulayam had a relationship with Sadhana Gupta while still married to Malti Devi in the 1990s. Gupta was not well known until February 2007, when the relationship was admitted in India's Supreme Court. Sadhana Gupta had a son named Prateek Yadav (born 1988), from her first marriage to Chandra Prakash Gupta. Sadhana Gupta died in July 2022 after a brief illness. ===Family tree=== Mulayam Singh Yadav had four brothers and a sister, Kamla Devi. Ram Gopal Yadav and his sister Geeta Devi are his cousins. The family tree of Yadav family is as follows: ===Death=== In September 2022, Yadav was admitted to hospital and put on a ventilator after his condition deteriorated. He had been hospitalized for a month. Yadav died on 10 October 2022 at age 82 in a hospital in Gurgaon. His last rites were performed with full state honours at his hometown Saifai. == In popular culture == Main Mulayam Singh Yadav, an Indian Hindi-language biographical film by Suvendu Raj Ghosh based on his life, was released in 2021; with Amyth Sethi playing the title role. ==Electoral performance == ==Legacy== As Uttar Pradesh's Chief Minister, Mulayam Singh Yadav is credited for the establishment of legal and medical educational institutions like the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (now known as Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences), Government Medical College, Azamgarh etc. Even before becoming chief minister, in 1983 he established an degree college named Chaudhary Charan Singh Degree College (now known as Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College) in his legislative constituency with his personal efforts. As Uttar Pradesh's chief minister and central defence minister, Mulayam Singh Yadav was also credited for the establishment of Naini Saini Airstrip (now in Uttarakhand), Chitrakoot Airstrip, Mohammadabad Airstrip (of Farrukhabad district) and Saifai Airstrip (of Etawah district). One of his major celebrated and notable decisions during his tenure as the Cabinet Minister in the Union Government was the historic change in the armed forces law regarding disposition of bodies of fallen soldiers, ensuring that the mortal remains of martyrs reached home. Yadav as the Defence Minister introduced a landmark law for the bodies of the slain armed forces personnel to be brought back with full respects to the families at the home of the martyred and mandatory state honour funeral to be organised. It was also under his tenure that the backbone and the most advanced inventory fighter jet of the Indian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30 MKI was finalised and acquired by the Indian Government. == References == == Further reading == *Samajwadi Supremo Mulayam singh yadav passed away * * * * * * == External links == * Profile on Samajwadi Party website Category:1939 births Category:2022 deaths Category:Chief ministers from Janata Dal Category:Chief ministers from Samajwadi Party Category:Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Category:Defence Ministers of India Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni Category:India MPs 1996–1997 Category:India MPs 1998–1999 Category:India MPs 1999–2004 Category:India MPs 2004–2009 Category:India MPs 2009–2014 Category:India MPs 2014–2019 Category:India MPs 2019–present Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh Category:People from Saifai Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980 Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991 Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996 Category:V. P. Singh administration Category:Yadav family of Uttar Pradesh Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs |
The Hull and Selby Railway is a railway line between Kingston upon Hull and Selby in the United Kingdom which was authorised by an act of 1836 and opened in 1840. As built the line connected with the Leeds and Selby Railway (opened 1834) at Selby, with a Hull terminus adjacent to the Humber Dock. A connection to Cottingham, Beverley, Driffield and Bridlington was made in 1846 with the opening of the Hull and Selby Railway (Bridlington Branch), now part of the Yorkshire Coast Line; a new 4½ mile route into Hull was opened in 1848, along with a new main station, Hull Paragon; a connection to Market Weighton from Barlby near Selby was made in 1848 (closed 1954, see Selby to Driffield Line); an urban branch line terminating in east Hull, the Victoria Dock Branch Line was opened in 1853 (closed 1968); a connection at Gilberdyke onto the Hull and Doncaster Railway passing via Goole was made in 1863; and in 1871 North Eastern Railway's York and Doncaster branch opened in 1871, with its northern half branching from the line towards York just east of Selby. From 1845 the Hull and Selby Railway Company was jointly leased by the York and North Midland Railway, and Manchester and Leeds Railway; the lease passed to the North Eastern Railway in 1854 who then acquired the company in 1872. Ownership then passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923, and to British Railways in 1948. As of 2015 the line is in use, and is owned and maintained by Network Rail. It is an important mainline on the UK rail network, and used on rail services out of Hull by Northern, TransPennine Express, London North Eastern Railway, and Hull Trains with destinations including Leeds, Doncaster, Sheffield, Goole and London, as well as freight traffic from the Port of Hull. ==History== ===Background=== The Leeds and Hull Railroad Company was formed in 1824 in Leeds, one of a number of railway schemes that would form a set of railways from the Irish Sea (Liverpool) to the North Sea (Hull). The line was surveyed by Joseph Locke and assistant under the direction of George Stephenson; Stephenson's plan for the line was for a double track railway, worked by locomotives, with stationary engines working inclined planes on the rising ground east of Leeds. The Leeds and Hull scheme was not adequately subscribed by shareholders, and made no significant progress until 1828, by which time the Knottingley to Goole section of the Aire and Calder Navigation canal has opened (1826). The rise of Goole as a north sea port and a rival to Hull was one factor into prompting the Hull-based shareholders of the scheme to resolve to bring forward half of the scheme – a railway line from Leeds to Selby, with the intention of taking traffic from Selby to Hull by Steam Packets. A general meeting of the Leeds and Hull shareholders formed the Leeds and Selby Railway Company in 1829. The line between Leeds and Selby was resurveyed by James Walker – in addition to minor changes to the route the stationary engines and inclined planes were replaced with a tunnel. Walker's plan was adopted in 1829, and the Leeds and Selby act was passed in 1830, and the line opened in 1834. ===The Hull and Selby Railway (1834–45)=== :Also known as the Leeds and Hull Junction Railway, or Hull and Leeds Junction Railway in early communications. In the early 1830s the rise of Goole as a port, as well as plans for railways to Bridlington and Scarborough which posed a potential threat to Hull's port economy gave impetus to the need for a rail link westwards from Hull. John Exley, a Hull customs officer was prominent in promoting a line, after and the campaign was taken up by the local press and trade organisations; two local bankers raised the £20,000 required to sponsor a bill through parliament. The original plan for a line from Leeds to Hull was continued with a new survey by Walker and Burgess in 1834. The engineers noted that the path from Selby to Hull was practically flat, and constructed a plan for a double track line from Selby to Hull, with minimal conflicts with existing structures outside the two towns. The estimated cost, including rolling stock was £340,000. On 11 August 1834 the Hull and Selby Railway Company was formed, and the process of obtaining an act of parliament authorising its construction was begun in late 1834. The proposed line passed through the land of Robert Raikes (of Welton) who opposed the plan in both the House of Commons, and the House of Lords; the Hull Corporation also raised objections, claiming the right to all development land along the Humber foreshore at Hull. Accommodation was made with both and the bill received royal assent on 21 June 1836. A petition to prevent the line operating on Sundays was rejected by the House of Commons. The act of 1836 authorised the line and allowed £400,000 to be raised from share issues and £133,333 from loans. ====Description of the line==== {{BS-map |style = |title = Hull and Selby Railway (1836) |title-bg = |navbar = |collapsible = |collapse = |width = |top = |legend = no |bg = |map-title = |map = |map2-title = |map2 = |bottom = Sources: }} From Selby, the line connected from the Leeds and Selby Railway, and ran NNE crossing Ousegate, and the River Ouse by a bascule bridge, before turning right on a curve approximately radius to head roughly eastwards in a gradually southward course. The line then ran roughly straight for passing the villages of Cliffe to the north, the crossing the River Derwent, and passing Wressle just north of St John's Church. Eastrington and Gilberdyke were then passed to the south, and crossed the Market Weighton Canal. After passing through Brough the line then curved slightly left at skirting North Ferriby's southern edge. It then passed through Hessle Cliffe, across Hessle Haven, then passed south of Hessle, it then ran towards Kingston upon Hull on a route alongside the bank of the Humber Estuary. The line terminated at a station near Manor House street in central Hull, directly west of and adjacent to the Humber Dock, and south of Kingston Street. The total length was around .Ordnance Survey. 1855–6, 1:10560; Hull, Selby: Town plans, 1:1056, 1849–56 There were intermediate stations at , , , , , , and . Wressle railway station came into use during the 1840s and 50s. The terrain to be covered was sufficiently level and open for the line to be built with gentle curves and few embankments, the steepest gradient being 1 in 240, and was completely level. The need for the crossings of the Ouse and Derwent to be made at a sufficient height necessitated the introduction of the steeper gradients on the line. The main civil engineering works for the line were cuttings at North Ferriby and Hessle, and the Humber side embankment on the route into Hull. Three bridges were of note: a bascule bridge over the Ouse at Selby, and cast iron bridges over the Derwent, and Market Weighton Canal. There were water stations at Hull, Selby and Staddlethorpe. In addition to the goods and passenger facilities at the Hull terminus the company had a wharf nearby at Limekiln Creek. Hull and Selby Railway, Limekiln Creek warehouse ====Construction==== The company's shares were fully taken up by November 1836, allowing the directors began to make contracts for the work; Walker was directed to stake out the line, which was completed before the end of the year. Contracts for the bascule bridge over the Ouse (Mr. Briggs, foundations; Butterley Iron works, ironwork), and for the Market Weighton bridge and embankments (Mr. Pratt, civils; Marshall and Co. of Derby, ironwork) were let by September 1837; orders for iron rails were also made. The contracts for the 7 miles of line between Dairycoates and Melton (Townsend and Hacker) and 9 miles from the bridge on the Market Weighton Canal and the River Derwent (Mr. Charles Faviell) were made at the end of 1837. Work had begun on the foundations the bridges on the Market Weighton Canal and Ouse by the beginning of 1838. By March 1838 the foundations and associated embankments were partially completed. The company held its second general meeting on 24 February 1838 by which time most of the cases of land compensation had been settled, and John Timperley was appointed resident engineer, under the principal engineers Walker and Burgess. In May contracts for the line and embankments on the route out of Hull to Dairycoates along the Humber foreshore were given to Mr. Charles Faviell. The remaining contracts for the 6 mile section from Melton via Brough to the Market Weighton Canal bridge (Pratt and Fenton), and the 6 mile section from the River Derwent to the junction with the Leeds and Selby Line (Mr. Briggs, civils, bridge foundations; Pim and Co., of Hull, Derwent bridge ironwork) were let in mid 1838. In July the original contract for the Hull Humber embankment was cancelled due to unsatisfactory progress and relet to Townsend and Harker. By end of 1838 work was underway or nearing completion along the entire line; with the Market Weighton Canal and Selby bridge foundations complete and under preparation for the installation of the ironwork; the Derwent bridge foundations were underway; the cuttings at Hessle and Ferriby were also under progress. Further orders for iron rails were made bringing the amount ordered up to 5,000 tons, a contract with the Leeds and Selby for the supply of stone ballast was also made. Spoil from the cutting at Hessle, up to was used both on the Humber embankment and to ballast the line, ballast was also found on the land of Captain Shaw near Brough. At Brough removal of a mound revealed Roman remains including coins, pottery and a large amount of bones of cattle, as well as seven human skeletons. By early 1839 plans for the railway depot, workshops and related equipment were being drawn up; the company acquired tanks for kyanising sleepers were acquired, and an order placed with Bereton and Vernon of Hull for a steam engine to power machinery at the Hull workshop, including that for sawing the wood for sleepers. By July the Humber embankment near Hull was complete, and the Hull depot, station and offices were under construction; much of the civil work of the rest of the line was complete, including the Market Weighton Canal bridge, with the superstructures of the Derwent and Ouse bridges in preparation for installation. Much of the line was in the process of being ballasted, and the kyanising of sleepers for the track had begun. Of the main building works only the contracts for station houses remained to be awarded. thumb|The bascule bridge on the Ouse at Selby The Ouse bridge was required by the 1836 Act to have an opening arch of , whilst the Ouse at Selby was nearly 200 ft in width, with an underlying geology consisting of silt, quicksand and then hard clay. The bridge consisted of two main spans, one opening; plus sections on either side from land to the first pier and to the second pier, and a section across the central piers. Each span consisted of six cast iron longitudinal ribs, with one rib under the line of each rail and two outer ribs on either side under a handrail. cast iron plates covered the ribs; the track ran on timber bearers wide by deep. The opening mechanism was operated by man power using a geared drive with a hand wheel of giving a mechanical advantage of 285. The contractor Mr. Briggs installed the river bank, sided and central pier piled foundations between autumn 1837 and June 1839. Stone piers were constructed on solid ground inland of the abutment piers, and the abutment piers connected by tie rods to them to prevent them moving with any slippage of the river banks. Castings from the Butterley works arrived in September 1838 and the opening span was closed and the lifting spans installed between 11 October 1839 and 13 February 1840. The closed span was installed and the bridge completed by the end of March 1840. On the west bank of the Ouse at Selby the new connection with the Leeds and Selby Railway required the construction of a new railway station (see Selby railway station), the old station was retained for goods use.For the history of the stations at Selby see Selby railway station. Both the Derwent and Market Weight Canal bridges were constructed with cast iron spans. In addition to the main bridges there were a number of other bridges, culverts, accommodation bridges, and other works including a bridge over Hessle harbour (haven). The costs of developing the line were approximately: £106,000 for land purchase and compensation; £142,000 to contractors for the construction of the line and buildings; £42,000 on rails, chairs etc. and £35,000 on sleepers etc.; £5,000 on fencing etc.; around £4,700 was spent on rolling stock including engines; over £31,000 was expended on legal, engineering, surveying and management fees, plus general expenses relating to the promotion of the line through parliament, office costs, and employees salaries. Another £3,800 of expense was incurred on interest on loans, giving a total of just under £370,000 (as of 29 February 1840). By May 1840 an entire length of track had been finished and on the 30th the directors of the company were able to travel from Hull to the junction at Selby. The second track was half complete and the railway buildings at Hull and Selby and on the line were approaching completion. The railway was formally opened on 1 July 1840. ====Track==== The track gauge was 4 foot 8½ inches, intentionally to match that of the other Liverpool-Hull lines and that of the London-Birmingham and North Midland railways. The track consisted of track constructed of both laterally and longitudinally laid sleepers of which two thirds was longitudinal track. The sleepers were kyanised. The rails consisted of flat bottomed ('web footed') rail secured by 7" oak keys. The longitudinal track consisted of Baltic half timber bearers connected by cross sleepers. Rails 2¾" deep of 55 lb per yd rail were used on the longitudinal track embedded in saddles 12" long which were secured to the sleepers. The cross-sleepered track used rails 3¾" deep weighing 63 lb per yd, fixed in 12" by 5" chairs. The longitudinal track (see also Ladder track) was noted to produce smooth running and low wheel wear. However the contact between rail and sleeper produced hydraulic pumping in wet conditions, which led to rolling stock becoming dirtied very quickly. The longitudinal track was also found cause issue with wheel slip in frosty weather. No longitudinally laid track remained on the line after 1860. ====Rolling stock==== ;Locomotives John Gray was the locomotive superintendent from 1840 to 1845. His designs such as the "Star" and "Vesta" were fitted with variable expansion valve-gear, and his engines on the railway represent some of the earliest examples of counterweighting of wheel rims on locomotives. Contracts for an initial six locomotives from Fenton, Murray and Jackson were signed in April 1838. They were of a design similar to that already in use on the Leeds and Selby Line. In 1842 locomotive power consisted of twelve six-wheeled engines; a second set of six were ordered from Shepherd and Todd to a revised design: a broad wheelbase of and lateral spring spacing of , along with a centrally located driving crank was employed to increase safety by reducing oscillations at speed; the design was simplified to two inner frames supporting the inner bearings creating more space in the inside frame, in order to facilitate ease of maintenance; expansive working of steam was employed for fuel efficiency; the remainder of the design was influence by contemporary best practice – driving wheels, pistons of stroke by diameter, and a firebox with 94 fire tubes each long and diameter. The original six engines had issues with sparks and cinders from the chimneys which required remedial alterations. A test was performed comparing the performances of the original, modified, and revised designs under the inspection of engineers from Fenton, Murray and Jackson; Shepherd and Todd; and the Hull and Selby: the modified and revised showed significant increases in fuel efficiency, with the revised design using less than half of both coke and water: 0.271 and 1.62 lbs respectively per ton-mile, vs 0.611 and 3.90 lbs per ton-mile for the original engines; resulting in working costs reduced by a related amount. ;Locomotive list Name Wheels Builder Date introduced HSR no. YNMR no. NER no. Comments Kingston ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 67 293 Exley ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 52 Selby ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 58 278? Collingwood ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 68 305 Andrew Marvel ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 59 279 Wellington ? Fenton, Murray and Jackson 1840 Star 2-2-2 Shepherd and Todd 1840 53 Vesta 2-2-2 Shepherd and Todd 1840 54 Leeds ? Shepherd and Todd 1840 Hercules 0-6-0 Shepherd and Todd 1844 ;Notes # HSR = Hull and Selby Railway # YNMR = York and North Midland Railway # NER = North Eastern Railway ;Carriages and wagons Other rolling stock consisted of 10 three compartment first class carriages; 20 second class; (ordered from Hustwick and Bean) and 6 third class carriages; plus there were also fifty goods wagons. Carriages were painted dark green. ====Operations and management (1840–45)==== Notice on the opening of the line (1840)|thumb The entire line was opened on 1 July 1840. A public procession in Hull was cancelled due to heavy rain; four trains left Hull for Selby, hauled by "Exley", "Andrew Marvell", "Kingston", and "Selby" built by Fenton, Murray and Jackson; the first departure was at 12:10 pm arriving in Selby at 2:15 pm. The return journeys were made from 4 pm, with a dinner held in the company's warehouse attended by Henry Broadley MP and chairman of the company, George Hudson, and others. The line was immediately remunerative, giving a 2.5% dividend after 9 months of operation, and continued to return dividends to shareholders until it was leased by the York and North Midland Railway. Cost of travel (1842) was 1.76d, 1.56d, and 0.978d per mile for first, second and third class passengers respectively. By 1840 the company had introduced incentive fares for visitors to the Hull market, allowing the purchasers of specific single tickets to return free of charge by a later train; the success of this scheme led to the return train being occupied by around 400 persons. The company began issuing cardboard tickets to simplify bookings in 1841. In late 1843 the company formed a friendly working arrangement with the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR;), with joint working, and a potential future merger of the two companies. Joint working under one management began on 1 January 1844, with an approximately 1:5 split on future capital costs and of receipts, with the Hull company with the minor share. The companies were not able to present a bill in time to Parliament to formalise the merger, but continued to be worked as one company, with negotiations between the two continuing during 1844.; Two Hull and Selby shareholders disagreed with the arrangements with the Manchester company, and in 1844 began to agitate for a re-negotiation of the distribution of receipts between the two firms. Additionally shareholders with interests in the Hull Dock company were concerned about the M&LR;'s plans to establish or improve docks at Wakefield and Goole. Other arrangements and schemes the M&LR; entered into led the H&S; shareholders to consider the amalgamation to no longer be advantageous, and in March 1845 the shareholders revolted against the Board of Directors and voted against amalgamation with the M&LR.; At that time the Hull and Selby Company was promoting a branch line from Hull to Bridlington, which had potential to conflict with or complement George Hudson's proposed line south from Scarborough to Bridlington. Hudson had also taken over the intermediate line, the Leeds and Selby Railway (in 1840), and had begun to operate shipping from Selby to Hull in competition. These developments, the concerns of the Hull shareholders, and Hudson's desire to avoid strong competition from a rival company led to informal discussion on amalgamation between the two parties. An offer to amalgamate the Hull and Selby, York and North Midland Railway (Y&NMR;), together with the Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole Railway, and the Leeds and West Riding Junction Railway was made and met with favour with some shareholders. Shortly before a shareholder's meeting called to discuss the merger Hudson and the activist shareholders met unofficially and the terms of a lease of the line to Hudson's Y&NMR; were communicated. In May 1845, the shareholders, having already voted against amalgamation with the M&LR;, voted at a special meeting to lease the company in perpetuity to the Y&NMR; in conflict with the board who were seeking for the company to remain independent. The offer of a lease was immediately validated by the Y&NMR.; The lease arrangement between the two companies included a guaranteed return equivalating to 10% of the share capital, and allowed the Y&NMR; to acquire the entire company after 5 years lease at a rate of £112.10s for every £50 share. Authorisation for the Hull and Selby Railway (Bridlington branch) was obtained from Parliament, and came into effect on 29 June 1845 on the same day as the authorisation of the Y&NMR;'s Scarborough branch to Bridlington. The lease of the Hull and Selby to the Y&NMR; came into effect on the 1 July. ===York and North Midland period (1845–1854)=== In late 1845 the York and North Midland Railway (Y&NMR;) reached an agreement with the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR;) whereby the M&LR; would become joint lessors of the Hull to Selby Line – as part of the agreement the two parent companies were to also co-operate on directly traffic through each other's lines; whilst the M&LR; was to withdraw its support from the proposed Leeds and York Railway and York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railways that could have become strong competitors to the Y&NMRs; existing and proposed lines; the two parties were also to abstain from entering any other hostile alliances. The terms of the agreement was ratified by the shareholders of the three companies between December 1845 and 4 May 1846. At the time of the lease arrangement the Hull and Selby Company other branches under development; in February 1845 the shareholders had authorised surveys for a line from the Bridlington branch to York via Market Weighton and Pocklington, and had proposals for a line from Market Weighton to the main line of the Hull and Selby. After the lease came into effect the Y&NMR; was approached by Beverley interests to persuade the Y&NMR; to complete these lines; on 17 May 1845 the Y&NMR; shareholders agreed to proceed with surveys for the line and its branch. In July 1846 the lease and acquisition of the H&S; by the Y&NMR; and M&LR; was approved by an act of Parliament. Under the terms of the act both companies had equal rights in the lease; the line was to be worked by the Y&NMR;, with formation of a joint working committee later if the M&LR; exercised that right. The lease was approved by the H&S; shareholders on 20 August 1846, and by the M&LR; shareholders on 9 September 1846, and by the Y&NMR; shareholders on 14 September 1846. The Hull and Bridlington Branch Line was opened in October 1846. The line ran from a junction at Dairycoates west of Hull, directly northward to Cottingham, then to Beverley, Driffield and Bridlington. A junction with a branch of the York to Scarborough Railway was made at Bridlington, connecting to the main line at Seamer, allowing a continuous travel from Hull to Scarborough.See Hull to Scarborough Railway The 1845 Bridlington branch act had also sought powers to improve the network around the Manor House Street station; the act allowed the laying of rails and working by human or horse power of track near the Humber Dock. The 1840s developments included replacement in 1846 of the original timber bridge over the Humber Dock entrance lock with a double leaf cast iron swing bridge (Wellington Street bridge). Wellington Street Bridge, Humber Dock By the 1850s the dockside lines extended from the Humber Dock along the east and south sides of Junction Dock and The Old Dock, all connected to the rail network from a branch off the H&S; Line west of Manor House Street station. Construction of a dock extension, the Railway Dock extending westwards from Humber Dock was begun in 1845, and opened in 1846; it also was connected to the rail lines of the H&S.;Ordnance Survey. Town Plans 1:1056 1855–56 In 1847 the Y&NMR; obtained Parliamentary permission to construct a new station in Hull, and of lines connecting it to the Hull and Selby Line and the Bridlington branch. The station was opened in May 1848, and the original station retained for goods use. A new junction was made (Hessle West junction) allowing running via the Bridlington branch into the new Hull Paragon station. In 1848 a branch line from the Hull and Selby was built from Barlby just to the east of Selby to Market Weighton, connecting at Cliffe junction. In the enquiries into George Hudson's finances in the late 1840s it was found that he had sold his shares in the Hull and Selby to the Y&NMR; at a higher price than he had paid for them; as a result he allowed this transaction was cancelled. By 1850 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR;) (successor to the M&LR;) had not taken up the lease, and were claiming to be not liable in response to calls from the Y&NMR; for them to take up joint responsibility for the line. In 1852 the Y&NMR; and L&YR; presented a bill to parliament to clarify the leases and joint working arrangements on the Leeds and Selby and other lines. Despite the equal footing in the 1845 act the Y&NMR; exclusively leased and worked the line up till its amalgamation with other railways to form the North Eastern Railway. Acts altering the terms of the share issue of the Y&NMR; enabling it to hold shares in the Hull and Selby were obtained in 1850, and 1853. In mid 1853 the Victoria Dock Branch Line was opened, making a connection to the Hull-Selby Line into Paragon station, Hull, north-east of its crossing with Anlaby Road.Ordnance Survey. 1855, 1:500; 1855–6, 1:10560 ===North Eastern Railway period (1854–1923)=== The North Eastern Railway (NER) was formed in 1854, following the downfall and disgrace of George Hudson due to his financial dealings. An act of Parliament of 1854 sanctioned the amalgamation of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, Leeds Northern Railway, York and North Midland and other lines into a new company with a railway network of over . The H&S; initially opposed the merger, wishing to retain the favourable terms of the lease obtained from the Y&NMR; under Hudson; the final act included clauses protecting their interests. The issue of the lease payments originally agreed with the Y&NMR; and the M&LR; led to a chancery suit being brought by the H&S; the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (successor to the Manchester and Leeds company) made an agreement with the H&S; to retain their Hull traffic on the H&S; Line, and the directors of the NER agreed to undertake the lease alone, resulting in the H&S; terminating their suit. At amalgamation the H&S; was operating 7 trains per day, at average speeds from . Passenger fares were 2.14, 1.75 and 1.17 pence per mile on first, second and third class tickets. From 1862 onwards the Hull Dock Company constructed a series of docks along the banks of the Humber, south of the line into Manor House Street station, stretching as far west as Dairycoates; as part of the works the lines of the Hull and Selby required modification; additionally the Dock Company's wharfside lines were connected to external rail system, with the main junctions at Albert Dock junction west for the south quay of Albert Dock, and Albert Dock junction east for the north quay of Albert Dock; there were also junctions further west for St Andrew's Dock. The docks were completed Albert Dock; 1880 William Wright Dock; 1883 & 1897 St Andrew's Dock and its extension.See Albert Dock, William Wright Dock, St Andrew's Dock; also Ordnance Survey Sheets 240NW and 240NE In the same time period Dairycoates engine shed was established (1863) inside the triangle junction between Hessle, Dairycoates and Hessle Road junctions. In 1863 the NER obtained an act allowing the construction of a line from Staddlethorpe on the Hull and Selby Line to Thorne, connecting to the South Yorkshire Railway's line from Thorne to Doncaster, with running powers shared between the two companies. Additional running power arrangements were made with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway on trains from Hull to south Yorkshire. The branch was completed in 1869. (See Hull and Doncaster Branch) On 2 January 1871 the NER opened its York and Doncaster branch, consisting of two new sections of track, running briefly over the Leeds and Selby, and Hull and Selby lines at Selby. On the Hull and Selby, the new line turned north to York at Barlby junction; the new line formed a new route for the East Coast Main Line. On 1 September 1871 the NER gave notice of its intention to end the lease of the H&S; Line, and to purchase the company. The exchange of H&S; shares for cash or NER preference stock was undertaken between 1871 and 1872, and the Hull and Selby Railway ceased to exist as an independent entity in 1872. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway obtained running powers into Hull in 1873, and had a goods station, English Street goods station, MS&LR; goods station, Kingston Street built west of the NER's Railway Street goods station, connected to the mainline by of track. The station was built and operated by the NER for the MS&LR.; The MS&LR; began running trains into Paragon station from August 1873; the goods station opened in August 1879. In the early 1870s increased traffic to Hull began to cause traffic jams, in part due to inadequate goods facilities; leading to local calls for an alternative railway into Hull. After much machinations and several failed schemes a rival line and dock opened in 1885 the Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company, constructed primarily to compete for freight (coal) trade between Hull to south Yorkshire.The Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company (HB&WRJR;) later renamed as and commonly known as the Hull and Barnsley Railway; also Opening of the new railway led to a rates war between the H&BR; and NER, with the NER reducing their rate from 2s 2.75d to 1s 11.75d in 1886. The competition between NER, H&BR;, and Hull Dock Company on dock and railway rates weakened the latter two financially to the extent that both began seeking amalgamations with the NER or other companies. In 1893 a bill was passed allowing the amalgamation of the Hull Dock Company into the NER. After acquiring the Dock Company the NER began improvements to the docks, St Andrew's Dock was expanded (1894), and in 1904 work began on a new wharf for the fruit trade, and for passenger steamers: the Riverside Quay which included its own passenger station was completed between 1907 and 1911. All the new works were rail connected from the Hull-Selby Line off its route into Humber Dock.Ordnance Survey Sheet 240NW 1906–1908 thumb|Selby swing bridge in open position, and hydraulic accumulator tower, left (2007) As a result of the increased used and increased weight on the bridge across the Ouse a replacement railway bridge was built to the east of the original; construction was contracted to Nelson and Co. of York, with hydraulic machinery from Armstrong Mitchell, and iron work and pier foundation sinking contracted to the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co., the bridge opened 1 February 1891. The cost of the bridge was over £22,342 18s 0d, or £30,948 13s inclusive of all works. The new bridge had a swinging span of and a fixed span with the swing span centre on the north bank of the Ouse. There were small approach bridges, one on the north bank and two on the south side, of which one on the south side form an underpass for a road ('Ousegate'). The bridge was operated turned by hydraulic engines, with the control cabin located above the tracks at the centre of the swing span. The tracks of the Hull and Selby and East Coast Main Line (York and Doncaster branch) were gauntleted (interlaced) from the east end of the bridge across to a point over the Ousegate underpass where they converged; of the arrangement was made so that the junction could be controlled from a signal box on the Selby side of the bridge. Speed restrictions were for passenger and goods trains respectively. The works for the bridge at either river bank were of brick, masonry and concrete on square pitch pine piles. The remainder of the bridge foundations consisted of cast iron piers fitted with cutting shoes sunk by excavation by hand labour working in airlocks, and by weighting. Piers for the swing span consisted of eight cast iron cylinders tapering from diameter from base to top which surrounded a ninth cylinder of base diameter; the wall width cylinders were sunk to the level of sandstone bedrock at a depth of around ; after which they were filled with concrete. The central river pier had similar foundations of two 8 ft cast iron piers braced together. The swing span turntable consisted of diameter steel conical roller paths and bearings, supported on a circular deep box girder in eight sections, with a twelve section box girder above, supporting the superstructure. The bridge turned about a central heavy cast pivot, with ties to the upper and lower box girders, and to the bearings. The bridge superstructure was constructed of wrought iron plate girders, with an asymmetric 'hogback' shape; the swing span extremities were from the centre line, with a counterweight; the maximum web depth was . The fixed span was of similar, but symmetrical construction. The bridge was turned by the reaction of a rotating vertical shaft on a rack on the lower roller path. Power was supplied hydraulically from an accumulator (charged by steam engine power) near the railway station, via underground concentric pressure and return pipes in the central swing span pier – driving a pair of three cylinder hydraulic engines located in the cabin. Accumulators and steam engines were duplicated. The locking mechanism for the bridge was also hydraulically powered. As a consequence of the realignment of track resulting from the resiting of the bridge the station at Selby was also partially reconstructed. In 1902 work began on widening the line between Hull and Staddlethorpe. Melton Halt was opened in 1920, for workmen's trains to the new works of the Humber Portland Cement Co. Ltd. (see Humber Cement Works). ===London and North Eastern period (1923–1948)=== The NER amalgamated with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway during the 1923 Grouping. In turn, the LNER amalgamated with other railways to form British Railways when the railways were nationalised in 1948. In 1937 Capper Pass and Son opened a tin smelting works near Melton, adjacent west of the Humber Cement works; it was connected to the Hull and Selby Line by a junction near Melton Crossing.See Capper Pass and Son §Melton Works. Also OS Sheets 239SW & 254ANW (1950) ===British Railways period (1948–1995)=== The Selby-Market Weighton Line closed in May 1965. Hemingbrough station closed in 1967. Melton Halt closed in 1989. The Selby-York section of the York and Doncaster branch closed after the opening of the Selby Diversion of the ECML (1983); as a result of the new route the Selby swing bridge ceased to be crossed by ECML trains. In the late 1970s Tilcon constructed a plant at Dairycoates, supplied with limestone by rail from Rylstone (Swinden Quarry, Grassington branch, Skipton). The works was connected by a sidings from the branch to Dairycoates shed and the west Dock.Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1983–9 ===Post privatisation period (1995–)=== The Swing bridge at Selby was repaired in 2014, being closed from July to September; the work had been delayed from 2013 by the Hatfield Landslip.Sources: * * * * In 2014 plans to electrify the line were given governmental funding to the planning stage; the electrification of the connecting Leeds and Selby Line having already been authorised. In March 2015 an electrification task force recommended the line as one of twelve lines of highest priority for electrification. Governmental funding for the electrification in Network Rail's Control Period 6 (2019–24) was announced in the 2015 United Kingdom budget, subject to a financial contribution from Hull Trains, and an acceptable business case being presented. In late 2016 the electrification proposal was rejected by the Government. ==Accidents== A fatal accident occurred on 7 August 1840 (see Howden rail crash), which was one of the first to be investigated by the Railway Inspectorate. Four passengers were killed when a large casting fell from a wagon just behind the tender, and derailed the following carriages. In late 1846 a mail train leaving Hessle collided side on with an engine parked in a siding too close to the main line, causing damage to the carriages and the derailment of one carriage. On 21 February 1847 a mixed train from Hull left the track on a curve east of Hessle station resulting in two deaths and several injuries; the speed of the train, estimated at , and worn track of relatively weak strength (55 lb/yd) were cited as potential causes of the accident. In 1850, the boiler of a locomotive exploded whilst it was hauling a freight train at Staddlethorpe station. On 2 October 1880, Patrick Neary, an NER employee was hit by the Hull-Leeds express train whilst carrying out maintenance work of the bridge over the River Derwent at Wressle. ==Notes== ===Acts=== ==References== ===Map locations=== ===Sources=== * * * * * * * ** * * ** * *, (reprint) * * *, alt. link * * ===Further reading=== * * * * * * Reprinted in The London journal of arts and sciences. v.21, (1843), pp. 120–131 * ==External links== * * * Category:Early British railway companies Category:Railway companies established in 1836 Category:Railway lines opened in 1840 Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1872 Category:1836 establishments in England |
{{Infobox settlement |name =Leone |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = "Leone o le Tinā o le Alofa"Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 154. . |etymology = Samoan: le one ("no famine") |settlement_type =Village |total_type = |motto = |image_skyline = ZION CHURCH IN LEONE, AMERICAN SAMOA.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Zion Church (Siona) |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map =American Samoa |pushpin_label_position =left |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize =300 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = Territory |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Lealataua |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = |parts = |p1 = |p2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 6.13 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 1919 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = Samoa Time Zone |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coor_type = |coordinates = |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 96799 |area_code = +1 684 |website = |footnotes = }} Leone is the second-largest city on Tutuila Island's west coast.Clayville, Melinda (2021). Explore American Samoa: The Complete Guide to Tutuila, Aunu'u, and Manu'a Islands. Page 70. ISBN 9798556052970. The village is on the south-west coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Leone was the ancient capital of Tutuila Island.Stanley, David (1999). South Pacific Handbook. Moon Handbooks. Page 445. .Swaney, Deanna (1994). Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. Page 180. .Brillat, Michael (1999). South Pacific Islands. Hunter Publishing, Inc. Page 139. .Schyma, Rosemarie (2013). Südsee. DuMont Reiseverlag. Page 268. . Leone was also where the Samoan Islands’ first missionary, John Williams, visited on October 18, 1832. A monument in honor of Williams has been erected in front of Zion Church. Its large church was the first to be built in American Samoa. It has three towers, a carved ceiling and stained glass. Until steamships were invented, Leone was the preferred anchorage of sailing ships which did not risk entering Pago Pago Harbor. Much early contact between Samoans and Europeans took place in Leone.Stanley, David (1999). Moon Handbooks Tonga-Samoa. David Stanley. Page 177. . The village is home to some of the oldest buildings on Tutuila Island. Besides the oldest church in American Samoa, Leone is home to a post office, high school, Pritchard's Bakery, and Kruse Supermarket. Buses from Fagatogo to Leone leave every few minutes throughout the year. An airstrip was built at Leone during World War II.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 176. . The village is home to two historical sites listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: Fagalele Boys School, which may be the oldest building on Tutuila Island, and Tataga-Matau Fortified Quarry Complex. Until the invention of the motorboat, Pago Pago Harbor was of little value as the ships were unable to turn around in such a confined area. The most common anchorage was therefore in Leone, where the first missionaries also arrived.Swaney, Deanna (1994). Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. Page 164. . Its strategic location, directly over the southern horizon from Upolu Island, and the district Atua, has made Leone a major resting port for those traveling between Upolu, Tutuila, and the Manu'a Islands. Leone is now a lively municipal center. The origin of several of Leone's chiefly titles can be traced to Western Samoa.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 155. . ==Etymology== The name originated from a famine that devastated Tutuila Island before modern history. Oral history shared through generations of ancestry recorded that Leone did not experience starvation nor the lack of food during this famine. Instead, the village had an abundance of food and other necessities, hence the name “Leone” which derives from “Le” (No) and “One” (Famine). During this famine, the villagers in Leone provided food and commodities for nearby villages and for families from a farther distance. This has earned the village the prestigious title “Leone o le Tinā o le Alofa”, which means “Leone is the Mother of Love.” The village's musical emblem is a living recording of this historical representation.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 154. . ==History== thumb|right|Leone, 1907. thumb|right|Church in Leone ===19th century=== When missionary John Williams returned to the Samoan Islands in 1832, he dropped anchor in Leone Bay, but did not want to go directly ashore as he feared it was A'asu, site of the massacre of French sailors. Williams was surprised when a village chief paddled out to his ship to assure him that it would be safe to come ashore.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 64. .Gray, John Alexander Clinton (1980). Amerika Samoa. Arno Press. Pages 36-37. . On October 11, 1839, Commodore Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition visited Leone. Midshipman William Reynolds was assigned surveying duty under Lieutenant Joseph Underwood. In the village, they were introduced to Chief Tuitele, who was happy to welcome them as guests for the night. In his diary, Reynolds described the gentleness and civility of the villagers. He wrote: “I noticed in the men, a fondness & care displayed towards their children,” and went on to write: “While on the beach many huge fellows had infants & babbling youngsters in their arms.” He later questioned whether “these people have more claim to be good than we.”Reynolds, William (2004). The Private Journal of William Reynolds: United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Penguin Classics. Pages 103-104. .Kirk, Robert W. (2012). Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920. McFarland. Pages 179-180. .Philbrick, Nathaniel (2004). Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Penguin. Page 135. . Reynolds promised Chief Tuetila that he would clothe “him as a Papalangi” (white person) if he would show up to their ship on their return. The chief came, but Captain Charles Wilkes refused to see Chief Tuetila.Reynolds, William (2004). The Private Journal of William Reynolds: United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Penguin Classics. Page 105. .Reynolds, William Ane and Anne Hoffman Cleaver (1988). Voyage to the Southern Ocean: the letters of Lieutenant William Reynolds from the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Naval Institute Press. Page 105. . In 1857, due to the large interest among locals for Christianity and its teachings, the Fagalele Boys School was established. The school's purpose was to train locals to become missionaries. Later, the school became a part of the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS). In 1862, the Roman Catholic Church arrived in Leone under the stewardship of Father Elloy. The Catholics initially encountered strong opposition from some of the village chiefs. On April 17, 1900, four of its traditional chiefs, PCs Tuitele and Faiivae, and HTCs Olo and Leoso (Tama Matua), signed the Deed of Cession, which officially formed the current relationship with American Samoa and the United States. Leone is the only village to have had this unique recognition and honor.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Pages 158-160. . On June 18, 1888, Elder Joseph Henry Dean founded the first branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at Leone. ===20th century=== In the early 1900s, the Roman Catholics established the Marist Brothers School in Leone as a consequence of the unification of all Tutuila public schools. The Girls School at Leloaloa and the Boys School at Anua, Atu'u were also soon constructed.http://americansamoasea.cyberschool.com/District/1112-Untitled.html The all-girl secondary school was constructed by the London Missionary Society (LMS) on the edge of Afao, in Atauloma, which was completed by the year 1900. The building was situated on a 70 by 116 feet concrete slab which faced the sea. It functioned as an educational institution until the 1960s, and in the 1970s, it was leased to the ASG Government, which converted the building into apartments. It fell back in the hands of the LMS in 1995. In 1920, the roads were in such condition that a roundtrip from Leone to Pago Pago, a distance of around 16 miles, took an entire day. In 1922, the Leone Rapid Transit began operations, announcing two trips per day at a round trip fare of $2.00. It was a result of $30,000 earmarked for road construction by Governor Waldo A. Evans.Gray, John Alexander Clinton (1980). Amerika Samoa. Arno Press. Pages 200-201. . A June 8, 1922 report states there was a bus service from Pago Pago to Utulei and from Utulei to Leone. The Leone Rapid Transportation also operated between Fagatogo and Leone. Road conditions were such that it took the whole day to cover the distance of sixteen miles between Leone and Fagatogo.Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 211. . Leone was selected in 1932 as one of four meeting places for the Bingham Commission of the U.S. Congress, which was sent to Pago Pago to study and report on complaints by Samoans against the Naval Administration. As a result of the commission's review, major changes were implemented by the Naval Administration for the betterment of both Tutuila Island and Manu'a.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 160. . The Bingham Commission's hearings resulted in two major reforms: A Bill of Rights was created, and separation was established between the positions of Judge and Secretary of Native Affairs. The Bill of Rights was drafted by Governors Henry Francis Bryan and Edward Stanley Kellogg and Judge H.P. Wood.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 162. . From the 1920s until just after World War II, Leone gained a reputation for its siapo mamanu. In the book Siapo: Barkcloth Art of Samoa artist Mary J. Pritchard described her experiences learning siapo from the women of Leone at this time. One woman, Kolone Fai'ivae Leoso, emerged as an influential prolific and figure designer. Her compositions were often inspired by the stained glass windows of the Leone Congregational Church. Leoso died in 1970.Mallon, Sean (2002). Samoan Art and Artists. University of Hawaii Press. Pages 68-70. . Leone was home to a bomber airstrip, known as Leone Airfield, which was completed on September 30, 1943. Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School are situated today where the airfield once was located. It was abandoned in early 1945 due to turbulent air currents and lack of use. The airstrip was meant to be a Marine Corps fighter strip, but only a total of two airplanes were able to land and take off before the strip was declared unsafe due to the turbulent air currents.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 179. .Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 238. . In October 1982, residents in Leone celebrated the 150th anniversary of the first missionary, John Williams. The Catholic Church in town celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Sisters School, which was established in Leone in 1883 by Sisters Mary St. Vincent, St. Claire, and St. Thérese.Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 337. . ===Modern times=== The highest-ranking Samoan military serviceman to lose his life in the War in Iraq, U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Max Galeai, was killed in Karmah, Iraq on June 26, 2008. He was from Leone and is buried in the village. Leone had the most victims in American Samoa in the 2009 tsunami. A memorial garden - Leone Healing Garden - was created on the So Poloa family land, where most of the 11 victims were found. The garden commemorates the loss of the 2009 tsunami that killed 22 and injured hundreds of Leone residents. Located just offshore are remnants of a fishing ship that was damaged by the 2018 cyclone Gita. In 2011, Leone Post Office was dedicated and replaced an older one destroyed by the 2009 tsunami. In 2012, Samoa's Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi suggested American Samoa construct a wharf at Leone Bay in order to reduce the travel time between Samoa and Tutuila. It is approximately forty miles between Upolu Island and Tutuila.Hills, J.W. (2010). O upu muamua i le Tala i le Lalolagi mo e ua faatoa a'oa'oina u lea mataupu: Elementary Geography. Nabu Press. Page 59. . In December 2012, a police substation was dedicated in Leone. The new station was constructed with federal funds. On November 1, 2014, a drive-by shooting took place in Leone. Several gunshots were fired at the front of the Leone Police Substation. No officers or other personnel were injured. Four bullets were later recovered from inside the station. Four men were charged for the shooting, which took place when two police officers were inside the station. ==== Tsunami ==== Leone was devastated by a tsunami on September 29, 2009. The tsunami was generated by a magnitude 8.0 undersea earthquake.17 deaths reported after Samoa quake Eleven people in Leone were killed by the tsunami. The victims were two children and nine adults, including elderly parents. The day of the tsunami is called the “Black Tuesday” and the village has erected a special monument known as Leone Healing Garden (Garden of Healing). The monument is near the seaside of the main road, and it was erected in order to commemorate the passing and to celebrate the lives of those who perished in the tsunami.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 171. . ==Demographics== Population growth 2010 1,919 2000 3,568 1990 3,013 1980 1,652 1970 1,657 1960 1,192 1950 851 1940 711 1930 583 The population as of the 2010 U.S. Census was 1,1919, which was a significant decrease from 3,568 recorded at the 2000 U.S. Census. The reason for this population decline was residents relocating to the United States for higher education and employment. Others have returned home to Western Samoa since the closing of Van Camp Tuna Industry in 1997.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 154. . The population of Leone went from 1,652 as of 1980 to 3,013 residents in 1990. This increase represented an annual growth rate of around 8.2%. The proportion of residents born outside American Samoa doubled from 1980 to 1990. The village was home to 443 housing units as of 1990. Construction permits were issued for 117 new homes between 1990–95, increasing the number of total housing units to 560. ==Geography== thumb|right Leone is a village situated southwest on Tutuila Island in American Samoa, reached by Route 1 from Pago Pago. It borders the villages of Puapua and Vailoatai to the south, Malaeloa Aitulagi to the east, and Amaluia to the west. It lies at the foothills of Malaloto Ridge by Leone Bay. Leone Falls and Leone Quarry are inland following Leafu Stream from the coast.Swaney, Deanna (1994). Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. Page 181. . It is located in Lealataua County. The village is situated on Leone Bay and the village spreads across flat land on Leone Plain. It is situated on the southwestern tip of Tutuila Island and is recognized as Fofo County due to its earlier connection to Samoan legends and historical events. It is 13 miles west of Pago Pago. Niuavēvē Rock in Leone Bay is an islet with an old coconut tree, enduring natural disasters, generations after generations.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Pages 152 and 154. . Vailoa is located south of the village at Leone Bay, however, its coast consists of a low, rugged coastline, rather than sandy beaches as in Leone.Krämer, Augustin (2000). The Samoa Islands. University of Hawaii Press. Page 449. . Pala Lagoon is a long stretch of swamp beginning from the main bridge on the road back to the foot of the mountains. The swamp has been a natural resource for marine life growth and is home to a number of bird species. Aualii Stream and Leafu Stream flow down from Mulimauga Ridge and through the village before discharging into Pala Lagoon. Leone has a large number of mangrove trees which have come back to normal after the destruction caused by the 2009 tsunami. The village is home to large parcels of fertile land used for farming and livestock. The soil is excellent for planting and growing yams of all kinds, bananas, talo, papayas, coconut trees for copra products, vegetables, and many other crops that are sold in grocery stores and at the Fagatogo Market. The coastline of Fagatele, an area in Leone, is made up of lava rocks, which were historically utilized to shape and grind stone tools.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 170-171 and 156. . ===Leone Pala Special Management Area=== In 2013, American Samoa received a $269,000 National Coastal Wetland Conservation Grant. The grant will be used by the American Samoa Department of Commerce in order to restore 18.3 acres of coastal wetland habitat in Leone. The Leone wetland area is one of the largest and most important mangrove swamps in American Samoa and was designated as a Special Management Area in 1900. Dominant vegetation in Leone's mangrove wetland includes the swamp fern, the oriental mangrove, red mangrove, and seashore paspalum. === Leone Falls === Leone Falls is a waterfall with a freshwater pool used for swimming. The waterfall is reached by following the road up past the grey Catholic church near the town center to the end of the pavement. Then follow the dirt path to the head of the valley, where the waterfall is located. An artificial catchment barrier is placed at the bottom, which creates a pool used for swimming. The waterfall is also enhanced by a water pipe on the side of the falls.Stanley, David (1982). South Pacific Handbook. David Stanley. Page 162. . The falls are closed on Sundays due to religious observances. Barry's Bed & Breakfast is a motel in a quiet residential area of Leone near the waterfalls.Stanley, David (1999). Moon Handbooks Tonga-Samoa. David Stanley. Page 181. .Swaney, Deanna (1994). Samoa: Western & American Samoa: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. Page 172. . ==Petroglyphs== Leone is one of three places in American Samoa where prehistoric petroglyphs have been discovered. The petroglyphs were the first to be discovered in the territory when they were found during Dr. Yosihiko Sinoto’s archeological site surveys in 1961 and 1962. The petroglyphs include two representations of what is assumed to be two octopuses, fe'e. Another petroglyph is that of a turtle, laumei, while the fourth figure seems to represent a human figure. The petroglyphs are located in the Leone Lagoon on an intrusive shelf of ash called Papaloa. It consists of three shelves separated by two eroded channels of shallow water. The length of the shelf is around 150-200 feet. The Leone Bay petroglyphs take the form of figurative engravings or rock carvings and have been engraved into the stone surface by pecking (hammering the stone with a sharp instrument), bruising (rubbing the surface with another stone), and abrading (a combination of bruising and pecking). In 1966, rock previously covered with algae was exposed and more petroglyphs were discovered. These took the shape of what appeared to be an octopus, a jellyfish, a turtle, and an incomplete human figure.Mallon, Sean (2002). Samoan Art and Artists. University of Hawaii Press. Pages 31-32. . ==Politics== Leone has been described as the “capital” of the Western District.Hills, J.W. (2010). O upu muamua i le Tala i le Lalolagi mo e ua faatoa a'oa'oina u lea mataupu: Elementary Geography. Nabu Press. Page 61. . The village council banned the establishment of foreign- owned and operated businesses in 2002. ==Economy== As of 2000, there were 47 registered commercial enterprises in the village of Leone. They included 8 grocery stores, 7 bus- and taxi services, 7 retail stores, 5 wholesale operations, 3 professional services, 2 landscaping businesses, 2 bakeries, a cable service business, a janitorial service, a fast-food restaurant, a car repair, a pool hall, a laundromat, Noela's Gas Station, a commercial diving contractor, a silk screen printing service, and a distributor of amusement machines. Commercial crop production and subsistence farming occur in the Leone watershed. == Leone Quarry== The fifty-acre Tatagamatau quarry above Leone is the largest in existence. It has been entered into the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 357. . It is the most important archeological site in all of American Samoa. Various historical artifacts made of stone, some from as far away as Micronesia, have been discovered at this site. Archeologists Helen Leach and Dan Witter investigated the quarry in 1985. They discovered cutting tools, basalt adzes and pre-form tools. The quarry is also home to a star mound, similar to those found in the village of ‘Aoa. The basalt quarry in Leone can be visited. Although it is on community land, the hiking trail is owned by Tony Willis. The Historic Preservation Office (HPO) did an investigation of the Tatagamatau adze quarry site in Leone, and revealed the site to be the oldest and largest of its kind in western Polynesia. It is also the only fortified adze quarry in the world.Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 200. . ==Historical sites== thumb|right|Monument by the sea in Leone Historical sites in Leone include the two listings on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: Leone Quarry and Fagalele Boys School as well as Siona Church. Other sites include:Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Pages 156 and 158. . * Numiatoga (Fagatele), which is an area towards Leone's east coast. From this settlement of the 16th century Tongans, the warriors of Tutuila Island went to war with the Tongans under the leadership of Fuā'autoa, who later became known as Mauga. The Tongans were startled by the surprise attack, and they sailed away and promised to never to return to Tutuila as warriors, but rather as partners and peacemakers. * Mauga o Alii (Mountain of Chiefs). In prehistoric times, villagers would hear loud ringing sounds from the middle of the tall mountains behind the village just before the death of a prominent chief. It was a premonition in the premodern days; according to some of the elders, the ringing sounds can still be heard today. * A historic monument dedicated to Reverend John Williams is located in front of the Leone Congregational Christian Church (Siona). A memorial woman sculpture is located by the sea and was placed there in order to signify the site where the first missionaries arrived in Leone.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 157. . ==Sports== Leone's Moso’oi women's cricket team was the American Samoa national women's cricket champion for several years. The Leone Whites village rugby team has been the American Samoa Rugby Union's champion for a number of years. Leone teams have also participated in softball championship leagues and volleyball tournaments. Several residents of Leone have become football players in the National Football League (NFL), including Joe Salave'a, Gabe Reid, Eddie Siaumau, and Samoa Samoa.Fai’ivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tu’u Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 169. . Leone is the birthplace and hometown of Jaiyah Saelua, an American Samoan Soccer player who was the first transgender player to play in a FIFA World Cup qualifier. ==Landmarks== * Leone Quarry: Most important archeological site in American Samoa. * Fagalele Boys School: May be the oldest building on Tutuila Island. * John Williams' Church (Zion Church): Oldest church in American Samoa. **The church has a monument to John Williams, Samoa's first missionary.Stanley, David (1982). South Pacific Handbook. David Stanley. Pages 160 and 162. .Goodwin, Bill (2006). Frommer’s South Pacific. Wiley. Page 402. .Dalton, Bill and David Stanley (1979). South Pacific Handbook. David Stanley. Page 68. . * Leone Healing Garden * Leone Falls * Pritchard's Bakery ==Education== American Samoa Department of Education operates public schools, including Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School. ==Notable people== *Jaiyah Saelua, first transgender player to play in a FIFA World Cup qualifier, born and raised in Leone *Joe Salave'a, NFL player and football coach *Tauese Sunia, former Governor of American Samoa *Napoleon Andrew Tuiteleleapaga, author, poet and musician *Andra Samoa, chief executive and environmentalist *Sika Anoa'i, wrestler *Jerome Kaino, rugby player *John Kneubuhl, screenwriter and historian *Shalimar Seiuli, dancer, attended Leone High School *Sven Ortquist, West Samoan artist, lived in Leone == References == Category:Villages in American Samoa Category:Tutuila |
The Century Association is a private social, arts, and dining club in New York City, founded in 1847. Its clubhouse is located at 7 West 43rd Street near Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. It is primarily a club for men and women with distinction in literature or the arts. The Century Association was founded by members of New York's Sketch Club; preceding clubs also included the National Academy of Design, the Bread and Cheese Club, and the Column. Traditionally a men's club, women first became active in club life in the early 1900s; the organization began admitting women as members in 1988. Named after the first 100 people proposed as members, the first meeting on January 13, 1847 created the club known as the Century; it was incorporated in 1857. It was first housed at 495 Broadway in Lower Manhattan; the club gradually moved uptown, leading to the club's construction of its current location in 1899. During the Civil War, it became headquarters to the U.S. Sanitary Commission. 134 Centurions served in World War I; 110 served in World War II. The clubhouse, a five-story Palazzo style building, was designed by McKim, Mead & White and built from 1889 to 1891. It became a New York City Landmark in 1967 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was extensively renovated in the early 1990s, with a fifth floor and terrace constructed in 2009. Members of the club have included artists and writers William Cullen Bryant, Frederic Church, Asher B. Durand, John La Farge, Winslow Homer, Paul Manship, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Louis Comfort Tiffany, John Quincy Adams Ward, and J. Alden Weir. Architect members have included Calvert Vaux, Carrère and Hastings, Frederick Law Olmsted, James Renwick Jr., McKim, Mead & White, and York and Sawyer. Members are known for other endeavors, including eight Presidents of the United States, ten US Supreme Court justices, 43 Members of the Cabinet, 29 Nobel Prize laureates, members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Roosevelt, and Astor families, and noted individuals like Dan Beard, J. P. Morgan, Samuel Morse, and Anson Phelps Stokes. ==History== The Century Association resulted from the merger of two earlier private clubs for men "of similar social standing or shared interests." The Sketch Club had focused on literature and the arts, while the Column Club had been a Columbia University alumni organization. The initial invitation for the combined club was sent to one hundred men, which became the basis for the name "The Century", later slightly altered to the Century Association. The club rented a variety of temporary locations in Manhattan, gravitating to the area around Union Square and Madison Square. Among these locations were over Del Vecchio's picture store at 495 Broadway, 435 Broome Street, over a millinery shop at 575 Broadway, and 24 Clinton Place (later redesignated 46 East 8th Street). Rapid growth in membership to 250 led the club to incorporate and purchase a permanent location in 1857. The League to Enforce Peace was created in 1915, proposed at the Century by Theodore Marburg. The organization continued hosting dinners there in 1916 and 1917. The US entered its Prohibition era in 1919 with the enactment of the Volstead Act. One year later, club president Elihu Root conveyed to the US Supreme Court that should the court find the act constitutional, Congress would have no limitations, changing the nature of the federal government. At the start of the Prohibition era, a pantry was converted into the club's bar. Alcohol was not sold or served in accordance with the Volstead Act although members did store alcohol in their own lockers, and could serve themselves from the bar. Additional lockers were installed in this period to accommodate the increased use. After Prohibition, the first bottle served there was an Italian Swiss Colony-brand bottle, signed by nine Centurions. The bottle had been kept at the bar since then. By 1928, with the country still prohibiting alcohol, the Centurion Herbert Hoover was elected as the next President of the United States. No Centurions reportedly voted for him due to his support of Prohibition, though members were still cordial to Hoover, as club members have always held a traditional agreement to keep business and political affairs outside of the club. In 1929, the Great Depression began to affect all of America, triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that October. The Century Association initially kept spirits high, with the same affairs and discussions at the club. On that New Year's Eve, a member donated suckling pigs for those present to enjoy with music and wine. Throughout the year, artists, sculptors, and authors began to be affected; however by 1931, the club's assets began growing again and funds began to multiply. In 1940, President Roosevelt made the Destroyers for Bases Agreement; this is attributed to his men, known as the Century Group, having held fortnightly dinners at the Century to discuss aiding the war effort. In 1941, as the U.S. entered World War II, club members began to enter the Army or Navy. The club put up a military map of Europe in its halls, which General Horace Sewell, part of New York's British Library of Information, maintained daily. In late 1945, members began returning from the armed forces; the club gave an official welcome back to the veterans in spring 1946. 110 members served during the war, as well as 12 members of the club's staff. They held ranks from private to major general or rear admiral in the war. Medals awarded included 4 Distinguished Service Medals and 16 Legion of Merit awards, among other US and international awards. On January 13, 1947, the club celebrated its 100th year with a celebration and annual meeting, attended by 400 members. Around 1985, the issue of admitting women into the club arose. Judge Robert Bork resigned from the association that year, having also signed a petition in favor of the club's admittance of female club members. Beginning in 1986, the city government began to investigate the club, along with two others, for discrimination against women. Public Law 63, a New York City law enacted in October 1984, made it illegal for clubs to discriminate based on sex, race, origin, or other factors, unless the club was "distinctly private", defined as having fewer than 400 members and not providing regular meals or collecting regular dues or payment from nonmembers. In 1987, the law was brought before the New York Court of Appeals; the Century vowed to follow the law and admit women if the law was upheld, or to do nothing if the law was repealed. The 1987 vote passed with 71 percent in favor; the first poll, in 1982, passed by 80 percent and a 1985 poll was almost evenly split. Some members declared that they would resign if the club refused to admit women; some declared they would resign if it did begin admitting them. Some members stated they would rather withdraw amenities and become a distinctly private club. The University Club, in the same predicament at the time, voted to not comply with the law, leaving the city to enforce it. Members were divided on the issue, as some found that the convening of "authors, artists and amateurs" would not change with the admittance of women; others determined "delightful difference of the sexes" was a benefit not to be eliminated by what was deemed a "fashionable whim". Women first were admitted as members to the club in 1988, after further contentious debates. In late 2010, the members of the Century Association began to debate whether the club should end its reciprocity agreement with the Garrick Club in London, which allowed women to enter only in the company of men. After debating, the members voted to end the reciprocity agreement on March 1, 2011. One Garrick Club member told London's The Daily Telegraph that he "would not be mourning the loss of his colonial cousins – or access to their facilities." A male Century Association member told the New York Observer that giving up infrequent visits to the Garrick Club "versus condoning the discrimination of women" seemed like "a pretty easy trade-off". ==Locations and architecture== ===Early homes=== The club's fourth home, on 8th Street, was first occupied by the association in 1852. Henry L. Pierson supervised the move-in, and used his collection of copies of casts of the works of Bertel Thorvaldsen to adorn the rooms. Other members gave similar artworks to decorate. It was kept like a residential home on the first floor, and with the oil paintings and small tables. ===42 East 15th Street=== thumb|upright|15th Street location The club's first permanent headquarters was an existing two-and-one-half-story residence at 42 East 15th Street, later redesignated 109–111, between Union Square East and Irving Place. Built in about 1847 and purchased by the Century Association in 1857 for $24,000, the dwelling was extensively remodeled four times during its 34 years as a clubhouse. The first time was immediately upon purchase under the direction of New York architect Joseph C. Wells, a Centurion. Expanded at a cost of $11,000, the renovated building was more than twice the size of the original house and styled like an Italian palazzo with facing of ashlar or possibly stucco treated to resemble ashlar masonry. Continuing its growth in both membership and programs during and after the Civil War, the Century Association required larger facilities. Although the club's members considered moving, financial constraints led them in 1867 to ask member and architect Charles D. Gambrill (1834–1880) to enlarge their existing structure. Gambrill's plans called for internal alterations, an expansion to the rear to accommodate an art gallery on the second floor and a billiard room on the main floor, a mansard roof, and a new unified, brick exterior trimmed with Lockport limestone. The rear extension was promptly completed, but for reasons no longer understood the rest of work was delayed until 1869. By the time construction began again, Gambrill had replaced his previous partner, George B. Post, with noted young architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886), who had recently returned from his architectural training in France and joined the Century Association. It appears that Richardson helped change Gambrill's initial plans, making this one of his early works, before he became one of the most influential architects in the United States (Jeffrey Karl Ochsner calls it Richardson's eighth commission). The 1869 remodeling cost $21,000, and included an upwards expansion into a mansard-covered third floor. Completely eliminating the prior palazzo feel, it featured a unified neo-Grec style. Although Richardson would later develop a highly personal Romanesque style, his training at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris equipped him to design in neo-Grec with its abstracted classical features that worked well in modern materials such as the brick employed here. In 1878, Gambrill and Richardson dissolved their partnership, and in the same year Richardson made yet further modifications to the clubhouse. The building is the oldest surviving clubhouse in Manhattan, and has been a New York City landmark since 1993. The exterior was restored and the interior converted in 1996-97 by Beyer Blinder Belle, and in recent years it has been the Century Center for the Performing Arts, which had a 248-seat theatre, a ballroom and a studio. As of 2006 it is the New York production facility for Trinity Broadcasting Network, a religious television company.World's largest religious TV network buys performing arts center at the Cushman & Wakefield website (August 6, 2006) ===Current location=== In 1891, The Century Association left 15th Street for its current location, an Italian Renaissance-style palazzo at 7 West 43rd Street. At the time of the move the club had about 800 members.Mooney, James E. "Century Association" in McKim, Mead & White was retained; their design established a preferred style for private clubhouse buildings all over the United States in the following decades. The structure was designated a New York City Landmark in 1967, and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982. The clubhouse was restored by the architect Jan Hird Pokorny in 1992. ==Notable members== The Century Association counts about 2,000 current members and a historical total of about 11,000 members. A number of members have made significant contributions in the fields of government, law, science, academia, business, arts, journalism, and athletics, among others. Its members have included 29 Nobel Prize laureates, eight Presidents of the United States, ten US Supreme Court justices, 43 Members of the Cabinet, members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Roosevelt, and Astor families, and other noted individuals. Members are known as "Centurions." Centurions who have attained the presidency include Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert C. Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Chief Justices have included Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Howard Taft; associate justices included Samuel Blatchford, William J. Brennan, Jr., Benjamin N. Cardozo, John Marshall Harlan, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Edward T. Sanford, and Potter Stewart. ===Honorary members=== The club has a tradition of selecting existing members as honorary members. These have included: George Bancroft, Augustus R. Macdonough, John H. Gourlie, William J. Hoppin, John Jay (grandson of Founding Father John Jay), Richard Henry Stoddard, Daniel Huntington, Worthington Whittredge, John La Farge, Henry Codman Potter, William Dean Howells, Charles Collins, Elihu Root, George Haven Putnam, Alexander Dana Noyes, Royal Cortissoz, and Henry Crampton. ==See also== * List of gentlemen's clubs in the United States * List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets * National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets * The Century Company * The Century Magazine ==References== Notes Bibliography * Century Association. The Century, 1847–1946. (1947) * Duffy, James (ed.) The Century at 150: Excerpts from the Archives. (1997) * Gourlie, John Hamilton. The Origin and History of the Century. (1856) * Mayor, A. Hyatt & Davis, Mark. American Art at the Century. (1977) * Nathan, Frederic S. Centurions In Public Service. (2010) ==Further reading== * For further information on the history of the club. * For further information on the club's art collection. ==External links== * * Century Association Archives Foundation * Paintings depicting the Century, by John Fulton Folinsbee Category:1847 establishments in New York (state) Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1869 Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1891 Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Category:Clubs and societies in Manhattan Category:Gentlemen's clubs in the United States Category:Midtown Manhattan Category:Organizations established in 1847 |
The Wild Boy is a science fiction novel by Warren Rochelle. It was published in 2001 by Golden Gryphon Press. The story concerns a race of extraterrestrials who land on Earth in order to genetically engineer humanity to be their pets. ==Plot overview== The Lindauzi - a bearlike alien species bred to bond empathically with another species - find themselves adrift when their symbiont species, the Iani, are wiped out by a plague. Seeking another species with which to bond, the Lindauzi settle on Earth, domesticating and breeding humankind to fill the void left by the Iani. With their culture coming apart at the seams, and extinction from feral reversion threatening their species, the Lindauzi believe they have finally found success and salvation in Ilox, a human boy with great emotional sensitivity. As Ilox's bond with his Lindauzi bond-mate Phlarx grows, however, so does his curiosity regarding the history of humanity, and the answers he seeks lead to his expulsion from, and the downfall of, Lindauzi society. ==Plot summary== The novel switches among several different timelines which ultimately tie together in the last few chapters. As the novel opens, the Lindauzi are reeling from the extinction of their soul-mate species, the Iani, without whom they will lose all sense of themselves and succumb to "reversion," a return to a feral, animal state. Many Lindauzi are choosing suicide over the possibility of reversion; a civil war has erupted between those who believe it is time for the Lindauzi to surrender to extinction, and those who wish to leave the homeworld in search of a compatible species to replicate the bond the Lindauzi had enjoyed with the Iani. Corviax, son of the Left Emperor, finally wins the right to lead a search expedition; they discover that the humans of Earth share many similarities to the Iani and, believing that the Iani emotional bond with the Lindauzi can be recreated in the humans, Corviax instigates an ambitious scheme to make the human population more receptive to the Lindauzi. He begins by covertly releasing viruses to thin the planet's population, and his fleet endears itself to the sick and traumatized survivors by arriving with a cure for the virus, seemingly by pure coincidence. Once a bond of trust has been established, the Lindauzi begin building settlements and inviting humans to live with them. Further dependence is fostered in the humans by the systematic decimation of the humans' companion animals, such as dogs and cats, by more viruses. Within three or four generations, humanity is completely dependent upon and subservient to the Lindauzi, who have begun their breeding program in earnest. Ilox is the pinnacle of the breeding program, an exceptionally bright and empathic human boy who at an early age can sense the presence and emotions of nearby Lindauzi. He becomes the pet of Phlarx, a young Lindauzi noble, and the two form a deep bond - "heart to heart, mind to mind, soul to soul," as is the stated goal of the breeding program. Despite his attachment to Phlarx, Ilox is insatiably curious, especially about human history. "Dogs" - as humans are now called by the Lindauzi - are forbidden from acquiring this knowledge, but Ilox eventually learns of the origins of the Lindauzi, the extinction of the Iani, and the lengths to which the Lindauzi went to engineer humanity to their specifications. At the same time he comes by this knowledge, Ilox falls in love with another pet human, Nivere, and is caught having sex with her. Nivere is euthanized, and Ilox - formerly seen as the Lindauzi hope for a new partner species - is now thought to be a failed breeding experiment of no use to the Lindauzi. He is separated from Phlarx and abandoned in the wild to fend for himself or die; his disappearance is written off as an accidental death. Ilox is taken in by a small tribe of "wolves" - humans who have resisted domestication by the Lindauzi and live apart from them, hiding in the ruins of human cities. Ilox eventually adapts to life among the free humans in the settlement of Jackson, and takes a wife, Mary, with whom he has two sons, Caleb and Davy. Despite his new life as a "wolf," Ilox misses Phlarx dearly, and one day when Caleb is eleven, Ilox leaves the human settlement to return to his Lindauzi bondmate. Not long after this, the settlement falls under siege by Lindauzi "hounds," humans bred to hunt and kill "wolves." Caleb, the only survivor of the raid, wanders on his own for a time until he is discovered and brought before Prince Orfassian, son of the late Corviax. Orfassian, impressed with the fact that Caleb can speak (and specifically, curse) in the Lindauzi language, decides to keep Caleb as a novelty, and has him trained as a "show dog." Ilox, meanwhile, has been reunited with Phlarx and tries to tell him about the indignities humanity has suffered to become the pets of the Lindauzi. He tries to explain that the symbiotic bond that existed between the Iani and the Lindauzi can never be recreated as long as humanity remains subservient to the Lindauzi, and that humans cannot be forced into loving another being, but must be allowed the choice of loving, as Ilox chose to love his wife Mary. Phlarx cannot comprehend this, however, and thinking that Ilox has been corrupted by living among wolves, has him sealed in a sensory deprivation cocoon in an attempt to correct what Phlarx sees as a flaw in Ilox's otherwise impeccable breeding. This only has the effect of driving Ilox insane, however, and while Ilox is now more dependent upon Phlarx than ever before, he is a far cry from the intelligent, capable companion Phlarx desired. Caleb is eventually reunited with his father, who no longer recognizes him, and the pair escape from the Lindauzi city of Umium - built on the ruins of New York City - via the old city's subway system. They are intercepted by Phlarx, who is on the run from Lindauzi authorities for displaying signs of reversion and is suffering from severe guilt for what he has done to Ilox. Phlarx agrees to take Caleb and Ilox to the "Summer Country" - South America - where it is too warm for Lindauzi to settle and humans live with relatively little interference. Prince Orfassian, upon hearing of Phlarx's supposed reversion, the escape of Ilox and Caleb, and the truth behind Ilox's supposed "death" years previously, finally realizes that the bond cannot exist in humans the way it did in the Iani, and that the Lindauzi are facing inevitable reversion and extinction. He arranges for the air filters in the forcefields surrounding the Lindauzi cities to be altered so that carbon monoxide emissions will slowly reach lethal levels, leading to a peaceful and dignified death for his species. Caleb adapts well to life among the human population of the Summer Country, and Ilox slowly begins regaining his senses, though he never recovers them completely. He has recurring prophetic dreams about the death of all the Lindauzi, which the humans of the Summer Country decide to act on, making tentative exploratory forays beyond their safe haven in the tropics. Phlarx does not fare as well as the humans, however; he suffers in the tropical heat, and this, combined with his compromised bond with Ilox, leads to his death within a few months. Ilox dies along with him, and the pair are buried side by side - Ilox on the boundary of the sanctified ground of the village cemetery, and Phlarx just beyond it. ==Species== *Lindauzi: masc. Lindauzu, fem. Lindauza. A genetically engineered, sapient species who require an empathic bond with another compatible species to survive; left unbonded, they will eventually succumb to a total loss of sentience, known as reversion. This is apparently regarded as a fate worse than death, as many Lindauzi chose suicide over possible reversion after the extinction of the Iani. Lindauzi are described as resembling a cross between a bear and a panther; they stand upright, between roughly seven and ten feet tall, and are covered with thick, shaggy fur that is said to have an unpleasant smell when wet. They have retractable claws and fangs and crests of fur on their heads which raise and lower according to mood. Lindauzi are highly intelligent and technologically advanced; they mature much more slowly than humans and seem to have longer lifespans, as well. *Iani: the starfaring humanoid race responsible for genetically engineering the Lindauzi and granting them sapience, creating a partner race. They are described as being very thin and long-fingered, taller than humans, but less so than Lindauzi. The species was completely wiped out by disease, with the last few dying off approximately two generations before Corviax initiated the search for their replacements. They are referred to as the "star-cousins" of the human race, and it is alluded that they once visited Earth, as Corviax gleaned our planet's location from historic navigational charts. ==Main characters== *Ilox: a human bred and raised by the Lindauzi. He is very tall, fair-haired and pale-skinned; he has exceptional empathic abilities, and is capable of sensing the approach of Lindauzi from a considerable distance. He forms an instant and intense bond with Phlarx, the Lindauzi youngling to whom he is given as a pet. *Phlarx: Ilox's owner, a member of a Lindauzi noble family. Blond-furred, he is rather lackadaisical and careless, and a bit simpleminded. He loves Ilox deeply, but seems to believe that Ilox's love for him is somehow compromised if Ilox has love for anyone else, including Ilox's wife Mary and sons Davy and Caleb. Grows to develop a general empathy of his own for all humans, not just Ilox, as he says he can feel the hatred the humans of the Summer Country feel towards him. Lived in mortal fear of his father Morix for much of his childhood; as an adult, took over management of his father's tobacco plantation, and was engaged to be mated to Xian, a political marriage that would tie his line to the royal family. *Caleb: Ilox's son; he is dark-haired and -complected, but shares his father's incredible empathy. He can sense the thoughts and emotions of nonsentient animals, such as domestic dogs and mice; see the emotional "auras" of other humans; and sense the feelings of Lindauzi. Learned to speak Lindauzi from his father, a skill that ultimately saved his life after the destruction of his hometown of Jackson in a Lindauzi pogrom. Along with his brother, was disliked by most of the other residents of Jackson due to his heritage, as free humans distrust Lindauzi-bred pets. Under the ownership of Prince Orfassian, became a "performing animal," competing in shows and sporting events. *Morix: Phlarx's father. Blond-furred like his son, he is harsh, gruff and largely unloving. Ran a tobacco plantation and had a reputation as a breeder of high-quality dogs. His bondmate was Sandron, Ilox's sire, who died at a young age, leaving Morix bereft. Was prone to vicious outbursts of temper, a trait he passed on to Phlarx. Killed himself after Prince Orfassian learned the truth about Ilox's supposed death. *Mary: Caleb's mother, wife of Ilox. Was one of few Jacksoners able to read, a skill she imparted to Caleb. Discovered Ilox in the snow after his banishment from the Lindauzi plantation and taught him how to live among free humans. Had one stillborn child before Caleb; died giving birth to Davy. *Davy: Caleb's four- year-old brother; died in the Lindauzi raid on Jackson. *Aunt Sara: Mary's sister, charged with taking care of Caleb and Davy after Mary died and Ilox left Jackson; had a particularly intense dislike for Ilox and Caleb, on whom she freely took out her aggressions. Died in the Lindauzi raid on Jackson. *Chlavash: a red-furred Lindauzi breeder in the direct employ of Prince Orfassian, personally charged with training Caleb for participation in shows and athletic events. Among the Lindauzi who opted not to take a human bondmate, he displayed surprising compassion and affection; this was largely directed only at Caleb, though, whom he still seemed to regard only as a valuable and treasured pet rather than as an equal. *Corviax: former Crown Prince of Lindauzian, son of Left Emperor Orfassian, leader of the search fleet that discovered Earth and instigator of chain of events that led to the Lindauzi domestication of humankind. Was quite ruthless in concealing the extent of his species' involvement in the plague that decimated humanity. Died when Ilox was thirteen, at the age of about 120 years. *Crown Prince Orfassian: son of Corviax; described as being fond of strange and novel things. Seemed to have a bit of a temper. Was the first Lindauzi to truly realize and accept that his species was headed for extinction and organized a dignified death via carbon monoxide poisoning, rather than let the Lindauzi race revert and become wild animals. *Tyiul: Phlarx's older sister; seemed to have some genuine care and affection for her brother. *Nivere: Tyiul's companion pet, a girl two years older than Ilox. As she and Ilox grow into adolescence they become attracted to one another and enter into a sexual relationship; additionally, she becomes Ilox's confidant as he shares with her the knowledge he gleaned about human history. When their relationship is discovered, Nivere is put to death. *Ossit: mother of Phlarx and Tyiul, mate of Morix. As is the case with most Lindauzi, her marriage was politically motivated and - like her relationships with her children - devoid of any real affection. One of few Lindauzi who still had memories of the homeworld; opted never to take a human pet and regarded them with open distaste. Committed suicide not long after Phlarx was gifted with Ilox. ==External links and references== *Listing on publisher's website *Amazon.com listing *Review at Infinity Plus Category:2001 American novels Category:2001 science fiction novels Category:American science fiction novels Category:Alien invasions in novels |
Spycraft is a d20 and OGL-based role-playing game dealing with superspies and modern action. Originally published by the Alderac Entertainment Group (AEG), it is currently published under licence by Crafty Games. ==History== Originally envisioned—and initially publicised—as a paranormal superspy game called Series Archer, the game was split into 2 complementary product lines: Spycraft (silver trade dress) which devoted itself to a generic cinematic superspy/action setting, and Shadowforce Archer (black trade dress) which featured a setting focused on a global shadow conspiracy based on a wide variety of supernatural elements. After the release of the core book (subsequently referred to as the Spycraft Espionage HandbookSpycraft Espionage Handbook . Crafty Games product page. Retrieved 7 January 2008.) in 2002, multiple print supplements were released in the following years for both lines. Each of these books sported highly distinctive cover art by artist Veronica V. Jones. A new edition of the rules, Spycraft 2.0, was released in August 2005.Spycraft. RPG Resource. Retrieved 7 January 2008. Shortly afterwards, economic issues forced AEG to cull Spycraft from its product range. As a result, early in 2006 the core authors of the 2nd edition – Alex Flagg, Scott Gearin and Patrick Kapera (who also co-authored Spycraft 1.0)) – formed Crafty Games to continue the line under licence, predominantly through PDF file releases supported by strategic print releases. This model has changed over time, permitting a growing number of print releases including compilations of previous PDF releases. During this time Crafty Games began referring to Spycraft 1.0 as Classic Spycraft.Classic Spycraft Catalog . Crafty Games. Retrieved 13 August 2012. ===Awards and nominations=== ====Classic Spycraft==== * ENnie (Nominee for Best d20 Game, 2002) * Outie (Best New RPG, 2002) * Pen & Paper (Best Graphic Design Runner-Up, 2002) * Pen & Paper (Best RPG Runner-Up, 2002) * Grog d'Or (Best RPG Nominee, 2003) ====Spycraft 2.0==== * Outie (Best Retread, 2005) * Diana Jones (Nominee for Excellence in Gaming, 2006) * ENnie (Nominee for Best d20 or OGL Product, 2006) * ENnie (Nominee for Best Game, 2006) * ENnie (Nominee for Best Product, 2006) * ENnie (Nominee for Best Rules, 2006) ==System== ===Classic Spycraft=== thumb|Spycraft Roleplaying Game (Classic Spycraft) cover Classic Spycraft is a d20 System game, implementing a number of changes to the core mechanics in order to give a more contemporary feel: * The system used the Vitality/Wound Point system originated in the Star Wars d20 RPG. * Races were replaced by Departments. The mechanic would later evolve into the slightly more simulist meta-Departments before then being used to model non-humans. * Characters gained both a Defense and Initiative bonus which improved with their character levels, while armor instead adds damage resistance rather than add to defense (Armor Class). * Modern day skills like Computers and Electronics were added to the skill list. Characters in Spycraft can also critically succeed or critically fail at skill checks. * A system for resolving high-speed chases was included in the main rulebook (and expanded somewhat in later supplements). The system involves both sides of the chase picking maneuvers with specific game effects and then rolling a contest of skill to determine which takes effect. The system was later used by the d20 conversion of White Wolf Publishing's Aeonverse games. * Characters kept a certain amount of personal gear, but the gear would be replaced by the Agency the characters worked for when lost. Characters also received additional gear for each mission based on the threat level code of the mission (White, Yellow, Red, or Black). * Characters received a number of "Action Dice" based on their character level (and feat selection) for each play session. These Action Dice would be used during play to add to die rolls or to activate a critical success (or critical failure on the part of your opponents). The Game Control (Spycraft's term for a Game Master) also received a number of Action Dice to use for his NPCs, and could award the players (and himself) additional Action Dice for particularly good play. ===Spycraft 2.0=== Spycraft 2.0 took these changes a step further and was released under the Open Game Licence (OGL), but not the d20 System Trademark License. There were also numerous changes from Classic Spycraft, such as: * New character options, including Wealth and Interests, help flesh out characters more effectively. * Plug-and-play modifications called Campaign Qualities that allow characters to advance in some skills and abilities faster at the expense of others that slow down by the same rate. Other Campaign Qualities have more general effects, such as defining the campaign as taking place in a specific time period, or making combat more of a danger. * Each character chooses an Origin at character creation. Unlike D&D;'s Race mechanic and Classic Spycraft's Departments, Origins consist of two parts which allow players to choose an almost unending variety of character benefits and detriments. * The skills system has been reworked. The d20 System skill list has been replaced by a new list. Each skill has a variety of codified checks that that skill can perform. The skills rules more rigorously detail matters that were often left to group contract in other d20 System games. * A redesigned gear system that simplifiesSpycraft 2.0 Rulebook Second Printing. Crafty Games product page. Retrieved 7 January 2008. one of the more unwieldy parts of Classic Spycraft. Budget and Gear Points have been replaced with Common Items, and a number of Gear Picks based on a character's class and gadgets can now be designed freeform style. * Vehicular chases have been expanded into a new rules mechanic called Dramatic Conflicts. The one system covers chases, seduction, hacking and other dramatic events. * Mission and NPC creation have been redesigned, and are now crafted to give a set amount of XP based on their ability instead of using Challenge Ratings. This simplifies mission creation. ==Campaign settings== ===Classic Spycraft=== ====Shadowforce Archer==== The first of all the Spycraft campaign settings. The world of Shadowforce Archer (SFA) is an Earth where mystical and psionic powers are real. A series of supplemental books that were released to support the SFA worldbook. Each book details one of the international Chambers of the world. Each book has a different theme and includes new rules and agent options appropriate to the theme. The setting was discontinued at the beginning of 2005. Spycraft 2.0 contains many classes and feats that first appeared in the SFA line. The Shadowforce Archer World Book has recently been re-released in PDF format by Crafty Games. The rest of the SFA line will also be made available in PDF format throughout the rest of the year (and possibly into the next). *Archer Foundation Chamber Book [AEG1001]: Details the continent of Australia and the South Pacific region. The theme is super- espionage, conspiracy and paranoia and is an expansion and continuation of the plot and events in the main worldbook. *Pan-Asian Collective Chamber Book [AEG1005]: Details the continent of Asia and the Pacific Rim. The themes are Martial Arts fighting, Anime-style high tech, and hard-boiled Hong Kong action. *European Commonwealth Chamber Book [AEG1006]: Details the continent of Europe. The themes are techno-thriller, suspense, and double-crosses. *African Alliance Chamber Book [AEG1007]: Details the continent of Africa. The themes are action, adventure, misdirection, and mystery. ====Dark Inheritance==== Released in 2004 by Mythic Dreams Studios, Dark Inheritance (DI) was originally a d20 Modern campaign setting but converted across to the Powered by Spycraft banner using the Classic Spycraft rules. It describes an Earth that has been ravaged by ancient mystical powers, allowing Demons and other foul beasts access to this dimension. The setting book contains new rules that allow agents to play as Titans (powerful descendants of antediluvian demi-gods), worship the demonic forces and gain access to mystic powers (reprinted from the SFA world book). There are a number of supplements planned for DI, similar in fashion to those for SFA. There is no release date as yet for any of these supplements. ===Spycraft 2.0=== ====World On Fire==== Released in December 2007, World On Fire is the title of the world book that covers the setting detailed in the Spycraft CCG. Agents are able to fight the forces of evil alongside such groups as the Shadow Patriots and Banshee.Net. The book features even more character options (in the form of new origins, base and expert classes, and new master classes for higher level characters). New classes include the Ace, the Centurion, the Edgemaster, the Fixer, the Forward, the Goliath, the High Roller, the Martial Artist, the Medic, the Menace, the Mole, the Ninja, the Provocateur, the Saboteur, the Spin Doctor, the Street Knight, and the Terrorist. ====Fantasy Craft==== Fantasy Craft was released in both hardcover and PDF formats in 2009 through the Flaming Cobra imprint of Mongoose Publishing. Following Crafty Games' parting with Mongoose, a soft-covered second printing incorporating the errata generated up to that point was released in 2010. Originally the game was intended for release as an expansion of the Spycraft 2.0 ruleset, following up the first two Origin of the Species electronic products that added character creation options for a variety of standard fantasy and classical Greek non-humans to the ruleset. During the development process, the decision was made by Crafty Games to instead take the opportunity to significantly streamline the game mechanics in response to user feedback and create the ruleset referred to as Mastercraft. This permitted the release of Fantasy Craft as a standalone product under the Open Gaming Licence, including full rules for character generation, conversion mechanics for monsters found in the System Resource Document, and the tools for creating, populating and presenting user-generated campaign settings to players. Fantasy Craft was nominated in 2010 for an Origins award for best RPG and an ENnie for Best Writing; it also received an honorable mention at that year's ENnies for Product of the Year. 2010 also saw two further Fantasy Craft soft-covered print products, both of which reprinted previously electronically published material. The first was Time of High Adventure, which compiled the previously published "The Darkest Hour" and "Cleansing of Black Spur" and added a third original mission as well as a chapter expanding upon the implied setting of all three modules. This was followed up by the Adventure Companion, which contained 3 campaign settings originally intended for release as part of the core book before being cut for space, and a fourth chapter offering a number of new game mechanic options, including a compilation of the non- spellcasting "Call to Arms" character class releases, some additional classes and a small library of additional specialities, feats and tricks. A fourth print release titled Spellbound is currently slated for publication. In addition to compiling the spellcasting "Call to Arms" character class releases, its content is focused on greatly expanding the mechanical and narrative options for magic use in a Fantasy Craft game. ====Ten Thousand Bullets==== Long teased on the Spycraft forums under the name 'Project X', Ten Thousand Bullets is a gritty crime setting intended to bring Spycraft down to street level with new rules to allow players to become police, gangsters and everything in between. Originally intended for release at Gen Con Indy 2007, the creative process behind Fantasy Craft has resulted in its being slated for release as a Mastercraft title. ==Organized play== Spycraft has a long history with organized play and living campaigns. For 5 years Spycraft could be played as part of the Living Spycraft campaign, which was a part of the RPGA (Role Playing Game Association) network of Living Campaign settings. The Living Spycraft campaign had been in the planning stages for a while before RPGA approval was provided on 29 August 2002 with the campaign starting properly in October 2002 utilising the, then current, Classic Spycraft rules. In 2005 the campaign converted to the Spycraft 2.0 rules but, at the end of 2007, Crafty Games ended the campaign although the original campaign scenarios are still available as free downloads. A number of volunteers who ran the Living Spycraft campaign restarted it independently as Spymaster but this campaign ceased in 2010. Likewise, in 2008 a UK-only campaign, called For Queen & Country, started. This campaign utilises a version of Classic Spycraft that incorporates aspects of Spycraft 2.0. ==Supplements== ===Classic Spycraft=== * Modern Arms Guide (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Gentleman's Agreement (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Game Control Screen (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Soldier/Wheelman Class Guide (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Fixer/Pointman Class Guide (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Faceman/Snoop Class Guide (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * The 1960s Decade Book (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Most Wanted (Paradigm Concepts (print)) * Agency (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Mastermind (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * U.S. Militaries (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * World Militaries (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) * Battlegrounds (AEG (print), Crafty Games (PDF)) Crafty Games has re-released the first edition books in PDF format.PDF Store Crafty Games PDF Store. Retrieved 7 January 2008. The first two PDF releases, the Spycraft Espionage Handbook and Shadowforce Archer came with a Conversion Document that allows owners to use the material with Spycraft 2.0. ===Spycraft 2.0=== There are currently 28 supplements available for the new version of Spycraft (21 from Crafty Games and 6 licensed products). * Agent X: Firebrand (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Agent X: One Man Army (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Agent X: The Runner (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Back to Basics: Modern SRD Classes for Spycraft (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Bag Full of Guns: Dragon's Fury (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Bag Full of Guns: Red Heat (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Bag Full of Guns: This is My Gun (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Bag Full of Guns: This is My Rifle (Crafty Games (PDF)) * The Big Score (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Black Knight Casino (Darkfuries (print)) * Combat Missions (Paradigm Concepts (print and PDF)) * Conspiracies (Paradigm Concepts (print and PDF)) * Fragile Minds (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Odd Jobs (Crafty Games (print)) * Operation: Nightfall (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Origin of the Species: Classic Fantasy (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Origin of the Species: Light of Olympus (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Origin of the Species: Transmechs (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Practice Makes Perfect (Crafty Games) (PDF) * Real American H.E.R.O.es (Crafty Games) (PDF) * Skyshark Stealth Helicopter (Fat Dragon Games) (PDF) * Shadow Play (Crafty Games (print)) * Spellbound: The Channeler (Revised) (Crafty Games) (PDF) * Spellbound: The Seer (Crafty Games (PDF)) * Spycraft 2.0 Game Control Screen (Crafty Games) (PDF) * Twilight 2013 Shooter's Guide: Alternate Arms (93 Games Studios (PDF)) * Twilight 2013 Shooter's Guide: Pistol-Caliber Carbines (93 Games Studios (PDF)) * World on Fire (Crafty Games (print and PDF)) ==See also== The Spycraft system was used in the Stargate SG-1 role-playing game. This has often been referred to as Spycraft 1.5 due to some small changes that were made to the Spycraft 1.0 rules and were subsequently incorporated into Spycraft 2.0, such as Gear Picks. ==References== ==External links== * Official Crafty Games website Category:D20 System Category:Espionage role-playing games Category:Alderac Entertainment Group games Category:Role-playing games introduced in 2002 Category:Contemporary role-playing games Category:Role-playing games about conspiracy theories |
thumb|right|alt=Adarsh Housing.|Adarsh Housing Society in July 2011. The Adarsh Housing Society is a 31-story building constructed on prime real estate in Colaba, Bombay, for the welfare of war widows and personnel of India's Ministry of Defence. Over a period of several years, politicians, bureaucrats and military officers allegedly conspired to bend several rules concerning land ownership, zoning, floor space index and membership getting themselves flats allotted in this cooperative society at below-market rates. The scam was unearthed in November 2010 which forced the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Ashok Chavan, to resign. In 2011, a report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) said, "The episode of Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society reveals how a group of select officials, placed in key posts, could subvert rules and regulations in order to grab prime government land – a public property – for personal benefit." In January 2011, the Maharashtra government set up a two-member judicial commission to inquire into the matter. The commission was headed by retired High Court judge Justice J A Patil, with N N Kumbhar acting as member secretary. After deposing 182 witnesses over 2 years, the commission submitted its final report in April 2013 to the Maharashtra government. The report highlighted 25 illegal allotments, including 22 purchases made by proxy. The report also indicted four former chief ministers of Maharashtra: Ashok Chavan, Vilasrao Deshmukh, Sushilkumar Shinde and Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil, 2 former urban development ministers: Rajesh Tope and Sunil Tatkare and 12 top bureaucrats for various illegal acts. The allottees included Devyani Khobragade. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the Income Tax Department and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) are currently investigating allegations that three former chief ministers of Maharashtra – Sushilkumar Shinde, Vilasrao Deshmukh and Ashok Chavan – were involved in the scam. ==Alleged violations== The Adarsh Society high-rise was constructed in the Colaba locality of Mumbai. This is considered a sensitive coastal area by the Indian Defence forces and is the location of various Indian defence establishments. The society is also alleged to have violated Indian environment ministry rules. The scam is notable for the fact that it was enacted over a period of ten years and required the active involvement of successive officials in many crucial posts. Rules and regulations across many departments and ministries, both at the Centre and the state of Maharashtra, were flouted or bent to allow for the construction of the building. Some of the more blatant transgressions included: obtaining a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Army towards construction of the building in a sensitive zone, getting the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) development plan modified, and obtaining another NOC for residential development in a Coastal Regulation Zone, often through manipulation of records and misrepresentation of facts. Efforts by honest officers to bring this to the notice of top officials were ignored. The issue was first raised in a newspaper report in 2003 but did not evoke any official reaction. In 2010, it was again raised by various newspapers and TV channels. Questions were raised about the manner in which apartments in the building were allocated to bureaucrats, politicians and army personnel who had nothing to do with the Kargil War and the way in which clearances were obtained for the construction of the building of the Adarsh Society. It had led to the resignation of the then Chief Minister, Ashok Chavan. Some of the current allottees of the flats in the Adarsh co-operative society building have offered to return their flats, denying allegations that they were allotted flats because they influenced or helped, in some manner, the construction of the society by violating the rules. In an interview to The Hindu published on 26 March 2012, General VK Singh, the Chief of Army Staff ascribed many of the attempts to malign him during his tenure to, amongst others, those he described as "the Adarsh lobby", those directly connected to the scam, as well as those who were affected by his efforts to rid the army of corruption. ==Current state of investigation== Several inquiries have been ordered by the army and the Government to probe into the irregularities. === Bombay High Court monitoring of CBI investigation === There was a spate of petitions filed in Bombay High Court seeking to monitor CBI investigation. The petitions are Criminal PIL No. 34 of 2010 by former Journalist Ketan Tirodkar, Criminal Writ Petition No. 3359 of 2010 by Simpreet Singh and Criminal PIL No. 36 of 2010 by Mahendra Singh. Ref. Bombay High Court order dated 17 Feb. 2011 . By this order High Court asked CBI to amend the F.I.R. by adding Benami Properties Transaction Act section 4. Also, the High Court transferred the missing files probe from Mumbai Police to CBI. Praveen Wategaonkar filed Criminal PIL later seeking invoking of Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) into the case. So it has been invoked and Enforcement Directorate came into picture. Reacting to these petitions and based on the slow pace of the investigation in the last two years, Bombay High Court severely castigated Enforcement Directorate for its failure to initiate any probe in the matter on 28 February 2012. Expressing its unhappiness the court observed, "It is unfortunate that ED has remained a mute spectator. There is a serious lapse on the agency's part for not probing into money laundering offence. ED has not moved an inch. It reflects a sorry state of affairs. We are summoning the director as there has been no assistance from his department to the court." The Court also rapped the CBI for the tardiness in its investigations (begun in January 2011). The High Court, again on 12 March 2012, severely castigated the CBI for not arresting any of the accused in spite of having evidence and ordered it to take action without fear or favour. ED having registered a case under Prevention of Money Laundering Act, has decided to launch attachment proceedings of the flats after going through the latest chargesheet filed by CBI. In a landmark judgement, the Bombay high court on 29 April 2016, ordered the demolition of the building. === Arrests === Following the Court's criticism, the CBI carried out eight arrests including two retired Major Generals Tej Kaul and AR Kumar, retired brigadier MM Wanchoo, former General Officer Commanding(GOC) of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa, Adarsh promoter Kanhaiyalal Gidwani and Pradeep Vyas, the then city collector and currently, finance secretary (expenditure) in the Govt. of Maharashtra. Accordingly, on 22 March 2012, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan announced in the legislative assembly that the two IAS officers whose names have figured in the scam, Pradeep Vyas and Jairaj Phatak have been suspended from government service. According to newspaper reports, many of the arrested hold more than one flat in the society in fictitious names. Former Congress MLC Kanhaiyalal Gidwani was reported to have as many as ten flats, which he had bought on behalf of top politicians. Gidwani and his son had been earlier arrested on 6 March 2012, by the CBI for trying to influence CBI officials investigating their alleged involvement in the Adarsh scam. In a further twist to the case, the CBI officers arrested their own lawyers, J K Jagiasi and Mandar Goswami. Jagiasi allegedly asked an Air India (AI) official, one of the accused in the case, to pay a bribe of Rs 5 million in exchange for diluting charges levelled against him. The petty cash books maintained by Jagiasi helped unearth the conspiracy. In addition, Rs 2.5 million was allegedly paid to Goswami. He was the Special Counsel in the Ministry of Law and Justice and at present is working as Retainer Counsel for CBI. According to CBI sources, the tainted AI official approached the CBI for dilution of the case filed against him. Jairaj Phatak and Ramanand Tiwari were arrested by the CBI on 3 April 2012, for their alleged involvement in receiving illegal gratification in the Adarsh Housing Society Scam. === Bail === On 29 May 2012, a special CBI court granted bail to seven of the nine arrested accused in the Adarsh scam since the CBI failed to file a chargesheet within the stipulated 60 days from the time it took them in custody. Those granted bail include Maj. Gen. (Retired-retd) A. R. Kumar, Maj. Gen. (retd) T. K. Kaul, Brig. (retd) M. M. Wanchu, IAS officer and former Mumbai district collector Pradeep Vyas, former Defence Estate officer R. C. Thakur, IAS officer P. V. Deshmukh and former Congress member of the Legislative Council Kanhaiyalal Gidwani (the chief promoter of Adarsh). The bail was set at ₹500,000 rupees (US$7,700). They have been directed to attend the CBI office every Tuesday and Thursday between 10 am and 12 pm. The court also told the accused to deposit their passports and not tamper with evidence. ===Role of Maharashtra Governor K Sankaranarayanan=== In spite of CBI having a strong 'quid pro quo' case against ex Maharashtra CM Ashok Chavan, Maharashtra Governor K. Sankaranarayanan refused to grant permission to prosecute Chavan. Case Time Lines Jan 2014: Sessions court refuses to delete Ashok Chavan's name as accused in the case on request made by CBI. Mar 2015: Bombay High Court also dismisses Ashok Chavan's petition seeking deletion of his name from the case. Oct 2015: CBI submits fresh evidence to Maharashtra Governor Ch Vidyasagar Rao seeking sanction once again. Feb 2016: Governor Rao grants the CBI permission to prosecute Ashok Chavan. Chavan approaches HC challenging Governor's order. Dec 22, 2017: HC allows Chavan’s petition and quashes and sets aside Governor’s order granting sanction to prosecute him. == Inquiry by a Judicial Commission == On 9 January 2011, Government of Maharashtra appointed a two- member judicial commission, under the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1952, to investigate alleged irregularities and corruption. It was decided that the commission would be led by a retired Bombay High Court judge JA Patil while former State Chief Secretary P Subramanian would be the member. The Commission's terms of reference were to investigate all aspects, including land ownership and allotment, permissions given to Adarsh. The Commission was given three months' time to complete the investigation. On 27 June 2012, while deposing before the two-member panel probing the scam, Vilasrao Deshmukh, Union Minister and former chief minister of Maharashtra contended that land was allotted to the housing society after getting clearance from the Revenue Department, passing the buck to his successor, Ashok Chavan who headed the department then. === Report and role of Maharashtra state cabinet led by Prithviraj Chavan=== In April 2013, the commission submitted its final report to the Government of Maharashtra but it refused to table it in the assembly. The Government of Maharashtra deliberately adopted delay tactics and it was only after queries from the Bombay High Court that the Government tabled the report purposely on the very last day of Assembly's Winter Session in December 2013 so that the Adarsh report cannot be discussed in the Winter session of 2013. The report that was tabled was conveniently rejected by the Maharashtra Cabinet led by Prithviraj Chavan. The report indicted 4 former chief ministers: Ashok Chavan, Vilasrao Deshmukh, Sushilkumar Shinde and Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil, 2 former urban development ministers: Rajesh Tope and Sunil Tatkare and 12 top bureaucrats. The report said Ashok Chavan and other bureaucrats gave permissions and clearances in exchange for flats. It found 25 of the society's 102 members ineligible. The report also said Adarsh enjoyed the "political patronage" of Late Vilasrao Deshmukh, Sushil Kumar Shinde, Chavan, Sunil Tatkare and Rajesh Tope. The report revealed that 22 benami transactions took place and that the Adarsh society never sought any environmental clearances. The report mentioned that Devyani Khobragade (who was in the news for a visa fraud allegation by United States Government around the same time the report was released), was an illegal beneficiary of a flat allotted to her. After Rahul Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi publicly disapproved of Maharashtra cabinet's decision to reject judicial report, Prithviraj Chavan convened a cabinet meet to review the decision. The report was partially accepted by the state cabinet. It was decided that the 12 officials named in the report will face departmental inquiry for violating the service conduct rules but appeared going soft on politicians named by the commission for political patronage. The cabinet has also decided to initiate proceedings against 22 benami transactions, adding the commission had recommended action against allottees of such flats as they were found to be in violation of the Benami Transactions Prohibition Act. ==CBI special court rejects CBI plea== K. Sankaranarayanan, Governor of Maharashtra (2010-2014) in 2013 rejected the proposal of Central Bureau of Investigations to grant sanction to prosecute former Chief Minister Ashok Chavan for having favoured Adarsh Society by way of allotment of additional Floor Space Index illegally. It is stated in the C.B.I. proposal that Mr. Chavan grabbed two apartments in the tainted society for these illegal decisions. Acitivist Ketan Tirodkar moved Bombay High Court seeking direction to C.B.I. to proceed against Ashok Chavan without sanction on the basis of Supreme Court Judgement stating that sanction to prosecute is not required in cases that are monitored by Court.[Application 27 of 2013 in Cr.PIL 34 of 2010]. The application states that Governor Mr. Sankarnarayan was Union Minister with father of Ashok Chavan and Ashok met governor on later's birth-day 15 October; 2013; at Raj Bhavan; official residence of the Governor. This meet lasted for an hour; as stated in the application after which Governor rejected the CBI plea of sanction. The application in High Court seeks direction to CBI to proceed with prosecution of Ashok Chavan & Governor. CBI, acting like a caged parrot, conveniently ignored the Supreme Court judgement on the aspect of Sanction to Prosecute being Not Required in cases monitored by Court; and moved the Special CBI court to drop Mr. Ashok Chavan from the process of prosecution. However the special court rejected the CBI's plea to drop his name from the list of accused in the Adarsh scam case. Special CBI court observed even though governor K Sankaranarayanan had rejected CBI's plea for sanction to prosecute Chavan, he could still be tried under the Prevention of Corruption act as he has been accused of criminal misconduct. Special CBI Public Prosecutor Bharat Badami himself admitted in the court that the CBI would be "very happy" to prosecute the former chief minister but "our hands are tied". Another Public Interest Litigation has been moved by activist Ketan Tirodkar seeking to prosecute State Cabinet for having rejected Judicial Commission findings pertaining to Adarsh housing scam.. == Other Issues == Adarsh Housing Society has defended its actions as similar to other housing societies such as Samata, Nyay Sagar & likes in which "serving and retired judges already owned homes in Mumbai but transferred these in names of their children to become eligible for apartments in Samata & Nyay Sagar."Adarsh has a defence, there are so many like us - Indian Express Also, Nyay Sagar Society is constructed upon a plot of land reserved for Housing the War Disabled. ==Events since 2014== In 2014, when the BJP led NDA formed the government of Maharashtra, the case against Ashok Chavan was reopened. However, Chavan appealed and the Bombay High court rejected the reopening of the case. In 2016, the same court ordered the building to be demolished holding that it was illegally constructed. However, the society appealed to the Supreme court of India which in 2018 ordered a stay on the demolition. On the orders of the Supreme Court, the Indian army has secured the building pending further appeals. ==See also== * Aiyaary - A film directed by Neeraj Pandey based on the scam. * Central Bureau of Investigation * Enforcement Directorate * Encyclopedia for Co-operative Housing Society ==References== ==External links== * Will Ashok Chavan be next to be arrested by the CBI? * Adarsh housing scam: 2 IAS officers held, heat is up on 3 ex-Chief Ministers * Adarsh scam: more high-profile arrests to follow? Category:Housing in India Category:2010 in India Category:Political corruption in India Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present) Category:Corruption in Maharashtra Category:Indian National Congress of Maharashtra |
The march across Samar, or Waller's March across the island of Samar, was a failed attempt made in 1901 by a U.S. Marine unit commanded by Major Littleton W. T. Waller to traverse the Philippine island of Samar from Lanang (now Llorente, Eastern Samar) to Basey, Samar, a distance of some . Waller had proposed the expedition in October 1901 to Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith, commander of the military district, as a prelude to the establishment of outposts stretching across the island and thereby stop the flow of supplies to rebels in the north and to isolate rebels in the south. Smith was receptive because he thought that the march might identify the best route for a telegraph line to connect Samar's east and west coasts. The expedition proved disastrous due to the unexpected harsh conditions as well as a mutiny of many of the Filipino porters. Ten Marines died during the attempt and eleven Filipinos were subsequently executed for their role in the mutiny. == Background == For a period of some two years following the cessation of the Spanish–American War, various local groups challenged the occupying army of the United States. The island of Samar had for some time been a source of opposition to American rule. On September 28, 1901, 36 soldiers of U.S. Company C, Ninth Infantry, stationed at Balangiga, were killed in a surprise attack by the insurrectos while many were in the mess hall eating breakfast. Another eight later died of their injuries, and twenty-two were wounded; only four escaped unharmed. It was this event, known as the Balangiga massacre, that provoked General Smith to call for reinforcements, which brought the U.S. Marines into action on Samar. Soon after the Balangiga incident, Captain Edwin Victor Bookmiller, the commander in Basey, sailed with Company G, 9th Infantry Regiment for Balangiga aboard a commandeered coastal steamer, the USS Pittsburgh. Finding the town abandoned, they buried the American dead and set fire to the town. The Balangiga incident provoked shock in the US public, with newspapers equating the defeat to George Armstrong Custer's last stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Major General Adna R. Chaffee, military governor of the Philippines, received orders from US President Theodore Roosevelt to pacify Samar. To this end, Chaffee appointed Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith to Samar to accomplish the task. General Smith instructed Major Littleton Waller, commanding officer of a battalion of 315 US Marines assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification: As a consequence of this order, Smith became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith". He further ordered Waller to have all persons killed who were capable of bearing arms and in actual hostilities against the United States. When queried by Waller regarding the age limit of these persons, Smith replied that the limit was ten years of age. However, it was known that Smith earned his sobriquet, "Hell-Roaring Jake" not due to his violence in war, but because of his penchant for making outrageous oaths and the extravagance of his language. Waller therefore, did not execute Smith's orders. Instead, Waller applied the rules of civilized warfare and the rules provided under General Orders No. 100 of 1863 dealing with irregular warfare, which stated that if enemy units gave no quarter and became treacherous upon capture, it was lawful to shoot anyone belonging to that captured unit. Food and trade to Samar were cut off, intended to starve the revolutionaries into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction to force the inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans from fear and starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General Vicente Lukbán, but he did nothing to prevent contact between the guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 civilians. The Judge Advocate General of the Army observed that only the good sense and restraint of the majority of Smith's subordinates prevented a complete reign of terror in Samar. However, the abuses were still sufficient to outrage anti- Imperialist groups in the United States when these became known in March 1902. The exact number of Filipino civilians killed by US troops will never be known, but an encyclopedic book on casualties in warfare puts the figure at 2,000; an exhaustive research made by a British writer in the 1990s put the figure at about 2,500; Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000. The rate of Samar's population growth slowed as refugees fled from Samar to Leyte,US Senate Committee Hearings "Affairs in the Philippine Islands" Feb 3, 1902, Vol 3, page 2341 yet still the population of Samar increased by 21,456 during the war. A great loss of life is not supported.Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, April–June 2004, Volume XXXII, page 65 ==Arrival of the Marines== On October 20, 1901, a battalion of Marines, consisting of Major Littleton W. T. Waller (commanding), Captains David Dixon Porter (USMC), Robert H. Dunlap, A. J. Matthews and Hiram I. Bearss, First Lieutenants J. T. Bootes, H. J. A. Day, C. C. Carpenter, A. S. Williams and Harry R. Lay, Second Lieutenants J. P. V. Gridley, Frank Halford and M. C. Rogers, Surgeon G. A. Lung, Assistant Surgeon J. M. Brister, and 300 enlisted men, was detailed at Cavite (Luzon, P.I.) for duty on the island of Samar, the easternmost of the Visayan group, by Rear Admiral Frederick Rodgers, U.S. Navy, Senior Squadron Commander of the Asiatic Squadron. Although the Marines were placed under the command of Brigadier General Smith, to reinforce and cooperate with the U. S. Army troops on Samar, it was also contemplated that Major Waller's movements should be supported, as far as possible, by a vessel of the fleet, to which he should make reports from time to time, and through which supplies for his battalion were to be furnished. thumb|USS New York (ACR-2) as she appeared around the time of the Spanish–American War The battalion, composed of Companies C, D and H, First Regiment, and Company F, Second Regiment, equipped in heavy marching order, embarked on the flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, the armored cruiser USS New York at Cavite, October 22, 1901. The battalion arrived at Catbalogan, Samar, on October 24, and the men and supplies were transferred to the USS Zafiro. Preceded by the USS Frolic, carrying Rear Admiral Rodgers and staff and Brigadier General Smith and his aides, the Zafiro proceeded through the straits between Samar and Leyte to Tacloban, Leyte, and then to Basey, Samar, where Major Waller disembarked his headquarters and two companies and relieved some units of the Ninth Infantry. The remainder of the battalion took aboard a 3-inch landing gun along with a 6 millimeter M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun and proceeded to Balangiga, on the south coast of Samar, where Captain David D. Porter was left in command with 159 men, relieving the 17th U. S. Infantry, with instructions to begin operations as soon as possible. Major Waller then returned to Basey. ==Marine operations on Samar== The area assigned to the Marines embraced the entire southern part of Samar. Active operations were immediately begun, both at Basey and Balangiga; small expeditions were sent out almost daily to clear the country of guerrillas under the command of General Vicente Lukbán, who usually operated in small, roving bands. Recently offered amnesty in exchange for his surrender by U.S. General Arthur MacArthur Jr., Lukbán had turned it down and swore to fight to the end. The situation in the vicinity was very tense because of the Balangiga incident and other recent happenings; hence the measures prescribed for crushing the insurrection were somewhat retaliatory. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 people.The Balangiga Massacre: Getting Even by Victor Nebrida On November 5, Major Waller took a detachment to the Sohoton River and drove the guerrillas from their trenches there; two Marines were killed. A number of small expeditions were sent up the Cadacan River; several of these parties were fired on, but the skirmishes were slight. In an engagement, November 8, at Iba, several insurgents were killed and captured. An expedition under Captain Porter, sent out to scout in the vicinity of Balangiga, killed one insurgent and captured seven, and found many relics of the killed men of the Ninth Infantry. As a result of the continual harassing by the Marines along the southern coast of Samar, General Lukbán and his insurgents fell back from that region and occupied their fortified defenses on the Sohoton cliffs, along the Sohoton River. About the middle of November three columns of Marines were sent into the Sohoton region to attack this stronghold, which had been reported by scouts and others to be practically impregnable. Two of the columns, under the command of Captains Porter and Bearss, marched on shore, while the third column, commanded by Major Waller, went up the river in boats. The plan of attack was for the three columns to unite on November 16 at the enemy's stronghold and make a combined assault. On November 17, the shore column struck the enemy's trail and soon came upon a number of bamboo guns. One of these guns, emplaced to command the trail, had the fuse burning. Acting corporal Harry Glenn rushed forward and pulled out the fuse. The attack of the Marines was a complete surprise, and the enemy was routed. After driving the insurgents from their positions the Marines crossed the river and assaulted the cliff defenses. In order to reach the enemy's position, the Marines had to climb the cliffs, which rose sheer from the river to the height of about 200 feet and were honeycombed with caves, to which access was had by means of bamboo ladders, and also by narrow ledges with bamboo hand rails. Tons of rocks were suspended in cages held in position by vine cables (known as bejuco), in readiness to be precipitated upon people and boats below. The guerrillas were unable to spring their trap, however, because of heavy covering fire provided by Medal of Honor recipient Gunnery Sergeant John H. Quick on the Colt machine gun.Boot, Max, "The Savage Wars of Peace", p. 121 The Marines scaled the 200 foot cliffs and with their Krag–Jørgensen rifles and .45 Caliber pistols, drove the insurgents from their positions and destroyed their camps. Major Waller's detachment, coming up the river in boats, did not arrive in time for the attack, which fact probably saved it from disaster; instant destruction would have undoubtedly been the fate of the boats had they undertaken the ascent of the river before the shore column had dislodged the insurgents. Further pursuit of the enemy at this time was abandoned because the rations were exhausted and the men were in bad shape. The volcanic stone had cut the men's shoes to pieces, many of them were barefooted, and all had bad feet. The men had overcome incredible difficulties and dangers in their heroic march. The positions which they had destroyed must have taken several years to prepare. Reports from old prisoners said they had been there years working on the defenses. No white troops had ever penetrated to these positions, and they were held as a final rallying point. The insurrectos of Samar had spent years of labor on the defenses, and considered the cliff fortifications impregnable. No Marines were killed in the attack, which resulted in the deaths of around 30 insurgents and the capture of General Lukbán and his lieutenants. Two of the Marine officers involved in the action, Captains Porter and Bearss, would both later receive the Medal of Honor for their conduct. ==The March== Smith desired that the Marines make the march from Basey across the island of Samar to Hernani, for the purpose of selecting a route for a telegraph wire to connect the east and west coasts. General Smith also asked Major Waller to run wires from Basey to Balangiga, and left to the Major's discretion the point of departure from the east coast, either from Hernani or Lanang. On December 8, two columns left Basey for Balangiga, one, under command of Major Waller, proceeding along the shore line, and the other, under Captain Bearss, marching about two miles inland. Stores were sent by the cutter which was kept abreast of the beach column. Although the Marines did not encounter any organized resistance, the obstacles of nature which they encountered proved far more deadly than the natives and their many contrivances. Major Waller decided to start his ill-fated march across Samar from Lanang, work up the Lanang River as far as possible, then march to the vicinity of the Sohoton cliffs, which his Marines had recently captured. On arriving at Lanang, Major Waller was urged not to make the attempt, however, he says in his report: "Remembering the general's (General Smith's) several talks on the subject and his evident desire to know the terrain and run wires across, coupled with my own desire for some further knowledge of the people and the nature of this heretofore impenetrable country, I decided to make the trial with 50 men and the necessary carriers." The detachment started from Lanang on the morning of December 28, 1901, and was composed of the following personnel: Major Littleton W. T. Waller, Captain David D. Porter, Captain Hirim I. Bearss, First Lieutenant A. S. Williams, Second Lieutenant A. C. DeW. Lyles, U. S. Army (Aide sent by General Smith), Second Lieutenant Frank Halford, 50 enlisted U. S. Marines, 2 native scouts and 33 native carriers.The start was made in boats but when Lagitao was reached, it was found impossible to use them further on account of the numerous rapids; the remainder of the distance was made on foot. One of the most trying features of the march was the necessity for crossing and recrossing the swollen river many times, which kept the men's clothing wet continually. On December 30, it was necessary to issue reduced rations, and the next day the rations had to be cut down to one-half and the number of meals per day to two. The march was continued across the rugged mountains on January 1 and 2. On January 3, the rapidly vanishing food supply and the serious condition of the troops made the situation very critical. The men were becoming ill, their clothing were in rags, their feet were swollen and bleeding, and the trail was lost. After a conference with his officers, Major Waller decided to take Lieutenant Halford and thirteen of the men who were in the best condition and push forward as rapidly as possible and send back a relief party for the main column, which was placed under the command of Captain Porter with instructions to go slowly and follow Major Waller's trail. The advance column was afterwards joined by Captain Bearss and a corporal, the former carrying a message from Captain Porter. A message was sent back to Captain Porter, directing him to follow the advanced column to a clearing which had been found where there was a quantity of sweet potatoes, bananas and young cocoanut palms, and to rest there until his men were in condition to continue the march. This message did not reach Porter, however, as the native by whom it was sent returned two days later, stating that there were so many insurrectos about that he was afraid. On January 4, Major Waller's party rushed a shack and captured five natives, among whom were a man and a boy who stated that they knew the way to Basey. After crossing the Sohoton River, the famous Spanish trail leading from the Sohoton caves to the Suribao River was discovered and followed. The party crossed the Loog River and proceeded through the valley to Banglay, on the Cadacan River. Near this point the party came upon the camp which Captain Dunlap had established to await their arrival. Major Waller's party went aboard Captain Dunlap's cutter and started for Basey, where they arrived on January 6, 1902. Concerning the condition of the men of his party, Major Waller later said: > The men, realizing that all was over and that they were safe and once more > near home, gave up. Some quietly wept; others laughed hysterically. ... Most > of them had no shoes. Cut, torn, bruised and dilapidated, they had marched > without murmur for twenty-nine days. Immediately after the arrival of the detachment at Basey, a relief party was sent back to locate Captain Porter's party. The following day Major Waller joined this relief party, and remained out nine days searching for signs of Captain Porter without success. The floods were terrific and several of the former camp sites were many feet under water. The members of the relief party began to break down, due to the many hardships and the lack of food, and the party had to return to Basey. Upon returning to Basey, Major Waller was taken sick with fever. Meanwhile, Captain Porter had decided to retrace the trail to Lanang and ask for a relief party to be sent out for his men, the most of whom were unable to march. He chose seven Marines who were in the best condition and with six natives, set out January 3 for Lanang. He left Lieutenant Williams in charge of the remainder of the detachment with orders to follow as the condition of the men would permit. Lieutenant Porter's return to Lanang was made under difficulties many times greater than those encountered during the march to the interior. Food was almost totally lacking, and heavy rains filled the streams making it almost impossible to follow down their banks or cross them as was so often necessary. On January 11, Captain Porter reached Lanang and reported the situation to Captain Pickering, the Army Commander at that place. A relief expedition was organized to go for the remainder of the Marines but it was unable to start for several days because of the swollen Lanang River. Without food, yet realizing that starvation was certain if they remained in camp, Lieutenant Williams and his men slowly followed Captain Porter's trail, leaving men behind one by one to die beside the trail when it was no longer possible for them to continue. One man went insane; the native carriers became mutinous and some of them attacked and wounded Lieutenant Williams with bolos. Williams later testified that their mutinous behavior left the Marines in daily fear of their lives; the porters were hiding food and supplies from the Marines and keeping themselves nourished from the jungle while the Marines starved. The 11 porters were placed under arrest when Williams' command reached Lanang. After an investigation, Waller ordered the summary execution, without trial, of the eleven Filipino porters for treason, theft, disobedience and general mutiny. Ten were shot in groups of three (one had been gunned down in the water attempting to escape) The bodies were left in the square, as an example, until one evening, under cover of darkness, some townspeople carried them off for a Christian burial. Waller later reported the executions to General Smith, as he had reported every other event. "It became necessary to expend eleven prisoners. Ten who were implicated in the attack on Lt. Williams and one who plotted against me." After having left ten marines to die along the trail, Lieutenant Williams was finally met by the relief party on the morning of January 18 and taken back to Lanang. Lieutenant Williams, left in charge of the weakest men of the expedition, undoubtedly had the most trying task of the whole unfortunate affair. The full circumstances of his attempt to extricate these exhausted men from the midst of that wild tropical jungle is one of the most tragic yet the most heroic episode in Marine Corps history. The entire march across Samar was about 190 miles. Major Waller's march, including his return with the party searching for Captain Porter, was about 250 miles. Waller's Marine Battalion on Samar was relieved by U.S. Army units on 26 February 1902. He and his Battalion left Samar on 28 February, returning to Cavite on 2 March 1902. For many years, thereafter, officers and men of the United States Marine Corps paid a traditional tribute to the indomitable courage of these marines by rising in their presence with the following words of homage: "STAND, GENTLEMEN, HE SERVED ON SAMAR!" ==Aftermath== thumb|250px|The San Francisco Call, 26 April 1902 General Smith passed Waller's report of the executions to his superior, General Adna R. Chaffee. Chaffee decided to investigate these executions, despite General J. Franklin Bell purportedly having carried out similar executions on a much larger scale months before with no subsequent investigations. Waller was brought up on charges of murder in ordering the execution of the eleven Filipino porters. A court martial began on March 17, 1902. The court-martial board consisted of 7 Army officers and 6 Marine Corps officers, led by U.S. Army General William H. Bisbee. Major Henry P. Kingsbury, USA, the prosecutor, read the charge and specification. Waller's attorney, Cdr Adolf Marix USN, first argued, unsuccessfully, that the Army had no jurisdiction over him as he was still under Marine Corps command. From the court martial transcript: > "The specification does not allege that Major Waller is now detached for > service with the United States Army, nor does it allege that due process > against him for the offence was instituted before he was detached from the > Army. The charge does not, therefore, represent a case within the > jurisdiction of the Army court martial." In other words, Marix said, the > Army did not charge Waller when he was assigned to them, and he is not > assigned to them any longer. > "The charges brought against Major Waller were handed to him on March 4, and > constitute the first process against him. This was several days after he was > detached from the Army ... the jurisdiction was therefore voluntarily > surrendered." > "The plea is that the defendant is not subject to the jurisdiction of this > court", General Bisbee noted. > "We want to know whether there is any possible written or other evidence > from the President of the United States placing him on detached duty with > the Army, and thereby placing him within the province of this court." "I can have them here tomorrow morning", the prosecutor responded, and next day he submitted in evidence a series of telegrams between Admiral Rogers and General Chaffee in which the offer of three hundred Marines for service with the Sixth Brigade is made and accepted. "The Marines were serving in Samar by order of the President. The Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy knew they were there." Besides, Major R. N. Getty had been assigned to investigate the shootings at Basey, and had so advised Waller before the Marine battalion was detached from Sixth Brigade on 19 February." > Not sufficient, Marix responded. "Legal proceedings are defined clearly ... > the accused has a right to be present, the witnesses sworn, and be > represented by counsel. Nothing of the kind happened in this case. An > inspector is not a judicial officer." General Bisbee decided that the court was without jurisdiction in the case, but left open the possibility of reversing himself if instructions were received from the office of the Adjutant General of the Army. On 21 March, the instructions arrived. The Assistant Adjutant General noted that the Commanding General of the Philippine Department (General Arthur MacArthur Jr) had ordered a preliminary examination of the case, with a view to legal action, before Waller was relieved of duty with the Army. Waller assisted in Major Getty's investigation, and was questioned by him, so he had to know that he was a party to the proceedings. Besides, a "brief lapse of jurisdiction" cannot mitigate a murder charge. General Bisbee "now decides that (the court) has jurisdiction and directs that the case proceed to trial." Waller carefully entered his plea: To the specification - Guilty, except to the words "willfully and feloniously and with malice aforethought, murder and" - to those words, not guilty. To the charge - Not Guilty Waller did not use Smith's orders "I want all persons killed" to justify his deed, instead relying on the rules of war and provisions of a Civil War General Order Number 100 that authorized "exceeding force", much as J. Franklin Bell had successfully done months before. Waller's counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution then decided to call General Smith as a rebuttal witness. On April 7, 1902, in sworn testimony, Smith denied that he had given any special verbal orders to Waller. Waller then produced three officers who corroborated Waller's version of the Smith-Waller conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith, Waller informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over age 10. During the trial, some sensationalist American newspapers, including his hometown newspaper in Philadelphia, nicknamed Waller the "Butcher of Samar". The court martial board voted 11-2 for acquittal of Waller. Later, the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General dismissed the entire case, agreeing that a Marine Corps officer was not subject to an Army court. As a result of evidence introduced at the Waller trial, General Smith was then court martialed, convicted, admonished, and forced to retire. == Notes == Category:Philippine–American War Category:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century Category:History of Samar (province) Category:History of Northern Samar Category:History of Eastern Samar Category:Massacres in 1901 Category:Massacres in the Philippines Category:United States military war crimes Category:Massacres committed by the United States Category:Events that led to courts-martial Category:War crimes in the Philippines |
According to The Economist Group's Democracy Index 2020 study, Israel is the only democratic country (qualified as a "flawed democracy", ranked #28 worldwide) in the Middle East, while Tunisia (#53 worldwide) is the only democracy (also "flawed democracy") in North Africa. The level of democracy in nations throughout the world published by various democracy indices, report the Middle Eastern and North African countries with the highest scores are Israel, Tunisia, Turkey, Lebanon, Morocco, Jordan and Kuwait. Events of the "Arab Spring" such as the Tunisian Revolution may indicate a move towards democracy in some countries which may not be fully captured in the democracy index. In 2015, Tunisia became the first Arab country classified as free since the beginning of Lebanon's civil war 40 years ago. Theories are diverse on the subject. "Revisionist theories" argue that democracy is slightly incompatible with Middle Eastern values.Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East On the other hand, "post-colonial" theories (such as those put forth by Edward Said) for the relative absence of liberal democracy in the Middle East are diverse, from the long history of imperial rule by the Ottoman Empire, United Kingdom and France and the contemporary political and military intervention by the United States, all of which have been blamed for preferring authoritarian regimes because this ostensibly simplifies the business environment, while enriching the governing elite and the companies of the imperial countries. Other explanations include the problem that most of the states in the region are rentier states, which experience the theorized resource curse. This article follows sources that place Cyprus in Europe, not the Middle East. ==History== The decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire set the stage for nationalist movements to emerge in Southwest Asia and North Africa as the Second French Empire, the Italian Empire, and British Empire began to target and colonize the region. The century between 1820 and 1920 saw the Ottoman Empire shrink from encompassing the entirety of the Levant and Egypt, the Balkans, and significant portions of the coastal Maghreb and Arabian Peninsula, to less than half of the modern state of Turkey. During this period, nationalist movements began in reaction to both the spread of nationalism throughout Europe and to European colonial incursion prior to the Ottoman Empire's collapse. Following the conclusion of World War I in 1918 and the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, many former Ottoman territories not already under European control were colonized by European countries via League of Nations mandates. While European powers were instrumental in establishing the first independent governments that emerged from the Ottoman Empire, the mandatory period was brief, primarily spanning the interwar period and World War II. Interest in national self-determination further increased during the mandatory period, and accelerated as the process of decolonization began in the region following the end of World War II in 1948. During decolonization, current and formerly colonized peoples of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and the horn of Africa grappled with significant political and economic upheaval, both internally and in response to neocolonialism from Western nations. Early Arab nationalism involved transforming ethnically diverse communities coping with the effects of experiencing imperial collapse, colonization, and decolonization in under a century, into a unitary national identity. For most of these emergent countries, democratic statehood was either out of reach due to political instability, or rejected in favor of other forms of government. During the Cold War, the United States of America and the Soviet Union competed for allies in Southwest Asia and North Africa, and the United States has been accused of supporting dictatorships contrary to its stated democratic principles. The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine was the beginning of a policy of American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa, leading, for example, to American intervention on behalf of the democratically elected government in the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. war in Afghanistan and Iraq War represented a significant turning point for the United States' shift in foreign policy in the Muslim world. Although protests against the Iraq War in particular widely criticized American intervention as a form of neocolonialism, American political rhetoric during the Afghanistan and Iraq wars centered on the purpose of the wars being to bring democratization in the region, as the invasions of those countries were partly for purposes of organizing democratic governments.Pratt, N. (2007),"Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World": London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Opponents of American intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq have, however, criticized that democracy cannot be imposed from outside. The two countries have since had relatively successful elections, but have also experienced serious security and development problems. Some believe that democracy can be established "only through force" and the help of the United States. Writers such as Michele Dunne, when writing for the Carnegie Paper concurs with the rhetoric of the late Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin (at that time, referring to peace and terrorism) that the foreign policy position of the US should be to 'pursue peace as though there were no democratization, and pursue democratization as though there were no peace. In other words, the U.S. government should pursue reform and democratization as policy goals in the first instance without worrying excessively about tradeoffs with other goals."Michele Dunne, "Integrating Democracy Promotion into U.S. Middle East Policy", Carnegie Paper No. 50, October 2004. p. 8, The U.S. pressure behind the calling of the 2006 Palestinian legislative election backfired, resulting in the democratically sound victory of Hamas, rather than the US-supported Fatah. Drawing upon the ideas of Middle East scholar Nicola Pratt it can be argued that: > …the outcome of democratization efforts is [in reality]…contingent upon the > degree to which actors' chosen strategies contribute to either reproducing > or challenging the relations of power between civil society and the > state.Pratt, N (May 2004) "Bringing politics back in: examining the link > between globalization and democratization" Review of International Political > Economy 11:2, p 331, However, recent academic critics have characterized intervention in the Middle East as a means towards engendering democracy a failure. The 2011 study Costs of War from Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies concluded that democracy promotion has been flawed from the beginning in both Iraq and Afghanistan, with corruption rampant in both countries as the United States prepares to withdraw many of its combat troops. On a scale of democratization established by Transparency International, Iraq and Afghanistan are two of the worst-ranked countries in the world, surpassed in corruption by only Myanmar and Somalia. ==Measures of democracy== There are several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain indices of democracy in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or unfree using various measures of democracy, including political rights, freedom of the press and civil liberties. === V-Dem Democracy indices === The table below shows how countries score on the 11th edition of the V-Dem Democracy indices in 2020.Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21. Country Electoral Democracy Liberal Democracy Participatory Democracy Deliberative Democracy Egalitarian Democracy 0.737 0.648 0.474 0.558 0.597 0.727 0.644 0.476 0.67 0.571 0.458 0.286 0.265 0.342 0.252 0.365 0.22 0.235 0.255 0.179 0.317 0.288 0.1 0.275 0.246 0.286 0.111 0.164 0.081 0.182 0.284 0.257 0.181 0.274 0.209 0.277 0.147 0.111 0.185 0.251 0.272 0.153 0.132 0.241 0.193 0.268 0.242 0.126 0.224 0.241 0.191 0.142 0.057 0.128 0.178 0.181 0.122 0.084 0.109 0.109 0.176 0.139 0.122 0.059 0.188 0.141 0.091 0.123 0.067 0.155 0.139 0.037 0.056 0.024 0.073 0.118 0.048 0.036 0.041 0.109 0.111 0.037 0.065 0.034 0.028 0.1 0.091 0.04 0.087 0.14 0.08 0.095 0.026 0.099 0.124 0.016 0.047 0.02 0.072 0.118 ==Current state== There are a number of pro-democracy movements in the Middle East. A prominent figure in this movement is Saad Eddin Ibrahim who advocates and campaigns for democracy in Egypt and the wider region, working with the Ibn Khaldun Centre for Development Studies and serving on the Board of Advisors for the Project on Middle East Democracy. When asked about his thoughts regarding the current state of democracy in the region he said: The Middle East Forum, a think tank based in Philadelphia, recently published their table for measurement of democracy within Middle Eastern states. Their contention is that little has changed, post-September 11, 2001, and if anything the "War on Terror" has enabled many regimes to stifle democratic progress. The results showed very little progress from 1999 to 2005. The report even states that this pattern may be counter-productive to US interests, with Islamism being the only viable opposition to regimes in many Middle Eastern countries. As an additional measure of US attitudes towards the issue of Middle Eastern democratization, on 14 December 2006, the US Secretary of state Condoleezza Rice stated that democracy in the Middle East was "non-negotiable." Middle East scholar Louise Fawcett notes how the United Nations Development Programme's Arab Human Development Report 2002, drafted by Western-educated Arab intellectuals, is modelled "on universal democratic principles."Fawcett, L. (2005) International Relations in the Middle East Gosport: Oxford University Press p. 123 In addition, Fawcett argues that "Constitutional democracy is viewed not only as an intrinsic good by the putative globalisers who drafted this Report; it is also an instrumental necessity if the region is to stop stagnating and begin to catch up with the rest of the world."Fawcett, L(2005) International Relations in the Middle East Gosport: Oxford University Press p. 123 The level of democratic process varies widely from country to country. A few countries, such as Saudi Arabia, do not claim to be democracies; however, most of the larger states claim to be democracies, although this claim is in most cases disputed. ===Presidential republics=== A number of republics embracing Arab Socialism, such as Syria and Egypt, regularly hold elections, but critics assert that these are not full multi-party systems. Most importantly they do not allow citizens to choose between multiple candidates for the presidential election.EgyptSyria The constitution of modern Egypt has always given the president a virtual monopoly over the decision-making process, devoting 30 articles (15 percent of the whole constitution) to presidential prerogatives. According to the constitution, the Egyptian president's powers are equivalent to those of the prime minister in parliamentary systems and to the president of the French Fifth Republic."MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT">MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT, "Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa"The World bank, Washington, D.C. 2003, p. 45. Yemen, Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority, while also partly accepting this ideology, are generally considered more democratic than other states that do so, but the power of institutions in the latter two are limited by the domination of Syria and Israel, respectively. ===Absolute monarchy=== Absolute monarchy is common in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia and a few other kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula are considered absolute monarchies. The endurance of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East is notable in comparison to the rest of the world. While such regimes have fallen throughout sub-Saharan Africa, for example, they have persisted in the Middle East. Yet Middle Eastern history also includes significant episodes of conflict between rulers and proponents of change.Marsha Prepstein Posusney, Michele Penner Angrist, eds. "Authoritarianism in the Middle East: regimes and resistance"Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 2005, p. 43. ===Constitutional monarchy=== Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government. Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the monarch may have strictly ceremonial duties or may have reserve powers, depending on the constitution. Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power. The Middle Eastern countries with Constitutional monarchies are generally considered democratic. For example: Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Bahrain are considered constitutional monarchies. ===Islamic governments=== The Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in an electoral system (an Islamic Republic with a constitution), but the system has a limited democracy in practice. One of the main problems of Iran's system is the consolidation of power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by Assembly of Experts for life (unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him which has never happened). Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system, the elected Assembly of Experts elect the Supreme Leader of Iran, who appoints the members of the Guardian Council, who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts. However, some elections in Iran, as the election of city councils satisfies free and democratic election criteria to some extent. In other countries, the ideology (usually out of power) has fostered both pro-democratic and anti-democratic sentiments. The Justice and Development Party is a moderate democratic Islamist party that has come to power in traditionally secular Turkey. Its moderate ideology has been compared to Christian Democracy in Europe. The United Iraqi Alliance, the winner of the recent elections in Iraq, is a coalition including many religious parties. In the book "Islam and Democracy - A Historical Overview", the author Bernard Lewis draws the comparison of increased democratisation and draws attention to the country embracing liberal democracy values. This has been seen recently with the 2022 protests in Iran, sometimes referred to as the Mahsa Amini protests which have come about after opposition to extreme Islamic law in the country, limited freedom of expression and violation of women's rights. They started when Mahsa Amini was executed by the state, and has seen solidarity across some Islamic countries as well as professional Irianian footballers in the 2022 world cup, where they refused to sing their national anthem to draw attention to the protests. ===Iran=== ====History of political systems==== Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years, at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire (550 B.C.E.) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. The constitution went under several revisions during the following decades. During World War II Iran stayed neutral but in 1941 the Allies (the USSR and Great Britain) invaded Iran and replaced Iran's Shah Reza Pahlavi (who was perceived as being pro-German) with his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to protect their access to Iranian oil, and to secure routes to ship western military aid to the Soviet Union. Iran's parliamentary government led by Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq was toppled in a 1953 coup d'état by royalist forces supported and funded by CIA and MI6 after Mohammed Mosaddeq nationalized Iranian oil. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became the preeminent leader in Iran, and instated Fazlollah Zahedi from the military as the new Prime Minister.Amin saikal and Albrecht Schnabel, "Democratization in the Middle East" United Nations University Press New York, 2003, p. 70. United States has considered the Shah as a close ally and Iran as its main base in the Middle East. The Shah also tried to modernize Iran's economy and westernize Iran's culture. These and other policies contributed to alienating nationalists, leftists, and religious groups. The monarchy was overthrown in 1979 by the Iranian Revolution. In the same year a referendum was held by Ruhollah Khomeini, that asked whether there should be an 'Islamic Republic' or not. The 1979 referendum (in favor of an Islamic Republic) got 98% support of those who voted. The constitution was modeled on the 1958 constitution of the French Fifth Republic by the Assembly of Experts for Constitution (who were elected by direct popular vote) and Khomeini made himself the new Supreme Leader of Iran. The constitution received above 99% support in another 1979 referendum. After Khomeini's death, the Assembly of Experts (which is made of Islamic scholars elected by direct vote) appointed Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader. The constitution was also amended through a referendum in 1989 with 97% support a few months before Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died increasing the powers of Supreme Leader. Iran holds regular national elections by universal suffrage for all citizens (regardless of race, religion, or sex, who are of voting age) for electing the President, members of Parliament, Assembly of Experts, City and Village Councils where political parties support candidates. ====Issues with the current political system==== The current political system in Iran was designed to allow Iranians to decide their future by themselves without being oppressed by authorities, but in practice only allows a limited democracy. One of the main problems of Iran's system is the consolidation of too much power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by the Assembly of Experts for life (unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him, which has never happened). The power of the Supreme Leader under Iran's constitution is almost unlimited and unrestricted in practice. This combined with the view that he is the representative of God held by some religious groups, being the head of the security and armed forces, and controlling the official state media (the radio and television are restricted to state radio and television) makes him immune from any kind of criticism and unchallengeable. Critics of the system or the Supreme Leader are punished severely. Critical newspapers and political parties are closed, social and political activists like writers, journalists, human right activists, university students, union leaders, lawyers, and politicians are jailed for unreasonably long periods for making simple criticism against the Supreme Leader, the Islamic Republic system, Islam and Shia doctrines, the government, and other officials. They have been even threatened by death sentence (though all such verdict in recent years have been dropped in higher courts in recent years) and some have been assassinated by the Ministry of Intelligence and militias in the past (no such case has been reported in recent years). Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system, the elected Assembly of Experts elects the Supreme Leader, so in theory he is elected indirectly by popular vote, but in practice the system does not satisfy the criteria for a free election since the Supreme Leader appoints the members of the Guardian Council who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts. This loop limits the possible candidates to those agreeing with the views held by Supreme Leader and he has the final say over all important issues. Also, the fourth unchangeable article of constitution states that all other articles of the constitution and all other laws are void if they violate Islamic rules, and the Guardian Council is given the duty of interpreting the constitution and verifying that all laws passed the parliament are not against Islamic laws. Many articles of constitution about political freedoms and minority rights (e.g. education in mother language for language minorities) have not been applied at all. Other problems include the issues with the rights of racial and religious minorities, influence and involvement of armed forces especially the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Basij in political activities, widespread corruption in the ruling elite, problems with security forces like police and militias like Ansar-e Hezbollah, and corruption in Judiciary. ====Public opinion of Iranians regarding the political system of 2011–2012==== Polls in 2011 and 2012 in Iran by a number of respected Western polling organizations showed that a considerable majority of Iranians supported the system, including the religious institutions, and trusted the system's handling of elections (including the disputed presidential elections in 2009). Some Iranians and political activists dispute the results of these polls arguing that the results of these polls cannot be trusted because people fear to express their real opinion and the limitations on the follow of information allows the state to control the opinion of people living in more traditional parts of the country. Some of these polling organizations have responded to these claims and defended their results as correctly showing the current opinion of Iranians. The polls also showed a divide between the population living in large modern cities like Tehran and people living in other more traditional and conservative parts of the country like rural areas and smaller cities. ===Lebanon=== Lebanon has traditionally enjoyed a confessional democratic system.Deegan, Heather., "The Middle East and the Problems of Democracy", Open university Press, Philadelphia, 1993, p. 103. The Lebanese constitution, doctored in 1926, was based on the French constitution and guaranteed liberty and equality for all its citizens. A large number of political parties with very different ideologies, are active in Lebanon, but most of them form political alliances with other groups of similar interests. Even though certain high-profile positions in the government and the seats in the parliament are reserved for specified sects, intense competition is usually expected of political parties and candidates. In January 2015, the Economist Intelligence Unit, released a report stating that Lebanon ranked the 2nd in Middle East and 98th out of 167 countries worldwide for Democracy Index 2014, which ranks countries according to election processes, pluralism, government functions, political participation, political cultures and fundamental freedoms. ===Israel === Israel is a parliamentary democracy represented by a large number of parties, with universal suffrage for all citizens, regardless of race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation, who are of voting age. Often recognized as the only functional democracy in Arabia and the Middle East, Israel has thrived since 1948 under an elective government and the leadership of prime ministers such as its inaugural, Ben Gurion and its current Yair Lapid. === Palestine === Prior to the mass immigration of Israeli citizens to the region and the two-state solution there was no formal government or authority in the land known as Palestine. Society operated without a democracy, monarchy or dictatorship; merely a conglomerate of tribes, clans, villages and communities headed by a select few elders known as "Sheikhs" also transliterated Sheik, Sheyikh, Shaykh, Shayk, Cheikh, Shekh, Shaik and Shaikh.Cleveland, W. L., & Bunton, M. (2019). A history of the modern Middle East. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. The two state solution drastically altered this and effectively displaced an overwhelming amount of Palestinians. As a result, the semi-political organization, Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed. Yasser Arafat served as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1969 to 2004 and is considered one of the most influential Palestinian leaders.Carroll, I. (2019). Israel and Palestine: The complete history. Oakamoor: Dark River an imprint of Bennion Kearny Limited. ==Arab Spring== The protests, uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa, beginning on 18 December 2010, brought about the overthrow of the Tunisian and Egyptian governments. Libya was brought into a 6-month civil war which brought about the end of Gaddafi's 41-year rule. Bahrain and Yemen experienced uprisings. The uprising in Syria led to full-scale civil war. Tunisia and Egypt have held elections that were considered fair by observers. Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's first president to gain power through an election on 30 June 2012; however, after protests against him in June 2013, as well as a 48-hour deadline by the Egyptian Armed Forces to respond to the protesters' demands that he did not comply with, Morsi was removed from office in July 2013. Morsi's Defence Minister, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who served as a general in the Egyptian Armed Forces at the time, was responsible for announcing the overthrow on state television. Many other countries in the region are also calling for democracy and freedom, including: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Yemen, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Turkey. Research confirms that (in general) people in Islamic societies support democracy.Min-Hua Huang, "Islam and Democracy: A Global Perspective." Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 1(2), 2005, p. 110.Mark Tessler, "Islam and Democracy in the Middle East: The Impact of Religious Orientations on Attitudes toward Democracy in Four Arab Countries." Comparative Politics, 34(3), 2002, pp. 348–350. ==Secularism== Secularism in the Middle East was pioneered by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who, though he himself had some authoritarian tendencies, helped establish the first modern Middle Eastern secular democracy in Turkey. Arab Socialism has also fostered secularism, though sometimes in what has been seen as a less democratic context. Secularism is not the same as freedom of religion, and secular governments have at times denied the rights of Islamists and other religious parties. This is essentially why Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was such a polarizing figure among the Turks. Though he was a Muslim by name, the authoritarian decisions he made in the name of secularism tended to deviate from Islamic tradition. As a result, a trend of a more liberal secularism supporting broader freedom of religion has developed recently in Turkey, while some Arab Socialist states have moved away from secularism to some extent, increasingly embracing religion, though many say without really increasing the rights of religious parties. ==The state, democratization and the Middle East== The reasons for the lack of democratization in the Middle East are outlined by analysts such as Albrecht Schnabel, who says that a strong civil society is required to produce leaders and mobilize the public around democratic duties, but in order for such a civil society to flourish, a democratic environment and process allowing freedom of expression and order is required in the first place. This theory, therefore, supports the intervention of outside countries, such as the U.S., in establishing democracy. "If domestic capacities are lacking, external support may be required. Externally supported creation of fragile, yet somewhat functioning institutions is meant to trigger the momentum needed to encourage the evolution of a functioning civil society. The latter will, after a few years of consolidation and post- conflict stability, produce the first wholly internally crafted government. At that time, external involvement, if still provided at that point, can cede."Schnabel, Albrecht. "Democratization and Peacebuilding." Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges. Ed. Amin Saikal and Albrecht Schnabel. New York: United Nations University Press, 2003. p. 28 Schnabel argues that democratization in the Middle East must come from both below and above, given that pressure from below will be pointless if the political leadership is opposed to reform, while top-down reform (which has been the norm in the Middle East) is not a fruitful endeavor if the political culture in society is not developed.Schnabel, p. 35 Other analysts draw different conclusions. Drawing from the work of Alexis de Tocqueville and Robert Putnam, these researchers suggest that independent, nongovernmental associations help foster a participatory form of governance. They cite the lack of horizontal voluntary association as a reason for the persistence of authoritarianism in the region.MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT, "Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa" The World bank, Washington, D.C. 2003, p. 45. Other analysts believe that the lack of a market-driven economy in many Middle Eastern countries undermines the capacity to build the kind of individual autonomy and power that helps promote democracy. Therefore, the relationship of the state to civil society is one of the most important indicators of the chances of democracy evolving in a particular country. Poverty, inequality, and low literacy rates also compromise people's commitment to democratic reforms since survival becomes a higher priority. Some analysts point to MENA's saturation with Islam as an explanation for the region's failure to democratize. Other analysts believe that the failure of democratization results from the power of the state. Inspired by Skopcol's work on revolution, Belin argues that democratic transition can only be carried out when the state's coercive apparatus lacks the will or capacity to crush opponents. Authoritarianism has been exceptionally robust in the MENA region because many of the states have proven willing and able to crush reform initiatives. Moreover, almost every Arab state has been directly involved in some form of international conflict over the past decades. Research suggests that conflict involvement has a direct influence on the country's prospects for democratization. However, critics of these theories observe that some countries which experience many of these democracy-inhibiting factors are successful in their quest for democratization. ==See also== *Human rights in the Middle East *Human trafficking in the Middle East *LGBT in the Middle East *Islam and modernity *Middle East and globalization *Women in the Arab world *United States foreign policy in the Middle East *American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa ==References== ==External links== * Marina Ottoway, et al., "Democratic Mirage in the Middle East", Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20 (October 20, 2002). * Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, "Think Again: Middle East Democracy", Foreign Policy (Nov./Dec. 2004). * Adnan M. Hayajneh, "The U.S. Strategy: Democracy and Internal Stability in the Arab World", Alternatives (Volume 3, No. 2 & 3, Summer/Fall 2004). * Democracy in Yemen * Gary Gambill, "Jumpstarting Arab Reform: The Bush Administration's Greater Middle East Initiative", Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (Vol. 6, No. 6-7, June/July 2004). * Remarks by George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., "President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East", (6 November 2003). * Robert Blecher, "Free People Will Set the Course of History: Intellectuals, Democracy and American Empire", Middle East Report (March 2003). * Robert Fisk, "What Does Democracy Really Mean In The Middle East? Whatever The West Decides", The London Independent (8 August 2005). *Fawaz Gergez, "Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream?", Yale Global Online (April 25, 2005). *Adam Garfinkle, Joshua Muravchik, Jon Alterman, Michele Dunne, J. Scott Carpenter, "Can the Middle East Sustain Democracy?", Middle East Strategy at Harvard (January 3, 2008). Category:Arab Spring Middle East Category:Politics of the Middle East |
This is a list of live action transgender characters in television (includes TV movies and web series). The orientation can be portrayed on-screen, described in the dialogue or mentioned. Roles include lead, main, recurring, supporting, and guest. The names are organized in alphabetical order by the surname (i.e. last name), or by a single name if the character does not have a surname. Some naming customs write the family name first followed by the given name; in these cases, the names in the list appear under the family name (e.g. the name Jung Seo-hyun [Korean] is organized alphabetically under "J"). __TOC__ ==List== Character Portrayed by Program Notes Aaron Elliot Fletcher The Fosters Trans man who later dates Callie. (2013-2018) Candy Abundance Angelica Ross Pose Trans woman who is HIV-positive. (2018–Present) Elektra Abundance Dominique Jackson Pose Trans woman who is a former shrewd house mother and reigning champion within the ballrooms, and takes on the occupation of a dominatrix in secret. (2018–Present) Lucinda "Lulu" Abundance Hailie Sahar Pose Trans woman, also named Lucinda "Lulu" Ferocity, who is an exotic dancer based in New York City who is a member of the House of Abundance. (2018–Present) Unique Adams Alex Newell Glee Trans woman who was introduced as a shy teen boy, later bcoming a vocalist, and becoming more confident as her trans woman alter ego, Unique. By the 2013-2014 broadcast season, she had become a series regular. (She is the show's first trans character) (2009-2015) Alex Presley Anderson This Is Us Nonbinary romantic partner of Tess (2016–Present) Ana Nava Mau Generation A trans woman who is attempting to be a positive role figure for her niece. (2021–Present) Angelique Jonny Beauchamp Penny Dreadful A mysterious transgender woman who gains Dorian's attention and becomes one of Dorian's love interests. Angelique encounters Dorian Gray in a cafe, later going to her workplace where it is made clear that she is transgender. (2014-2016) Anna Valerie Landsburg 1st & Ten (1984 TV series) Anna is a trans woman who marries the team's kicker, Zagreb Shkenusky. (1984-1991) Antoine Brian Michael Smith Queen Sugar It's revealed that Ralph's childhood friend, Antoinette "Toine" Wilkins, was bullied for being gender- variant growing up and Ralph came to their defense. When they reunite in Season 2, Antoinette has transitioned and is a transgender man, and goes by the name of Antoine. Toine is played by transgender actor Brian Michael Smith. (2016–Present) Ariel Marina Matheus 3% Marina Matheus plays Gloria's friend Ariel in this Brazilian show. (2016-2020) Miss Artiphys Karen Dior Xena: Warrior Princess Trans woman in Season 2 Episode "Here She Comes... Miss Amphipolis". (1995-2001) Maya Avant Karla Mosley The Bold and the Beautiful Trans woman who is married and has a young daughter. Maya is the first trans woman featured on a US daytime soap opera as a series regular and the first transgender bride to be married on a US daytime soap opera. (1987–Present) Cheryl Avery Kate Moennig Law & Order: Special Victims Unit In the season 4 episode, "Fallacy," Cheryl appears, with Moening considering the show to be her initiation to New York City and said "You have to do Law and Order if you lived in New York!" (1999–Present) Ivan Aycock Kelly Lynch The L Word Trans man who is in a relationship with Kit Porter. (2004-2009) Angelica Bain Tom Fisher Wire in the Blood The pilot episode "The Mermaids Singing" (an adaptation of Val McDermid's 1995 book of the same name) features Angelica, a trans woman and serial killer. Angelica abducts and brutally tortures homosexual men to death. Matty Barton Grace Cassidy Emmerdale Trans man who transitioned in his years away from the village. (Matty is the first transgender character on Emmerdale. He was formerly called Hannah Barton and left the serial in 2012, transitioning off-screen before returning in 2018.) (1972–Present) Ash Palmisciano Sheldon Beiste Dot-Marie Jones Glee Trans man who transitions during the series. (2009-2015) Bernadette Wöller Anton Rubtsov Dark Bernadette is a trans woman and prostitute who is Torben's sister. (2017-2020) Max Bernini Sohan Pague SKAM (France) Max is a trans man and Tiffany Prigent's boyfriend. Erica Bettis Helen Shaver The Education of Max Bickford Trans woman with a Ph.D. (2001-2002) Bill Chris O'Donnell Two and a Half Men In the episode "An Old Flame With a New Wick" O'Donnell plays a trans man named Bill and the ex-boyfriend of Charlie Harper. (2003-2015) Sasha Booker Jamie Clayton Designated Survivor The third season features Sasha Booker, a trans woman and the President's sister-in-law. (2016-2019) Hannah Bradford Evie MacDonald First Day Trans girl who is entering middle school and trying to find her "authentic self." (2020) Brandi Jenny McCarthy Just Shoot Me Brandi is a trans woman and an old college friend of Finch's as shown in the episode "There's Something About Allison." (1997-2003) Helen Brears Bethany Black Cucumber / Banana Trans woman who dates a man and has a jealous ex-boyfriend who tries to get revenge on her. (2015) Charlie Briggs Diana Weston My Family Diana Weston plays Charlie Briggs, an old college friend of Ben's who is trans woman. (2000-2011) Cotton Brown Amiyah Scott Star Trans woman who is the daughter of a salon owner and part of the main cast from season 1 forward. (2016-2019) Denise Bryson David Duchovny Twin Peaks Trans woman and FBI agent, who purportedly began presenting as a woman after working undercover. (1990-1991) Sophia Burset Laverne Cox Orange Is the New Black Trans woman and inmate who was incarcerated at Litchfield Penitentiary. (Laverne Cox is transgender, with The Advocate suggesting that this series is the first women-in-prison series that includes a real trans woman playing the role of a transgender person.) (2013-2019) Pat Caddison Robert Reed Medical Center In the two-part Season 7 opener, Dr. Pat Caddison, a former colleague of Dr. Gannon, reveals his intention to transition from male to female. (1969-1976) Robert Calvert Misha Butler Casualty The show featured transgender character Robert in episode 26, "Fatal Error – Part Two," of its 30th season. (2015-2016) Carla Eve Lindley Mr. Robot A woman who is known as 'Hot Carla' because she is a local pyromaniac in the prison and is played by a trans female actress. (2015-2019) Blessing Chambers Modupe Adeyeye Hollyoaks Trans woman who is a glass collector and works at a strip club. (1995–Present) Charlene Jim Bailey Night Court In the Season 3 episode "Best of Friends", Dan meets up with a college buddy who is no longer living as a man but is a woman, hence a trans woman. (1984-1992) Cecilia Chung Ivory Aquino When We Rise Trans woman who plays the real-life activist, Cecilia Chung. (2017) Chris Theo Germaine Work in Progress Chris is a young trans man, barista, and boyfriend to the lead character. Germain appears in all episodes of the show but is credited as a special guest star. (2019–Present) Crystal Clark Krista Allen Married... with Children In the episode "Calendar Girl," Beautiful calendar girl Crystal Clark comes out as a trans woman on national TV, to the horror of those who loved her for her body. (1987-1997) Cole Tom Phelan The Fosters Trans man struggles with his identity and trying to be seen as a boy, both emotionally and physically speaking, and being accepted as such. (2013-2018) Maxine Conway Socratis Otto Wentworth Trans woman who is Bea Smith's bodyguard and was dating Gary until she stabbed him. (2013–Present) Jason Costello Victoria Atkin Hollyoaks Trans man who experienced gender dysphoria and retained an attraction to males. (1995–present) Hayley Cropper Julie Hesmondhalgh Coronation Street Trans woman who later marries a man and is the first regular trans character to be introduced into soap opera. (1960–Present) Davina Alexandra Billings Transparent Trans woman who is HIV-positive. (2014-2019) Dax Various actors Star Trek: Deep Space Nine A symbiont, has changed genders throughout their lives. (1993-1999) Allyson Del Lago Jen Richards Nashville Trans woman and nurse who assists Juliette Barnes in the aftermath of her plane crash.(2012-2018) Bailey Delvecchio Kai Shappley The Baby-Sitters Club Bailey is a trans girl, as learned by her babysitter, Mary Anne Spier who stands up for her with medical staff ignorant about this. (2020–Present) Charlotte DiLaurentis Vanessa Ray Pretty Little Liars Alison's sister and a trans woman, who tries to kill herself and her family, which GLAAD called "regrettable." (2010-2017) Barbara Dixon Steve Pemberton The League of Gentlemen Barbara Dixon is the proprietor of the local taxi firm, Bab's Cabs. (1999-2002) Martin Dunbar Matt Greenwood Waterloo Road A shy and stylish trans woman who appears in one episode, resulting in her being bullied by classmates, but still makes some friends. (2006-2015) Erica Helen Shaver The Education of Max Bickford Erica is a trans woman and best friend of Max Bickford, the title character. (2001-2002) Angel Evangelista Indya Moore Pose Trans female sex worker living near Blanca Rodriguez, a former escort, was romantically interested in Stan Bowes and later became romantically involved with Lil Papi Evangelista. (2018–Present) Blanca Evangelista Mj Rodriguez Pose Trans woman who has HIV and is, as such, disabled. (2018–Present) Morgan Finn Joanne Boland Strange Empire Morgan is a trans male miner in love with a married woman, Rebecca Logan. The series is set in 1869. (2014-2015) Frankie Fox Hannah Alligood Better Things Sam's middle child, Frankie, is a transgender boy. (2016–Present) Wendy Garner Sarah Buxton CSI: Crime Scene Investigation The fifth-season episode "Ch-ch-changes" focuses on illegal sex reassignment operations in the female transgender community, and features several transgender characters like Wendy, Mimosa, and Mona Lavelle. (2000-2015) Mimosa Kate Walsh Dr. Mona Lavelle Lindsay Crouse Raspy Transgender Woman Bijoux Deluxe Transgender Person David Michael Fordham Georgette Beau Bridges The Closer In the episode "Make Over," Bridges plays Georgette, a transgender woman and Provenza's ex-partner. (2005-2012) Gittel Hari Nef Transparent Trans woman living in the 1930s Germany. (2014-2019) Stephanie Grant Wilson Cruz Ally McBeal Cruz guest stars as Stephanie Grant, a transgender teen arrested for prostitution whom Ally must defend in court. (1997-2002) Mackenzie Hargreaves Georgie Stone Neighbours Trans woman, who is the serial's first transgender character. (1985–Present) Viktor Hargreeves Elliot Page The Umbrella Academy Transgender man; was announced to reveal his own transition in correspondence with Page's own public transition announcement months prior. Jill Hartford Alexandra Billings How to Get Away with Murder Trans woman and a colleague of Annalise, a pansexual attorney, with the latter continuing to defend her friend no matter what. (2014–Present) Hikari Kuina Aya Asahina Alice In Borderland Kuina is a transgender woman and skilled fighter. (2020-Present) Dolly Holloway Maren Heary Gypsy She may be transgender or lesbian. (2017) Michael Hallowell Ellie Desautels Rise Trans male music teacher. (2018) Ms. Hudson Candis Cayne Elementary A trans woman who is an expert in Ancient Greek and makes a living as a kept woman and muse for various wealthy men and asked Sherlock Holmes for help after a relationship break-up. (2012-2019) Imani Jasmine Davis The Chi Imani is a trans woman who has a storyline centered on a romantic relationship. (2018–Present) Janette Maria Clara Spinelli Supermax Trans woman who owns a beauty salon chain. (2016) Tara Jewkes Ariel Ivo Reid Casualty Trans woman who is a mortuary assistant at a local hospital. (1986–Present) Job Hoon Lee Banshee Job is a computer hacker and confidant of Lucas Hood. He has been described as transgender, a transvestite and a drag queen. (Hoon Lee believes that the character is "constantly evolving" and is not interested in "figuring out the label of who he is and every aspect of that.") (2013-2016) Sam Jordan Elliot Fletcher Y: The Last Man A trans man who proves that the main character, Yorick, is not actually "the last man left alive." (2021–Present) María José Paco León La Casa de las Flores Paulina's ex and the family's lawyer, a Spanish trans woman who cares a lot about her family. (2018-2020) Judy Rebecca Root Boy Meets Girl In one episode, she reveals to her date, Leo, that she was assigned male at birth. (2015-2016) Gil Kessler John Schuck The Golden Girls In the Season 3, episode 7, titled "Strange Bedfellows", Gil is a city council candidate who comes out as a trans man. (1985-1992) Kiki Greg Campbell Queer as Folk Later seasons featured a minor transgender character named Kiki (usually described by other characters as "Kiki the Waitress, formerly known as Kenny the Waiter"). This included episodes such as "We Will Survive!," "Bored Out of Ya Fucking Mind" and "Big Fucking Mouth." (2000-2005) Kim Damon Herriman Secret City An Australian drama television series in which a political journalist uncovers a secret city of interlocked conspiracies, putting innocent lives in danger including her own. Her former spouse, Kim, is a trans woman. (2016–Present) Kyla Jamie Clayton Hung In season 3, Jamie Clayton plays Kyla, a trans woman, in two episodes in the third season in 2011. (2009-2011) Maura Lee Karupt Alan Mingo Jr. Doom Patrol Danny is a sentient, genderqueer, teleporting street which is being haunted by the Bureau of Normalcy. Former Bureau agent Morris Wilson has become a drag queen named Maura Lee Karupt who helps keep Danny going by sustaining a party atmosphere. (2019–Present) Micah Lee Leo Sheng The L Word: Generation Q Micah Lee and Pierce Williams are both trans men, with Lee a protagonist and Williams a secondary character. (2019–Present) Pierce Williams Brian Michael Smith Denise Lockwood Alexandra Grey Chicago Med Denise Lockwood is a trans woman who appears in episode 3 of season 2, and is the sister of nurse Maggie Lockwood and is portrayed by a trans actress, Alexandra Grey. She is also a recurring character. (2015–Present) Lola Shakina Nayfack Difficult People Trans female waitress at D's Cafe who clashes with Billy Epstein, who struggles with being labeled transphobic by countering some of her controversial views, and is voiced by trans actress, Shakina Nayfack.(2015-2017) Louise Jessica Crockett Dark Angel In Season 1, episode 8, titled "Out", Normal has a date with a woman who is actually transgender. After he finds out, he decides that he doesn't care about her past, only to discover that Louise (played by actress Jessica Crockett) is a lesbian. This was the first time a trans woman was cast to play a trans character on American television. (2000-2002) Sofia Lopez Jonathan Del Arco Nip/Tuck Trans woman who had a romantic relationship with Liz. She appears in the episodes "Sofia Lopez" and "Sofia Lopez Part II." (2003-2010) Luna La Zión Moreno Gossip Girl A trans woman who is part of the regular cast of this series. (2021–Present) Zoe Luper Jeffrey Carlson All My Children Trans woman who was formerly a musician named Zarf. (1970-2011, 2013) Ma Hyun-yi Lee Joo-young Itaewon Class Trans woman who works as the chief cook for DanBam and is saving money so she can have a sex reassignment surgery. (2020) Cindy McCauliff Lisa Edelstein Ally McBeal Trans woman who appears in the fourth season of the show. (1997-2002) Louis McGerry Tyler Luke Cunningham Holby City Series 22 of the show introduced Louis McGerry, the show's first regular transgender character. Louis is a nurse at the titular hospital and the son of CEO and neurosurgeon Max McGerry. (1999–Present) Janet McKay Shelley Hack Tales from the Crypt In the episode "The Assassin", housewife Janet McKay is revealed to once having been a CIA operative named Ronald Wald. (1989-1996) Anna Madrigal Olympia Dukakis Tales of the City A 90-year-old trans woman who lives in San Francisco. (1993) Sam Malloy Aidan Mitchell The Riches Sam, the youngest Malloy child, is transgender and frequently dresses in feminine clothing. The idea for Sam's non-binary gender expression came about before Izzard, a gender non-conforming comedian, joined the show. Sam's gender expression is accepted and respected by the Malloy parents and siblings. (2007-2008) Margo Jen Richards Mrs. Fletcher Margo is the teacher for the title character's creative writing class. (2019) Ben Marks Isaiah Stannard Good Girls Ben Marks, son of Annie and Gregg, is bullied and comes out as a transgender boy in season 2 with the name Ben. (2018–Present) Nomi Marks Jamie Clayton Sense8 Nomi Marks is a computer hacktivist, and lesbian trans woman, living in San Francisco who finds herself mentally linked to 7 other people from around the world and is in a relationship with Amanita Caplan. Nomi is also part of the Cluster. (2015-2018) Mae Martin Mae Martin Feel Good Mae, a recovering addict, does not identify her sexuality. She's had relationships with men and women, and called herself transgender, non-binary, and bisexual in one episode. She is in a same-sex relationship with George, who identified as straight before she started dating Mae and tried to have sex with a man in one episode. (2020–Present) Jazmin Martinez Hailie Sahar Good Trouble Trans woman and sister of Gael. (2019–Present) Matthew Garcia Party of Five (2020) Matthew is Lucia's undocumented trans friend who works at the Acostas' restaurant.(2020) Maxine Callum Booth-Ford Butterfly Three-part miniseries starring Anna Friel and 11-year old Callum Booth-Ford as her daughter Max(ine). (2018) Alexis Meade Rebecca Romijn Ugly Betty Trans woman who returned from the dead as a complex and sympathetic woman. (Initially portrayed by Elizabeth Penn Payne for the first twelve episodes, when she was listed in the credits as "Masked Lady".) She was later written off the show. (2006-2010) Molly Milkovich ____ Shameless (US) Half sister of Mandy, who was assigned male at birth and raised as a girl. (2011–Present) Paul Millander Matt O'Toole CSI: Crime Scene Investigation A serial killer who posed as a judge, and serves as Gil Grissom's nemesis, he is featured in multiple episodes. It is later shown that he underwent sexual reassignment in his youth and as a result his relationship with his mother was a complicated one, with him leading a double life, one as Paul Millander and the other as the "Honorable Judge Douglas Mason." (2000-2015) Mo Alex Newell Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist Gender nonconforming, continued to dress as male when at church but later showed "true self"; character created as bisexual woman but changed to reflect Newell's life (2020–Present) Ava Moore Famke Janssen Nip/Tuck Trans woman, with GLAAD criticizing the character as problematic because of her "psychotic and incestuous behavior." (2003-2010) Linda Murkland Linda Gray All That Glitters Linda is a transgender fashion model, who is said to be the first transgender series regular on American television. (1977) Nia Nal / Dreamer Nicole Maines Supergirl Trans woman, said to be the first onscreen transgender superhero. She works at CatCO (introduced in Season 4). (2015–2021) Noah Elliot Fletcher Faking It Gay trans man. (2014-2016) Cassandra O'Brien Zoë Wanamaker Doctor Who Trans woman and villain in the series. (In one review, she was described as an "incidental parody of transgender womanhood," and a "fractured mirror-image of medical transition itself," even as she is "problematic.") (1963–Present) Orlando Matty Cardarople A Series of Unfortunate Events A nonbinary character and part of Count Olaf's acting troupe. Also known as: The Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender. (2017–2019) Casey Parker Alex Blue Davis Grey's Anatomy Trans man and war veteran (introduced as a first-year surgical intern in Season 14). (2005–present) Arun Parmar Rebecca Hazlewood Bad Girls Trans woman and an inmate, she is also hinted to be bisexual as she served time in Larkhall prison. (1999-2006) Patricia Ludmuller Mark Doerr Bones In the 2009 episode "The He in the She," a police teamwork to solve the murder of a transgender pastor named Patricia. (2005-2017) Cherry Peck Willam Belli Nip/Tuck Trans woman who works at a bar, who is later brutally attacked by another character. (2003-2010) Pei Kayla Blake China Beach Pei is a Filipino trans woman who entertains the American troops in Vietnam. (Season 3, Episode 8) (1989) Maura Pfefferman Jeffrey Tambor Transparent Trans woman who comes out to her family late in life. She is prevented from transitioning due to her health problems. (2014-2019) Caitlyn "Harper" Poythress Jordan Kristine Seamón We Are Who We Are A drama set on an Italian army base exploring the lives of the characters there, particularly Caitlin and Fraser played by Jack Dylan Grazer. During the course of the series, Caitlyn explores her gender, presenting first as a cross-dressing girl but near the end is learning toward trans man, adopting the name Harper at least tentatively. It's a coming of age story of the teenagers who live there and while the trans storyline is not the main one, it intertwines. (2020) Theo Putnam Lachlan Watson Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Trans man. In season 1, Theo was known as Susie Putnam and described as non- binary. He is Sabrina's close friend at Baxter High and later transitions, affirming his identity as a trans boy. (2018–Present) Carmelita Rainer Candis Cayne Dirty Sexy Money A trans woman and recurring character in this series romantically involved with the New York District Attorney, General Patrick Darling. She later left the series after another character accidentally shot and killed her. (2008-2009) Alba Recio Eduardo Espinilla (season 1) La que se avecina Alba is the daughter of the homophobic Antonio Recio, who is embarrassed by her, and is a main character after season nine. (2007–Present) Sergi Ruíz (seasons 2 and 3) Víctor Palmero (season 8 onward) Drew Reeves Zelda Williams Dead Of Summer Trans man who is gay or possibly bisexual, and ends up in a relationship with another man. (2016) Vera Reynolds Peter Capaldi Prime Suspect Vera is a trans woman and cabaret singer in Season 3. (1991-2006) María José Riquelme Paulina de la Mora The House of Flowers Trans woman who was married to Paulina before transitioning. She remarried Paulina in the final episode of season 3 (3x11). (2018-2020) Rosalind V. Vieux Station 19 Trans woman who is Ben Warren's sister, previously on Grey's Anatomy, and a recurring character. (2018–Present) Miss Robyn Ross Carlotta Number 96 In this series, Carlotta played a showgirl revealed to be transgender. She is the first trans actress to play a trans character on Television. (1972-1977) Ruthie Patti Harrison Shrill An irreverent co-worker and an office assistant who is transgender. (2019–Present) Toni Rykener Dana Aliya Levinson American Gods A trans woman, hostess of The Grand Peacock Inn, who is a demigoddess and protector of queer love. (S3.E8, 2021) Tony Sawicki Tatiana Maslany Orphan Black Trans man who is a clone and criminal introduced in season two, with every other known clone in his "batch" as a female. (2013-2017) Shea Trace Lysette Transparent A HIV-positive recurring character and trans woman. (2014-2019) Simone Eve Lindley Dispatches From Elsewhere Trans woman character, main cast. (2020) David Schreibner Lukas von Horbatschewsky Druck (SKAM Germany) David is a trans man and Matteo Florenzi's boyfriend. Kyle Slater Riley Carter Millington EastEnders Kyle appeared in the serial between 2015 and 2016, and is a trans man. (1985–Present) Julia Smith Melissa Leo Veronica Mars A trans woman who helps a classmate find his father. (2004-2019) Sally St. Claire Annie Wallace Hollyoaks Trans woman who initially keeps her transgender status a secret because of negative past experiences but later comes out. (1995–Present) Reverend Michael Stills Dallas Malloy Eli Stone In the season two episode, "Two Ministers," Michael is a trans minister who needs legal help when he loses his job after transitioning. (2008-2009) Edith "Edie" Stokes Veronica Redd The Jeffersons Edie is George's old army buddy as shown in the Season 4 episode "Once a Friend" and is a trans woman. (1975-1985) Paul Strickland Brian Michael Smith 9-1-1: Lone Star A black trans man who is one of the fire fighters at Station 126. (2020–Present) Sü Nyla Rose The Switch The series, the first transgender-themed television series produced in Canada, stars Nyla Rose as Sü, an IT manager who comes out as a trans woman, and is forced to rebuild her life after losing her job and her apartment as a result of her announcement. (2016–Present) Max Sweeney Daniel Sea The L Word Bisexual trans man who struggled to figure out his identity, taking this identity "into the working and dating worlds." (2004-2009) Jesse Sweetland Sadie O'Neil Bellevue Teenage trans man killed by a detective after various community members attempted to shame him for his trans identity. (2017) Gray Tal Ian Alexander Star Trek: Discovery A trans man, and orphan, who joined Trill living aboard a generational starship with his Human partner Adira. (2017–Present) Adira Tal Blu Del Barrio A non-binary human, joined with the Tal symbiont who lived aboard a generational ship with their boyfriend Gray. They later became a member of Starfleet. (2017–present) Elizabeth "Liz" Taylor Denis O'Hare American Horror Story: Hotel Trans female bartender who knows all sorts of secrets and works in the Blue Parrot Lounge at the Hotel Cortez. (2015-2016) Thad Drew Pillsbury Married... with Children In season 9's tenth episode, "Dud Bowl", Thad, a former high school teammate of Al, is now a trans woman, to Al's dismay. Nevertheless, she plays football on Al's re-organized team (1987-1997) Adam Torres Jordan Todosey Degrassi: The Next Generation Trans man, the "only transgender regular or recurring character on scripted television" in 2011, according to GLAAD. (2001-2015) Tracie/Simon Sean Bean Accused Simon is an English teacher who has a female alter-ego named Tracie. He has been described as transgender and a transvestite. (2010–2012) Trevor Elliot Fletcher Shameless (US) Gay trans man who works at a local LGBT center and was the love interest for Ian Gallagher. (2011–Present) Jules Vaughn Hunter Schafer Euphoria Jules is a trans woman who just moved into town. She is new in school, where she meets Rue, a drug addicted who just got out of rehab. They eventually become close friends, and fall in love. (2019–Present) Buck Vu Ian Alexander The OA An Asian trans male teen. (2016–Present) Whiterose B. D. Wong Mr. Robot Trans woman who is the leader of a hacking collective, the Dark Army. (2015-2019) Cameron Wirth Laverne Cox Doubt Ivy League-educated attorney, mentor, and trans woman. (2017) Marci Wise Isis King When They See Us A young trans woman who is Korey's sister. (2019) Transgender Woman Kenneth Kynt Bryan NCIS: New Orleans In the Season 6 episode, "Judgement Call," Bryan voices a character titled "Transgender Woman," but was uncredited for the performance in the episode. (2014–Present) Ysela Daniela Vega Tales of the City Trans woman. She became Anna Madrigal's first friend when Anna moved to San Francisco. (2019) ==See also== * List of lesbian characters in television * List of gay characters in television * List of bisexual characters in television * List of feature films with transgender characters * Outline of transgender topics * Media portrayals of transgender people * Lists of feature films with LGBT characters * List of comedy television series with LGBT characters * List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 1960s–2000s * List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2010–2015 * List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2016–2019 * List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2020s * List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters * List of LGBT characters in radio and podcasts * List of LGBT characters in soap operas * Lists of LGBT figures in fiction and myth * Lists of American television episodes with LGBT themes ==Notes== ==References== ===Citations=== ===Sources=== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * == External links == * List of television shows with transgender themes Category:Lists of character lists Category:Lists of entertainment lists Transgender in television Category:Transgender-related lists List |
thumb|right|170px|William Sears William Bernard Sears (March 28, 1911 - March 25, 1992) was an American writer and a popular television and radio personality in various shows culminating in the 1950s with In the Park but left television popularity to promote the Baháʼí Faith in Africa and embarked on a lifelong service to the religion, for some 35 years as Hand of the Cause, the highest institution of the religion he could be appointed to. He wrote many books about the religion, with Thief in the Night and God Loves Laughter being his most popular. ==Biography== ===Earliest life=== William Bernard Sears was born March 28, 1911, in Aitkin, Minnesota,* * to the Irish American household of Frank and Ethel Sears. William was the youngest child of four, and Frank and Ethel's only son. The Sears raised their children Catholic. When young, William suffered a bout of jaundice, which affected his health later in life. As a young adult during the Great Depression in the United States, Sears worked as a playwright under the name Bernard Sears, winning some awards in 1933.* * * Some of his plays were published in 1935/36, including Dad Cashes In, which has many of Sears' biographical aspects,*Dad Cashes in (under "Bernard Sears") - * *The Cardigan kid; a comedy in 1 act ( under "William B. Sears"- *The Undoing of Albert O'Donnell; a comedy in 1 act (under "William B. Sears") - and one play which was produced.Wisconsin community plays - The plays did not generate enough income for him to continue writing full-time, so Sears got what would be his first job in a long career in broadcasting, at WOMT in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. His young wife, Kathleen Sears, died during the Depression, leaving him with their two young sons, William and Michael. Sears remarried, and he and his new wife, Marguerite Reimer Sears, raised the boys together. ===Second marriage and the Baháʼí Faith=== William met Marguerite in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, when he attended the University of Wisconsin, and she Marquette University. She had only recently joined the Baháʼí Faith, hearing about it from her father after a meeting Mary Maxwell, wife of a prominent Baháʼís leader. Their relationship advanced but they did not immediately marry. William was working in Iowa for the now former WGRR radio station of Radio Dubuque. On the way to California for a job with KFBK (AM) the couple considered living in Utah because it was a goal area for the religion. They ended up living in Salt Lake City in spring 1939, (apparently as their contribution to Shoghi Effendi's call for Baháʼís to relocate to support the religion) where he was soon assistant manager of KUTA radio station (later KNRS (AM).) When they decided to marry, Marguerite and William's wedding was arranged in San Francisco by Marion Holley during their visit out there for a radio broadcast Sears did in September 1940. Between them, there were two clear understandings. On her part, it was that the religion was a prominent part of her life, and he would have to work with it being a priority for her -- affecting, for example, where they would live. On his side, it was that he had a year-old son with tuberculosis, and he needed someone to help care for him. Marguerite left the Baháʼí book The Dawn-Breakers out for him to read. After picking it up and setting it aside once, he read it three times in three weeks and by December 1939 was avowedly a Baháʼí, officially joining the religion in 1940. Sears and Marguerite moved to San Mateo, California, about the summer of 1942, where a Baháʼí Spiritual Assembly had lapsed, and he gave an especially noted talk about using radio to promote the religion. In San Mateo, they were visible giving talks on the religion as late as February 1944. * He embarked on a national tour in 1945, beginning with talks in the New York City area in February.* * Then, after a break, he gave another 48 talks across August and September through Salt Lake City, Laramie, Denver, Omaha, Topeka, Kansas City, Independence, Milwaukee, Omaha, and into Canada in November, as well as Charlottetown. He was back in New York in December, giving a talk, and participated in a statewide conference of Baháʼís. During this period he was also on a committee that consulted on the religion's use of radio along with Mildred Mottahedeh, prominently appeared at a peace banquet with Dorothy Beecher Baker (also a future Hand of the Cause), gave talks in 1946 at a meeting back in Los Angeles with scholar Marzieh Gail, and helped produce a higher-profile radio segment in Denver. There is a gap in public coverage of any talks for the religion from 1946 until 1952, though his behind-the-scenes work continued and began to weave into his rising profile in the public eye and his service to the religion. ====Rising to national awareness==== As early as 1946, Sears was more noticeable in public, working for various radio and television stations. He worked at WPEN AM radio, and by 1948 at WCAU-TV, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In between, in February 1947, Marguerite led a class in radio production at Green Acre Baháʼí School in Maine for which Sears acted as narrator and consultant before it airing on WHEB, and by June Sears produced a set of radio spot announcements and national radio shows for the religion. For commercial work he did various shows including The Bill Sears Show, while at the same time, his first booklet publication came out: The Martyr-Prophet of a World Faith, a 19-page work with quotes from A. L. M. Nicholas, Francis Younghusband, E. G. Browne, and then he worked for the WCAU show Kid Gloves, while at the same time Sears taped an interview of Hand of the Cause Corinne True about her pilgrimage in 1907. In December 1951 he began to host a television show In The Park initially on WCAU as a 15-minute program, which was picked up by WCBS-TV as a 30-minute live program. It featured conversations between Sears and puppets by Paul Ritts and Mary Donnelly with "… Sears (dressed in suit jacket, vest, string tie, and hat) as he sat leisurely on a bench and conversed with his puppet friends" in the Central Park Zoo. In July 1952 the show was advertised as costing $3250 to produce per week. At the same time as the show was coming along, Sears was included in a profile of thinkers by Edward R. Murrow in his This I Believe radio series though none of the participants were allowed to name their religion, (the series published as a book, with Sears' entry on pp. 167–8, and released on the internet .) Sears began to give more public talks for the religion covered in the newspapers, beginning with a funeral in Maine in the summer of 1952.* * The Ten Year Crusade, a major initiative to bring the religion to countries around the world, was announced in October and would soon figure prominently in the Sears' plans. In the Park was noted in many newspaper stories in December 1952 related to The Ed Sullivan Show,* * and actually appeared twice on the show -- January and March 1953. Coverage of In the Park continued into May.* * * * Meanwhile, he was attending the May 2 dedication of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette. Progress in organizing the efforts of the Ten Year Crusade included the opportunity for Marguerite to attend the February conference of Baháʼís in Uganda. When Sears asked to leave his contract so he could go to Africa he was threatened with the fact that 56 people would lose their jobs. Meanwhile, the sponsor had a strike, canceled the contract, and the family left. The puppets went on to other shows. ====South Africa==== Arriving about July 18, Sears, his wife, and one of their children moved near Johannesburg, South Africa, on an initial six-month visa. They had intended to move on to Kenya, but they stayed in South Africa. This was during the period of Apartheid and just as some new laws segregating people were coming into play: Reservation of Separate Amenities Act and the Bantu Education Act. Sears suffered a heart attack a few days into their stay. After recovering, they stayed in Kampala, Uganda, at the home of Hand of the Cause Músá Banání just after Enoch Olinga left for Cameroon. In April 1954 the Sears went on Baháʼí pilgrimage, with quick stops by Marguerite in the States sharing that pioneering doesn't magically transform someone, and on return, their other son also moved to South Africa. Sears commented about what he learned on pilgrimage including that an attitude of service in pioneering: > "Over and over again these general principles were reiterated: pioneers > going to Africa must efface themselves, they must realize that in going to > Africa they go to teach the native African people, not the Europeans or > others who have migrated there. Pioneers must show by actions, not by words > alone, that they love the Africans and have come to Africa to serve them and > show their love for them.… and (reporting the words of Shoghi Effendi) "to > select those taught carefully, teach them thoroughly, strengthen them in > their understanding. Give them the message in such a way as to create in > them a desire to teach. Then the task is accomplished. Then let the whites > disperse." After returning from pilgrimage, the Sears moved back to South Africa where they bought a farm. They helped elect the local assembly of Johannesburg, and he was appointed to the Auxiliary Board for Africa, under Hand of the Cause Músá Banání. Sears gained a job with the South African Broadcasting Corporation pre-recording radio programs, and using the free time for trips to support the religion. There was another brief trip to North America - Sears was in Canada possibly while adjusting passports for a longer stay, and gave a talk,ref> while Marguerite was in Illinois. Returned in 1956, Sears was elected as chairman of the new regional assembly for the geographic region of South and West Africa. There were many trips he embarked on. Sears drove into Zulu territory seeking out a pioneer with John Quigley, and also managed a quick trip to the States for a July televised program on the religion for a Chicago educational television station where he served as an off-camera announcer as well as one of the interviewees. However, a new law in South Africa, the Industrial Conciliation Act, 1956, set a standard that organizations with membership of more than one race could only have one race governing the group. The Baháʼís chose to elect only black African leadership. While in South Africa circa September 1957, Sears finished off the preface to his first book - Release the Sun. Sears was briefly in the States in October, before returning to South Africa, and learning he was appointed a Hand of the Cause by Shoghi Effendi, along with Enoch Olinga and John Robarts, with responsibilities for West and South Africa.Messages to the Baháʼí World: 1950–1957, Author: Shoghi Effendi, Source:US Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1971, p 127 The telegram arrived late in October from Músá Banání, just before Shoghi Effendi died November 4. ===Hand of the Cause=== ====Crisis of the death of Shoghi Effendi==== With the death of Shoghi Effendi the Hands of the Cause of God, now with its newest appointees, decided a select group would be voted on to act at the Baháʼí World Centre for the interests of the religion between the period of the leadership of Shoghi Effendi and promised election of the Universal House of Justice at the end of the Ten Year Crusade in 1963. These were called Custodians. In 1958 Sears attended the election of the French national assembly. During this period the Sears were apart for about a year until she was able to live in Haifa and then they traveled further together. Meanwhile, one of their sons had married and stayed in Africa. Sears next appears in news in the States is 1959 following a redistribution of responsibilities and attended the national convention of the US community along with Corinne True and Horace Holley. He then undertook a long tour of talks across the United States and into Canada through to Spring 1960.* * * * * but he didn't make them all -- see ʻ* * * * * * * * * He interrupted his tour in September having already reached more than 2000 Baháʼís across more than a hundred meetings. Starting in June Sears wrote several telegrams reacting to the decision of fellow Hand of the Cause Mason Remey to call himself Guardian which initiated a Baháʼí division. But this claim was almost universally rejected by the body of the Baháʼís and that group later broke into several other divisions, and dwindled away.* In October 1959 Sears released a number of tapes as well as scripts individuals could use to make their own presentations for a number of occasions,* * and a tape of his was used in an inter-racial meeting in Durham NC the same month. Meanwhile, in July 1960 Hand of the Cause Horace Holley, who had been elected to act as a Custodian, died. Sears was named by the Hands to fill his place. Sears also released his autobiographical God Loves Laughter. He then continued the tour into Latin America, Central America, the Greater Antilles and northern South American countries by July 1960. ====Tours in service==== =====Finishing the Crusade===== Sears was one of the signatories to a letter urging the Baháʼís of the west to continue the work for the crusade. Sears' travels continued from December 1960 starting in Alaska and then into California before proceeding widely through the rest of the U.S. and on into spring 1961.* * * And taped talks of his begin to circulate.* * * * There was special coverage of Sears helping to dedicate the Baháʼí House of Worship in Uganda in January 1961.* * * * Sears' most famous book, Thief in the Night, was then published. It followed biographical elements of his interest in the history of the Báb.* His books began to be discussed at meetings; this continued through the years.* * * * * * In the spring Sears visited the Panamanian Baháʼís, attended the national convention of Guatemala as well as visiting the newly elected International Baháʼí Council, a precursor to the Universal House of Justice. While there he was a co-signatory to a letter to the Baháʼís of Australia in their efforts in the concluding years of the crusade. In 1962 he visited at the University of Urbana-Champaign and then participated in a radio program on WLS (AM) in Chicago before attending that year's U. S. national convention (where he advocated for easing enrollment conditions that were then common practice and shared prayers in an African language,) and then the French Baháʼí summer school. In 1963 he attended the conclave of the Hands of the Cause in Haifa anticipating the election of the Universal House of Justice to be the new head of the religion and sent a taped message to an all-Indian council of Baháʼís held near Tucson. Sears was in London for the first Baháʼí World Congress, which elected the Universal House of Justice. Sears spoke at the second evening giving a public address. =====Under the Universal House of Justice===== Sears spent some years overseas from America but in 1965 Sears was covered in various newspapers -- Associated Press religion writer George W. Cornell wrote a piece on the religion including interviewing him. His book Release the Sun was included by the Baháʼís in donating to President JFK's Memorial Library, and echoed elsewhere. He was interviewed on WBBY, and present at different community meetings in the California area.* * * In late January 1966 the Baháʼís organized a major conference in Fresno, California. Nine days, with a talk a day, were scheduled with Lisa Montell, Mildred Mottahedeh, Arthur Dahl, Florence Mayberry, William Sears, Russell Garcia, Gina Valentine, Eulalia Bobo, Sookha Winters, and Chester Khan.* * * * In February Sears released a series of tapes discussing ideals and importance about contributions to the religion. In May a conference of two Hands of the Cause, Sears and Zikr'u'llah Khadem, several of their auxiliary board members, and a representative of the national assembly, consulted in Waukesha, Wisconsin,* * and Sears was interviewed on the NBC Today Show on May 23.* * He was overseas from America for much of 1967–8, starting with attending the election of a regional assembly in west central Africa. In 1968 Sears was at a centennial of Baháʼu'lláh's arrival at the prison of Akka in 1868 with 9 other Hands of the Cause and some 2300 Baháʼís at a conference in Palermo, Sicily before going to Haifa as a group.* * He then toured Baháʼí communities in the United Kingdom. In December he helped dedicate a new Baháʼí center in San Bernardino, California followed by attending several of the series of conferences arranged by the newly formed institution of the Continental Counsellors held across North America at Quebec, Ontario, Georgia, Pennsylvania, California, Missouri, Saskatchewan and British Columbia into March 1969. In April he attended the US National Baháʼí Convention, speaking several times, and in September Sears helped dedicate a new Baháʼí center at Desert Hot Springs, California. Meanwhile, God Loves Laughter was included in donations to a library and taped talks of his were used for a youth conference in Australia and Honduras in 1968. In 1970 Sears attended a statewide conference in February in Bradenton, Florida, and another tape of a talk of his was sent to a youth conference in Indiana and a summer school in Seattle in June, however Sears was actually out of the country. In May he attended the French national convention and in August an (Indian) oceanic conference in Mauritius* * * on the way to a task assigned by the Universal House of Justice. It had requested that Sears tour Iran with Marguerite, and their travels were aided by the Iranian National Spiritual Assembly, several of whom were to disappear in a few years. They were able to visit many sites important in the History of the Baháʼí Faith -- the homes of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh, the site of the Conference of Badasht, the Siyah-Chal, the fortress of Maku, the site of the Battle of Fort Tabarsi, and the place of the Báb's execution -- all despite various levels of harassment. Sears published The Prisoner and the Kings following this trip. His next Baháʼí event was the Naw-Ruz opening of the Baháʼí new year celebration in a number of events in Los Angeles in March, despite the troubles of the February 1971 San Fernando earthquake, drawing participants from New Mexico, Nevada and Arizona. The talks and slides of the event were recorded. While he was away in Iran a taped message was presented at the US national convention, a general discussion tape on spiritual assemblies as an institution of the religion was released, again Sears' God Loves Laughter was donated to a library and a tape of a talk of his was used in a public meeting in Indiana. In Spring 1971 he sent a taped message to the US national convention while he was aboard ship underway to the national convention of Jamaica, and another for the May conference of the Caribbean in Jamaica while he was at the national convention in Germany, and then a German national youth symposium. Following events in South Carolina, wherein thousands of people were beginning to join the religion Sears released a pair of hour-long taped discussions on the subject of mass engagement with and response of the public. He appeared personally in December at an awards program in California. In 1972 he again sends a tape to the US national convention, a letter to the national convention in Chad, and one to the combined convention of Swaziland and Mozambique \- this time he was away for the election of the new national assembly of Ireland.* * In October he sent a taped message to the dedication of the new institute named after Louis G. Gregory in South Carolina. 1973 represents an active year again - he published a biography of Lua Getsinger,* gave talks at several meetings around South Carolina in January at the Louis Gregory Institute, addressed the delegates to the third international convention, the US national convention, and the third annual youth convention of the US (held in June in Oklahoma at which some 4000 Baháʼís attended.) In December he helped set up the first officially Baháʼí television series, appearing in it as well as Mr. and Mrs. Russell Garcia. It was carried by an ABC affiliate in Hawaii. In Spring 1974 he attended the national convention in Japan and met Baháʼís in South Korea at a conference. In July he attended the dedication of the Bosch Baháʼí School in Santa Cruz, California. In August he had two major appearances: in early August he appeared an international youth conference in Hilo, Hawaii and in late August he was at a musical program with Russell Garcia and Seals and Crofts in Illinois. In 1975 he started in January in New York, and then the US national convention in April. However he was unable to attend a conference in Montreal due to deterioration in his health such that he had to stop his appearances for a time. He sent a letter to an Alaskan conference in September. He was able to appear at one of the two conferences of Baháʼís in California in December. The television series he had worked on in Hawaii in 1973 had been taped and was made available in 1976 and was aired in Alaska. He attended the Canadian national convention of Baháʼís, bringing to the US convention a gift of roses in honor of Charlotte Linfoot who had just sustained a serious stroke, and then an Alaskan conference in July. In October he was in Nairobi Kenya for an international conference of Baháʼís. Following the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the treatment of Baháʼís Sears wrote A Cry from the Heart: The Baháʼís in Iran. Meanwhile, some of his earlier books were donated to libraries or given away.* * His A Cry from the Heart was included in testimony to the US Congress about events in Iran and donated to a library in 1982.* * In 1983 George Plagenz took an interest in the analysis Sears did of Christian prophecies (without naming Thief in the Night) and it is carried in a few cities over time.* * * He addressed the US national convention and his comments were recorded. ====Final years==== The Sears moved to Tucson in 1985 in part for his health as the climate was better for him. He published All Flags Flying to tell anecdotes from his travels. In 1986 he attended the dedication of the Lotus Temple and gave a talk that has been recorded. The Sears' then began a project establishing Desert Rose Baháʼí School which had its first meetings in 1988. Despite having developed prostate cancer, in 1991 Sears initiated his last major project - he began to tour five cities of the United States and then extended the tour to nine more. But Sears died before reaching the eighth goal city, on the morning of March 25, 1992. Along the way he published Run to Glory! with anecdotes of his life fictionalized and humorous.* He also had notes of works not published that were finished and published - In Grandfather's Barn and The Half-Inch Prophecy. He is buried in East Lawn Palms Cemetery in Tucson, Arizona. Marguerite died in 2006. ==Thief in the Night== Sears' book Thief in the Night, or, The Strange Case of the Missing Millennium deals with the history and understandings of prophecies in relation to the Báb and includes references to number of issues from the 1844 Edict of Toleration, William Miller's work on prophecy and the Millerism movement, the resulting Great Disappointment as it was understood in the West, and the history of the Bahá’í Faith in Persia. It provides an alternate understanding of Christian Scriptures that challenges current Christian thought on each of the issues brought up (it can be considered that there is a unanimity about such matters within the Christian faith), while the book presents a Baháʼí understanding on these various themes. Between 1961 and 1997 it was reprinted 20 times and is still labeled "a classic", if popular, book and is still listed in modern PhD's as a resource.* * * It "has remained one of the best selling of all Baha'i books since it was first published in 1961." The book has been noted by many Baháʼís: Dizzy Gillespie and friends including Flora Purim, and several writers on diverse themes.* * * * * * * * * ==Remembrances== * Edward R. Murrow said of him:"…who, we venture to emphasize, hasn't limited his talents to the coverage of a ball game or tennis match, but has put in some fruitful time studying the struggle of life itself and the rules it is best played by." * On the Rooftop with Bill Sears play about the life of Sears. * * In 2010, he was honored at the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival for achieving excellence as a professional media personality. ==Bibliography of writings== ===Plays=== * Dad Cashes in (under "Bernard Sears") * The Cardigan kid; a comedy in 1 act ( under "William B. Sears") * * ===Books=== * * * * **(revised from ) * * * * * * *(post- humously) *(post-humously) ==Further reading== * * ==Notes== ==External links== * * A number of his audio tapes are available online - see Search for all author names: "William Sears", Bahai-Library.com Category:American Bahá'ís Category:Hands of the Cause Category:1911 births Category:1992 deaths Category:Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Christianity Category:20th-century Bahá'ís |
Saga is a Canadian rock band from Oakville, Ontario. Bassist and keyboardist Jim Crichton and Welsh-born vocalist and keyboardist Michael Sadler are the principal songwriters. Saga has had numerous line-up changes over the years. Ian and Jim Crichton were the only two original members who appeared on every album. Sadler appeared on every release, apart from the 2009 album The Human Condition. Keyboardist Jim Gilmour was with the band from 1979, making his debut on the album Silent Knight. Drummer Steve Negus performed with Saga until 1986. The lineup was supplemented by many session musicians and live performers from the late 1980s to the late 2000s. Saga has been awarded gold and platinum albums worldwide and have sold more than eight million albums. ==History== Originally known as Pockets, Saga formed in 1977 from the nucleus of Canadian rock band Fludd. In April 1978, they released their self-titled debut album Saga. A modest success in Canada, it would eventually sell over 30,000 copies in Germany as an import. Their 1979 follow-up album Images at Twilight gave them their first charting single in Canada, with the song "It's Time" peaking at No. 84 in the Canadian Charts. From the album, the songs "See Them Smile" and "Slow Motion" became strong radio favourites elsewhere. Saga's third album, Silent Knight, was released in 1980, and included the singles "Don't Be Late" and "Careful Where You Step," which continued and furthered the band's international success. In 1981, the band's fourth album Worlds Apart was released. The lead single, "On the Loose", finally broke them into the Top 40, peaking at No. 22 on the Canadian Charts in January 1982, and in December 1982, proved to be their breakthrough in America where it peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard chart in February 1983. A second single, "Wind Him Up", also fared well, with the help of its music video receiving heavy rotation on MTV, and became their next charting single in America, peaking at No. 64 on Billboard in May 1983. Eventually, Worlds Apart was certified Gold in the US in 1983. The band opened for Jethro Tull on their North American tour in 1982. Following on the success of Worlds Apart, the band won the 1982 Juno Award for "Most Promising Group of the Year." A fifth album Heads or Tales was released in late 1983 and became another success. The lead single, "The Flyer", fared well in Canada and also became their final U.S. charting single, peaking at No. 79 on Billboard in December 1983. The follow-up single entitled "Scratching the Surface" became popular in Canada, peaking at No. 45 in April 1984. Their sixth album, Behaviour, was released in 1985 and included the singles, "Listen to Your Heart" and "What Do I Know?" (charted No. 57 in Canada). ===Separation and reunion=== In 1986 Steve Negus and Jim Gilmour left the band over management concerns, soon deciding to form a new band project under the name Gilmour-Negus Project (GNP). In 1988, they released their one and only album, Safety Zone (featuring Robert Bevan on lead vocals). Meanwhile, Saga continued to record and tour, with Michael Sadler and the Crichton brothers augmented by session musicians. Their 1987 release Wildest Dreams enjoyed better distribution under new label, Atlantic Records, but it failed to match expectations in America. The lead single "Only Time Will Tell" became a popular chart favourite in Canada (No. 93), with a memorable video rotated on MTV for a brief period. However, the remainder of the album suffered from over-reliance on technology, with armies of sequencers and drum machines replacing much of the band's earlier trademark sound with Gilmour and Negus. For 1989's The Beginner's Guide to Throwing Shapes, Saga refocused on their earlier European popularity which marked a return to their earlier progressive style with a few sci-fi orientated pop elements to it. In 1992, Steve Negus and Jim Gilmour returned to Saga. The band's next album, The Security of Illusion, released in 1993, was well received by Saga fans in Canada and Europe. The 1994 followup, Steel Umbrellas, was considered uneven when compared to their previous release, perhaps due to the material originally being produced for the short-lived television series Cobra. However, despite lackluster album sales, Saga's 1993 and 1994 tours helped maintain some of the band's early popularity; their reputation as live performers was not lost among the band's long time fans. ===Comeback=== In 1995 Jim Crichton composed and produced the majority of Saga's next album, the conceptual Generation 13. Inspired by a popular political treatise by the same name, the story follows main character Jeremy's troubled search for his real father. The concept is somewhat reminiscent of the storyline in The Who's Quadrophenia. The album's heavier compositions have a sound similar to fellow Canadians, progressive rock band Rush, and even early Kansas. Saga's next release, Pleasure and the Pain was released on the eve of their 20th anniversary tour in 1997. The album failed to maintain the interest created by the previous release. On the same anniversary tour, the album Phase 1 was released. Phase 1 was an album containing demo songs from the 1979 album Images at Twilight — some of them were songs found not good enough for the album, some of them were different versions of songs released on Images. The album quickly sold out and a second issue was printed. The album was hard to get and it soon became a most wanted item for Saga collectors and fans. Their 1998 tour was captured on the next album, Detours, a double-live album released worldwide. Saga's next three albums, 1999's Full Circle, 2001's House of Cards, and 2003's Marathon have all been popular with the band's longtime and loyal fanbase. House of Cards, in particular enjoyed renewed interest. Its acoustic-flavoured single, "Money Talks", received Top 5 video airplay in Canada. All three albums included new "chapters", representing a return to the progressive rock of the band's early days. Saga released a new studio album, Network, in the fall of 2004. Their next album, Trust, was released in 2006, featuring Brian Doerner as their new drummer. Doerner made his debut on a live Canadian television broadcast in late 2005. Even though Jim Crichton and Michael Sadler both live in Los Angeles, they have not committed Saga to any full-length American tours since 1986. However, in late 2005, Michael Sadler announced a limited tour on the West Coast to promote his solo album, Clear. The trek featured Ian Crichton as touring guitarist. Saga also played one show in New York City during their summer 2006 tour in support of Trust. ===The Chapters=== The Chapters is the name given to a series of songs that the band revealed over a 28-year period in a mixed-up order, creating a conceptual puzzle. Each song in the sequence was subtitled "Chapter One", "Chapter Two", etc. In its final form, The Chapters tells a cohesive science fiction story concerning the preservation of Albert Einstein's brain, aliens who are concerned with humanity's self-destruction, and the resurrection of the dead through technology. The first eight Chapters were issued, out of order, across the band's first four albums, issued between 1978 and 1981. After a long layoff, Chapters 9 through 16 were issued, again out of order, across three album releases between 1999 and 2003. Songs from the cycle have been performed in concert throughout their career. The Chapters were finally released all together in a 2 CD live recording called The Chapters Live in 2005. ===Legacy and recent activity=== Despite the band's fluctuating musical styles and limited commercial success in the United States, their fans have remained extremely loyal over the decades. Their musical style was defined by Ian Crichton's staccato guitar riffs, often in harmony with a synthesizer, and complex keyboard arrangements, frequently featuring three players. The band has been constantly successful in Germany since its inception. It is also very popular in Puerto Rico; Saga has visited the island twelve times. Saga's second concert in Puerto Rico (1981) caused riots from fans trying to crash into a sold-out concert that sold over 10,000 tickets. Most of the inner cover photographs from the original vinyl release of In Transit (1982) were taken in Puerto Rico, including a live photograph from the 1981 concert. For a few years, a keyboard riff from their song "No Regrets" became the background music for station breaks at WCAD-FM in San Juan. The band received formal recognition as distinguished visitors from the Puerto Rican legislature in February 2005. Their concert on December 9, 2007 (at the Pier 10 Arena club in Old San Juan) was the last concert that Michael Sadler did with Saga until his announcement of returning to the band in January 2011. On January 16, 2007 it was announced by InsideOut, the band's current record label, that lead singer Michael Sadler would be leaving Saga for personal reasons at the end of 2007. Later that year on Michael's personal site, michaelsadler.com, a note was posted by the singer revealing that his departure was due to a desire to focus on his family life and retire from the stress of being in an active travelling band. A farewell tour of sorts is in the works which will also commemorate Saga's 36th anniversary as a band. Saga announced on July 15, 2007 that they were recording a new album in Los Angeles. Titled 10,000 Days the album was released on November 6, 2007 in conjunction with their planned European tour. ("10,000 days" equates to 27 years, 4.54 months, approximately the amount of time Sadler spent with the band). Sadler also recorded a forthcoming DVD commemorating his last European tour with Saga. Just prior to the release of 10,000 Days, in October 2007 drummer Brian Doerner suffered a heart attack. He has since made a full recovery, but a stand-in drummer (Chris Sutherland) of the Kim Mitchell Band was required to fulfill touring commitments. Saga announced they were auditioning lead vocalists to continue the band's career. The musicians recorded instrumental versions of "On the Loose" and "Wind Him Up" for prospective singers to perform on YouTube, with the winning candidate to be announced at a later date. During the search, Ian Crichton remarked that hopeful candidates "should have a set of pipes" as well as personality. The guitarist also remarked that a Canadian would be preferable, presumably because of travel considerations and the band's nationality. Over 20 candidates (including one woman) submitted demos from across the Atlantic and Caribbean. thumb|alt=SAGA's Michael Sadler.|Michael Sadler in August 2011 thumb|left|alt=Ian Crichton.|Ian Crichton in August 2011 On April 15, 2008 Saga announced that Rob Moratti of Toronto, former singer of Final Frontier, had joined the band as the new lead vocalist. Moratti's background included more than a decade of experience in the Canadian rock music industry, recently working with the respected guitarist-producer Mladen Zaron. Throughout his tenure with the band, Moratti concentrated on lead vocals, leaving the band's instrumental dynamics somewhat changed from the Sadler era, where the lead vocalist often doubled on bass guitar and keyboards. Saga's first gig with Moratti took place in the summer of 2008. Also, 2008 saw the release of a book about the band's history, 'Saga: The Biography', by renowned rock journalist (and long-time friend of Saga), Edwin Ammerlaan. In 2009 Saga released their first CD with Rob Moratti. This CD was titled The Human Condition and was released in the spring 2009. The band toured in Europe and Canada. On January 28, 2011 an official statement was made announcing Michael Sadler's return as the lead singer of Saga. On February 1, 2012 Saga announced that after 6 years of touring and recording together, Brian Doerner and Saga have parted ways. Following YouTube auditions, Mike Thorne (a native of Toronto ) was announced as the new drummer of Saga. On July 6, 2012, Saga's twentieth studio album, 20/20, was released. It marked the return of original vocalist Michael Sadler. On June 27, 2014 Saga released their 21st album entitled Sagacity, which received mostly positive feedback from fans. The album quickly topped the iTunes rock lists around Europe (most notably in Germany). A reissue campaign covering the later years (from 1989 to 2007) was announced in 2015, spanning twelve albums in twelve months. However, after five remastered albums the campaign was seemingly aborted without any official statement from the record company, the live recordings intended for the series instead appearing as a live album Live in Hamburg 2015, which is strictly limited to 5000 copies worldwide. In January 2017 Michael Sadler announced Saga's retirement following the completion of their farewell tour dubbed The Final Chapter Tour, which also marked their 40th anniversary. He also said that a "very special one-off performance" would take place on the 2018 edition of Cruise to the Edge in February 2018. On August 5, 2018 bassist and co-founder Jim Crichton departed the band before the final two shows, and was replaced by new member Dusty Chesterfield. The tour spawned the live release So Good So Far – Live at Rock of Ages, which was released on September 28, 2018. After reconsideration from the request by the fans, Saga opted to continue with their live performances. In early 2020, the band performed in Germany and Scandinavia as part of their Out of the Shadows World Tour. Following the completion of the tour, the band members entered their respective home studios during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns to record an acoustic album titled Symmetry, which was released on March 12, 2021. The first single "Tired World" was made available for streaming, followed by "Wind Him Up" and "Always There". For the latter, the fans were asked to send in video material, which was then assembled into a video clip. Although Jim Crichton had quit touring with the band, he was strongly involved with Symmetry, playing bass and supervising the new arrangements. ==Band members== ;Current line-up * Michael Sadler – vocals, guitar, bass, synthesizer, drums (1977–2007, 2011–present) * Ian Crichton – guitar, synthaxe, banjo (1977–present) * Jim Crichton – bass, keyboards, Moog synthesizer, guitar, synthaxe (1977–present, studio only since 2018) * Jim Gilmour – synthesizer, keyboards, vocals, clarinet, saxophone, harmonica (1980–1986, 1992–present) * Mike Thorne – drums, electronic drums, vocals (2012–present) * Dusty Chesterfield – bass, keyboards, Moog synthesizer (2019–present) ;Former members * Brian Doerner – drums, backing vocals (2006–2012) * Rob Moratti – vocals (2008–2011) * Christian Simpson – drums (2003–2005) * Steve Negus – drums (1977–1986, 1992–2003) * Gregg Chadd – synthesizer, keyboards (1979) * Peter Rochon – synthesizer, keyboards (1977–1978) ;Session and studio musicians *Curt Cress – drums (1987, 1989) (studio) *Trevor Murrell – drums (1988 tour) *Tim Moore – synthesizer (1988 tour) *Graham Lear – drums (1990) (session) *Richard Baker – Moog synthesizer (1990) (session) *Marcus Deml – guitar (1995 European tour) (session) *Glen Sobel – drums (1997) (studio) *Chris Sutherland – drums (2007 tour, 2009 tour) (session) *Brad Park - drums (2023 tour) ===Timeline=== ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== Title Release Peak chart positions CAN US GER NOR SWE SWI AUT Saga 1978 — — — — 33 — — Images at Twilight 1979 — — — — — — — Silent Knight 1980 42 — — 15 42 — — Worlds Apart 1981 22 29 2 5 33 — — Heads or Tales 1983 17 92 3 4 4 4 — Behaviour 1985 39 87 2 6 4 3 29 Wildest Dreams 1987 77 — 18 11 8 17 — The Beginner's Guide to Throwing Shapes 1989 — — — — — — — The Security of Illusion 1993 — — 46 — 41 38 — Steel Umbrellas 1994 — — 65 — 29 39 — Generation 13 1995 — — 89 — — 49 — Pleasure & the Pain 1997 — — 93 — — — — Full Circle 1999 — — 44 — — — — House of Cards 2001 — — 34 — — 100 — Marathon 2003 — — 40 — — — — Network 2004 — — 78 — — — — Trust 2006 — — 23 — 37 — — 10,000 Days 2007 — — 78 — — — — The Human Condition 2009 — — 91 — — — — 20/20 2012 — — 13 — 39 — — Sagacity 2014 — — 17 — — 32 — Symmetry 2021 — — 11 — — 20 — ===Live albums=== Title Release In Transit * Recorded & released: 1982 * Formats: LP CD Detours – Live * Recorded: 1997 / Released: 1998 * Formats: 2CD The Chapters Live * Recorded: 2003 / Released: 2005 * Formats: 2CD Worlds Apart Revisited * Recorded: 2005 / Released: 2007 * Formats: 2CD + 2DVD Contact – Live in Munich * Recorded: 2007 / Released: 2009 * Formats: 2CD or 2CD + 2DVD Heads or Tales – Live * Recorded: 2010 / Released: 2011 * Formats: CD Spin It Again! Live in Munich * Recorded: 2012 / Released: 2013 * Formats: 2CD Live in Hamburg * Recorded: 2015 / Released: 2016 * Formats: 2CD 2LP So Good So Far – Live at Rock of Ages * Recorded: 2017 / Released: 2018 * Formats: 2CD Digipak, 2LP Gatefold+download code, DVD, Blu-ray and Digital ===Compilation albums=== Title Release Time's Up * Released: 1986 * Formats: LP The Works * Released: 1991 * Formats: 2CD 2LP 1978–1993 All the Best * Released: 1993 * Formats: The Very Best of * Released: 1994 * Formats: Defining Moments * Released: 1994 * Formats: Saga Softworks * Released: 1995 * Formats: How Do I Look * Released: 1998 * Formats: Phase 1 * Released: 1998 * Formats: Remember When – The Very Best of Saga * Released: 2006 * Formats: 2CD The Collection * Released: 2013 * Formats: 3CD Best of – Now and Then – The Collection * Released: 2015 * Formats: 2CD The Polydor Legacy * Released: 2017 * Formats: The Best of Saga: All Hits Since 1978 * Released: 2021 * Formats: ===Singles=== Title B-Side Release Peak chart positions Album CAN GER US US Main "How Long" "Humble Stance" 1978 — — — — Saga "It's Time" "Take It or Leave It" 1979 84 — — — Images at Twilight "See Them Smile" "Mouse In a Maze" — — — — "Don't Be Late" "Time to Go" 1980 — — — — Silent Knight "Careful Where You Step" "Compromise" — — — — "Wind Him Up" "No Stranger" 1981 22 7 64 24 Worlds Apart "On the Loose" "Framed" — 26 26 3 "Time's Up" "Amnesia" 1982 — — — — "On the Loose" (Live) "Don't Be Late" (Live) — — — — In Transit "How Long" (Live) "On the Loose" (Live) — — — — "The Flyer" "The Writing" 1983 — — 79 19 Heads or Tales "Cat Walk" "Social Orphan — — — — "Scratching the Surface" "The Vendetta" 45 — — — "What Do I Know" "Here I Am" 1985 57 65 — 24 Behaviour "Misbehaviour" "You and the Night" — — — — "Only Time Will Tell" "We've Been Here Before" 1987 93 — — — Wildest Dreams "Angel" "The Way of the World" — — — — "The Nineties" "How Do I Look" 1989 — — — — The Beginner's Guide to Throwing Shapes "Gotta Love It" "Solsbury Hill" 1991 — — — — The Works "The Call" "On the Loose" 1992 — — — — "The Security of Illusion" "Stand Up" 1993 — — — — The Security of Illusion "You Were Never Alone" "(Walking On) Thin Ice" 1994 — — — — Steel Umbrellas "Why Not" "Steamroller" — — — — "On the Loose" "We Hope You're Feeling Better" "The Cross (Remix)" 1995 — — — — Generation 13 "Home" "The One" 1999 — — — — Full Circle "Money Talks" "Don't Give Up" 2001 — — — — House of Cards "Rise and Shine" "Hands Up" 2003 — — — — Marathon "It's Your Life" "Trust" 2006 — — — — Trust "Tired World" — 2020 — — — — Symmetry "Wind Him Up" — 2021 — — — "Always There" — — — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. ==Videography== DVD title Release SILHOUETTE * Released: 2002 * Formats: DVD Marathon World Tour 2003: The Official Bootleg * Recorded & released: 2003 * Formats: DVD All Areas – Live in Bonn 2002 * Recorded: 2002 / Released: 2004 * Formats: DVD or 2DVD (including The Official Bootleg) Worlds Apart Revisited * Recorded: 2005 / Released: 2007 * Formats: 2CD + 2DVD Contact – Live in Munich * Recorded: 2007 / Released: 2009 * Formats: 2DVD or 2CD + 2DVD Spin It Again! Live in Munich * Recorded: 2012 / Released: 2013 * Formats: 2CD or DVD or Blu-ray ==References== ==External links== *sagagen.com – The official site of Saga *JimGilmour.net – The official site of Saga's keyboard player *MichaelSadler.com – The official site of Saga's lead vocalist *kul-z.com – Official Saga cover art * * Entry at canadianbands.com * Entry at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca * Category:Canadian progressive rock groups Category:Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Category:Musical groups established in 1977 Category:Musical groups from the Regional Municipality of Halton Category:1977 establishments in Ontario Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Warner Records artists Category:Inside Out Music artists Category:Portrait Records artists |
Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 - July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as "a major figure in contemporary literature", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). He enjoyed "unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life". When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America." ==Life== Carl Sandburg was born in a three-room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois, to Clara Mathilda (née Anderson) and August Sandberg, Sandburg's father's last name was originally "Danielson" or "Sturm". He could read but not write, and he accepted whatever spelling other people used. The young Carl, sister Mary, and brother Mart changed the spelling to "Sandburg" when in elementary school. both of Swedish ancestry."Carl Sandburg", United States History. He adopted the nickname "Charles" or "Charlie" in elementary school at about the same time he and his two oldest siblings changed the spelling of their last name to "Sandburg".Sandburg in 1953 was not able to recall his younger self's reasons, but he relates that being able to correctly pronounce "ch" was a mark of assimilation among Swedish immigrants. At the age of thirteen he left school and began driving a milk wagon. From the age of about fourteen until he was seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg.Prairie-Town Boy, by Carl Sandburg, 1955. "timforsythe.com" After that he was on the milk route again for 18 months. He then became a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas.Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg, edited by Rebecca West, 1954 After an interval spent at Lombard College in Galesburg,Carl Sandburg College. "History" he became a hotel servant in Denver, then a coal- heaver in Omaha. He began his writing career as a journalist for the Chicago Daily News. Later he wrote poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. Sandburg also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. He spent most of his life in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan before moving to North Carolina. Sandburg volunteered to join the military during the Spanish–American War and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry,* disembarking at Guánica, Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898. Sandburg was never actually called to battle. He attended West Point for just two weeks before failing a mathematics and grammar exam. Sandburg returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College but left without a degree in 1903. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to work for a newspaper, and also joined the Wisconsin Social Democratic Party, the name by which the Socialist Party of America was known in the state. Sandburg served as a secretary to Emil Seidel, socialist mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. Carl Sandburg later remarked that Milwaukee was where he got his bearings and that the rest of his life had been "the unrolling of a scene that started up in Wisconsin". Sandburg met Lilian Steichen (1883-1977) at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office in 1907, and they married the next year in Milwaukee. Lilian's brother was the photographer Edward Steichen. Sandburg with his wife, whom he called Paula, raised three daughters. Their first daughter, Margaret, was born in 1911. The Sandburgs moved to Harbert, Michigan, and then to suburban Chicago, Illinois in 1912 after he was offered a job by a Chicago newspaper. They lived in Evanston, Illinois before settling at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois, from 1919 to 1930. During the time, Sandburg wrote Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). In 1919 Sandburg won a Pulitzer Prize "made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society" for his collection Cornhuskers. Sandburg also wrote three children's books in Elmhurst: Rootabaga Stories, in 1922, followed by Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930). Sandburg also wrote Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, a two-volume biography, in 1926, The American Songbag (1927), and a book of poems called Good Morning, America (1928) in Elmhurst. The Sandburg house at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst was demolished and the site is now a parking lot. The family moved to Michigan in 1930. Sandburg won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years, the sequel to his Abraham Lincoln, and a second Poetry Pulitzer in 1951 for Complete Poems."Poetry". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 24, 2013.The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry was inaugurated in 1922 but the organization now considers the first winners to be three recipients of 1918 and 1919 special awards. In 1945 he moved to Connemara, a rural estate in Flat Rock, North Carolina. Here he produced a little over a third of his total published work and lived with his wife, daughters, and two grandchildren. On February 12, 1959, in commemorations of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth, Congress met in joint session to hear actor Fredric March give a dramatic reading of the Gettysburg Address, followed by an address by Sandburg. Sandburg supported the Civil Rights Movement and was the first white man to be honored by the NAACP with their Silver Plaque Award as a "major prophet of civil rights in our time." thumb|Remembrance Rock gravesite Sandburg died of natural causes in 1967 and his body was cremated. The ashes were interred under "Remembrance Rock", a granite boulder located behind his birth house in Galesburg.His wife and two daughters would also be interred there. See the signage. ==Career== ===Poetry and prose=== thumb|Rootabaga Stories (book 1, 1922) thumb|Sandburg's biography of Lincoln thumb|Sandburg rented a room and lived for three years in this house, where he wrote the poem "Chicago". It is now a Chicago landmark. Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as "Chicago", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News and The Day Book. His most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders." Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg, Corn Huskers, and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years). Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. The Rootabaga Stories were born of Sandburg's desire for "American fairy tales" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the "Five Marvelous Pretzels". In 1919, Sandburg was assigned by his editor at the Daily News to do a series of reports on the working classes and tensions among whites and African Americans. The impetus for these reports were race riots that had broken out in other American cities. Ultimately, major riots broke out in Chicago too, but much of Sandburg's writing on the issues before the riots caused him to be seen as having a prophetic voice. A visiting philanthropist, Joel Spingarn, who was also an official of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, read Sandburg's columns with interest and asked to publish them, as The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919. ===Lincoln works=== Sandburg's popular multivolume biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, 2 vols. (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (1939) are collectively "the best-selling, most widely read, and most influential book[s] about Lincoln." The books have been through many editions, including a one- volume edition in 1954 prepared by Sandburg. Sandburg's Lincoln scholarship had an enormous impact on the popular view of Lincoln. The books were adapted by Robert E. Sherwood for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938) and David Wolper's six-part dramatization for television, Sandburg's Lincoln (1974). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance – Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the New York Philharmonic. Some historians suggest more Americans learned about Lincoln from Sandburg than from any other source.Niven, Penelope, Carl Sandburg: A Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1991), p. 536. The books garnered critical praise and attention for Sandburg, including the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years. But Sandburg's works on Lincoln also received substantial criticism. William E. Barton, who had published a Lincoln biography in 1925, wrote that Sandburg's book "is not history, is not even biography" because of its lack of original research and uncritical use of evidence, but Barton nevertheless thought it was "real literature and a delightful and important contribution to the ever-lengthening shelf of really good books about Lincoln."Barton, William E., "Review of The Prairie Years," American Historical Review 31 (July 1926): pp. 809–11. Historian Milo Milton Quaife criticized Sandburg for not documenting his sources and questioned the accuracy of The Prairie Years, noting they contain a number of factual errors. Others have complained The Prairie Years and The War Years contain too much material that is neither biography nor history, saying the books are instead "sentimental poeticizing" by Sandburg. Sandburg himself may have viewed his works more as an American epic than as a mere biography, a view also mirrored by other reviewers. ===Folk music=== Sandburg's 1927 anthology the American Songbag enjoyed enormous popularity, going through many editions; and Sandburg himself was perhaps the first American urban folk singer, accompanying himself on solo guitar at lectures and poetry recitals, and in recordings, long before the first or the second folk revival movements (of the 1940s and 1960s, respectively).Malone, Bill C., and David Stricklin (2003). Southern Music/American Music (University Press of Kentucky, 2003), p. 33. According to the musicologist Judith Tick: > As a populist poet, Sandburg bestowed a powerful dignity on what the '20s > called the "American scene" in a book he called a "ragbag of stripes and > streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth ... rich with the > diversity of the United States." Reviewed widely in journals ranging from > the New Masses to Modern Music, the American Songbag influenced a number of > musicians. Pete Seeger, who calls it a "landmark", saw it "almost as soon as > it came out." The composer Elie Siegmeister took it to Paris with him in > 1927, and he and his wife Hannah "were always singing these songs. That was > home. That was where we belonged."Tick, Judith, Ruth Crawford Seeger, A > Composer's Search for American Music (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 57. ===Film=== Sandburg said he considered working on D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916) but his first film work was when he signed on to work on the production of The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) in July 1960 for a year, receiving an "in creative association with Carl Sandburg" credit on the film. ==Legacy== ===Commemoration=== Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor's center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife's ashes are buried. Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois, and Fairfax County, Virginia has a Carl Sandburg Middle School. On January 6, 1978, the 100th anniversary of his birth, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sandburg. The spare design consists of a profile originally drawn by his friend William A. Smith in 1952, along with Sandburg's own distinctive autograph.Scott Catalogue. The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (RBML) houses the Carl Sandburg Papers. The bulk of the collection was purchased directly from Carl Sandburg and his family. In total, the RBML owns over 600 cubic feet of Sandburg's papers, including photographs, correspondence, and manuscripts. In 2011, Sandburg was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. ===Namesakes=== Carl Sandburg Village was a 1960s urban renewal project in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership. Numerous schools are named for Sandburg throughout the United States, and he was present at some of these schools' dedications. (Some years after attending the 1954 dedication of Carl Sandburg High School in Orland Park, Illinois, Sandburg returned for an unannounced visit; the school's principal at first mistook him for a hobo.) Sandburg Halls, a student residence hall at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, carries a plaque commemorating Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor. Carl Sandburg Library opened in Livonia, Michigan in 1961. The name was recommended by the Library Commission as an example of an American author representing the best of literature of the Midwest. Carl Sandburg had taught at the University of Michigan for a time. Galesburg opened Sandburg Mall in 1975, named in honor of Sandburg. The Chicago Public Library installed the Carl Sandburg Award, annually awarded for contributions to literature. A subdivision in a suburbs of Atlanta Georgia is named after Carl Sandburg and his life. Connemara HOA in Lawrenceville (GA) includes the namesake of Connemara, his home in NC. Street names include Galesburg Dr (his birthplace), Windflower Way (named after the poem Windflower Leaf), Remembrance Trace (named after his only novel of Remembrance Rock), Flat Rock Dr (his home of Connemara in Flat Rock, NC), and Lombard Dr (the College he attended). Amtrak added the Carl Sandburg train in 2006 to supplement the Illinois Zephyr on the Chicago–Quincy route.Amtrak Press Release, October 8, 2006. Amtrak.com. === In other media === * Avard Fairbanks produced Sandburg's portrait during the Lincoln Sesquicentennial. It was cast in bronze and placed at the Chicago Historical Museum and at Knox College, his alma mater, in Galesburg, IL. thumb|Carl Sandburg portrait sculpture by Avard T. Fairbanks * NBC produced a six-episode miniseries entitled Lincoln, also referred to as Carl Sandburg's Lincoln, starring Hal Holbrook and directed by George Schaefer, aired between 1974 and 1976. * Richard Armour's poem "Driving in a Fog; or Carl Sandburg Must Have Been a Pedestrian" was published in the January 1953 Westways. * William Saroyan wrote a short story about Sandburg in his 1971 book Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody. * Thomas Hart Benton painted a portrait Carl Sandburg in 1956, for which the poet had posed. * Sandburg's "Sometime they'll give a war and nobody will come" from The People, Yes was a slogan of the German peace movement ("Stell dir vor, es ist Krieg, und keiner geht hin"); however, it is often falsely attributed to Bertolt Brecht. * Daniel Steven Crafts' The Song and The Slogan is an orchestral composition built around recited passages from Sandburg's "Prairie". * Dan Zanes's Parades and Panoramas: 25 Songs Collected by Carl Sandburg for the American Songbag. * Peter Louis van Dijk's "Windy City Songs", based on the Chicago poems, was performed by the Chicago Children's Choir and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Choir in 2007. * Steven Spielberg claimed that the face of E.T. was based on a composite of Sandburg, Ernest Hemingway, and Albert Einstein. p. 134. * Bob Gibson's "The Courtship of Carl Sandburg", starring Tom Amandes as Sandburg"Bob Gibson's 'The Courtship of Carl Sandburg'", lyon.edu. . * Samuel M. Steward's gay pulp collection "$tud"'s protagonist refers to Sandburg in an ironic nod to his commentary on the "painted women of Chicago" (as Steward contrarily wrote of the "male whores" of Chicago). p. 151. * In Jonathan Lethem's novel Dissident Gardens the main character Rose Zimmer became an Abraham Lincoln devotee after reading Sandburg's biography. Her copy of the six volumes became the centerpiece of her shrine to Lincoln. * Sufjan Stevens's "Come on! Feel the Illinoise! Part I: The Columbian Exposition Part II: Carl Sandburg Visits Me in a Dream" (from Illinois). *Composer Phyllis Zimmerman set Sandburg's poems to music in her choral composition Fog, which was recorded and produced on CD. ==Bibliography== *In Reckless Ecstasy (1904) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg) *Incidentals (1904) (poetry and prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg) *Plaint of a Rose (1908) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg) *Joseffy (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg) *You and Your Job (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg) *Chicago Poems (1916) (poetry) *Cornhuskers (1918) (poetry) *Chicago Race Riots (1919) (prose) (with an introduction by Walter Lippmann) *Clarence Darrow of Chicago (1919) (prose) *Smoke and Steel (1920) (poetry) *Rootabaga Stories (1922) (children's stories) *Slabs of the Sunburnt West (1922) (poetry) *Rootabaga Pigeons (1923) (children's stories) *Selected Poems (1926) (poetry) *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926) (biography) *The American Songbag (1927) (folk songs) *Songs of America (1927) (folk songs) (collected by Sandburg; edited by Alfred V. Frankenstein) *Abe Lincoln Grows Up (1928) (biography [primarily for children]) *Good Morning, America (1928) (poetry) *Steichen the Photographer (1929) (history) *Early Moon (1930) (poetry) *Potato Face (1930) (children's stories) *Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow (1932) (biography) *The People, Yes (1936) (poetry) *Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939) (biography) *Storm over the Land (1942) (biography) (excerpts from Sandburg's own Abraham Lincoln: The War Years) *Road to Victory (1942) (exhibition catalog) (text by Sandburg; images compiled by Edward Steichen and published by the Museum of Modern Art) *Home Front Memo (1943) (essays) *Remembrance Rock (1948) (novel) *Lincoln Collector: the story of the Oliver R. Barrett Lincoln collection (1949) (prose) *The New American Songbag (1950) (folk songs) *Complete Poems (1950) (poetry) *The Wedding Procession of the Rag Doll and the Broom Handle and Who Was In It (1950) (children's story) *Always the Young Strangers (1953) (autobiography) *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (1954) (illustrated one-volume edition) *Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg (1954) (poetry) (edited by Rebecca West) *The Family of Man (1955) (exhibition catalog) (introduction; images compiled by Edward Steichen) *Prairie-Town Boy (1955) (autobiography) (essentially excerpts from Always the Young Strangers) *Sandburg Range (1957) (prose and poetry) *Harvest Poems, 1910–1960 (1960) (poetry) *Wind Song (1960) (poetry) *The World of Carl Sandburg (1960) (stage production) (adapted and directed by Norman Corwin, dramatic readings by Bette Davis and Leif Erickson, singing and guitar by Clark Allen, with closing cameo by Sandburg himself) *Carl Sandburg at Gettysburg (1961) (documentary) *Honey and Salt (1963) (poetry) *The Letters of Carl Sandburg (1968) (autobiographical/correspondence) (edited by Herbert Mitgang) *Breathing Tokens (poetry by Sandburg, edited by Margaret Sandburg) (1978) (poetry) *Ever the Winds of Chance (1983) (autobiography) (started by Sandburg, completed by Margaret Sandburg and George Hendrick) *Carl Sandburg at the Movies: a poet in the silent era, 1920–1927 (1985) (selections of his reviews of silent movies; collected and edited by Dale Fetherling and Doug Fetherling) *Billy Sunday and other poems (1993) (edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick) *Poems for Children Nowhere Near Old Enough to Vote (1999) (compiled and with an introduction by George and Willene Hendrick) *Poems for the People. (1999) 73 newfound poems from his early years in Chicago, edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick *Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (2007) (illustrated edition with an introduction by Alan Axelrod) ==See also== *Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site ==References== ===Footnotes=== ===Notes=== == Further reading == * Niven, Penelope. Carl Sandburg: A Biography. New York: Scribner's, 1991. * Sandburg, Carl. The Letters of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. * Sandburg, Helga. A Great and Glorious Romance: The Story of Carl Sandburg and Lilian Steichen. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978. ==External links== * Carl Sandburg's birthplace in Galesburg, IL (at sandburg.org) * Carl Sandburg Birthplace, Galesburg, IL (at uncharted101.com) * Carl Sandburg Home, North Carolina from the National Park Service * * * * The Day Carl Sandburg Died, PBS American Masters video * Prayers for the People: Carl Sandburg's Poetry and Songs , a Nebraska Educational Telecommunications film, University of Nebraska (video, 1 hour) * Carl Sandburg databases from the University of Illinois * Carl Sandburg from the FBI website * Previously unknown Sandburg poem focuses on power of the gun * * * Helga Sandburg at LC Authorities, with 20 records * Carl Sandburg Home NHS images on Open Parks Network * Without The Cain and The Derby, a poem by Carl Sandburg: Vanity Fair, May, 1922 * * === Archival materials === *Oliver Barrett-Carl Sandburg Papers at Newberry Library *North Carolina Writers Photographs Collection, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte *Sandburg Series in the Harry Golden papers, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte *Guide to the Carl Sandburg and Ruth Falkenau Correspondence 1919-1930 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center *Guide to the Carl Sandburg-Joseph Halle Schaffner Collection 1927-1969 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center *Sandburg-Page Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. *Alan Jenkins (AC 1924) Carl Sandburg Collection at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections Category:1878 births Category:1967 deaths Category:20th-century American novelists Category:20th- century American poets Category:20th-century American biographers Category:American folk-song collectors Category:Historians from Illinois Category:American male novelists Category:American male poets Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War Category:American people of Swedish descent Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Historians of the United States Category:House of Vasa Category:Industrial Workers of the World members Category:Lombard College alumni Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America Category:American democratic socialists Category:People from Elmhurst, Illinois Category:People from Galesburg, Illinois Category:Poets from North Carolina Category:Poets from Wisconsin Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Pulitzer Prize for History winners Category:Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners Category:Writers from Chicago Category:Wisconsin State Federation of Labor people Category:Poets Laureate of Illinois Category:20th-century American male writers Category:Novelists from Illinois Category:People from Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina Category:Historians of Abraham Lincoln Category:Poets from Illinois Category:American male biographers Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters |
An economic depression is a period of carried long-term economic downturn that is the result of lowered economic activity in one major or more national economies. Economic depression maybe related to one specific country were there is some economic crisis that has worsened but most often reflexes historically the American Great Depression and similar economic status that may be recognized as existing at some country, several countries or even in many countries. It is often understood in economics that economic crisis and the following recession that maybe named economic depression are part of economic cycles where the slowdown of the economy follows the economic growth and vice versa. It is a result of more severe economic problems or a downturn than the recession itself, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the course of the normal business cycle of growing economy. Economic depressions maybe also characterized by their length or duration, and maybe showing increases in unemployment, larger increases in unemployment or even abnormally large levels of unemployment (as with for example some problems in Japan in incorporating digital economy, that such technological difficulties may be resulting in very large unemployment rates or lack of good social balance in employment among population, lesser revenues for businesses, or other economic difficulties, with having signs of financial crisis, that may also reflect on the work of banks, or may result in banking crisis (in various ways that may be for example unauthorized transformations of banks), and further the crisis in investment and credit; that further could reflect on innovation and new businesses investments lessening or even shrinking, or buyers dry up in recession and suppliers cut back on production and investment in technology, in financial crisis that may be more country defaults or debt problems, and further in feared businesses bankruptcies, and overall business slowdown. Other bad signs of economic depression could be significantly reduced amounts of trade and commerce (especially international trade), as well as in currency markets that maybe fluctuations or unexpected exchange rates with observed highly volatile currency value fluctuations (often due to relative currency devaluations). Other signs of depression are prices deflation, financial crises, stock market crash or even bank failures, or even specific behaviour of economic agents or population, that are also common or also non common elements of a depression that do not normally occur during a recession. ==Definitions== In the United States the National Bureau of Economic Research determines contractions and expansions in the business cycle, but does not declare depressions. Generally, periods labeled depressions are marked by a substantial and sustained shortfall of the ability to purchase goods relative to the amount that could be produced using current resources and technology (potential output). Another proposed definition of depression includes two general rules: # a decline in real GDP exceeding 10%, or # a recession lasting 2 or more years. There are also differences in the duration of depression across definitions. Some economists refer only to the period when economic activity is declining. The more common use, however, also encompasses the time until the economic activity has returned close to normal levels. A recession is briefly defined as a period of declining economic activity spread across the economy (according to NBER). Under the first definition, each depression will always coincide with a recession, since the difference between a depression and a recession is the severity of the fall in economic activity. In other words, each depression is always a recession, sharing the same starting and ending dates and having the same duration. Under the second definition, depressions and recessions will always be distinct events however, having the same starting dates. This definition of depression implies that a recession and a depression will have different ending dates and thus distinct durations. Under this definition, the length of depression will always be longer than that of the recession starting the same date. A useful example is a difference in the chronology of the Great Depression in the U.S. under the view of alternative definitions. Using the second definition of depression, most economists refer to the Great Depression, as the period between 1929 and 1941. On the other hand, using the first definition, the depression that started in August 1929 lasted until March 1933. Note that NBER, which publishes the recession (instead of depression) dates for the U.S. economy, has identified two recessions during that period. The first between August 1929 and March 1933 and the second starting in May 1937 and ending in June 1938. ==Terminology== Today the term "depression" is most often associated with the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the term had been in use long before then. Indeed, an early major American economic crisis, the Panic of 1819, was described by then-president James Monroe as "a depression", and the economic crisis immediately preceding the 1930s depression, the Depression of 1920–21, was referred to as a "depression" by president Calvin Coolidge. However, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, financial crises were traditionally referred to as "panics", e.g., the 'major' Panic of 1907, and the 'minor' Panic of 1910–1911, though the 1929 crisis was more commonly called "The Crash", and the term "panic" has since fallen out of use. At the time of the Great Depression (of the 1930s), the phrase "The Great Depression" had already been used to refer to the period 1873–96 (in the United Kingdom), or more narrowly 1873–79 (in the United States), which has since been renamed the Long Depression. Common use of the phrase "The Great Depression" for the 1930s crisis is most frequently attributed to British economist Lionel Robbins, whose 1934 book The Great Depression is credited with 'formalizing' the phrase, though US president Herbert Hoover is widely credited with having 'popularized' the term/phrase,The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972, William Manchester informally referring to the downturn as a "depression", with such uses as "Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement", (December 1930, Message to Congress) and "I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression" (1931). ==Occurrence== Due to the lack of an agreed definition and the strong negative associations, the characterization of any period as a "depression" is contentious. The term was frequently used for regional crises from the early 19th century until the 1930s, and for the more widespread crises of the 1870s and 1930s, but economic crises since 1945 have generally been referred to as "recessions", with the 1970s global crisis referred to as "stagflation", but not a depression. The only two eras commonly referred to at the current time as "depressions" are the 1870s and 1930s. To some degree, this is simply a stylistic change, similar to the decline in the use of "panic" to refer to financial crises, but it does also reflect that the economic cycle – both in the United States and in most OECD countries – though not in all – has been more moderate since 1945. There have been many periods of prolonged economic underperformance in particular countries/regions since 1945, detailed below, but terming these as "depressions" is controversial. The 2008–2009 economic cycle, which has comprised the most significant global crisis since the Great Depression, has at times been termed a depression, but this terminology is not widely used, with the episode instead being referred to by other terms, such as the "Great Recession". == Notable depressions == ===The General Crisis of 1640=== The largest depression of all time occurred during the General Crisis. The Ming Empire of China went bankrupt and the Stuart Monarchy fought a civil war on three fronts in Ireland, Scotland, and England. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, created the first recorded explanation of the need for a universal Social Contract in his 1651 book Leviathan based on the general misery within society during this period. ===Great depression of 1837=== This depression is acknowledged to be a worse depression in the United States than the later Great Depression of the 1930s. This depression ended in the United States due to the California Gold Rush and its tenfold addition to the United States' gold reserves. As with most depressions, it was followed by a thirty-year period of a booming economy in the United States, which is now called the Second Industrial Revolution (of the 1850s). ====Panic of 1837==== The Panic of 1837 was an American financial crisis, built on a speculative real estate market. The bubble burst on 10 May 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in gold and silver coinage. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels. === Long Depression === Starting with the adoption of the gold standard in Britain and the United States, the Long Depression (1873–1896) was indeed longer than what is now referred to as the Great Depression, but shallower in some sectors. Many who lived through it regarded it to have been worse than the 1930s depression at times. It was known as "the Great Depression" until the 1930s. ===Great Depression=== The Great Depression of the 1930s affected most national economies in the world. This depression is generally considered to have begun with the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the crisis quickly spread to other national economies. Between 1929 and 1933, the gross national product of the United States decreased by 33% while the rate of unemployment increased to 25% (with industrial unemployment alone rising to approximately 35% – U.S. employment was still over 25% agricultural). A long-term effect of the Great Depression was the departure of every major currency from the gold standard, although the initial impetus for this was World War II (see Bretton Woods Accord). ===Greek depression=== Beginning in 2009, Greece sank into a recession that, after two years, became a depression. The country saw an almost 20% drop in economic output, and unemployment soared to near 25%. Greece's high amounts of sovereign debt precipitated the crisis, and the poor performance of its economy after the introduction of severe austerity measures slowed the entire eurozone's recovery. Greece's troubles led to discussions about its departure from the eurozone. ===Post-communism depression=== The economic crisis in the 1990s that struck former members of the Soviet Union was almost twice as intense as the Great Depression in the countries of Western Europe and the United States in the 1930s.Who Lost Russia?, The New York Times, 8 October 2000 Average standards of living registered a catastrophic fall in the early 1990s in many parts of the former Eastern Bloc, most notably in post-Soviet states. Even before Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s. Some populations are still poorer today than they were in 1989 (e.g. Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia, Central Asia, Caucasus). The collapse of the Soviet planned economy and the transition to a market economy resulted in catastrophic declines in GDP of about 45% from 1990 to 1996 and poverty in the region had increased more than tenfold. Finnish economists refer to the Finnish economic decline during and after the breakup of the Soviet Union (1989–1994) as a great depression (suuri lama). However, the depression was multicausal, with its severity compounded by a coincidence of multiple sudden external shocks, including loss of Soviet trade, the savings and loan crisis and early 1990s recession in the West, with the internal overheating that had been brewing throughout the 1980s. Liberalization had resulted in the so-called "casino economy". Persistent structural and monetary policy problems had not been solved, leaving the economy vulnerable to even mild external shocks. The depression had lasting effects: the Finnish markka was floated and was eventually replaced by the euro in 1999, ending decades of government control of the economy, but also high, persistent unemployment. Employment has never returned even close to the pre-crisis level. ==Other depressions== ===Global=== The late 1910s and early 1920s were marked by an economic depression that unraveled in particularly catastrophic circumstances: World War I and its aftermath led to a global nosedive in commodities that ruined many developing nations, while servicemen returning from the trenches found themselves with high unemployment as businesses failed, unable to transition into a peacetime economy. Also, the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–20 brought economic activity to a standstill as even more people became incapacitated. Most developed countries had mostly recovered by 1921–22, however Germany saw its economy crippled until 1923–24 because of the hyperinflation crisis. The 1973 oil crisis, coupled with the rising costs of maintenance of welfare state in most countries led to a recession between 1973 and 1975, followed by a period of almost minimal growth and rising inflation and unemployment. The 1980–82 recession marked the end of the period. The savings & loans and the leveraged buyout crises led to a severe depression in mid-to-late 1989, causing a recession in 1990–91 (also fueled by the oil price crisis), whose effects lasted as late as 1994. This downturn is more remembered for its political effects: British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had to resign in November 1990; and while his approval ratings were above 60%, U.S. President George H. W. Bush lost the 1992 election to Bill Clinton because of the domestic malady marked by the depression and increasing urban decay. In 2005, the persistent oil price rises and economic overheating caused by deregulation led to a gradual deterioration of the world economy with inflation and unemployment rising as growth slowed: The housing bubble in the U.S. burst in 2007, and the American economy slipped into a recession. This, in turn, provoked the failure of many prominent financial institutions throughout 2008, most notably Lehman Brothers, leading to the loss of millions of jobs. ===Regional=== Several Latin American countries had severe downturns in the 1980s: by the Kehoe and Prescott definition of a great depression as at least one year with output 20% below trend, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico experienced great depressions in the 1980s, and Argentina experienced another in 1998–2002. South American countries fell once again into this in the early-to-mid 2010s. This definition also includes the economic performance of New Zealand from 1974 to 1992 and Switzerland from 1973 to the present, although this designation for Switzerland has been controversial. From 1980 to 2000, Sub-Saharan Africa broadly suffered a fall in absolute income levels. ==See also== * Great Recession * L-shaped recession * List of recessions * List of recessions in the United States * Recession * Stagflation ==References== == External links== Category:Economic crises * |
iOS 12 is the twelfth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. Aesthetically similar to its predecessor, iOS 11, it focuses more on performance than on new features, quality improvements and security updates. Announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 4, 2018, iOS 12 was released to the public on September 17, 2018. It was succeeded for the iPhone and iPod Touch by iOS 13 on September 19, 2019 and for the iPad by iPadOS 13 on September 24, 2019. Security updates for iOS 12 continued for four years following the release of iOS 13 for devices unable to run the newer operating system. The latest update, 12.5.7, was released on January 23, 2023. ==Overview== iOS 12 was introduced by Craig Federighi at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 4, 2018. The first developer beta version was released after the keynote presentation, with the first public beta released on June 25, 2018. The initial release of version 12.0 was on September 17, 2018. ==System features== ===Performance=== Performance optimizations were made in order to speed up common tasks across all supported iOS devices. Tests done by Apple on an iPhone 6 Plus showed apps launching 40% faster, the system keyboard activating 50% faster, and the camera opening 70% faster compared to iOS 11. ===Screen Time=== thumb|The Screen Time usage information screen in iOS 12 on an iPhone X Screen Time is a new feature in iOS 12 that records the amount of time a user spent on the device. The feature also displays the amount of time the user used particular apps, the amount of time the user used particular categories of apps (such as games), and the number of notifications the user received. Screen Time also provides blocking features to limit usage of apps (with time limits) or set other restrictions such as on purchases or explicit content. It replaces Restrictions in the iOS Settings app, but can also be used by adults to limit their own usage. These features can be used with or without a passcode. Without setting a passcode, the limits can easily be bypassed but may serve as a useful reminder of usage goals. In January 2018, investors JANA Partners and the California State Teachers' Retirement System had issued a public letter to Apple, calling for them to take additional responsibility for the "unintentional negative consequences" that iPhones may have on younger users, and to seek out new ways to limit these effects. In June 2018, after the announcement of the Screen Time feature, Tim Cook publicly admitted that he "was spending a lot more time than [he] should" on his phone. JANA Partners and CalSTRS issued a second letter to express their support for the new feature. ===Shortcuts=== A dedicated application in iOS 12 allows users to set up Shortcuts, automated actions that the user can ask Siri to perform. Using the Shortcuts app, a user can create a phrase and type in the action they want Siri to do for them. Once they tell the phrase to Siri, Siri will automatically do the task they set for it in the Shortcuts app. The Shortcuts app replaces the Workflow app that Apple acquired in March 2017. ===ARKit 2=== ARKit now allows users to share their view with other iOS 12-supported devices. ARKit 2 additionally allows full 2D image tracking and incorporates the ability to detect 3D objects. ===CarPlay=== CarPlay now supports third- party navigation applications. (Waze, Google Maps, etc.) ===iPad=== The Voice Memos and Stocks apps are now available for iPads. Control Center is separated from the app switcher on iPad and can be opened with a swipe down on the top right corner. The status bar has been redesigned, and in addition, iPhone X-style gestures are introduced across all iPads running iOS 12. === Keyboard === In iOS 12, the trackpad mode (which allows the user to freely move the cursor) is enabled by long-pressing the space bar on devices without 3D Touch. === App Switcher === For devices with gesture navigation and no home button (iPhone X and later), users can now force quit applications by swiping up from the bottom of the screen (without having to press and hold on them when in the app switcher). === Exposure Notification API === On December 14, 2020, Apple released iOS 12.5, which includes the Exposure Notification API (backported from iOS 13) that provides access to the Apple / Google privacy-preserving contact tracing system that Apple have developed jointly with Google. This is provided to support digital contact tracing which came to light during the COVID-19 pandemic. ==App features== ===Messages=== Messages in iOS 12 introduces a new type of customizable Animoji called "Memoji" which allows a user to create a 3D character of themselves. Apple also introduced Koala, Tiger, Ghost, and T-Rex Animojis. In addition, Apple added new text and GIF effects similar to those found on other social media applications. ===FaceTime=== FaceTime gains support for Animoji and Memoji, as well as new text and GIF effects similar to those found on other social media applications and in the Messages application. iOS 12.1, released on October 30, 2018, adds the ability to include up to 32 people in a FaceTime conversation. This feature is only supported with video by devices with the Apple A8X or Apple A9 chip or later; it is only supported for audio on iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6 Plus, and is not available at all on iPad Mini 2, iPad Mini 3, and iPad Air. Group FaceTime was disabled on January 28, 2019 due to a software bug that allowed calls to be answered by the caller rather than the recipient, allowing video and audio to be transmitted unless the call was declined. The functionality got restored on February 7, 2019, with the release of iOS 12.1.4. Group FaceTime remains disabled on devices running iOS 12 that are affected by the bug. ===Measure=== Measure is a native AR application that allows the user to take measurements of real objects. It also works as a level, a feature that was originally packaged as part of the Compass app. ===Photos=== Photos has been completely redesigned with four new tabs, including "Photos," "For You," "Albums," and "Search." The new "For You" tab replaces the "Memories" tab previously found in iOS 11 and makes sharing recommendations, creates short-length video collages, photo editing suggestions, as well as featured photos from a specific day. While the "Photos" and "Albums" tabs received only a few cosmetic changes, the "Search" tab includes new Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning features which show the user photos by place and categories (e.g. animals, cars, objects). ===Notifications=== Notifications are now grouped by application and have a "manage" button to turn off notifications for that app or to deliver them quietly right from the Notification Center without having to go into the Settings application. ===Do Not Disturb=== Do Not Disturb gives users more options for automation. Users can hide notifications indefinitely or scheduled like previously, but can also hide notifications for 1 hour, until a time of day, until leaving a location, or until the end of a scheduled event in Calendar. ===Voice Memos and Stocks=== Voice Memos and Stocks are supported on iPad, and have a newer design. Stocks was integrated with Apple News to show financial and other related news. ===Apple Books=== iBooks was renamed Apple Books, and the app was redesigned, with five new tabs, including "Reading Now," "Library," "Book Store," "Audio Books," and "Search." The new app design is similar to that of Apple Music, and has been praised for its simplicity in allowing users to easily navigate their book library. ===Safari=== Safari receives an update to Intelligent Tracking Prevention. This includes a feature which allows the user to disable social media "like" and "share" buttons. ===Maps=== Apple Maps had started to be rebuilt from the ground up by relying on first-party map data instead of using map data provided by third parties. This allows for more accurate directions and predictions on the fastest routes. The new maps were rolled out in sections and the entire US completed by the end of 2019. ==Problems== ===Rainbow flag emoji=== After a rainbow flag emoji with an interdictory sign over it appeared on Twitter, several users accused Apple of encouraging anti-LGBT attitudes. However, Emojipedia has clarified that this occurs when a user tweets the two emojis together and is not an intended feature. This can be used with other emojis as well. ===FaceTime eavesdropping issue=== A FaceTime issue impacting several versions of iOS 12 (versions 12.1-12.1.3) allowed users to call someone via FaceTime and hear the audio coming from their phone before answering the call, before the bug was fixed in iOS 12.1.4. ==Supported devices== Any device that supports iOS 11 can be upgraded to iOS 12. However, devices with 1GB of RAM, such as the iPhone 5S, 6, 6 Plus, and the iPod Touch (6th generation), have limited support. These are the list of the devices that support iOS 12: ===iPhone=== *iPhone 5S *iPhone 6 & 6 Plus *iPhone 6S & 6S Plus *iPhone SE (1st generation) *iPhone 7 & 7 Plus *iPhone 8 & 8 Plus *iPhone X *iPhone XS & XS Max *iPhone XR ===iPod Touch=== *iPod Touch (6th generation) *iPod Touch (7th generation) ===iPad=== *iPad Air (1st generation) *iPad Air 2 *iPad Air (3rd generation) *iPad (5th generation) *iPad (6th generation) *iPad Mini 2 *iPad Mini 3 *iPad Mini 4 *iPad Mini (5th generation) *iPad Pro (9.7-inch) *iPad Pro (10.5-inch) *iPad Pro (11-inch, 1st generation) *iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 1st generation) *iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 2nd generation) *iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 3rd generation) == Version history == Version Build Codename Release date Notes Update type 12.0 16A366 Peace September 17, 2018 Initial release on the iPhone XS and XS Max *Allows searching for photos based on their geotag information * Introduces Memoji, a customizable Animoji * Adds a Deliver Quietly feature for the Do Not Disturb feature, which silently delivers notifications * Adds the Siri Suggestions panel to Lock Screen and Search * Enables Siri to turn on the flashlight * Introduces the Measure app, which uses Augmented Reality to measure objects and spaces * Speed and performance improvements. * Fixes a bug that allows applications to read the user's Apple ID * Fixes a bug that allows maliciously crafted iBooks file to access user information * Fixes a bug that allowed local users to recover deleted messages * Fixes a bug that prevented a user from deleting browser history Initial Release 16A367 October 26, 2018 Initial release on iPhone XR 12.0.1 16A404 16A405 October 8, 2018 * Fixes an issue where some iPhone XS devices did not immediately start charging when connected to a Lightning cable that was capable of charging. * Resolves an issue that caused some iPhone XS units to rejoin Wi-Fi networks at 2.4 GHz instead of 5 GHz. * Restores the original position of the ".?123" key on the iPad. * Fixes an issue where subtitles failed to appear in some 3rd party video apps. * Fixes an issue where Bluetooth could become unavailable. * Strengthens the security on the lock screen due to local attackers being able to access photos, contacts, and the share function on a locked device. Bug Fixes 12.1 16B92 16B93 16B94 PeaceB October 30, 2018 November 6, 2018 * Initial release on iPad Pro (3rd generation) * Introduces Group FaceTime support, which allows up to 32 simultaneous participants in a call. * Adds dual SIM support using eSIMs for the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR. * Introduces Depth Control in Camera preview for iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR. * Fixes a bug where messages were merged into one thread if two users were signed into the same Apple ID on separate devices, * Resolves an issue where a contact name could fail to appear alongside a phone number. * Fixes a bug where no family members could be added or removed from Family Sharing. * Adds the ability for an iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, or iPhone XR to detect if the battery installed is a genuine Apple battery * Adds a performance management feature to prevent sudden shutdowns for an iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, or iPhone X, with the ability to disable this. * Fixes bug that allows a remote attacker to forcefully initiate a FaceTime call. Feature Update 12.1.1 16C50 PeaceC December 5, 2018 * Adds the ability to use separate carriers with dual SIM functionality. * Allows Live Photo capture during one-to-one FaceTime calls. * Allows switching between front and rear cameras with one tap in FaceTime. * Fixes an issue where Face ID may become unavailable. * Fixes issue where time zones did not update automatically. * Fixes issue in Messages that prevented predictive text suggestions when using Chinese or Japanese keyboards. * Increased lock screen security to prevent local attackers from accessing Contacts from the lock screen. * Fixes bug that prevents fully deleting browser history. Feature Update 12.1.2 16C101 16C104 December 17, 2018 December 20, 2018 Only for iPhones * Fixes bugs with eSIM activation for iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR. * Fixes an issue where cellular connectivity was affected in Turkey for iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR. Bug Fixes 12.1.3 16D39 16D40 PeaceD January 22, 2019 * Fixes issue that may cause artifacting in images sent from the Share Sheet. * Fixes issue that caused some CarPlay systems to disconnect from iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR. * Fixes another issue that allowed a remote attacker to forcefully initiate a FaceTime call. Bug Fixes 12.1.4 16D57 February 7, 2019 * Fixes a bug where the initiator of a Group FaceTime call can force all of the recipients to answer. Security Fixes 12.2 16E227 PeaceE March 25, 2019 Initial release on iPad Air (3rd generation) and iPad Mini (5th generation) * Introduces Apple News+, a subscription service for Apple news. * Enables Ask Siri to allow play any video, show, movie, sports game, or channel on a Apple TV. * Introduces four new Animoji faces - owl, boar, giraffe, shark, for iPhone X and later. * Adds AirPlay controls into Control Center * Adds support for the AirPods (2nd generation). * Adds support for Air Quality Index in the US, UK, and India. * Fixes bug where the reported size of large apps, System, and Other could be reported incorrectly in the iPhone Storage section of settings. * Fixes a bug where an attacker could intercept network traffic. * Fixes a bug where websites could access sensor information without user consent. * Fixes a bug where websites could access the microphone without the microphone usage indicator being shown. Feature Update 12.3 16F156 PeaceF May 13, 2019 Initial release on iPod Touch (7th generation) * Introduces AirPlay 2 * Introduces the Apple TV app, which lets users access Apple TV shows from their iPhone or iPad. * Fixes bugs where apps could cause unexpected shutdowns * the TV app was removed and replaced by apple TV. Feature Update 16F8155 May 28, 2019 12.3.1 16F203 May 24, 2019 * Fixes bug preventing use of VoLTE calls * Fixes issue that allowed messages from unknown senders to appear in Messages despite Filter Unknown Senders being enabled * Fixes issue that prevented the Report Junk link from appearing in a message from an unknown sender Bug Fixes 16F8202 May 29, 2019 * Fixes bug preventing use of VoLTE calls * Fixes issue that allowed messages from unknown senders to appear in Messages despite Filter Unknown Senders being enabled * Fixes issue that prevented the Report Junk link from appearing in a message from an unknown sender 12.3.2 16F250 June 10, 2019 Exclusive to the iPhone 8 Plus, resolving an issue that could cause Camera to capture Portrait mode photos without depth effect on some devices Bug Fixes 12.4 16G77 PeaceG July 22, 2019 * Adds support for the Apple Card. * Adds the ability to wirelessly transfer data between iPhones running iOS 12.4 or newer in Setup. * Makes all of the downloaded magazines in News available offline. Feature Update 12.4.1 16G102 August 26, 2019 Undoes a vulnerability fix reversal from the previous release Security Fixes Exclusive to iOS devices not supported by iOS 13 (iPhone 5S, iPhone 6/6 Plus, iPad Air, iPad Mini 2, iPad Mini 3, and iPod Touch (6th generation)) 12.4.2 16G114 PeaceG September 26, 2019 Fixes bug that allows applications to read restricted memory Security Fixes 12.4.3 16G130 October 28, 2019 Fixes bug that allows AirDrop transfers to be forcefully accepted when the receiver is in Everyone mode Security Fixes 12.4.4 16G140 PeaceSecYukonC December 10, 2019 Fixes bug that allows a malicious video sent by FaceTime to lead to arbitrary code execution Security Fixes 12.4.5 16G161 PeaceSecYukonD January 28, 2020 Security fixes, no published CVE entries Security Fixes 12.4.6 16G183 PeaceSecYukonE March 24, 2020 12.4.7 16G192 PeaceSecYukonF May 20, 2020 Fixes bugs in the Mail app that allowed kernel corruption and panics Security Fixes 12.4.8 16G201 PeaceSecYukonG July 15, 2020 Security fixes, no published CVE entries Security Fixes 12.4.9 16H5 PeaceUpdate November 5, 2020 * Fixes bug that allowed users in Group FaceTime to enable video without being notified of it. * Fixes bug that allowed maliciously crafted font to gain arbitrary code execution. * Fixes bugs with the kernel that allows disclosing of kernel memory and arbitrary code execution with kernel privileges. Security Fixes 12.5 16H20 December 14, 2020 * Adds opt-in for COVID-19 exposure notifications on iPhone 5S and iPhone 6/6 Plus. * Fixes bug where unauthorized code execution led to violation of authentication policy. Feature Update 12.5.1 16H22 January 11, 2021 Fixes an issue where Exposure Notifications could incorrectly display logging profile language on the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 6/6 Plus. Bug Fixes 12.5.2 16H30 March 26, 2021 Fixes bug where processing of maliciously crafted web content may lead to universal cross-site scripting Security Fixes 12.5.3 16H41 May 3, 2021 Fixes bugs where processing of maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Security Fixes 12.5.4 16H50 June 14, 2021 * Fixes bugs where processing of maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. * Fixes bug where processing of maliciously crafted security certificate may lead to arbitrary code execution. Security Fixes 12.5.5 16H62 September 23, 2021 * Fixes bug where processing a maliciously crafted PDF leads to arbitrary code execution. * Fixes bug where processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. * Fixes bug where a malicious application is able to gain arbitrary code execution with kernel privileges. Security Fixes 12.5.6 16H71 August 31, 2022 * Fixes bug where processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Security Fixes 12.5.7 16H81 January 23, 2023 * Fixes a vulnerability where processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution. Security Fixes Legend: ==References== ==External links== * *12 Category:2018 software Category:Products introduced in 2018 Category:Mobile operating systems Category:Tablet operating systems Category:Proprietary operating systems |
is a Japanese racing driver. He currently competes in the GT500 class of the Super GT Series for TGR Team au TOM's, where he is the 2021 series champion. He also competes in the Super Formula Championship for Carenex Team Impul. ==Career== ===Formula Renault=== Sekiguchi competed in two races of the 2004 Asian Formula Renault Challenge for the Asia Racing Team, scoring no points. ===Formula Toyota=== Sekiguchi drove in the Japan-based Formula Toyota in 2005 and 2006, winning the drivers' championship in his second year in the series. ===Formula Challenge Japan=== Sekiguchi also competed in Formula Challenge Japan in 2006, winning the drivers' title in this championship in addition to his Toyota success. ===All-Japan Formula Three=== Sekiguchi moved up to the All-Japan Formula Three series for 2007, driving for the Now Motorsport team. He finished seventh overall in the points standings. ===International Formula Master=== Sekiguchi moved to Europe in 2008 to compete in the International Formula Master championship. He finished sixteenth in the points standings, with two fourth-placed finishes at Imola and Monza. ===GP2 Series=== In late 2008, Sekiguchi competed in the first round of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for the David Price Racing team. His team-mate was Michael Herck. He was the fourth Japanese driver in the championship, alongside Sakon Yamamoto, Kamui Kobayashi, and Hiroki Yoshimoto. However, he was then replaced by Giacomo Ricci from the second round onwards. ===Return to All-Japan Formula Three=== Sekiguchi returned to the All-Japan Formula Three Championship for 2009, finishing fifth in the National class. He improved to finish as runner- up in 2010, and then won the championship in 2011. ===Super GT (2007-)=== ==== GT300 (2007-2012) ==== Sekiguchi made his Super GT debut in 2007, partnering 2002 GT500 champion Akira Iida. At round five at Sportsland SUGO, Sekiguchi drove from behind and passed Shigekazu Wakisaka with just a few laps remaining to take the win. Sekiguchi thus became the youngest GT300 class race winner in history, at 19 years, 7 months of age (a record which would be broken in 2008 by Keisuke Kunimoto). After returning to Japan in 2009 he again juggled his All-Japan Formula Three Championship with a drive in the GT300 class of Super GT. He drove for Hironori Takeuchi's SHIFT team in 2009, and for JLOC Lamborghini for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, achieving a best result of 3rd, at Motegi in 2010. After winning the All-Japan Formula 3 Championship in 2011, and after a solid performance in that year's Macau Grand Prix, Sekiguchi joined NDDP (Nissan Driver Development Programme) Racing in 2012, driving their new Nissan GT-R NISMO GT3 alongside newcomer Katsumasa Chiyo. That season, they won from pole position at the fourth round of the season at SUGO, and added a second place at that year's Suzuka 1000km. But Sekiguchi was also forced to sit out the sixth round of the championship at Fuji Speedway due to multiple violations of Super GT's Driving Moral Hazard System. ==== GT500 (2013-) ==== Sekiguchi made his debut in the GT500 class for the 2013 season, joining the defending series champions MOLA and partnering 3-time series champion Satoshi Motoyama. They took pole position for the fourth round at Sugo, with Sekiguchi leading during his stint of the race. In a chaotic final laps of the race, they were ultimately relegated to seventh place. Their best finish that year was fourth at Autopolis. For 2014, Sekiguchi made the surprising switch to drive for Lexus, and joined Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH alongside another three-time GT500 champion, Juichi Wakisaka. They finished the season on a high with two sixth-place finishes at Buriram United International Circuit, and Twin Ring Motegi, to close out the season. Their second year together saw great improvements, with Sekiguchi and Wakisaka finishing every race in the points in 2015, highlighted by a fourth-place finish at the Suzuka 1000 km. Wakisaka announced his retirement from Super GT racing in February 2016, and Sekiguchi was joined by Yuji Kunimoto in the WedsSport RC-F. Once again, Sekiguchi had a strong race at Sugo, battling Heikki Kovalainen for the lead of the race for several laps before ultimately finishing fifth. At the sixth race of the year in Buriram, Sekiguchi scored his first pole position lap, and went on to take his first GT500 race win - and the first GT500 victory for Racing Project Bandoh after six years in the top class. Sekiguchi and Kunimoto finished third in the final race of the season at Motegi, to finish the year fourth in the standings, career bests for both drivers and their team. They once again scored points in every race of the season. As of the conclusion of the 2016 season, Sekiguchi holds the longest active streak of consecutive points-paying finishes in Super GT with eighteen races. The current record is held by Takeshi Tsuchiya, who recorded 33 consecutive points-paying finishes from 2002 to 2006. Sekiguchi won the 2021 Super GT championship in the GT500 class, in the TGR Team au TOM'S Toyota Supra GT500 alongside Sho Tsuboi; the team overcame a 16-point deficit in the final round of the season at Fuji. However, the event was marred by controversy as the championship-leading Team Kunimitsu car of Naoki Yamamoto was taken out from a title-clinching position in an accident caused by GT300 class driver Ren Sato. === Super Formula (2016-) === After spending twelve seasons between the Japanese single-seater ladder and Super GT, Sekiguchi was finally offered the chance to race in the Super Formula championship in 2016 for Team Impul. He joined McLaren Honda F1 reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne as one of only two rookies on the grid that season. In his first Super Formula start at Suzuka, he qualified third on the grid, ahead of Vandoorne, reigning Super Formula champion Kazuki Nakajima and his TOM's teammate Andre Lotterer, and Kamui Kobayashi. After two non-scoring races, Sekiguchi finally scored his first podium at Fuji Speedway, then at the following race at Motegi, he won in just his fourth career start, making him only the third Super Formula rookie without any prior experience in Formula 1 to win a race in the 21st century. Sekiguchi won his second race of the year at Sugo. After leading the first 19 laps and building up a sizeable lead, he was left as the only car yet to pit for fuel following a safety car intervention. He then proceeded to drive more than a second per lap faster than the field for the next 32 laps to extend his lead to over 35 seconds before pitting, and re-emerged from the pits without relinquishing the lead of the race. He finished the season third in the final standings, ahead of the Formula 1-bound Vandoorne. The driver continued with Team Impul in the 2017 Super Formula Championship. He won at Okayama race 2 and finished second at Okayama race 1. ==Racing record== ===Career summary=== Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 2004 Asian Formula Renault Challenge Asia Racing Team 2 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2005 Formula Toyota 10 0 0 0 3 68 5th 2005 Asian Formula Renault Challenge Asia Racing Team 1 0 0 0 0 N/A* N/P 2006 Formula Challenge Japan 10 3 3 4 7 106 1st 2006 Formula Toyota 12 ? 8 0 ? 155 1st 2007 Japanese Formula 3 Championship Now Motorsport 20 0 0 0 1 101 7th 2007 Super GT - GT300 Racing Project Bandoh 9 1 0 ? 1 32 10th 2008 International Formula Master Euronova Racing 14 0 0 0 0 12 16th 2008 Formula Master Italia Euronova Racing 2 1 1 1 1 11 10th 2008 Super GT - GT300 WedaSport 1 0 0 1 0 1 31st 2008-09 GP2 Asia Series DPR 2 0 0 0 0 0 32nd 2009 Japanese Formula 3 Championship - National AIM Sports 14 3 4 3 5 57 5th 2009 Super GT - GT300 Kumho 4 0 0 0 0 3 22nd 2010 Japanese Formula 3 Championship ThreeBond Racing 16 0 0 3 11 81 2nd 2010 Macau Grand Prix ThreeBond Racing 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 20th 2010 Super GT - GT300 Team JLOC 7 0 0 0 1 30 9th 2010 JAF GP Nippon Fuji Sprint Cup GT300 Team JLOC 1 0 0 0 0 N/A N/P 2011 Japanese Formula 3 Championship B-MAX Engineering 12 6 7 8 10 100 1st 2011 Macau Grand Prix Mücke Motorsport 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 4th 2011 Super GT - GT300 Team JLOC 4 0 0 1 0 N/A N/P 2012 Super GT - GT300 NDDP Racing 7 1 0 0 2 51 6th 2013 Macau Grand Prix Mücke Motorsport 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 11th Super GT MOLA 8 0 1 1 0 28 12th Japanese Formula 3 Championship TOM'S 2 0 0 0 1 7 8th 2014 Super GT Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH 8 0 0 0 0 17 15th 2015 Super GT Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH 8 0 0 0 0 27 11th Japanese Formula 3 Championship B-MAX Racing Team 4 0 0 0 0 2 11th 2016 Super GT Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH 8 1 1 0 2 58 4th Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul 9 2 2 2 3 28.5 3rd 2016-17 Asian Le Mans Series - GT VS Racing 2 0 0 0 0 12 13th 2017 Super GT Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH 8 0 0 0 0 23 12th Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul 7 2 1 0 3 25 4th 2018 Super GT Lexus Team au Tom's 8 1 0 0 2 55 5th Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul 6 1 1 0 2 18 4th 2019 Super GT Lexus Team au Tom's 8 1 2 1 2 38 7th Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul 7 1 0 1 1 16 8th 2020 Super GT TGR Team au Tom's 8 0 0 0 4 56 4th Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul 7 0 0 0 1 17 14th 2021 Super GT TGR Team au Tom's 8 1 0 1 3 64 1st Super Formula Carenex Team Impul 7 0 1 1 2 55 3rd 2022 Super GT TGR Team SARD 8 0 0 0 1 33 8th Super Formula Carenex Team Impul 10 1 1 2 1 43 7th 2023 Super GT TGR Team SARD Super Formula Itochu Enex Team Impul Super Taikyu - ST-Q ORC ROOKIE Racing * † - As Sekiguchi was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points. ===Complete Super GT results=== (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DC Pts 2007 Racing Project Bandoh Toyota Celica GT300 SUZ OKA FUJ SEP SUG SUZ MOT AUT FUJ 10th 32 2009 Shift Lexus IS350 GT300 OKA SUZ FUJ SEP SUG SUZ FUJ AUT MOT 22nd 3 2010 JLOC Lamborghini Gallardo GT300 SUZ OKA FUJ SEP SUG SUZ FUJ MOT 9th 30 2011 JLOC Lamborghini Gallardo GT300 OKA FUJ SEP SUG SUZ FUJ AUT MOT 13th 26 2012 NDDP Racing Nissan GT-R GT3 GT300 OKA FUJ SEP SUG SUZ FUJ AUT MOT 6th 51 2013 MOLA Nissan GT-R GT500 OKA FUJ SEP SUG SUZ FUJ AUT MOT 12th 28 2014 Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH Lexus RC F GT500 OKA FUJ AUT SUG FUJ SUZ BUR MOT 15th 17 2015 Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH Lexus RC F GT500 OKA FUJ CHA FUJ SUZ SUG AUT MOT 11th 27 2016 Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH Lexus RC F GT500 OKA FUJ SUG FUJ SUZ CHA MOT MOT 4th 58 2017 Lexus Team WedsSport BANDOH Lexus LC 500 GT500 OKA FUJ AUT SUG FUJ SUZ CHA MOT 12th 23 2018 Lexus Team au Tom's Lexus LC 500 GT500 OKA FUJ SUZ CHA FUJ SUG AUT MOT 5th 55 2019 Lexus Team au Tom's Lexus LC 500 GT500 OKA FUJ SUZ CHA FUJ AUT SUG MOT 7th 38 2020 Toyota Gazoo Racing Team au Tom's Toyota GR Supra GT500 GT500 FUJ FUJ SUZ MOT FUJ SUZ MOT FUJ 4th 56 2021 Toyota Gazoo Racing Team au Tom's Toyota GR Supra GT500 GT500 OKA FUJ MOT SUZ SUG AUT MOT FUJ 1st 64 2022 Toyota Gazoo Racing Team SARD Toyota GR Supra GT500 GT500 OKA FUJ SUZ FUJ SUZ SUG AUT MOT 8th 33 * Season still in progress. ===Complete Super Formula results=== (Races in bold indicate pole position) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DC Points 2016 Itochu Enex Team Impul SUZ 14 OKA FUJ MOT 1 OKA OKA SUG 1 SUZ SUZ 3rd 28.5 2017 Itochu Enex Team Impul SUZ OKA 2 OKA FUJ MOT AUT SUG SUZ SUZ 4th 25 2018 Itochu Enex Team Impul SUZ AUT SUG FUJ MOT OKA SUZ 4th 18 2019 Itochu Enex Team Impul SUZ AUT SUG FUJ MOT OKA SUZ 8th 16 2020 Itochu Enex Team Impul MOT OKA SUG AUT SUZ SUZ FUJ 14th 17 2021 carenex Team Impul FUJ SUZ1 AUT SUG MOT1 MOT2 SUZ2 3rd 55 2022 Carenex Team Impul FUJ FUJ SUZ AUT SUG FUJ MOT MOT SUZ SUZ 7th 43 2023 Team Impul FUJ FUJ SUZ AUT SUG FUJ MOT SUZ SUZ * * * Season still in progress. ==References== ==External links== *Official website - Japanese *Yuhi Sekiguchi career details at driverdb.com Category:1987 births Category:People from Nakano, Tokyo Category:Living people Category:Japanese racing drivers Category:Asian Formula Renault Challenge drivers Category:Super GT drivers Category:Super Formula drivers Category:Japanese Formula 3 Championship drivers Category:International Formula Master drivers Category:GP2 Asia Series drivers Category:Formula Challenge Japan drivers Category:Asia Racing Team drivers Category:Euronova Racing drivers Category:David Price Racing drivers Category:Mücke Motorsport drivers Category:TOM'S drivers Category:Toyota Gazoo Racing drivers Category:Asian Le Mans Series drivers Category:B-Max Racing drivers Category:Racing drivers from Tokyo |
The presidency of Nana Akufo-Addo began on 7 January 2017. Following the 2016 Ghanaian general elections, Nana Akufo-Addo the flag-bearer of the New Patriotic Party, succeeded John Mahama as the 12th President of Ghana after winning by a landslide. He won a second term on 9 December 2020 in a tightly contested race against National Democratic Congress (NDC) candidate and former president, John Mahama. He focused his campaign on the economy, promising to stabilise the country's foreign exchange rate and to reduce unemployment levels. Akufo-Addo faced a banking crisis during his first term. The major policies in his first term were the Free SHS policy, which made access to Senior High school in Ghana free, and the One district, one factory policy. In 2017, he declared an environmental war on illegal artisanal mining in Ghana. Akufo-Addo's government provided several responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on Ghana's economy. His foreign policy entailed strengthening ties between Ghana and the African diaspora. This included fostering relations with nations of the Caribbean. Akufo-Addo also ratified the African Continental Free Trade Area and supported intra-African trade. ==2016 general election== Nana Addo first ran for president in 2008 and again in 2012, both times as the candidate of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). He was however defeated on both occasions by National Democratic Congress' candidates: John Evans Atta Mills in 2008 and John Dramani Mahama in 2012 after the former's death. Akufo-Addo was chosen once again as the presidential candidate of the New Patriotic Party during the 2016 general elections. On his third time representing the New Patriotic Party, Akufo-Addo defeated John Dramani Mahama in the first round (winning with 53.85% of the votes), which marked the first time in a Ghanaian presidential election that an opposition candidate won a majority outright in the first round. ==Inauguration== Akufo-Addo took office on 7 January 2017. His inauguration was held at Black Star Square in Accra. Twelve presidents from African and European countries attended the ceremony, including Edgar Lungu of Zambia, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt, Ernest Bai Koroma of Sierra Leone, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Muhammadu Buhari of Nigeria. During his inauguration, Akufo-Addo made several promises which included; * He pledged to protect the public purse by giving attention to value for money in all transactions. * He promised to make Ghana attractive for business once again. *He also promised to cooperate and promote peace on the African continent as well as political stability and democracy. ==Personnel== ===Ministers=== Current Government Current Government Current Government Office(s) Officeholder Term President Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo-Addo January 7, 2017 – Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia January 7, 2017 – Sector Ministers Sector Ministers Sector Ministers Office(s) Officeholder Term Ministry of Trade and Industry Alan John Kyerematen Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah (MP) (Deputy minister) Robert Ahomka-Lindsey (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Finance Ken Ofori-Atta Kwaku Kwarteng (Deputy minister) Abena Osei Asare (MP) (Deputy minister) Charles Adu Boahen (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Defence Dominic Nitiwul Derrick Oduro (Maj.) (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of The Interior Ambrose Dery Henry Quartey (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Energy and Petroleum John Peter Amewu Boakye Agyarko Owuraku Aidoo (Deputy minister) Joseph Cudjoe (Deputy minister) Mohammed Amin Adam (Deputy minister) August 2018- January 27, 2017 –August 2018 (nominated) (nominated) (nominated) Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice Gloria Akuffo Godfred Dame (Deputy minister) Joseph Dindiok Kpemka (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Shirley Ayorkor Botwe (MP) Mohammed Habbib Tijani (Deputy minister) Charles Owiredu (Deputy minister) January 29, 2017 - (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Food and Agriculture Owusu Afriyie Akoto William Agyapong Quaitoo (Deputy minister) Sagre Bambangi (Deputy minister) George Oduro (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) - August 29, 2017 (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Education Matthew Opoku-Prempeh Yaw Osei Adutwum (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Health Kwaku Agyemang-Manu Dr Bernard Oko-Boye(MP) (Deputy minister) Tina Gifty Naa Ayele Mensah (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry Monitoring and Evaluation (Ghana) Anthony Akoto Osei William Kwasi Sabi (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development (Ghana) Dan Kweku Botwe (MP) Martin Agyei-Mensah Korsah (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Kwaku Asomah-Cheremeh John Peter Amewu Benito Owusu Bio (Deputy minister) Barbara Oteng Gyasi (Deputy minister) August 2018- February 7, 2017 –August 2018 (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources (Ghana) Cecilia Abena Dapaah (MP) Patrick Boamah (Deputy minister) Michael Yaw Gyato (Deputy minister) August 2018 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Railway Development (Ghana) Joe Ghartey Kwaku Agyenim Boateng (Deputy minister) Andy Appiah-Kubi (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations Ignatius Bafuor Awuah (MP) Bright Wireko Brobbey (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Transport Kweku Ofori Asiamah Nii Kwartei Titus Glover (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts (Ghana) Catherine Ablema Afeku (MP) Ziblim Barri Iddi (Deputy minister) February 10, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Special Development Initiative (Ghana) Mavis Hawa Koomson (MP) February 10, 2017 – Senior Minister (Ghana) Yaw Osafo-Maafo January 27, 2017 – Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng Patricia Appiagyei (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) National Security Ministry (Ghana) Albert Kan-Dapaah January 27, 2017 – Ministry of Youth and Sports Isaac Kwame Asiamah (MP) Pius Enam Hadzide (Deputy minister) February 10, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Ghana) Alima Mahama Osei Bonsu Amoah (Deputy minister) Collins Ntim (Deputy minister) Kwasi Boateng Agyei (Deputy minister) January 27, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana) Samuel Atta Akyea (MP) Freda Prempeh (Deputy minister) Eugene Antwi (Deputy minister) Ms Barbara Asher Ayisi(Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Communication Ursula Owusu Ekuful (MP) George Andah (Deputy minister) Vincent Sowah Odotei (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Information Kojo Oppong Nkrumah Mustapha Abdul-Hamid Ama Dokuaa Asiamah Agyei (Deputy minister) Perry Curtis Kwabla Okudzeto (Deputy minister) August 2018- February 10, 2017 –August 2018 (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Roads and Highways Kwesi Amoako Atta Kwabena Owusu Aduomi (MP) (Deputy minister) Anthony N-Yoh Puowele Karbo (MP) (Deputy minister) February 7, 2017 – (nominated) (nominated) Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection Cynthia Morrison Otiko Afisa Djaba Gifty Twum Ampofo (Deputy minister) November 2018- February 7, 2017 –August 2018 (nominated) Ministry of Planning George Yaw Gyan-Baffour (Prof.) (MP) February 10, 2017 – Ministry of Fisheries And Aquaculture Elizabeth Afoley Quaye (MP) Francis Kingsley Ato Cudjoe (Deputy minister) February 10, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry for Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs (Ghana) Kofi Dzamesi Paul Essien (Deputy minister) February 10, 2017 – (nominated) Ministry of Inner cities and Zongo Development (Ghana) Abubakar Boniface Siddique (MP) Mustapha Abdul-Hamid February 10, 2017 –August 2018 August 2018- Ministry of Business Development Ibrahim Mohammed Awal February 10, 2017 – Minister for Parliamentary Affairs (Ghana) Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP) February 10, 2017 – Ministry of Aviation Joseph Kofi Koddi Adda Kwabena O. Darko-Mensah (Deputy minister) August 2018– (nominated) Ministers of State Ministers of State Ministers of State Office(s) Officeholder Term Minister of State at the Office of the President in charge of Public Procurement Sarah Adwoa Safo April 4, 2017 – Minister of State at the Ministry of Education in charge of Tertiary Education Kwesi Yankah (Prof.) April 4, 2017 – Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture Nurah Gyeile April 4, 2017 – Minister of State at the Office of the President Bryan Acheampong (MP) April 4, 2017 – Regional Ministers Regional Ministers Regional Ministers Region Officeholder Term Ashanti Regional Minister Simon Osei-Mensah Elizabeth Agyeman (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Brong Ahafo Region Kweku Asomah-Cheremeh Evans Opoku (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Central Region Kwamena Duncan Thomas Agyei Baffour (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Eastern Region Kwakye Darfour Joseph Tetteh (MP) (Nkansah Sampson) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Greater Accra Regional Minister Ishmael Ashitey Elizabeth Kwatsoo Tetteh Sackey (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Northern Region Salifu Saeed Solomon Namliit Boar (MP) (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Upper East Region Alhassan Samari Frank Fuseini Adongo (MP) (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Upper West Region Sulemana Alhassan Amidu Ishaq (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Volta Regional Minister Archibald Letsa Maxwell Blagogee (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) Western Region Kwaku Afriyie Eugenia Gifty Kusi (Deputy minister) February 19, 2017 – (nominated) ===Parliamentary appointments=== Office(s) Officeholder Term Speaker of Parliament Aaron Mike Oquaye January 7, 2017 - First Deputy Speaker of Parliament Joseph Osei Owusu (MP) January 7, 2017 - Majority Leader Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP) January 7, 2017 - Deputy Majority Leader Sarah Adwoa Safo (MP) January 7, 2017 - Majority Chief Whip Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh (MP) January 7, 2017 - == Domestic affairs == ===Education=== thumb|Senior high school students in Ghana The Free Secondary High School (Free SHS) education policy was introduced in the 2017 September. The policy was a part of the president's presidential campaign during the Ghana's 2016 election period, and has become an essential part of Ghana's educational system.Kyeremanteng, Harriet. (2016). Assessing stakeholder participation in policy formulation and implementation: The case study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana. (PDF). The University of Ghana, Legon: pp.1-80. Retrieved 15 April 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30912/ Assessing Stakeholder Participation in Policy Formulation and Implementation- The Case Study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed;=y ==== Economic Impact ==== ===== Increase in Enrolments since the Implementation of the Double Track System ===== alt=|none|thumb|707x707px Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences, 5(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. doi: 10.20448/2001.52.47.56 The anticipation for high school students to join career fields in the public sector that necessitate tertiary education, could now be further encouraged. A gap reduction has formed in university graduates who acquire degrees without the achievement of secondary studies. Previously, 70% of high school students that desired government employee positions by the age of 25 was realistically achieved by only 6% of that percentage.Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael (October 14, 2019). The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana (PDF). The American Economic Association: pp. 1-105. Received 18 April 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf Through the policy, the labour market has expanded in diverse fields with more educated individuals to progress the nation's development. Studies highlighted that students with higher economic capital in comparison to their economically disadvantaged peers are given an abundance of educational opportunities.Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, 45(2), 175-195. doi: 10.1080/03050060902920534 Promoting free high school education became an argument that it would fuel Ghana's economic growth.Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, , pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) doi: 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3 The Free SHS policy widens the eligibility and success rate of these educational opportunities with an aim for the individual to develop into a societal asset. ==== Political Impact ==== The policy prioritises student welfare. Thus, it encourages young people to be more politically conscious and engaged with political affairs. It has built voter's confidence for a lot of senior high school students and their families where support for political parties are now reliant on recognised party results and not on party philosophies. The non-discriminatory nature of the Free SHS policy has improved political awareness and functionality within Ghana, through its ability to be both a political promise to society and eventually become a successful product of it. It has encouraged citizen understanding and trustworthiness of taxation in the belief that the tax will directly contribute to financing the policy. The Free SHS policy is a testament to modern day democratic politics where an initial intention results in an effective political impact, and where policy and laws are executed in favour of the development of citizens and their society.Asumadu , E. (2019). Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School (SHS) Policy: The case of SHS in Denkyembour District. pp. 1-25. Retrieved 7 May 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30956/ Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School %28SHS%29 Policy The Case of SHS in Denkyembour District..pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed;=y ==== Social Impact ==== The policy lifted the financial burden for most parents, who can now be more supportive in their child's academia without feeling dependent on scholarships or private benefits. In aim to afford long term educational costs, lower income households commonly neglect the short term educational costs. Hence tuition payment for parents and guardians was essential obligation and the purchasing of school equipment became secondary needs. The Free SHS policy covers the primary and secondary expenditure that caregivers were burdened to provide despite their economic incapability to do so. Initially most parents would pay for secondary school tuition based on their own ability to understand their child's competency, but are now relieved of the social hindrance of choosing some children over others to be educated. === Economy === In 2019, under the administration of the Akufo-Addo government, Ghana became the fastest growing economy in the world. Also, Ghana's GDP by 2019 was the 9th largest in Africa. In 2018, the president introduced the 7-year Co-ordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies which is expected to create jobs for the country. According to the president, the policies are founded on "five pillars of growth and development, namely revitalizing the economy; transform agriculture and industry; revamping economic and social infrastructure; strengthening social protection and inclusion; and reforming delivery system of public services institutions. ====One district, one factory==== The one district, one factory was a policy aimed at providing jobs through industrialization. The policy was part of the government manifesto to provide an industry and factory within every district in Ghana. From June to July 2020, the government stated that, across the country 76 factories were in operation. Due to the policy, 28 factories are newly built factories whiles 48 are existing factories under the implementation of expansion and revival. ====Ekumfi Fruits & Juices Limited==== The industry specializes in the manufacturing of locally made fruit juices from the Ekumfi Abor district in the Central Region of Ghana. It forms part of the One District, One Factory (1D1F) initiative. The factory has created about 5000 direct jobs in an attempt to alleviate poverty within the community and its neighboring districts and regions. The facility is known to be the biggest processing factory for fruits in West Africa, producing approximately 10 tons of fruits per hour. === Health and infrastructure === On January 28, 2020, the president delivered 307 ambulances for the 275 constituencies in Ghana, with one ambulance per constituency. This stems from the presidential campaign promise during the 2016 general elections of the initiative one constituency one ambulance. In 2020, the government partnered with the private sector to build the Ghana Infectious Disease Centre which is Ghana's first infectious disease centre. In January 2020, the country adopted the 112 general emergency number to merge all emergency numbers. The president commenced the construction of the Pokuase Interchange in partnership with the African Development Bank. The interchange is Africa's second four level stack interchange and the first in West Africa. The project was initiated as a 3-tier interchange during the Mahama administration but was changed to a 4-tier by the Akufo-Addo government. The implementation of a paperless port system at Ghana's major ports occurred in September 2017. This new system reduced the time required for clearing goods during shipping from a period of one week to four hours. The Ghana Revenue Authority reported in 2019 that import revenue increased by 3.9% as a result. On 1 June 2020, the paperless system, initially managed by GCNET, was replaced by a new software in the form of the Integrated Customs Management System (ICUMS). The ICUMS serves as a window through which all documents and payments are processed. The introduction of the new system was met with rejection from some stakeholders such as the Ghana Institute of Freight Forwarders who questioned its efficacy. The government justified their decision to execute the use of the new management system after statistical data from the GRA in December 2020 revealed that the ICUMS generated GH¢10.5 billion between June and December, 2020, which was higher on a year-on-year comparison with the previous paperless software program in terms of revenue generation. === Environment === Operation Vanguard is a Military Police Joint Task Force (JTF) set up by the President in 2017 to combat the operation of galamsey in Ghana. Galamseyers are illegal miners and have over the years depleted Ghana's forest cover and water bodies due to the crude and unregulated nature of the mining process. Three Forward Operating Bases were established in the Ashanti, Eastern and Western Regions. The JTF is made up of service men and women from the Ghana Armed Forces and the Ghana Police Service. At the start of the operation, the government placed a six-month ban on all forms of small scale mining in the country. The operation was extended from January 2018 to June 2018 because its intended objectives had not yet been achieved. ====Success==== In February 2018, over 1,000 illegal miners had been arrested and their equipment seized. Several hundred makeshift accommodations had been destroyed. Successful operations had stopped the pollution of bodies of water, especially at Dokokyina near the Bui Dam, as well as the rivers of Birim, Ankobra, and Offin. ===COVID-19 pandemic=== On 11 March 2020, President Nana Akufo-Addo directed the Minister of Finance, Ken Ofori-Atta, to make the cedi equivalent of $US100 million available in order to enhance Ghana's coronavirus preparedness and response plan for the COVID-19 pandemic. The president disclosed that the government, through the MoE, planned a relief package for private schools who were affected by COVID-19 induced shutdown of schools. A tax waiver of GHS174 million cedis (equivalent to US$30 million) on income taxes of frontline workers was granted for three months from July to September 2020 and by November 2020, it was extended till the end of the year. Under Akufo Addo's administration, government provided cooked and uncooked food to the vulnerable during the 3-week lockdown. Electricity and water were provided free for the rest of 2020 and for the first three months of 2021. On 19 April 2020, the president announced the easing of the partial lockdown imposed for three weeks. Preventive protocols were still in effect. Stage one of the process of easing restrictions took effect on 5 June 2020. Religious services, funerals, and weddings were allowed with reduced capacity and length. ====Coronavirus Alleviation Program==== The Coronavirus Alleviation Program Business Support Scheme (CAPBuSS) was launched on 19 May 2020 by President Nana Akufo-Addo. It was formed as part of Ghana's government intention of providing support to MSMEs who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. It was presented by an agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Ghana called NBSSI. The president announced GH¢1 billion after it was approved by the parliament of Ghana. According to the Executive Director of NBSSI, more than 21,800 jobs were created under this scheme. These jobs were mainly owned by youths in Ghana. Also, about 110,000 MSMEs in Ghana were said to be owned by women who have benefited from the funds set by the government. ====Ghana CARES==== On 18 November 2020 the Ghana CARES program was launched by Nana Akufo-Addo. The initiative serves as a 'blueprint' for the recovery of Ghana's economy post COVID-19. ===Other initiatives=== Under the regime of Akufo-Addo, the government sponsored the Ghana Post GPS, which is the first digital addressing system created in the country. The system provides a digital address as well as postal codes for every 5 squared meter location in Ghana. In May 2020, Ghana launched the world's first digital financial services policy. Also, the Office of the Special Prosecutor was established in 2017 to make inquiries into crimes at the national level. Planting for Food and Jobs was a program initiated in 2017 on the premise that foods such as maize, rice and sorghum are insufficiently produced in Ghana, leading to losses in potential GDP growth in the country. The program took inspiration from Operation Feed Yourself; an agricultural policy by Ghana's 6th Head of state, Ignatius Kutu Acheampong. The 2018 Ghanaian new regions referendum led to an increase in Ghana's regions from ten to sixteen under the president's administration. The new regions are Oti, Western North, North East, Ahafo (splitting from Brong), Savannah and Bono East Regions. The creations of the regions end decades of petitions to the government calling for the development of new regions. The Minerals Income Investment Fund was implemented in 2019 to manage and invest in Ghana's mining royalties. ==Foreign affairs== In 2017, president Akufo-Addo approved of Ghana's participation in the ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia. He supported the inauguration of the then President-Elect, Adama Barrow. On December 29, 2019, the president expressed his desire to adopt the new eco currency as West Africa's single currency. The year of return was formally launched in September 2018 during his visit in Washington, D.C. as a program for Africans in the diaspora to unite with Africans. The year of return boosted tourism in Ghana with visits from famous celebrities such as Kofi Kingston, Steve Harvey and Michael Jai White. The Beyond the Return initiative succeed the year of return as a program to foster economic relations and investments between the African diaspora and Ghana as well as Africa. On 18 August 2020, the president commissioned and handed over the headquarters of the ACFTA Secretariat to the AU in Accra. President Akufo- Addo had earlier signed the ACFTA, Kigali declaration and Protocol on Free Movement of People on 21 March 2018, at the 2018 Kigali Summit. === Foreign relations with Barbados === As part of a visit by the Prime Minister of Barbados, Mia Mottley to Ghana in November 2019, Ghana and Barbados signed two agreements at the Jubilee House on 15 November 2015. The Memorandum of Understanding involved the recruitment of Ghanaian nurses to Barbados and a sister port agreement between Port of Tema and Bridgetown Port. === Foreign relations with Jamaica === President Akufo-Addo held bilateral discussions with Prime Minister of Jamaica, Andrew Holness, in Kingston where they agreed to reciprocal visa free travel between Ghana and Jamaica in order to improve trade between both countries. === Foreign relations with Mexico === In August 2019, Mexican Foreign Undersecretary Julián Ventura Valero paid a visit to Ghana and met with Foreign Deputy Minister Charles Owiredu. Both nations agreed to establish a Consultation Mechanism on Common Interests. Ghana also declared its intention to re-open an embassy in Mexico City.Comunicado Conjunto: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México y Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores e Integración Regional de Ghana (in Spanish) === Foreign relations with the United States === In 2018, the Government of Ghana initiated a Status of Forces agreement with the United States Department of Defense. Several Ghanaian intellectuals such as former president Jerry Rawlings and MP Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, opposed the military agreement with concerns that it will obstruct and influence Ghanaian self sovereignty. In April 2018, the president denounced these claims and asserted that the agreement did not include the construction of a future United States military base in Ghana. === Multilateral relations === Akuffo-Addo, who was chairman of ECOWAS, oversaw a diplomatic meeting between the bloc and Mali on 9 January 2022 at Accra, following the forced overthrowal of president Bah Ndaw. Mali was suspended from the union over delayal to uphold elections after the 2020 Malian coup d'état. Guinea was also suspended from the bloc after it fell to a coup within the same year.West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry," September 9, 2021, Reuters News Service, retrieved September 9, 2021"West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup," September 9, 2021, BBC News, retrieved September 9, 2021 Sanctions were placed on both countries on 16 September 2021. Akufo-Addo, led an ECOWAS delegation to Conakry to meet with junta leaders on 17 September 2021. On 28 January 2022, ECOWAS announced the suspension of Burkina Faso's membership as a result of the 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état. During the Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly, Ghana was among the 11 countries on the Security Council who voted in favor of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623, amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Foreign Minister Shirley Ayorkor Botchway had earlier condemned the invasion on 24 February, 2022. Evacuation of Ghanaians stranded in Ukraine amid the Russian invasion commenced within March. The first batch of 17 students arrived on 1 March 2022. ==Controversies== === Plagiarism of inauguration speech === Nana Akufo-Addo was accused of lifting parts of his inauguration speech from previous addresses given by former US presidents Bill Clinton and George W Bush. This led to a public uproar with some deeming it as an embarrassment to the country and calling for the sacking of the speechwriter or for someone to take responsibility. The Director of Communication at the Presidency subsequently issued an apology. Some public figures also called for Ghanaians to disregard the incident. Akufo-Addo has since referred to the incident in jest at a thanksgiving service he attended. ===Breaking of laws by vigilante groups=== Vigilante groups loyal to the government known as the Delta Force went on rampage and forcefully ejected the nominee of Ashanti regional security coordinator nominated by the president. The vigilantee group stormed the circuit court in Kumasi and freed 13 members of their group in custody of the Police. == Re-election == In February 2019, former president John Mahama was confirmed as the candidate of the opposition National Democratic Congress.Ghana's ex-President Mahama nominated to contest 2020 election Reuters, 27 February 2019 In December, incumbent president Nana Akufo-Addo announced his intentions of contesting for re-election as the New Patriotic Party (NPP) candidate.Akufo-Addo announces intention to contest 2020 elections GhanaWeb News, 23 December 2019 He was chosen as the NPP candidate in June 2020. This was the third time Akufo-Addo and Mahama contested against each other in a Ghanaian general election. Mahama and Akufo-Addo previously ran against each other in both 2012 (with Mahama winning) and 2016 (with Akufo-Addo winning). In all, 17 candidates contested for the election. , this is the highest number of presidential candidates in a Ghanaian presidential election. thumb|NPP in Blue and NDC in Green Nana Akufo-Addo won the election in the first round with 51.30% of the votes against Mahama's 47.36%. === Coinciding parliamentary election === Affiliation Members New Patriotic Party (NPP) 137 National Democratic Congress (NDC) 136 Independent 1 Total 274 of 275 Government Majority Source: GhanaWeb As many as 40 NPP MPs lost their primaries. The NDC also won many seats in parliament compared to the preceding election in 2016. == See also == *Mahamudu Bawumia == Notes == :1.Cabinet does not include deputy ministers. Article 76(1) of the 1992 Constitution states that, “There shall be a cabinet which shall consist of the President, the Vice President and not less than ten and not more than nineteen Ministers of State”. :2. Sarah Adwoa Safo doubles as Deputy Majority Leader. ==References== Category:Presidencies of Ghana Category:Presidencies Category:2017 establishments in Ghana Category:Political history of Ghana Category:Governments of Ghana |
thumb|Whitmore c. 1967 Frank Clifford Whitmore Jr. (November 17, 1915 – March 18, 2012) was an American geologist including chief of the Military Geology Unit of the United States Geological Survey, vertebrate paleontologist with the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch of the United States Geological Survey, awardee of the Medal of Freedom, fellow of the Geological Society of America, fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Penrose Medal citationist, awardee of the Thomas Jefferson Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Natural Science, Honorable Kentucky Colonel, member of the National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration, founding member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, recipient of the Meritorious Service Award by the United States Department of Interior. ==Early life and education== Whitmore was born at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on November 17, 1915, to Marin Gertrude (Mason) and Frank Clifford Whitmore, then a graduate student at Harvard University and later a prominent chemist. In 1934, Whitmore enrolled as an English major at Amherst College, Massachusetts. To complete his science requirement Whitmore took historical geology taught by F. B. Loomis. Whitmore was the only student who signed up so Loomis geared the class heavily on vertebrate evolution, his research interest. By the end of that year, Whitmore decided he wanted to be a vertebrate paleontologist."Cain, J. 1989. Oral history interview of Franck C. Whitmore, Jr., 8 August 1989. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Whitmore completed his B.S. cum laude with honorable mention in geology from Amherst centered on vertebrate paleontology and his M.S. from Penn State studying paleontology under Frank M. Swartz and stratigraphy under Paul Kimitrie Kyrine. Whitmore continued his education at Harvard University, studying under vertebrate paleontologist, Alfred Sherwood Romer. Whitmore was Romer's first student from the geology department; all previous students had been from biology. Whitmore's first real field experience in vertebrate paleontology came during the summer of 1940 when he traveled with the Harvard field crew to the Uinta Basin of Utah to collect fossil mammals. While working on his doctorate Whitmore served as a teaching fellow and university fellow in paleontology. Whitmore's doctoral study, suggested by Romer, was the cranial morphology of three Oligocene artiodactyls. Whitmore wrote, "It is the purpose of this study to examine in detail the cranial anatomy of some of these extinct genera, because endocranial characteristics are probably nonadaptive, that is, unlikely to be influenced by the environment, and therefore useful in determining the taxonomic position of groups of animals."Whitmore, Frank C. 1953. Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 243-H: 117-159. For this study, a serial sectioning apparatus was designed and built by F. Russell Olsen of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. This sectioning technique, perfected for paleobotany with cellulose acetate peels, was adapted for vertebrates and described in a paper by Olsen and Whitmore.Olsen, F.R. and Whitmore, F.C., Jr. 1944. Machine for serial sectioning of fossils. Journal of Paleontology 18:210-215. It was a pioneering achievement in its approach and formed the basis of later work by others, in which details of cranial anatomy such as blood circulation, ear morphology, and brain configuration have been used in polygenetic studies of fossil mammals. ==Career as teacher, geologist and World War II== Whitmore's first postgraduate job was a teaching position at Rhode Island State College (now the University of Rhode Island) from 1942 to 1944. When the Army Specialized Training Program came to the college, he also taught economic and political geography. Preparation for these courses aided him most in the next phase of his career. In March 1944, Whitemore was hired by the U.S. Geological Survey to edit classified reports in the one-year old Military Geology Unit. By September 1945, he had become chief editor, supervising four geologists and 15 typists and draftsmen. Whitmore moved to the Engineer Intelligence Division, Southwest Pacific Area. His position as scientific consultant on terrain intelligence took him first to Manila, where he organized the Natural Resources Section of the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, in preparation for the occupation of Japan. After two months, he relocated to Tokyo, where he served as chief of the Engineering Geology Unit, Natural Resources Section. He supervised the field checking of terrain intelligence reports and consulted with the U.S. Army on foundation conditions, location of construction materials, and selection of airfield and port sites. Whitmore became a commodity specialist in precious metals, compiling data on gold and silver production in Japan. As Whitmore tells it, "Since I was the paleontologist and didn't know much, they looked around for the least harmful thing for me to do. That's how I was put in charge of the precious metals. My job was mainly to hold audience with Japanese gold and silver mine operations and tell them 'no,' they could not mine gold. It was the perfect bureaucrat's job, sitting there all day saying 'no.' I was also in charge of the vaults of Japan, where I saw more money than I will ever see again, with piles of sheet gold one meter on a side."Paleo News. There were also stacks of platinum crucibles and "buckets of diamonds." One example the unit's work was the identification of where Japanese Fire Bomb Balloons were being launched. From late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese launched over 9,300 of fire balloons, of which 300 were found or observed in the U.S. Despite the high hopes of their designers, the balloons were ineffective as weapons; causing only six deaths (from one single incident) and a small amount of damage. Some of the ballast sandbags dropped by the balloons were taken to the Military Geology Unit for investigation. The geologists began microscopic and chemical examination of the sand to determine types and distribution of diatoms and other microscopic sea creatures, and its mineral composition. They determined that the sand could not be coming from American beaches, nor from the mid-Pacific. It had to be coming from Japan. The geologists ultimately determined the precise beaches in Japan where the sand had been taken.Whitmore, Frank C., Jr. 1954. “Military Geology.” The Military Engineer, Volume XLVI, number 311, pages 212-215C; M. Nelson and E. P. F. Rose. 2012. "The U. S. Geological Survey's Military Geology Unit in World War II: the Army's pet prophets." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (August 2012), 45(3):349-367. In 1946 the U.S. Army recognized his work with the highest civilian award the United States bestows, the Medal of Freedom. While Whitmore was working in Japan a controversy broke out. The story of Peking Man fossils involved bones of Sinathropus pekingenis and other relics, which the Japanese had earlier stolen from China. Whitmore, as part of his duties, was to take custody of these specimens, pending their return to the National Geological Survey of China. But there had always been disagreement over the actual location of the specimens and the sequence of events prior to Whitmore's arrival on the scene. According to one story, in 1941 the specimens were packed in three cases marked "secret" and turned over to the U.S. Marines who were evacuating Chinwangtao, China, aboard the Dollar Line President Harrison. The liner ran aground in the Yangtze River near Shanghai on December 8, and the marines were captured. There is documentary evidence that scientists from the Tokyo Imperial University visited Peking in August, 1942, at the request of the Japanese North China Army and took the collection to Tokyo. After the surrender of Japan to the Allied powers, a letter from the Central Liaison Office of Japan alerted the Allies to the collection's existence. The natural Resources Section was directed to take action to return the specimens, and the section chief dispatched Whitmore to examine the collation. In his memo, Whitmore stated he could "find no traces of Sinanthropus."Lamp, J., and Weiwen, H. 1990. The story of Peking Man: From archaeology to mystery. Foreign Language Press, Beijing, China and Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. Many believe the fossils rest at the bottom of the Yangtze River. To this day, the original fossils have never been recovered, but good casts exist and excavations at the Peking Man site have turned up additional specimens. In the spring of 1946 Whitmore was assigned to the 24th Corps. U.S. Army in Korea to survey and map railroads, major highways, landing beaches and ports, including Inchon, which played an important part in the later U.S. invasion. While in Korea, Whitmore was promoted to chief of the Military Geology Unit. After the war it was assumed that the Military Geology Unit would be shut down, but the war had demonstrated to the U.S. military how little it knew about foreign geology, and so the unit was transformed into the regular branch of the U.S. Geological Survey. Whitmore stayed on as chief until 1959. The branch directed worldwide activities employing about 120 scientists and support personnel, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. and field offices in Tokyo, Heidelberg, and Salzburg. Whitmore organized interdisciplinary field-mapping programs involving the study of geology, soils, vegetation, hydrology, and topography. Whitmore chaired numerous groups including the U.S. Geological Survey's Geologic Division Staffing Committee and the committee to compile permafrost terms for the first and second editions of the American Geological Institute's Glossary of Geology. He also served as security officer for the Geologic Division between 1948 and 1956. In recognition of the International Geophysical Year in 1958, the Lake Peters Research Station (renamed the G. William Holmes Research Station in 1970) was established in the northeastern part of the Brooks Range of Alaska. Whitmore was on the team that conducted the initial reconnaissance at this offshoot of the Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow and formulated plans for continuing research in the area. ==Career as vertebrate paleontologist== After 15 years of administration, Whitmore joined the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey as a senior specialist in vertebrate paleontology. He was assigned an office at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Whitmore became the informal chief of the survey's vertebrate paleontology staff, which included Charles Repenning at the Menlo Park, California, office and Ed Lewis at the Denver, Colorado, office. Whitmore launched a series of diverse investigations. In 1959 and 1960, he collected and studied Miocene and Pleistocene vertebrates from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, as part of the work done by the Engineering Geology Branch. His biostratigraphy of that complexly deformed area helped determine the history of Pleistocene deformation on the island. From 1959 through 1965, Whitmore conducted biostratigraphic studies of Paleozoic and Mesozoic fish and Tertiary mammals from Wyoming and Montana to aid ongoing geologic mapping there. He was principal investigator for field and laboratory studies of Miocene mammals from Panama between 1962 and 1965. This work resulted many accomplishments including a biostratigraphic correlation with faunas in Texas and Florida, established that the Miocene mammalian fauna of Panama was entirely of North American affinity, helped to define a circum-Caribbean Miocene zoogeographic province and delineated the southern extent of the North American land mass. These results were published in Science.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr. and R.H. Stewart. 1965. Miocene mammals and Central American seaways. Science 148 (3667): 180-185. At about the same time, Whitmore began collaborating with C. Bertrand Schulz and Lloyd Tanner of the University of Nebraska on work at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. This important Pleistocene site is the type locality of Mammut americanum, the American mastodon, and Bootherium bombifrons, an extinct musk ox. It was also the site where, on Thomas Jefferson's orders, explorers Lewis and Clark collected bones for shipment back to the amateur scientist and president of the United States. The team's field work and research of the late Pleistocene mammals and stratigraphy of Kentucky from 1963 through 1970 contributed to the first geomorphological and paleoclimatological understanding of the Ohio valley.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr., C.B. Schultz, L.G. Tanner, L.L. Ray, and E.C. Crawford. 1963. Paleontologic investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky: A preliminary report. Science 142 (3596): 1167-1169; Whitmore, Frank C. Jr., C.B. Schultz and L.G. Tanner. 1966. Pleistocene mammal and stratigraphy of Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky. Geological Society of America Special Paper 87:262-163. After five summers of field work, their results helped convince the state of Kentucky to create Big Bone Lick State Park, ensuring preservation of the site. For his efforts, Whitemore was anointed an Honorable Kentucky Colonel by the state. It was during this time that Whitmore and colleagues also undertook the study of Pleistocene vertebrate fossils found on the Atlantic continental shelf. These studies, based largely on fossil elephant teeth dredged up by hard clam vessels, helped to establish sea level changes and its effect on paleozoogeography.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr., K.O. Emery, H.B.S. Cooke and D.J.P. Swift. 1967. Elephant teeth from the Atlantic continental shelf. Science 156 (3781): 1477-1489. Meanwhile, Whitmore was also being exposed to fossil marine mammals, thanks to his close association with Remington Kellogg, who worked in the Paleobiology Department of the National Museum of Natural History. Whitmore increasingly helped the elder paleontologist and, after his death in 1969, took over some of his work. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Whitmore was principal investigator for the Calvert Cliffs Paleontology Project on Chesapeake Bay.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr. 1971. Calvert Cliffs project. Science 173 (1993): 192-193. This project entailed detailed interdisciplinary paleoecological and stratigraphic studies during excavation for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Funding for this work came from the Ford Foundation and National Geographic Society. From this association with National Geographic Society Whitmore was asked to join the Committee for Research and Exploration, serving as Kellogg's replacement. The committee provides funding for research projects throughout the world. Whitmore later served as vice-chair of the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration. In 1972, Whitmore returned to Alaska, this time to Amchitka Island, where he collected fossils of the historically extinct Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas).Whitmore, Frank C. Jr., L.M. Gard, Jr. and G. E. Lewis. 1972. Steller's sea cow in Pleistocene interglacial beach deposits on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 867-870. He and others worked on the rate and mode of Pleistocene uplift of the island, as indicated by beach deposits, which were critical to the prediction of effects by nuclear testing. Work on Oligocene whales from South Carolina resulted in two publications, one in 1974 and one in 1976.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr. and A. E. Sanders. 1974. The Cetacea 30 million years ago. American Zoologist 15: 812; Whitmore and Sanders. 1976. Review of the Oligocene Cetacea. Systematic Zoology 25:304-320. During the 1970s Whitmore was principal investigator on the study of Paleocene vertebrates from Saudi Arabia. Paleoecological studies of this estuarine fauna established the geographical position of part of the ancient Tethys Sea, and contributed to the delineation of lime deposits needed for cement manufacture.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr., C.T. Madden, I.M. Nagvi, D.L. Schmidt, W. Langston, Jr., and R. C. Wood. 1979. Paleocene vertebrates from coastal deposits on the Harrat Hadan area, At Taif region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. United States Geological Survey, Aaudi Arabian Mission, Project Report 269, Open-file Report OF-80-227. Part of Whitmore's duties at the U.S. Geological Survey, involved handling "examination and report" (E & R) requests. Some were submitted by colleagues in other disciplines whose investigations turned up bone specimens. Others came in via USGS public-relations people from citizens who wanted to know about something they found in their backyard or while on vacation. One E & R stood out above all the others, "The Case of the Papal Proboscidean." Sylvio Bedini, then deputy director of the National Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History) asked Whitmore to identify, from photographs, some bones dug up during the air-conditioning of the papal apartments in the Vatican. Everyone was puzzled when Whitmore identified at least one bone as that of an elephant. Further research revealed that in 1541, when Pope Leon X had control of the spice trade to the Far East, King Emmanuel the Great of Portugal wanted a share of the action. To get on the good side of the pope, Emmanuel presented him with a young elephant. No elephant had been seen in Rome since the time of Hannibal, and it proved to be a great curiosity—especially as it had been trained to genuflect whenever the pope appeared. It also held water in its trunk and squirted designated victims on the command of its trainer. One day, the elephant's keepers decided they would gild the elephant from head to toe as a surprise for the pope. The surprise was that the gilding killed the elephant. The devastated pope directed the papal painter, who happened to be Raphael, to paint a life-size mural of the elephant; Raphael felt this was beneath him and ordered an apprentice to complete the mural on the palace wall. The elephant was subsequently buried beneath the painting. The mural is now gone but the bones remain.Whitmore, Frank C. Jr. 1978. The papal proboscidean. The Cross Section 9 (3):12. Whitmore retired from the U.S. Geological Survey in 1984, but he continued his work as a research associate and curator emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution in his old office there until the late 1990s. His later studies included taxonomy and description of fossil Pliocene whales and terrestrial mammals from the Lee Creek phosphate mine at Aurora, North Carolina, and description of Miocene marine mammals from the Pisco Formation of Peru. ==Administrator, manager, service and awards== Whitmore was appointed chair of the joint U.S. Geological Survey/Smithsonian Institution committees for the design of new labs and for decisions regarding the paleontology collections. In 1971, he was general chair of the Geological Society of America meetings in Washington, with 4300 people attending. For the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Mexican Science Council, he chaired a symposium on land connections between North and South America. The list of institutions and committees that Whitmore served on include the Department of Defense, American Geological Institute, National Research Council and the scientific guidance to the Schoelkopf Geological Museum in Niagara Falls, New York, the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, Maryland and to exhibit specialists at the National Museum of Natural History. In 1979 Whitmore served as general chair of the International Centennial Symposium of the U.S. Geological Survey on "Resources for the 21st Century" which brought together were some 500 scientists, corporate executives, and government officials from 48 countries. Whitmore was a founding member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1940; he later served on its executive board and was an honorary life member. Whitmore was the last surviving charter member of the society. Whitmore joined the Paleontological Society of American in 1942. In 1944 he joined the Paleontological Society of Washington, later serving as vice president and president. That same year, he joined the Geological Society of Washington, becoming a councilor, secretary, first vice-president, and then president. In 1945, he helped found the Geological Society of the Philippines. Whitmore became a fellow of the Geological Society of America in 1947, and served on its Penrose Medal Committee and as its Penrose citationist. Three years later, he became a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, eventually serving as section secretary and chairman, councilor, and chair of the Newcomb Cleveland Prize Committee. ==Legacy== In recognition of Whitmore's contribution to the National Geographic Society and to the marine mammal paleontological community, a publication on marine mammalian paleontology was dedicated to him entitled Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.Ralph E. Eshelman and Lauck W. Ward. 1994. Tribute to Frank Clifford Whitmore, Jr. In: A. Berta and Tom A. Deméré (eds), Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 29:3-1. In 2002 the Virginia Museum of Natural History awarded Whitmore the Thomas Jefferson Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Natural Science. This award is annually presented to an individual who has consistently made outstanding contributions to natural history. Two fossil cetaceans are named after Whitmore in his honor: the large squalodontid Squalodon whitmorei, and the early toothless mysticete Eomysticetus whitmorei. Whitmore died at age 96 at his home on March 18, 2012. Expressions of appreciation by young budding scientists who Whitmore mentored can found at webpage http://vmnhpaleontology.wordpress.com/2012/03/20/in- memoriam-frank-whitmore-2/#more-3989. Eshelman and Ward, 1994 include a comprehensive bibliography of Whitmore's scientific papers, reports and book reviews. == References == Category:1915 births Category:2012 deaths Category:American paleontologists Category:20th-century American geologists Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Category:Vertebrate paleontologists Category:Fellows of the Geological Society of America Category:Amherst College alumni Category:Eberly College of Science alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:United States Geological Survey personnel Category:Recipients of the Medal of Freedom Category:University of Rhode Island faculty |
The Gold Coast Blue Tongues (formerly the Brisbane Blue Tongues) was a semi- professional ice hockey team based in Bundall, Queensland, Australia. The team was a member of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). The Blue Tongues were founded in 2005 as an expansion AIHL team and played in the league for eight seasons between 2005 and 2012. The team’s home venue was Iceland Bundall, located on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The Blue Tongues never won any major titles and ceased operations in 2015. ==History== ===Establishment=== The Gold Coast Blue Tongues were founded in 2005 as the Brisbane Blue Tongues. The Blue Tongues were announced as an Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL) expansion team along with the Central Coast Rhinos, increasing the league membership from six to eight teams. Originally located in Brisbane, the team’s first home venue was Iceworld Boondall. The team’s chosen name and logo was a nod to the native blue tongue lizard, commonly found in Brisbane and South-East Queensland. Garnet Radford was appointed the team's first general manager. ===AIHL era=== The Blue Tongues marked their inaugural AIHL game with a win on 23 April 2005. On the road in Canberra, Brisbane defeated the Canberra Knights 10-4 at the Phillip Ice Skating Centre. A goalless first period proved a poor indication for the goal rush that would follow in the second and third periods. Mark Barnsdale scored the Blue Tongues first ever goal, assisted by Kirk Raven and Chris Staneke. From that point the visiting Brisbane team scored four more unanswered goals before Matt Lehoczky gave the home fans something to cheer. The Blue Tongues continued their good second period showing in the third and once again out scored their more experienced opponents. Mikko Skinnari scored the tenth and final goal of the game for Brisbane with just over one minute remaining on the clock. Bryan Randall was the first Blue Tongues player to be sent to the penalty box, with a two-minute minor penalty for high sticking in the first period. thumb|right|Mark Rummukainen, as stand in captain, leading the Blue Tongues team onto the ice in 2007 Brisbane finished their inaugural season in sixth position in the league standings with thirty-three points. They were five points off a finals qualification position and had a win percentage of 42%, having won twelve of twenty-six games. The Blue Tongues finished ahead of the Melbourne Ice and Central Coast Rhinos. The following two years in Brisbane saw the Blue Tongues improve each season, finishing sixth and fifth in the standings, failing to qualify for the AIHL finals weekend on both occasions. The team was very close to qualifying in 2007 but fell three points short of finishing fourth after the team, along with two others, was handed a three-point penalty by the league for icing an illegible player. The Blue Tongues did sign two ex-NHL players during this time. First, in 2006, on 6 June, the team announced the signing of Rob Zamuner. Zamnuner had spent thirteen seasons playing in the NHL with teams such as Boston Bruins and Tampa Bay Lightning. Second, in 2007, the Blue Tongues secured the services of goaltender Tyrone Garner. Garner was a New York Islanders draft pick from 1998 and later played three games in the NHL for the Calgary Flames before a hockey career that took him around the globe. In 2008, the Blue Tongues appointed David Emblem as president and general manager. Emblem, originally from Montreal, Canada, stepped into the new role with the team possessing a vast hockey experience, having won two Goodall Cups and representing Australia at the World championships in the 1980’s. Emblem oversaw a period of great change for the team as they relocated to the Gold Coast, Queensland. The Blue Tongues new home venue would be Iceland Bundall, located in the Gold Coast suburb of Bundall. The reasons for the move were attributed to the team’s new sponsorship deal with Bartercard, who are headquartered on the Gold Coast, and for improving team integration between the Australian and import players. The Blue Tongues were also renamed the Gold Coast Blue Tongues (Bartercard Gold Coast Blue Tongues for sponsorship reasons). The move did present facility difficulties for the team and the AIHL. The small ice sheet at the rink, according to the rink owners, was never intended for senior ice hockey and there were consistent concerns raised about the suitability and safety of the venue by the league and traveling teams. Emblem did continue one Blue Tongues tradition of signing import players with NHL experience when he secured the services of one time Tampa Bay Lightining player Gaétan Royer for the 2008 AIHL season. Despite the issues, in 2009, the Blue Tongues enjoyed their best season in the AIHL. They won fourteen of twenty-four regular season games and had a +22 goal difference that led them to finishing fourth in the league standings and qualifying for finals for the first time. For their maiden, and only, finals weekend, Gold Coast traveled to the Hunter Ice Skating Stadium in Newcastle. Playing in the second semi-final, the Blue Tongues faced the Newcastle North Stars, who had finished third in the regular season. In front of a 1,000 strong home crowd, the semi-final was a close game for the first two periods with both teams posting three goals each. However, Newcastle’s Canadian forward, Steven Kaye, proved the difference between the two teams and scored two unanswered goals in the third period to clinch his personal hat-trick and the win for the home team. The Blue Tongues were eliminated and missed out on advancing to the grand final to compete for the historic Goodall Cup. The three finals goal scorers for the Blue Tongues were Henrik Ivarsson, André Selander and Brad Smulders. The Blue Tongues remained a consistent performer for the remainder of their time in the league, finishing fifth in 2010 and 2011 before finishing third in the Easton conference in 2012. Each time missing out on a return to finals. The Blue Tongues' Matt Amado did however set an AIHL goal scoring record in 2011. The duel Canadian/Portuguese import forward scored 42 goals in the regular season, beating the previous record of 39 set in 2007 by himself when the team was located in Brisbane. ===Suspension and eventual demise=== The issues raised with the Iceland rink when the team moved to the new location in 2008 had never been resolved. The situation led to tensions between the league, traveling teams, the Blue Tongues and the rink ownership. In 2011 and 2012, these issues came to a head when the Blue Tongues had to cancel two home games, against the Sydney Ice Dogs in 2011 and Melbourne Ice in 2012, due to the unsafe and unplayable ice surface at Iceland. These cancellations, led to the rink owner evicting the Blue Tongues from the venue and forcing them, at short notice, to seek alternative arrangements for the final seven AIHL home games in the 2012 season. The Blue Tongues managed to secure Iceworld Acacia Ridge in Brisbane for the final seven fixtures of the season, however, due to the limited ice time availability, the games would be scheduled for 10:30pm, despite the best negotiating efforts by the Blue Tongues to secure more appropriate ice time. The team confirmed this was only a temporary arrangement and that they intended to return to the Gold Coast when possible. The game that was abruptly halted on the Gold Coast vs the Melbourne Ice was rescheduled to be replayed in Melbourne at the Melbourne Icehouse, despite the Ice being within their rights to claim a forfeit victory. Following the conclusion of the AIHL season, In October 2012, the league along with the Blue Tongues jointly announced, through Deputy Commissioner Ben Kieley, the suspension of the Blue Tongues AIHL license for 2013. The team had explored different options for a home venue for 2013, including building a temporary professional rink on the Gold Coast or temporarily relocating to Brisbane, Erina or Perth, but had ultimately been unsuccessful in securing a financially viable and workable solution. The two parties committed to working together to explore all options to returning the Blue Tongues to competition in 2014, including building a new proposed $15 million twin-sheet ice sports facility on the Gold Coast. In November 2013, it was revealed the situation to find a workable home venue for the Blue Tongues had not shifted and that the team’s license would remain suspended for the 2014 season. The team had continued its search for a new home and progressed the proposal for building a new ice sports stadium, with a business plan and architectural designs complete. The new aim is for the team to get back on the ice for the 2015 season. Dave Emblem had reportedly joined the Mayor’s Trade Mission to China and Taiwan to continue discussions with potential investors in building a new ice sports facility on the Gold Coast. In 2015, the AIHL released its 2015 season game schedule, and the Gold Coast Blue Tongues did not feature. The Blue Tongues General Manager, Dave Emblem, had unsuccessfully continued to try and find a sponsor to build a new twin-sheet facility on the Gold Coast. He had also unsuccessfully taken the proposal to the local Council, who, despite some member interest, were unwilling to commit Government funding to the proposal. With no solution found in two years, the Gold Coast Blue Tongues’ AIHL license expired in 2015, ended the team’s involvement in top level ice hockey in Australia. The team then ceased operations. Following the demise of the Blue Tongues, the AIHL canvased the Brisbane ice hockey community to gauge if there was any interest from another ownership group for a new team in the state’s capital. ==Season-by-season record== Champions Runners-up Third Place Gold Coast Blue Tongues all-time AIHL record Season Regular season Finals weekend Top points scorer Name Points 2005 26 8 1 13 4 – 112 112 +0 33 6th – Bryan Randall 32 2006 28 10 – 17 1 – 129 138 -9 32 6th – Jean-Philippe Brière 55 2007 28 15 – 9 – 4 126 111 +15 462 5th – Matt Amado 62 2008 28 8 – 17 – 3 104 154 -50 27 7th – Gaétan Royer 33 2009 24 13 – 7 1 3 108 86 +22 44 4th 1 – 1 3 5 Semi-finalist Lost 3–5 (North Stars) – Brad Smulders 76 2010 24 9 – 13 1 1 84 107 -23 30 5th – Mike McRae 47 2011 28 13 – 12 1 2 120 115 +5 43 5th – Matt Amado 69 2012 24 10 – 11 – 3 81 85 -4 33 3rd, Easton – Mike McRae 50 Total 210 86 1 99 8 16 864 908 -44 288 1 – 1 3 5 Mike McRae 151 :1 As of the 2006 AIHL season, all games will have a winner. :2 The AIHL imposed the penalty of deducting 3 competition points to the Blue Tongues for playing unregistered player Jani Pekkarinen. ==Honours== ===Franchise Awards=== Each season the Blue Tongues held an annual awards night where the team awarded a number of players and members of the Blue Tongue hockey community. Season 2006 Jean-Philippe Brière David Upton Kirk Raven – – 2008 Gaétan Royer Ross Howell Cameron Trew Jack Connor Craig Duncan & Ashley Hodson 2009 Brad Smulders Jon Bale & Ross Howell Cameron Trew – Craig Duncan 2010 Dallas Costanzo Ross Howell Cameron Trew – Craig Duncan 2011 Tobias Falk Luke Fiveash Brad Young & Jack Connor Alexander Hall – References: ==Players== ===Last roster=== Team roster for the 2012 AIHL season ===Notable former players=== A list of players that have played at least one game for the Blue Tongues and who have also played at least one game in the National Hockey League (NHL). Name NHL team(s) Rob Zamuner 2006 Rangers; Lightning; Senators; Bruins Tyrone Garner 2007 Calgary Flames Gaétan Royer 2008 Tampa Bay Lightning References: ===Franchise all-time player records=== These are the top-five all-time player records in franchise history in the following categories: Appearance, points, penalty minutes and points per game. {| class="toccolours" style="width:25em" No. Name 1 Jon Bale Forward 155 2 Ross Howell Defenceman 154 3 Ben Spillane Defenceman 131 4 David Upton Forward 116 5 Marco Bertossa Defenceman 114 {| class="toccolours" style="width:25em" No. Name 1 Mike McRae Forward 150 2 Matt Amado Forward 131 3 David Upton Forward 123 4 Brad Smulders Forward 76 5 Jon Bale Forward 72 ==Team staff== Current as of 2012 AIHL season. Back office staff Role Name Head coach Peter Nixon Assistant coach Matt Maycock Team manager Craig Duncan Equipment manager Brad Cassidy Physio Ian Sung Front office staff Role Name General manager Dave Emblem Assistant manager Sean Garvan Marketing manager Matt Haddad Media & PR manager Kanchan Khanna Website designer Sam Hansen Graphic designer Isaac Morisson Game day staff Role Name Operations manager Steven Montour Ops team member Daniel Jansson Ops team member Kyle West Ops team member Chris Rainesford Ops team member Erik Bitmanis Announcer Brendan Boyle Announcer Raff Himing Scorer Corrine Conner Committee Role Name Committee chair Dave Emblem Committee member Kevin Sands Committee member Don Burke Committee member Paul Rayner Committee member Glen Kercher Committee member Brian Quartarolo ==Leaders== ===Team captains=== thumb|right|Don Burke as captain for the Blue Tongues in 2007. Don was the team's maiden captain and continued in the leadership role for 3 seasons. The Blue Tongues had four captains in the team's history. No. Name Term 1 Don Burke 2005–07 2 Billy Crumm 2008 3 Ross Howell 2009–11 4 Adam Geric 2012 References: ===Head coaches=== The Blue Tongues had three head coaches in the team's known history. Head coaches for the years when the team was based in Brisbane (2006–07) are unknown. No. Name Term 1 Dave Byer 2005 2 Kevin Sands 2008–10 3 Peter Nixon 2011–12 References: ===General managers=== The Blue Tongues had two general managers (GMs) in the team's history. No. Name Term 1 Garnet Radford 2005–07 2 David Emblem 2008–12 References: ==Team records== Record Details Firsts First AIHL game 23 April 2005 (10-4 win over the Knights in Canberra) First AIHL win 23 April 2005 (10-4 win over the Knights in Canberra) First AIHL loss 30 April 2004 (4-8 loss to the Ice Dogs in Brisbane) First AIHL finals appearance 29 August 2009 (3-5 loss to the North Stars in Newcastle) Lasts Last AIHL game 26 August 2012 (4-5 (SO) loss to the Adrenaline in Adelaide) Last AIHL win 25 August 2012 (5-1 win over the Adrenaline in Adelaide) Last AIHL loss 26 August 2012 (4-5 (SO) loss to the Adrenaline in Adelaide) Last AIHL finals appearance 29 August 2009 (3-5 loss to the North Stars in Newcastle) Single matches Record goal scoring game 18 goals (20 August 2006 10-8 win over the Rhinos in Erina) Record win 10-2 (against the Ice Dogs on 1 May 2005) Record loss 3-11 (against the North Stars on 21 August 2010) Wins/losses Most season wins 15 wins (2007 season) Fewest season wins 8 wins (2008 season) Most season losses 20 losses (2008 season) Fewest season losses 10 losses (2009 season) Record winning streak 6 matches (2007 & 2009 seasons) Record losing streak 11 matches (2005/06 & 2010/11 seasons) Points Most season points 46 points (2007 season) Fewest season points 30 points (2010 season) ==Broadcasting== TV and Streaming: Briz 31 (UHF Channel 31) (2007–08) – Domestic television broadcasting on the Brisbane community television station of all home games for the Blue Tongues in 2007 and 2008. The channel also broadcast the 2009 AIHL Finals weekend when the Blue Tongues qualified. Self-broadcast (2008–09) – Domestic and international internet streaming broadcast of all Blue Tongues home games. The very first AIHL team to stream games via the internet. Produced by Blue Tongues supporter Mike Crowhurst from Cunning Crow Productions and commentated by Blue Tongues Team Assistant Adrian Barclay, games were available on www.slapshot.com.au. ==References== ==External links== *Gold Coast Blue Tongues Official website *AIHL official website * * Category:Australian Ice Hockey League teams Category:Ice hockey teams in Australia Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 2005 Category:2005 establishments in Australia Category:Sporting teams based on the Gold Coast, Queensland |
The Janitor is a fictional character, played by Neil Flynn in the American comedy-drama series Scrubs and Clone High. Though he is a janitor at Sacred Heart and Clone High, he is rarely referred to as the janitor, but rather just called Janitor, with his first name revealed as Glenn in Clone High, and his full name confirmed as Glenn Matthews in the season 8 (originally series) finale of Scrubs. Neil Flynn was originally billed as a recurring guest star throughout season 1 of Scrubs, although he appeared in all 24 episodes of that season. He was promoted to a series regular beginning with season 2 and remained a regular through to season 8, also appearing in a recurring crossover role in season 1 of Clone High. He made his final Scrubs appearance in the season 9 premiere, "Our First Day of School" in 2009, as a guest star, before returning in Clone High season 2 in 2023, in "Some Talking but Mostly Songs". Janitor appeared in every episode during the first eight seasons except season 2's "My Lucky Day" and season 8's "My Last Words", "My Absence" and "My Full Moon". == Fictional character biography == In the series' pilot episode, protagonist J.D. sees Janitor fixing a sliding door that is stuck, and suggests someone might have stuck a penny in the door. Janitor immediately accuses J.D. of sabotaging the door, and swears revenge. For the rest of the series, Janitor makes it his personal mission to torment J.D. with insults, mind games and practical jokes. In the season eight finale, J.D. admits to accidentally sticking the penny in the door; Janitor replies he saw J.D. do it and began torturing him because he failed a "test of character" by keeping silent about it. Some of Janitor's practical jokes have been on the severe side, such as destroying J.D.'s bike (twice), trapping him in a water tower, stranding him in the middle of nowhere, and tricking him into robbing a couple's house. Neil Flynn has said: It is suggested in the episode "His Story III" that he is in some way responsible for a medical intern named Jill having a child. In Clone High, Janitor is revealed to work part-time at Clone High, where his adoptive son, a clone of Ponce De León, attends high school until his untimely death, before being fired shortly afterward. During the first six seasons of Scrubs, Janitor has a crush on Dr. Elliot Reid, but in season seven he meets his future wife Lady, and they get married the following season. In the first episode of Scrubs: Med School, a flashback is seen of Janitor's last appearance the day after J.D. leaves Sacred Heart. Janitor believes that J.D. is simply hiding, as a practical joke, and will reappear. When Turk convinces him that J.D. has left for good, Janitor hands over his mop to Turk and leaves, never to be seen again. In the 2023 revival of Clone High, Janitor is revealed to have been since rehired in his old position at Clone High. In the last episode of the first revival season (the second overall), Janitor signs Joan of Arc's Clone High 2023 yearbook, telling her (and signing) that "You're a lone wolf, just like me! – Janitor", before howling. ==Personality== Concrete information about Janitor's personal history is sparse and is confounded by his penchant for giving outrageous (and often conflicting) accounts of his past. Many of the stories he has told J.D. are patently absurd, some bordering on the surreal or fantastical. He has claimed that his parents are also his siblings, has made multiple conflicting accounts of having been married and having children, has claimed that, in college, he came close to a world record in the 100m hurdles race, and has given an explanation for learning sign language so convoluted that he asks to have it read back to him when J.D. asks if any part of it is true. His childhood and family life are equally mysterious. The occasional flashback sequences imply that his parents were fastidious and mildly abusive. One flashback implies the loss of a stuffed animal in the "clutter" of his bedroom led him to take on a janitorial career. He also claims that his great-grandfather was the Civil War general Ambrose Burnside (mispronounced "Burnsides"). However, it is hinted on some occasions that Janitor's anecdotes are at times true to some degree, e.g. he does show a considerable skill in hurdles racing in the same episode in which he claims to almost have broken said world record. Janitor speaks Spanish, Korean, German, Italian and American Sign Language. When the hospital support staff wants dental coverage, he becomes their spokesman. On occasion Janitor indicates he does little actual work. He tells J.D. that he spends only an hour and a half a day performing his duties at work. He does, however, defend his sanitary responsibilities in the hospital whenever J.D. questions him about it, and he takes great pride in the cleanliness of the hospital's floors. Although he spends most of the series harassing J.D., on occasion Janitor will torment other characters such as Christopher Turk. This is usually in response to a perceived wrong, such as another character creating a mess in the hospital or disrespecting him. Several episodes show Janitor pretending to be a doctor ("Dr. Ján Ĩtor") and he also greatly enjoys one occasion when he is asked to assist during a medical emergency. On one occasion, he uses a set of broken defibrillator paddles to pretend to revive a patient (in reality, a pair of pillows and a mop). He also pretends to be the chief of medicine when the real chief, Bob Kelso, is away. Janitor shows a softer side on several occasions. He harbors a schoolboy crush on Elliot Reid, to whom he usually refers as "Blonde Doctor". He has also shown genuine compassion for the hospital's patients; in one episode he spends the day talking to a patient with Locked-in syndrome just to keep him company. In another, he joins the others in saying a heartfelt farewell to Nurse Laverne Roberts, who dies of injuries suffered in a car accident. Later, as the hospital mourns Laverne's passing at a bar, Janitor buys them a round of drinks and raises his glass in salute. He later reveals he and Kelso had both slept with Laverne. Flynn had a small role in The Fugitive. The show's writers took advantage of this, placing Janitor (in his fictional role) as the real actor in the film. J.D. notices this as he watches the movie. When J.D. confronts Janitor, he (eventually) admits that it really was him — after J.D. explains that he wanted it to be Janitor as it would show him to be more than a bitter wretch, instead a man who once had hopes and dreams, even if they didn't work out — but admonishes him not to tell anyone. Janitor's father is portrayed as having treated him the way a drill instructor would treat a new recruit. (His father is played by actor R. Lee Ermey, who famously played a drill instructor in Full Metal Jacket). However, Janitor later tells J.D. that his father died when he was young. When J.D. remembers meeting his father, Janitor responds mysteriously that "You met a man." In Clone High, Janitor is revealed to also work part-time at Clone High, where his adoptive son, a clone of Ponce De León, attends high school until his untimely death. At the beginning of the eighth season, Kelso's replacement Dr. Taylor Maddox fires Janitor for pulling a prank on J.D. that could have resulted in serious injury. At the end of the episode, he is replaced. He is rehired three episodes later after Maddox is forced out. Janitor is the self-appointed leader of the "Brain Trust", an unofficial club at the hospital that consists of a rotating cast of Sacred Heart staff members such as hospital lawyer Ted Buckland, surgeon Todd "The Todd" Quinlan, Dr. Doug Murphy (whom Janitor calls "Nervous Guy"), and Lloyd Slawski, a delivery man. The Brain Trust originally had three other members, but Janitor became fed up with them during lunch, and joined the table behind him where the new members were sitting. == Name == The mystery of Janitor's name is a running gag throughout the series. In several episodes, he calls himself "Janitor" (even in his own mind), and in many episodes he refers to himself as "Doctor Ján Ĩtor". In "My Hero", Janitor chastises J.D. for not even knowing his name while Janitor knows many personal details about J.D.'s life (though it's later shown Janitor has been breaking into J.D.'s locker and reading his journal). When J.D. protests that he does in fact know Janitor's real name, Janitor asks him to say it aloud and quickly claps his hand over his name badge so J.D. can't read it. In "My Manhood", Janitor tells Dr. Cox "I've been called a great many horrible names in my life: backstabber, zebra poacher, Josh..." (In an interview before Bill Lawrence stated the name of the Janitor is Josh, standing for Janitor Of Sacred Heart but then said this was a joke.) In the beginning of the eighth season, when Sacred Heart's new Chief of Medicine, Dr. Maddox (played by Courteney Cox Arquette), asks what Janitor's name is, he chuckles and makes reference to the fact she's new, alluding to the fact that she's oblivious to the fact even the longest-standing members of staff don't know his name. She examines his name tag only to find it says "The Janitor." In a speech at The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia on January 29, 2009, Bill Lawrence confirmed that Janitor's first name was Glenn, citing it as having been revealed when the character had appeared in the first season of Clone High in a crossover supporting role (with Flynn reprising his role). In the season 8 finale Janitor tells J.D. that his name is Glenn Matthews; When J.D. asks why Janitor is revealing his name only now, Janitor points out that J.D. has never before asked what his name is, and proves that J.D. has already forgotten it. However just a few seconds later, someone else walks by and calls Janitor by another name, "Tommy," to which he responds. In a Twitter post on April 5, 2011, Bill Lawrence confirmed that Janitor was telling the truth when he revealed his name as Glenn Matthews. On June 30, 2020, on the Zach Braff/Donald Faison Podcast, Fake Doctors, Real Friends with Zach and Donald, show creator Bill Lawrence confirmed again that Janitor's real name is Glenn Matthews. ==Figment of J.D.'s imagination== As revealed in the DVD commentary on several episodes, the Janitor character was initially to be used as a figment of J.D.'s imagination if the show had been canceled during the first season or the first half of the second. This would have been revealed to the audience in the finale. From the beginning of season 2, Flynn joins the rest of the main cast appearing in the show's extended opening credits, but the credits were changed back due to objections by NBC, who wanted longer episodes instead. However, he was still acknowledged as a main cast member by the producers as of the second season. Since the start of season two, Janitor has had encounters with most of the other regular characters. He has even had an entire episode ("His Story III") devoted mostly to him. Along with this, in the season 1 episode "My Bad", Elliott throws coffee on the floor and as Janitor looks up in anger she seemingly engages with him and sarcastically says "sorry". == Production notes == Flynn is an improv comedian and, as such, ad-libs many of his lines. Although it is often stated that Flynn ad-libs all of his lines, on several parts of the season one DVD commentaries and special features, both Flynn and series creator Bill Lawrence say that it is generally a mix of ad-libbed lines and the original script, with Flynn usually building on the original lines. Lawrence has also said that the rest of the cast followed Flynn's lead and that he (Lawrence) would occasionally enter the rehearsal room with no idea what scene was taking place due to its lack of resemblance to the original script. Janitor's alter ego, Dr. Ján Ĩtor, is a happy consequence of one such moment of inspiration. Sam Lloyd once commented on Flynn's improvising: "I opened my script up once and it said 'Janitor: Whatever Neil says,' and I just started laughing." Flynn originally auditioned for the role of Dr. Cox (which ultimately went to John C. McGinley). However, Lawrence asked Flynn if he would consider another part: the mysterious custodian who makes tormenting J.D. his life's work. Interview with Neil Flynn and Bill Lawrence The role of Janitor was originally devised as a one-time gag in the series' pilot episode, Lawrence admitted: "When we watched the pilot, we knew instantly we had to keep this guy around." In flashback scenes of Janitor's childhood, he is played by Brandon Waters. == References == Category:Scrubs (TV series) characters Category:Clone High characters Category:Fictional janitors Category:Fictional inventors Category:Fictional actors Category:Television characters introduced in 2001 Category:Fictional Harvard University people Category:Fictional bullies Category:Fictional pagans Category:American male characters in television |
Haswell is the codename for a processor microarchitecture developed by Intel as the "fourth-generation core" successor to the Ivy Bridge (which is a die shrink/tick of the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture). Intel officially announced CPUs based on this microarchitecture on June 4, 2013, at Computex Taipei 2013, while a working Haswell chip was demonstrated at the 2011 Intel Developer Forum. With Haswell, which uses a 22 nm process, Intel also introduced low- power processors designed for convertible or "hybrid" ultrabooks, designated by the "U" suffix. Haswell CPUs are used in conjunction with the Intel 8 Series chipsets, Intel 9 Series chipsets, and Intel C220 series chipsets. At least one Haswell-based processor was still being sold in the Pentium G3420. ==Design== The Haswell architecture is specifically designed to optimize the power savings and performance benefits from the move to FinFET (non-planar, "3D") transistors on the improved 22 nm process node. Haswell has been launched in three major forms: * Desktop version (LGA 1150 socket and the LGA 2011-v3 socket): Haswell-DT * Mobile/Laptop version (PGA socket): Haswell-MB * BGA version: ** 47 W and 57 W TDP classes: Haswell-H (for "All-in-one" systems, Mini-ITX form factor motherboards, and other small footprint formats) ** 13.5 W and 15 W TDP classes (MCP): Haswell-ULT (for Intel's UltraBook platform) ** 10 W TDP class (SoC): Haswell-ULX (for tablets and certain UltraBook-class implementations) ===Notes=== * ULT = Ultra Low TDP; ULX = Ultra Low eXtreme TDP * Only certain quad-core variants and BGA R-series stock keeping units (SKUs) receive GT3e (Intel Iris Pro 5200) integrated graphics. All other models have GT3 (Intel HD 5000 or Intel Iris 5100), GT2 (Intel HD 4200, 4400, 4600, P4600 or P4700) or GT1 (Intel HD Graphics) integrated graphics. See also Intel HD and Iris Graphics for more details. * Due to the low power requirements of tablet and UltraBook platforms, Haswell-ULT and Haswell-ULX are only available in dual-core configurations. All other versions come as dual- or quad-core variants. ===Performance=== Compared to Ivy Bridge: * Approximately 8% faster vector processing * Up to 5% higher single-threaded performance * 6% higher multi-threaded performance * Desktop variants of Haswell draw between 8% and 23% more power under load than Ivy Bridge. * A 6% increase in sequential CPU performance (eight execution ports per core versus six) * Up to 20% performance increase over the integrated HD4000 GPU (Haswell HD4600 vs Ivy Bridge's built-in Intel HD4000) * Total performance improvement on average is about 3% * Around 15 °C hotter than Ivy Bridge, while clock frequencies of over 4.6 GHz are achievable ==Technology== ===Features carried over from Ivy Bridge=== * 22 nm manufacturing process * 3D Tri-Gate FinFET transistors * Micro-operation cache (Uop Cache) capable of storing 1.5 K micro-operations (approximately 6 KB in size) * 14- to 19-stage instruction pipeline, depending on the micro-operation cache hit or miss (an approach used in the even earlier Sandy Bridge microarchitecture) *Improve OoO window from 168 to 192 *Queue Allocation from 28/threads to 56 * Mainstream variants are up to quad-core. * Native support for dual-channel DDR3/DDR3L memory, with up to 32 GB of RAM on LGA 1150 variants * 64 KB (32 KB Instruction + 32 KB Data) L1 cache and 256 KB L2 cache per core * A total of 16 PCI Express 3.0 lanes on LGA 1150 variants ===New features=== ==== CPU ==== * Wider core: fourth arithmetic logic unit (ALU), third address generation unit (AGU), second branch execution unit (BEU), deeper buffers, higher cache bandwidth, improved front-end and memory controller, higher load/store bandwidth. * New instructions (HNI, includes Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2), gather, BMI1, BMI2, ABM and FMA3 support). * The instruction decode queue, which holds instructions after they have been decoded, is no longer statically partitioned between the two threads that each core can service. * Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) for the Haswell-EX variant. In August 2014 Intel announced that a bug exists in the TSX implementation on the current steppings of Haswell, Haswell-E, Haswell-EP and early Broadwell CPUs, which resulted in disabling the TSX feature on affected CPUs via a microcode update. * Fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR), thereby moving some of the components from motherboard onto the CPU. * New advanced power-saving system; due to Haswell's new low-power C6 and C7 sleep states, not all power supply units (PSUs) are suitable for computers with Haswell CPUs. * 37, 47, 57 W thermal design power (TDP) mobile processors. * 35, 45, 65, 84, 88, 95 and 130–140 W (high-end, Haswell-E) TDP desktop processors. * 15 W or 11.5W TDP processors for the Ultrabook platform (multi-chip package like Westmere) leading to reduced heat, which results in thinner as well as lighter Ultrabooks, but the performance level is slightly lower than the 17 W version. : Cache Cache Page size Page size Page size Name Level 4 KB 2 MB 1 GB DTLB 1st 64 32 4 ITLB 1st 128 8 / logical core none STLB 2nd 1024 1024 none ==== GPU ==== * Hardware graphics support for Direct3D 11.1 and OpenGL 4.3. Intel 10.18.14.5180 driver is the last planned driver release on Windows 7/8.1. * Four versions of the integrated GPU: GT1, GT2, GT3 and GT3e, where GT3 version has 40 execution units (EUs). Haswell's predecessor, Ivy Bridge, has a maximum of 16 EUs. GT3e version with 40 EUs and on-package 128 MB of embedded DRAM (eDRAM), called Crystalwell, is available only in mobile H-SKUs and desktop (BGA-only) R-SKUs. Effectively, this eDRAM is a Level 4 cache; it is shared dynamically between the on-die GPU and CPU, and serving as a victim cache to the CPU's Level 3 cache. ==== I/O ==== * New sockets and chipsets: ** LGA 1150 for desktops, and rPGA947 and BGA1364 for the mobile market. ** Z97 (performance) and H97 (mainstream) chipsets for the Haswell Refresh and Broadwell, in Q2 2014. ** LGA 2011-v3 with X99 chipset for the enthusiast- class desktop platform Haswell-E. * DDR4 for enterprise/server segments and for the Enthusiast-Class Desktop Platform Haswell-E * Variable Base clock (BClk) like LGA 2011. * Optional support for Thunderbolt technology and Thunderbolt 2.0 * Shrink of the Platform Controller Hub (PCH), from 65 nm to 32 nm. ===Server processors features=== * Haswell-EP variant, released in September 2014, with up to 18 cores and marketed as the Xeon E5-1600 v3 and Xeon E5-2600 v3 series. * Haswell-EX variant, released in May 2015, with 18 cores and functioning TSX. * A new cache design. * Up to 35 MB total unified cache (last level cache, LLC) for Haswell-EP and up to 40 MB for Haswell-EX. * LGA 2011-v3 socket replaces LGA 2011 for the Haswell EP; the new socket has the same number of pins, but it is keyed differently due to electrical incompatibility. * The already launched Xeon E3 v3 Haswells will get a refresh in spring 2014, together with a refreshed Intel C220 series PCH chipset. * TDP up to 160 W for Haswell-EP. * Haswell-EP models with ten and more cores support cluster on die (COD) operation mode, allowing CPU's multiple columns of cores and last level cache (LLC) slices to be logically divided into what is presented as two non-uniform memory access (NUMA) CPUs to the operating system. By keeping data and instructions local to the "partition" of CPU which is processing them, therefore decreasing the LLC access latency, COD brings performance improvements to NUMA-aware operating systems and applications. ===Haswell Refresh=== Around the middle of 2014, Intel released a refresh of Haswell, simply titled Haswell Refresh. When compared to the original Haswell CPUs lineup, Haswell Refresh CPUs offer a modest increase in clock frequencies, usually of 100 MHz. Haswell Refresh CPUs are supported by Intel's 9 Series chipsets (Z97 and H97, codenamed Wildcat Point), while motherboards with 8 Series chipsets (codenamed Lynx Point) usually require a BIOS update to support Haswell Refresh CPUs. The CPUs codenamed Devil's Canyon, covering the i5 and i7 K-series SKUs, employ a new and improved thermal interface material (TIM) called next-generation polymer thermal interface material (NGPTIM). This improved TIM reduces the CPU's operating temperatures and improves the overclocking potential, as something that had been problematic since the introduction of Ivy Bridge. Other changes for the Devil's Canyon CPUs include a TDP increase to 88 W, additional decoupling capacitors to help smooth out the outputs from the fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR), and support for the VT-d that was previously limited to non-K-series SKUs. TSX was another feature brought over from the non-K-series SKUs, until August 2014 when a microcode update disabled TSX due to a bug that was discovered in its implementation. ===Windows XP and Vista support=== While Ivy Bridge is the last Intel processor to fully support all versions of Windows XP, Haswell includes limited driver support for certain XP editions such as POSReady2009. People have modified the graphics driver for these versions to adapt to normal Windows XP to varying degrees of success. Windows Vista support is also dropped with this processor as well. People who have installed x64 version of Vista have reported various problems such as services not starting automatically. The KB4493471 update (officially intended only for Windows Server 2008, but can be installed on Vista) contains a HAL driver that fixes most of these issues. Windows XP and earlier and x86 version of Vista is unaffected by this bug. ==List of Haswell processors== ===Desktop processors=== * All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, F16C, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT-x, and Smart Cache. ** Core i3, i5 and i7 support AVX, AVX2, BMI1, BMI2, FMA3, and AES-NI. ** Core i3 and i7, as well as the Core i5-4570T and i5-4570TE, support Hyper-Threading (HT). ** Core i5 and i7 support Turbo Boost 2.0. ** Although it was initially supported on selected models, since August 2014 desktop variants no longer support TSX due to a bug that was discovered in its implementation; as a workaround, a microcode update disabled the TSX feature. ** SKUs below 45xx as well as R-series and K-series SKUs do not support Trusted Execution Technology or vPro. ** Intel VT-d, which is Intel's IOMMU, is supported on all i5 and i7 SKUs except the i5-4670K and i7-4770K. Support for VT-d requires the chipset and motherboard to also support VT-d. ** Models i5-4690K and i7-4790K, codenamed Devil's Canyon, have a better internal thermal grease to help heat escape and an improved internal voltage regulator ("FIVR"), to help deliver cleaner power in situations like overclocking. * Transistors: 1.4 billion * Die size: 177 mm2 * Intel HD and Iris Graphics in following variants: ** R-series desktop processors feature Intel Iris Pro 5200 graphics (GT3e). ** All other currently known i3, i5 and i7 desktop processors include Intel HD 4600 graphics (GT2). ** The exceptions are processors 41xxx, which include HD 4400 graphics (GT2). ** Celeron and Pentium processors contain Intel HD Graphics (GT1). * Pentium G3258, also known as the Pentium Anniversary Edition, has an unlocked multiplier. Its release marks 20 years of "Pentium" as a brand. The following table lists available desktop processors. Target segment Cores (threads) Processor branding and model GPU model CPU clock rate Graphics clock rate Cache TDP PCIe 3.0 lane configurations VT-d Release date Release price (USD) Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo L3 L4 Socket Interface Memory Enthusiast / High-End 8 (16) Core i7 Extreme 5960X rowspan="3" 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz rowspan="3" rowspan="3" 20 MB rowspan="12" 140 W 2×16 + 1×8 rowspan="9" $999 LGA 2011-v3 DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 Up to quad channel DDR4-2133 6 (12) 5930K 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 15 MB $583 5820K 3.3 GHz 3.6 GHz 1×16 + 1×8 + 1×4 $389 Performance 4 (8) Core i7 4790K HD 4600 (GT2) 4.0 GHz 4.4 GHz 350 MHz 1.25 GHz 8 MB 88 W 1×16 2×8 1×8 + 2×4 $339 LGA 1150 Up to dual channel DDR3-1600 4790 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz 1.2 GHz 84 W $303 4790S 3.2 GHz 65 W 4790T 2.7 GHz 3.9 GHz 45 W 4785T 2.2 GHz 3.2 GHz 35 W 4771 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 84 W $320 4770K 1.25 GHz $339 4770 3.4 GHz 1.2 GHz rowspan="10" $303 4770S 3.1 GHz 65 W 4770R Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 6 MB 128 MB $392 BGA 1364 4770T HD 4600 (GT2) 2.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 8 MB rowspan="10" 45 W $303 LGA 1150 4770TE 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 1 GHz 4765T 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.2 GHz 35 W Mainstream 4 (4) Core i5 4690K 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 6 MB 88 W $242 4690 84 W $213 4690S 3.2 GHz 65 W 4690T 2.5 GHz 3.5 GHz 45 W 4670K 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 84 W $242 4670 rowspan="19" $213 4670S 3.1 GHz 65 W 4670R Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 3.0 GHz 3.7 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 4 MB 128 MB $310 BGA 1364 4670T HD 4600 (GT2) 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 6 MB rowspan="6" 45 W $213 LGA 1150 4590 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 1.15 GHz 84 W $192 4590S 3.0 GHz 65 W 4590T 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 35 W 4570 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 84 W 4570S 2.9 GHz 65 W 4570R Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 2.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 4 MB 128 MB $288 BGA 1364 2 (4) 4570T HD 4600 (GT2) 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz rowspan="55" 35 W $192 LGA 1150 4570TE 2.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz 4 (4) 4460 3.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 1.1 GHz 6 MB 84 W $182 4460S 2.9 GHz 65 W 4460T 1.9 GHz 2.7 GHz 35 W 4440 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 84 W 4440S 2.8 GHz 65 W 4430 3.0 GHz 3.2 GHz 84 W 4430S 2.7 GHz 65 W 2 (4) Core i3 4370 3.8 GHz rowspan="46" 1.15 GHz 4 MB 54 W rowspan="46" $149 4360 3.7 GHz 4350 3.6 GHz $138 4340 $149 4330 3.5 GHz $138 4370T 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 35 W 4360T 3.2 GHz 4350T 3.1 GHz 4330T 3.0 GHz 4340TE 2.6 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz $138 4330TE 2.4 GHz $122 4170 HD 4400 (GT2) 3.7 GHz 1.15 GHz 3 MB 54 W $117 4160 3.6 GHz 4150 3.5 GHz 4130 3.4 GHz $122 4170T 3.2 GHz 200 MHz 35 W $117 4160T 3.1 GHz 4150T 3.0 GHz 4130T 2.9 GHz $122 Budget 2 (2) Pentium G3470 HD Graphics 3.6 GHz 350 MHz 1.1 GHz 53 W $86 G3460 3.5 GHz G3450 3.4 GHz G3440 3.3 GHz $75 G3430 $86 G3420 3.2 GHz $75 G3460T 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz 35 W G3450T 2.9 GHz G3440T 2.8 GHz G3420T 2.7 GHz G3320TE 2.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 G3260 3.3 GHz 1.1 GHz 53 W $64 G3258 3.2 GHz $72 G3250 $64 G3240 3.1 GHz G3220 3.0 GHz G3260T 2.9 GHz 200 MHz 35 W G3250T 2.8 GHz G3240T 2.7 GHz G3220T 2.6 GHz Celeron G1850 2.9 GHz 350 MHz 1.05 GHz 2 MB 53 W $52 G1840 2.8 GHz $42 G1830 $52 G1820 2.7 GHz $42 G1840T 2.5 GHz 200 MHz 35 W G1820T 2.4 GHz G1820TE 2.2 GHz 1 GHz : Some of these configurations could be disabled by the chipset. For example, H-series chipsets disable all PCIe 3.0 lane configurations except 1×16. : This feature also requires a chipset that supports VT-d like the Q87 chipset or the X99 chipset. : This is called 20th Anniversary Edition and has an unlocked multiplier. SKU suffixes to denote: * K unlocked (adjustable CPU multiplier up to 63x) **The Pentium G3258 CPU is unlocked despite not having the K-suffix. * S performance-optimized lifestyle (low power with 65 W TDP) * T power-optimized lifestyle (ultra low power with 35–45 W TDP) * R BGA packaging / High-performance GPU (currently Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e)) * X extreme edition (adjustable CPU ratio with no ratio limit) ===Server processors=== * All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions), AVX2, FMA3, F16C, BMI (Bit Manipulation Instructions 1)+BMI2, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), TXT, Intel vPro, Intel VT-x, Intel VT-d, hyper-threading (except E3-1220 v3 and E3-1225 v3), Turbo Boost 2.0, AES-NI, and Smart Cache. * Haswell-EX models (E7-48xx/88xx v3) support TSX, while for Haswell-E, Haswell-WS (E3-12xx v3) and Haswell-EP (E5-16xx/26xx v3) models it was disabled via a microcode update in August 2014, due to a bug that was discovered in the TSX implementation. * Transistors: 5.56 billion * Die size: 661 mm2 The first digit of the model number designates the largest supported multi-socket configuration; thus, E5-26xx v3 models support up to dual-socket configurations, while the E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 models support up to quad- and eight-socket configurations, respectively. Also, E5-16xx/26xx v3 and E7-48xx/88xx v3 models have no integrated GPU. Lists of launched server processors are below, split between Haswell E3-12xx v3, E5-16xx/26xx v3 and E7-48xx/88xx v3 models. Haswell E7-48xx/88xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores (threads) Processor branding and model CPU clock rate L3 cache TDP Release date Release price (USD) Motherboard Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 4 (8) Xeon E7 v3 E7-8893v3 3.2 GHz 3.5 GHz 45 MB 140 W May 2015 $6,841 LGA 2011-1 QPI (up to 9.6 GT/s) DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 Up to DDR4-1866 or DDR3-1600 10 (20) E7-8891v3 2.8 GHz 165 W 18 (36) E7-8890v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz $7,174 E7-8880v3 2.3 GHz 3.1 GHz 150 W $5,895 E7-8880Lv3 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 115 W $6,063 E7-8870v3 2.1 GHz 2.9 GHz 140 W $4,672 16 (32) E7-8867v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 165 W E7-8860v3 2.2 GHz 3.2 GHz 40 MB $4,061 14 (28) E7-4850v3 2.8 GHz 35 MB 115 W $3,003 12 (24) E7-4830v3 2.1 GHz 2.7 GHz 30 MB $2,170 10 (20) E7-4820v3 1.9 GHz rowspan="2" 25 MB $1,502 8 (16) E7-4809v3 2.0 GHz Haswell E5-16xx/26xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores (threads) Processor branding and model CPU clock rate CPU AVX clock rate L3 cache TDP Release date Release price (USD) tray / box Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 18 (36) Xeon E5 v3 2699v3 2.3 GHz 3.6 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.3 GHz 45 MB 145 W rowspan="2" LGA 2011-3 QPI (up to 9.6 GT/s) DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 up to DDR4-2133 16 (32) 2698v3 40 MB 135 W 2698Av3 2.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.3 GHz 2.9 GHz 165 W November 2014 OEM 14 (28) 2697v3 2.6 GHz 3.6 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.3 GHz 35 MB 145 W $2,702 / $2,706 2695v3 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.0 GHz 120 W $2,424 / $2,428 12 (24) 2690v3 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.3 GHz 3.2 GHz 30 MB 135 W $2,090 / $2,094 14 (28) 2683v3 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 35 MB 120 W $1,846 / — 12 (24) 2680v3 2.5 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.1 GHz 30 MB $1,745 / $1,749 2673v3 2.4 GHz 3.1 GHz 105 W 2670v3 2.3 GHz 3.1 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.9 GHz 120 W $1,589 / $1,593 8 (16) 2667v3 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 20 MB 135 W $2,057 / — 10 (20) 2660v3 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.1 GHz 25 MB 105 W $1,445 / $1,449 12 (24) 2650Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.3 GHz 30 MB 65 W $1,329 / — 2658v3 2.2 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.0 GHz 105 W $1,832 / — 10 (20) 2650v3 2.3 GHz 3.0 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.8 GHz 25 MB $1,166 / $1,171 12 (24) 2648Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.2 GHz 30 MB 75 W $1,544 / — 6 (12) 2643v3 3.4 GHz 3.7 GHz 2.8 GHz 3.6 GHz 20 MB 135 W $1,552 / — 8 (16) 2640v3 2.6 GHz 3.4 GHz 2.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 90 W $939 / $944 up to DDR4-1866 4 (8) 2637v3 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 15 MB 135 W $996 / — up to DDR4-2133 8 (16) 2630v3 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 20 MB 85 W $667 / $671 up to DDR4-1866 2630Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.5 GHz 2.9 GHz 55 W $612 / — 10 (20) 2628Lv3 2.0 GHz 2.5 GHz 1.7 GHz 2.4 GHz 25 MB 75 W $1,364 / — 4 (8) 2623v3 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 10 MB 105 W $444 / — 6 (12) 2620v3 2.4 GHz 3.2 GHz 2.1 GHz 3.2 GHz 15 MB 85 W $417 / $422 8 (16) 2618Lv3 2.3 GHz 3.4 GHz 1.9 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 75 W $779 / — 6 (6) 2609v3 1.9 GHz rowspan="3" 1.9 GHz rowspan="3" 15 MB 85 W $306 / $306 up to DDR4-1600 6 (12) 2608Lv3 2.0 GHz 1.7 GHz 52 W $441 / — up to DDR4-1866 6 (6) 2603v3 1.6 GHz 1.3 GHz 85 W $213 / $217 up to DDR4-1600 Workstation 10 (20) 2687Wv3 3.1 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz 25 MB 160 W $2,141 / $2,145 up to DDR4-2133 8 (16) 1680v3 3.2 GHz 3.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 3.4 GHz 20 MB 140 W $1,723 / — DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 1660v3 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 2.7 GHz 3.5 GHz $1,080 / — 6 (12) 1650v3 3.5 GHz 3.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.7 GHz 15 MB $583 / $586 4 (8) 1630v3 3.7 GHz 3.8 GHz 3.4 GHz 3.7 GHz 10 MB $372 / — 1620v3 3.5 GHz 3.6 GHz 3.2 GHz 3.5 GHz $294 / $297 4 (4) 1607v3 3.1 GHz rowspan="2" 2.8 GHz rowspan="2" $255 / — up to DDR4-1866 4 (4) 1603v3 2.8 GHz 2.5 GHz $202 / — Haswell E3-12xx v3 SKUs Target segment Cores (threads) Processor branding and model GPU model CPU clock rate Graphics clock rate L3 cache GPU eDRAM TDP Release date Release price (USD) tray / box Motherboard Normal Turbo Normal Turbo Socket Interface Memory Server 4 (8) Xeon E3 v3 1286v3 HD P4700 (GT2) 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz 350 MHz 1.3 GHz 8 MB rowspan="4" 84 W $662 / — LGA 1150 DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 up to dual channel DDR3-1600 with ECC 1286Lv3 3.2 GHz 4.0 GHz 1.25 GHz 65 W $774 / — 1285v3 3.6 GHz 1.3 GHz 84 W $662 / — 1285Lv3 3.1 GHz 3.9 GHz 1.25 GHz 65 W $774 / — 1284Lv3 Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 1.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 750 MHz 1 GHz 6 MB 128 MB 47 W OEM BGA 1364 1281v3 rowspan="2" 3.7 GHz 4.1 GHz colspan="2" rowspan="2" 8 MB rowspan="21" 82 W $612 / — LGA 1150 1280v3 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz 1276v3 HD P4600 (GT2) 350 MHz 1.25 GHz 84 W $339 / $350 1275v3 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz $339 / $350 1275Lv3 HD (GT1) 2.7 GHz 1.2 GHz 45 W $328 / — 1271v3 rowspan="2" 3.6 GHz 4.0 GHz colspan="2" rowspan="2" 80 W $328 / $339 1270v3 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 1268Lv3 HD P4600 (GT2) 2.3 GHz 3.3 GHz 350 MHz 1 GHz 45 W $310 / — 1265Lv3 HD (GT1) 2.5 GHz 3.7 GHz 1.2 GHz $294 / — 1246v3 HD P4600 (GT2) 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 84 W $276 / $287 1245v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 1241v3 rowspan="6" 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz colspan="2" rowspan="6" 80 W $262 / $273 1240v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 1240Lv3 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 25 W $278 / — 1231v3 3.4 GHz 3.8 GHz 80 W $240 / $250 1230v3 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 1230Lv3 1.8 GHz 2.8 GHz 25 W $250 / — 4 (4) 1226v3 HD P4600 (GT2) 3.3 GHz 3.7 GHz 350 MHz 1.2 GHz 84 W $213 / $224 1225v3 3.2 GHz 3.6 GHz 1220v3 rowspan="2" 3.1 GHz 3.5 GHz colspan="2" rowspan="2" 80 W $193 / $203 2 (4) 1220Lv3 1.1 GHz 1.5 GHz 4 MB 13 W $193 / — SKU suffixes to denote: * L low power ===Mobile processors=== * All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, F16C, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel VT-x, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), and Smart Cache. ** Core i3, i5 and i7 support AVX, AVX2, BMI1, BMI2, FMA3, and hyper-threading (HT). ** Core i3, i5 and i7 except the Core i3-4000M support AES-NI. ** Core i5 and i7 except the Core i5-4410E, i5-4402EC, i7-4700EC, and i7-4702EC support Turbo Boost 2.0. * Platform Controller Hub (PCH) integrated into the CPU package, slightly reducing the amount of space used on motherboards. * Transistors: 1.3 billion * Die size: 181 mm2 The following table lists available mobile processors. Target segment Cores (threads) Processor branding and model Processor branding and model GPU model Programmable TDP CPU Turbo (single core) Graphics clock rate Graphics clock rate L3 cache GPU eDRAM Release date Release price (USD) Target segment Cores (threads) SDP cTDP down GPU model Nominal TDP CPU Turbo (single core) cTDP up Normal L3 cache GPU eDRAM Release date Release price (USD) Turbo Performance 4 (8) Core i7 4940MX HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="30" rowspan="29" 57 W / 3.1 GHz 65 W / 3.8 GHz 4.0 GHz 400 MHz 1.35 GHz 8 MB rowspan="2" $1096 4930MX 57 W / 3.0 GHz 65 W / 3.7 GHz 3.9 GHz 4980HQ Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 47 W / 2.8 GHz 4.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.3 GHz 6 MB 128 MB $623 4960HQ 47 W / 2.6 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz 4950HQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.4 GHz 3.6 GHz 4910MQ HD 4600 (GT2) 47 W / 2.9 GHz 55 W / 3.7 GHz 3.9 GHz 400 MHz 8 MB rowspan="2" $568 4900MQ 47 W / 2.8 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz $570 4870HQ Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 47 W / 2.5 GHz rowspan="2" 3.7 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz 6 MB 128 MB $434 4860EQ 47 W / 1.8 GHz 3.2 GHz 750 MHz 1 GHz $508 4860HQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.4 GHz 3.6 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz $434 4850EQ 47 W / 1.6 GHz 3.2 GHz 650 MHz 1 GHz $466 4850HQ 47 W / 2.3 GHz 55 W / 3.3 GHz 3.5 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz $434 4810MQ HD 4600 (GT2) 47 W / 2.8 GHz 55 W / 3.6 GHz 3.8 GHz 400 MHz 1.3 GHz rowspan="2" $378 4800MQ 47 W / 2.7 GHz 55 W / 3.5 GHz 3.7 GHz $380 4770HQ Iris Pro 5200 (GT3e) 47 W / 2.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 200 MHz 1.2 GHz 128 MB $434 4760HQ 47 W / 2.1 GHz 55 W / 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz $434 4750HQ 47 W / 2.0 GHz 55 W / 3.0 GHz 3.2 GHz $440 4720HQ HD 4600 (GT2) 47 W / 2.6 GHz 3.6 GHz 400 MHz 1.2 GHz rowspan="84" $378 4712MQ 37 W / 2.3 GHz 45 W / 3.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.15 GHz 4712HQ 4710MQ 47 W / 2.5 GHz 55 W / 3.3 GHz 3.5 GHz 4710HQ 1.2 GHz 4702MQ 37 W / 2.2 GHz 45 W / 2.9 GHz 3.2 GHz 1.15 GHz $383 4702HQ 4700MQ 47 W / 2.4 GHz 55 W / 3.2 GHz 3.4 GHz 4700HQ 1.2 GHz 4701EQ 1 GHz $415 4700EQ $378 4702EC rowspan="2" 27 W / 2.0 GHz rowspan="11" rowspan="2" rowspan="2" rowspan="2" 8 MB $459 4700EC 43 W / 2.7 GHz Mainstream 2 (4) 4650U HD 5000 (GT3) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz 4 MB $454 4610Y HD 4200 (GT2) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.7 GHz 2.9 GHz 850 MHz $393 4610M HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="20" rowspan="2" 37 W / 3.0 GHz 3.7 GHz 400 MHz 1.3 GHz $346 4600M 37 W / 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz 4600U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.1 GHz 3.3 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $398 4578U Iris 5100 (GT3) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz 1.2 GHz 4558U 28 W / 2.8 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.2 GHz $454 4550U HD 5000 (GT3) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 1.1 GHz 4510U HD 4400 (GT2) 15 W / 2.0 GHz 3.1 GHz $393 4500U 15 W / 1.8 GHz 25 W / 3.0 GHz 3.0 GHz $398 Core i5 4402EC rowspan="5" 27 W / 2.5 GHz rowspan="27" $324 4422E HD 4600 (GT2) 25 W / 1.8 GHz 2.9 GHz 400 MHz 900 MHz 3 MB $266 4410E 37 W / 2.9 GHz 1 GHz 4402E 25 W / 1.6 GHz 2.7 GHz 900 MHz 4400E 37 W / 2.7 GHz 3.3 GHz 1 GHz 4360U HD 5000 (GT3) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $315 4350U 15 W / 1.4 GHz 2.9 GHz $342 4340M HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="3" 37 W / 2.9 GHz 3.6 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz $266 4330M 37 W / 2.8 GHz 3.5 GHz 4310M HD 4600 (GT2) 37 W / 2.7 GHz 3.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz $225 4310U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $281 4302Y HD 4200 (GT2) 4.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.3 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz 4300Y 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz $304 4300M HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="10" 37 W / 2.6 GHz 3.3 GHz 400 MHz 1.25 GHz $225 4300U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.9 GHz 2.9 GHz 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $287 4288U Iris 5100 (GT3) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 2.6 GHz 3.1 GHz 1.2 GHz $342 4258U 28 W / 2.4 GHz 2.9 GHz 1.1 GHz 4308U 28 W / 2.8 GHz 3.3 GHz 1.2 GHz $315 4260U HD 5000 (GT3) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.4 GHz 2.7 GHz 1 GHz $315 4250U 15 W / 1.3 GHz 2.6 GHz $342 4210H HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="2" 47 W / 2.9 GHz 3.5 GHz 400 MHz 1.15 GHz $225 4210M 37 W / 2.6 GHz 3.2 GHz 4210U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.7 GHz 2.7 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz $287 4220Y HD 4200 (GT2) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.0 GHz 850 MHz $281 4210Y 11.5 W / 1.5 GHz 1.9 GHz $304 4202Y 4.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 2.0 GHz 4200Y 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.4 GHz 1.9 GHz $304 4200U HD 4400 (GT2) rowspan="12" 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.6 GHz 25 W / ? 2.6 GHz 1 GHz $287 4200H HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="2" 47 W / 2.8 GHz rowspan="33" 3.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.15 GHz $257 4200M 37 W / 2.5 GHz 3.1 GHz $240 Core i3 4158U Iris 5100 (GT3) 23 W / 800 MHz 28 W / 2.0 GHz rowspan="31" 200 MHz 1.1 GHz $342 4120U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 2.0 GHz 1 GHz $281 4112E HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="6" 25 W / 1.8 GHz 400 MHz 900 MHz $225 4110E 37 W / 2.6 GHz 4102E 25 W / 1.6 GHz 4100E 37 W / 2.4 GHz 4110M 37 W / 2.6 GHz 1.1 GHz 4100M 37 W / 2.5 GHz 4100U HD 4400 (GT2) 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.8 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz $287 4030Y HD 4200 (GT2) 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.6 GHz 850 MHz $281 4020Y 11.5 W / 1.5 GHz $304 4012Y 4.5 W / 800 MHz 4010Y 6 W / 800 MHz 9.5 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.3 GHz 4030U HD 4400 (GT2) rowspan="5" 11.5 W / 800 MHz 15 W / 1.9 GHz 1 GHz $281 4025U 950 MHz $275 4010U 15 W / 1.7 GHz 1 GHz $287 4005U 950 MHz $281 4000M HD 4600 (GT2) rowspan="14" 37 W / 2.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz $240 2 (2) Pentium 3561Y HD Graphics 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.2 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz 2 MB $161 3560Y OEM 3558U rowspan="10" 15 W / 1.7 GHz 1 GHz $161 3556U OEM 3560M 37 W / 2.4 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz $134 3550M 37 W / 2.3 GHz Celeron 2981U 15 W / 1.6 GHz 200 MHz 1 GHz $137 2980U 2957U 15 W / 1.4 GHz $132 2955U 2970M 37 W / 2.2 GHz 400 MHz 1.1 GHz $75 2950M 37 W / 2.0 GHz $86 2961Y 6 W / 800 MHz 11.5 W / 1.1 GHz 200 MHz 850 MHz OEM 1. When a cooler or quieter mode of operation is desired, this mode specifies a lower TDP and lower guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode. 2. This is the processor's rated frequency and TDP. 3. When extra cooling is available, this mode specifies a higher TDP and higher guaranteed frequency versus the nominal mode. SKU suffixes to denote: * M mobile processor (Socket G3) * Q quad-core * U ultra-low power (BGA1168 packaging) * X "extreme" * Y extreme low-power (BGA1168 packaging) * E / H BGA1364 packaging ==See also== * LGA 1150: Original Haswell chipsets * List of Intel chipsets * List of Intel CPU microarchitectures ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * * * * * Haswell microarchitecture Category:Intel microarchitectures Category:Transactional memory Category:X86 microarchitectures |
Sirius XM Holdings Inc. is an American broadcasting corporation headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City that provides satellite radio and online radio services operating in the United States. The company was formed by the 2008 merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, merging them into SiriusXM Radio. The company also has a 70% equity interest in Sirius XM Canada, an affiliate company that provides Sirius and XM service in Canada. On May 21, 2013, Sirius XM Holdings, Inc. was incorporated, and in January 2020, Sirius XM reorganized their corporate structure, which made Sirius XM Radio Inc. a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Sirius XM Holdings, Inc. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the merger of XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc. on July 29, 2008, 17 months after the companies first proposed it. The merger created a company with 18.5 million subscribers, and the deal was valued at US$3.3 billion, not including debt. The proposed merger was opposed by those who felt it would create a monopoly. Sirius and XM argued that a merger was the only way that satellite radio could survive. In September 2018, the company agreed to purchase the streaming music service Pandora, and this transaction was completed on February 1, 2019. Since then, SiriusXM has grown to be the largest audio entertainment company in North America. , Sirius XM had approximately 34 million subscribers. Sirius XM Radio is a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. == Pre-merger == === Early days of Sirius === Sirius Satellite Radio was founded by Martine Rothblatt, who served as the new company's chairman of the board. Co-founder David Margolese served as chief executive officer and Robert Briskman served as president and Chief Operating Officer. In 1990, Rothblatt founded Satellite CD Radio in Washington, D.C. The company was the first to petition the FCC to assign unused frequencies for satellite radio broadcast, which "provoked a furor among owners of both large and small [terrestrial] radio stations". In April 1992, Rothblatt resigned as chairman and CEO to start a medical research foundation. Former NASA engineer Briskman, who designed the company's satellite technology, was then appointed chairman and CEO. Six months later, in November 1992, Rogers Wireless co-founder Margolese, who had provided financial backing for the venture, acquired control of the company and succeeded Briskman. Margolese renamed the company CD Radio, and spent the next five years lobbying the FCC to allow satellite radio to be deployed, and the following five years raising US$1.6 billion, which was used to build and launch three satellites into elliptical orbit from Kazakhstan in July 2000. In 1997, after Margolese had obtained regulatory clearance and "effectively created the industry", the FCC also awarded a license to XM Satellite Radio, which followed Sirius' example. In November 1999, marketing chief Ira Bahr convinced Margolese to again change the name of the company, this time to Sirius Satellite Radio, in order to avoid association with the soon-to-be- outdated CD technology. Having secured installation deals with automakers, including BMW, Chrysler and Ford, Sirius launched the initial phase of its service in four cities on February 14, 2002, expanding to the rest of the contiguous United States on July 1, 2002. In November 2001, Margolese stepped down as CEO, remaining as chairman until November 2003, with Sirius issuing a statement thanking him "for his great vision, leadership and dedication in creating both Sirius and the satellite radio industry". Joe Clayton, former CEO of Global Crossing, followed as CEO from November 2001 until November 2004; stayed on as chairman until July 2008. Mel Karmazin, former president of Viacom, became CEO in November 2004 and remained in that position through the merger, until December 2012. === Early days of XM === The origin of XM Satellite Radio was a Petition for Rulemaking filed at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) by regulatory attorney and Founder of Satellite CD Radio Martine Rothblatt, to establish frequencies and licensing rules for the world's first-ever Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS). On May 18, 1990, Satellite CD Radio, Inc. (SCDR) filed a Petition for Rule Making in which it requested spectrum to offer Compact Disc quality digital audio radio service to be delivered by satellites and complementary radio transmitters. Following the Allocation NPRM, the FCC established a December 15, 1992, cut-off date for applications proposing satellite DARS to be considered in conjunction with CD Radio's application. One such application came from American Mobile Radio Corporation (AMRC), the predecessor company to XM Satellite Radio. XM Satellite Radio was founded by Lon Levin and Gary Parsons. It has its origins in the 1988 formation of the American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC), a consortium of several organizations originally dedicated to satellite broadcasting of telephone, fax, and data signals. In 1992, AMSC established a unit called the American Mobile Radio Corporation, dedicated to developing a satellite-based digital radio service; this was spun off as XM Satellite Radio Holdings, Inc. in 1998. Its planned financing was complete by July 2000, at which point XM had raised US$1.26 billion and secured installation agreements with General Motors, Honda, and Toyota. Initially scheduled for September 12, 2001, XM's service start date was postponed due to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. XM Satellite Radio's first broadcast was on September 25, 2001, nearly four months before Sirius. Gary Parsons served as chairman of XM Satellite Radio from its inception through the merger, and resigned from the position in November 2009. Hugh Panero served as XM's CEO from 1998 until July 2007, shortly after the merger with Sirius was proposed. Nate Davis was appointed interim CEO until the merger was completed, at which point Sirius CEO Mel Karmazin took over as CEO of the newly merged company, Sirius XM. == Merger == === Announcement === After years of speculation (the New York Post first reported on a potential merger in January 2005) and three months of serious negotiations, the US$13 billion merger between Sirius and XM was officially announced on February 19, 2007. At the time, the nation's only two satellite radio providers reported nearly 14 million combined subscribers (with nearly 8 million belonging to XM), with neither having turned an annual profit. Sirius was valued at US$5.2 billion, and XM at US$3.75 billion. Each subscription was sold for US$12.95 monthly. XM and Sirius executives felt the merger would lower programming costs by eliminating overlapping stations and duplicated marketing costs. According to their original operating licenses, the two companies were not allowed to ever own each other's license. In proceeding with the merger, Sirius CEO Mel Karmazin ignored this rule, gambling that the FCC would consider other audio entertainment to be competitors and allow the merger to proceed by waiving the rule. === Approval === After a 57-week review process, the U.S. Justice Department approved the Sirius and XM merger on March 24, 2008, concluding that satellite radio competes with terrestrial radio, online streaming, and mp3 players and tablets. On July 25, 2008, the FCC approved the merger with a 3–2 vote, determining that it was not a monopoly because of competition on the Internet. FCC chairman Kevin Martin stated, "The merger is in the public interest and will provide consumers with greater flexibility and choices". The biggest challenge for the newly unified company was selling more subscriptions with the drop in the number of cars sold annually in the U.S., the subsequent reduced demand for cars equipped with satellite radio, as well as online radio-streaming competition. Conditions of the merger included allowing any third-party company to make satellite radio devices; producing new radios that can receive both XM and Sirius channels within one year; allowing consumers to choose which channels they would like to have; freezing subscription rates for three years; setting aside 8% of its channels for noncommercial programmers; and paying US$19.7 million in fines for past rule violations. Sirius and XM began merging their channels on November 12, 2008. Each share of XM stock was replaced with 4.6 shares of Sirius stock. Each company's stockholders initially retained approximately 50% of the joined company. At the time of the merger, Sirius' top programming included channels for Howard Stern, and Martha Stewart; live NBA and NFL games; and live NASCAR races. XM's programming included channels for Willie Nelson, Opie and Anthony, Snoop Dogg, and Oprah Winfrey; and live Major League Baseball games. === Opposition === The National Association of Broadcasters was adamantly opposed to the merger, calling it a monopoly. Shortly after the Justice Department gave its support to the merger without restrictions, attorneys general from 11 states (Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Utah, and Washington) urged the FCC to impose restrictions on the merger. Several Congressional Democrats also opposed the merger, calling it anticompetitive and criticizing the Bush administration for allowing it to go through. == Post-merger == === Resurgence and growth === After coming close to filing for Chapter 11 only months after the 2008 merger, having gone so far as to hire lawyers to prepare a possible bankruptcy filing, Sirius XM was able to avoid declaring bankruptcy with the assistance of a US$530 million loan from Liberty Media in February 2009, which Mel Karmazin negotiated in exchange for a 40% equity stake in Sirius XM. In the fourth quarter of 2009, Sirius XM posted a profit for the first time, with a net income of US$14.2 million. This came after net losses of US$245.8 million in the year following the merger. The company's resurgence was owed in part to the loan from Liberty Media. Increased automobile sales in the U.S. were also a factor. Sirius XM ended 2009 with 18.8 million subscribers. By the end of 2012, Sirius XM's subscriber base had grown to 23.9 million, mostly due to an increase in partnerships with automakers and car dealers; a strong push in the used-car market; and continued improved car sales in the U.S. in general. The renewal of radio show host Howard Stern's contract through 2015 (US$400 million for five years, US$100 million less than Stern's previous five-year deal) was also a factor in the company's steady growth; Stern's show attracted over 12 million listeners per week. As of 2017, Sirius XM had approximately a 75% penetration rate in the new car market. Out of that 75%, approximately 40% become subscribers. SiriusXM is available in cars from every major car company as well as in assorted trucks, boats and aircraft. The company offers trial subscriptions to new car owners, and then offers customers a variety of subscription options. There are more than 100 million cars on the road with SiriusXM radios installed. After trying for four years, on December 21, 2010, Sirius XM received approval from the FCC to add service in Alaska and Hawaii. Sirius XM announced on January 17, 2011, that it would place repeaters in those states and adjust three of its satellites to cover those areas. The move gave Sirius XM coverage in all 50 states. On January 12, 2011, XM Satellite Radio, Inc. was dissolved as a separate entity and merged into Sirius XM Radio, Inc. On April 11, 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the merger of Sirius and XM's Canadian affiliates in Sirius XM Canada. On April 11, 2013, a New York appeals court upheld a New York judge's ruling, from April 2012, that Howard Stern was not entitled to stock bonuses based on Sirius XM's exceeding subscriber target projections. The court ruled that subscribers to XM Satellite Radio from before the Sirius XM merger should not be counted as "Sirius subscribers" for the purposes of Stern's lawsuit. Stern argued the opposite, because his popularity had played an integral role in helping Sirius acquire XM. He had been seeking US$330 million in stock bonuses. In 2017, SiriusXM surpassed 32 million subscribers. On September 24, 2018, Sirius XM announced its intent to acquire Pandora for US$3.5 billion. The acquisition was completed on February 1, 2019. On October 19, 2020, SiriusXM announced that it completed the acquisition of Stitcher. It later purchased Conan O'Brien's digital media assets, including his podcast Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend, for $150 million. In March 2023, SiriusXM announced it would cut 475 employees that amounts to 8% of its workforce. CEO Jennifer Witz cited economic uncertainty and a need to operate with "greater agility and efficiency." === Executives === Following the merger, Sirius CEO Mel Karmazin became CEO of the combined company, and XM chairman Gary Parsons retained his role. XM CEO and co-founder Hugh Panero stepped down in August 2007, shortly after the merger was first announced. XM Satellite Radio executives who were not offered jobs in the new combined company were assured golden parachute severance packages that had been approved in 2007. Former CEO Nate Davis received a severance package worth US$10 million. Erik Toppenberg, executive vice president of programming, received a severance package worth US$5.34 million. CFO Joseph Euteneuer received a severance package worth US$4.9 million. Vernon Irvin, chief marketing officer, received a severance package worth US$4.5 million. In November 2009, Parsons resigned as chairman of Sirius XM, receiving a payout of more than US$9 million. He was succeeded by Eddy Hartenstein, former publisher and CEO of the Los Angeles Times. In December 2012, Mel Karmazin stepped down as Sirius XM CEO after Liberty Media gained control of 49.5% of the company. James E. Meyer was named interim CEO. On April 30, 2013, he was named permanent CEO. Also in April 2013, Liberty Media CEO Greg Maffei was named Sirius XM's chairman, succeeding Hartenstein. In October 2019, Denise Karkos was named Chief Marketing Officer and in November 2019, Alex Luke was named Senior VP of Digital Content for SiriusXM and Pandora. In September 2020, SiriusXM announced that Jennifer Witz will succeed James Meyer as the company's Chief Executive Officer once he retires by December 31, 2020. The company also hired AMC Networks Inc's Sean Sullivan as Chief Financial Officer. In December 2021, Joe Inzerillo, former CTO of Disney Streaming Services, was named the Chief Technology Officer of SiriusXM. === Internet and mobile === Sirius XM radio content is available to stream online either as an add-on to existing subscriptions or as an Internet-only option. In August 2011, SiriusXM announced that the company would start offering a personalized interactive online radio experience. MySXM debuted on April 15, 2013, allowing users to fine-tune over 50 existing Sirius XM channels. MySXM is available to all Sirius XM subscribers. The internet player allows subscribers to customize most stations to their liking by adjusting settings like: familiar/hits or unfamiliar/depth, studio recordings or live performances, and new/recent or old/classic material. These customized stations also allow listeners to play music without DJ interruptions. SiriusXM apps also include an extensive lineup of archived programming on SiriusXM On Demand. On June 17, 2009, Sirius XM released an application for use on Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch, allowing its subscribers to listen to its programming on those devices. The application did not feature all of the programming available to satellite listeners. On March 17, 2011, the application was also made available for the iPad. In 2012, the application was updated for iOS and Android, featuring additional content, and the ability to pause, rewind, and fast-forward through audio streams. On February 4, 2010, the Sirius XM BlackBerry application was announced, for use on BlackBerry smartphones (the Bold, Curve, Storm, and Tour). As of April 2013, the app featured over 150 channels. On May 28, 2010, the Sirius XM application for Android smartphones was announced. As of April 2013, the app features over 130 channels. As part of Howard Stern's new five-year contract with SiriusXM, which he signed on December 9, 2010, The Howard Stern Show, which had not previously been made available on mobile devices, would now be a part of Sirius XM's mobile app package. On March 18, 2015, SiriusXM released a refreshed user interface of the application on Android and iOS. As of October 2017, SiriusXM is available for streaming via custom apps on a variety of connected devices including Amazon Alexa and Fire TV, Sonos, PlayStation, Roku, and smart TVs. In May 2018, SiriusXM unveiled a new look for both the desktop web player and the mobile apps. The MySXM feature, including all the custom mixes that listeners saved over time, was removed. SiriusXM claims that they're working on a more personalized feature that will release in the upcoming months. SiriusXM later expanded their internet and mobile platforms by acquiring Pandora in February 2019. In early November 2019, SiriusXM became available to stream on all devices that use Google Assistant. In June 2022, SiriusXM streaming was added to Xfinity customers using the cable provider's X1, Xfinity Flex, and XClass TV platforms. === Subscriptions === Following the merger, Sirius XM began offering numerous new options, including à la carte offerings, a family- friendly version, and "mostly music" or "news, sports, and talk" packages, ranging in price from US$6.99 to US$16.99 per month. Prior to the merger, Sirius offered, for a one-time fee, a lifetime subscription for the radio unit (not the customer's lifetime). After the merger, due to changes in bundling policies and contracts, some customers who had purchased lifetime subscriptions had their service reduced or canceled, and were unable to obtain a refund. In 2021, a settlement was reached in "Alvarez v. Sirius XM Radio Inc." regarding customers with these Sirius lifetime subscriptions. All lifetime subscriptions are now for the lifetime of the owner, not the radio unit. Subscriptions can be transferred from one radio to another for $35. Inactive lifetime subscriptions can be cancelled and owners paid $100 === Legal settlement === On December 4, 2014, Sirius XM Holdings agreed to a US$3.8 million settlement with 45 states and the District of Columbia, over a suit initiated by then-Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine, stemming from the company's billing and service renewal practices. The suit alleged Sirius XM Holdings was engaged in "misleading, unfair and deceptive acts or practices in violation of state consumer protection laws", Attorney General DeWine said. == Programming == SiriusXM is the exclusive home to Howard Stern, with two dedicated Howard Stern channels. SiriusXM's talk, news, and comedy programming features channels from many news outlets, including: BBC, CNBC, FOX News, CNN, MSNBC, Bloomberg, NPR, and C-SPAN. The programming also includes exclusive talk and entertainment channels such as TODAY Show Radio, Business Radio Powered By The Wharton School, Entertainment Weekly Radio, Faction Talk, Radio Andy, Joel Osteen Radio, and comedy from channels including Comedy Central Radio, Comedy Greats, Laugh USA, Raw Dog Comedy and George Carlin's Carlin's Corner. SiriusXM music programming includes channels dedicated to multiple decades and genres that span rock, pop, country, R&B;, hip-hop, electronic dance, jazz and more, and concept-based channels, such as The Coffee House, SiriusXM Chill, Road Trip Radio, and Yacht Rock Radio. The service also features several artist-branded channels, including those for Pitbull, The Beatles, Bob Marley, Bruce Springsteen, Steven Van Zandt, Pearl Jam, Grateful Dead, Jimmy Buffett, Phish, Dave Matthews Band, Tom Petty, U2, Ozzy Osbourne, LL Cool J, Eminem, Diplo, Kenny Chesney, Willie Nelson, Kirk Franklin, Frank Sinatra, B.B. King, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Dwight Yoakam, Marky Ramone, Steve Aoki, The Tragically Hip, Chucho Valdés, and Tom Morello. On occasion, SiriusXM has offered limited edition artists channels for a specific period of time, including those for Drake, Metallica, David Bowie, Fleetwood Mac, Prince, Guns N' Roses, Led Zeppelin, George Strait, The Rolling Stones, Eagles, Queen, Beastie Boys, Coldplay, Michael Jackson, Foo Fighters, Aretha Franklin, Miles Davis, Jimi Hendrix, Billy Joel, ABBA, Alicia Keys, Neil Young, and Blue Rodeo. SiriusXM offers live play-by-play coverage of every NFL, Major League Baseball, and NBA game; every NASCAR race; PGA Tour events; and live college sports, as well as news, analysis and opinions from more than a dozen dedicated sports talk channels. SiriusXM also offers "Listen Free" events twice a year during late May-early June and late November-early December. == Canadian counterparts == In Canada, Sirius Canada and XM Canada were partially owned by Sirius XM (20% and 23.3% respectively) in joint ventures with Canadian companies. After the U.S. merger, the two Canadian ventures did not immediately agree to a similar merger, but instead remained in competition as distinct services. Complicating matters was that Sirius Canada has nearly 80% of the total satellite radio subscriber base in that country, and felt they deserved greater than a 50/50 split of the new company, whereas XM Canada felt their deal with the NHL – a particularly lucrative prize in Canadian sports broadcasting – also warranted a significant amount of value in the new company. On November 24, 2010, XM Radio Canada and Sirius Canada announced that they would merge their services. On April 12, 2011, the CRTC approved the companies' merger into Sirius XM Canada. John Bitove's Canadian Satellite Radio Holdings Inc., the licensee of XM Canada, gained a 30% share in the new company as its primary and controlling shareholder, while Slaight Communications and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the current owners of Sirius Canada, each retained 20% ownership. Sirius XM's American parent company would hold 25%. The merger was completed on June 21, 2011. Sirius XM Holdings now owns a 70% equity interest and a 33% voting interest in Sirius XM Canada, as of 2020. == Technical == === Receivers === XM and Sirius use different compression and conditional access systems, making their receivers incompatible with each other's service. A condition of the merger was that Sirius XM would bring to the market satellite radios that can receive both XM and Sirius channels within one year. The interoperable radio, called the MiRGE, was made available beginning in March 2009 but was soon discontinued after both services eliminated duplicate channels, thus removing the need for it. , Sirius XM offers radios for home, office, automotive, marine, and aviation use. SiriusXM Marine is graphic weather and fishing info for boaters. The service works with most major marine-electronics hardware companies, such as Raymarine, Furuno, Simrad and Garmin. The Marine Offshore package includes graphic weather radar, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning, high-resolution coastal and offshore wave heights, direction and intervals, high-resolution sea-surface temperatures, pressure isobars, buoy data, etc. SiriusXM Aviation provides satellite-based graphic weather information for pilots, which provides better signal coverage and faster data refresh rate than land-based ADS-B service. The 2020 FAA Mandate does not require pilots to equip with ADS‑B/FIS‑B weather. SiriusXM Aviation receiver Model # SXAR1 and Garmin GDL51/GDL52 enables pilots to use an iPad or iPhone with the ForeFlight Mobile App, via Bluetooth, to view the SiriusXM Aviation in-flight weather and data delivered via satellite to monitor storm fronts, track lightning strikes, TAFs, METARs, winds and more. === Satellites === , there are six functional satellites in orbit: two XM, two Sirius, and two supporting both systems (one being a spare). XM-3 and XM-4 are the active satellites for the XM service and replaced the original XM-1 and XM-2 satellites (which were placed into disposal orbits). Sirius FM-5 and FM-6 function as the primaries for the Sirius side. FM-6 was launched on October 25, 2013, and was declared ready for service on December 2, 2013. The satellite initially served as an in-orbit spare while the company worked to deploy repeaters for the Sirius side, which were needed to transition to full geostationary orbit operation. In 2016, FM-6 was put into active service and officially replaced Sirius originals FM-1 through FM-3 which operated in elliptical orbit. FM-1 through FM-3 were later placed into disposal orbits. With this change, FM-5 and FM-6 exclusively serve the Sirius service, mirroring XM-3 and XM-4. Before FM-6 was launched, XM-5 was sent into orbit by Proton from Kazakhstan, on October 14, 2010. It is capable of broadcasting to either service. XM-5 serves as the in-orbit spare for the entire system and can function in place of either a Sirius or XM satellite. In late 2016, SiriusXM placed an order for two new satellites SXM-7 and SXM-8 which were intended to replace XM-3 and XM-4 and have the capability to deliver either Sirius or XM content to radio receivers. SXM-7 was launched December 13, 2020, via a SpaceX Falcon 9 (failed after being successfully placed into orbit), while SXM-8 was launched on June 6, 2021 (delayed due to failure of SXM-7). Sirius satellites broadcast within the S-band frequencies from 2.3200 to 2.3325 GHz, while XM radio uses adjacent frequencies 2.3325–2.3450 GHz. ==== Functional satellites ==== * Sirius FM-5 (Radiosat 5) – Launch occurred on June 30, 2009. * Sirius FM-6 (Radiosat 6, COSPAR 2013-058A) – Launch occurred on October 25, 2013. * XM-3 (Rhythm, COSPAR 2005-008A) – Launch occurred on February 28, 2005. * XM-4 (Blues, COSPAR 2006-049A) – Launch occurred on October 30, 2006. * XM-5 (COSPAR 2010-053A) – Launch occurred on October 14, 2010. * SXM-8 – Launch occurred on June 6, 2021, by a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle. ==== Defunct satellites ==== * Sirius FM-1 (Radiosat 1) – Launch occurred on June 30, 2000. * Sirius FM-2 (Radiosat 2) – Launch occurred on September 5, 2000. * Sirius FM-3 (Radiosat 3) – Launch occurred on November 30, 2000. * Sirius FM-4 (Radiosat 4) – Ground spare, was not launched into orbit. In October 2012, it was donated for display to the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. * XM-1 (Roll, COSPAR 2001-018A) – Launch occurred on May 8, 2001. Retired in 2016 (graveyard orbit). * XM-2 (Rock, COSPAR 2001-012A) – Launch occurred on March 18, 2001. FCC license expired in 2014. * SXM-7 – Launch occurred on December 13, 2020 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle, and was intended to replace satellite XM-3. On January 27, 2021, Sirius XM announced that the satellite suffered failures during in-orbit testing, but did not provide detail on the nature of those failures. == Milestones == The following milestones have been set during and after the merger: Date Event Comments February 2007 Execute definitive agreement March 2007 File FCC application June 2007 FCC places application on "Public Notice" (DA 07–2417) Comments and petitions were due July 11, 2007; responses and oppositions were due July 24, 2007. November 2007 Sirius/XM shareholder votes Announced October 4, 2007, and voted upon on November 13, 2007. 96% of Sirus shareholders approved the merger, and 99.8% of XMSR shareholders also approved. March 2008 Receive regulatory approvals On March 24, 2008, the U.S. Department of Justice ended its investigation of the merger (i.e. decided against blocking the deal).Department of Justice, July 2008 Receive FCC approval On July 25, 2008, the FCC approved the merger voting 3–2. July 2008 Merger completed XM stock trading ends July 28, 2008. Sirius XM Radio, Inc. becomes the name of the merged corporation. November 2008 Programming merged March 2009 MiRGE released First receiver being compatible with both Sirius and XM signals is released December 2010 Alaska and Hawaii expansion Receives FCC approval to add service to the two states, thus giving Sirius XM coverage in all 50 states April 2013 MySXM debuts A personalized interactive online radio experience October 2013 Clear Channel-programmed stations removed Channels programmed by Clear Channel, including America's Talk, Sixx Sense, Fox Sports Radio and WSIX-FM, are removed months after Clear Channel sells its stake in Sirius XM; WHTZ/New York and KIIS-FM/Los Angeles are retained under a separate agreement. April 2016 Surpasses 30 million subscribers Sirius XM announces through Q1 of 2016, the company has a total of 30.1 million subscribers. January 2020 Investment in SoundCloud announced US$75 million investment for ad partnership June 2022 Last iHeartMedia- programmed station removed KIIS-FM/Los Angeles, the last station programmed by iHeartMedia (formerly Clear Channel) on the Sirius XM platform, leaves as part of a pivot to iHeartRadio. WHTZ/New York was removed from the satellite service in 2020. == See also == * Sirius Satellite Radio, former company * XM Satellite Radio, former company * 1worldspace, former company * List of Sirius XM Radio channels == References == == External links == * Category:2008 establishments in New York City Category:American companies established in 2008 Category:American radio networks Category:Communications satellite operators Category:Mass media companies based in New York City Category:Mass media companies established in 2008 Category:Liberty Media subsidiaries Category:Podcasting companies Category:Publicly traded companies based in New York City Category:Radio broadcasting companies of the United States Category:Satellite radio Category:Subscription services |
Belonger status is a legal classification normally associated with British Overseas Territories. It refers to people who have close ties to a specific territory, normally by birth or ancestry. The requirements for belonger status, and the rights that it confers, vary from territory to territory. ==Rights== The rights associated with belonger status normally include the right to vote, to hold elected office, to own real property without the necessity for a licence, to enter and reside in that territory without immigration restrictions, and to freely accept employment without the requirement of a work permit. In general, to be born with belonger status a person must be born in a territory to a parent who holds belonger status. Belonger status can sometimes be passed to a child born outside the territory, but this is purposely limited, to minimise the number of belongers who will not live in the territory. In most independent countries, these rights would be associated with citizenship or nationality. However, as the British Overseas Territories are not independent countries, they cannot confer citizenship. Instead, people with close ties to Britain's Overseas Territories all hold the same nationality: British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC). The status of BOTC is defined by the British Nationality Act 1981 and subsequent amendments. BOTC, however, does not confer any right to live in any British Overseas Territory, including the territory from which it is derived. It is the possession of belonger status that provides the right. Acquisition of belonger status in a British Overseas Territory does not automatically confer BOTC, but most people holding such status are eligible for registration or naturalisation as a BOTC upon meeting the requirements of the 1981 Act. Similarly, it is possible to lose belonger status in a territory while retaining BOTC or British citizenship. The British Overseas Territories Act 2002 also conferred British Citizenship upon BOTCs (other than those solely connected with the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus), which provides for a right of abode in the United Kingdom. The conferral is in addition to their BOTC and was not reciprocal in nature, and British citizens did not receive any rights to reside in the Overseas Territories without permission. The act also changed the reference of British Dependent Territories to British Overseas Territories. It was enacted five years after the United Kingdom relinquished sovereignty over its most populous dependent territory, Hong Kong, to the People's Republic of China. ==Hong Kong== In Hong Kong, the belonger status was renamed to permanent resident status in 1987. Only permanent residents and residents who have been resident in Hong Kong for seven years, regardless of citizenship or nationality, have the right to vote, to contest in elections, to hold public offices, to freely accept employment without work permit requirement, to reside without immigration restrictions, and to the right of abode within the territory. Since 1997, the right to hold principal offices has been restricted to those who are concurrently permanent residents and nationals of the People's Republic of China through the special administrative region, who have no right of abode in other countries. Also, the number of members of the territory's Legislative Council who have foreign right of abode has been capped at 20%. == In the BOTs == ===In Anguilla=== Anguilla Constitution – Section 80. Belonger status * (1) There shall be an Anguilla Belonger Commission (hereinafter referred to as “the Commission”), the composition and functions of which shall, subject to the provisions of this section, be prescribed by law. *(2) For the purposes of this Constitution a person shall be regarded as belonging to Anguilla if that person— **(a) is a British Dependent Territories citizen— ***(i) who was born in Anguilla, whether before or after the commencement of the British Nationality Act 1981; or if not so born ***(ii) who was adopted in Anguilla; or ***(iii) whose father or mother was born in Anguilla; or ***(iv) whose father or mother became a British Dependent Territories citizen by virtue of having been adopted in Anguilla; or ***(v) who is domiciled in Anguilla and whose father or mother by virtue of registration or naturalisation while resident in Anguilla became a British Dependent Territories citizen at the commencement of the British Nationality Act 1981 (or would have done so but for his or her death) or so became such a citizen after such commencement of the said Act; or ***(vi) who by virtue of registration or naturalisation while resident in Anguilla became such a citizen at or after the commencement of the British Nationality Act 1981; or **(b) is domiciled in Anguilla, has been ordinarily resident in Anguilla for not less than fifteen years, and has been granted belonger status by the commission; or **(c) was born in Anguilla of a father or mother who was born in Anguilla and who is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as belonging to Anguilla by virtue of this subsection; or **(d) was born outside Anguilla and has satisfied the Commission that his father or mother was born in Anguilla and is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as belonging to Anguilla by virtue of this subsection; or **(e) is the spouse of such a person as is referred to in any of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection and has been married to that person for not less than five years; or **(f) is the spouse of such a person as is referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d) of this subsection, has been married to such a person for not less than three years, and has been granted belonger status by the commission. ===In Bermuda=== The term "belonger" appears only in the Bermuda Constitution Order of 1968, "A person shall be deemed to belong to Bermuda...". Belongers include those possessing Bermudian status; naturalised British Overseas Territories citizens; the wives of Bermudians or naturalised British Overseas Territories citizens; and the children under the age of eighteen of Bermudians, naturalised British Overseas Territories citizens, and their wives. Other laws typically only use the term Bermudian status, neglecting to deal with other Belongers. A couple of recent court decisions in 2016–2017 have held that references to Bermudians should also be read as including other Belongers in the context of immigration law, company ownership and land ownership.http://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/CA- Minister-of-Home-Affairs-et-al-v-Melvern-Williams-2016-CA- Bda-7-Civ-1-April-2016.pdf https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/Ex-Tempore- Ruling--A-v-A-G.pdf Only Bermudian status-holders may vote in island elections. With limited exceptions, only Belongers and the spouses of Bermudians may own land, live or work on the island without a permit. Also with limited exceptions, Belongers must hold at least 60% of the shares and be at least 60% of the directors of companies doing business in Bermuda. This requirement does not apply to international business companies (known locally as "exempted companies"), which may have an office in Bermuda but may only trade outside Bermuda. Under the current law, those born in Bermuda to at least one Bermudian parent, and those who live on the island while a spouse of a Bermudian for 10 years, are eligible for Bermudian status. Potentially extending Bermudian status to others is perennially one of the most politically contentious issues on the island. ===In the British Virgin Islands=== In the British Virgin Islands there are two forms of status: Belongership and BVIslander status. The two forms of status overlap to some degree, although it is possible to be a Belonger without being a BVIslander. BVIslander status is the 'senior' form of status and that is only conferred on those who have at least one grandparent born in the territory. Belonger status can be acquired in several ways, but generally it is granted as an honour (very rare), by naturalisation or it can be acquired after a qualifying period (three years at the present time) after marriage to a BVIslander. All BVIslanders and Belongers can vote, but only BVIslanders can hold a British Virgin Islands passport. It is possible to have BOTC status and be a Belonger but not a BVIslander if the person with BOTC status comes from another British Overseas Territory and has married a BVIslander. The definition of qualifications for Belonger status in the British Virgin Islands is contained in section 2(2) of the Constitution: A person belongs to the Virgin Islands if that person (a) is born in the Virgin Islands and at the time of the birth his or her father or mother is or was * (i) a British overseas territories citizen (or a British Dependent Territories citizen) by virtue of birth, registration or naturalisation in the Virgin Islands or by virtue of descent from a father or mother who was born in the Virgin Islands; or * (ii) settled in the Virgin Islands; and for this purpose “settled” means ordinarily resident in the Virgin Islands without being subject under the law in force in the Virgin Islands to any restriction on the period for which he or she may remain, but does not include persons on contract with the Government of the Virgin Islands or any statutory body or Crown corporation; (b) is born in the Virgin Islands of a father or mother who belongs to the Virgin Islands by birth or descent or who, if deceased, would, if alive, so belong to the Virgin Islands; (c) is a child adopted in the Virgin Islands by a person who belongs to the Virgin Islands by birth or descent; (d) is born outside the Virgin Islands of a father or mother who is a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of birth in the Virgin Islands or descent from a father or mother who was born in the Virgin Islands or who belongs to the Virgin Islands by virtue of birth in the Virgin Islands or descent from a father or mother who was born in the Virgin Islands; (e) is a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of registration in the Virgin Islands; (f) is a person to whom a certificate has been granted under section 16 of the Immigration and Passport Act 1977 of the Virgin Islands (in this subsection referred to as "the Act", and references to the Act or to any section thereof include references to any enactment amending, replacing or re-enacting the same) and has not been revoked under section 17 of the Act; and (without prejudice to the right of any person to apply for the grant of such a certificate under the Act) a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of naturalisation in the Virgin Islands has a right by virtue of this Constitution to apply for the grant of such a certificate; (g) is the spouse of a person who belongs to the Virgin Islands and has been granted a certificate under section 16 of the Act; or (h) was immediately before the commencement of this Constitution deemed to belong to the Virgin Islands by virtue of the Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order 1976(3). The British Virgin Islands is extremely restrictive about conferring Belongership status on immigrants to the Territory. Under the leadership of Orlando Smith the Government formally committed itself to naturalising no more than 25 persons a year. This was maintained when Smith's NDP party was no longer in office. === In the Cayman Islands === The Caymanian Status and Permanent Residency Board may, upon application, grant the right to be Caymanian to persons in the categories below. * A child or grandchild of a Caymanian born in the Cayman Islands; * A person who is a British Overseas Territories Citizen by reason of a certificate of naturalization or registration issued under the British Nationality Act 1981 by virtue of his connection with the Islands. Possession of a British Overseas Territory Citizen/Cayman Islands (BOTC/CI) Passport is not conclusive proof that the holder is Caymanian; * A person who is married to a Caymanian; * A person who is the surviving spouse of a Caymanian; * A person who ** has attained the age of seventeen; ** has Caymanian Status which *** will expire when they reach the age of eighteen; or *** has expired as they have reached the age of eighteen; and ** who has been legally and ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands for at least five out of the seven years immediately preceding the date of their application for the continuation of the right to be Caymanian. Persons who may apply to the Chief Immigration Officer for the right to be Caymanian A person who * was born in the Cayman Islands between 27 March 1977 and 1 January 1983; * is a British Overseas Territories Citizen by virtue of being born in the Cayman Islands; and * has resided in the Islands since birth save for absences abroad for purposes of education or medical treatment. may apply no later than 21 December 2007 to the Chief Immigration Officer for the right to be Caymanian. The Chief Immigration Officer is required by law, save in exceptional circumstances, to grant such an application. ===In the Falkland Islands=== Belonger status in the Falkland Islands is officially referred to as "Falkland Islands status". ===In Gibraltar=== As with Bermuda, the term itself has been supplanted by "Gibraltarian status". To apply for Gibraltarian status under Section 5 of the Gibraltarian Status Act you must qualify under the following: *5.(1) There shall be entitled to be registered at any time any British national who; *(a) was born in Gibraltar on or before the 30th day of June 1925; or *(b) is the child of a person entitled to be registered under paragraph (a) of this subsection; or *(c) is the descendant of a person entitled to be registered under paragraph (a) or (b) of this subsection and whose parent or grandparent was born in Gibraltar; or *(d) is the spouse, widow or widower or surviving civil partner of a person entitled to be registered under paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this subsection; or *(e) is the child of a person who has been registered by virtue of an order of the Minister under Part II; or *(f) is the descendant of a person who has been registered by virtue of an order made by the Minister under Part II and whose parent or grandparent was born in Gibraltar; or *(g) is the spouse, or civil partner, widow or widower of a person or surviving civil partner who has been registered by virtue of an order made by the Minister under Part II or who is entitled to be registered under paragraph (e) or (f) of this subsection; or *(h) is born in Gibraltar and is the child of a person who is registered in the register; or *(i) is the spouse, or civil partner, widow or widower or surviving civil partner of a person entitled to be registered under paragraph (h) of this subsection. Section 8 of the Gibraltarian Status Act To apply for Gibraltarian under Section 8(1) of the Gibraltarian Status Act you must qualify under the following: *8.(1) The Minister may, in his absolute discretion, order the registrar to register any person who satisfies the Minister that; *(a) he is a British national, and *(b) he has been legally adopted by *(i) a married couple, one of whom is a Gibraltarian; or *(ii) an unmarried person who is not in a civil partnership; or *(iii) a couple in a civil partnership, one of whom is a Gibraltarian. Section 9 of the Gibraltarian Status Act To apply for Gibraltarian under Section 9 of the Gibraltarian Status Act you must qualify under the following: *9. The Minister may, in his absolute discretion, order the registrar to register any person who satisfies the Minister that; *(a) he is a British Overseas Territories citizen by virtue of his connection with Gibraltar, or Gibraltar or Great Britain is his country of origin; *(b) he is a British national; *(c) he is of good character; *(d) he has sufficient knowledge of the English language; *(e) he has his permanent home in Gibraltar; *(f) he has been resident in Gibraltar for a continuous period of ten years immediately preceding the date of application; and *(g) he intends to make his permanent home in Gibraltar. === In Montserrat === A person shall be regarded as a Montserratian if that person— (a) is a British overseas territories citizen who was born in Montserrat; or (b) is a British overseas territories citizen who was born outside Montserrat and * (i) who was lawfully adopted by a person who is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as a Montserratian by virtue of this subsection; or * (ii) whose father or mother or any grandparent was born in Montserrat; or * (iii) whose father or mother or any grandparent became a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, a British Dependent Territories citizen or a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of having been lawfully adopted by a person who is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as a Montserratian by virtue of this subsection; or * (iv) who is ordinarily resident in Montserrat and whose father or mother or any grandparent by virtue of registration or naturalisation while resident in Montserrat became a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, a British Dependent Territories citizen or a British overseas territories citizen; or * (v) who by virtue of registration or naturalisation while resident in Montserrat became a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, a British Dependent Territories citizen or a British overseas territories citizen; or (c) was born in or outside Montserrat of a father or mother who was born in Montserrat and is regarded (or, if deceased, would if alive be regarded) as a Montserratian by virtue of this subsection; or (d) has been granted Montserratian status in accordance with any law; or (e) was immediately before the commencement of this Constitution deemed to belong to Montserrat by virtue of any law. ===In the Pitcairn Islands=== The equivalent to belonger status in the Pitcairn Islands is the 'right of abode', which is a status that is specifically protected by Article 22 of the Pitcairn Constitution, namely that a holder "cannot be arbitrarily deprived of this right". Persons with the 'right to abode' in Pitcairn can apply to the Governor for a 'certificate of entitlement' as evidence of this right. As with other BOTs, this can be obtained through birth, descent or through a form of naturalisation that is linked to permanent residence. ====As of right (through birth or descent)==== The Right of Abode Ordinance 2010 provides a number of ways through which a person acquires 'right of abode' status as of right. If a child obtains British nationality at the time of birth, they also acquire 'right of abode' status as of right if: * They are born in Pitcairn and their father or mother was permanently resident in Pitcairn at the time of birth. (s.2(1)) * They are born outside of Pitcairn and their father or mother was permanently resident in Pitcairn at the time of birth. (s.2(2)) * They are born to a father or mother who was born in Pitcairn and had the right of abode in Pitcairn at the time of birth. (s.2(3)) A child, stepchild or a legally adopted child of a person who has a 'right of abode in Pitcairn' will also have a 'right of abode' whilst they remain under the age of eighteen years (s.2(6)). ====By grant==== If the right of abode has not been obtained as of right, it can only be obtained under the Right of Abode Ordinance 2010 if that person has first has acquired a right of permanent residence (s.2(4)-(5)) under the Immigration Ordinance 2014. Under the Immigration Ordinance, an application for permanent residence will be considered by the Governor after consultation with the Island Council (s.12(2)) when applications are received from: * the spouse (whether legally married or not) or dependant child of a person lawfully residing on Pitcairn or admitted for settlement. * persons wishing to join other members of their families (e.g. the children, parents or siblings of a person lawfully residing on Pitcairn or admitted for settlement). * any other person who does not have family ties but "who wish to move to Pitcairn to live and who have relevant skills which would contribute to the welfare of the Pitcairn community". A child that is born outside of Pitcairn to a person who is permanently resident in Pitcairn at the time of birth will also gain permanent residence if they move to Pitcairn before the age 5. (s.13). If the right of permanent residence has thus been acquired, that person can then acquire 'right of abode' status under the Right of Abode Ordinance 2010 if: * They become formally naturalised or registered as a British national through an application to the Governor's office (s.2(4)). * They become eligible for naturalisation as a British overseas territories citizen in respect of Pitcairn (s.2(5)). In both cases, British law indicates that this is normally becomes possible (with conditions) after five years' residence, or after three years' residence for the spouse of an existing British overseas territories citizen. ===In the Turks and Caicos Islands=== There are two main ways through which a person acquires Turks and Caicos Islander Status. ====As of right (through birth or descent)==== There are three ways through which a person acquires TCI Status as of right. * By virtue of being born inside the islands, at the time of birth the person's mother or father has Turks and Caicos Islander status. * By virtue of being born outside the islands, at the time of birth the person's mother or father has Turks and Caicos Islander status and— ** (a) at least one of the person's parent or grandparent was born in the islands, or ** (b) at least one of the person's parent was settled in the islands. * By virtue of being adopted in the islands, at the time of the person's adoption the adopted mother or father has Turks and Caicos Islander status and the person was less than eighteen years old at the time of adoption (if adopted after 2015). ====By grant==== In order to obtain Turks and Caicos Islander status by grant, it is necessary to complete the prescribed application form and submit it to the appropriate authority. There are several routes through which a person may apply for Turks and Caicos Islander status. * If a person is a British overseas territories citizen by virtue of a connection with the Islands or a British Citizen who either ** (a) has held a permanent residence certificate for a period of at least five years; or ** (b) has been legally resident in the Islands for a period of at least ten years; and ** (c) is neither serving a sentence imposed by a court for an offence against the law in force in any country, nor has been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in any country and has not been discharged. * This subsection applies to a person if— ** (a) the person's spouse has Islander status otherwise than by virtue of marriage and ** (b) the Governor is satisfied that the person— *** (i) has lived together with the spouse for a period of ten years ending with the date of the application and *** (ii) has been resident in the Islands for a period of two years ending with that date. * This subsection applies to a person if he is a dependant child of a person who is accorded Islander status by virtue of the last subsection; * This subsection applies to a person who— ** (a) is born in the Islands to parents who at the time of his birth were legally resident in the Islands, ** (b) has acquired British Overseas Territories Citizenship by virtue of section 15 (4) of the British Nationality Act 1981; ** (c) has been legally resident in the Islands for a period of at least ten years;and ** (d) has attained the age of eighteen years. * This subsection applies if— ** (a) the person is married to a person who has been granted Islander status by virtue of residency, and that person was endorsed on the Residence Permit as the spouse; ** (b) the person is under the age of eighteen years, and, was endorsed on a Permanent Residence Certificate; or ** (c) the person is the child of a person who is the spouse of an Islander, who has not been adopted by the spouse who is an Islander or who is not the biological child of the Islander, who was endorsed in that person's Residence Permit. ==Equivalent status== Belonger status of the former British colony of Hong Kong was changed to 'Hong Kong permanent resident status' on 1 January 1987. The name remains unchanged after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997. == References == ==External links== *Bermuda Immigration Department * Cayman Islands Immigration Department *Turks and Caicos Islands Immigration Department Category:British Overseas Territories Category:Nationality law in British Overseas Territories |
Common image aspect ratios .:1 (6:13) Commonly used in modern smartphones .5625:1 (9:16) Commonly used in mid-late 2010s smartphones .6:1 (3:5) Commonly used in early 2010s smartphones .:1 (2:3) Commonly used in late 2000s smartphones 1:1 Square. Aspect ratio of 6×6 medium format still cameras. Used in some social networks. 1.1875:1 (19:16) Fox Movietone aspect ratio 1.25:1 (5:4) Early televisions, also large (4×5 and 8×10) and medium format (so-called 6×7) still photography 1.:1 (4:3) Traditional television & computer monitor standard, also classic 35 mm film standard 1.375:1 (11:8) Academy standard film aspect ratio 1.43:1 IMAX motion picture film format 1.5:1 (3:2) Classic 35 mm still photographic film 1.:1 (14:9) Used to create an acceptable picture on both 4:3 and 16:9 televisions 1.6:1 (16:10) A common computer screen ratio 1.6180:1 (\varphi:1) The golden ratio 1.:1 (5:3) A common European widescreen standard; Paramount format; native Super 16 mm film 1.:1 (16:9) HD video standard; American & British digital broadcast TV standard 1.85:1 A common American widescreen cinema standard 1.8:1 DCI standard for 4K & 2K; Digital IMAX 2:1 Univisium 2.2:1 Standard 70 mm film Super Panavision 2.:1 (64:27) Cinematic widescreen "21:9" consumer standard 2.35:1, 2.39:1, or 2.4:1 A current widescreen cinema standard 2.414:1 (:1) The silver ratio 2.76:1 Ultra Panavision 70 3.:1 or 3.6:1 (32:9 or 18:5) Super Ultrawide, Ultra-WideScreen 3.6 4:1 Polyvision, consisting of three side-by-side frames of 4:3. Used only in Napoléon (1927) The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9, sixteen-to- nine. For the x:y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in cinematography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television photography, and 3:2 in still photography. == Some common examples == The common film aspect ratios used in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1.The 2.39:1 ratio is commonly labeled 2.40:1, e.g., in the American Society of Cinematographers' American Cinematographer Manual (Many widescreen films before the 1970 SMPTE revision used 2.35:1). Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.:1), the universal video format of the 20th century, and 16:9 (1.:1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television. Other cinematic and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2 (1.5:1), and more recently found in consumer cameras, 16:9. Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in medium format and large format. With television, DVD and Blu-ray Disc, converting formats of unequal ratios is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information (zooming and cropping), by adding horizontal mattes (letterboxing) or vertical mattes (pillarboxing) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by a different factor in the center and at the edges (as in Wide Zoom mode). == Practical limitations == In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by William Dickson and Thomas Edison in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm × 18.67 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), leaving the de facto ratio of 4:3, or 1.:1. With a space designated for the standard optical soundtrack, and the frame size reduced to maintain an image that is wider than tall; this resulted in the Academy aperture of 22 mm × 16 mm (0.866 in × 0.630 in) or 1.375:1 aspect ratio. == Cinema terminology == The motion picture industry convention assigns a value of 1.0 to the image's height; an anamorphic frame (since 1970, 2.39:1) is often incorrectly described (rounded) as 2.40:1 or 2.40 ("two-four-oh"). After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, including 2.66:1 and 2.55:1. A SMPTE specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 (PH22.106-1957) finally standardized the aperture to 2.35:1. An update in 1970 (PH22.106-1971) changed the aspect ratio to 2.39:1 in order to make splices less noticeable. This aspect ratio of 2.39:1 was confirmed by the most recent revision from August 1993 (SMPTE 195–1993). In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. Some European countries have 1.:1 as the wide screen standard. The "Academy ratio" of 1.375:1 was used for all cinema films in the sound era until 1953 (with the release of George Stevens' Shane in 1.:1). During that time, television, which had a similar aspect ratio of 1.:1, became a perceived threat to movie studios. Hollywood responded by creating a large number of wide-screen formats: CinemaScope (up to 2.:1), Todd-AO (2.20:1), and VistaVision (initially 1.50:1, now 1.:1 to 2.00:1) to name just a few. The "flat" 1.85:1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the United States and elsewhere. The goal of these various lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible, in order to fully utilize the film being used. Some of the aspect ratios were chosen to utilize smaller film sizes in order to save film costs while other aspect ratios were chosen to use larger film sizes in order to produce a wider higher resolution image. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the film's frame size and avoid any unused film area. === Movie camera systems === The development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. One clever wide screen alternative, VistaVision, used standard 35 mm film running sideways through the camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. There were even a limited number of projectors constructed to also run the print-film horizontally. Generally, however, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard four- perforation 35 mm film) to show with the standard projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the United States standard of 1.85:1. The format was briefly revived by Lucasfilm in the late 1970s for special effects work that required a larger negative size (due to image degradation from the optical printing steps necessary to make multi-layer composites). It went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available for standard four-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs for making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. (The horizontal process was also adapted to 70 mm film by IMAX, which was first shown at the Osaka '70 Worlds Fair.) Super 16 mm film was frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm is 15:9). It also can be blown up to 35 mm for theatrical release and therefore is sometimes used for feature films. == Current video standards == === 1:1 (Square) === Square displays are rarely used in devices and monitors. Nonetheless, video consumption on social apps has grown rapidly and led to the emergence of new video formats more suited to mobile devices that can be held in horizontal and vertical orientations. In that sense, square video was popularized by mobile apps such as Instagram and Vine and has since been supported by other major social platforms including Facebook and Twitter. It can fill nearly twice as much screen space compared to 16:9 format (when the device is held differently while viewing from how video was recorded). === 1.33:1 and 4:3 standard fullscreen=== 4:3 (1.:1) (generally read as Four-Three, Four-by-Three, or Four-to-Three) for standard television for fullscreen aspect ratio 1.33:1 has been in use since the invention of moving picture cameras, and many computer monitors used to employ the same aspect ratio. 4:3 was the aspect ratio used for 35 mm films in the silent era. It is also very close to the 1.375:1 Academy ratio, defined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as a standard after the advent of optical sound-on-film. By having TV match this aspect ratio, movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. the 1940s and the 1950s). With the adoption of high- definition television, the majority of modern televisions are now produced with 16:9 displays instead. Apple's iPad series of tablets continue to use 4:3 displays (despite other Apple products typically using widescreen aspect ratios) to better suit use as an e-reader; however, the 2018 iPad Pro 11-inch uses a 1.43:1 aspect ratio. === 14:9 standard === 14:9 (generally named as Fourteen-by-Nine, Fourteen-Nine, and Fourteen-to-Nine) is the aspect ratio mainly used when the 4:3 programs are cropped. === 16:10 standard === 16:10 (8:5) is an aspect ratio mostly used for computer displays and tablet computers. The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. This ratio is close to the golden ratio "\varphi" which is approximately 1.618. LCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in the mass market from 2003. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for LCD monitors and laptop displays. Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs. In 2005–2008, 16:10 (1.6:1) overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 also had 90% of the notebook market and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops. However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio. Around 2008–2010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. According to Net Applications, by October 2012 the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23 percent. Notably, Apple used 16:10 for all of its MacBook models until 2021, when the 5th-generation MacBook Pro switched to a taller aspect ratio of approximately 1.54:1. The MacBook Air continues to use 16:10 as of 2022. ===1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen=== 16:9 (1.:1) (generally named as Sixteen-by-Nine, Sixteen-Nine, and Sixteen-to-Nine) is the international standard format of HDTV, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television PALplus. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 (= 15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of to 3 (= 16:9). Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9 (= 42:32), and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1 and 1.78:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. The 16:9 aspect ratio was used often in British TVs in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and is also used in some smartphones, laptops, and desktops. === 1.85:1 === Equivalent to integer ratio of 37:20. When cinema attendance dropped, Hollywood created widescreen aspect ratios in order to differentiate the film industry from TV, with one of the most common being the 1.85:1 ratio. === 2:1 standard=== The 2:1 aspect ratio was first used in the 1950s for the RKO Superscope format. Since 1998, cinematographer Vittorio Storaro has advocated for a format named "Univisium" that uses a 2:1 format. It is designed to be a compromise between the cinema 2.39:1 aspect ratio and the HD-TV broadcast 16:9 ratio. Univisium has gained little traction in the theatrical film market, but has recently been used by Netflix and Amazon Video for productions such as House of Cards and Transparent, respectively. This aspect ratio is similar to the 1.9:1 standard acquisition formats mandated by these content platforms and is not necessarily a creative choice. Moreover, some mobile devices, such as the LG G6, LG V30, Huawei Mate 10 Pro, Google Pixel 2 XL, OnePlus 5T and Sony Xperia XZ3, are embracing the 2:1 format (advertised as 18:9), as well as the Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy Note 8, Samsung Galaxy S9 and Samsung Galaxy Note 9 with a slightly similar 18.5:9 format.The official Honor website displays that it has an 18:9 ratio (visit the gaming tab). The Apple iPhone X also has a similar screen ratio of 19.5:9 (2.16:1). === 2.00:1, 2.20:1, 2.35:1, 2.39:1, 2.40:1, 2.55:1, 2.76:1 and 21:9 standard widescreen=== Anamorphic format is the cinematography technique of shooting a widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film or other visual recording media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. When projected, images have an approximate 2.00:1, 2.20:1, 2.35:1, 2.39:1, 2.40:1, 2.55.1 and 2.76.1 (often rounded to 21:9) aspect ratio. "21:9 aspect ratio" is actually 64:27 (= 43:33), or approximately 2.37:1, and is near both cinematic movie aspect ratios. Most Indian Bollywood films were shot in the 1.37:1 ratio until 1972, when 2.39:1 became standard for all Bollywood movies. Mobile devices are now starting to use the 21:9 format, such as the Sony Xperia 1. == Obtaining height, width, and area of the screen == Often, screen specifications are given by their diagonal length. The following formulae can be used to find the height (h), width (w) and area (A), where r stands for ratio, written as a fraction of x by y, and d for diagonal length. :r = \frac{x}{y} :h = \frac{d}{\sqrt{r^2+1}} = \frac{y \times d}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} :w = \frac{r\times d}{\sqrt{{r^2}+1}} = \frac{x \times d}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} :A = \frac{r\times d^2}{{r^2}+1} \quad= \frac{x \times y \times d^2}{x^2+y^2} == Distinctions == This article primarily addresses the aspect ratio of images as displayed, which is more formally referred to as the display aspect ratio (DAR). In digital images, there is a distinction with the (SAR), which is the ratio of numbers of pixels. If an image is displayed with square pixels, then these ratios agree. If, instead, non-square ("rectangular") pixels are used, then these ratios differ. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the pixel aspect ratio (PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity: : SAR × PAR = DAR Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields: : PAR = DAR/SAR For example: * A 640 × 480 VGA image has ** a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3 ** and if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1. * By contrast, a 720 × 576 D-1 PAL image has ** a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4 ** but is displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), so by this formula it would have a PAR of (4:3)/(5:4) = 16:15. However, because standard definition digital video was originally based on digitally sampling analog television, the 720 horizontal pixels actually capture a slightly wider image to avoid loss of the original analog picture. In actual images, these extra pixels are often partly or entirely black, as only the center 704 horizontal pixels carry actual 4:3 or 16:9 image. Hence, the actual pixel aspect ratio PAR for PAL video is a little different from that given by the formula, specifically 12:11 for PAL and 10:11 for NTSC. For consistency, the same effective pixel aspect ratios are used even for standard definition digital video originated in digital form rather than converted from analog. For more details refer to the main article. In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, and "aspect ratio" refers unambiguously to DAR. Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather a mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions. Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose horizontal and vertical resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital videocameras and computer display modes, such as Color Graphics Adapter (CGA). Today they arise particularly in transcoding between resolutions with different SARs. DAR is also known as image aspect ratio and picture aspect ratio, though the latter can be confused with pixel aspect ratio; PAR is also known as sample aspect ratio, though it can also be confused with storage aspect ratio. == Previous and currently used aspect ratios == :See list of common resolutions for a listing of computer resolutions and aspect ratios. :See list of film formats for a full listing of film formats, including their aspect ratios. thumb|300px|Comparison of several film aspect ratios with the heights forced to be equal. ; 1:2.32 : The first television aspect ratio, used by John Logie Baird's 30-line mechanical television in the early 1930s. ; 1.19:1 = 19:16 : Sometimes referred to as the Movietone ratio, this ratio was used briefly during the transitional period when the film industry was converting to sound, from 1926 to 1932 approx. It is produced by superimposing an optical soundtrack over a full-gate 1. aperture in printing, resulting in an almost square image. Films shot in this ratio are often projected or transferred to video incorrectly using a 1.375:1 mask or squashed to 1.375:1. Examples of films shot in the Movietone ratio include Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans, M, Hallelujah!, and, significantly more recently, The Lighthouse.Scott Eyman, The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930, New York, Simon & Schuster (1997), p. 222. A trend arising from the widespread use of smartphones is vertical video that is intended for viewing in portrait mode. The format was popularized in particular by apps such as Snapchat, Instagram, and YouTube—which all offer means for publishing vertical videos as content and advertising. ; 1.25:1 = 5:4 : The once-popular aspect for larger format computer monitors, especially in the guise of mass-produced 17" and 19" LCD panels or 19" and 21" CRTs, using 1280×1024 (SXGA) or similar resolutions. Notably one of the few popular display aspect ratios narrower than 4:3, and one popularised by business (CAD, DTP) rather than entertainment use, as it is well-suited to full-page layout editing. Historically, 5:4 was also the original aspect ratio of early 405-line television broadcasts, which progressed to a wider 4:3 as the idea of broadcasting cinema films gained traction. ; 1.:1 = 4:3 = 12:9 : 35 mm original silent film ratio, today commonly known in TV and video as 4:3. Also standard ratio for MPEG-2 video compression. This format is still used in many personal video cameras today and has influenced the selection or design of other aspect ratios. It is the standard Super 35 mm ratio. ; 1.37:1 = 48:35 : 16 mm and 35 mm standard ratio. ; 1.375:1 = 11:8 : 35 mm full-screen sound film image, nearly universal in films between 1932 and 1953. Officially adopted as the Academy ratio in 1932 by AMPAS. Rarely used in theatrical context nowadays, but occasionally used in other contexts. ; 1.43:1 : IMAX format. IMAX productions use 70 mm wide film (the same as used for 70 mm feature films), but the film runs through the camera and projector horizontally. This allows for a physically larger area for each image. ; 1.5:1 = 3:2 : The aspect ratio of 35 mm film used for still photography when eight perforations are exposed. Also the native aspect ratio of VistaVision, for which the film runs horizontally. Used on the ChromeOS-based Chromebook Pixel notebook PC, the Game Boy Advance portable game console, the Surface Pro 3 laplet, and Surface Studio. ; 1.:1 = 14:9 : Widescreen aspect ratio sometimes used in shooting commercials etc. as a compromise format between 4:3 and 16:9. When converted to a 16:9 frame, there is slight pillarboxing, while conversion to 4:3 creates slight letterboxing. All widescreen content on ABC Family's SD feed until January 2016 was presented in this ratio. ; 1.6:1 = 16:10 = 8:5 : Widescreen computer monitor ratio (for instance, 1920×1200 resolution). ; 1.:1 = 5:3 = 15:9 : 35 mm widescreen ratio, originally invented by Paramount Pictures, later a standard among several European countries. It is also the native Super 16 mm frame ratio. Sometimes this ratio is rounded to 1.67:1. From the late 1980s to the early 2000s, Walt Disney Feature Animation's CAPS program animated their features in the 1.:1 ratio (a compromise between the 1.85:1 theatrical ratio and the 1.:1 ratio used for home video); this format is also used by the Nintendo 3DS's top screen. ; 1.75:1 = 7:4 : Early 35 mm widescreen ratio, primarily used by MGM and Warner Bros. between 1953 and 1955 and since abandoned, though Disney has cropped some of its post-1950s full- screen films to this ratio for DVD, including The Jungle Book. ; 1.:1 = 16:9 = : Video widescreen standard, used in high-definition television, one of three ratios specified for MPEG-2 video compression. Also used increasingly in personal video cameras. Sometimes this ratio is rounded to 1.78:1. ; 1.85:1 ~ : 35 mm American and British widescreen standard for theatrical film. Introduced by Universal Pictures in May 1953. Projects approximately three perforations ("perfs") of image space per four-perf frame; films can be shot in 3-perf to save cost of film stock. Also the ratio of Ultra 16 mm. One of two common formats in digital cinema, where it is called "flat". ; 1.875:1 = 15:8 : HDTV ratio used by Silicon Graphics computers in the 1990s, with the resolution being specified as 1920×1024. ; 1.8:1 = : SMPTE/DCI digital cinema basic resolution container aspect ratio, sometimes rounded to 1.896:1 or 1.9:1 (also given as 1.90:1). Used by Diao Yinan's The Wild Goose Lake. ; 2:1 = 18:9 : Recently popularized by the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company. Original SuperScope ratio, also used in Univisium. Used as a flat ratio for some American studios in the 1950s and abandoned in the 1960s. Also used in recent mobile phones such as the LG G6, Google Pixel 2 XL, HTC U11+, Xiaomi MIX 2S, and Huawei Mate 10 Pro, while the Samsung Galaxy S8, Note 8, and S9 use the similar 18.5:9 ratio. ; 2.165:1 : Used by the screens of some iPhone models since 2017, including the iPhone X, XS, XS Max, 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max. ; 2.208:1 : 70 mm standard. Originally developed for Todd-AO in the 1950s. Specified in MPEG-2 as 2.20:1, but hardly used. ; 2.35:1 : 35 mm anamorphic prior to 1970, used by CinemaScope ("'Scope") and early Panavision. The anamorphic standard has subtly changed so that contemporary anamorphic productions are actually 2.39:1, but often referred to as 2.35:1 anyway, due to old convention. (Anamorphic refers to the compression of the image on film to maximize an area slightly taller than standard 4-perf Academy aperture, but presents the widest of aspect ratios.) All Indian Bollywood films released after 1972 are shot in this standard for theatrical exhibition. ; 2.:1 = = : TVs were produced with this aspect ratio between 2009 and 2012Goddard, Louis. Philips discontinuing super-wide Cinema 21:9 TVs due to lack of demand. The Verge. 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2013-03-18. and marketed as "21:9 cinema displays". But this aspect ratio is still seen on some higher-end monitors, which are sometimes called UltraWide monitors. ; 2.39:1 = :9 : 35 mm anamorphic from 1970 onwards. Aspect ratio of current anamorphic widescreen theatrical viewings, commercials, and some music videos. Often commercially branded as Panavision format or "'Scope". One of two common formats in digital cinema, where it is called "scope". ; 2.4:1 = : Rounded notation of 2.39:1, also as 2.40:1. Blu-ray Disc film releases may use only 800 instead of 803 or 804 lines of the 1920×1080 resolution, resulting in an even 2.4:1 aspect ratio. ; 2.55:1 : Original aspect ratio of CinemaScope before optical sound was added to the film in 1954. This was also the aspect ratio of CinemaScope 55. ; 2.59:1 : Cinerama at full height (three specially captured 35 mm images projected side by side into one composite widescreen image). ; 2.:1 = 8:3 = 24:9 : Full-frame output from Super 16 mm negative when an anamorphic lens system has been used. Effectively, an image that is of the ratio 24:9 is squashed onto the native 15:9 aspect ratio of a Super 16 mm negative. Also used by Kirill Serebrennikov for Leto (2018). ; 2.76:1 = : Ultra Panavision 70/MGM Camera 65 (65 mm with 1.25× anamorphic squeeze). Used only on a handful of films between 1957 and 1966 and some in the 2010s, for some sequences of How the West Was Won (1962) with a slight crop when converted to three-strip Cinerama, and films such as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and Ben-Hur (1959). More recently, Quentin Tarantino used it for The Hateful Eight (2015); Gareth Edwards used the process for shooting Rogue One (2016), but the image was cropped to 2.39:1 in post. ; 3.:1 = 32:9 : In 2017, Samsung and Phillips announced "Super UltraWide displays", with aspect ratio of 32:9. ; 3.6:1 = : In 2016, IMAX announced the release of films in "Ultra-WideScreen 3.6" format, with an aspect ratio of 36:10. Ultra-WideScreen 3.6 video format didn't spread, as cinemas in an even wider ScreenX 270° format were released. ; 4:1 : Rare use of Polyvision, three 35 mm 1.:1 images projected side by side. First used in 1927 on Abel Gance's Napoléon. ; 12:1 : Circle-Vision 360° developed by the Walt Disney Company in 1955 for use in Disneyland. Uses nine 4:3 35 mm projectors to show an image that completely surrounds the viewer. Used in subsequent Disney theme parks and other past applications. == Aspect ratio releases == === Original aspect ratio (OAR) === Original Aspect Ratio (OAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film or visual production was produced, as envisioned by the people involved in the creation of the work. As an example, the film Gladiator was released to theaters in the 2.39:1 aspect ratio. It was filmed in Super 35 and, in addition to being presented in cinemas and television in the Original Aspect Ratio of 2.39:1, it was also broadcast without the matte, altering the aspect ratio to the television standard of 1.:1. Because of the varied ways in which films are shot, IAR (Intended Aspect Ratio) is a more appropriate term, but is rarely used. === Modified aspect ratio (MAR) === Modified Aspect Ratio is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film was modified to fit a specific type of screen, as opposed to original aspect ratio. Modified aspect ratios are usually either 1.:1 (historically), or (with the advent of widescreen television sets) 1.:1 aspect ratio. 1.:1 was the modified aspect ratio used historically on 4:3 broadcast television and home videotape formats such as VHS and Beta. A modified aspect ratio transfer is achieved by means of pan and scan or EAR (Expanded Aspect Ratio)/open matte, the latter meaning removing the cinematic matte from a 1.85:1 film to open up the full 1.:1 frame or from 2.39:1 to 1.9:1 in IMAX. Another name for it is rescaled aspect ratio. == Problems in film and television == Multiple aspect ratios create additional burdens on directors and the public, and confusion among TV broadcasters. It is common for a widescreen film to be presented in an altered format (cropped, letterboxed or expanded beyond the original aspect ratio). It is also not uncommon for windowboxing to occur (when letterbox and pillarbox happen simultaneously). For instance, a 16:9 broadcast could embed a 4:3 commercial within the 16:9 image area. A viewer watching on a standard 4:3 (non-widescreen) television would see a 4:3 image of the commercial with 2 sets of black stripes, vertical and horizontal (windowboxing or the postage stamp effect). A similar scenario may also occur for a widescreen set owner when viewing 16:9 material embedded in a 4:3 frame, and then watching that in 16:9. Active Format Description is a mechanism used in digital broadcasting to avoid this problem. It is also common that a 4:3 image is stretched horizontally to fit a 16:9 screen to avoid pillarboxing but distorts the image so subjects appear short and fat. Both PAL and NTSC have provision for some data pulses contained within the video signal used to signal the aspect ratio (See ITU-R BT.1119-1 – Widescreen signaling for broadcasting). These pulses are detected by television sets that have widescreen displays and cause the television to automatically switch to 16:9 display mode. When 4:3 material is included (such as the aforementioned commercial), the television switches to a 4:3 display mode to correctly display the material. Where a video signal is transmitted via a European SCART connection, one of the status lines is used to signal 16:9 material as well. == Still photography == Common aspect ratios in still photography include: * 1:1 * 5:4 (1.25:1) * 4:3 (1.:1) * 3:2 (1.5:1) * 5:3 (1.:1) * 16:9 (1.:1) * 3:1 Many digital still cameras offer user options for selecting multiple image aspect ratios. Some achieve this through the use of multi-aspect sensors (notably Panasonic), while others simply crop their native image format to have the output match the desired image aspect ratio. === 1:1 === 1:1 is the classic Kodak image, and is available as a choice in some digital still cameras, and hearkens back to the days of film cameras when the square image was popular with photographers using twin lens reflex cameras. These medium format cameras used 120 film rolled onto spools. The 6 × 6 cm image size was the classic 1:1 format in the recent past. 120 film can still be found and used today. Many Polaroid instant films were designed as square formats. Furthermore, up until August 2015, photo-sharing site Instagram only allowed users to upload images in 1:1 format. In 2017, Fujifilm added the 1:1 Instax Square format to their lineup of instant film cameras. === 5:4 === Common in large and medium format photography ('6x7' cameras, actual size 56mm x 70mm), which fits the common print paper size of 8"×10" without cropping and is still in common use for prints from digital cameras. === 4:3 === 4:3 is used by most digital point-and-shoot cameras, Four Thirds system, Micro Four Thirds system cameras and medium format 645 cameras. The 4:3 digital format popularity was developed to match the then prevailing digital displays of the time, 4:3 computer monitors. The next several formats have their roots in classic film photography image sizes, both the classic 35 mm film camera, and the multiple format Advanced Photo System (APS) film camera. The APS camera was capable of selecting any of three image formats, APS-H ("High Definition" mode), APS-C ("Classic" mode) and APS-P ("Panoramic" mode). === 3:2 === 3:2 is used by classic 35 mm film cameras using a 36 mm × 24 mm image size, and their digital derivatives represented by DSLRs. Typical DSLRs come in two flavors, the so-called professional "full frame" (36 mm × 24 mm) sensors and variations of smaller, so called "APS-C" sensors. The term "APS" is derived from another film format known as APS and the "-C" refers to "Classic" mode, which exposed images over a smaller area (25.1 mm × 16.7 mm) but retaining the same "classic" 3:2 proportions as full frame 35 mm film cameras. When discussing DSLRs and their non-SLR derivatives, the term APS-C has become an almost generic term. The two major camera manufacturers Canon and Nikon each developed and established sensor standards for their own versions of APS-C sized and proportioned sensors. Canon actually developed two standards, APS-C and a slightly larger area APS-H (not to be confused with the APS-H film format), while Nikon developed its own APS-C standard, which it calls DX. Regardless of the different flavors of sensors, and their varying sizes, they are close enough to the original APS-C image size, and maintain the classic 3:2 image proportions that these sensors are generally known as an "APS-C" sized sensor. The reason for DSLR's image sensors being the flatter 3:2 versus the taller point-and-shoot 4:3 is that DSLRs were designed to match the legacy 35 mm SLR film, whereas the majority of digital cameras were designed to match the predominant computer displays of the time, with VGA, SVGA, XGA and UXGA all being 4:3. Widescreen computer monitors did not become popular until the advent of HDTV, which uses a 16:9 image aspect ratio. === 16:9 === Known as APS-H (30.2 mm × 16.7 mm), with the "-H" denoting "High Definition", the 16:9 format is also the standard image aspect ratio for HDTV. 16:9 is gaining popularity as a format in all classes of consumer still cameras which also shoot High Definition (HD) video. When still cameras have an HD video capability, some can also record stills in the 16:9 format, ideal for display on HD televisions and widescreen computer displays. === 3:1 === 3:1 is yet another format that can find its roots in the APS film camera. Known as APS-P (30.2 × 9.5 mm), with the -P" denoting "Panorama", the 3:1 format was used for panorama photography. The APS-P panorama standard is the least adhered to any APS standard, and panoramic implementation varies with by manufacturer on different cameras, with the only commonality being that the image is much longer than it is tall, in the classic "panorama" style. Common print sizes in the United States (in inches) include 4×6 (1.5), 5×7 (1.4), 4×5 and 8×10 (1.25), and 11×14 (1.27); large format cameras typically use one of these aspect ratios. Medium-format cameras typically have format designated by nominal sizes in centimeters (6×6, 6×7, 6×9, 6×4.5), but these numbers should not be interpreted as exact in computing aspect ratios. For example, the usable height of 120-format roll film is 56mm, so a width of 70mm (as in 6×7) yields an aspect ratio of 4:5 — ideal for enlarging to make an 8×10" portrait. Print sizes are usually defined by their portrait dimensions (tall) while equipment aspect ratios are defined by their landscape dimensions (wide, flipped sideways). A good example of this a 4×6 print (6 inch wide by 4 inch tall landscape) perfectly matches the 3:2 aspect ratio of a DSLR/35 mm, since 6/2=3 and 4/2=2. For analog projection of photographic slides, projector and screen use a 1:1 aspect ratio, supporting horizontal and vertical orientation equally well. In contrast, digital projection technology typically supports vertically oriented images only at a fraction of the resolution of landscape- oriented images. For example, projecting a digital still image having a 3:2 aspect ratio on a 16:9 projector employs 84.3% of available resolution in horizontal orientation, but only 37.5% in vertical orientation. == See also == * Active Format Description (AFD) * Index of articles related to motion pictures * Paper size * Shoot and protect * Glossary of video terms * Ultrawide formats == Notes == == Citations == == Sources == === On aspect ratios === * *The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page *American Widescreen Museum *Widescreen Apertures and Aspect Ratios * * Aspect Ratios Explained: Part 1 Part 2 *Explanation of TV Aspect Ratio format description codes * *SCADplus: 16:9 Action plan for the television in the 16:9 screen format – European Union Category:Ratios Category:Film and video technology Category:Picture aspect ratios sq:16:9 |
WCGV-TV (channel 24) was a television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, which operated from 1980 to 2018. In its latter years, it was owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV; it had common ownership with CW affiliate WVTV (channel 18). WCGV-TV's operations were last housed at WVTV's studio facilities on Milwaukee's northwest side; the station's transmitter was located on the Milwaukee PBS tower on North Humboldt Boulevard in Milwaukee's Estabrook Park neighborhood. Established in 1980 as an independent station with part-time subscription television operation, WCGV- TV served as the first Fox affiliate for Milwaukee from 1987 to 1994. It then affiliated with UPN after it lost the Fox affiliation in a national realignment. After UPN was merged into The CW in 2006, it was aligned with MyNetworkTV. On January 8, 2018, WCGV-TV's broadcast license was surrendered after Sinclair sold the station's spectrum in the 2016 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) incentive auction. At that time, the station's programming continued as subchannels of WVTV, continuing to use virtual channel 24. What was WCGV-TV's primary subchannel continues under the WVTV license as "My 24". ==History== thumb|left|WCGV's first studio facility from 1980 until 1994, which formerly hosted WITI until 1979. It remains an active production facility for an event and production company and the station's 1987–1994 logo sign on its north side has never been removed or painted over, outlasting WCGV-TV itself. ===Establishment=== WCGV-TV first signed on the air on March 24, 1980, under the ownership of B&F; Broadcasting from the former North 27th Street facilities of then-CBS affiliate WITI (channel 6), which had moved to a new facility in Brown Deer two years earlier in 1978. At the time, it operated as an independent station and ran religious programs, older movies, cartoons and drama series during the day, along with select CBS and NBC programs that WITI and WTMJ-TV (channel 4) declined to air (such as the 1983 Match Game- Hollywood Squares Hour and CBS Late Night). It also produced a two-hour local afternoon talk program called Tempo 24, which aired from 1980 to 1981. At night, the station ran programming from subscription television service SelecTV, which required a decoder box and a monthly subscription to view; SelecTV ran mostly first-run feature films, although Friday nights/early Saturday mornings outside of FCC-designated safe harbor hours consisted of adult programming from The Playboy Channel. WCGV dropped SelecTV in 1984 once Warner Cable launched its Milwaukee area operations and brought traditional premium cable networks (such as HBO and Showtime) to the area. It gradually became a more serious ratings contender against Milwaukee's leading independent, future sister station WVTV (channel 18). The station was branded simply as "TV-24". By then, the station had been acquired by Arlington Broadcasting, which also owned WTTO in Birmingham, WQTV (now WBPX-TV) in Boston and KNXV-TV in Phoenix; the latter two stations were later sold off. ===Fox affiliation=== On March 15, 1987, WCGV joined the infant network Fox in time for the network's April 5 prime time launch, later taking the branding of "Fox 24". The station joined Fox on the condition that it be allowed to preempt The Late Show, which by the time WCGV acquired the affiliation had lost Joan Rivers as its host and was not doing well in the ratings. The station also wanted to maintain as much of its existing schedule as possible, as WCGV had success counterprogramming the major network affiliates with a 10 p.m. block of two episodes of The Bob Newhart Show every weeknight until 1989, when it was replaced by the syndicated Arsenio Hall Show. From September 1993 until December 1994, the station also carried CBS' Late Show with David Letterman on a half-hour delay in lieu of WITI, which refused to carry the show due to better ratings for reruns of M*A*S*H in the timeslot. By 1988, the station scored a major coup by acquiring the broadcast rights to the Milwaukee Brewers and the Milwaukee Bucks, both previously seen on WVTV. In the late 1980s, Arlington Broadcasting was sold and became known as HR Broadcasting (as in Hal Roach Studios, of Little Rascals/Our Gang fame). By the end of the 1980s, WCGV had pulled almost even with WVTV in the ratings. WCGV and Birmingham's WTTO were purchased by Abry Communications in 1990. The station continued with its general entertainment format, along with Fox programs. WCGV entered into a local marketing agreement with WVTV (then owned by Gaylord Broadcasting) in 1994. Although WCGV was the senior partner, the combined operation was based at WVTV's original studio facility near North 35th Street and Capitol Drive. ===UPN affiliation=== In early 1994, WITI was named as the market's new Fox affiliate as a result of a deal between the station's owner New World Communications and Fox as part of the network's decision to upgrade affiliates in certain markets after it acquired the broadcast rights to the National Football Conference of the NFL. For a short time between September and November 1994, the station carried Green Bay Packers games in the market through the network's NFC package as a lame-duck affiliate, though without any pre-game programming, the only break in network coverage by WITI of the team since the 1977 affiliation switch between WISN and WITI, which took place in the off-season. WCGV lost the Fox affiliation and briefly became an independent station again on December 4, 1994. However, it passed on the CBS affiliation that WITI had dropped as a result of the switch (which went to WDJT-TV, channel 58). Instead, it became a charter affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN) on January 16, 1995, following a pattern in which many former Fox affiliates in markets where New World owned a station decided to join either UPN or fellow upstart network The WB if they did not join a Big Three network displaced due to the affiliation switches. Around this time, the station changed its branding to "UPN 24", with a generic logo consisting of the station's call letters and channel number beneath the primary color UPN "shapes" logo of that time. In 1995, Sinclair Broadcast Group acquired WCGV and the other properties owned by Abry's television station group. WVTV was purchased by Glencairn Ltd. (which was headed by former Sinclair executive Edwin Edwards). The Smith family, owners and founders of Sinclair owned 97% of Glencairn's stock, so Sinclair effectively owned both stations. Glencairn was involved in similar deals, owning eleven stations that were all operated by Sinclair under LMAs. This arrangement prompted Jesse Jackson and his Rainbow/PUSH coalition to bring forward litigation, citing their concerns on racial issues in the face of one entity holding two broadcast licenses in a single market.PUSH pushing FCC over Sinclair/Glencairn, Broadcasting & Cable, July 13, 1998. Retrieved December 13, 2013 from HighBeam Research.Glencairn's dicey LMAs, Broadcasting & Cable, March 29, 1999. Retrieved December 13, 2013 from HighBeam Research. The Federal Communications Commission eventually fined Sinclair $40,000 in 2001 for illegally controlling Glencairn.FCC fines Sinclair for Glencairn control, Broadcasting & Cable, December 10, 2001. On January 5, 1998, WCGV/Sinclair decided to drop the UPN affiliation over ratings and monetary issues, as did several other Sinclair stations in other markets after the company signed a lucrative affiliation deal with The WB (which included WVTV; the station affiliated with The WB on May 19,1997 prior to WCGV dropping UPN) to shift several stations from UPN.WB woos and wins Sinclair, Broadcasting & Cable, July 21, 1997. Retrieved June 8, 2013 from HighBeam Research. For eight months, the station reverted to being an independent station, though the only effect on the station's schedule was the replacement of UPN programming with syndicated film packages during prime time and Saturday afternoons, and paid programming in place of UPN Kids on Sunday mornings. A few local cable providers brought in the network's New York City area affiliate WWOR-TV to keep UPN programming available in the Milwaukee area, but for the most part the network was only seen on cable systems on the fringe of the market via WACY-TV in Appleton and WPWR-TV from Chicago; viewers could also choose to pull those stations over-the-air via antenna, along with the network's off-hours affiliation on WOOD-TV/WOTV across the lake in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Otherwise, most providers had dropped WWOR's "superstation" cable feed years before due to uninteresting programming replacing the main signal after SyndEx laws came into place, and the cable feed had been discontinued by satellite distribution rights holder Advance Entertainment Corporation a year earlier to increase distribution for Animal Planet. However, WCGV did see a viewership decline without a network affiliation. It also received complaints from vocal Star Trek fans who had to pull in Voyager via over-the-air antenna from those out-of-market stations, switch to the Dish Network or PrimeStar satellite services for their "superstation" packages, or acquire the episodes through tape trading. Sinclair would eventually reverse its decision and come to terms with the network, resulting in WCGV rejoining UPN on August 4. On November 8 of that year, WCGV made up for the preemptions by airing an all-day Voyager marathon, showing the thirteen episodes making up the last half of season four that WCGV was not able to air during the second half of the 1997–98 season, with the permission of UPN and Paramount Television. WWOR was dropped from the few area cable systems it was on within days of the re-acquisition of WCGV's UPN affiliation. Despite the reconciliation, the station continued to omit the mention of UPN from its own branding, and called itself "Channel 24" until the start of the 2001–2002 television season, when it brought back the "UPN 24" branding (one of only a small number of UPN stations to do so, as UPN branding was required by the network). WVTV became wholly owned by Sinclair in 2000, after the FCC overturned regulations that had prohibited television station duopolies. WITI never held an interest in carrying any of Fox's children's programming after it joined that network due to existing local home showcase programming on Saturday mornings, and wanting to have traditional syndicated programming lead into its weekday local news programming; therefore, Fox Kids continued to air on WCGV for ten years after the affiliation switch (which included the station continuing to maintain a Fox 24 Kids Club through most of these years). However, as time went on, WCGV began to use its own logo bug to cover all Fox logos, and advertised the block sparingly at the behest of UPN (which had its own children's block airing on the station up until it was discontinued in 2003, including a period of time where both blocks were carried back-to-back on weekdays). The station declined to renew the children's block, later known as Fox Box and then 4Kids TV, after the fall of 2004, and subsequently 4Kids TV moved to independent WMLW-CA (channel 41), where it aired on Sunday mornings until it ended on December 28, 2008. ===MyNetworkTV affiliation=== On March 2, 2006, Sinclair announced that channel 24 would become the Milwaukee affiliate of MyNetworkTV, which was created by Fox Television Stations and Twentieth TelevisionNews Corp. Unveils MyNetworkTV, Broadcasting & Cable, February 22, 2006. in the wake of the January 24, 2006 announcement that UPN and The WB would cease operations in September 2006, and merge into one network, The CW.'Gilmore Girls' meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to combine WB, UPN in CBS-Warner venture beginning in September, CNNMoney.com, January 24, 2006.UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network, The New York Times, January 24, 2006. WCGV's WB-affiliated sister station WVTV was named as Milwaukee's CW affiliate two months later on May 2, 2006. This resulted in the Milwaukee duopoly becoming one of five MyNetworkTV/CW duopolies owned and/or controlled by Sinclair at the time (the other four are KVMY/KVCW in Las Vegas, WABM/WTTO in Birmingham, Alabama, WUXP/WNAB—itself part of a virtual triopoly with Fox affiliate WZTV—in Nashville, Tennessee, and WRDC/WLFL in Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina). In the interim two weeks between the beginning of MyNetworkTV's and the end of UPN's existence in early to mid- September, WCGV continued to show select UPN programs on Sunday afternoons, airing Friday Night SmackDown, followed by Girlfriends, Everybody Hates Chris and All of Us from 12–5 p.m., all which were renewed by The CW and moved to channel 18. WCGV is one of the few stations in the country to have been affiliated with both News Corporation-owned networks, Fox and MyNetworkTV. WCGV-TV carried the 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race at Bristol Motor Speedway from NBC on August 19, 2017 for WTMJ, which was committed to a preseason Green Bay Packers football game. ==== July 2010 flooding incident and studio move ==== On July 22, 2010, the Milwaukee area experienced a major flash flooding event which caused major damage in several parts of Milwaukee County. The studios of WVTV/WCGV are located a half-mile south of Lincoln Creek and the building and technical equipment belonging to the stations suffered major damage, forcing channels 18 and 24 off the air for the majority of the time after 6 p.m. on July 22 until the early morning of July 24; the two stations, once they returned to the air, had their programming fed into their master control facilities via another unknown Sinclair master control. For both stations, this resulted in most of the station's paid programming and other timeslots where the Sinclair facility did not have an episode of a particular series within the schedule replaced with reruns of Coach and advertisements were replaced with direct response national advertising. Both stations eventually resumed local operations later during the week of July 25, but broadcast in 480i standard definition and did not display digital on-screen bugs at all due to damage to the station's high definition broadcasting equipment for most of the following month. HD programming was restored on August 20, 2010. Because the flooding caused irreparable damage to the building, Sinclair immediately began a search for new facilities for WCGV and WVTV, which would allow locally produced and syndicated programs to be broadcast in high definition full-time without the complexities of rewiring an older and flood damaged studio and master control facility. On June 6, 2012, Sinclair received approval from the Milwaukee Common Council's Zoning, Neighborhoods and Development Committee to move to an existing building near the 41/145 Interchange on Milwaukee's northwest side on Calumet Road in the Park Place office park and install receiving satellite dishes, generators and a studio/transmitter link tower, with full Common Council approval coming a week later on June 12. The stations moved to the new building in December 2013, with the new master control coming online in the last week of the month. From June 2012 until the end of December 2013, the engineering and master control of WVTV/WCGV transmitted 16:9 syndicated programming in full screen, but in standard definition as a stopgap solution until the move to the new studios. Upon the opening of the new master control, all syndicated programming available in the format now is aired in high definition. ====Spectrum sale and unofficial channel share with WVTV==== On April 13, 2017, the results of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction were announced, with Sinclair successfully selling the UHF spectrum for WCGV for $84.3 million. At first, it was expected that WCGV's channels would be merged onto WVTV's spectrum in a formal channel-sharing agreement, by which Sinclair would continue to retain both licenses on one multiplex. However, at the time, Sinclair was attempting to acquire Tribune Media, owner of WITI. It would not have been able to hold three licenses, but surrendering the WCGV-TV license would have allowed Sinclair to purchase WITI without regulatory scrutiny. Sinclair, Weigel Broadcasting, and Milwaukee PBS decided on a switch date of January 8 for their various local spectrum moves, and WCGV left the airwaves at 5 a.m. that morning. At that time, getTV was dropped from a subchannel of WVTV to make way for the addition of "My 24" (24.1) and Comet (24.2) as WVTV subchannels, and Grit (carried as WCGV's third subchannel) was discontinued. However, the station has retained the existing channel 24 numbering for the "My 24" and Comet subchannels while losing the WCGV call sign for WVTV-DT2. The transition to a subchannel was properly coordinated, and resulted in no major change to its carriage position or channel on the majority of the market's cable systems and streaming providers such as YouTube TV and Hulu's Live TV service, with only a few small systems consolidating the station onto a lower subchannel tier. Ultimately, the merger with Tribune (and with it, Sinclair's acquisition of WITI) was called off due to a number of issues on August 8, 2018, leaving WVTV as Sinclair's only Milwaukee over-the-air asset. In another deal, Sinclair would acquire a majority stake in the Fox Sports Networks in the fall of 2019, and with it, Fox Sports Wisconsin (now Bally Sports Wisconsin). Though the wind-down of WCGV did not allow the acquisition of WITI, the smooth transition of the station's main schedule to a WVTV subchannel resulted in Sinclair repeating the technique in a number of their markets to consolidate affiliations onto stations directly owned by Sinclair rather than its sidecar companies, especially with its Fox affiliates in major markets. ==Programming== Syndicated programming featured on WVTV-DT2 includes Divorce Court, Celebrity Page, Access Daily, Lauren Lake's Paternity Court, Last Man Standing and The Simpsons (which has aired on the station since 1989; channel 24 ran first-run episodes of the series until it lost the Fox affiliation in December 1994, while syndicated reruns of The Simpsons have aired on the station since it entered into off-network syndication in September 1994). Sinclair's Ring of Honor wrestling promotion airs on Saturday nights on channel 24. The station also airs locally originated brokered programming on late Saturday evenings, including the Pro Wrestling Report, 414 Video Spotlight, and The Nerd Show, which are produced by the purchasers of the time at other studio facilities in the area. For the 2013–14 television season, the station aired weekday afternoon films, replacing repeats of Jerry Springer and Maury, which were replaced the next season by syndicated sitcoms. In 2014, the station began to air the national morning show The Daily Buzz on a two-hour delay from its national broadcast, which had previously been carried sporadically by WMLW-TV; notably until the show was sold off in 2013 by former owner and competing station group ACME Communications during its wind-down of operations, most Sinclair stations had never carried it. The sudden mid-April 2015 cancellation of The Daily Buzz forced channel 24 to quickly purchase barter lifestyle programming to fill the two hours vacated by the program. On Saturdays, channel 24 airs MyNetworkTV's Thursday night lineup during football season or a syndicated film in prime time, as MyNetworkTV does not air programming on weekend evenings. The station had continued to air Milwaukee Bucks games, sharing rights with Fox Sports Wisconsin until the end of the 2006–07 season, when the team's games became cable-exclusive. The station airs E/I programming from Litton Entertainment's Go Time block of programming formerly seen on Litton's Saturday morning network blocks, along with Wild America to fulfill the minimum amount of educational programming content required by the FCC. Channel 24 was the last true Milwaukee commercial station (Religious station WVCY, although technically a commercial licensee, does not solicit advertising) to sign off the air during the overnight hours, doing so for 4½ hours on early Monday mornings until March 10, 2008, when the station adopted a full 168-hour weekly schedule (although the early Monday morning schedule consists entirely of paid programming due to the lack of a Shepherd's Chapel program to air on Mondays); WVCY switched to a 24-hour programming schedule itself in January 2010. In the summer of 2020, WVTV-DT2 began to air Opry Live on a tape delay Saturday nights, a program which airs on Gray Television's subchannel network Circle, as Circle does not yet have an affiliation in the Milwaukee market. ===Sports programming=== In late August 2010, the station began to air a live high school football game telecast under the title Allstate Thursday Night Lights every Thursday evening as part of Sinclair's push for more local programming on its MyNetworkTV affiliates; these games are also traditionally aired as a radio "Game of the Week" over the web via WTMJ Radio's website, though both the WCGV and WTMJ broadcasts are not cross-promoted. The later broadcasts during the season were presented in the 480i widescreen format. For the 2011–12 season, the franchise was further extended to also cover Thursday night high school basketball games throughout the winter. In the fall of 2011, channel 24 also began to carry college basketball games distributed by Raycom Sports' ACC Network, which was the first program outside of network shows that the station has presented in high definition, and began to carry ACC football games the next season. In 2013, the station became the Milwaukee outlet for the Monday night show Locker Room, an unofficial Packers football analysis program produced by Green Bay's WFRV- TV. 2014 saw channel 24 become the Milwaukee outlet for Sinclair's internally run American Sports Network (now Stadium) package of college sports. Currently, Stadium has no host station in the market (though it is easily available through several streaming venues without cost), and channel 24 only carries the few Milwaukee Panthers men's basketball games which are cleared on Stadium as part of their broadcast agreement with the Horizon League, along with Saturday afternoon college football games beginning with the 2019 season after the move of all ACC rights to ESPN's ACC Network. In the summer of 2018 the station began to carry weekend home games for the Midwest League's Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, the Grand Chute-based Class A affiliate for the Brewers. The games are produced by sister station WLUK-TV in Green Bay and air on WCWF in that market. The fall of 2018 saw a further expansion of local sports coverage when the station began to carry weekend home games involving the American Hockey League's Milwaukee Admirals, the first time the team's games were broadcast on television (not counting Bradley Center-provided highlights to newscasts) since the early 90s. ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== As mentioned above, the station shares WVTV's bandwidth and is officially recognized as a WVTV subchannel (including within station identifications, where it simply identifies as "WVTV Milwaukee" like 18.1; if going by actual physical channel without PSIP intervention, channel 24's three channels are 27.4, 27.5 and 27.6), but retains its own multiplexed channel map as channel 24: Channel Video Aspect Short name Programming 24.1 720p 16:9 My 24 Main WVTV-DT2 programming / MyNetworkTV 24.2 480i COMET Comet 24.3 Charge Charge! On March 23, 2006, Sinclair announced that it signed an affiliation deal with music video network The Tube to carry it on the digital subchannels of many of the group's stations. The channel launched on WCGV's 24.2 subchannel on June 15, 2006. On December 31, The Tube was dropped by WCGV due to new E/I regulations put into effect by the FCC and The Tube not immediately inserting E/I programming within its schedule, effectively putting the burden on local stations to carry such programs; the network ceased operations on October 1, 2007, due to several factors likely including the discontinuance of the Sinclair carriage deal. None of the market's cable television providers ever carried 24.2 during its affiliation with The Tube. On June 28, 2007, Time Warner Cable began carrying WCGV's digital signal locally on digital channel 524 (which has since moved to channel 1024), along with WVTV on digital channel 518 (which has since moved to channel 1018), after Sinclair and Time Warner came to a compensation agreement for the stations. Charter Communications, the market's other major cable provider, came to a compensation agreement in April 2007, but the HD signal was not added until June 9, 2009, when the HD signal began to air over digital channel 614 on Charter's southeastern Wisconsin systems. In August 2010, Sinclair signed a groupwide affiliation deal with The Country Network (which rebranded as ZUUS Country in July 2013), a digital subchannel network featuring country music videos, to the 28 of the company's stations.Sinclair Broadcast Group to Air The Country Network, PRNewswire, August 24, 2010. WCGV relaunched its 24.2 subchannel as an affiliate of The Country Network on October 26, 2010 (the subchannel's E/I programming is handled at the network level). Charter Communications began carrying the subchannel on digital cable channel 964 on February 9, 2011 (currently 188), with Time Warner Cable following suit on September 27, 2011, placing it on digital channel 988. ZUUS's programming was replaced by that of the new Sinclair/MGM joint venture network Comet on October 31, 2015. The Country Network eventually was re-established after a split with ZUUS and returned to Milwaukee via a subchannel of WTSJ-LP (channel 38) in late 2016. On January 1, 2015, WCGV launched Grit on their third subchannel, which was added to Charter systems on channel 178 on March 10, 2015. It was discontinued on January 8, 2018 upon the channel sharing with WVTV taking effect; WTMJ-TV took it for their fourth subchannel nearly immediately as described above. ===Analog-to-digital conversion as WCGV-TV=== On February 2, 2009, Sinclair told cable and satellite television providers via e-mail that regardless of the exact mandatory switchover date to digital- only broadcasting for full-power stations (which Congress rescheduled for June 12 days later), the station would shut down its analog signal on the original transition date of February 17. WCGV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 24, on that date. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 25.CDBS Print Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 24. As part of the SAFER Act, WCGV kept its analog signal on the air until March 4 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters. ==References== ==External links== * Official website CGV-TV Category:Television channels and stations established in 1980 Category:1980 establishments in Wisconsin Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2018 Category:2018 disestablishments in Wisconsin Category:Defunct television stations in the United States |
The 2015 Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3, or UCERF3, is the latest official earthquake rupture forecast (ERF) for the state of California, superseding UCERF2. It provides authoritative estimates of the likelihood and severity of potentially damaging earthquake ruptures in the long- and near-term. Combining this with ground motion models produces estimates of the severity of ground shaking that can be expected during a given period (seismic hazard), and of the threat to the built environment (seismic risk). This information is used to inform engineering design and building codes, planning for disaster, and evaluating whether earthquake insurance premiums are sufficient for the prospective losses.. A variety of hazard metricsFor a list of evaluation metrics available as of 2013 see Table 11 in . can be calculated with UCERF3; a typical metric is the likelihood of a magnitudeFollowing standard seismological practice, all earthquake magnitudes here are per the moment magnitude scale. This is generally equivalent to the better known Richter magnitude scale. M 6.7 earthquake (the size of the 1994 Northridge earthquake) in the 30 years (typical life of a mortgage) since 2014. UCERF3 was prepared by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP), a collaboration between the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the California Geological Survey (CGS), and the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), with significant funding from the California Earthquake Authority (CEA).. == Highlights == A major achievement of UCERF3 is use of a new methodology that can model multifault ruptures such as have been observed in recent earthquakes.. This allows seismicity to be distributed in a more realistic manner, which has corrected a problem with prior studies that overpredicted earthquakes of moderate size (between magnitude 6.5 and 7.0).. The rate of earthquakes of magnitude (MUnless otherwise noted, all earthquake magnitudes herein are according to the moment magnitude scale, per .) 6.7 and greater (over the entire state) is now believed to be about one in 6.3 years, instead of one in 4.8 years. On the other hand, earthquakes of magnitude 8 and larger are now expected about every 494 years (down from 617).. Otherwise the overall expectations of seismicity are generally in line with earlier results.. (See Table A for a summary of the overall rates.) The fault model database has been revised and expanded to cover over 350 fault sections, up from about 200 for UCERF2, and new attributes added to better characterize the faults.. Various technical improvements have also been made.. : : Estimated probabilities (minimum, , and maximum) of an earthquake of the given magnitude in the next thirty years for different regions of California1 M≥ 6.0 6.7 7.0 7.5 7.7 8.0 All CA 100% 100% 97% 100% 77% 100% 17% 85% 3% 71% 0% 32% N. CA 100% 100% 84% 100% 55% 96% 8% 60% 1% 45% 0% 25% S. CA 100% 100% 77% 100% 44% 97% 9% 79% 2% 68% 0% 32% SF 89% 100% 52% 94% 27% 84% 5% 43% 0% 32% 0% 21% LA 84% 100% 28% 92% 17% 87% 5% 77% 1% 68% 0% 32% :: 1. From Table 7 in . "M" is moment magnitude (p. 512). thumb|400px|Location of main faults in following table, with segments color- coded to show slip-rate (up to 40 mm per year).Figure 4 in . Of the six main faults evaluated in previous studies the Southern San Andreas fault remains the most likely to experience an M ≥ 6.7 earthquake in the next 30 years. The largest increase in such likelihood is on the Calaveras fault (see main faults map for location), where the mean (most likely) value is now set at 25%. The old value, of 8%, is less than the minimum now expected (10%). The previous under-estimate is believed to be due mostly to not modeling multifault ruptures, which limited the size of many ruptures.; . The largest probability decrease is on the San Jacinto fault, which went from 32% to 9%. Again this is due to multifault rupturing, but here the effect is fewer earthquakes, but they are more likely to be bigger (M ≥ 7.7) ; . === Table B === : : Aggregate probabilities of an M ≥ 6.7 earthquake within 30 years (and change from UCERF2)1 Fault2 Section maps3 QFFDB fault#4 Length5 Notable Earthquakes Min.6 Mean Max. 125c 125d 125e 125f 125g 309 km 192 miles 1918 San Jacinto earthquake 0% (−14%) (23%) 35% (−20%) Garlock Fault East Central West 69a 69b 69c 254 km 158 miles 0% (−3%) (+2%) 37% (+24%) Elsinore Fault Zone Whittier Glen Ivy Stepovers Temecula Julian Coyote Mountains 126a 126b 126c 126d 126e 126f 126g 249 km 217 miles 1910 Elsinore earthquake 1% (−4%) (−6%) 17% (−8%) \--> :Notes. :: 1. Adapted from Table 6 in . Values are aggregated from the fault sections comprising each fault. Some sections have higher individual probabilities; see Table 4 in . "M" is moment magnitude (p. 512). :: 2. These are the six faults for which UCERF2 had enough data to do stress-renewal modeling. The Hayward fault zone and Rodgers Creek fault are treated as a single fault; the San Andreas fault is treated as two sections. :: 3. UCEF3 fault sections, with links to "participation" maps for each section (outlined in black), showing the rate (in color) that section participates in ruptures with other sections. Participation maps for all fault sections available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1165/data/UCERF3_SupplementalFiles/UCERF3.3/Model/FaultParticipation/ Some faults have had sections added or split since UCERF2. :: 4. USGS Quaternary Fault and Fold Database fault numbers, with links to summary reports. QFFDB maps are no longer available. :: 5. Lengths from UCERF-2, Table 4; may vary from QFFDB values. :: 6. Min. and Max. probabilities correspond to the least and most likely alternatives in the logic tree; the Mean is a weighted average. :: 7. Slip-rates not included due to variation across sections and deformation models. See figure C21 (below) for an illustration. == Methodology == California earthquakes result from the Pacific Plate, heading approximately northwest, sliding past the North American continent. This requires accommodation of 34 to 48 millimeters (about one and a half inches) of slippage per year,, Table C7. with some of that taken up in portions of the Basin and Range Province to the east of California.. This slippage is accommodated by ruptures (earthquakes) and aseismic creep on the various faults, with the frequency of ruptures dependent (in part) on how the slippage is distributed across the various faults. === Modeling === thumb|400px|UCERF3's four levels of modeling, and some of the alternatives that form the logic-tree.Figure 3 from . Like its predecessor, UCERF3 determines this based on four layers of modeling:. # The fault models (FM 3.1 and 3.2) describe the physical geometry of the larger and more active faults. # Deformation models determine the slip rates and related factors for each fault section, how much strain accumulates before a fault ruptures, and how much energy is then released. Four deformation models are used, reflecting different approaches to handling earthquake dynamics. # The earthquake rate model (ERM) fits together all this data to estimate the long-term rate of rupturing. # The probability model estimates how close (ready) each fault segment is to rupturing given how much stress has accumulated since its last rupture. The first three layers of modeling are used to determine the long- term, or Time Independent, estimates of the magnitude, location, and frequency of potentially damaging earthquakes in California. The Time Dependent model is based on the theory of elastic rebound, that after an earthquake releases tectonic stress there will be some time before sufficient stress accumulates to cause another earthquake. In theory, this should produce some regularity in the earthquakes on a given fault, and knowing the date of the last rupture is a clue to how soon the next one can be expected. In practice this is not so clear, in part because slip rates vary, and also because fault segments influence each other, so a rupture on one segment triggers rupturing on adjacent segments. One of the achievements of UCERF3 is to better handle such multifault ruptures.. The various alternatives (see diagram), taken in different combinations, form a logic tree of 1440 branches for the Time Independent model, and, when the four probability models are factored in, 5760 branches for the Time Dependent model. Each branch was evaluated and weighted according to its relative probability and importance. The UCERF3 results are an average of all these weighted alternatives.. === "The Grand Inversion" === In UCERF2 each fault was modeled separately,. as if ruptures do not extend to other faults. This assumption of fault segmentation was suspected as the cause of UCERF2 predicting nearly twice as many earthquakes in the M 6.5 to 7.0 range then actually observed, and is contrary to the multifault rupturing seen in many earthquakes.; . UCERF3 subdivides each fault section (as modeled by the Fault Models) into subsections (2606 segments for FM 3.1, and 2665 for FM 3.2), then considers ruptures of multiple segments regardless of which parent fault they belong to. After removing those ruptures considered implausible there are 253,706 possibilities to consider for FM 3.1, and 305,709 for FM 3.2. This compares to less than 8,000 ruptures considered in UCERF2, and reflects the high connectivity of California's fault system.. thumb|400px|Fig. C21 from Appendix C. Plots of slip rates on two parallel faults (the San Andreas and the San Jacinto) as determined by three deformation models, and a "geologic" model based entirely on observed slip rates, showing variations along each segment. The grand inversion solves for these and many other variables to find values that provide an overall best fit. A significant achievement of UCERF is development of system-level approach called the "grand inversion".; . See for details. This uses a supercomputer to solve a system of linear equations that simultaneously satisfies multiple constraints such as known slip rates, etc.. The result is a model (set of values) that best fits the available data. In balancing these various factors it also provides an estimate of how much seismicity is not accounted for in the fault model, possibly in faults not yet discovered. The amount of slip occurring on unidentified faults has been estimated at between 5 and about 20 mm/yr depending on the location (generally higher in the LA area) and deformation model, with one model reaching 30 mm/yr just north of LA.. == Assessment == While UCERF3 represents a considerable improvement over UCERF2,. and the best available science to-date for estimating California's earthquake hazard,. the authors caution that it remains an approximation of the natural system.. In an earlier report call it a "crude approximation". There are a number of assumptions in the Time Independent model,See Table 16 in , which lists 15 key assumptions. while the final (Time Dependent) model explicitly "assumes elastic rebound dominates other known and suspected processes that are not included in the model.". Among the known processes not included is spatiotemporal clustering.. There are a number of sources of uncertainty, such as insufficient knowledge of fault geometry (especially at depth) and slip rates,. and there is considerable challenge in how to balance the various elements of the model to achieve the best fit with the available observations. For example, there is difficulty fitting paleoseismic data and slip rates on the southern San Andreas Fault, resulting in estimates of seismicity that run about 25% less than seen in the paleoseismic data. The data does fit if a certain constraint (the regional Magnitude-Frequency Distribution) is relaxed, but this brings back the problem over-predicting moderate events.. Discussion at pp 55–56. An important result is that the generally accepted Gutenberg- Richter (GR) relationship (that the distribution of earthquakes shows a certain relationship between magnitude and frequency) is inconsistent with certain parts of the current UCERF3 model. The model implies that achieving GR consistency would require certain changes in seismological understanding that "fall outside the current bounds of consensus-level acceptability".. Specifically, GR consistency seems to require one or more of the following: "(1) a higher degree of creep both on and off faults; (2) higher long-term rate of earthquakes over the whole region (and significant temporal variability on faults such as the SAF); (3) more fault connectivity throughout the state (for example, ~M8 anywhere); and (or) (4) lower shear rigidity." Whether the Gutenberg-Richter relation is inapplicable at the scale of individual faults, or some basis of the model is incorrect, "will be equally profound scientifically, and quite consequential with respect to hazard.". == See also == == Notes == == Sources == *. *. Also California Geological Survey Special Report 228, and Southern California Earthquake Center Publication 1792. Also published in the BSSA as . *. *. *. *. *. *. *. == External links == * USGS Fact Sheet on UCERF3 * Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) * UCERF3 website (WGCEP) * USGS Open-File Report 2013–1165, with appendices and supplemental material. * U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) * California Geological Survey (CGS) * Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) * CGS Fault Activity Map * Can earthquakes be predicted? (USGS) A good explanation. * Recent earthquakes in California and elsewhere (SCEC) * Latest earthquakes in the U.S. and the world (USGS) * National Seismic Hazard Maps and related resources (USGS) * Quaternary Fault and Fold Database(USGS) Category:Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation Category:Seismic faults of California |
thumb|alt=|Popen o Fuku Musume ("Young woman blowing a poppen glass"), which appears under both series titles of thumb|alt=|Kamisuki ("Combing the hair"), from the series of Fujin Sōgaku Jittai (, "Ten physiognomies of women") and Fujo Ninsō Juppin (, "Ten classes of women's physiognomy") are the titles of what may have been two series of ukiyo-e prints designed by the Japanese artist Utamaro and published . Only five prints from one series and four from the other survive, and one print appears in both series, so that eight distinct prints are known. The two series may have been made up of the same prints, or they may have been the same series with a title change partway through publication. Utamaro had another series published titled Fujin Sōgaku Jittai (). This series is made of different prints from the earlier one, and is known to have had all ten prints in the set published. ==Background== Ukiyo-e art flourished in Japan during the Edo period from the 17th to 19th centuries, and took as its primary subjects courtesans, kabuki actors, and others associated with the "floating world" lifestyle of the pleasure districts. Alongside paintings, mass-produced woodblock prints were a major form of the genre. In the mid-18th century full-colour prints became common, printed using a large number of woodblocks, one for each colour. A prominent genre was ("pictures of beauties"), which depicted most often courtesans and geisha at leisure, and promoted the entertainments of the pleasure districts. Kitagawa Utamaro (–1806) made his name in the 1790s with his bijin ōkubi-e ("large-headed pictures of beautiful women") portraits, focusing on the head and upper torso, a style others had previously employed in portraits of kabuki actors. Utamaro experimented with line, colour, and printing techniques to bring out subtle differences in the features, expressions, and backdrops of subjects from a wide variety of class and background. Utamaro's individuated beauties were in sharp contrast to the stereotyped, idealized images that had been the norm. == series== thumb|left|alt=|The rebuses in Fujo Ninsō Juppin include a print title (left); those of Fujin Sōgaku Jittai leave the same space blank (right). The prints are ōkubi bijin-ga "large-head" bust portraits of female beauties in ōban-size (about ). They are amongst the earliest of Utamaro's ōkubi bijin-ga, and amongst the earliest of his works to use kirazuri—the application of mica dust to the backgrounds to create a glittering effect. The prints are considered some of the best representations of Utamaro's work. The multicolour nishiki-e prints were published by Tsutaya Jūzaburō. The series titles declare ten prints in each set. Five are known from Fujin Sōgaku Jittai and four from Fujo Ninsō Juppin; the print Popen o Fuku Musume appears in both series, suggesting the two series may have been made up of the same prints. Each print has a rebus with spaces for the series title, the print title, and Utamaro's signature, which reads sōmi Utamaro ga ( or , "drawn by Utamaro the physiognomist"), followed by the publisher's seal. On the Fujo Ninsō Juppin prints Utamaro signs himself sōmi Utamaro kōga (, "thoughtfully drawn by Utamaro the physiognomist"). Only Uwaki no Sō and Omoshiroki Sō have their titles on the prints; the rest have a blank space where the title would be. It is not known why, but has been speculated that the titles may have been removed after the first few in response to some complaint, and that perhaps further complaints led to a change in the title of the series as well, possibly over the use of the specialized term sōgaku. It is assumed the words and are read sōmi and that they refer to a person who reads physionomies, thus the signature can translate as. This has to do with Sōgaku, a pseudoscience by which it was believed an analysis of facial features ("physignomy") could reveal personality traits. Texts were published at the time on these analyses. Utamaro's analyses were not based on these observations, but rather on allusions to other books, such as the illustrated story by Santō Kyōden of a prostitute disguised as a dancer, and an erotic book illustrated by Utamaro and Katsukawa Shunchō called Ehon Hime Hajime (, "Picture Book: First-Time Princesses", 1790), in which facial types are compared to the aspects of the sexual organs. Viewers likely were aware of the allusions of the prints to these books. Eiji Yoshida recorded the title of another print in the Fujo Ninsō Juppin series, Kasō no Bijin no Hanshin Zu (, "Half-length picture of lower-class beauty"), in the last volume of Ukiyo-e Jiten, but no details of its composition are known. Yoshida also noted that a catalogue from 1915 for the trading company lists a Chawan o Noseta Chataku o Motsu Onna (, "Woman holding a saucer with a teacup on it") from the Fujin Sōgaku Jittai series. As these prints cannot be confirmed, there remains the possibility that the series remained unfinished after the publication of the eight known prints. Yoshida suggests there may really have been two series: Fujo Ninsō Juppin was left incomplete after five prints, and Fujin Sōgaku Jittai followed but was also left complete. Yoshida bases this assumption on the fact that, even if the series name had changed, there was no reason for Utamaro to change his signature from in the one to in the other (both read and have the same meaning). ===Uwaki no Sō=== thumb|upright|alt= In Uwaki no Sō () a young woman—most likely in her 20s—is dressed carelessly in a yukata, with her head turned behind her, looking outside the picture. She is probably returning from a sentō bath. She wipes her hands with a cloth draped over her right shoulder. In modern Japanese, uwaki usually means "sexual unfaithfulness"; less often it means "lively" or "frivolous", or indicates a showy disposition. In Utamaro's time the word referred to a flighty personality apt to follow fads and fashions. The woman has a kanzashi hairpin and a comb placed casually in her hair. She has her mouth open slightly, as if she were about to speak, and has a seductive look in her eyes. The background is dusted with muscovite, a variety of mica, which produces a glittering effect. The vegetable pigments have faded from their original colours; the kimono was most likely a pale blue. ===Omoshiroki Sō=== thumb|upright|alt= In Omoshiroki Sō (, "The Interesting Type"), a woman looks in a mirror in her right hand. She examines her teeth, which have been blackened with ohaguro, which normally only married women applied. Women applying ohaguro are normally depicted with the mirror in the left hand and the ohaguro brush in the right. Utamaro uses a limited number of colours in this print, which gives the impression of a dim interior scene. ===Tabako no Kemuri o Fuku Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In Tabako no Kemuri o Fuku Onna (, "Woman blowing tobacco smoke"), Utamaro depicts a young woman holding a kiseru tobacco pipe. She sits in a decadent posture with her kimono open, exposing her breasts, and her hair is coming untied. The pipe rests on her fourth and fifth fingers, with her thumb at the end on her index and middle finger holding it on top. She blows a puff of smoke rendered with karasuri embossing against the mica-dusted background. ===Uchiwa o Sakasa ni Motsu Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In Uchiwa o Sakasa ni Motsu Onna (, "Woman holding a hand-fan upside-down"), a young woman holds a round uchiwa hand fan upside-down with both hands, possible turning it in circles; she appears lost in thought. A finely-patterned obi sash that wraps around her light, summer haori, a kimono-like jacket. The grey haori is of silk gauze, and its sleeves have slid down the woman's arms, revealing their white skin at the centre of the composition. Five-leafed ivy mon crests adorn the kimono, as well as a three-leafed ivy crest on the fan, signifying this is Naniwa O-Kita, a famed teahouse girl who appeared in many prints by Utamaro and others. ===Yubi-ori Kazoeru Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In Yubi-ori Kazoeru Onna (, "Woman counting with her fingers"), a woman counts something on the fingers of her right hand. Her left hand is on her obi sash, and her posture and facial expression suggest she is thinking seriously about something. In Japanese yubi-ori kazoeru (, "count by bending fingers") refers to a style of finger counting by which a person begins with the hand open and counts by folding inward first the thumb ("one"), then from the index finger to the baby finger. ===Sensu o Mochi Higasa o Sasu Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In the brightly-coloured Sensu o Mochi Higasa o Sasu Onna (, "Woman holding a hand-fan and parasol"), a woman stands in a leisurely, relaxed posture carryin a parasol and hand fan and wearing an age-bōshi head-dress to keep dirt from the hair. This was a popular summer fashion with women during the Kansei era. ===Fumi Yomu Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In Fumi Yomu Onna (, "Woman reading a letter"), a woman reads what is almost certainly a love letter, per the expectations in ukiyo-e. Expectations would also predict the recipient to be a courtesan or young girl, but the woman's shaven eyebrows and teeth blackened with ohaguro show that she is married. She holds the letter close to her eyes and probably reads it secretly and in low light. The arch in her posture and her squeezing grip on the letter suggest a conflicted emotional state brought on by a likely tangled relationship. ===Popen o Fuku Musume=== thumb|upright|alt= In Popen o Fuku Musume (, "Young woman blowing a poppen glass"), a young woman plays with a —a glass toy that changes sounds depending on whether the breath is blown or sucked through it; the change makes an onomatopoeic po–pen sound. It was an exotic type of toy a sheltered girl from a respectable family could have innocent fun with; she is likely the daughter of a wealthy merchant family. To Japanese art historian Tadashi Kobayshi, "Utamaro has marvelously captured her just when she seems about to achieve a more mature, voluptuous beauty but has yet to lose the innocence and naïveté of childhood. The young woman wears a furisode—a type of kimono worn by young unmarried women. It has a design of scattered cherry blossoms over a red-and- white checkered pattern. == series== Late in his career, Utamaro had another series published in titled Fujin Sōgaku Jittai (). Whereas the older series appears to have been left incomplete, the latter series has a full ten prints. Each comes with a description in its rebus and is signed Kansō Utamaro (, "Utamaro the Physiognomist"). The vertical ōban-size, full-colour nishiki-e prints were published by two firms: those of Tsuruya Kiemon and Yamashiroya Tōemon. The prints issue by Yamashiro have a red outline around the title cartouche and bear his mark . The prints do not bear the titles listed below; they are provided by art historians, and sometimes differ, both in English and Japanese. ===Chōchin wo Motsu Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= Chōchin wo Motsu Onna (, "Woman holding a paper lamp") ===Kamisuki=== thumb|upright|alt= In Kamisuki (, "Combing the hair"), a woman washes and combs her hair over a washbasin. Her nude upper body is exposed. The inscription reads: Japanese text Romanized Japanese English translation : : : : : : : Ten Types in the Physiognomic Study of Women. : She has a nice personal appearance and in all respects is a good type. : In general her passions run deep, but she is no fool to let them run away with her. ===Kanetsuke=== thumb|upright|alt= Kanetsuke (, "Applying ohaguro") ===Enkan wo Motsu Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= Enkan wo Motsu Onna (, "Woman holding a pipe") ===Kazaguruma=== thumb|upright|alt= Kazaguruma (, "Pinwheel") ===Mayusori=== thumb|upright|alt= Mayusori (, "Shaving eyebrows") ===Usu wo Hiku Onna=== thumb|upright|alt= In Usu wo Hiku Onna (, "Woman grinding a mortar"), also called Hiki-usu (, "stone mortar; millstone"), a woman with her hair wrapped in a towel works a millstone while laughing at something. The inscription reads: Japanese text Romanized Japanese English translation : : : : : : : Ten Types in the Physiognomic Study of Women. : This is a very quiet type by nature. : Her physiognomy is good and she is diligent in all things; something rare in a young woman. ===Nozoki-megane=== thumb|upright|alt= In Nozoki-megane (, "Peep-box"), also called Kawayurashiki no sō (), a woman looks inside a magic lantern–like device. The inscription reads: Japanese text Romanized Japanese English translation : : : : : : : Ten Types in the Physiognomic Study of Women. : Far better than the exterior would suggest, and having a cute and kind exterior that does not appear on the surface, : this is an incredibly delightful physiognomic type. ===Fumi- kakushi=== thumb|upright|alt= Fumi-kakushi (, "Hiding a letter") ===Fumi- yomi=== thumb|upright|alt= Fumi-yomi (, "Reading a letter") ==Notes== ==References== ===Works cited=== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Category:Works by Kitagawa Utamaro |
Aarakshan () is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language drama film starring Amitabh Bachchan, Saif Ali Khan, Manoj Bajpayee, Deepika Padukone, and Prateik Babbar. Directed by Prakash Jha, the film is a socio-political drama based on the controversial policy of caste based reservations in Indian government jobs and educational institutions. The film was released on 12 August 2011 to mostly mixed reviews. It was a Below Average at the box office. ==Plot== In 2008, Deepak Kumar (Saif Ali Khan) an MSc topper, is at an interview for the teacher's post at an affluent school. The interviewers turn him down when they discover his low-caste roots. Deepak relates the incident to his mentor, Dr. Prabhakar Anand (Amitabh Bachchan). Dr Anand, the legendary principal of renowned STM college, where Deepak studied, offers Deepak an interim job as a teacher at STM. Deepak is comforted by his friend, Sushant (Prateik Babbar), an upper-caste boy, and his girlfriend Poorvi (Deepika Padukone), who is Dr. Anand's daughter. The state minister, Baburam, wishes to enroll his no-good nephew at STM. Dr. Anand however, turns him down. The minister decides to install his own man, Mithilesh Singh (Manoj Bajpayee), on the STM college board. Cunning and greedy, Mithilesh seeks only to enrich himself. The minister's grand ambition is to build a multi-billion educational conglomerate, and plans to use Mithilesh's outside business—a coaching class—for it. The Supreme Court grants reservations for Other Backward Classes. A large crowd of STM students, boisterously celebrating the ruling, arrive at the gates of STM and start a ruckus. Sushant gathers a group of upper-caste boys and tries to drive off the revellers. Dr. Anand hauls Deepak and Sushant, but is shocked to find that Deepak has turned on him. Poorvi later confronts Deepak and orders him to apologise to her father, but he refuses, leading to their break-up. The backward classes welcome reservations because it provides additional opportunities for education. The upper classes are against reservations because they do not believe in effectiveness of Reservation System. These arguments are played out between Sushant and Deepak. The moderate STM administrators are afraid that college-level reservations may create conflicts between the students. When asked by a reporter, Dr. Anand shares his personal opinion – that some form of reservation, free of politics and economics, is good for society. The next day's headlines scream that Dr. Anand favours reservations. The STM board is outraged; Dr. Anand is warned that Mithilesh will use this to oust him. Dr. Anand resigns from STM, and Mithilesh is appointed as the new principal. Sushant soon realizes that Dr. Anand's intention is not bad and that he does not have caste feeling. Dr. Anand to his shock finds that his house is being used for K.K coaching classes, which is linked to Mithilesh. Earlier Dr. Anand signs an agreement that he will be the guarantee for the bank loan taken by his friend, and allows his friend's sons to stay in that house for 2 years but they use it to earn money by allowing K.K coaching classes inside the house. Dr. Anand's house lands in civil court case and no lawyer is ready to go against Mithilesh. Meanwhile, Deepak who is in United States finds that Dr. Anand has resigned from STM, immediately comes to India, enraged Deepak goes to that house and takes law into his own hands by trying to evacuate people related to K.K coaching classes. Police arrest Deepak, but later Deepak is released on bail by Sushant. Dr Anand resolves to take out Mithilesh with the only weapon left: teaching. He approaches his friend, Shambhu the cowherd, and takes shelter at the (cowshed). He begins teaching small groups of needy and backward students from the (nearby neighbourhood), at the cowshed. His first success is Muniya (Aanchal Munjal), Shambhu's daughter who comes in first place at the board exam. Muniya's principal offers to send more students to Dr. Anand's school. Deepak and Sushant return to Dr. Anand and join forces, teaching at the ta school. The students fare much better at the exams than their classmates. The school's reputation grows and begins to draw away students at Mithilesh's coaching class. Mithilesh responds by obtaining a legal permit to demolish the cowshed. The situation is diffused by the arrival of Shakuntala Tai, the reclusive magnate who started the STM institutions. She calls the chief minister, who promptly averts the destruction of the cowshed. Mithilesh is dismissed, and Dr. Anand is installed as the chief trustee of the STM and lifelong principal of the newly created STM Remedial Center. ==Cast== * Amitabh Bachchan as Dr. Prabhakar Anand * Saif Ali Khan as Deepak Kumar * Manoj Bajpayee as Mithilesh Kumar Singh, the main antagonist * Deepika Padukone as Poorvi Anand * Prateik Babbar as Sushant Seth * Tanvi Azmi as Kavita Anand, Dr. Prabhakar's wife * Mukesh Tiwari as ACP Shaktinath Thakur * Yashpal Sharma as Shambhunath Yadav * Darshan Jariwala as Anirudh Prasad Chaudhary * Rajeev Verma as Damodar Seth, Sushant's father * Saurabh Shukla as Education Minister Baburam Tiwari * Sonal Jha as Shanti Bua * Amitosh Nagpal as Panditji * Hema Malini as Shakuntala Thakral (Tai), Central Minister (special appearance) *Anita Kanwar as Mrs. Kantaprasad * Chetan Pandit as Professor Dinkar * Indira Tiwari as Tabela Topper Student * Vinay Apte as local MLA * Anita Kanwal * S. M. Zaheer * Aanchal Munjal as Muniya S. Yadav * Rahul Daksh as Surendar * Sumeet Vyas as Teacher * Sachin Chaubey * Amit Singh Thakur as Principal * Deepraj Rana as Sanjay Tandon * Bikramjeet Kanwarpal ==Production== Shooting began on 15 January 2011. Director Prakash Jha finished casting but the male lead was not finalised. Ajay Devgan was first considered for the role, however Ajay had many other projects in hand, including Golmaal 3 and Singham. So Jha decided to cast Saif Ali Khan. Khan found it very hard to juggle between two films at once because he had to learn Sanskrit for his role in the film. Bachchan and Saif Ali Khan learnt teaching skills in mathematics from Bihar's Super 30 founder Anand Kumar. Most of the film's shooting took place in Minal Residency, Oriental College, Upper Lake in Bhopal. The shooting finished in early March 2011. ==Reception== ===Critical reception=== Aarakshan mostly garnered mixed reviews. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated it with 4 stars and said – "On the whole, Aarakshan communicates an engaging story with very relatable characters. It's a movie that is truly inspiring and thought-provoking, but at the same time, its running time [almost 2.45 hours] is a deterrent.(...) Aarakshan not only works as a film, but also as a tool to drive home a forceful message. It's a daring, heroic, commanding and an engaging film that shouldn't be missed!". He also praised the performance of the leads. Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave it 3 stars and said – "Sad. Because as a film on the issue of reservation, Aarakshan was rocking till the first half. But as an omnibus on the travails of India's education system, it flounders into no-man's land. Watch it for the intermittent high drama and the gritty performances, scattered as they are." Shivesh Kumar of IndiaWeekly awarded the movie 3 out of 5 stars. Dainik Bhaskar awarded three stars in their review and wrote – "Watch it for the conflicts between the characters and an outstanding performance by Amitabh Bachchan. On the flipside, if you expect drama and finesse that you witnessed in Prakash Jha's last release 'Rajneeti', you will be disappointed." Vandana Krishnan from Behindwoods rated it 1.5/5 and said that the film represents "Great bottle bad wine" further citing "Overall, the film falls short of the expectations the trailer, start cast and story had created." Saibal Chatterjee from NDTV gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and said: "Given all the pre-release brouhaha over its emotive subject matter (leading to several states banning its public screening), Aarakshan is quite a copout. It ends up being more about the depredations of the nation’s education mafia than the vexed question of job and college quotas for backward caste candidates and its fallout. The basic premise is rooted in the real world all right and the film might touch some raw nerves. But the dramatisation of the conflict over the quota raj that divides India down the middle tends to border on the excessively shrill, if not completely shallow." Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) chairman Leela Samson said that Aarakshan was a good film about education but "unfortunately hit troubled political situations". The controversial film has received a compliment from unlikely quarters in Chhattisgarh with the state Scheduled Tribes Commission seeking a tax-free status for the Amitabh Bachchan starrer. Sukanya Venkatraghavan of Filmfare gave it 2 stars out of 5, stating "The problem with Aarakshan is its meandering graph. It starts off solidly enough, keeping up a pace that will engross you until interval time except for two totally unnecessary songs. From there on, the film sheds its theme of ideals and becomes a one on one contest that, to put it really tritely, is a tug of war between two coaching classes. The dialogue is strong and opinionated and actors like Saif Ali Khan and Manoj Bajpai do everything to get you to like the film (...)Aarakshan has all the right intentions but it is a tad confusing in its stance. Of course ultimately it shows the triumph of selfless dedication to the cause of education and there is no faulting that. One does walk away with some reservations though." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave it 2 out of 5 stars, calling it "a deathly boring slog" and adding: "With so much to say, the movie drags on endlessly, with over-written scenes, over- the-top emotions and dialogues that are so heavy, they end up being inaccessible. Of the performances, every actor seems to go through the motions and only Manoj Bajpai inserts some spark onto the screen. 'Aarakshan' is well- intentioned, but you can't shake off the feeling that you're trapped by a three-hour-long tirade. I'm going with a generous two out of five for Prakash Jha's 'Aarakshan'. If you don't want to be lectured, stay at home." ==Box office== thumb|left|Amitabh Bachchan at the promotion of Aarakshan at Mehboob Studio, Mumbai ===India=== Aarakshan released in 1085 cinemas across India. The film saw 50–70% occupancy on its first day of release, while in Delhi, it opened at around 60–70%. The film's business was affected due to the bans imposed on its screening in Punjab, UP and Andhra. It went on to collect Rs 44.7 million on the first day. The opening weekend collections of the film were around Rs 183.3 million. The film grossed Rs 375.3 million net on Indian box office in two weeks. Aarakshan added around Rs 30 million net in its third week to go to Rs 405.0 million net in three weeks. The film added Rs 5.8 millions net in India to go to Rs 423.8 million net in four weeks. The film added Rs 500,000 net in India to go to Rs 424.3 million net in five weeks. ===Overseas=== Moreover, the film fared poorly in the overseas markets. It grossed £76,000 in the United Kingdom, $345,000 in North America, $190,000 in UAE and $82,000 in Australia, taking its total overseas gross to $900,000 over its first weekend. In its third weekend, the film collected £13,085 on 42 screens at the UK box office with a total of £ [approx. Rs 12.7 million], Australian $ [approx. Rs 6926,000] in two weeks at the Australian box office. Aarakshan's total worldwide net collections after three weeks were Rs 645 million making it a below average movie. ==Soundtrack== The soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. The album consists of six tracks. The soundtrack features the vocal talents of Mohit Chauhan, Shreya Ghoshal, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Raman Mahadevan, Shankar Mahadevan and classical singer Channulal Mishra. The concept of the song "Kaun Si Dor" was from Prasoon Joshi, the songwriter of the album who came up with the first lines of the song. The trio then went on to develop the song and roped in Channulal Mishra, who agreed to sing the song as per their request. The soundtrack was released on 11 July 2011. ===Reception=== Upon release, the album received generally mixed reviews from the critics. Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood hungama gave it 2 out of 5 stars and said: "Aarakshan doesn't boast of the kind of score that has in it to make waves commercially since almost all songs mainly have a situational appeal to them. Yes, at least 'Achha Lagta Hai' is good that prevents Aarakshan from becoming totally forgettable. However despite low expectations from the soundtrack here, the end result is far more being satisfactory." Planet Bollywood felt that Prasoon Joshi – Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy "failed to create the same magic as in Taare Zameen Par." Sheetal Tiwari of Bollyspice, in her review, described the soundtrack as "brilliant with an astounding lyrical quality." She also praised the composer trio for "their versatility to compose for any subject." It won the Best song award for "Mauka" in IRDS Film awards 2011 by Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Lucknow-based Civil society for depicting the contradictory positions being taken on reservation by its opponents and supporters == Accolades == Award Ceremony Category Recipient Result Ref.(s) 4th Mirchi Music Awards Upcoming Music Composer of The Year Prasoon Joshi - "Saans Albeli" ==Controversy== In early May 2011, civic authorities in Bhopal bulldozed the sets of Aarakshan because it was erected on disputed land. Some pro-Dalit groups in Kanpur protested Saif Ali Khan being cast in the role of a Dalit. They objected to the actor's royal background and saw his role of a so- called Dalit as an insult to the community. The film was banned in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh before its theatrical release. The Punjab government banned the film on fears that certain scenes and dialogues in the film may inflame the passion of some communities in Punjab. Mayawati government banned the film in UP for two months on grounds that it could create law and order problem in the state. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) viewed the movie after getting complaints of its objectionable content. "While the overall theme of the film is not objectionable, it is loaded with anti-Dalit and anti-reservation dialogues," said NCSC chairman P.L. Punia. However, the Board, which granted the film a U/A certification, said it would defend Jha's right to free expression. In reply to this, the director decided to remove 'objectionable' scenes from the film in a bid to prevent further backlash. Prakash Jha and producers of Aarakshan moved the Supreme Court to lift the ban on the film in the three states. Supreme Court lifted the ban on Aarakshan in Uttar Pradesh later. Apart from the aforementioned announced bans, there was an unexpected mid screening ban on the film in the multiplexes of Gurgaon, on the night of its release. ==References== ==External links== * * * * * * Category:2011 films Category:2010s political drama films Category:2010s Hindi-language films Category:Works about reservation in India Category:Films directed by Prakash Jha Category:Films about the caste system in India Category:Films about corruption in India Category:Films about the education system in India Category:Indian political drama films Category:Reliance Entertainment films Category:2011 drama films Category:Hindi-language drama films |
American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish is the recipient of several awards and nominations, including seven Grammy Awards, six MTV Video Music Awards, three Billboard Music Awards, three Brit Awards, two Teen Choice Awards, four Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a People's Choice Award, as well as an Academy Award (Oscar). Awarded 4 iHeartRadio Music Awards along with the accomplishment of reaching 1 Billion Total Audience Spins for “bad guy”. In 2019, Eilish received two Guinness World Records, "Most simultaneous US Hot 100 entries by a female" and "Youngest female at No.1 on UK albums chart". __TOC__ ==Awards and nominations== Name of the award ceremony, year presented, nominee(s) of the award, award category, and the result of the nomination Award ceremony Year Category Work Result Academy Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" American Music Awards 2019 New Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Favorite Social Artist Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist Favorite Alternative Artist Favorite Music Video "Bad Guy" Favorite Pop/Rock Album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2020 Favorite Alternative Artist Billie Eilish Favorite Social Artist AMFT Awards 2019 Song of the Year "Bad Guy" Record of the Year Best Surround Audio Album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Annie Awards 2023 Outstanding Achievement for Music in a Feature Production Turning Red (Billie Eilish, Finneas O'Connell, Ludwig Göransson) Apple Music Awards 2019 Global Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Songwriter of the Year Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? ARIA Charts Awards 2019 Official Number 1 Single Award "Bad Guy" Official Number 1 Album Award When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2020 International Artist of the Year Billie Eilish 2021 Official Number 1 Album Award Happier Than Ever ARIA Music Awards 2019 Best International Artist When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2022 Happier Than Ever ASCAP Pop Music Awards 2019 Vanguard Award Billie Eilish & Finneas 2020 Award Winning Songs "Bad Guy" 2021 "Everything I Wanted" 2022 "Therefore I Am" ASCAP Screen Music Awards 2022 Top Streaming Films Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2018 Best Social Media Star Billie Eilish 2019 Best International Solo Artist Best Single "Bad Guy" Billboard Live Music Awards 2019 Concert and Marketing Promotions Uber Eats x Khalid x Billie Eilish Activation at South by South Billboard Music Awards 2020 Top Artist Billie Eilish Top New Artist Top Female Artist Top Billboard 200 Artist Top Hot 100 Artist Top Streaming Songs Artist Top Song Sales Artist Top Social Artist Top Billboard 200 Album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Top Hot 100 Song "Bad Guy" Top Streaming Song Top Selling Song 2021 Top Female Artist Billie Eilish Billboard Women in Music 2019 Women of the Year Billie Eilish Bravo Otto 2020 Best International Singer Billie Eilish 2021 2022 Brit Awards 2020 International Female Solo Artist Billie Eilish 2021 2022 International Artist of the Year International Song of the Year "Happier Than Ever" British LGBT Awards 2019 LGBT+ Music Artist Billie Eilish Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity 2022 Entertainment Lions For Music (Music Content) Billie Eilish x Beat Saber (Meta Quest [fka Oculus]) Entertainment (Talent) Billie X Adobe Partnership Capri Hollywood International Film Festival 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" CD Shop Awards 2020 Western Music When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? CEW Beauty Creator Awards 2022 Women's Scent Eilish Eau de Parfum Chicago Indie Critics Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Cinema Eye Honors Awards 2022 Audience Choice Prize Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry Clio Awards 2022 Other (Print & Out Of Home Craft) Billie Eilish x Beat Saber (Meta Quest [fka Oculus]) 2023 Film - Scripted (Branded Entertainment & Content) The Simpsons - When Billie Met Lisa Clio Music Awards 2019 Music Videos (Film/Video) "When the Party's Over" Event Design (Design) Billie Eilish Experience (Spotify In House) 61 Seconds to Five Minutes (Use of Music) Share Your Gifts (Apple) 2022 31 seconds to 60 seconds (Film/Video) Billie X Adobe: Create What’s True To You (Adobe) Visual Effects (Film/Video Craft) Out of Home (Design) Billie Eilish x Beat Saber (Meta Quest [fka Oculus]) Posters & Printed Materials (Design) 61 Seconds to Five Minutes (Film/Video) Brand and Artist Collaboration Integrated Campaign (Integrated Campaign) Critics Association of Central Florida 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Critics' Choice Movie Awards 2022 Best Song "No Time to Die" D&AD; Awards 2022 Sound Design & Use of Music (Existing Music) Billie Eilish x Beat Saber Danish Music Awards 2019 Foreign Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2020 Foreign Hit of the Year "Everything I Wanted" Denver Film Critics Society 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" DiscussingFilm Critic Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Environmental Media Awards 2022 EMA Missions in Music Award Billie Eilish & Maggie Baird Emma Gaala 2020 Best-Selling Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? FiFi Awards (United States) 2022 Fragrance of the Year - Popular Eilish Eau de Parfum Consumer Choice - Women's Popular 2023 Eilish No. 2 Eau de Parfum Fragrance of the Year - Popular Packaging of the Year - Prestige / Popular FiFi Awards (United Kingdom) 2023 People's Choice Award Eilish Eau de Parfum Best New Fragrance In National Distribution Fonogram - Hungarian Music Awards 2020 International Pop-Rock Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2022 Happier Than Ever Froggie's Picks of the Year Awards 2019 International Song of the Year "Bad Guy" International Female Singer of the Year Billie Eilish 2020 2021 International Song of the Year "Happier Than Ever" 2022 International Female Singer of the Year Billie Eilish GAFFA Awards (Denmark) 2020 International Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? International Hit of the Year "Bad Guy" International Solo Artist of the Year Billie Eilish International New Artist of the Year 2021 International Hit of the Year "No Time to Die" 2022 International Solo Artist of the Year Billie Eilish International Album of the Year Happier Than Ever GAFFA Awards (Sweden) 2019 International New Act of the Year Billie Eilish 2020 International Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? International Hit of the Year "Bad Guy" International Solo Artist of the Year Billie Eilish 2021 Best Foreign Song "No Time to Die" Gaon Chart Music Awards 2020 International Rising Star of the Year Billie Eilish Gaygalan Awards 2020 Song of the Year "Bad Guy" Georgia Film Critics Association 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" German Sustainability Award 2021 Honorary Award Billie Eilish Global Awards 2020 Best Female Billie Eilish Best Song "Bad Guy" Gold Derby Film Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Gold Derby Music Awards 2021 Record of the Year "Everything I Wanted" Song of the Year Artist of the Year Billie Eilish 2022 Best Rock/Alternative Song "NDA" Best Pop Song "Happier Than Ever" Best Music Video Song of the Year Record of the Year Album of the Year Happier Than Ever Best Pop Album Best Pop Artist Billie Eilish 2023 Golden Globe Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Grammy Awards 2020 Best New Artist Billie Eilish Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Best Pop Vocal Album Record of the Year "Bad Guy" Song of the Year Best Pop Solo Performance 2021 Record of the Year "Everything I Wanted" Song of the Year Best Pop Solo Performance Best Song Written for Visual Media "No Time to Die" 2022 Album of the Year Happier Than Ever Best Pop Vocal Album Record of the Year "Happier Than Ever" Song of the Year Best Pop Solo Performance Best Music Video Best Music Film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter To Los Angeles 2023 Billie Eilish Live at the O2 Best Song Written for Visual Media "Nobody Like U" Hawaii Film Critics Society Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" HCA Film Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" HCA Creative Arts Awards 2023 Best Original Song "Nobody Like U" Hit FM Music Awards 2020 New Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Entertainer of the Year Female Artist of the Year Top Ten Singles "Bad Guy" "Bury a Friend" 2021 Best Original Song of the Year "No Time to Die" Live Act of the Year "Everything I Wanted" 2022 Billie Eilish Female Artist of the Year Top Ten Singles "NDA" Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2021 Best Original Song in a Feature Film "No Time to Die" Live Concert for a Visual Medium Billie Eilish live at Global Citizen Festival 2022 Best Original Song in an Animated Film "Nobody Like U" Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Huading Awards 2022 Best Global Original Song "No Time to Die" IFPI Awards 2020 Biggest Global Single of the Year "Bad Guy" iHeartRadio MMVAs 2018 Fan Fave New Artist Billie Eilish iHeartRadio Music Awards 2019 Best New Rock/Alternative Artist Billie Eilish 2020 Female Artist of the Year Alternative Rock Artist of the Year Song of the Year "Bad Guy" Alternative Rock Song of the Year Best Lyrics Best Music Video Best Remix "Bad Guy (Remix)" (with Justin Bieber) Alternative Rock Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2021 Female Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Alternative Rock Artist of the Year Alternative Rock Song of the Year "Everything I Wanted" Best Lyrics 2022 Alternative Album of the Year Happier Than Ever Alternative Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Best Lyrics "Your Power" “Happier Than Ever” iHeartRadio Titanium Awards 2021 One Billion Total Audience Spins "Bad Guy" International Film Society Critics Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" 2023 "Nobody Like U" International Online Cinema Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Halfway Award - Best Original Song "Nobody Like U" Iowa Film Critics Association 2022 Best Song "No Time to Die" Joox Indonesia Music Awards 2021 International Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Joox Malaysia Music Awards 2020 Top 5 International Artists of the Year Top 5 International Songs of the Year "No Time to Die" Juno Awards 2020 International Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Latino Entertainment Journalists Association Film Awards 2022 Best Song Written for a Film "No Time to Die" LOS40 Music Awards 2019 Best International New Artist Billie Eilish Best International Album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Best International Video "Bad Guy" Love Perfume Awards 2022 Best Celeb Launch Eilish Eau de Parfum Best Design Melon Music Awards 2019 Top 10 Artists Billie Eilish Best Pop Song "Bad Guy" Best Song Meus Prêmios Nick 2020 Favorite International Artist Billie Eilish Fandom of the Year Favorite International Hit "Everything I Wanted" MTV Europe Music Awards 2019 Best Song "Bad Guy" Best Video Best New Act Billie Eilish Best Push Act Biggest Fans Best US Act 2020 Best Video "Everything I Wanted" 2021 Video for Good "Your Power" 2022 Best US Act Billie Eilish Best Pop MTV Millennial Awards 2019 Global Instagrammer Billie Eilish Global Hit "Bad Guy" 2021 Celebrity Crush Billie Eilish Music-Ship of the Year "Lo Vas a Olvidar" (with Rosalía) 2022 Global Hit "Happier Than Ever" MTV Millennial Awards Brazil 2020 Global Hit "Everything I Wanted" MTV Movie & TV Awards 2021 Best Music Documentary Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry MTV Video Music Awards 2019 Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Best New Artist Push Artist of the Year Video of the Year "Bad Guy" Best Pop Video Best Direction Best Editing Song of Summer Best Visual Effects "When the Party's Over" Best Cinematography "Hostage" 2020 Video of the Year "Everything I Wanted" Song of the Year Video for Good "All the Good Girls Go to Hell" Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects Best Direction "Xanny" 2021 Best Pop "Therefore I Am" Best Cinematography Best Latin "Lo Vas a Olvidar" (with Rosalía) Video for Good "Your Power" Best Direction Song of Summer "Happier Than Ever" 2022 Song of the Year Best Pop Best Direction Best Visual Effects Best Longform Video Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2019 Best New International Artist Video "Bad Guy" Video of the Year 2021 Best International Solo Artist Video "Happier Than Ever" MTV Video Play Awards 2019 Winning Video "Bad Guy" New Music Awards 2020 Top 40 / CHR Song of the Year Bad Guy Top 40 / CHR Female Artist of the Year Billie Eilish 2021 2022 AC Female Artist of the Year Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2019 Favorite Breakout Artist Billie Eilish 2020 Favorite Female Artist Favorite Song "Bad Guy" 2021 Favorite Female Artist Billie Eilish 2022 Favorite Song "Happier Than Ever" Favorite Album Happier Than Ever 2023 Favorite Female Artist Billie Eilish Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards Abu Dhabi 2019 Favorite International Star Billie Eilish NRJ Music Awards 2019 International Breakthrough of the Year Biliie Eilish Video of the Year "Bad Guy" 2020 International Female Artist of the Year Billie Eilish NME Awards Best Album in the World When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Best Song in the World "Bad Guy" Best Solo Act in the World Billie Eilish 2022 Best Festival Headliner Best Music Video "Happier Than Ever" Best Music Film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter To Los Angeles Best Solo Act in the World Billie Eilish Official Charts Company 2019 Official Number 1 Album Award When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 2020 Official Number 1 Single Award "No Time to Die" 2021 Official Number 1 Album Award Happier Than Ever People's Choice Awards 2019 Song of the Year "Bad Guy" Music Video of the Year Album of the Year When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Female Artist of the Year Billie Eilish 2020 2021 Album of the Year Happier Than Ever Pop Special of the Year Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry 2022 Concert Tour of the Year Happier Than Ever, The World Tour Pollstar Awards 2019 Best New Headliner Billie Eilish 2020 Billie Eilish Best Pop Tour When We All Fall Asleep Tour 2021 Best Livestream Event/Virtual Festival Where Do We Go? 2023 Pop Tour of the Year Happier Than Ever, The World Tour Premios MUSA 2021 International Anglo Artist Billie Eilish Premios Odeón 2022 Best International Album Happier Than Ever Q Awards 2019 Best Solo Artist Billie Eilish Best Act in the World Today Best Track "Bad Guy" Best Album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Queerty Awards 2020 Anthem "Bad Guy" REGGIE Awards 2022 Experiential Marketing (Live Events or Installations) Happier Than Ever: The Destination Rockbjörnen 2019 Foreign Song of the Year "Bad Guy" RTHK International Pop Poll Awards 2020 Top Ten International Gold Songs "Bad Guy" Super Gold Song Top Female Artist Billie Eilish 2021 Top Ten International Gold Songs "No Time to Die" "Therefore I Am" 2022 "Happier Than Ever" Top Female Artist Billie Eilish Rolling Stone's International Music Awards 2019 Beginner Sacem Grand Prizes 2020 International Work of the Year Billie Eilish & Finneas Saison Card Tokio Hot 100 Awards 2023 Best International Performance of the Year Billie Eilish Satellite Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Space Shower Music Awards 2019 Best International Artist Billie Eilish Spotify Awards 2019 Most-Streamed Female Artist Most-Streamed Female Artist on Consoles Most-Streamed Female Artist – For Users From 13 to 17 Years Old Most-Streamed Female Artist – For Users From 18 to 29 Years Old Swiss Music Awards 2019 Best International Solo Act Billie Eilish Best International Breaking Act TEC Awards 2019 Outstanding Creative Achievement – Record Production/Single or Track "Bad Guy" 2022 "Lost Cause" Teen Choice Awards 2019 Choice Song: Female Artist "Bad Guy" Choice Female Artist Billie Eilish Choice Breakout Artist Telehit Awards 2019 Best Anglo Video "Bad Guy" Best Anglo Song People's Best Video Best Solo Female Act Billie Eilish The O2 2022 Sustainable First-time Award Billie Eilish Ticketmaster Awards (Germany) 2023 International Live Act of the Year Billie Eilish Ticketmaster Awards (Netherlands) Ticketmaster Awards (Switzerland) Entertainment (2nd) Ticketmaster Awards (United Kingdom) International Live Act of the Year UK Music Video Awards 2019 Best Pop Video – International "When the Party's Over" Universal Music Group x REVERB 2023 Amplifier Award Billie Eilish Variety's Hitmakers Event 2019 Hitmaker of the Year Billie Eilish 2021 Film Song of the Year "No Time to Die" Webby Awards 2022 Trailer (Video) Meta Quest [fka Oculus] - Billie Eilish x Beat Saber Media & Entertainment (Branded) (Video) 2023 General Video - Comedy (Video) The Simpsons - When Billie Met Lisa World Soundtrack Awards 2022 Best Original Song "No Time to Die" Worldwide Radio Summit Industry Awards 2020 Major Artist of the Year Billie Eilish Wowie Awards 2020 Outstanding Songwriter "No Time to Die" 2022 Best Documentary Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry Žebřík Music Awards 2022 Best International Singer (2nd) Billie Eilish Best Video Clip (2nd) Happier Than Ever Best International Composition (3rd) == Other accolades == === World records === Publication Year World record Record holder Guinness World Records 2019 Youngest female at No.1 on UK albums chart Billie Eilish Most simultaneous US Hot 100 entries by a female Youngest artist to be nominated in all four Grammy Award general field categories Most streams on Spotify in one year (female) 2020 Youngest Album of the Year winner at the Grammy Awards Youngest Record of the Year winner at the Grammy Awards Youngest artist to win all four Grammy Award general field categories Youngest solo artist to win Album of the Year at the Grammy Awards First female artist to win all four Grammy Award general field categories at a single ceremony Youngest musician to write and record a James Bond theme song 2021 Most consecutive Record of the Year awards won at the Grammys Most viewed Wikipedia page for a “post-millennial” (“Generation Z”) Most pre-added album on Apple Music Happier Than Ever Most consecutive Grammy nominations for Record of the Year (female) Billie Eilish Most consecutive Grammy nominations for Song of the Year 2022 Youngest winner of Best International Artist of the Year at the BRIT Awards Youngest person to win the film music awards “triple crown” ==Notes== ==References== Awards Eilish, Billie |
The World Rugby Pacific Challenge, formerly the IRB Pacific Rugby Cup, is an annual rugby union football tournament held in Oceania since 2006. It is contested by national 'A' teams (formed from the best locally based players, with most not already on their nations' senior rugby team) from the Asia- Pacific region. The tournament is run by World Rugby (previously IRB) through Oceania Rugby. The original IRB Pacific Rugby Cup featured two teams from each of the three Pacific Island countries of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. The competition followed the completion of Fiji's Colonial Cup, Samoa's National Provincial Championship and Tonga's Provincial Championship and provided player development pathway leading into the IRB Pacific Nations Cup. Since 2011, the tournament has been contested by national 'A' sides, although some matches also featured teams from Super Rugby academies in Australia and New Zealand. Teams from Japan, Argentina and Canada have also joined the tournament to compete with the three Pacific Island countries. ==Teams== The competing national 'A' teams as of the 2018 season were: * Fiji Warriors * * * ==Overall== Summary of all Pacific Challenge winners and runners-up, for tournaments up to and including 2020: ===By team=== Team Tournament wins Runner-up placings Seasons contested 10 3 16 2 0 2 1 2 5 1 0 5 1 0 5 0 5 11 1 3 9 0 1 6 0 1 5 0 1 1 Total 16 16 16 ===By country=== Country Tournament wins Runner-up placings Seasons contested 10 4 16 2 7 16 2 0 2 1 3 9 1 1 16 0 1 1 Total 16 16 16 ==History== === Pacific Island tournament: 2006 to 2010 === 120px|thumbnail| The Pacific Rugby Cup initially featured six representative teams, two from each Pacific Island country: : The format was a single round-robin tournament with the top- placed team hosting a final against the second-placed to decide the title. The Fiji Warriors won the competition twice, the Samoan teams won the Cup once each, and Tautahi Gold also claimed the title once for Tonga. === Pacific Australasian series: 2011 to 2014 === From 2011, the three Pacific Island countries were represented by their national 'A' teams. They were joined by Japan's national 'A' team, Junior Japan, as the fourth core team in 2013. The itinerary included tour matches against Super Rugby academy opposition from Australia and New Zealand and included the following sides: : The tournament was split into three stages with the core Pacific Cup teams playing Super Rugby academies in the first two stages in Australia and New Zealand, respectively. In the third stage, the Pacific Cup teams played each other in a single round robin, home or away, to decide the title. No finals were played and the team finishing on top of the combined table after all stages was the tournament winner. The Fiji Warriors won all three tournaments from 2011 to 2013. The format was expanded again in 2014 with Argentina's Pampas XV and four Australian academy teams joining the competition as core teams competing with the Pacific A sides. The New Zealand development teams did not participate in 2014 and the tournament was held entirely in Australia. Two pools were formed as follows: : A single round robin was played in each pool with the top ranked sides from each playing in the final. The Pampas XV defeated Reds A in the final held in Sydney to win the title. Fiji Warriors defeated Samoa A in the play-off for third place. ===Pacific Challenge: 2015 onward=== The Pacific Rugby Cup was restyled as the "Pacific Challenge" in 2015 and held in Fiji. It returned to a being a tournament solely for national 'A' teams, with replacing the Australian academy teams. The Pampas XV won again in 2015 but were replaced by Junior Japan for the following season. The Fiji Warriors won the next four tournaments at home before their dominance was broken by Junior Japan defeating them at Suva to take the 2020 Pacific Challenge title. After a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament returned to Apia Park, Samoa in 2023. ;Notes : Japan A, Force A, Rebel Rising, and the Brisbane and Sydney Academies joined in 2013. : The Blues and Highlanders development teams featured in 2012 and 2013. : The Pacific stage was cancelled in 2013 to allow Fiji, Samoa and Tonga to maximise preparations for the end-of-year tours.IRB cancels Pacific leg. Fiji Times, 29 August 2013. ==Winners== Year # of Teams Final Final Final Venue Winner Score Runner-up 2006 6 Savaii Samoa 10–5 Fiji Warriors Marist Grounds, Apia 2007 6 Upolu Samoa 35–15 Tau'uta Reds Teufaiva Stadium, Nukuʻalofa 2008 6 Tautahi Gold 11–3 Upolu Samoa Apia Park, Apia 2009 6 Fiji Warriors 19–7 Upolu Samoa Apia Park, Apia 2010 6 Fiji Warriors 26–17 Fiji Barbarians National Stadium, Suva 2011 3 Fiji Warriors round robin various 2012 3 Fiji Warriors round robin various 2013 4 Fiji Warriors round robin various 2014 9 Pampas XV 36–21 Queensland A TG Millner Field, Sydney 2015 6 Pampas XV 17–9 Fiji Warriors National Stadium, Suva 2016 4 Fiji Warriors 36–0 National Stadium, Suva 2017 4 Fiji Warriors round robin National Stadium, Suva 2018 4 Fiji Warriors round robin National Stadium, Suva 2019 4 Fiji Warriors round robin National Stadium, Suva 2020 4 round robin Fiji Warriors National Stadium, Suva Not contested 2021–2022 Not contested 2021–2022 Not contested 2021–2022 Not contested 2021–2022 Not contested 2021–2022 Not contested 2021–2022 2023 4 Fiji Warriors round robin Apia Park, Apia ==Tournaments== Teams listed are those that qualified for the Pacific Rugby Cup final matches (for seasons without a final, the core teams are shown). Results of the final matches are written so that the score of the team in each row is mentioned first. Legend Pacific Rugby Cup winner. Pos = Log Position, P = Games Played, W = Games Won, D = Games Drawn, L = Games Lost, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Diff = Points Difference, TB = Try Bonus Points, LB = Losing Bonus Points, BP = Bonus Points, Pts = Log Points, Refs = References Grand Final winner. ===Pacific Challenge: 2015 to 2020=== Contested by the national 'A' teams of Fiji, Japan, Samoa, and Tonga. Canada A along with Argentina's Pampas XV also competed in 2015. : Pacific Rugby Challenge winner and runner-up Year Duration Pos Team Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Play-offs Refs Year Duration Pos Team Pld W D L F A Diff TB LB Pts Final Refs 2020 6 March to 14 March 1 Junior Japan 3 3 0 0 143 25 +118 2 0 14 – 2020 6 March to 14 March 2 Fiji Warriors 3 2 0 1 88 26 +62 2 0 10 – 2019 8 March to 16 March 1 Fiji Warriors 3 3 0 0 170 54 +116 3 0 15 – 2019 8 March to 16 March 2 Junior Japan 3 2 0 1 94 97 −3 3 0 11 – 2018 9 March to 17 March 1 Fiji Warriors 3 3 0 0 118 31 +87 3 0 15 – 2018 9 March to 17 March 2 Junior Japan 3 2 0 1 77 77 0 2 0 10 – 2017 10 March to 18 March 1 Fiji Warriors 3 3 0 0 125 71 +54 2 0 15 – 2017 10 March to 18 March 2 Junior Japan 3 2 0 1 92 103 −11 2 0 10 – 2016 8 March to 21 March 1 Fiji Warriors 3 3 0 0 134 34 +100 3 0 15 36–0 2016 8 March to 21 March 2 Samoa A 3 2 0 1 98 56 +42 2 0 10 0–36 2015 10 March to 23 March 1A Pampas XV 3 3 0 0 89 42 +47 2 0 14 17–9 2015 10 March to 23 March 1B Fiji Warriors 3 2 0 1 145 42 +103 2 1 11 9–17 : Competition rules Points breakdown: 4 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 bonus point for a loss by seven points or less 1 bonus point for scoring four or more tries in a match Classification: Teams standings are calculated as follows: Most log points accumulated from all matches Most log points accumulated in matches between tied teams Highest difference between points scored for and against accumulated from all matches Most points scored accumulated from all matches ===Pacific Australasian series: 2011 to 2014=== Contested by the national 'A' teams of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Japan A joined as a core team in 2013. The core teams played against Super Rugby academy opposition from Australia and New Zealand before meeting each other in a single round robin to decide the title. No finals were played and team finishing on top of the table after all matches were completed was the tournament winner. In 2014, Argentina's Pampas XV and four Australian Academy sides were added as core teams. Two pools were formed and a single round robin played in each. The top ranked sides in each pool played off in the final for the title and the second ranked teams played off for third place. : 2011-2014 Pacific Rugby Cup finalists. Year Duration Pos Team Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Play-offs Refs Year Duration Pos Team Year Duration Pos Team \--> Pld W D L F A Diff Refs TB LB Pts Final 2014 21 February to 23 March 1B Pampas XV 4 4 0 0 148 83 65 3 0 19 36–21 2014 21 February to 23 March 1A Reds A 3 2 0 1 126 55 71 2 1 11 21–36 2014 21 February to 23 March 2A Fiji Warriors 3 2 0 1 154 59 95 2 1 11 2014 21 February to 23 March 2B Tonga A 4 2 0 2 96 115 -19 1 0 9 2013 1 March to 7 April 1 Fiji Warriors 6 2 2 2 118 155 -37 2 0 14 – 2013 1 March to 7 April 2 Samoa A 6 2 0 4 134 198 -64 1 1 10 – 2013 1 March to 7 April 3 Junior Japan 6 0 0 6 140 361 -221 3 0 3 – 2013 1 March to 7 April 4 Tonga A 6 0 0 6 73 306 -233 0 0 0 – 2012 24 February to 19 October 1 Fiji Warriors 8 7 0 1 205 165 40 3 0 31 – 2012 24 February to 19 October 2 Samoa A 8 3 0 5 191 238 -47 0 1 13 – 2012 24 February to 19 October 3 Tonga A 8 1 1 6 72 253 -181 0 0 6 – 2011 19 February to 26 March 1 Fiji Warriors 8 4 0 4 144 201 -57 0 1 17 – 2011 19 February to 26 March 2 Samoa A 8 3 0 5 135 171 -36 1 2 15 – 2011 19 February to 26 March 3 Tonga A 8 2 1 5 133 233 -100 0 1 11 – : Competition rules Points breakdown: 4 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 bonus point for a loss by seven points or less 1 bonus point for scoring four or more tries in a match Classification: Teams standings are calculated as follows: Most log points accumulated from all matches Most log points accumulated in matches between tied teams Highest difference between points scored for and against accumulated from all matches Most points scored accumulated from all matches Notes: ===Pacific Island tournament: 2006 to 2010=== For the first five seasons, the tournament was contested by six teams; two each from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. The format consisted of a single round-robin, home or away, and the teams finishing in the first two positions on the table played in a final, hosted by the top ranked team, to decide the Pacific Rugby Cup title. : 2006-2010 Pacific Rugby Cup finalists. Year Duration Pos Team Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Pool matches Play-offs Refs Year Duration Pos Team Year Duration Pos Team \--> Pld W D L PF PA Refs Diff BP Pts Final 2010 5 May to 29 May 1 Fiji Warriors 5 4 0 1 155 73 82 3 19 26–17 2010 5 May to 29 May 2 Fiji Barbarians 5 4 0 1 145 116 29 3 19 17–26 2009 24 April to 29 May 1 Upolu Samoa 5 4 0 1 114 84 30 1 17 7–19 2009 24 April to 29 May 2 Fiji Warriors 5 3 0 2 168 89 79 5 17 19–7 2008 18 April to 24 May 1 Upolu Samoa 5 4 0 1 90 49 41 1 17 3–11 2008 18 April to 24 May 2 Tautahi Gold 5 3 0 2 97 75 22 1 13 11–3 2007 31 March to 5 May 1 Tau'uta Reds 5 4 0 1 108 102 6 1 17 15–35 2007 31 March to 5 May 2 Upolu Samoa 5 3 0 2 112 114 −2 3 15 35–15 2006 15 April to 20 May 1 Savaii Samoa 5 4 0 1 120 81 39 2 18 10–5 2006 15 April to 20 May 2 Fiji Warriors 5 3 1 1 112 72 40 2 17 5–10 : Competition rules Points breakdown: 4 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 bonus point for a loss by seven points or less 1 bonus point for scoring four or more tries in a match Classification: Teams standings are calculated as follows: Most log points accumulated from all matches Most log points accumulated in matches between tied teams Highest difference between points scored for and against accumulated from all matches Most points scored accumulated from all matches : 2006-2010 Overall pool match results. Team Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Diff BP Points Fiji Warriors 25 13 1 11 598 428 170 14 68 Savaii Samoa 25 14 0 11 521 451 70 11 67 Upolu Samoa 25 13 1 11 491 482 9 9 63 Tau'uta Reds 25 12 1 12 455 438 17 8 58 Fiji Barbarians 25 11 1 13 464 592 −128 12 58 Tautahi Gold 25 10 0 15 425 568 −143 7 47 ==See also== * Pacific Nations Cup ==References== ==External links== * Oceania Rugby official website Pacific Challenge Pacific Challenge Category:Rugby union competitions for provincial teams |
The Hudson Theatre is a Broadway theater at 139–141 West 44th Street, between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. One of the oldest surviving Broadway venues, the Hudson was built from 1902 to 1903. The exterior was designed by J. B. McElfatrick & Son, while Israels & Harder oversaw the completion of the interior. The theater has 970 seats across three levels. Both the exterior and interior of the theater are New York City designated landmarks, and the theater is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Hudson Theatre's massing consists of two primary rectangular sections, both of which are clad in tan brick with Flemish bond. The main entrance is through a four-story wing on 44th Street, while the auditorium is housed in the rear along 45th Street. The first story of the 44th Street wing contains an entrance vestibule, ticket lobby, and main lobby, while the other stories contained offices. The auditorium consists of a ground-level orchestra and two overhanging balconies, with boxes at the first balcony level. The lobbies and auditorium are ornately decorated in the Beaux- Arts Classical style, while the backstage facilities are more simply decorated. The theater is flanked by the two wings of the Millennium Times Square New York hotel, of which it is part. The Hudson was originally operated by Henry B. Harris, who died in the 1912 sinking of the Titanic. His widow Renee Harris continued to operate the Hudson until the Great Depression. It then served as a network radio studio for CBS from 1934 to 1937 and as an NBC television studio from 1949 to 1960. The Hudson operated intermittently as a Broadway theater until the 1960s and subsequently served as an adult film theater, a movie theater, and the Savoy nightclub. The Millennium Times Square New York hotel was built around the theater during the late 1980s, and the Hudson Theatre was converted into the hotel's event space. The Hudson Theatre reopened as a Broadway theater in 2017 and is operated by the Ambassador Theatre Group; the physical structure is owned by Millennium & Copthorne Hotels. ==Site== The Hudson Theatre is on 139–141 West 44th Street,; between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue near Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is between the two wings of the Millennium Times Square New York hotel, of which the Hudson Theatre is technically part. While the primary elevation of the facade is along 44th Street, there is a rear elevation extending north to 45th Street. The theater's land lot originally carried the addresses 139 West 44th Street and 136–144 West 45th Street. It had a frontage of on 44th Street and on 45th Street, with a depth of between the two streets. The modern hotel's lot includes the theater. The lot covers , with a frontage of on 44th Street and a depth of . On the same block, 1530 Broadway is to the west and the Hotel Gerard and Belasco Theatre are to the east. Other nearby buildings include the High School of Performing Arts to the northeast, the Lyceum Theatre and 1540 Broadway to the north, One Astor Plaza to the west, 1500 Broadway to the southwest, and the Chatwal New York hotel and the Town Hall to the south. Generally, the area includes residential or commercial buildings that are much larger than the Hudson Theatre. Just before the Hudson Theater's development at the beginning of the 20th century, the portion of the site on 45th Street had belonged to Paul J. Crovat, while the 44th Street portion was owned by the estate of Joseph Deutsch. ==Design== The Hudson Theatre was designed in the Beaux-Arts style and constructed from 1902 to 1903.; The architectural firm of J. B. McElfatrick & Son was the original architect, but the firm of Israels & Harder oversaw the completion of the design.; It is not known why the plans were changed. McElfatrick was a prominent theater architect, but Charles Henry Israels and Julius F. Harder are not known to have designed any other theaters.; Plans indicate that McElfatrick designed the facade while Israels and Harder designed the interior. === Facade === The Hudson Theatre's massing consists of two primary rectangular sections: a narrow entrance to the south on 44th Street, as well as the auditorium on 45th Street. Both the 44th and 45th Street elevations are clad in tan brick with Flemish bond. The four-story 44th Street elevation is the more ornate street frontage, being the primary entrance.; The five vertical bays are symmetrically arranged, with the three middle bays forming a projecting pavilion, and they are split into three horizontal sections of one, two, and one stories. The facade was deliberately designed to be slightly shorter than its width, referencing the largely residential character of the neighborhood at the time of the theater's opening. The five-story 45th Street elevation is comparatively plain in design and has little decoration.; ==== 44th Street ==== The first-story facade consists of rusticated blocks of limestone, with a water table made of granite. The outermost bays contain wood-and-glass double doors, which are recessed deeply from the facade. Above each of the outer doorways are brackets supporting a cornice, which is topped by a bull's-eye window with cornucopias on either side. The three inner bays contain the theater's main entrance, which is also recessed.; Within the main entrance opening are three sets of wood-and-glass double doors, above which is a wooden transom bar and glass window lights above. The central set of doors has a scroll frame, which is topped by a circular window flanked by oval window lights. A marquee hangs above the inner bays and is supported by tie rods from the third story of the facade. This marquee dates from 1990 but is similar in design to the original marquee. A belt course with small dentils runs above the first floor. thumb|Second- and third-story detail At the second and third stories, four double-height pilasters flank the inner bays, with stylized theatrical-mask motifs at the pilasters' capitals.; The second-story inner bays contain French doors, which open onto wrought-iron balustrades containing motifs of lyres. Above the center bay is a broken pediment shaped as a segmental arch; the center of the pediment contains a male head (probably depicting the god Apollo) and a lyre. The next-from-center bays are topped by plain lintels, as well as console brackets supporting segmental-arched pediments. The outermost bays have double-hung sash windows with limestone surrounds and lintels.; The third-story windows all have limestone surrounds and double-hung sash windows. The third-story windows are smaller than the second-story windows, though the inner windows are wider than the outer ones. Beneath each third-story window sill are corbels. Above the windows is a limestone string course, containing three splayed keys above each window. The center window is topped by a console bracket and a tablet with the word . The third story is topped by a leaf-and- tongue molding (interrupted by the tablet) and a cornice with modillions. The fourth-story windows are sash windows, similar to those on the third story, except that the three middle windows are flanked by quoins. Each fourth-story opening is topped by an entablature, containing three splayed keys above each window. The top of the fourth story contains a denticulated stone cornice and a parapet with a metal balustrade. Above the parapet, the outer bays contain piers, while the center bay has an oval shield with consoles and swags. The cornice wrapped around to both the west and east elevations, but only the east cornice return is visible. ==== 45th Street ==== thumb|upright|45th Street elevation of the facade The north elevation is plain in design and is made of tan brick in Flemish bond. The stage house, comprising most of the 45th Street elevation, is flanked by one-bay-wide, five-story-tall galleries. The base of the stage house contains three blind arches, with recessed openings in the two outer arches. The western opening has a stage door. The imposts below the tops of the arches are connected to each other, creating a belt course above the second story. The upper stories of the stage house are also divided into three bays by single and double pilasters. The capitals of these pilasters are topped by Corinthian capitals with mask decorations. Recessed brick panels flank the outer bays. Above the stage house is a metal cornice with a reeded frieze, modillions, and medallions. On either side of the stage house are the galleries. At the first story, there are metal emergency exit doors. The upper stories have double-hung windows with cast stone lintels. A wrought-iron fire escape runs in front of both galleries. The fifth-story windows contain cast- stone lintels, above which are arches and limestone cornices. === Interior === The Hudson Theatre contains multiple interior levels. On 44th Street, the first story contains an entrance, ticket lobby, and main lobby. The second story (once the Dress Circle) was partitioned into offices after the original Broadway theater closed, while the third and fourth stories were divided into apartments. On 45th Street is the stage house, comprising the three-level auditorium, the stage, and backstage facilities. The lobbies and auditorium are ornately decorated in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, while the backstage facilities in the basement, rear, and sides of the theater are simply decorated. The three lobby spaces collectively measure wide and long, wider than any other lobby in New York City when the theater opened in 1903. The lobbies and auditorium contained several hundred concealed lamps, which could be dimmed and which comprised a diffused lighting system. ==== Lobbies ==== ===== Entrance vestibule ===== The rectangular entrance vestibule from 44th Street measures wide by deep. It has green marble paneling on the lowest two- thirds of the room's height. The walls are high and were originally topped by a green frieze; there was also a domed ceiling with electric lights. The west and east walls of the vestibule contain doorways, which were added in 1989 and connect with the hotel wings on either side. The main section of the vestibule has a staircase to the second story, while the eastern section has double doors leading to the third and fourth stories. ===== Ticket lobby ===== thumb|The ticket lobby's chandeliers hang from the coffered ceiling.The ticket lobby is north of the entrance vestibule. It is approached from the vestibule by four sets of double wood-and-glass doors, which contain thresholds of white marble. The ticket lobby has a hand-woven carpet patterned with hexagonal shapes. The walls contain antique dark green marble with gold veining; they are topped by a shallow cornice, entablature, and neoclassical plaster frieze.; The east wall has a box office with two ticket windows, as well as a staircase to the second balcony level of the auditorium. The ticket windows have bronze frames and are flanked by caryatids, which support entablatures above them.; The ticket lobby has a coved plaster ceiling with 264 coffers. The coffers are separated by bands and originally contained mounts for incandescent light bulbs. The light bulbs were removed and replaced with chandeliers at some point after the theater opened. A 1903 news article compared the ticket lobby's ceiling and plaster decorations to the Roman Baths of Titus. ===== Inner lobby ===== thumb|Detail of Tiffany glass dome Four pairs of bronze-and-glass doors lead from the ticket lobby northward to the inner lobby, also referred to as the foyer. The walls contain plasterwork decorations, including vertical pilasters, which support an entablature.; The pilasters were placed on wooden bases and are variously described as being Corinthian or Ionic in style. The pilasters were originally colored ivory, orange, and green. They flank six arches, three each on the east and west walls, which contain foliate spandrels. Five arches contain mirrors, while the rightmost arch on the east wall contains a staircase to the first balcony level. The center arch on the west wall has a fireplace with a carved marble mantelpiece. The New York Times compared the mirrored walls to the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The north wall has a red curtain separating the foyer from the auditorium. Originally, this curtain was green and covered with gold trimming. Wide, ornamented plaster bands divide the ceiling into three sections, each of which has a Tiffany stained-glass dome.; The domes contain gold, green, pink, and turquoise glass pieces, which date from their original installation. The center dome has a chandelier, and ten shallow crystal lamps surround the domes. The ceiling's edges have coffers with three-part stained-glass panels. ==== Auditorium ==== The auditorium has an orchestra level, boxes, two balconies, promenades on the three seating levels, and a large stage behind the proscenium arch. The auditorium's width is slightly greater than its depth, and the auditorium is designed with plaster decorations in high relief. The balcony levels are connected by stairs on either side and by fire stairs outside the auditorium. The auditorium was equipped with 28 emergency exits at its opening, more than in most contemporary venues at the time of its opening. The floor had "mushrooms" for air intake and outflow. Ventilation and heating could both be adjusted to accommodate outside conditions, and a sprinkler system was included in the original design. While these mechanical features have since become standard building-design elements, they were not common at the time of the Hudson Theatre's construction. There were originally 12 restroom stalls in the theater, which were expanded to 27 stalls when the theater reopened in 2017. ===== Seating areas ===== thumb|Seating in the auditorium as seen from the stage area. A first-balcony box is visible at left.The Hudson Theatre was built with a capacity of 1,076 seats. The modern auditorium has 970 seats. Each seat is wide, larger than typical Broadway seats, which typically measure only wide. The seats contain gold-colored cushions with wooden backs and were manufactured by Kirwin & Simpson. The foyer leads directly to a promenade that curves along the rear of the orchestra. The promenade's rear wall is paneled, while its ceiling contains bands and moldings that divide it into multiple sections.; Three tall columns separate the promenade from the orchestra seating. The promenade formerly linked to a women's lounge, with large mirrors, east of the foyer. A marble-and-bronze staircase leads up from the west end of the orchestra promenade to the balconies. A men's lounge existed under the western staircase; it was subsequently converted into restrooms. Similar promenades exist on either balcony level, separated from the seats in front by half-height partitions.; An elevator leads to the Dress Circle level, with steps down to the first balcony, but there is no elevator access to the second balcony. The balcony levels have paneled pilasters on their walls, ornamental moldings on their fronts, and foliate bands on their undersides.; In front of the balconies are yellow and gold moldings with Tiffany mosaic tiles. Unlike other Broadway theaters of the 1900s, the balconies are largely cantilevered rather than being supported on columns. According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), the use of cantilevered balconies strongly suggested that Israels & Harder was responsible for the interior design, since McElfatrick & Son used support columns even after cantilevered balconies were the norm. At the rear of the first balcony, columns with Corinthian capitals support the second balcony. The orchestra has yellow side-walls with paneled pilasters. Near the front of the auditorium are two curved boxes at the first balcony level, one on either side of the auditorium. These boxes are flanked by paired fluted columns and pilasters in the Corinthian style. These columns, in turn, are topped by an entablature containing a frieze with foliate ornament, a cornice with dentils, and cresting. Each frieze has a panel with Tiffany tiles, which were reported in contemporary media as being similar to decorations in the Golden House of Nero. After the Hudson Theatre stopped operating as a Broadway theater, the boxes were turned into kitchen space. ===== Other design features ===== thumb|Side view of the auditorium, with the right-hand boxes at center and the proscenium at left Next to the boxes is the proscenium arch, which consists of a wide, paneled band with a Greek key pattern. The key motifs surrounded light sockets, which have mostly been removed. The proscenium band also contains Tiffany mosaic tiles in green, yellow, and orange colors, as well as mother- of-pearl tiles. A laurel leaf molding surrounds the proscenium band. The stage area extends behind the proscenium arch to the northern wall of the stage house. The orchestra boxes' columns support a sounding board, which curves onto the ceiling above the proscenium arch. Foliate bands and moldings surround the sounding board, form a cove. The sounding board is divided into hexagonal panels with light sockets, though few light bulbs remain. Behind the sounding board, the walls of the second balcony level curve to form the ceiling. There are wide plaster bands, containing moldings and octagonal panels; the moldings divide the ceiling into groined panels with neoclassical foliate decoration. The rear of the ceiling contains plasterwork with light sockets, as well as glazed light bulbs. According to one restoration architect, the pattern of the ceiling inspired a hexagonal motif for the restoration of the theater. ==== Other facilities ==== The basement lies under the entire site and protrudes below 45th Street. Five staircases and one elevator connect the basement to the ground story, while two doors lead to the Millennium Times Square hotel's wings. The doorways from the basement to the hotel were built during the 1990s. After the Hudson reopened as a Broadway theater in 2017, the basement has contains back-of-house facilities, restrooms, and bar space. Before that, it was used as a staff space for the hotel. The spaces had dropped and exposed ceilings, concrete masonry unit blocks, gypsum board walls, and floor finishes from the late 20th century. The second story on the 44th Street wing was once the Hudson Theatre Dress Circle. It was partitioned into offices after the theater originally closed. It is connected to the rest of the theater only by a single staircase from the first floor. The second story has offices for the hotel, which are furnished with gypsum board walls, dropped ceilings, and carpeted floors. The east wall has a stair to the hotel. When the Hudson Theatre reopened in 2017, a VIP lounge was installed on the second story, connecting to the rear of the story. Part of the dress circle was demolished to make way for restroom stalls. The third and fourth stories on 44th Street were refitted with two residential apartments, one on each story, after the theater had closed in the late 20th century. These apartments fell into disrepair but retained many original decorative elements . ==History== === Original Broadway run === Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the Great Depression. Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century.; The Hudson, Lyceum, and New Amsterdam, which all opened in 1903, were among the first theaters to make this shift. From 1901 to 1920, forty-three theaters were built around Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, including the Hudson Theatre.; The theater was originally operated by producer Henry B. Harris, who had become well known in the theatrical community by the 1900s.; The site, at 44th and 45th Street, was owned by financier George Gustav Heye. ==== Development and opening ==== thumb|Harris at his office in the theater In January 1902, Harris formed the Henry B. Harris Company to lease the site from Heye. That March, Heye filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) to develop a theater and six-story office structure on the site. J. B. McElfatrick was listed as the architect of record,; though the permit only concerned structural elements and fire escapes. Work on the theater began on April 2, 1902, with the Ranald H. MacDonald Construction Company as general contractor. The Pennsylvania Electric Equipment Company was hired to construct a power plant for the theater. That August, Charles Frohman was hired to select productions for the theatre during the following five years. The original plans had called for a ten-story office building to accompany the theater, but it was never built. By January 1903, Israels & Harder had submitted revised plans for the theater. Architectural and theatrical publications continued to refer to McElfatrick as the architect until early 1904. Actors Robert Edeson and Alice Fischer formally christened the theater as the Hudson Theatre at a ceremony on March 30, 1903. The Hudson opened on October 19, 1903, with Ethel Barrymore starring in Cousin Kate.; ; Generally, the theater was positively reviewed by both architectural and theatrical critics. At the opening, the Times wrote: "No richer and more tasteful theater is to be found short of the splendid Hofburg Theater in Vienna". Theatre magazine described the Hudson as being "more than modest externally, yet boasts an auditorium which for beauty of proportions chasteness of coloring, and good taste of equipment, is unsurpassed by any theatre in America". Architectural Record wrote that the decorative scheme "errs on the side of understatement", given the grandeur of the interior. From its inception, the Hudson Theatre was intended as a venue for "drawing-room comedies".; Such comedies included The Marriage of Kitty, which in November 1903 became the second production to be hosted at the Hudson. The following year, the Hudson hosted Sunday, where Barrymore reportedly first said "That's all there is, there isn't any more", later a popular quip. Man and Superman opened at the Hudson in 1905. This was the first time that its playwright, George Bernard Shaw, allowed one of his plays to be shown in a different manner than what he originally intended.; Barrymore returned in 1908 for the production of Lady Frederick.; The same year, Henry Harris bought the Hudson Theatre from Heye for $700,000. ==== Renee Harris operation ==== thumb|Hudson Theatre on a 1910s trading cardHenry Harris died on the RMS Titanic when it sank in 1912.; ; All of his theaters were closed for one night in his memory,; and his memorial service was hosted at the Hudson. Harris's wife Renee survived the Titanic with minor injuries and took over the Hudson's operation, in doing so becoming one of the first women to be a Broadway producer. Early on, Renee Harris was named as the "estate of Henry B. Harris" in production credits, as with Lady Windermere's Fan, which premiered in 1914. Some of Renee Harris's productions had at least 300 performances, including Friendly Enemies (1918), Clarence (1919),; and So This Is London (1922). George M. Cohan presented several productions at the Hudson, including Song and Dance Man (1924), American Born (1925), and Whispering Friends (1928). Howard Schnebbe leased the Hudson Theatre in May 1928 after Renee Harris announced her intention to take a break from theatrical management. Later that year, a Brooklyn Daily Eagle article said eight of the theater's original employees were still on the payroll, including Schnebbe and his brother Alan. The Hudson's performances during the late 1920s also included Black musicals such as Hot Chocolates (1929); . and Messin' Around (1929). During the late 1920s (possibly in 1929), a developer offered Renee Harris $1.2 million so the theater's site could be redeveloped with an office building, but she had refused. The Hudson began to lose money in the early 1930s when the theatrical industry was heavily impacted by the Great Depression.; ; The losses continued even though Henry Harris's brother William Harris Jr. worked actively with Howard Schnebbe to manage the theater. In November 1931, the Emigrant Savings Bank moved to foreclose on the theater's mortgage, saying Renee Harris owed $569,000. A foreclosure auction, originally scheduled for that December, was delayed by one month. Emigrant acquired the Hudson for $100,000 in January 1932. The theater continued to host performances during this time, including The Show- off in 1932. A Brooklyn Daily Eagle article in 1933 said that the Hudson was "perhaps the most active theater in town", with many shows in the auditorium and booking offices in the 44th Street wing. === Post-Harris era === ==== 1930s and 1940s ==== thumb|View down the foyer CBS announced in January 1934 that it had leased the Hudson Theatre and would use the stage as a studio for radio broadcasts. The move followed an unsuccessful attempt to take over the unused rooftop theater at the New Amsterdam Theatre. The studio was dedicated on February 3, 1934, with free admission to the broadcasts. As part of the renovation, a commercial booth and an announcer's booth replaced the box seating on the first floor. The Hudson was known as CBS Radio Playhouse Number 1 during this time. The CBS studio was relatively short-lived, only operating until 1937. In January 1937, Sam H. Grisman took over the theater. The Hudson reopened as a Broadway venue the next month with a production of An Enemy of the People.; . Among the other productions at the revived Hudson were The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) and Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1939. The Emigrant Savings Bank owned the revived theater until 1939, when the Shubert Organization took over. Prior to Shubert's takeover of the Hudson Theatre, the venue was closed for over six months. From 1941 to 1944, the Hudson hosted Arsenic and Old Lace, which set a record with 1,444 performances. The producers of Arsenic and Old Lace, Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, bought the Hudson for $300,000 in January 1944. Their subsequent production, State of the Union, had 765 performances at the Hudson.; . Another long-running production was Detective Story, which had 581 performances from 1949 to 1950. ==== 1950s and 1960s ==== The Hudson Theatre was purchased by NBC in June 1950 at a cost of $595,000, and the theater became a television studio for NBC.; ; Detective Story, which then was being produced at the Hudson, had to be relocated to the Broadhurst because NBC wanted to move into the Hudson immediately. At that time, several Broadway theaters had been converted to TV studios due to a lack of studio space in New York City. The shows at the studio included Broadway Open House and The Tonight Show. Steve Allen and Jack Paar, the first and second hosts of The Tonight Show, both hosted at the Hudson.; Allen would conduct his "Man on the Street" interviews outside the theater's stage entrances on 45th Street. In November 1958, NBC offered the Hudson for sale at $855,000, in part because many of the network's productions had since been moved to Hollywood. After unsuccessfully trying to find a buyer for several months, NBC decided to renovate the theater back into a Broadway venue on its own. The production Toys in the Attic was announced for the Hudson Theatre in late 1959. Toys in the Attic opened the following year, becoming one of the few successful Broadway productions during the theater's third run. NBC agreed in September 1961 to sell the theater for $1.1 million to Samuel Lehrer, who wished to replace the theater with a parking garage. NBC said it could not find any theatrical company interested in the site. Theatrical groups heavily opposed the plans, and Robert Breen, a producer who had lived in the 44th Street wing since 1942, refused to move out. The uncertain status of the theater meant that productions could only run for a few weeks at a time, so the theater stood empty for long periods. In May 1962, NBC agreed to sell the theater for $1.25 million to Sommer Brothers Construction, which planned an office and garage building on the site. After Strange Interlude played the theater in 1963, the theater was vacant for two years. thumb|Viewed from the east The Sommer Brothers were never able to redevelop the Hudson Theatre's site because they could not acquire enough land on 45th Street for their office development. As a result, in 1965, they placed the theater for sale. It was then acquired by Abraham Hirschfeld. The same year, the Hudson hosted the satirical burlesque production This Was Burlesque starring Ann Corio. This show had 125 performances before touring the country. Leroy C. Griffith announced in 1966 that he would operate the Hudson Theatre for burlesque productions. Later that year, Seymour Durst moved to acquire several lots on the city block, including the Hudson Theatre, though he denied he bought the theater itself. Variety magazine reported in February 1967 that Durst had not only bought the Hudson Theatre but also was looking to lease it to an adult film exhibitor. Among the films shown there were Andy Warhol's I, a Man and Bike Boy. The theater also hosted the Broadway production How to Be a Jewish Mother during December 1967 and January 1968. ===Post-Broadway=== ==== Adult films and cinema ==== The United States Steel Corporation and Carnegie Pension Fund had acquired the site in 1968 and leased it to Durst. The theater was renamed the Avon-Hudson in 1968, becoming a pornographic theater. It was the flagship venue of the Avon porn-theater chain. In December 1972, the theater's license was temporarily suspended due to "disorderly conduct" and "conspiracy to show obscene films", but the theater continued to operate anyway. By 1975, U.S. Steel was attempting to remove pornographic shows from the theater. Avon was forced to shut down its pornographic productions at the Hudson that April, relocating them to the nearby Henry Miller Theatre. Avon unsuccessfully sued U.S. Steel over the eviction and then allegedly ripped out seats before leaving. The theater was part of the "Bond site", owned by William J. Dwyer & Company, which itself represented U.S. Steel. In late 1975, Dwyer reopened the Hudson Theatre as a cinema following a renovation. The theater screened The Hiding Place for several weeks and was then empty again, but Dwyer wished specifically to avoid showing porn features, choosing instead to air budget productions. After failing to attract enough visitors with a $1 ticket price, the Hudson shifted to airing Spanish-language films, then to running features such as Jaws. Irwin Meyer and Stephen R. Friedman then considered converting the Hudson back into a Broadway venue. In April 1981, following a $1.5 million renovation by Ron Delsener, the Hudson Theatre reopened as the Savoy dinner club.; The club hosted performances from personalities such as Peter Allen, Miles Davis, and James Taylor. After hosting rock and similar genres, the Savoy closed for several months, reopening in July 1982. ==== Conversion to hotel conference center ==== thumb|Seen in 2003, after it was incorporated into the Millennium Times Square New York The theater was closed by 1983, and Harry Macklowe acquired the Hudson Theatre the next May. Macklowe acquired several other properties on the block in the mid-1980s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated both the facade and the interior as landmarks on November 17, 1987. This was part of the LPC's wide-ranging effort in 1987 to grant landmark status to Broadway theaters. The New York City Board of Estimate ratified the designations in March 1988. Macklowe developed the surrounding lots into the Hotel Macklowe (later the Millennium Times Square New York) in 1988. The Hudson was incorporated into the hotel as a conference center and auditorium space. The modifications included preserving the landmarked decorations, including the Tiffany glass, marble stairs, and woodwork, as well as refurbishing the seating. A new deck, dressing rooms, and stage rigging were added, and a projectionists' booth and a Dolby sound system were installed. During the hotel's construction, models of guestrooms and conference rooms were built on the Hudson's stage. The Hudson underwent a $7 million renovation to convert it into a conference center for corporate meetings, fashion shows, and product launches. Among the events in the conference center was the World Chess Championship 1990, where Russian grandmasters Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov competed in New York City's first World Chess Championship since 1907. The championship took place while the renovation was still ongoing. The Hotel Macklowe's general manager said he was planning to show six to twelve theatrical productions each year in the theater. The hotel's management wished to attract fashion shows to the conference center as well, despite the relatively small size of the Hudson's stage. In addition to independent corporate events, weddings could be hosted in the theater. Starting in November 2004, Jablonski Berkowitz Conservation restored the theater; the $1.2 million project lasted a year, with work occurring between events and seminars. The project included restoring the theater's Tiffany glass decorations. ===Broadway revival=== thumb|upright|The facade sign showing 1984 (2017) During March 2015, the media reported that Howard Panter of the British company Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) might convert the Hudson back into a Broadway theater. That December, an ATG subsidiary signed a lease with M&C; Hotels with the intention of converting the Hudson back to a Broadway venue. The renovation included technical upgrades as well as expansions to the backstage and front of house areas. The Tony Awards Administration Committee ruled in October 2016 that the Hudson Theatre was a Tony-eligible theater, with "970 seats without the use of the orchestra pit and 948 seats when the orchestra pit is utilized by a production." The New York state government also nominated the Hudson Theatre for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The theater was added to the NRHP on November 15, 2016. The Hudson reopened with a revival of the Stephen Sondheim musical Sunday in the Park with George. Stars Jake Gyllenhaal and Annaleigh Ashford participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the theater on February 8, 2017. The Hudson became the 41st Broadway theater and was both the newest and oldest Broadway theater in operation. The reopened Hudson hosted productions such as 1984 (2017), The Parisian Woman (2017), Head over Heels (2018), Burn This (2019), and American Utopia (2019). The theater closed on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Another engagement of American Utopia, planned for the Hudson before the pandemic, ultimately relocated to the St. James Theatre. The theater reopened on February 22, 2022, with previews of Plaza Suite, which officially ran from March to July 2022. This was followed in October 2022 by a limited revival of Death of a Salesman, which ran for three months. A revival of A Doll's House opened at the Hudson in March 2023, running for three months. ATG and Jujamcyn Theaters also agreed to merge in early 2023; the combined company would operate seven Broadway theaters, including the Hudson. Comedian Alex Edelman's one-man show Just for Us opened at the Hudson in June 2023 and is scheduled to run for eight weeks, and a revival of Merrily We Roll Along is scheduled to perform at the theater for three months beginning in October 2023. ==Notable productions== ===Hudson Theatre=== Productions are listed by the year of their first performance. This list only includes Broadway shows; it does not include other live shows or films presented at the theater. Live shows that were presented when the theater operated as the Savoy nightclub are listed under . * 1903: The Marriage of Kitty * 1905: Man and Superman * 1907: Brewster's Millions * 1908: Lady Frederick * 1909: * 1912: Frou-Frou * 1913: General John Regan * 1914: Lady Windermere's Fan * 1915: Alice in Wonderland * 1917: Our Betters * 1918: Friendly Enemies * 1922: The Voice From the Minaret * 1922: Fedora * 1922: So This Is London * 1924: The Fake * 1926: The Noose * 1927: The Plough and the Stars; . * 1929: Hot Chocolates * 1930: The Inspector General * 1932: The Show-off * 1937: An Enemy of the People * 1937: The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse * 1938: Good Hunting * 1939: Lew Leslie's Blackbirds * 1940: Love for Love * 1941: All Men Are Alike * 1943: Run, Little Chillun * 1943: Arsenic and Old Lace * 1945: State of the Union * 1949: Detective Story * 1960: Toys in the Attic; * 1962: Ross * 1963: Strange Interlude * 1967: How to Be a Jewish Mother * 2017: Sunday in the Park with George * 2017: 1984 * 2017: The Parisian Woman * 2018: Head over Heels * 2019: Burn This * 2019: American Utopia * 2022: Plaza Suite * 2022: Death of a Salesman * 2023: A Doll's House * 2023: Just for Us] * 2023: Merrily We Roll Along ===The Savoy=== * 1981: Genesis * 1983: King Sunny Adé and his African Beats ==See also== * List of Broadway theaters * List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets * National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets ==References== ===Notes=== ===Citations=== ===Sources=== * * * * ==External links== * * * Hudson Theatre (New York, N. Y.), Museum of the City of New York website Category:1903 establishments in New York City Category:Broadway theatres Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan Category:New York City interior landmarks Category:Theater District, Manhattan Category:Theatres completed in 1903 Category:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan |
Women in telegraphy have been evident since the 1840s. The introduction of practical systems of telegraphy in the 1840s led to the creation of a new occupational category, the telegrapher, telegraphist or telegraph operator. Duties of the telegrapher included sending and receiving telegraphic messages, known as telegrams, using a variety of signaling systems, and routing of trains for the railroads. While telegraphy is often viewed as a males-only occupation, women were also employed as telegraph operators from its earliest days. Telegraphy was one of the first communications technology occupations open to women. ==United States== Demonstration of a successful system for sending telegraphic messages by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844 quickly led to the development of a telegraphic network in the eastern United States, constructed and maintained by a number of private companies.Thompson, Robert L., Wiring A Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832–1866 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947). Operation of this network required skilled operators at each station, capable of sending and receiving messages in Morse code. The shortage of qualified operators led to the hiring of women as well as men to fill a rapidly growing need for operators in the late 1840s as the telegraph spread across the country. Sarah Bagley (1806 - 1889), a women's rights advocate and founder of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, became the telegraph operator for Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith's New York and Boston Magnetic Telegraph Company in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1846. She probably became aware of the telegraph and its potential from her previous work as an editor for the reform newspaper, the Voice of Industry. Phoebe Wood (1816–1891), sister of Morse's associate Ezra Cornell and wife of telegraph entrepreneur Martin B. Wood, became the telegrapher in Albion, Michigan, in 1849, after Cornell's business partner John James Speed pointed out the need for operators in sparsely populated frontier areas. Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 4–5. Initially used to transmit personal messages, business transactions and news reports, the telegraph began to be used for train routing by the railroads as well in the 1850s. Elizabeth Cogley (1833–1922) of Lewistown, Pennsylvania, became one of the earliest women to work as a railroad telegrapher when she was hired by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1855.Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, p. 6.thumb|right|A Typical Depot Telegraph Station, 1870s. Source: "The Telegraph," Harper's Magazine, August 1873, 332. The employment of women in the telegraph industry in the United States increased during the American Civil War (1861–1865) as male telegraphers were drafted or joined the U.S. Military Telegraph Corps of the Union army. A few women served in the Military Telegraph Corps. Louisa Volker (1838–1905), the telegraph operator at Mineral Point, Missouri, provided important information on troop movements in her role as Military Telegrapher. After the war, as men returned from the military and competition for jobs arose, male operators began to question the suitability of placing women operators in the telegraph office, and the issue was hotly debated in the telegraph journals. However, when Western Union, the largest telegraph company, opened a telegraph school for women at Cooper Union in 1869 and began to employ large numbers of women, often at lower wages than their male counterparts, the continued presence of women in the industry was assured.Melodie Andrews, : "'What the Girls Can Do': The Debate over the Employment of Women in the Early American Telegraph Industry", Essays in Economic and Business History 8 (1990), pp. 109-120. According to the U.S. Census, the percentage of telegraphers who were women in the U.S. grew from four percent in 1870 (355 out of 8316 total) to twenty percent in 1920 (16,860 out of 79,434 total).Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 52-3. == Mexico and Canada== Telegraph service in Canada was provided both by private companies and the Government Telegraph Service (GTS). In Toronto in 1902, 42 percent of the operators at the Great Northwestern Telegraph Company were women. At the offices of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the same city, 28 percent of the operators were female in 1902. The percentage of the workforce that was female was somewhat lower in western Canada. In 1917, 18 percent of the operators in Winnipeg were women.Shirley Tillotson "'We may all soon be first-class men': Gender and Skill in Canada's Early Twentieth Century Urban Telegraph Industry," Labour/Le Travail 27 (spring 1991), pp. 98-9. During the First World War, employment on "the Home Front" included women telegraphers; for example, Beamsville, Ontario, which was also the location of an dogfighting (aerial combat) school http://www.warmuseum.ca/education/online-educational- resources/dispatches/into-the-blue-pilot-training-in-canada-1917-18/. Many telegraphers from the United States came to Mexico to work for the railroads during the administration of Porfirio Diaz (1876–1911), including several American women. Abbie Struble Vaughan (1845–1924) worked for the Mexican National Railroad and the Mexican Central Railroad from 1891 to 1911; "Ma Kiley" (Mattie Collins Brite) (1880–1971) worked as a railroad operator in Mexico from 1902 to 1905.Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, p. 10. ==Britain and Europe== thumb|right|The Central Telegraph Office, London, 1874. Source: Illustrated London News, December 12, 1874. Women began to work for a number of private telegraph companies in Britain in the 1850s, including the Electric Telegraph Company. The Telegraph School for Women was established in London in 1860. The Queen's Institute for the Training and Employment of Educated Women began classes in telegraphy in Dublin in 1862; its graduates were employed by the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company. Telegraphers in Britain used the Wheatstone-Cooke system of telegraphy as well as Morse code for transmission of messages. The number of women employed as telegraphists increased after the telegraph service was taken over by the British General Post Office in 1870; in that year, 1535 out of 4913, or 31 percent of all operators, were women.Kieve, Jeffrey. The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1973, pp. 39, 85. In most of Europe, the telegraph service came under the control of the government posts and telegraph administration. The telegraph administrations of Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries first began to employ women as telegraph operators in the 1850s; France, Germany, and Russia first admitted women to the telegraph service in the 1860s.Garland, Charles. "Women as Telegraphists." Economic Journal, June 1901, pp. 252, 255. A French telegrapher, Juliette Dodu (1848–1909), became a heroine of the Franco- Prussian War of 1870 when she reputedly tapped the telegraph lines being used by the Prussian military and passed the information to French military forces. By 1880, 230 of the 624 telegraphers at the Paris Central Telegraphique, or 37 percent, were women.Bouvier, Jeanne. Histoire des Dames Employees dans les Postes, Telegraphes et Telephones de 1714 a 1929. Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France, 1930, pp. 128, 131, 329-330. ==Asia, Africa, Australia and South America== The construction of the world-wide telegraph network in the late nineteenth century was closely tied to colonialism as the European powers used the telegraph to govern and communicate with their overseas possessions. By the 1870s, a network of land lines and submarine communications cables had telegraphically connected all the inhabited continents. ===Asia=== By 1900, women were employed as telegraph operators in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), as well as in Japan. In 1907, women also began to be employed as telegraphists in India and Burma (Myanmar).Garland, "Women as Telegraphists," p. 252. ===Africa=== Women were employed as telegraph operators in the British Cape Colonies (South Africa), the Portuguese colonies (Angola, Mozambique) and French West Africa (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey) by 1900. ===Australia=== Australia's first telegraph line was commissioned in March 1854 between Melbourne and Williamstown and was constructed by Samuel Walker McGowan under contract to the Victorian Government. The telegraph lines were rapidly extended to cover the entire colony and the other colonies also established their own networks and interconnected the colonies. Australia became part of the world telegraph network in 1872 when a submarine cable was completed connecting Darwin, Australia with Britain via Java in the Dutch East Indies. An Overland Telegraph line was constructed to connect Darwin with other major cities in Australia. ====Victoria==== The Industrial and Technological Museum in Melbourne ran a telegraphy course in 1870=1880 that became so popular with women that a separate class for men was introduced. Initially the syllabus was limited to becoming proficient in operation of the morse key, but at the instigation of Samuel Walker McGowan, Superintendent of Telegraphs, the classes were expanded to include all aspects of the theory of electric telegraphy and maintenance of a typical telegraph station. Many of those that passed the examination were appointed to the Telegraph Department. During their three-month probationary period, they were supervised by Miss Green, said to be "one of the most skilful lady operators in the colony." In 1874 the Ballarat School of Mines (now Federation University) included a telegraphy class in its curriculum. The first lecturer was William Philip Bechervaise and the classes were immediately successful and overwhelmingly female. There were 20 in the class including 18 females. The class was substantially oversubscribed, gave the school councillors cause to consider building extensions and boosted total school attendance by a third. A few years earlier the Victorian Post and Telegraph Department had decided to integrate its post offices and telegraph offices, particularly to enable continued expansion of the telegraph service into smaller centres. Many of these small post offices were already managed by unmarried females and it was important for them to acquire telegraphy skills to continue in their roles. By 1880 the classes had become a victim of their own success and the Postmaster-General Langridge announced that there was no prospect of further appointments for lady operators, with "several hundred" applicants registered. This was at a time of effective employment freeze since Langridge assumed office. ====New South Wales==== From 1875 the New South Wales Posts and Telegraphs Department also introduced women into its telegraphy operator workforce. NSW chose to train these staff by an experienced operator rather than external training. ===South America=== Around 1870, a school was established at the National Institute in Chile to teach telegraphy to women. This led to the employment of women as telegraphers in many locations in Chile. By 1900, women were also employed as telegraph operators in Argentina. ==Labor movement== thumb|right|200px|A telegraph operator in the 1940s. Telegraphers in the U.S. began to form unions in the late nineteenth century as discontent grew over low wages and poor working conditions. Women telegraphers joined the Telegraphers' Protective League and participated in the unsuccessful strike against Western Union in 1870.Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 148-155. The Brotherhood of Telegraphers was organized in 1881 as an affiliate union of the Knights of Labor; their platform included a demand for equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender. When the Brotherhood of Telegraphers called a general strike against the telegraph companies in 1883, many women operators joined and actively participated in the labor action, including Minnie Swan (1863 - ?), a New York telegrapher who emerged as the leader of the women strikers. However, the strike again failed as the telegraph companies simply called in non-union strikebreakers to replace the striking operators.Gabler, The American Telegrapher, pp. 106-44. Women operators also joined the Order of Railroad Telegraphers, founded in 1886, and the Commercial Telegraphers Union of America, organized in 1903; women held leadership positions at various times in both unions. Mary Macaulay (1865–1944), a press operator who worked for many newspapers and wire services in New York, was elected International Vice President of the Commercial Telegraphers Union of America in 1919, the first woman to hold an elective office at the national level in a union. Louisa Margaret Dunkley (1866–1927) was an Australian telegraphist who founded the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association in Australia in the 1890s to advocate for equal pay and working conditions for women operators. ==Women's rights movement== Many women telegraph operators were strong supporters of women's rights, including suffrage and equal pay for equal work. Sarah Bagley became a telegraph operator in 1846 after forming the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association to support better working conditions for the women who worked in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. Mathilde Fibiger (1830–1872) was a Danish feminist, novelist, and telegraphist who championed women's rights in her novels. Mary Macaulay, a strong supporter of women's suffrage in the U.S., served as secretary to Susan B. Anthony while working as a telegrapher in Rochester, New York. Leah Rosenfeld was a railroad telegraph operator and station agent whose 1968 lawsuit against the Southern Pacific Railroad and the state of California helped to end job and wage discrimination against women and ensure equal opportunities for women in the U.S. railroad industry. ==Depiction in fiction== The increasing numbers of women in the telegraph industry in the late nineteenth century and growing public interest in their role led to the development of a literary genre known as the "telegraphic romance." These novels and short stories tell the story of a young woman who finds romance in her work as a telegrapher, often with another operator whom she meets "over the wire." One of the most popular of the telegraphic romances was the novel Wired Love, written by former telegraph operator Ella Cheever Thayer and published in 1879. It is the story of telegrapher Nattie Rogers and her romance with the mysterious "C", whom she befriends over the wire. In the Cage, an 1898 novella by Henry James, has as its central character a nameless London telegraphist; James uses her interactions with her customers in the Mayfair district to weave a plot around issues of class and society in late Victorian Britain. The female telegraph operator, fending off desperados while tending to her duties at lonely railroad stations, became a stock character in many of the melodramas produced in the early years of the cinema. The Lonedale Operator (1911), starring Blanche Sweet, and The Girl and Her Trust (1912), starring Dorothy Bernard, were filmed by the director D. W. Griffith for Biograph Studios. The Hazards of Helen serials, filmed between 1914 and 1917 by the Kalem Company, featured first Helen Holmes and later Helen Gibson as adventurous telegraph operators who performed daring stunts on a weekly basis to save the day for the railroad company. ==Decline of industry== The introduction of the Teletype or Telex and the automatic printer, beginning around 1915, and the development of the Telex network in the 1920s, greatly increased the speed and efficiency of message transmission, as well as changing the work of the telegraph operator. Instead of using a telegraph key to transmit messages in Morse code, the Teletype operator simply typed messages on a standard typewriter keyboard. At the receiving end, an automatic printer printed out the text on paper sheets or tape. Introduction of the Teletype greatly increased the number of women employed as telegraphers; however, the predominantly female Teletype operators were generally paid less than the mainly male Morse operators.Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 64-5. The number of messages sent by telegraph began to decline in the mid-twentieth century, due to competition with the telephone and the internet. Although still used by radio amateurs and hobbyists, the last use of Morse code for signalling came to an end on January 31, 1999, when it was no longer required for international distress signalling by ships at sea. Western Union discontinued its telegraph service in 2006. == See also == * Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom * Young Ladies Radio League, an organisation for women in amateur radio == References == ==Further reading== * Bruton, Elizabeth, and Mar Hicks. "A History of Women in British Telecommunications: Introducing a Special Issue." Information & Culture 55.1 (2020): 1–9. * Bruton, Elizabeth. "'Uncertain at Present for Women, but May Increase': Opportunities for Women in Wireless Telegraphy during the First World War." Information & Culture 55.1 (2020): 51–74. * * Glew, Helen. "'Maiden, Whom We Never See': Cultural Representations of the 'Lady Telephonist; in Britain c. 1880 – 1930 and Institutional Responses." Information & Culture 55#1 (2020): 30-50 online. * * * White, Alice. "The history of women in engineering on Wikipedia." Science Museum Group Journal 10.10 (2018). online == External links == * The Telegrapher Website Category:Women in technology Category:History of the telegraph Category:Telegraphists |
Luther George Simjian (January 28, 1905October 23, 1997) was an Armenian- American inventor and entrepreneur. A prolific and professional inventor, he held over 200 patents, mostly related to optics and electronics. His most significant inventions were a pioneering flight simulator, arguably the first ATM and improvement to the teleprompter. ==Early life== Simjian was born in Aintab, Ottoman Empire to Armenian parents on January 28, 1905. His father, George, was an insurance broker working for an Austrian company. His mother, Josephine (née Zaharian) died when he was only a few months old. His father later remarried and he had two half-sisters. Simjian lived in Aintab until the age of nine. In 1915, during the Armenian genocide, the Simjian family fled to Aleppo, Syria, only to return to Aintab in 1920. His stepmother and half- sisters were killed in Marash. Simjian fled to Beirut, then to France and eventually to the United States by the end of 1920. He first settled in New Haven, Connecticut, living with an uncle. He found a job coloring photographs. He graduated from the Booth Preparatory School in New Haven. ==Yale and early inventions== Simjian began working as a technician at the Yale School of Medicine in a work-study position at the photography lab. While initially having been inclined to pursue medical education, he eventually decided to pursue photography. In his position of a medical photographer, Simjian "took pictures of specimens, made lantern slides for doctors, and showed the slides for class lectures." In 1928 Simjian founded and became the first director of the photography department at the Yale School of Medicine. He headed it until 1934. After resigning from Yale in 1934, he moved to New York City and took courses at Columbia University "that he felt would be useful in the promotion of his inventions, focusing on business education, writing, and international banking." ===Self-photographing and self-focusing camera=== thumb|Simjian's "Self-focusing camera" (1931) Simjian's interest in portrait photography led to him inventing a self-photographing (PhotoReflex) camera. He was inspired to invent it from his unhappiness with the repetitive nature of yearbook portraits. In 1929 he applied for patent for the "Pose-reflecting system for photographic apparatus." It was covered early on by the Popular Science magazine in 1929. It allowed the "subject to look into a mirror and see the framed pose the camera would take." To manufacture the new product, Simjian collaborated with Sperry Gyroscope to set up PhotoReflex, a company named after the camera itself. In 1931 the camera was introduced at the Wanamaker's department store in New York City contained within a portrait cabinet. Within the booth, people could see the "reflexive production of images of the self in real time." It was widely covered in the press at the time.Nation's Business - Volume 19 - Page 19. 1931 "... proper lighting effects. Self-photography is now possible by means of the so-called “photo-reflex” device perfected by Luther Simjian of Yale University. The image of the subject is seen in a mirror in the exact size it will be in the finished print."Photo-era Magazine - Volume 67 - Page 52. 1931 "... invited guests by Luther J. Simjian, director of the photographic laboratory of the School of Medicine at Yale University. Although the studio and apparatus embody new ideas in photography, Mr. Simjian says that the most important advance ..."The Popular Science Monthly - Volume 119 - Page 46. 1931 "A studio in which you can pose your own portrait was demonstrated in New York City recently by its inventor, Luther G. Simjian, photographic director of the Yale medical School. Visitors enter a small room alone and try the effect of different ..." The self-photographing camera led to the invention of the autofocus (self-focusing) camera by Simjian. He applied for patent in June 1931 and was granted one for the "Self-focusing camera" in July 1932. It "changed the whole photography industry," but he did not "receive much money for his autofocusing invention, but he did get publicity. He eventually sold the rights to the PhotoReflex camera and name but reserved the rights to use the technology for non-photographic applications." ===Color X-ray=== In June 1934 he was granted a patent for a color X-ray machine. He had applied for it in March 1932. He had "conceived the idea at Yale while trying to improve the quality of lecture slides. He decided to apply the new technology of television to X-ray images. Scanning was done in three separate colors, each of which could be enhanced as necessary, and the three scans could then be recombined to form a colored image. The separate scans could also be sent through a wire to another location for analysis. This transformed the field of X-ray technology." This was reported by Time Magazine and The Literary Digest in July 1934. Simjian thereafter traveled to Europe and established a laboratory in London and Miroflex, a company to produce the PhotoReflex camera. However, his plans were disrupted by World War II as the focus of production shifted from commercial to military. ==Reflectone and flight simulator== In 1939 Simjian founded Reflectone Corporation (later renamed to Reflectone Electronics, Inc.) in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop and manufacture his inventions. He served as president and chairman of Reflectone until he sold the company to Universal Match Corporation in 1961. Under his leadership, the company achieved "significant commercial success." One of the first inventions in Reflectone was a rotating chair with a movable mirror to be used for women when applying cosmetics. "The user could sit in front of a vanity mirror, rotate on this chair and continue to see the back of her head while keeping both hands free." The chair was marketed as Reflectone Mirror Chair and was a "small commercial success." Also during his time at Reflectone, Simjian invented a method to develop a photo "immediately while still preserving the negative." thumb|Simjian's "Training apparatus" (1943) During World War II, Simjian invented a training apparatus for aviators. It was the "first flight simulator of its kind." He filed for patent in February 1943 and was granted a patent for it in January 1946. It was a "mechanism used for training aviators in identifying aircraft or ships, in determining the speed of movement of aircraft, direction of movement, and other related factors that are important in combat flying." "He designed the three-dimensional device using synchronized mirrors similar to those on his PhotoReflex camera and mirror chair, an airplane model, and controlled lighting. By remotely changing the speed and angles of the model plane while the pilot or gunner watched through a sight, the instructor could produce the effect of flight, thus training the student to identify an enemy aircraft and judge its motion." During the war, Reflectone sold over 2,000 of these devices to the U.S. military. The company grew exponentially to manufacture the orders for this trainer with the number of employees rising from three to over 100 and to 250 by 1950. The War Department credited the device "with having contributed to the success of the air war." Simjian considered it his "most significant invention of the era because of the many lives it saved." He received a citation from Admiral Bill Halsey saying his device had saved thousands American servicemen's lives. Reflectone moved its operations to Tampa, Florida in 1980 and was sold to BAE Systems (British Aerospace) for $90 million in 1997, and renamed BAE Systems Flight Simulation and Training. As of 1997 the company still made "full-flight simulators for commercial and military aircraft." In 2001 BAE Systems sold the subsidiary to CAE Inc. (Canadian Aviation Electronics) for $80 million. ==Later inventions== After Reflectone, Simjian founded General Research Inc. and Command Automation Inc., the latter was a research and development lab in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. His later inventions were increasingly diverse and eclectic. He noted: "One thing I discovered about myself in the early days of my life is that I can't stick with just one idea for too long." Between 1956 and 1963, he received some 75 patents, making it his most prolific period. ===Teleprompter=== thumb|Simjian's "Prompting device" (1955) Simjian held a patent on the teleprompter. However, he is not its sole inventor. The invention of the teleprompter is usually credited to Hubert Schlafly, an engineer working with CBS and Fred Barton, an actor, who developed a mechanical cueing device in the 1950s. Simjian and Jess Oppenheimer, the creator and producer of the classic sitcom I Love Lucy, improved it and replaced it with an optical teleprompter. Hayward wrote that the advantage of the optical teleprompter proposed by Simjian and Oppenheimer was "its ability to break down the division between the viewer and person on camera by allowing for direct eye contact on the part of the presenter with the camera aperture." The prompting device was applied for patent in 1955 and it was granted in 1957. Hayward argues that: === Bankograph (ATM) === Simjian invented what has been described as a precursor of the automated teller machine (ATM). For this, Simjian is often considered the inventor of the ATM or the one who first came up with the idea. The entry on Simjian in the American National Biography noted that he is "sometimes referred to as the 'father of the ATM' because he introduced the idea behind these now-ubiquitous machines." According to history.com, "Many experts believe that the first automated banking machine was the creation" of Simjian. According to Konheim, Simjian "came up with the idea of creating a 'hole-in-the wall machine' that would allow customers to make financial transactions." Hayward notes that Simjian's role in the invention of the ATM is disputed, however, he is recognized as the "inventor of a photomechanical automated banking terminal," popularly known as the Bankograph. thumb|Simjian's "Subscriber controlled apparatus" (1959) Simjian was granted over 20 patents for the Bankograph. His "Apparatus for collecting an article for deposit" (filed in 1958) was granted in late March 1960. It was covered by the New York Times, which described it as a "robot bank teller that gives the depositor a picture of the money he puts in. There can never be any question as to the number and bills to be credited to his account." Simjian filed for a patent for "Subscriber controlled apparatus" in 1959. In 1960 Simjian filed for patent a device that incorporated an ATM photographing the deposited check. Described as "less than a full-function ATM," the Bankograph was an automatic deposit machine that accepted cash and check deposits at all times. A camera inside the machine took snapshots of the deposits, copies of which were given to the customers as receipts. He introduced it to the wider public in 1961, when it was placed in a few City Bank of New York bank lobbies for six months. The company discontinued its use due to limited appeal. Simjian wrote in his autobiography: "It seems the only people who were using the machines were a small number of prostitutes and gamblers who didn't want to deal with tellers face to face. And the bank said there were not enough of them to make the deal lucrative." Hayward argues that the Bankograph was ultimately a failure "because of its evasion of established norms of visuality associated with banking at the time." Konheim described it as "perhaps the first ATM" and "an early and not-very-successful prototype of an ATM." The New York Times wrote in 1998 that it was his most famous invention and "the basis for the now-ubiquitous A.T.M., from which he never made a penny." ===Other=== Simjian's other inventions included an indoor computerized golf practice range (1960s), an exercise bicycle that massages the rider (1973), a golf training aid to improve putting (1981), a remotely accessed automatic postage meter (1981) that was purchased by Pitney Bowes, a meat tenderizing method, golf balls, cooking devices, the use of ultrasound as an anticounterfeiting device, an athletic shoe, and a bandage. He also revisited and improved some of his earlier inventions. His eyesight declined significantly in his last years. However, he still made inventions with his last patent being granted several months before his death, in March 1997. ==Personal life and death== Simjian spoke Arabic, French and English (with a "thick accent"). His interests included golf, backgammon, Mark Twain's works, porcelains, Middle Eastern food. Simjian became a naturalized US citizen in 1929."Connecticut, District Court Naturalization Indexes, 1851-1992," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKYT-W2K5 : 16 March 2018), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing roll 16, NARA microfilm publication M2081 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 2,380,555."United States, New England Petitions for Naturalization Index, 1791-1906," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VX5T-4BZ : 4 March 2021), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing Connecticut, NARA microfilm publication M1299 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 34; FHL microfilm 1,429,704. He married Gladys (née Cannon) in April 1936."New York, New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1940," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:244G-G9L : 10 February 2018), Luther G. Simjian and Gladys L. Cannon, 15 Apr 1936; citing Marriage, Manhattan, New York, New York, United States, New York City Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 1,674,326. They had met at a party in Greenwich Village in 1935. They had two children: Maryjo Garre and Ronald Simjian. Simjian died aged 92 on October 23, 1997 at his beachfront apartment in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. == Legacy and recognition == The American National Biography describes him as a "pioneer in photographic and optical inventions." Simjian avoided publicity and never became a public figure. He was "so private few people would recognize his name," wrote Ardy Friedberg in the Sun-Sentinel in 1997. Simjian self-published Portions of an Autobiography in 1997 just before his death. During his seven-decade long career as a professional inventor, Simjian received over 200 American and foreign patents. After his death, he was compared to Thomas Edison.World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc. - 1998, p. 176 "Simjian, Luther G. (1905-October 23), inventor regarded as "the second Thomas Edison," who held more than 200 patents that included the automated teller machine and the self-focusing camera..." Friedberg described his life as "a bona fide American success story". His long-time patent agent, Ervin Steinberg, noted that Simjian was "one of the most prolific inventors of [the 20th] century." Hayward argued that his "career as an inventor highlights the extent to which the optical retains significance in the contemporary era." ===Awards=== *The Award of Appreciation from the State of Florida, 1961 *In June 1963 the Science Digest magazine named Simjian Inventor of the Month.Science Digest (1963) Volume 54, Issue 6, page 56. "Luther G. Simjian has 132 U.S. patents to his credit. The Science Digest Inventor of the Month is also president of Reflectone Electronics, and is on the board of Universal Match Corp." *In 1978 Simjian received the Eli Whitney Award by the Connecticut Patent Law Association (currently the Connecticut Intellectual Property Law Association, CIPLA) "in recognition of significant contribution to law or science." *In 2019 Simjian was inducted into the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame. His "numerous inventions [...] have advanced technology throughout Florida theme parks." For that occasion, he was named by Rep. Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) on House floor on July 24, 2019. ==References== ;Notes ;Citations ;Bibliography * * ==Further reading== * ==External links== * Inventor of the Week Archive - MIT: Picture of Simjian in article * Photoreflex web site Category:1905 births Category:1997 deaths Category:People from Gaziantep Category:Armenian inventors Category:20th-century American inventors Category:American manufacturing businesspeople Category:American people of Armenian descent Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States Category:Armenians from the Ottoman Empire Category:Pioneers of photography |
thumb|300px|The Upper Rhenish Circle as at the beginning of the 16th century thumb|Upper Rhenish Circle 1791 The Upper Rhenish Circle () was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former Duchy of Upper Lorraine and large parts of Rhenish Franconia including the Swabian Alsace region and the Burgundian duchy of Savoy. Many of the circle's states west of the Rhine river were annexed by France under King Louis XIV during the 17th century, sealed by the 1678/79 Treaties of Nijmegen. == Composition == The circle was made up of the following states: Name Type of entity Commentate 20px Bar Duchy United with Lorraine since 1483. 20px Basel Prince-Bishopric Established in the 8th century as successor of the ancient diocese of Augusta Raurica, gained independence from the Kingdom of Burgundy about 1000, residence at Porrentruy (Pruntrut) from 1527. 20px Beuil County Initially created as a Lordship, Bueil was inherited by a cadet branch of the House of Grimaldi. Bueil became a nominal vassal of the County of Savoy in 1388. Raised by Savoy to a county in 1581. Annexed by the French First Republic in 1793 and restored to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1813. 20px Bresse Lordship Inherited by the House of Savoy in 1272. Annexed by the Kingdom of France in the Treaty of Lyon in 1601. 20px Bretzenheim Lordship Held by Cologne, granted to Count Karl August of Heydeck, illegitimate son of Elector Charles Theodore of Bavaria in 1772, Imperial county in 1774, principality in 1789. 20px Bugey Lordship Conferred to the House of Savoy in 1077 by Henry IV. Annexed by the Kingdom of France in the Treaty of Lyon in 1601. 20px Chablais Duchy Established in the 11th century by the House of Savoy. Lost to Geneva in 1536. 20px Colmar Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1226, part of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Dagstuhl Lordship Held by the Lords of Fleckenstein, acquired by Oettingen-Wallerstein in 1697. 20px Dombes Principality Held by the Dukes of Bourbon since 1400, confiscated by the Kingdom of France in 1523. 20px Falkenstein Lordship Held by the Counts of Daun since 1456, raised to county in 1518, fell to Lorraine in 1667, administered with Further Austria from 1782. 20px Faucigny Barony Acquired by the House of Savoy by the 1355 Treaty of Paris. Annexed by the French First Republic in 1792. Returned to Savoy in 1816. Annexed by the Second French Empire in 1860. 20px Frankfurt am Main Imperial City Since 1220, place of the Imperial election by the Golden Bull of 1356. 20px Friedberg Imperial City Since 1252. 20px Fulda Prince-Abbacy Established by Saint Boniface in 744, Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick II in 1220, raised to Prince-Bishopric in 1752. 20px Geneva Duchy Established in the 10th century as the County of Geneva. Capital moved from La Roche-sur-Foron to Annecy in 1219. Purchased by the House of Savoy in 1401 and raised to a Duchy in 1564. Annexed by the Second French Empire in 1860. 20px Gex Barony First mentioned in 1188. Ruled by a cadet branch of the County of Geneva until 1353 when annexed by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy. Contested since 1536 between the Duchy of Savoy and the Old Swiss Confederacy until annexed by the Kingdom of France in the Treaty of Lyon in 1601. 20px Haguenau Imperial City Since about 1260, capital of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Hanau-Lichtenberg County Partitioned from the County of Hanau as Hanau-Babenhausen in 1456, inherited the lordship of Lichtenberg in 1474, fell to Hesse-Darmstadt in 1736. 20px Hanau-Münzenberg County Partitioned from the County of Hanau in 1456, reunited with Hanau-Lichtenberg in 1642, fell to Hesse-Kassel in 1736. 20px Heitersheim Principality Held by the Order of St John since 1272, Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Charles V in 1548. 22px Hersfeld Abbacy Established about 736 by Saint Sturm, Reichsfreiheit granted by Charlemagne in 775, secularised to a principality by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, held by Hesse-Kassel 20px Hesse Landgraviate Established after the War of the Thuringian Succession in 1247, residence at Kassel, partitioned after the death of Landgrave Philip I in 1567. 18px Hesse-Kassel Landgraviate Subdivision of Hesse from 1567, Electorate of Hesse in 1803. 20px Hesse-Rheinfels Landgraviate Subdivision of Hesse from 1567 including the former County of Katzenelnbogen with Burg Rheinfels, line extinct in 1583, fell to Hesse-Kassel. 18px Hesse-Darmstadt Landgraviate Subdivision of Hesse from 1567, Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1806. 20px Hesse-Marburg Landgraviate Subdivision of Hesse from 1567, line extinct in 1604, annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt. 18px Hesse-Homburg Landgraviate Cadet branch of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1622, gained Reichsfreiheit in 1768. 20px Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein County Subdivision of the County of Isenburg established in 1511 (Oberisenburg), again divided in 1628. 20px Isenburg- Birstein County Subdivision of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein from 1628, merged into Isenburg-Offenbach in 1644, restored in 1711, raised to principality in 1744. 20px Isenburg-Büdingen County Subdivision of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein from 1628. 20px Isenburg-Meerholz County Split off Isenburg-Büdingen in 1673. 20px Isenburg-Wächtersbach County Split off Isenburg-Büdingen in 1673. 20px Kaysersberg Imperial City Part of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Königstein County Held by the Lords of Eppstein, raised to Reichsgrafen by Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1505, inherited by Stolberg in 1535, seized by Mainz in 1581. 20px Kriechingen County Former fief of Lorraine around Créhange, raised to Imperial county in 1617, held by the Princes of East Frisia from 1697, to Wied-Runkel in 1726. 20px Landau Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph I of Habsburg in 1291, seized by the Bishop of Speyer in 1324, restored by Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1511, joined the Décapole in 1521. 20px Leiningen-Westerburg County Subdivision of the former County of Leiningen since 1317, inherited by the Lords of Westerburg in 1467. 20px Leiningen-Dagsburg County Subdivision of the former County of Leiningen since 1317, raised to principality in 1779. 18px Lorraine Duchy Former Upper Lotharingia, acquired by René of Anjou, Duke of Bar in 1431, swapped by Duke Francis III of Habsburg-Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1735, annexed by France in 1766. 18px Maurienne County Subdivision of the county of Savoy in 1032. 20px Mensfelden Lordship Condominium of Trier and Nassau. 20px Metz Prince-Bishopric Established by 535, Reichsfreiheit confirmed by Charles IV of Luxembourg in 1357, occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552, part of the French Three Bishoprics by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. 20px Metz Imperial City Since 1189, occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552. 20px Mulhouse Imperial City Since about 1268, part of the Décapole since 1354, joined Swiss Confederacy in 1515, France in 1798. 20px Munster, Haut-Rhin Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1235, part of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Nassau- Weilburg County Principality in 1688, Duchy of Nassau from 1806. 20px Nassau- Idstein County Split off Nassau-Weilburg in 1627, fell to Nassau-Ottweiler in 1721. 20px Nassau-Saarbrücken County Established in 1381, fell to Nassau- Ottweiler in 1723 20px Nassau-Ottweiler County Split off Nassau-Saarbrücken in 1659, fell to Nassau-Usingen in 1728. 20px Nassau-Usingen County Split off Nassau-Saarbrücken in 1659, principality in 1688, Duchy of Nassau from 1806. 20px Nomeny Margraviate Held by the Bishopric of Metz until 1548, margraviate established by Emperor Maximilian II of Habsburg in 1567, to Lorraine in 1612. 20px Obernai Imperial City Since about 1240, part of the Décapole since 1354, annexed by France in 1679. 20px Odenheim Provostry Monastery established in 1122, Imperial college of canons (Reichsstift) since 1494, moved to Bruchsal in 1507. 20px Olbrück Lordship Territory around Olbrück Castle near Niederdürenbach, originally held by Wied. 20px Orange Principality Created in 1033 as the County of Orange. Raised to a principality in 1163. Conceded to the Kingdom of France in 1713. 20px Palatinate-Simmern Principality Split off Electoral Palatinate in 1410, inherited Electoral Palatinate in 1559 with 8th vote to the Reichstag. 20px Palatinate-Lautern Principality Subdivision of Palatinate from 1576 with 6th vote to the Reichstag. 20px Palatinate-Veldenz Principality Former County of Veldenz inherited by Palatinate-Zweibrücken in 1444, 16th vote to the Reichstag 20px Palatinate-Zweibrücken Principality Former County of Zweibrücken, in personal union with Palatinate-Simmern until 1459, fell to Palatinate-Birkenfeld in 1734, 14th seat to the Reichstag 20px Prüm Abbacy (Re-)established by King Pepin the Short in 752, Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1222, administrated by Trier from 1576. 20px Reipoltskirchen Lordship Since about 1300. 20px Rosheim Imperial City Since 1303, part of the Décapole since 1354, annexed by France in 1679. 20px Salm County Upper Salm since 1165, large parts held by the Wild- and Rhinegraves from 1475 and partitioned in 1499, remains to Lorraine until 1600. 20px Salm-Dhaun County Subdivision of Salm since 1499, line extinct in 1750, inherited by Salm-Grumbach. 20px Salm-Grumbach County Split off Salm- Dhaun in 1561, annexed by France in 1801. 20px Salm-Stein-Grehweiler County Split off Salm-Grumbach in 1668. 20px Salm-Salm County Split off Salm-Dhaun in 1574, princely county from 1623, Principality of Salm from 1802. 20px Salm- Kyrburg County Subdivision of Salm from 1499, residence at Kirn, princely county from 1743, Principality of Salm from 1802. 20px Savoy Duchy Former county, part of the Kingdom of Burgundy inherited by Emperor Conrad II in 1032, Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg in 1361, raised to duchy in 1416. 20px Sayn-Wittgenstein County Former Counts of Sayn, a cadet branch of the House of Sponheim, acquired County of Wittgenstein in 1361, partitioned in 1607. 20px Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg County Subdivision of Sayn-Wittgenstein from 1607. 20px Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein County Subdivision of Sayn-Wittgenstein from 1607, Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein from 1657. 20px Sélestat Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1216, part of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Solms-Braunfels County Subdivision of Solms since 1258, raised to principality in 1742. 20px Solms-Lich County Subdivision of Solms(-Braunfels) since 1409, Solms- Hohensolms-Lich from 1544, raised to principality in 1792. 20px Solms-Laubach County Subdivision of Solms-Lich from 1544. 20px Solms-Rödelheim County Subdivision of Solms-Laubach from 1607, Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim from 1635. 20px Speyer Prince-Bishopric Established before 614, Reichsfreiheit granted around 969 by Emperor Otto I. 20px Speyer Imperial City City rights acknowledged by the Speyer bishops in 1294, venue of 50 Reichstag assemblies, including the Diet of Speyer (1529) (Protestation at Speyer). 20px Sponheim County Established in the 11th century by the Rhenish House of Sponheim, held jointly by the Margraves of Baden and the House of Palatinate-Simmern since 1437. 20px Strasbourg Prince-Bishopric Established in the 4th century, prince- bishopric since 982. 20px Strasbourg Imperial City Since 1262. 20px Tarentaise Prince-Bishopric Established in the 10th century, prince-bishopric since 1186. 20px Toul Prince-Bishopric Established in 365 by Saint Mansuetus, Reichsfreiheit confirmed by King Henry I in 928, occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552, part of the French Three Bishoprics by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. 20px Toul Imperial City Since the 13th century (Tull), occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552. 20px Turckheim Imperial City Since 1312, part of the Décapole since 1354. 20px Vaud Barony Established in 1234. Incorporated into the House of Savoy in 1359. Annexed by the Canton of Bern in 1536. 20px Verdun Prince-Bishopric Established about 346, Reichsfreiheit confirmed by Emperor Otto III in 997, occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552, part of the French Three Bishoprics by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. 20px Verdun Imperial City Since the 12th century (Wirten), occupied by King Henry II of France in 1552. 20px Waldeck County Line established about 1180, Reichsfreiheit granted by King Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1379, Waldeck- Pyrmont from 1625, raised to principality in 1712. 20px Wartenberg County Established in 1232, inherited by Riedesel in 1428, Freiherren from 1680. 20px Wetterau County Established c. 950, held by the counts von Wetter-Tegerfelden in 1317 20px Wissembourg Imperial City Since 1306, part of the Décapole since 1354, annexed by France in 1648. 20px Wissembourg Prince-Provostry Abbey established about 660 by the Bishopric of Speyer, Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Otto II in 967, again held by Speyer from 1546. 20px Wetzlar Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1180. 20px Wild- and Rhinegraves County Rhinegraves since the 12th century, inherited Wildgraviate at Kyrburg in 1409, acquired (Upper) Salm in 1475. 20px Worms Prince-Bishopric Established about 614. 20px Worms Imperial City Reichsfreiheit granted by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1184. == Sources == *The list of states making up the Upper Rhenish Circle is based in part on that in the German Wikipedia article Oberrheinischer Reichskreis. ==External links== * Historicalmaps.com: Historical Maps of Germany — Imperial Circles in the 16th Century Category:Circles of the Holy Roman Empire Category:Upper Rhine Category:German Renaissance Category:Early Modern history of Germany Category:History of Hesse Category:1500 establishments in Europe Category:1806 disestablishments in Europe Category:1500s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire Category:1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire |
Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the acquittal of his killers drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the civil rights movement. Till was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. During summer vacation in August 1955, he was visiting relatives near Money, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region. He spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the white, married proprietor of a small grocery store there. Although what happened at the store is a matter of dispute, Till was accused of flirting with, touching, or whistling at Bryant. Till's interaction with Bryant, perhaps unwittingly, violated the unwritten code of behavior for a black male interacting with a white female in the Jim Crow-era South. Several nights after the incident in the store, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, who were armed, went to Till's great-uncle's house and abducted Emmett. They took him away then beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. Three days later, the boy's mutilated and bloated body was discovered and retrieved from the river. Till's body was returned to Chicago, where his mother insisted on a public funeral service with an open casket, which was held at Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ. It was later said that "The open-coffin funeral held by Mamie Till Bradley exposed the world to more than her son Emmett Till's bloated, mutilated body. Her decision focused attention on not only American racism and the barbarism of lynching but also the limitations and vulnerabilities of American democracy". Tens of thousands attended his funeral or viewed his open casket, and images of his mutilated body were published in black-oriented magazines and newspapers, rallying popular black support and white sympathy across the U.S. Intense scrutiny was brought to bear on the lack of black civil rights in Mississippi, with newspapers around the U.S. critical of the state. Although local newspapers and law enforcement officials initially decried the violence against Till and called for justice, they responded to national criticism by defending Mississippians, temporarily giving support to the killers. In September 1955, an all-white jury found Bryant and Milam not guilty of Till's murder. Protected against double jeopardy, the two men publicly admitted in a 1956 interview with Look magazine that they had tortured and murdered the boy, selling the story of how they did it for $4,000 (). Till's murder was seen as a catalyst for the next phase of the civil rights movement. In December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott began in Alabama and lasted more than a year, resulting eventually in a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. According to historians, events surrounding Till's life and death continue to resonate. An Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established in the early 21st century. The Sumner County Courthouse was restored and includes the Emmett Till Interpretive Center. Fifty-one sites in the Mississippi Delta are memorialized as associated with Till. The Emmett Till Antilynching Act, an American law which makes lynching a federal hate crime, was signed into law on March 29, 2022, by President Joe Biden. == Early childhood == Emmett Till was born in 1941 in Chicago; he was the son of Mamie Carthan (1921–2003) and Louis Till (1922–1945). Emmett's mother Mamie was born in the small Delta town of Webb, Mississippi. The Delta region encompasses the large, multi-county area of northwestern Mississippi in the watershed of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers. When Carthan was two years old, her family moved to Argo, Illinois, near Chicago, as part of the Great Migration of rural black families out of the South to the North to escape violence, lack of opportunity and unequal treatment under the law.Whitfield, p. 15. Argo received so many Southern migrants that it was named "Little Mississippi"; Carthan's mother's home was often used by other recent migrants as a way station while they were trying to find jobs and housing.Beito and Beito, p. 116. Mississippi was the poorest state in the U.S. in the 1950s, and the Delta counties were some of the poorest in Mississippi. Mamie Carthan was born in Tallahatchie County, where the average income per white household in 1949 was $690 (). For black families, the figure was $462 ().Whitaker (1963), p. 19. In the rural areas, economic opportunities for blacks were almost nonexistent. They were mostly sharecroppers who lived on land owned by whites. Blacks had essentially been disenfranchised and excluded from voting and the political system since 1890 when the white-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that raised barriers to voter registration. Whites had also passed ordinances establishing racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Mamie largely raised Emmett with her mother; she and Louis Till separated in 1942 after she discovered that he had been unfaithful. Louis later assaulted her, choking her to unconsciousness, to which she responded by throwing scalding water at him.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 41–42. For violating court orders to stay away from Mamie, Louis Till was forced by a judge in 1943 to choose between jail or enlisting in the U.S. Army. In 1945, a few weeks before his son's fourth birthday, he was court- martialed and executed in Italy for the murder of an Italian woman and the rape of two others.Till-Mobley and Benson, p. 17.Houck and Grindy, pp. 134–135. At the age of six, Emmett contracted polio, which left him with a persistent stutter.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 36–38. Mamie and Emmett moved to Detroit, where she met and married "Pink" Bradley in 1951. Emmett preferred living in Chicago, so he returned there to live with his grandmother; his mother and stepfather rejoined him later that year. After the marriage dissolved in 1952, "Pink" Bradley returned alone to Detroit.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 56–58. thumb|upright|alt=A red brick rowhouse|The Chicago two-flat at 6427 S. St. Lawrence Avenue where Emmett Till lived with his mother in mid-1955 Mamie Till Bradley and Emmett lived together in a busy neighborhood in Chicago's South Side near distant relatives. She began working as a civilian clerk for the U.S. Air Force for a better salary. She recalled that Emmett was industrious enough to help with chores at home, although he sometimes got distracted. His mother remembered that he did not know his own limitations at times. Following the couple's separation, Bradley visited Mamie and began threatening her. At eleven years old, Emmett, with a butcher knife in hand, told Bradley he would kill him if the man did not leave.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 59–60. Usually, however, Emmett was happy. He and his cousins and friends pulled pranks on each other (Emmett once took advantage of an extended car ride when his friend fell asleep and placed the friend's underwear on his head), and they also spent their free time in pickup baseball games. He was a smart dresser, and was often the center of attention among his peers.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 70–87. === Plans to visit relatives in Mississippi === In 1955, Mamie Till Bradley's uncle, 64-year-old Mose Wright, visited her and Emmett in Chicago during the summer and told Emmett stories about living in the Mississippi Delta. Emmett wanted to see for himself. Wright planned to accompany Till with a cousin, Wheeler Parker; another cousin, Curtis Jones, would join them soon after. Wright was a sharecropper and part-time minister who was often called "Preacher".Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 6. He lived in Money, Mississippi, a small town in the Delta that consisted of three stores, a school, a post office, a cotton gin, and a few hundred residents, north of Greenwood. Before Emmett departed for the Delta, his mother cautioned him that Chicago and Mississippi were two different worlds, and he should know how to behave in front of whites in the South.Hampton, p. 2. He assured her he understood.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 98–101. Statistics on lynchings began to be collected in 1882. Since that time, more than 500 African Americans have been killed by extrajudicial violence in Mississippi alone, and more than 3,000 across the South.Whitfield, p. 5. Most of the incidents took place between 1876 and 1930; though far less common by the mid-1950s, these racially motivated murders still occurred. Throughout the South, interracial relationships were prohibited as a means to maintain white supremacy. PDF p.26, 39, 56 Even the suggestion of sexual contact between black men and white women could carry severe penalties for black men. A resurgence of the enforcement of such Jim Crow laws was evident following World War II, when African-American veterans started pressing for equal rights in the South.Whitaker (1963), pp. 2–10. Racial tensions increased after the United States Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education to end segregation in public education, which it ruled unconstitutional. Many segregationists believed the ruling would lead to interracial dating and marriage. Whites strongly resisted the court's ruling; one Virginia county closed all its public schools to prevent integration. Other jurisdictions simply ignored the ruling. In other ways, whites used stronger measures to keep blacks politically disenfranchised, which they had been since the turn of the century. Segregation in the South was used to constrain blacks forcefully from any semblance of social equality.Whitaker (1963), pp. 61–82. A week before Till arrived in Mississippi, a black activist named Lamar Smith was shot and killed in front of the county courthouse in Brookhaven for political organizing. Three white suspects were arrested, but they were soon released.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 18. == Encounter between Till and Carolyn Bryant == thumb|right|The remains of Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market in 2009 thumb|Bryant's Grocery Mississippi Freedom Trail Marker, 2018 Till arrived at the home of Mose and Elizabeth Wright in Money, Mississippi, on August 21, 1955. On the evening of August 24, Till and several young relatives and neighbors were driven by his cousin Maurice Wright to Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market to buy candy. Till's companions were children of sharecroppers and had been picking cotton all day. The market mostly served the local sharecropper population and was owned by a white couple, 24-year-old Roy Bryant and his 21-year-old wife Carolyn. Carolyn was alone in the front of the store that day; her sister-in-law Juanita Milam was in the rear of the store watching children. A number of other local youths were playing or watching a checkers game on a board the Bryants had set up outside the store. The facts of what took place in the store are still disputed. Journalist William Bradford Huie reported that Till showed the youths outside the store a photograph of a white girl in his wallet, and bragged that she was his girlfriend. Till's cousin Curtis Jones said the photograph was of an integrated class at the school Till attended in Chicago. According to Huie and Jones, one or more of the local boys then dared Till to speak to Bryant.Hampton, p. 3. However, in his 2009 book, Till's cousin Simeon Wright, who was present, disputed the accounts of Huie and Jones. According to Wright, Till did not have a photo of a white girl, and no one dared him to flirt with Bryant. Speaking in 2015, Wright said: "We didn't dare him to go to the store—the white folk said that. They said that he had pictures of his white girlfriend. There were no pictures. They never talked to me. They never interviewed me." The FBI report completed in 2006 notes: "[Curtis] Jones recanted his 1955 statements prior to his death and apologized to Mamie Till- Mobley". According to Simeon Wright and Wheeler Parker,Timeline: The Murder of Emmett Till, PBS, accessed January 27, 2014. Till wolf-whistled at Bryant. Wright said "I think [Emmett] wanted to get a laugh out of us or something," adding, "He was always joking around, and it was hard to tell when he was serious." Wright stated that following the whistle he became immediately alarmed. "Well, it scared us half to death," Wright recalled. "You know, we were almost in shock. We couldn't get out of there fast enough, because we had never heard of anything like that before. A black boy whistling at a white woman? In Mississippi? No." Wright stated "The Ku Klux Klan and night riders were part of our daily lives".Wright, pp. 50–51. Following his disappearance, a newspaper account stated that Till sometimes whistled to alleviate his stuttering.Metress, p. 20. His speech was sometimes unclear; his mother said he had particular difficulty with pronouncing "b" sounds, and he may have whistled to overcome problems asking for bubble gum.Whitfield, p. 18. She said that, to help with his articulation, she taught Till how to whistle softly to himself before pronouncing his words. During the murder trial,During trial, Carolyn Bryant's testimony was taken outside the presence of the jury and ruled inadmissible. () Bryant testified that Till grabbed her hand while she was stocking candy and said, "How about a date, baby?" She said that after she freed herself from his grasp, the young man followed her to the cash register, grabbed her waist and said, "What's the matter baby, can't you take it?"Notes later obtained from the defense give a different story, with Bryant earlier claiming she was "insulted" but not mentioning him touching her. () Bryant said she freed herself, and Till said, "You needn't be afraid of me, baby", used "one 'unprintable' word" and said "I've been with white women before."Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 40.Whitaker, Stephen (Summer 2005). "A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Murder and Trial of Emmett Till", (PDF) Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (2), pp. 189–224. Bryant also alleged that one of Till's companions came into the store, grabbed him by the arm, and ordered him to leave. According to historian Timothy Tyson, Bryant admitted to him in a 2008 interview that her testimony during the trial that Till had made verbal and physical advances was false. Bryant had testified Till grabbed her waist and uttered obscenities but later told Tyson "that part's not true". As for the rest of what happened, the 72-year-old stated she could not remember. Bryant is quoted by Tyson as saying "Nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him". However, the tape recordings that Tyson made of the interviews with Bryant do not contain Bryant saying this. In addition, Bryant's daughter-in-law, who was present during Tyson's interviews, says that Bryant never said it. Decades later, Simeon Wright also challenged the account given by Carolyn Bryant at the trial. Wright claims he entered the store "less than a minute" after Till was left inside alone with Bryant, and he saw no inappropriate behavior and heard "no lecherous conversation". Wright said Till "paid for his items and we left the store together". In their 2006 investigation of the cold case, the FBI noted that a second anonymous source, who was confirmed to have been in the store at the same time as Till and his cousin, supported Wright's account.FBI (2006), p. 44. Author Devery Anderson writes that in an interview with the defense's attorneys, Bryant told a version of the initial encounter that included Till grabbing her hand and asking her for a date, but not Till approaching her and grabbing her waist, mentioning past relationships with white women, or having to be dragged unwillingly out of the store by another boy. Anderson further notes that many remarks prior to Till's kidnapping made by those involved indicate that it was his remarks to Bryant that angered his killers, rather than any alleged physical harassment. For instance, Mose Wright (a witness to the kidnapping) said that the kidnappers mentioned only "talk" at the store, and Sheriff George Smith only spoke of the arrested killers accusing Till of "ugly remarks". Anderson suggests that this evidence taken together implies that the more extreme details of Bryant's story were invented after the fact as part of the defense's legal strategy. After Wright and Till left the store, Bryant went outside to retrieve a pistol from underneath the seat of a car. Till and his companions saw her do this and left immediately. It was acknowledged that Till whistled while Bryant was going to her car. However, one witness, Roosevelt Crawford, maintained that Till's whistle was directed not at Bryant, but at the checkers game that was taking place outside the store.Anderson (2015) Carolyn's husband Roy Bryant was on an extended trip hauling shrimp to Texas and did not return home until August 27.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 46. Historian Timothy Tyson said an investigation by civil rights activists concluded Carolyn Bryant did not initially tell her husband Roy Bryant about the encounter with Till, and that Roy was told by a person who frequented their store. Roy was reportedly angry at his wife for not telling him. Carolyn Bryant told the FBI she did not tell her husband because she feared he would assault Till. == Lynching == When Roy Bryant was informed of what had happened, he aggressively questioned several young black men who entered the store. That evening, Bryant, with a black man named J. W. Washington, approached a black teenager walking along a road. Bryant ordered Washington to seize the boy, put him in the back of a pickup truck, and took him to be identified by a companion of Carolyn's who had witnessed the episode with Till. Friends or parents vouched for the boy in Bryant's store, and Carolyn's companion denied that the boy Bryant and Washington seized was the one who had accosted her. Somehow, Bryant learned that the boy in the incident was from Chicago and was staying with Mose Wright.Some recollections of this part of the story relate that news of the incident traveled in both black and white communities very quickly. Others say that Carolyn Bryant refused to tell her husband about it. According to some accounts, Till's eldest cousin Maurice Wright, perhaps put off by Till's bragging and smart clothes, told Roy Bryant at his store about Till's interaction with Bryant's wife. (Whitfield, p. 19.) Several witnesses overheard Bryant and his 36-year-old half-brother, John William "J. W." Milam, discussing taking Till from his house.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 47–49. In the early morning hours of August 28, 1955, sometime between 2 and 3:30 a.m., Bryant and Milam drove to Mose Wright's house. Milam was armed with a pistol and a flashlight. He asked Wright if he had three boys in the house from Chicago. Till was sharing a bed with another cousin and there were a total of eight people in the cabin. Milam asked Wright to take them to "the nigger who did the talking". Till's great- aunt offered the men money, but Milam refused as he rushed Emmett to put on his clothes. Mose Wright informed the men that Till was from up north and did not know any better. Milam reportedly then asked, "How old are you, preacher?" to which Wright responded "64". Milam threatened that if Wright told anybody he would not live to see 65. The men marched Till out to the truck. Wright said he heard them ask someone in the car if this was the boy, and heard someone say "yes". When asked if the voice was that of a man or a woman Wright said "it seemed like it was a lighter voice than a man's". In a 1956 interview with Look magazine, in which they confessed to the killing, Bryant and Milam said they would have brought Till by the store in order to have Carolyn identify him, but stated they did not do so because they said Till admitted to being the one who had talked to her. They tied up Till in the back of a green pickup truck and drove toward Money, Mississippi. According to some witnesses, they took Till back to Bryant's Groceries and recruited two black men. The men then drove to a barn in Drew. They pistol-whipped him on the way and reportedly knocked him unconscious. Willie Reed, who was 18 years old at the time, saw the truck passing by. Reed recalled seeing two white men in the front seat, and "two black males" in the back. Some have speculated that the two black men worked for Milam and were forced to help with the beating, although they later denied being present. Willie Reed said that while walking home, he heard the beating and crying from the barn. He told a neighbor and they both walked back up the road to a water well near the barn, where they were approached by Milam. Milam asked if they heard anything. Reed responded "No". Others passed by the shed and heard yelling. A local neighbor also spotted "Too Tight" (Leroy Collins) at the back of the barn washing blood off the truck and noticed Till's boot. Milam explained he had killed a deer and that the boot belonged to him. Some have claimed that Till was shot and tossed over the Black Bayou Bridge in Glendora, Mississippi, near the Tallahatchie River. The group drove back to Roy Bryant's home in Money, where they reportedly burned Emmett's clothes. In an interview with William Bradford Huie that was published in Look magazine in 1956, Bryant and Milam said that they intended to beat Till and throw him off an embankment into the river to frighten him. They told Huie that while they were beating Till, he called them bastards, declared he was as good as they and said that he had sexual encounters with white women. They put Till in the back of their truck, and drove to a cotton gin to take a fan—the only time they admitted to being worried, thinking that by this time in early daylight they would be spotted and accused of stealing—and drove for several miles along the river looking for a place to dispose of Till. They shot him by the river and weighted his body with the fan.Several major inconsistencies between what Bryant and Milam told interviewer William Bradford Huie and what they had told others were noted by the FBI in 2006. The pair of men told Huie they were sober, yet reported years later that they had been drinking. In the interview, they said they had driven what would have been looking for a place to dispose of Till's body, to the cotton gin to obtain the fan, and back again, which the FBI noted would be impossible in the time they were witnessed having returned. Several witnesses recalled that they saw Bryant, Milam, and two or more black men with Till's beaten body in the back of the pickup truck in Glendora, yet they did not tell Huie they were in Glendora. (FBI, [2006], pp. 86–96.) Mose Wright stayed on his front porch for twenty minutes waiting for Till to return. He did not go back to bed. He and another man went into Money, got gasoline, and drove around trying to find Till. Unsuccessful, they returned home by 8:00 am.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 55–57. After hearing from Wright that he would not call the police because he feared for his life, Curtis Jones placed a call to the Leflore County sheriff, and another to his mother in Chicago. Distraught, she called Emmett's mother Mamie Till Bradley.Hampton, p. 4. Wright and his wife Elizabeth drove to Sumner, where Elizabeth's brother contacted the sheriff.Whitfield, p. 21. Bryant and Milam were questioned by Leflore County sheriff George Smith. They admitted they had taken the boy from his great-uncle's yard, but claimed they had released him the same night in front of Bryant's store. Bryant and Milam were arrested for kidnapping.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 68. Word got out that Till was missing, and soon Medgar Evers, Mississippi state field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Amzie Moore, head of the NAACP's Bolivar County chapter, became involved. They disguised themselves as cotton pickers and went into the cotton fields in search of any information that might help find Till.Hampton, p. 6. Three days after his abduction and murder, Till's swollen and disfigured body was found by two boys who were fishing in the Tallahatchie River. His head was very badly mutilated, he had been shot above the right ear, an eye was dislodged from the socket, there was evidence that he had been beaten on the back and the hips, and his body weighted by a fan blade, which was fastened around his neck with barbed wire. He was nude, but wearing a silver ring with the initials "L. T." and "May 25, 1943" carved in it.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 69–79.Many years later, there were allegations that Till had been castrated. (Mitchell, 2007) John Cothran, the deputy sheriff who was at the scene where Till was removed from the river testified, however, that apart from the decomposition typical of a body being submerged in water, his genitals had been intact. (FBI [2006]: Appendix Court transcript, p. 176.) Mamie Till-Mobley also confirmed this in her memoirs. (Till-Bradley and Benson, p. 135.) His face was unrecognizable due to trauma and having been submerged in water. Mose Wright was called to the river to identify Till. The silver ring that Till was wearing was removed, returned to Wright, and next passed on to the district attorney as evidence. == Funeral and reaction == thumb|Mamie Till at Emmett's funeral Although lynchings and racially motivated murders had occurred throughout the South for decades, the circumstances surrounding Till's murder and the timing acted as a catalyst to attract national attention to the case of a 14-year-old boy who had allegedly been killed for breaching a social caste system. Till's murder aroused feelings about segregation, law enforcement, relations between the North and South, the social status quo in Mississippi, the activities of the NAACP and the White Citizens' Councils, and the Cold War, all of which were played out in a drama staged in newspapers all over the U.S. and abroad.Houck and Grindy, p. 6. After Till went missing, a three-paragraph story was printed in The Greenwood Commonwealth and quickly picked up by other Mississippi newspapers. They reported on his death when the body was found. The next day, when a picture of him his mother had taken the previous Christmas showing them smiling together appeared in the Jackson Daily News and Vicksburg Evening Post, editorials and letters to the editor were printed expressing shame at the people who had caused Till's death. One read, "Now is the time for every citizen who loves the state of Mississippi to 'Stand up and be counted' before hoodlum white trash brings us to destruction." The letter said that Negroes were not the downfall of Mississippi society, but whites like those in White Citizens' Councils that condoned violence.Houck and Grindy, pp. 19–21. Till's body was clothed, packed in lime, placed into a pine coffin, and prepared for burial. It may have been embalmed while in Mississippi. Mamie Till Bradley demanded that the body be sent to Chicago; she later said that she worked to halt an immediate burial in Mississippi and called several local and state authorities in Illinois and Mississippi to make sure that her son was returned to Chicago.Hampton, p. 5. A doctor did not examine Till post-mortem.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 80–81. Mississippi's governor, Hugh L. White, deplored the murder, asserting that local authorities should pursue a "vigorous prosecution". He sent a telegram to the national offices of the NAACP, promising a full investigation and assuring them "Mississippi does not condone such conduct". Delta residents, both black and white, also distanced themselves from Till's murder, finding the circumstances abhorrent. Local newspaper editorials denounced the murderers without question.Beito and Beito, p. 118. Leflore County Deputy Sheriff John Cothran stated, "The white people around here feel pretty mad about the way that poor little boy was treated, and they won't stand for this."Whitfield, pp. 23–26. Soon, however, discourse about Till's murder became more complex. Robert B. Patterson, executive secretary of the segregationist White Citizens' Council, used Till's death to claim that racial segregation policies were to provide for blacks' safety and that their efforts were being neutralized by the NAACP. In response, NAACP executive secretary Roy Wilkins characterized the incident as a lynching and said that Mississippi was trying to maintain white supremacy through murder. He said, "there is in the entire state no restraining influence of decency, not in the state capital, among the daily newspapers, the clergy, nor any segment of the so-called better citizens."Metress, pp. 16–20. Mamie Till Bradley told a reporter that she would seek legal aid to help law enforcement find her son's killers and that the State of Mississippi should share the financial responsibility. She was misquoted; it was reported as "Mississippi is going to pay for this."Houck and Grindy, pp. 22–24. The A. A. Rayner Funeral Home in Chicago received Till's body. Upon arrival, Bradley insisted on viewing it to make a positive identification, later stating that the stench from it was noticeable two blocks away.Till-Mobley and Benson, p. 132. She decided to have an open-casket funeral, saying: "There was just no way I could describe what was in that box. No way. And I just wanted the world to see." Tens of thousands of people lined the street outside the mortuary to view Till's body, and days later thousands more attended his funeral at Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ. thumb|right|200px|Till's grave at Burr Oak Cemetery Photographs of his mutilated corpse circulated around the country, notably appearing in Jet magazine and The Chicago Defender, both black publications, generating intense public reaction. According to The Nation and Newsweek, Chicago's black community was "aroused as it has not been over any similar act in recent history".Whitfield, p. 23.When Jet publisher John H. Johnson died in 2005, people who remembered his career considered his decision to publish Till's open-casket photograph his greatest moment. Michigan congressman Charles Diggs recalled that for the emotion the image stimulated, it was "probably one of the greatest media products in the last 40 or 50 years". (Dewan, 2005) Time later selected one of the Jet photographs showing Mamie Till over the mutilated body of her dead son, as one of the 100 "most influential images of all time": "For almost a century, African Americans were lynched with regularity and impunity. Now, thanks to a mother's determination to expose the barbarousness of the crime, the public could no longer pretend to ignore what they couldn't see." Till was buried on September 6 in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. News about Emmett Till spread to both coasts. Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and Illinois Governor William Stratton also became involved, urging Mississippi Governor White to see that justice was done. The tone in Mississippi newspapers changed dramatically. They falsely reported riots in the funeral home in Chicago. Bryant and Milam appeared in photos smiling and wearing military uniforms,Houck and Grindy, p. 29. and Carolyn Bryant's beauty and virtue were extolled. Rumors of an invasion of outraged blacks and northern whites were printed throughout the state, and were taken seriously by the Leflore County Sheriff. T. R. M. Howard, a local businessman, surgeon, and civil rights proponent and one of the wealthiest black people in the state, warned of a "second civil war" if "slaughtering of Negroes" was allowed.Houck and Grindy, pp. 31–37. Following Roy Wilkins' comments, white opinion began to shift. According to historian Stephen J. Whitfield, a specific brand of xenophobia in the South was particularly strong in Mississippi. Whites were urged to reject the influence of Northern opinion and agitation.Whitfield, pp. 28–30. This independent attitude was profound enough in Tallahatchie County that it earned the nickname "The Freestate of Tallahatchie", according to a former sheriff, "because people here do what they damn well please", making the county often difficult to govern.Whitaker (1963), pp. 21–22. Tallahatchie County Sheriff Clarence Strider, who initially positively identified Till's body and stated that the case against Milam and Bryant was "pretty good", on September 3 announced his doubts that the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River was that of Till. He speculated that the boy was probably still alive. Strider suggested that the recovered body had been planted by the NAACP: a corpse stolen by T. R. M. Howard, who colluded to place Till's ring on it.Beito and Beito, p. 119. Strider changed his account after comments were published in the press denigrating the people of Mississippi, later saying: "The last thing I wanted to do was to defend those peckerwoods. But I just had no choice about it."Following the trial, Strider told a television reporter that should anyone who had sent him hate mail arrive in Mississippi, "the same thing's gonna happen to them that happened to Emmett Till". (Whitfield, p. 44.) Bryant and Milam were indicted for murder. The state's prosecuting attorney, Hamilton Caldwell, was not confident that he could get a conviction in a case of white violence against a black male accused of insulting a white woman. A local black paper was surprised at the indictment and praised the decision, as did The New York Times. The high- profile comments published in Northern newspapers and by the NAACP were of concern to the prosecuting attorney, Gerald Chatham; he worried that his office would not be able to secure a guilty verdict, despite the compelling evidence. Having limited funds, Bryant and Milam initially had difficulty finding attorneys to represent them, but five attorneys at a Sumner law firm offered their services pro bono. Their supporters placed collection jars in stores and other public places in the Delta, eventually gathering $10,000 for the defense.Whitfield, p. 34. == Trial == The trial was held in the county courthouse in Sumner, the western seat of Tallahatchie County, because Till's body was found in this area. Sumner had one boarding house; the small town was besieged by reporters from all over the country. David Halberstam called the trial "the first great media event of the civil rights movement". A reporter who had covered the trials of Bruno Hauptmann and Machine Gun Kelly remarked that this was the most publicity for any trial he had ever seen. No hotels were open to black visitors. Mamie Till Bradley arrived to testify, and the trial also attracted black congressman Charles Diggs from Michigan. Bradley, Diggs, and several black reporters stayed at T. R. M. Howard's home in Mound Bayou. Located on a large lot and surrounded by Howard's armed guards, it resembled a compound. The day before the start of the trial, a young black man named Frank Young arrived to tell Howard he knew of two witnesses to the crime. Levi "Too Tight" Collins and Henry Lee Loggins were black employees of Leslie Milam, J. W.'s brother, in whose shed Till was beaten. Collins and Loggins were spotted with J. W. Milam, Bryant, and Till. The prosecution team was unaware of Collins and Loggins. Sheriff Strider, however, booked them into the Charleston, Mississippi, jail to keep them from testifying.Beito and Beito, pp. 121–122. The trial was held in September 1955 and lasted for five days; attendees remembered that the weather was very hot. The courtroom was filled to capacity with 280 spectators; black attendees sat in segregated sections.Whitfield, p. 38. Press from major national newspapers attended, including black publications; black reporters were required to sit in the segregated black section and away from the white press, farther from the jury. Sheriff Strider welcomed black spectators coming back from lunch with a cheerful, "Hello, Niggers!"Beito and Beito, p. 122. Some visitors from the North found the court to be run with surprising informality. Jury members were allowed to drink beer on duty, and many white male spectators wore handguns.Hampton, pp. 10–11. The defense sought to cast doubt on the identity of the body pulled from the river. They said it could not be positively identified, and they questioned whether Till was dead at all. The defense also asserted that although Bryant and Milam had taken Till from his great-uncle's house, they had released him that night. The defense attorneys attempted to prove that Mose Wright—who was addressed as "Uncle Mose" by the prosecution and "Mose" by the defense—could not identify Bryant and Milam as the men who took Till from his cabin. They noted that only Milam's flashlight had been in use that night, and no other lights in the house were turned on. Milam and Bryant had identified themselves to Wright the evening they took Till; Wright said he had only seen Milam clearly. Wright's testimony was considered remarkably courageous. It may have been the first time in the South that a black man had testified to the guilt of a white man in court—and lived. Journalist James Hicks, who worked for the black news wire service, the National Negro Publishers Association (later renamed the National Newspaper Publishers Association), was present in the courtroom; he was especially impressed that Wright stood to identify Milam, pointing to him and saying "There he is",The trial transcript says "There he is", although witnesses recall variations of "Dar he", "Thar he", or "Thar's the one". Wright's family protested that Mose Wright was made to sound illiterate by newspaper accounts and insisted he said "There he is." (Mitchell, 2007) calling it a historic moment and one filled with "electricity".Hampton, p. 11. A writer for the New York Post noted that following his identification, Wright sat "with a lurch which told better than anything else the cost in strength to him of the thing he had done".Whitfield, p. 39. A reporter who covered the trial for the New Orleans Times-Picayune said it was "the most dramatic thing I saw in my career". (Originally published in the Jackson Clarion-Ledger.) Mamie Till Bradley testified that she had instructed her son to watch his manners in Mississippi and that should a situation ever come to his being asked to get on his knees to ask forgiveness of a white person, he should do it without a thought. The defense questioned her identification of her son in the casket in Chicago and a $400 life insurance policy she had taken out on him ().Beito and Beito, pp. 124–126. While the trial progressed, Leflore County Sheriff George Smith, Howard, and several reporters, both black and white, attempted to locate Collins and Loggins. They could not, but found three witnesses who had seen Collins and Loggins with Milam and Bryant on Leslie Milam's property. Two of them testified that they heard someone being beaten, blows, and cries. One testified so quietly the judge ordered him several times to speak louder; he said he heard the victim call out: "Mama, Lord have mercy. Lord have mercy."Whitfield, p. 40. Sheriff Strider testified for the defense of his theory that Till was alive and that the body retrieved from the river was white. A doctor from Greenwood stated on the stand that the body was too decomposed to identify, and therefore had been in the water too long for it to be Till.Beito and Beito, p. 126. Carolyn Bryant was allowed to testify in court, but because Judge Curtis Swango ruled in favor of the prosecution's objection that her testimony was irrelevant to Till's abduction and murder, the jury was not present. In the event that the defendants were convicted, the defense wanted her testimony on record to aid in a possible appeal. In the concluding statements, one prosecuting attorney said that what Till did was wrong, but that his action warranted a spanking, not murder. Gerald Chatham passionately called for justice and mocked the sheriff and doctor's statements that alluded to a conspiracy. Mamie Bradley indicated she was very impressed with his summation. The defense stated that the prosecution's theory of the events the night Till was murdered was improbable, and said the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam. Only three outcomes were possible in Mississippi for capital murder: life imprisonment, the death penalty, or acquittal. On September 23 the all- white, all-male jury (both women and blacks had been banned) acquitted both defendants after a 67-minute deliberation; one juror said, "If we hadn't stopped to drink pop, it wouldn't have taken that long."Whitfield, pp. 41–42.Note: Blacks were generally excluded from juries because they were disenfranchised; jurors were drawn only from registered voters. In post-trial analyses, the blame for the outcome varied. Mamie Till Bradley was criticized for not crying enough on the stand. The jury was noted to have been picked almost exclusively from the hill country section of Tallahatchie County, which, due to its poorer economic make-up, found whites and blacks competing for land and other agrarian opportunities. Unlike the population living closer to the river (and thus closer to Bryant and Milam in Leflore County), who possessed a noblesse oblige outlook toward blacks, according to historian Stephen Whitaker, those in the eastern part of the county were virulent in their racism. The prosecution was criticized for dismissing any potential juror who knew Milam or Bryant personally, for fear that such a juror would vote to acquit. Afterward, Whitaker noted that this had been a mistake, as those who knew the defendants usually disliked them. One juror voted twice to convict, but on the third discussion, voted with the rest of the jury to acquit. In later interviews, the jurors acknowledged that they knew Bryant and Milam were guilty, but simply did not believe that life imprisonment or the death penalty were fit punishment for whites who had killed a black man.Beito and Beito, p. 128. However, two jurors said as late as 2005 that they believed the defense's case. They also said that the prosecution had not proved that Till had died, nor that it was his body that was removed from the river. In November 1955, a grand jury declined to indict Bryant and Milam for kidnapping, despite their own admissions of having taken Till. Mose Wright and a young man named Willie Reed, who testified to seeing Milam enter the shed from which screams and blows were heard, both testified in front of the grand jury.Whitfield, pp. 48–49. After the trial, T. R. M. Howard paid the costs of relocating to Chicago for Wright, Reed, and another black witness who testified against Milam and Bryant, in order to protect the three witnesses from reprisals for having testified.Beito and Beito, p. 127. Reed, who later changed his name to Willie Louis to avoid being found, continued to live in the Chicago area until his death on July 18, 2013. He avoided publicity and even kept his history secret from his wife until she was told by a relative. Reed began to speak publicly about the case in the PBS documentary The Murder of Emmett Till, aired in 2003. == Media discourse == Newspapers in major international cities as well as religious and socialist publications reported outrage about the verdict and strong criticism of American society, while Southern newspapers, particularly in Mississippi, wrote that the court system had done its job.Whitfield, pp. 46–47. Till's story continued to make the news for weeks following the trial, sparking debate in newspapers, among the NAACP and various high-profile segregationists about justice for blacks and the propriety of Jim Crow society. In October 1955, the Jackson Daily News reported facts about Till's father that had been suppressed by the U.S. military. While serving in Italy, Louis Till was court-martialed for the rape of two women and the killing of a third. He was found guilty and executed by hanging by the Army near Pisa in July 1945. Mamie Till Bradley and her family knew none of this, having been told only that Louis had been killed for "willful misconduct". Mississippi senators James Eastland and John C. Stennis probed Army records and revealed Louis Till's crimes. Although Emmett Till's murder trial was over, news about his father was carried on the front pages of Mississippi newspapers for weeks in October and November 1955. This renewed debate about Emmett Till's actions and Carolyn Bryant's integrity. Stephen Whitfield writes that the lack of attention paid to identifying or finding Till is "strange" compared to the amount of published discourse about his father.Whitfield, p. 117. According to historians Davis Houck and Matthew Grindy, "Louis Till became a most important rhetorical pawn in the high-stakes game of north versus south, black versus white, NAACP versus White Citizens' Councils". In 2016, reviewing the facts of the rapes and murder for which Louis Till had been executed, John Edgar Wideman posited that, given the timing of the publicity about Emmett's father, although the defendants had already confessed to taking Emmett from his uncle's house, the post-murder trial grand jury refused to even indict them for kidnapping. Wideman also suggested that the conviction and punishment of Louis Till may have been racially motivated, referring to his trial as a "kangaroo court-martial". Protected against double jeopardy, Bryant and Milam struck a deal with Look magazine in 1956 to tell their story to journalist William Bradford Huie for between $3,600 and $4,000. The interview took place in the law firm of the attorneys who had defended Bryant and Milam. Huie did not ask the questions; Bryant and Milam's own attorneys did. Neither attorney had heard their clients' accounts of the murder before. According to Huie, the older Milam was more articulate and sure of himself than the younger Bryant. Milam admitted to shooting Till and neither of them believed they were guilty or that they had done anything wrong.Whitfield, p. 52. Reaction to Huie's interview with Bryant and Milam was explosive. Their brazen admission that they had murdered Till caused prominent civil rights leaders to push the federal government harder to investigate the case. Till's murder contributed to congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957: it authorized the U.S. Department of Justice to intervene in local law enforcement issues when individual civil rights were being compromised. Huie's interview, in which Milam and Bryant said they had acted alone, overshadowed inconsistencies in earlier versions of the stories. As a consequence, details about others who had possibly been involved in Till's abduction and murder, or the subsequent cover-up, were forgotten, according to historians David and Linda Beito.Beito and Beito, pp. 150–151.A month after Huie's article appeared in Look, T. R. M. Howard worked with Olive Arnold Adams of The New York Age to publish a version of the events that agreed more with the testimony at the trial and what Howard had been told by Frank Young. It appeared as a booklet titled Time Bomb: Mississippi Exposed and the Full Story of Emmett Till. Howard also acted as a source for an as- yet-unidentified reporter using the pseudonym Amos Dixon in the California Eagle. Dixon wrote a series of articles implicating three black men, and Leslie Milam, whom he reported had participated in Till's murder in some way. Time Bomb and Dixon's articles had no lasting effect in the shaping of public opinion. Huie's article in the far more widely circulated Look became the most commonly accepted version of events. (Beito and Beito, pp. 150–151.) == Later events == Till's murder increased fears in the local black community that they would be subjected to violence and the law would not protect them. According to Deloris Melton Gresham, whose father was killed a few months after Till, "At that time, they used to say that 'it's open season on n*****s.' Kill'em and get away with it." After Bryant and Milam admitted to Huie that they had killed Till, the support base of the two men eroded in Mississippi.Hampton, pp. 13–14. Many of their former friends and supporters, including those who had contributed to their defense funds, cut them off. Blacks boycotted their shops, which went bankrupt and closed, and banks refused to grant them loans to plant crops. After struggling to secure a loan and find someone who would rent to him, Milam managed to secure and a $4,000 loan to plant cotton, but blacks refused to work for him. He was forced to pay whites higher wages. Eventually, Milam and Bryant relocated to Texas, but their infamy followed them; they continued to generate animosity from locals. In 1961, while in Texas, when Bryant recognized the license plate of a Tallahatchie County resident, he called out a greeting and identified himself. The resident, upon hearing the name, drove away without speaking to Bryant.Whitaker, 2005 After several years, they returned to Mississippi. Milam found work as a heavy equipment operator, but ill health forced him into retirement. Over the years, Milam was tried for offenses including assault and battery, writing bad checks, and using a stolen credit card. He died of spinal cancer on December 30, 1980, at the age of 61. Bryant worked as a welder while in Texas, until increasing blindness forced him to give up this employment. At some point, he and Carolyn divorced; he remarried in 1980. He opened a store in Ruleville, Mississippi. He was convicted in 1984 and 1988 of food stamp fraud. In a 1985 interview, he denied killing Till despite having admitted to it in 1956, but said: "if Emmett Till hadn't got out of line, it probably wouldn't have happened to him." Fearing economic boycotts and retaliation, Bryant lived a private life and refused to be photographed or reveal the exact location of his store, explaining: "this new generation is different and I don't want to worry about a bullet some dark night". He died of cancer on September 1, 1994, at the age of 63.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 24–26. Till's mother married Gene Mobley, became a teacher, and changed her surname to Till- Mobley. She continued to educate people about her son's murder. In 1992, Till- Mobley had the opportunity to listen while Bryant was interviewed about his involvement in Till's murder. With Bryant unaware that Till-Mobley was listening, he asserted that Till had ruined his life, expressed no remorse, and said: "Emmett Till is dead. I don't know why he can't just stay dead."Till-Mobley and Benson, p. 261. In 1996, documentary filmmaker Keith Beauchamp, who was greatly moved by Till's open-casket photograph, started background research for a feature film he planned to make about Till's murder. He asserted that as many as 14 people may have been involved, including Carolyn Bryant Donham (who by this point had remarried). Mose Wright heard someone with "a lighter voice" affirm that Till was the one in his front yard immediately before Bryant and Milam drove away with the boy. Beauchamp spent the next nine years producing The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till, released in 2003. That same year, PBS aired an installment of American Experience titled The Murder of Emmett Till. In 2005, CBS journalist Ed Bradley aired a 60 Minutes report investigating the Till murder, part of which showed him tracking down Carolyn Bryant at her home in Greenville, Mississippi. A 1991 book written by Stephen J. Whitfield, another by Christopher Metress in 2002, and Mamie Till-Mobley's memoirs the next year all posed questions as to who was involved in the murder and cover-up. Federal authorities in the 21st century worked to resolve the questions about the identity of the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it was reopening the case to determine whether anyone other than Milam and Bryant was involved. David T. Beito, a professor at the University of Alabama, states that Till's murder "has this mythic quality like the Kennedy assassination". The DOJ had undertaken to investigate numerous cold cases dating to the civil rights movement, in the hope of finding new evidence in other murders as well. The body was exhumed, and the Cook County coroner conducted an autopsy in 2005. Using DNA from Till's relatives, dental comparisons to images taken of Till, and anthropological analysis, the exhumed body was positively identified as that of Till. It had extensive cranial damage, a broken left femur, and two broken wrists. Metallic fragments found in the skull were consistent with bullets being fired from a .45 caliber gun.Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. 99–109. In February 2007, a Leflore County grand jury, composed primarily of black jurors and empaneled by Joyce Chiles, a black prosecutor, found no credible basis for Beauchamp's claim that 14 people took part in Till's abduction and murder. Beauchamp was angry with the finding. David Beito and Juan Williams, who worked on the reading materials for the Eyes on the Prize documentary, were critical of Beauchamp for trying to revise history and taking attention away from other cold cases. The grand jury failed to find sufficient cause for charges against Carolyn Bryant Donham. Neither the FBI nor the grand jury found any credible evidence that Henry Lee Loggins, identified by Beauchamp as a suspect who could be charged, had any role in the crime. Other than Loggins, Beauchamp refused to name any of the people he alleged were involved. === Historical markers === The first highway marker remembering Emmett Till, erected in 2006, was defaced with "KKK", and then completely covered with black paint. In 2007, eight markers were erected at sites associated with Till's lynching. The marker at the "River Spot" where Till's body was found was torn down in 2008, presumably thrown in the river. A replacement sign received more than 100 bullet holes over the next few years. Another replacement was installed in June 2018, and in July it was vandalized by bullets. Three University of Mississippi students were suspended from their fraternity after posing in front of the bullet-riddled marker, with guns, and uploading the photo to Instagram. As stated by reporter Jerry Mitchell, "It is not clear whether the fraternity students shot the sign or are simply posing before it." In 2019, a fourth sign was erected. It is made of steel, weighs , is over thick, and is said by its manufacturer to be indestructible. === Claim that Carolyn Bryant recanted her testimony === In 2017, historian and author Timothy Tyson released details of a 2008 interview with Carolyn Bryant, during which, he alleged, she had disclosed that she had fabricated parts of her testimony at the trial. According to Tyson's account of the interview, Bryant retracted her testimony that Till had grabbed her around her waist and uttered obscenities, saying "that part's not true". The jury did not hear Bryant's testimony at the trial as the judge had ruled it inadmissible, but the court spectators heard. The defense wanted Bryant's testimony as evidence for a possible appeal in case of a conviction. In the 2007 interview, the 72-year-old Bryant said she could not remember the rest of the events that occurred between her and Till in the grocery store. Tyson also reported her as saying: "nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him". Tyson said that Roy Bryant had been abusive toward Carolyn, and "it was clear she was frightened of her husband". Tyson believed Bryant embellished her testimony under coercive circumstances. Bryant described Milam as "domineering and brutal and not a kind man". An editorial in The New York Times said, regarding Bryant's admission that portions of her testimony were false: "This admission is a reminder of how black lives were sacrificed to white lies in places like Mississippi. It also raises anew the question of why no one was brought to justice in the most notorious racially motivated murder of the 20th century, despite an extensive investigation by the F.B.I." The New York Times quoted Wheeler Parker, a cousin of Till's, who said: "I was hoping that one day she [Bryant] would admit it, so it matters to me that she did, and it gives me some satisfaction. It's important to people understanding how the word of a white person against a black person was law, and a lot of black people lost their lives because of it. It really speaks to history, it shows what black people went through in those days." However, the 'recanting' claim made by Tyson was not on his tape- recording of the interview. "It is true that that part is not on tape because I was setting up the tape recorder" Tyson said. The support Tyson provided to back up his claim, was a handwritten note that he said had been made at the time. In a report to Congress in March 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that it was reopening the investigation into Till's death due to new information. In December 2021, the DOJ announced that it had closed its investigation in the case. === Discovery of unserved arrest warrant === In June 2022, an unserved arrest warrant for Carolyn Bryant (now known as Carolyn Bryant Donham), dated August 29, 1955, and signed by the Leflore County Clerk, was discovered in a courthouse basement by members of the Emmett Till Legacy Foundation. Following the discovery, Till's family called for Donham's arrest. However, the district attorney declined to charge Donham, and said that there was no new evidence to reopen the case. In August 2022, a grand jury concluded there was insufficient evidence to indict Donham. In December 2022 Bowling Green, Kentucky, cancelled its annual Christmas parade scheduled for December 3, 2022, due to threats of violence against groups who planned to protest outside Donham's home, an apartment at Shive Lane, Bowling Green. The protests took place peacefully. === Release of Carolyn Bryant Donham memoir === In 2022, I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle, the 99-page memoir of Carolyn Bryant Donham, was copied and given to NewsOne by an anonymous source. The text had been given to the University of North Carolina to privately hold until 2036. The memoir had been prepared by Donham's daughter-in-law Marsha Bryant, who had shared the material with Timothy Tyson, with the understanding that Tyson would edit the memoir. However, Tyson said there had been no such agreement, and placed the memoir at the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill library archives, with access restricted for twenty years or until Donham's death. Bryant Donham died on April 25, 2023, at the age of 88. == Influence on civil rights == Till's case became emblematic of the injustices suffered by blacks in the South.Carson, et al., pp. 39–40. Myrlie Evers, the widow of Medgar Evers, said years later that the case "struck a spark of indignation that... touched off a world-wide clamor and cast the glare of a world spotlight on Mississippi's racism."Whitfield, p. 60. Mamie Till Bradley toured the country in one of the NAACP's most successful fundraising campaigns ever.Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 191–196. Journalist Louis Lomax acknowledges Till's death to be the start of what he terms the "Negro revolt", and scholar Clenora Hudson-Weems characterizes Till as a "sacrificial lamb" for civil rights. NAACP operative Amzie Moore considers Till the start of the Civil Rights Movement, at the very least in Mississippi.Beito and Beito, p. 130. The 1987 Emmy award-winning documentary series Eyes on the Prize, begins with the murder of Emmett Till. Accompanying written materials for the series, Eyes on the Prize and Voices of Freedom (for the second time period), exhaustively explore the major figures and events of the Civil Rights Movement. Stephen Whitaker states that, as a result of the attention Till's death and the trial received, In Montgomery a few months after the murder, Rosa Parks attended a rally for Till, led by Martin Luther King Jr. Soon after, she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. The incident sparked a year-long well-organized grassroots boycott of the public bus system. The boycott was designed to force the city to change its segregation policies. Parks later said when she did not get up and move to the rear of the bus, "I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back."Houck and Grindy, p. x. According to author Clayborne Carson, Till's death and the widespread coverage of the students integrating Little Rock Central High School in 1957 were especially profound for younger blacks: "It was out of this festering discontent and an awareness of earlier isolated protests that the sit-ins of the 1960s were born."Carson, et al., p. 107. After seeing pictures of Till's mutilated body, in Louisville, Kentucky, young Cassius Clay (later famed boxer Muhammad Ali) and a friend took out their frustration by vandalizing a local railyard, causing a locomotive engine to derail.Hampton, p. 321.Gorn, pp. 76–77. In 1963, Sunflower County resident and sharecropper Fannie Lou Hamer was jailed and beaten for attempting to register to vote. The next year, she led a massive voter registration drive in the Delta region, and volunteers worked on Freedom Summer throughout the state. Before 1954, 265 black people were registered to vote in three Delta counties, where they were a majority of the population. At this time, blacks made up 41% of the total state population. The summer Emmett Till was killed, the number of registered voters in those three counties dropped to 90. By the end of 1955, fourteen Mississippi counties had no registered black voters.Whitfield, p. 62. The Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964 registered 63,000 black voters in a simplified process administered by the project; they formed their own political party because they were closed out of the Democratic Regulars in Mississippi.Carson, et al., pp. 177–178. == Legacy and honors == thumb|Emmett Till Memorial Highway, US 49E, Tutwiler, Mississippi, 2019 * A statue was unveiled in Denver in 1976 (and has since been moved to Pueblo, Colorado) featuring Till with Martin Luther King Jr. * In 1984, a section of 71st Street in Chicago was named "Emmett Till Road" and in 2005, the 71st street bridge was named in his honor. * In 1989, Till was included among the forty names of people who had died in the Civil Rights Movement; they are listed as martyrs on the granite sculpture of the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama. * A demonstration for Till was held in 2000 in Selma, Alabama, on the 35th anniversary of the march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge. His mother Mamie Till- Mobley attended and later wrote in her memoirs: "I realized that Emmett had achieved the significant impact in death that he had been denied in life. Even so, I had never wanted Emmett to be a martyr. I only wanted him to be a good son. Although I realized all the great things that had been accomplished largely because of the sacrifices made by so many people, I found myself wishing that somehow we could have done it another way."Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 259–260, 268. * In 2005, James McCosh Elementary School in Chicago, where Till had been a student, was renamed the "Emmett Louis Till Math And Science Academy". * In 2006, the "Emmett Till Memorial Highway" was dedicated between Greenwood and Tutwiler, Mississippi; this was the route his body was taken to the train station, to be returned to his mother for burial in Chicago. It intersects with the H. C. "Clarence" Strider Memorial Highway.Houck and Grindy, p. 4. * In 2006, the Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established by the Tallahatchie Board of Supervisors * In 2007, the Emmett Till Memorial Commission issued a formal apology to Till's family at an event attended by 400 people. It reads: > We the citizens of Tallahatchie County recognize that the Emmett Till case > was a terrible miscarriage of justice. We state candidly and with deep > regret the failure to effectively pursue justice. We wish to say to the > family of Emmett Till that we are profoundly sorry for what was done in this > community to your loved one. * The same year, Georgia congressman John Lewis sponsored a bill to provide a plan for investigating and prosecuting unsolved (cold case) Civil Rights-era murders. The Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act was signed into law in 2008.H.R. 923: Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007, govtrack.us (2007–2008). Retrieved on September 8, 2009. * In 2008, a memorial plaque that was erected in Tallahatchie County, next to the Tallahatchie River at Graball Landing where Till's body was retrieved, was stolen and never recovered. The plaque was a "frequent target for racist vandalism". The location is in a remote area and down a gravel road, meaning that vandals had to go out of the way to get to it. Its replacement was soon also shot up, as was the replacement sign after that. In October 2019, a new bulletproof sign costing over $10,000, and weighing over was installed. In November 2019, a group of white supremacists was caught making a propaganda video in front of the sign raising new concerns that more vandalism was being planned. The group was carrying a white flag with a black St. Andrews cross, a flag commonly used by a racist Neo-Confederate group called the League of the South. The group quickly scattered when they set off alarms designed to protect the sign. * The Tallahatchie County Courthouse in Sumner, site of the 1955 trial of Till's killers, was restored and re-opened in 2012. The Emmett Till Interpretive Center opened across the street and is also serving as a community center. * The Emmett Till Memorial Project is an associated website and smartphone app to commemorate Till's death and his life. It identifies 51 sites in the Mississippi Delta associated with him. On August 29, 2015, the Center held a 60th anniversary event. *In 2015, Florida State University Libraries created the Emmett Till archives. * In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, the site of Till's funeral, as one of America's most endangered historic places. *In 2022, the U.S. Senate voted to award Emmett Till and his mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, the Congressional Gold Medal, forwarding the measure for concurrent action in the U.S. House of Representatives. The House passed the measure on December 21, 2022. *In March 2022, Congress passed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act. *In October 2022, a bronze statue commemorating Till was unveiled in Greenwood, Mississippi's Rail Spike Park, partially funded by the State of Mississippi. === Casket === During a renewed investigation of the crime in 2005, the Department of Justice exhumed Till's remains to conduct an autopsy and DNA analysis which confirmed the identification of his body. As required by state reburial law, Till was reinterred in a new casket later that year. In 2009, his original glass-topped casket was found, rusting in a dilapidated storage shed at the cemetery. The casket was discolored and the interior fabric torn. It bore evidence that animals had been living in it, although its glass top was still intact. The Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. acquired the casket a month later. == Representation in culture == Langston Hughes dedicated an untitled poem (eventually to be known as "Mississippi—1955") to Till in his October 1, 1955, column in The Chicago Defender. It was reprinted across the country and continued to be republished with various changes from different writers. William Faulkner, a prominent white Mississippi native who often focused on racial issues, wrote two essays on Till: one before the trial in which he pleaded for American unity and one after, a piece titled "On Fear" that was published in Harper's in 1956. In it he questioned why the tenets of segregation were based on irrational reasoning. Till's murder was the focus of a 1957 television episode for the U.S. Steel Hour titled "Noon on Doomsday" written by Rod Serling. He was fascinated by how quickly Mississippi whites supported Bryant and Milam. Although the script was rewritten to avoid mention of Till, and did not say that the murder victim was black, White Citizens' Councils vowed to boycott U.S. Steel. The eventual episode bore little resemblance to the Till case.Whitfield, pp. 83–84. Gwendolyn Brooks wrote a poem titled "A Bronzeville Mother Loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile, A Mississippi Mother Burns Bacon" (1960). The same year Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird, in which a white attorney is committed to defending a black man named Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. Lee, whose novel had a profound effect on civil rights, never commented on why she wrote about Robinson. Literature professor Patrick Chura noted several similarities between Till's case and that of Robinson. Writer James Baldwin loosely based his 1964 drama Blues for Mister Charlie on the Till case. He later divulged that Till's murder had been bothering him for several years. Anne Moody mentioned the Till case in her autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, in which she states she first learned to hate during the fall of 1955.Carson, et al, pp. 41–43. Audre Lorde's poem "Afterimages" (1981) focuses on the perspective of a black woman thinking of Carolyn Bryant 24 years after the murder and trial. Bebe Moore Campbell's 1992 novel Your Blues Ain't Like Mine centers on the events of Till's death. Toni Morrison mentions Till's death in the novel Song of Solomon (1977) and later wrote the play Dreaming Emmett (1986), which follows Till's life and the aftermath of his death. The play is a feminist look at the roles of men and women in black society, which she was inspired to write while considering "time through the eyes of one person who could come back to life and seek vengeance".Whitfield, pp. 119–120. Emmylou Harris includes a song called "My Name is Emmett Till" on her 2011 album, Hard Bargain. According to scholar Christopher Metress, Till is often reconfigured in literature as a specter that haunts the white people of Mississippi, causing them to question their involvement in evil, or silence about injustice. The 2002 book Mississippi Trials, 1955 is a fictionalized account of Till's death. The 2015 song by Janelle Monáe, "Hell You Talmbout", invokes the names of African-American people—including Emmett Till—who died as a result of encounters with law enforcement or racial violence. In 2016 artist Dana Schutz painted Open Casket, a work based on photographs of Till in his coffin as well as on an account by Till's mother of seeing him after his death. === Documentaries === * The Murder and the Movement: The Story of the Murder of Emmett Till (1985) by Rich Samuel and produced by Anna Vasser (originally aired on WMAQ-TV in Chicago) * The Murder of Emmett Till which aired during Season 15 of the TV series American Experience: website links to program transcript and additional materials for the PBS film * The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till (2005) by Keith BeauchampDocumentary website (October 15, 2019) * Eyes on the Prize: Transcript of 2006 PBS documentary === Books, plays, and other works inspired by Till === This section includes creative works inspired by Till. For non-fiction books on Till, see Bibliography, below. ====Songs==== * "The Death of Emmett Till", (1955) written by A. C. Bilbrew, recorded by The Ramparts with Scatman Crothers * "The Ballad of Emmett Till" (1956), recorded by Red River Dave (David McEnery), in the TNT label's True Story Series * "My Name is Emmett Till", (2013) from Hard Bargain, the twenty-sixth studio album by Emmylou Harris. * "Too Many Martyrs" (1964) by Phil Ochs, mentions and eulogizes Till *"The Death of Emmett Till" (1962), also known as "The Ballad of Emmett Till", by Bob Dylan * "Emmett's Ghost" written and recorded by American blues singer Eric Bibb. ====Other==== * Poem: "Emmett Till" (1991) by James Emanuel * Wolf Whistle (1993) by Lewis Nordan * Juvenile fiction: Mississippi Trial, 1955 (2003) by Chris Crowe * Drama: The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till (2005) by David Barr * Poem: "A Wreath for Emmett Till" (2005) by Marilyn Nelson * The Sacred Place (2007) by Daniel Black * Musical: The Ballad of Emmett Till (2008) by Ifa Bayeza * Drama: Anne and Emmett (2009) by Janet Langhart. An imaginary conversation between Till and Anne Frank, both killed as young teenagers because of racial persecution, the play features recorded narration by Morgan Freeman. \- * Gathering of Waters (2012) by Bernice L. McFadden * Painting: Emmett Till: How She Sent Him and How She Got Him Back (2012) by Lisa Whittington, on display at the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum * Film: Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film which debuted at the museum's opening on September 24, 2016. This film, August 28: A Day in the Life of a People (2016), tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, August 28. Events depicted include (among others) Till's lynching. * Film: My Nephew Emmett dramatizes Till's uncle Mose Wright waiting for Till's killers. The film was nominated for the Oscar for best live action short, 2018. * Ghost Boys (2018) by Jewell Parker Rhodes * Television series: HBO's science-fiction horror series Lovecraft Country features a version of Till, portrayed by Rhyan Hill, as a recurring character who appears in 2 episodes. The episode "Jig-A-Bobo" recreates Till's funeral in Chicago. * Television series: Women of the Movement (2022). * Film: Till (2022) film based on the life of Emmett's mother Mamie Till-Bradley, as educator and activist after his murder. == Gallery == File:Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center.jpg|Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center housed in the old cotton gin of Glendora, Mississippi. File:Glendora Gin sign.jpg|Glendora Gin history sign. Here Milam and Bryant got the fan they used to weigh down Till's body, to sink it in the Tallahatchie River. File:Sign identifying site of J.W. Milam's house.jpg|Sign identifying the site of Milam's house, near Glendora Gin. File:Site of killing of Clinton Melton.jpg|Clinton Melton was the victim of a racially motivated killing a few months after Till. Despite eyewitness testimony, his killer, a friend of Milam's, was acquitted by an all-white jury at the same courthouse. File:Ben Roy Service Station.jpg|The reconstructed Ben Roy Service Station that stood next to the grocery store where Till encountered Bryant in Money, Mississippi, 2019 File:Bryant's Grocery 2018.jpg|Bryant's Grocery (2018). By 2018, the store was described as "not much left" and given owner's demands, no preservation occurred. == See also == * 1920 Duluth lynchings * Louis Allen * Scottsboro Boys * George Stinney * Ossian Sweet * Isaac Woodard == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == * * * * Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 9, 2006). Prosecutive Report of Investigation Concerning (Emmett Till) Part 1 & Part 2 (PDF). Retrieved October 2011. * * * * * * * * * * * == Further reading == * Anderson, Devery S. "A Wallet, a White Woman, and a Whistle: Fact and Fiction in Emmett Till's Encounter in Money, Mississippi" (PDF) The Southern Quarterly (July 2008) * * * * * * * The original 1955 Jet magazine with Emmett Till's murder story pp. 6–9, and Emmett Till's Legacy 50 Years Later" in Jet, 2005. * NPR pieces on the Emmett Till murder * Booknotes interview with Christopher Benson on Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America, April 25, 2004. * Testimony of Carolyn Bryant at trial of Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam == External links == *Emmett Till Archives Florida State University *Documents regarding the Emmett Till Case Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library *Video interview with Mamie Till-Mobley Emmett Till's mother *"Emmett Till Murder", Civil Rights Digital Library. *Treading the Tightrope of Jim Crow: Emmett Till. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. *2006 FBI investigation and transcript of 1955 trial (464 pages) *Emmett Till Interpretative Center *Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center *Mamie Till Mobley Memorial Foundation *Emmett Till Memory Project Category:1941 births Category:1955 deaths Category:1955 murders in the United States Category:African-American history of Mississippi Category:Burials in Illinois Category:Deaths by beating in the United States Category:Deaths by firearm in Mississippi Category:History of African-American civil rights Category:Incidents of violence against boys Category:Lynching deaths in Mississippi Category:Male murder victims Category:Murdered African-American people Category:Murdered American children Category:People from Summit, Illinois Category:People murdered in Mississippi Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans Category:Tallahatchie County, Mississippi Category:Burials at Burr Oak Cemetery Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients |
A balance puzzle or weighing puzzle is a logic puzzle about balancing items—often coins—to determine which holds a different value, by using balance scales a limited number of times. These differ from puzzles that assign weights to items, in that only the relative mass of these items is relevant. Known Goal Maximum Coins for weighings Number of Weighings for coins Whether target coin is lighter or heavier than others Identify coin 3^n \lceil\log_3(c)\rceil Target coin is different from others Identify coin \frac{3^n-1}2 \lceil\log_3(2c+1)\rceil Target coin is different from others, or all coins are the same Identify if unique coin exists, and whether it is lighter or heavier \frac{3^n-1}2-1 \lceil\log_3(2c+3)\rceil For example, in detecting a dissimilar coin in three weighings (n = 3), the maximum number of coins that can be analyzed is = 13. Note that with 3 weighs and 13 coins, it is not always possible to determine the identity of the last coin (whether it is heavier or lighter than the rest), but merely that the coin is different. In general, with n weighs, you can determine the identity of a coin if you have - 1 or less coins. In the case n = 3, you can truly discover the identity of the different coin out of 12 coins. ==Nine-coin problem== thumb|250px|Solution to the balance puzzle for 9 coins in 2 weighings, where the odd coin is lighter than the others – if the odd coin were heavier than the others, the upper two branches in each weighing decision are swapped A well-known example has up to nine items, say coins (or balls), that are identical in weight except one, which is lighter than the others—a counterfeit (an oddball). The difference is perceptible only by weighing them on scale—but only the coins themselves can be weighed. How can one isolate the counterfeit coin with only two weighings? ===Solution=== To find a solution, we first consider the maximum number of items from which one can find the lighter one in just one weighing. The maximum number possible is three. To find the lighter one, we can compare any two coins, leaving the third out. If the two coins weigh the same, then the lighter coin must be one of those not on the balance. Otherwise, it is the one indicated as lighter by the balance. Now, imagine the nine coins in three stacks of three coins each. In one move we can find which of the three stacks is lighter (i.e. the one containing the lighter coin). It then takes only one more move to identify the light coin from within that lighter stack. So in two weighings, we can find a single light coin from a set of . By extension, it would take only three weighings to find the odd light coin among 27 coins, and four weighings to find it from 81 coins. ==Twelve-coin problem== A more complex version has twelve coins, eleven or twelve of which are identical. If one is different, we don't know whether it is heavier or lighter than the others. This time the balance may be used three times to determine if there is a unique coin—and if there is, to isolate it and determine its weight relative to the others. (This puzzle and its solution first appeared in an article in 1945.Grossman, Howard (1945). Scripta Mathematica XI.) The problem has a simpler variant with three coins in two weighings, and a more complex variant with 39 coins in four weighings. ===Solution=== This problem has more than one solution. One is easily scalable to a higher number of coins by using base-three numbering: labelling each coin with a different number of three digits in base three, and positioning at the n-th weighing all the coins that are labelled with the n-th digit identical to the label of the plate (with three plates, one on each side of the scale labelled 0 and 2, and one off the scale labelled 1). Other step-by-step procedures are similar to the following. It is less straightforward for this problem, and the second and third weighing depends on what has happened previously, although that need not be the case (see below). * Four coins are put on each side. There are two possibilities: :1. One side is heavier than the other. If this is the case, remove three coins from the heavier side, move three coins from the lighter side to the heavier side, and place three coins that were not weighed the first time on the lighter side. (Remember which coins are which.) There are three possibilities: ::1.a) The same side that was heavier the first time is still heavier. This means that either the coin that stayed there is heavier or that the coin that stayed on the lighter side is lighter. Balancing one of these against one of the other ten coins reveals which of these is true, thus solving the puzzle. ::1.b) The side that was heavier the first time is lighter the second time. This means that one of the three coins that went from the lighter side to the heavier side is the light coin. For the third attempt, weigh two of these coins against each other: if one is lighter, it is the unique coin; if they balance, the third coin is the light one. ::1.c) Both sides are even. This means that one of the three coins that was removed from the heavier side is the heavy coin. For the third attempt, weigh two of these coins against each other: if one is heavier, it is the unique coin; if they balance, the third coin is the heavy one. :2. Both sides are even. If this is the case, all eight coins are identical and can be set aside. Take the four remaining coins and place three on one side of the balance. Place 3 of the 8 identical coins on the other side. There are three possibilities: ::2.a) The three remaining coins are lighter. In this case you now know that one of those three coins is the odd one out and that it is lighter. Take two of those three coins and weigh them against each other. If the balance tips then the lighter coin is the odd one out. If the two coins balance then the third coin not on the balance is the odd one out and it is lighter. ::2.b) The three remaining coins are heavier. In this case you now know that one of those three coins is the odd one out and that it is heavier. Take two of those three coins and weigh them against each other. If the balance tips then the heavier coin is the odd one out. If the two coins balance then the third coin not on the balance is the odd one out and it is heavier. ::2.c) The three remaining coins balance. In this case you just need to weigh the remaining coin against any of the other 11 coins and this tells you whether it is heavier, lighter, or the same. : ==Variations== Given a population of 13 coins in which it is known that 1 of the 13 is different (mass) from the rest, it is simple to determine which coin it is with a balance and 3 tests as follows: : 1) Subdivide the coins in to 2 groups of 4 coins and a third group with the remaining 5 coins. : 2) Test 1, Test the 2 groups of 4 coins against each other: :: a. If the coins balance, the odd coin is in the population of 5 and proceed to test 2a. :: b. The odd coin is among the population of 8 coins, proceed in the same way as in the 12 coins problem. : 3) Test 2a, Test 3 of the coins from the group of 5 coins against any 3 coins from the population of 8 coins: :: a. If the 3 coins balance, then the odd coin is among the remaining population of 2 coins. Test one of the 2 coins against any other coin; if they balance, the odd coin is the last untested coin, if they do not balance, the odd coin is the current test coin. :: b. If the 3 coins do not balance, then the odd coin is from this population of 3 coins. Pay attention to the direction of the balance swing (up means the odd coin is light, down means it is heavy). Remove one of the 3 coins, move another to the other side of the balance (remove all other coins from balance). If the balance evens out, the odd coin is the coin that was removed. If the balance switches direction, the odd coin is the one that was moved to the other side, otherwise, the odd coin is the coin that remained in place. ===With a reference coin=== If there is one authentic coin for reference then the suspect coins can be thirteen. Number the coins from 1 to 13 and the authentic coin number 0 and perform these weighings in any order: * 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 against 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 * 0, 2, 4, 10, 11 against 5, 8, 9, 12, 13 * 0, 3, 8, 10, 12 against 6, 7, 9, 11, 13 If the scales are only off balance once, then it must be one of the coins 1, 2, 3—which only appear in one weighing. If there is never balance then it must be one of the coins 10–13 that appear in all weighings. Picking out the one counterfeit coin corresponding to each of the 27 outcomes is always possible (13 coins one either too heavy or too light is 26 possibilities) except when all weighings are balanced, in which case there is no counterfeit coin (or its weight is correct). If coins 0 and 13 are deleted from these weighings they give one generic solution to the 12-coin problem. If two coins are counterfeit, this procedure, in general, does not pick either of these, but rather some authentic coin. For instance, if both coins 1 and 2 are counterfeit, either coin 4 or 5 is wrongly picked. ===Without a reference coin=== In a relaxed variation of this puzzle, one only needs to find the counterfeit coin without necessarily being able to tell its weight relative to the others. In this case, clearly any solution that previously weighed every coin at some point can be adapted to handle one extra coin. This coin is never put on the scales, but if all weighings are balanced it is picked as the counterfeit coin. It is not possible to do any better, since any coin that is put on the scales at some point and picked as the counterfeit coin can then always be assigned weight relative to the others. A method which weighs the same sets of coins regardless of outcomes lets one either # (among 12 coins A–L) conclude if they all weigh the same, or find the odd coin and tell if it is lighter or heavier, or # (among 13 coins A–M) find the odd coin, and, at 12/13 probability, tell if it is lighter or heavier (for the remaining 1/13 probability, just that it is different). The three possible outcomes of each weighing can be denoted by "\" for the left side being lighter, "/" for the right side being lighter, and "–" for both sides having the same weight. The symbols for the weighings are listed in sequence. For example, "//–" means that the right side is lighter in the first and second weighings, and both sides weigh the same in the third weighing. Three weighings give the following 33 = 27 outcomes. Except for "–––", the sets are divided such that each set on the right has a "/" where the set on the left has a "\", and vice versa: /// \\\ \// /\\ /\/ \/\ //\ \\/ \/– /\– –\/ –/\ /–\ \–/ \\– //– –\\ –// \–\ /–/ /–– \–– –/– –\– ––/ ––\ ––– As each weighing gives a meaningful result only when the number of coins on the left side is equal to the number on the right side, we disregard the first row, so that each column has the same number of "\" and "/" symbols (four of each). The rows are labelled, the order of the coins being irrelevant: \// A light /\\ A heavy /\/ B light \/\ B heavy //\ C light \\/ C heavy \/– D light /\– D heavy –\/ E light –/\ E heavy /–\ F light \–/ F heavy \\– G light //– G heavy –\\ H light –// H heavy \–\ I light /–/ I heavy /–– J light \–– J heavy –/– K light –\– K heavy ––/ L light ––\ L heavy ––– M either lighter or heavier (13-coin case), or all coins weigh the same (12-coin case) Using the pattern of outcomes above, the composition of coins for each weighing can be determined; for example the set "\/– D light" implies that coin D must be on the left side in the first weighing (to cause that side to be lighter), on the right side in the second, and unused in the third: 1st weighing: left side: ADGI, right side: BCFJ 2nd weighing: left side: BEGH, right side: ACDK 3rd weighing: left side: CFHI, right side: ABEL The outcomes are then read off the table. For example, if the right side is lighter in the first two weighings and both sides weigh the same in the third, the corresponding code "//– G heavy" implies that coin G is the odd one, and it is heavier than the others. ==Generalizations== The generalization of this problem is described in Chudnov. Let \mathbb{R}^n be the n-dimensional Euclidean space and [\mathrm{e}^1, \mathrm{e}^2] be the inner product of vectors \mathrm{e}^1 and \mathrm{e}^2 from \mathbb{R}^n. For vectors \mathrm{e} = (e_1, \dots,e_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n and subsets E = \\{\mathrm{e}^j\\} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n, the operations (\cdot)^{*} and (\cdot)^{+} are defined, respectively, as \mathrm{e}^{*} = (sign(e_i))_i ; E^{*} = \\{(\mathrm{e}^j) ^{*}\\} , \mathrm{e}^{+} = (|sign(e_i)|)_i, E^{+} = \\{(\mathrm{e}^j)^{+}\\}. By I^n we shall denote the discrete [−1; 1]-cube in \mathbb{R}^n ; i.e., the set of all sequences of length n over the alphabet I = \\{ -1,0, 1 \\} The set I^n_t = \\{\mathrm{x} \in I^n |w(\mathrm{x}) \le t \\} \subseteq I^n is the discrete ball of radius t (in the Hamming metric w() ) with centre at the point \mathrm{0}. Relative weights of n objects are given by a vector \mathrm{x} = (x_1, \dots, x_n) \in I^n , which defines the configurations of weights of the objects: the ith object has standard weight if x_i = 0; the weight of the ith object is greater (smaller) by a constant (unknown) value if x_i = 1 (respectively, x_i = -1). The vector \mathrm{x}^{+} characterizes the types of objects: the standard type, the non-standard type (i.e., configurations of types), and it does not contain information about relative weights of non-standard objects. A weighing (a check) is given by a vector \mathrm{h} \in I^n ; the result of a weighing for a situation \mathrm{x} \in I^n is s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) = sign([\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}]). The weighing given by a vector \mathrm{h} = (h_1, \dots, h_n) has the following interpretation: for a given check the ith object participates in the weighing if h_i e 0; it is put on the left balance pan if h_i < 0 and is put on the right pan if h_i > 0. For each weighing \mathrm{h}, both pans should contain the same number of objects: if on some pan the number of objects is smaller than as it should be, then it receives some r(\mathrm{h}) = [\mathrm{h}; 1 ,\dots, 1] reference objects. The result of a weighing s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) describes the following cases: the balance if s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) = 0, the left pan outweighs the right one if s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) = -1, and the right pan outweighs the left one if s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) = 1. The incompleteness of initial information about the distribution of weights of a group of objects is characterized by the set of admissible distributions of weights of objects Z \subseteq I^n, which is also called the set of admissible situations, the elements of z \in Z are called admissible situations. Each weighing \mathrm{h} induces the partition of the set I^n by the plane (hyperplane ) [\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}] = 0 into three parts W(s|I^n ; \mathrm{h}) = \\{\mathrm{x} \in I^n |s(\mathrm{x}; \mathrm{h}) = s\\} , s \in I, and defines the corresponding partition of the set Z = W(0|Z, \mathrm{h}) + W(1|Z, \mathrm{h}) + W(-1|Z, \mathrm{h}), where W(s|Z, \mathrm{h}) = W(s|I^n , \mathrm{h}) \cap Z. Definition 1. A weighing algorithm (WA) \mathcal{A} of length m is a sequence \mathcal{A} = < \mathrm {A}_1, \dots, \mathrm {A}_m >, where \mathrm {A}_j : I^{j-1} \to I^n is the function determining the check \mathrm{h}^j = \mathrm{A}_j(s^{j-1}); \mathrm{h}^j \in I^n, at each jth step, j = 1, 2, \dots, m, of the algorithm from the results of \mathrm{s}^{j-1} = (s_1, \dots, s_{j-1}) \in I^{j-1} weighings at the previous steps ( \mathrm{h}^1 = \mathrm {A}_1() is a given initial check). Let S(Z, \mathcal{A}) be the set of all (Z, \mathcal{A}) -syndromes and W(s|\mathcal{A}) \subseteq I be the set of situations with the same syndrome s; i.e., W(s|\mathcal{A}) = \\{\mathrm{z} \in I^m |s(z|\mathcal{A}) = s \\}; W(s|Z; \mathcal{A}) =W(s|\mathcal{A}) \cap Z. Definition 2. A WA \mathcal{A} is said to: a) identify the situations in a set Z if the condition |W(s|Z, \mathcal{A}) | = 1 is satisfied for all s \in S(Z\mathcal{A}); b) identify the types of objects in a set Z if the condition |W^{+}(s|Z\mathcal{A})| = 1 is satisfied for all s \in S(Z \mathcal{A}). It is proved in that for so- called suitable sets Z an algorithm of identification the types identifies also the situations in Z. As an example the perfect dynamic (two-cascade) algorithms with parameters n = 11, m = 5, t = 2 are constructed in which correspond to the parameters of the perfect ternary Golay code (Virtakallio- Golay code). At the same time, it is established that a static WA (i.e. weighting code) with the same parameters does not exist. Each of these algorithms using 5 weighings finds among 11 coins up to two counterfeit coins which could be heavier or lighter than real coins by the same value. In this case the uncertainty domain (the set of admissible situations) contains 1 + 2 C_{11} ^ 1 + 2 ^ 2 C_{11} ^ 2=3^5 situations, i.e. the constructed WA lies on the Hamming bound for t=2 and in this sense is perfect. To date it is not known whether there are other perfect WA that identify the situations in I_t^n for some values of n, t . Moreover, it is not known whether for some t> 2 there exist solutions for the equation \sum_ {i = 0}^t 2^iC_n^i = 3^m (corresponding to the Hamming bound for ternary codes) which is, obviously, necessary for the existence of a perfect WA. It is only known that for t = 1 there are no perfect WA, and for t = 2 this equation has the unique nontrivial solution n=11, m=5 which determines the parameters of the constructed perfect WA. ==Original parallel weighings puzzle== Eliran Sabag invented this puzzle. There are N indistinguishable coins, one of which is fake (it is not known whether it is heavier or lighter than the genuine coins, which all weigh the same). There are two balance scales that can be used in parallel. Each weighing lasts three minute. What is the largest number of coins N for which it is possible to find the fake coin in ten minutes? ==In literature== * Niobe, the protagonist of Piers Anthony's novel With a Tangled Skein, must solve the twelve-coin variation of this puzzle to find her son in Hell: Satan has disguised the son to look identical to eleven other demons, and he is heavier or lighter depending on whether he is cursed to lie or able to speak truthfully. The solution in the book follows the given example 1.c. * Beremiz, the main character from Júlio César de Mello e Souza's book The Man Who Counted, encounters an Indian merchant that challenges him with the standard balance puzzle with eight identical-shaped pearls (one pearl slightly lighter than the rest). Beremiz solves it by explicitly framing all the variables of the problem, using only two weighings. ==In television== * In the episode "The Wedding Scammer" of Cyberchase, the group of protagonists must find a lighter key out of eight keys (the other seven weigh the same), and they solve it suboptimally, with three weightings, when two suffices. * In the episode "The Bye-Bye Sky High IQ Murder Case" of Columbo, Columbo solves the following puzzle: https://www.mathsisfun.com/puzzles/weighing-10-bags- solution.html * In the episode "Captain Peralta" of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Holt presents to his team a version of the twelve-coin problem involving twelve men and a seesaw. ==References== ==External links== * A playable example of the second puzzle * Two-pan balance and generalized counterfeit coin problem Category:Logic puzzles |
Del Rio is an unincorporated community in Cocke County, Tennessee, United States. Although it is not a census-designated place, the ZIP Code Tabulation Area for the ZIP Code (37727) that serves Del Rio had a population of 2,138, according to the 2000 census.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Zip Tabulation Area 37727 Fact Sheet." Retrieved: December 2, 2007. ==Demographics== As of the census of 2000, there were 2,138 people, 1,119 households, and 611 families residing in the Zip Code Tabulation Area for the zip code (37727) that serves Del Rio. The racial makeup of this area was 98.2% White, 0.1% Native American and 0.1% African American. Hispanics and Latinos comprise 0.7% of the population. Of the 2,091 households, 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.95. 76.8% of the population was 18 years of age or older with 12.4% being 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.7 years. The population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The median income for a household in the area was $23,333, and the median income for a family was $28,504. The per capita income for the area was $11,656. About 18.2% of families and 22.0% of the population were below the poverty line. ==Geography== upright=1.15|thumb| Stone Mountain rising prominently above Del Rio Del Rio is located at . The community is situated around the confluence of the French Broad River and Big Creek, the latter of which has its source high in the mountains to the south. In recent years, the town's central area has shifted to the junction of U.S. Route 25/U.S. Route 70 (US 25/70) and State Route 107 (SR 107), along the north side of the French Broad. The Appalachian Mountains surround Del Rio on all sides, and, along with the river, have been the key influence on the town's economic and cultural development. Stone Mountain rises some above Del Rio to the west. Snowbird Mountain and Max Patch Bald, both of which are traversed by the Appalachian Trail, rise over to the south. The Bald Mountains are to the east, and Neddy Mountain and Meadow Creek Mountain are to the north. The Cherokee National Forest borders much of Del Rio to the south and east. Along US 25/70, Newport, Tennessee, is just over to the west, and Hot Springs, North Carolina, is nearly to the east. Del Rio is roughly halfway between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Asheville, North Carolina. SR 107 connects Del Rio to a remote valley known as Lemon Gap, at the base of Max Patch Bald. Like most Appalachian communities, Del Rio has several "satellite" towns, formed as early settlers branched out over the limited bottomlands in the mountain gaps and narrow coves. Among these are Nough (sometimes called "Slabtown") along Big Creek to the south, Paint Rock, which is further up the French Broad to the east, and Harmony Grove, to the southeast. Nough is the birthplace of opera singer and actress Grace Moore. The Catherine Marshall novel, Christy, takes place at Chapel Hollow (called "Cutter Gap" in the novel), a small valley just west of Del Rio. ==History== ===Early history=== A Native American village once occupied the site along the French Broad River where Del Rio is now situated.Mary Ruble, "Del Rio", Newport (Newport, Tennessee: Clifton Club, 1970), 82. Frank Stokely, who lived in the area in the mid-20th century, collected a large number of artifacts left by the natives of this village and displayed them in a small museum.The Tennessee Writers' Project of the Works Projects Administration, Tennessee: A Guide To the State (New York: Viking Press, 1939), 430. The Knoxville Chapter of the Tennessee Archaeological Society also conducted excavations in the area. The first European settler in what is now Del Rio was John Huff (1758–1843), a veteran of the American Revolution, and his wife Mary Corder (1766–1842). Huff, a hunter and trapper, received a land grant at the confluence of Long Creek and the French Broad. Arriving around 1784, the Huffs erected a small blockhouse known as Huff's Fort,Ruble, 85. which would serve as a stopping post for stagecoaches traveling between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Warm Springs (now Hot Springs) in North Carolina. The community that arose in the vicinity became known as Big Creek.Nancy O'Neil, "Del Rio, Tennessee", Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter 12, no. 4 (Winter 1986): 107. Shortly after the Huffs arrived, another Revolutionary War veteran, Jehu Stokely (1747–1816), settled in the Big Creek area. According to family lore, Stokely was impressed into the British navy, but escaped and fought under American captain John Paul Jones.O'Neil, 107. Stokely's tract was just over east of Huff's Fort. John Fugate (1764–1837), also a veteran of the Revolution, settled in the Paint Rock area. In 1986, the community held a ceremony marking Fugate's grave as a Revolutionary War hero. In the decade following Huff's arrival, the constant stream of Euro-American settlers into East Tennessee agitated the Cherokee, who had lived and hunted in the region for centuries. Cattle were stolen, and some settlers were scalped and murdered, leading to massive reprisal attacks on Cherokee villages. Between 1783, a series of forts sprang in Cocke County along the Pigeon River and the French Broad, one being Wood's Fort near modern Edwina, just west of Del Rio.J.G.M. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee (Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1999), 279. Historian J.G.M. Ramsey reports that by 1793, a series of blockhouses lined the French Broad, including the previously-mentioned Huff's (which Ramsey spells "Hough's"), one at Paint Rock, one at Burnt Cane, and another at Warm Springs. Guards stationed at the blockhouses regularly patrolled the area.Ramsey, 569-570. A treaty at the Tellico Blockhouse in 1794 eased much of the violence, although sporadic attacks occurred for years afterward. ===19th century=== upright=1.2|thumb|The old post office in Del Rio As the threat of Cherokee attacks declined, Big Creek slowly transformed itself into a stopping point for pioneers crossing the mountains en route to Tennessee. The Huff family converted their fort to an inn, and Jehu's son, Royal, opened a frontier trading post.Ruble, 82. Throughout the 19th century, the Allen family operated a 13-room log inn at nearby Wolf Creek.Mary Ruble, "Wolf Creek", Newport (Newport, Tennessee: Clifton Club, 1970), 89. Most early settlers raised cattle, which they would drive across the mountains to sell in North Carolina.Nathan Jones, "Del Rio", Newport (Newport, Tennessee: Clifton Club, 1986), 86. Big Creek received a major economic boost in 1868, when the Southern Railway established a railroad line between Morristown, Tennessee, and Wolf Creek.Carolyn Sakowski, Touring the Tennessee Backroads (Winston-Salem: J.F. Blair, 1993), 232-233. Big Creek Station was established in 1870 near what is now the old post office, just south of the river.Goodspeed Publishing Company, "The History of Cocke County," Goodspeed's History of Tennessee (Nashville: C. and R. Elder Booksellers, 1972). While the railroad brought benefits, it also brought confusion in the postal system, since there was another town in Tennessee already using the name "Big Creek". The town decided to change its name, and after weighing several suggestions, chose the name Del Rio, which is Spanish for "from the river."Jones, 86. thumb|William Harmon Teaster The newly named Del Rio quickly grew into a major shipping hub for lumber and shingles. Cocke County's first newspaper, The Excelsior, was established at Del Rio in 1875. In the 1880s and 1890s, high demand and innovations such as the band saw brought about a boom in the lumber industry. After lowland forests were wiped out, lumber companies turned to the ancient forests of Appalachia to satisfy the increasing demand. Del Rio, perfectly situated at the base of the mountains, had become the center of a large logging operation by 1900.Ruble, 81. Lumber camps crept deeper and deeper up the mountain slopes, with the high camp of Boomer operating at , near the source of Big Creek, some south of Del Rio. === August 7, 1905, Explosion of the T. J. Salts Lumber Company === thumb|The Nashville American Newspaper, August 9th, 1905 thumb|List of the dead and injured from the explosion thumb|William Harmon Teaster and son Ransom McGuire standing with his oxen team On August 7, 1905, just outside of the town of Del Rio in the remote area known as Dry Fork, a huge explosion occurred from an overheated boiler that ran a 40-horsepower lumber saw at the T.J. Salts Lumber Company. A fierce storm had occurred when the men sought shelter underneath the boiler shed. When the storm passed, the news states that the engineer Joe Turner started pumping water into the boiler when an explosion occurred. The deceased that were reported on that day were William Harmon Teaster who ran a team of oxen; Joe Turner, the engineer; Frank Plate; Merritt Burgin; and Harvey Briggs, 14 years old. The newspapers state that some of the injured men would die soon. The injured were reported to be John W. Kilpatrick; Daniel Boone Wilson, the lumber inspector; Edmond Lytle; William Henry Lytle; James George Suttle; Frank Briggs; George Massey; Harry Cook; J. W. Jones; Horace E. Clark; and Murray Ford. Most news reports at that time were not all inclusive in their reporting, nor did they spell the names of the victims correctly. Reports state that bodies were blown 100 feet away. William Harmon Teaster's body was found 100 feet away underneath a portion of the boiler. At the Big Hill Cemetery in Del Rio some 20 feet from the body of William Harmon Teaster, are three remaining of what was originally four unmarked graves containing the remains of the men who died that day. They were buried immediately after the explosion with no funerals. At some point long after the explosion, the family of one of the victims had his remains exhumed and moved to their family cemetery in another state. The name of that exhumed victim has not been discovered yet. Today, the information on these remaining unmarked graves only contain a blank stone marker. This has been verified by the caretaker of Big Hill Cemetery and this information has been passed down to him from previous caretakers since 1905. The event has been researched extensively by Dean Teaster and published at TJSalts.Squarespace.com. The names of the four men that were originally buried in unmarked graves were Joe Turner; Merritt Burgin; Harvey "Harve" Briggs; and Frank Plate. ===20th century=== upright=1.2|thumb|Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church in Chapel Hollow, near Del Rio Singer and actress Grace Moore, Del Rio's most famous resident, was born in Nough in 1898. Moore was the great-great-granddaughter of Jehu Stokely, one of Del Rio's original settlers.Rootsweb I0084 She was probably born in the home of her maternal grandparents, William and Emma Stokely, which sat on the west bank of Big Creek near the entrance to Nough.Sakowski, 232-233. A Tennessee Historical Commission marker now recalls the site on SR 107, although the house no longer stands. James R. Stokely and John Stokely-- also great-great-grandchildren of Jehu-- formed the Stokely Brothers Company, based in nearby Newport.Rootsweb I0154 The company would later be known nationally as Stokely-Van Camp's, and is now a subsidiary of ConAgra. In 1911, the Weeks Act put an end to the massive logging operations in Southern Appalachia, and Del Rio began to decline. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park didn't extend to cover Snowbird or Max Patch, so Del Rio missed out on the tourism boom that made towns such as Gatlinburg wealthy. Mary Bell Smith, who taught at an elementary school near Nough in the 1930s, recalled elements of the poverty she witnessed during this period: > Many students in large families brought their lunches in tin pails which had > been emptied of the pure pork lard which was originally bought in them. > These lunch pails contained either blackberry pie or dried beans and > cornbread. Sharing equally, sisters and brothers dipped harmoniously from > the same lunch bucket.Mary Bell Smith, In the Shadow of the White Rock > (Boone, N.C.: Minor's Publishing Company, 1979), 94. Another economic blow for Del Rio came with the Interstate Highway Act. For decades, US 25/70 had been the main highway between Knoxville and Asheville, passing through Del Rio just before it ascended (or emerged from) the mountains. The new Interstate 40, however, ascended the mountains at Hartford, Tennessee to the south, rather than at Del Rio. Thus, the town's thru-traffic slowly died out. ===Problems with moonshining and cockfighting=== Like its neighbor Cosby, which is just over Stone Mountain to the west, Del Rio gained a reputation for moonshining during the first half of the 20th century. Moonshining wasn't uncommon in Appalachian communities, where poor soil and low corn prices drove farmers to illegally distill liquor to supplement their income. Long-time Del Rio resident Nathan Jones stated that while moonshining occurred it was typically low-scale and mostly for personal use.Jones, 88. While Del Rio's moonshining image may be exaggerated, Jones did acknowledge that cockfighting was common in the community as early as the 1950s. Twice in the 1980s, federal agents raided an operation just off Happy Hollow Road known as "The Del Rio Cockfighting Pit"."Cockfighting Pit at Center of Federal Investigation for Sale ." The Newport Plain Talk, April 7, 2008. Retrieved: February 4, 2010. On June 11, 2005 the pit was again raided by federal agents, resulting 143 arrests and a seizure of more than $40,000 in cash. Federal officials described the pit as the "largest and oldest illegal cockfighting pit" in the United States.J.J. Stambaugh, "Timeline: Cocke County Confidential", The Knoxville News-Sentinel August 1, 2005 (http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/local_news/article/0,1406,KNS_347_3967869,00.html) Accessed: June 29, 2007. ==Education== Cocke County Schools's Del Rio Elementary School is located in Del Rio. It serves grades K–8. High School students attend Cocke County High School in Newport. ==References== ==External links== *Cocke County Chamber of Commerce *Cocke County at TNGenWeb Project *Ebenezer Mission location - TopoQuest.com *Grace Moore Birthplace (appx.) - TopoQuest.com Category:Unincorporated communities in Cocke County, Tennessee Category:Unincorporated communities in Tennessee |
Safety in NASCAR has evolved into one of the biggest concerns in stock car racing's largest sanctioning body. Mainly after the death of Dale Earnhardt, a seven time Winston Cup Series champion, NASCAR has decided to change all of their safety policies, such as the use of the HANS device. Since 2001, NASCAR has also changed the cars for the NASCAR Cup Series and the Xfinity Series. NASCAR's safety policy includes the racing fire suit, carbon fiber seating, and roof flaps. ==Car design== During a series of deaths of several drivers, NASCAR began researching a new, safer car. After a seven-year program, NASCAR presented a design for a new car. The new car, known as the Car of Tomorrow, features a reinforced roll cage. The left side skin has a steel plate for better resiliency in crashes. The roof was higher and wider for safety in rolls. First implemented in the Car of Tomorrow was the separated wing. From 2009-early 2010, the wing was blamed for several flips. Starting in the 2010 spring Martinsville race, the wing was replaced by the traditional spoiler.Nascar.com Accessed 10/16/2010 Also new to the Car of tomorrow, is the stronger smaller fuel cell for a reduced risk of fires.How Stuff Works The windshield is made of Lexan which gains its strength from its flexibility. Under normal circumstances, the glass bends and absorbs the force of the object.How Stuff Works page 3 Implemented in a limited schedule in 2007, the car was immediately criticized by the drivers for lack of handling.NASCAR.com In 2013, a sixth-generation stock car was unveiled, and the Car of Tomorrow was retired, although it retains some technologies from the previous- generation car.A Look At Development Of The 2013 NASCAR Race Car The NASCAR Xfinity Series also introduced a new generation car in 2011 (trialled partially in 2010), featuring the same safety improvements. The Generation 6 was succeeded by the Next Gen car in 2022 (it was initially going to be debuted in 2021, but it was pushed back due to the COVID-19 pandemic). However, in its first year of competition, the Next Gen car gained safety- related controversies as the car's stiffer rear end caused concussions for both Kurt Busch (that turned out to be career-ending) and Alex Bowman in one season. In response, NASCAR announced changes to the rear bumper construction, rear chassis clip, and center chassis clip for the 2023 season. ==Racing suit== NASCAR drivers are required to wear a fire-retardant suit and underwear along with certified helmets. This suit serves a dual purpose of identifying the driver outside the car, and protecting them during a fire. The driver also wears fire retardant shoes and gloves. During long races, the heat of the engine might warm the feet to uncomfortable levels, so most drivers wear a heat shield on the bottom of their shoes. The helmets have many features for both safety and increasing the effectiveness of drivers in the NASCAR circuit. The helmet: * Protects the driver from injuries. * Has hook-ups for radios to communicate with the spotter and crew chief. * May have visors that reduce the sun's glare, to improve the drivers vision. * Has anchor points that connect to the HANS device to reduce the risk of neck injuries and concussions in a crash. ==Seats== The seats that the drivers sit in have evolved over the past few years. Most of the seats found in the race cars wrap around the driver's rib cage. This provides some support during a crash, spreading the load out over the entire rib cage instead of letting it concentrate in a smaller area. Some of the newer seats wrap around the driver's shoulders as well, which provides better support because the shoulders are more durable than the rib cage.How Stuff Works page 1 The introduction of carbon fiber seats has also helped improve safety, as carbon fiber absorbs more energy from an impact than the traditional aluminum seats. ==Seat belts and harnesses== NASCAR mandated five-point harnesses in 1993, then six-point harnesses in 2007 and the current seven-point harnesses in 2015. After a string of fatal accidents involving skull fractures, NASCAR has made it mandatory for the drivers to wear the HANS device, which reduces the risk of head and neck injuries in the event of a crash. NASCAR also allowed the use of the Hutchens device but banned it in 2005 due to test failures. ==Window nets== Following Richard Petty's crash during the 1970 Rebel 400 at Darlington, where his arms and shoulder were dangling out of the car, all cars must have a window net to contain the driver's arms during a crash and to protect the driver from flying debris. The drivers are also instructed to lower the window net after a wreck to signify that they are uninjured. ==Restrictor plate== right|thumb|200px|Artist rendering of a NASCAR restrictor plate As a safety measure to reduce speeds at the two high-banked superspeedways (Daytona and Talladega), restrictor plates are used. There are some tracks, however, where restrictor plates are not mandated and therefore see faster speeds—specifically Atlanta Motor Speedway and Texas Motor Speedway. While Atlanta is generally considered the fastest track, restrictor plates are not mandated there. In 2004 and 2005, higher qualifying speeds were posted at Texas, earning it the title of the circuit's fastest track. Unrestricted Sprint Cup cars produce over 750 horsepower (560 kW) and can run at speeds in excess of . Rusty Wallace completed a 2004 test for NASCAR at Talladega in which he used an unrestricted motor to complete average lap speeds of and top speeds near . The 2010 width is . This is the largest carburetor restrictor plate opening since the mandate in 1988, the first year the horsepower-reducing plates were used in the Cup Series at Daytona.NASCAR.com Report on Rusty Wallace at Talladega Unfortunately, the restrictor plates have an unintended effect on the race. Because of the reduced horsepower of the cars, the cars form large packs. During a race it is not uncommon to see thirty or more lead changes during a race. This also is the source of the Big One. When a driver crashes, usually, they take that pack with them. During the 2010 Coke Zero 400, 21 of the 43 cars crashed. This is a safety concern that has puzzled NASCAR. However, an unexpected consequence of the introduction of the Car of Tomorrow and re-paving of Daytona and Talladega track surfaces has been the separation of the pack into two-car pairs. Since the 2012 season, NASCAR Cup cars now have fuel injection instead of carburetors, but restrictor plates are still being used. ==Roof flaps== In 1994, NASCAR introduced roof flaps to the car, which is designed to keep cars from getting airborne and possibly flipping down the track. Following Rusty Wallace's crashes at Daytona and Talladega, Penske Racing designed the original roof flaps.http://www.jayski.com/past/050221.htm Jayski's Silly Season Site NASCAR team owner Jack Roush helped improve on the design of the roof flaps, in conjunction with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona, Florida. During spins, as a result of accidents or loss of handling, as the car rotates it eventually reaches an angle where the oncoming air reacts with the profile of the vehicle in the same manner as a wing. If the speed is high enough air flowing over the car's overall airfoil shape will create sufficient lift to force the car to become airborne. To prevent this, NASCAR developed a set of flaps that are recessed into pockets on the roof of the car. As a car is turned around and reaches an angle where significant lift occurs, the low pressure above the flaps causes them to deploy. The first flap oriented 140 degrees from the centerline of the car typically deploys first. After flap deployment, higher pressure air is forced through an air tube which connects to a second flap, deploying it. This second flap ensures that, should the car continue to spin, no further lift will be created as the vehicle's angle changes. The deployment of these flaps eliminates most of the lift on the vehicle. The roof flaps generally keep the cars on the ground as they spin, alt. ==SAFER barriers== Beginning in 2002 (at Indianapolis), many tracks were retrofitted with SAFER barriers along the walls of the track. These walls absorb the energy of an impact better than concrete walls, while maintaining integrity better than traditional steel barriers. This system costs millions of dollars to install, and the creation of this wall, which connects to the original wall, took many more millions to design and create. Some SAFER barriers were installed in 2003 at Richmond, and Homestead–Miami, others in 2004 at Talladega, Daytona (July, before the 2004 Pepsi 400) and other tracks, in 2005 at Dover and at Watkins Glen in 2010. The Iowa Speedway is the first track that was built with the SAFER Barrier around the entire track. Starting in 2015, the majority of NASCAR tracks have SAFER Barriers surrounding the entire perimeter of the outside walls. ==Pit road safety== Pit road safety has become a major focus of NASCAR officials in recent years since the 1990 Atlanta Journal 500, where the rear tire changer for Melling Racing was killed in a pit road crash. By April 1991, NASCAR implemented the current policy of pit road speed limits. The speed limit depends on the size of the track and the size of pit road. NASCAR uses an electronic scoring system, similar to the VASCAR system, to monitor the speeds of cars on pit road by measuring the time it takes to get from checkpoint to checkpoint. The cars are not equipped with speedometers, therefore during the pre-race warm-up laps, the cars are driven around the track at the pit road speed limit behind the pace car. The drivers then select a gear (usually second gear) and observe and record the corresponding RPM on their respective tachometer.http://www.tennessean.com/sports/motorsports/archives/05/01/66209967.shtml?Element_ID=66209967 Article about pit road speed By 1994, almost every form of motorsport had adopted pit lane speed limits, following NASCAR's cue. NASCAR does not allow the use of pit road specific rev limiters as found in most other forms of racing. Allowing a pit road limiter would require the addition of several electronic components into the car, and NASCAR has long opposed the installation of electronics into cars, citing the decline of open wheel racing once technology was introduced. Since 2002, NASCAR has implemented a rule where all over the wall pit members are required to wear helmets, no visors needed, full fire suits, and gloves; while the gas man must wear a fire apron as well as the suit. While it is not required yet, it is recommended that tire changers wear safety glasses to prevent eye injuries from lug nuts thrown off the car and fuel spills. Some tire changers wear face shields or goggles. Beginning in 2008, teams in the top three series may not roll a car more than three pit box lengths to push start a car. This prevents teams from pushing a car the length of pit road when the starter motor fails. Also, outside tires that have been removed from a vehicle during a pit stop can no longer be free- rolled from the outside of the pit box to the pit wall; rather, they must be hand-directed to the inner half of the pit box before being released. Effective in 2012, teams may not plug a cable that connects an engine control unit to a computer during a pit stop with the car on pit lane. In such cases, the car must be in the garage area for the team to run the cable from the car to the computer. This rule was implemented for the Sprint Cup Series, which switched to electronic fuel injection for 2012.Engine builders pleased with fuel injection results from Daytona Test As with changes to car models, NASCAR will institute new rules during a season if it deems it necessary to enhance safety. ==Spotter== thumb|NASCAR spotters November 5, 2004 In contrast with open-wheel, sports car, and touring car governing bodies, NASCAR does not allow race cars to have wing mirrors. Drivers may still use a rear-view mirror and mirrors attached to the roll bar (a rear-facing camera was also added with the Next Gen car in the Cup Series), but no mirror can extend outside of the car. As a result, they are left with large blind spots. In NASCAR's more prominent series, spotters are used to combat this problem. The spotter's purpose is to relay information about where cars in these blind spots are to the driver via two-way radio.Popular Mechanics NASCAR Spotters: The Driver's Eye In The Sky Spotters also advise drivers on navigating track-obstructing crashes and may relay messages from one driver to another. NASCAR requires spotters at all times a car is on the track, including series in practice, qualifying, and the race. In many cases, a spotter is a former driver. At some tracks, mostly the road courses, NASCAR mandates multiple spotters at key locations around the track. ==See also== * Nationwide Car of tomorrow ==References== Safety NASCAR Category:Safety in auto racing |
Hippy Singmanee () is a Thai former Muay Thai fighter. He was a three time Lumpinee Stadium champion in the lower weight classes during the Muay Thai golden era. ==Biography & career== Hippy was born he starteted training in Muay Thai at the age of 10 with his brothers Thungsong and Kompayak, trained by their father. Hippy had his first fight a few months after starting training, his ring name was given to him by his father due to the fact that he had long hair during his childhood. Hippy became a young star in South Thailand winning multiple regional titles. His younger brother Kompayak Singmanee also became a notable stadium champion. Hippy made his debut in the Bangkok area in 1982 at the age of 15. In Bangkok Hippy Fought for the most prominent promotor of the time Songchai Rattanasuban. He quickly gained the 104 lbs Lumpinee Stadium title which was changed into the 105 lbs title. He is considered one of the best "small fighter" after dominating in the 105 and 108 lbs division Hippy kept on going up weight classes while giving up size to most of his opponents. The highest purse of his career was of 120,000 baht, he received it for a fight against Veeraphol Sahaprom After retirement Hippy became a trainer in the Bangkok area where he owns a gym and occasionally works as a fight promotor in his native province. ==Titles & honours== *Lumpinee Stadium ** 1986 Lumpinee Stadium 105 lbs Champion (defended once) ** 1988 Lumpinee Stadium 105 lbs Champion ** 1988 Lumpinee Stadium 108 lbs Champion (defended once) ==Fight record== |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1996-09-06|| Loss ||align=left| Teelek Por Samranchai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-|| Win ||align=left| Kaolan Kaopichit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 2 || |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-|| Win ||align=left| Singnum Nongkeepahuyuth || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 2 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1995-|| Loss ||align=left| Saenchai Jirakriengkrai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1995-|| Loss ||align=left| Saenkeng Sor.Weerakul || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-04-24|| Win ||align=left| Singsamphan Kiatsingnoi || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 2 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-04-04|| Win ||align=left| Chanrit Tor.Sunan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Elbow) || 5 || |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-|| Win ||align=left| Denkaosen Kaowichit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1995-|| Loss ||align=left| Sakpaitoon Dejrat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1995-01-03|| Win ||align=left| Saenchai Jirakriengkrai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO || 2 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1994-|| Win ||align=left| Denkaosen Kaowichit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1994-|| Loss||align=left| Chaichana Dettawee || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1994-|| Win ||align=left| Saenkhom Sakphanu || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1994-08-26|| Win ||align=left| Sot Luknongyangtoi || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1994|| Win ||align=left| Sakpaitoon Dejrat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1994-|| Win ||align=left| Sot Luknongyangtoi || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1994-|| Loss||align=left| Saenkhom Sakphanu || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1994-|| Loss||align=left| Kongka Nor.Nakpathom || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1994-|| Loss||align=left| Yodsiam Sor.Prantalay|| Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993-12-24 || Loss ||align=left| Sitthichai Phetbangprang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Sitthichai Phetbangprang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1993- || Win ||align=left| Khumsub Phetmuangkon || || Chaiyaphum, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Katanyu Sitesso || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1993- || Win ||align=left| Kongsak Sor Theptong || || Chonburi, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993-07-24 || Loss ||align=left| Netnarin Fairtex || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993-06-19 || Loss ||align=left| Singtong Kiatchatchai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1993- || Win ||align=left| Phet Narumon || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1993- || Win ||align=left| Chaiyai Sitkaruhat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Pleongphaya Sitkrurot|| || Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Phichitsak Saksaengmanee || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1993- || Win ||align=left| Chaiyai Sitkaruhat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Keng Lorsawat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1993- || Loss ||align=left| Saenkeng Sor.Weerakul || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1992-10-17 || Loss ||align=left| Hansuk Prasathinpanomrung || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1992-06-20 || Loss ||align=left| Nongnarong Luksang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1992-04-05 || Win ||align=left| Kunasin Sor.Jongkit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1992-03-18 || Loss ||align=left| Singsamphan Kiatsingnoi || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1991-08-06 || Win ||align=left| Methanoi Maliwan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1991-04-20 || Win ||align=left| Sornsuknoi Sakwichian || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1991-03-16 || Win ||align=left| Pornprasit Sitsiyontua || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1991-02-23 || Win ||align=left| Pornprasit Sitsiyontua || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1990-11-20 || Loss ||align=left| Khanuphet Johnnygym || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 1 || |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1990-11-02 || Loss ||align=left| Morakot Sor.Tamarangsri || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1990-10-05 || Loss ||align=left| Thailand Pinsinchai|| Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1990-09-28 || Win ||align=left| Mondam Kunsenser || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1990-08-20 || Loss ||align=left| Sornsuknoi Sakwichian|| Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1990-07-20 || Win ||align=left| Nungubon Sitlerchai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1990-06-08 || Loss ||align=left| Jaroensap Kiatbanchong || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 2 || |- style="background:#fbb; | 1990-05-15 || Loss ||align=left| Nungubon Sitlerchai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb; | 1990-03-30 || Loss ||align=left| Tukthathong Por.Pongsawang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#fbb; | 1990-02-24 || Loss ||align=left| Kruekchai Sor.Kettalingchan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1989-12-31|| Win ||align=left| Jaid Seddak || || Paris, France || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-11-20 || Loss||align=left| Chainoi Muangsurin || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-10-23 || Loss ||align=left| Namkabuan Nongkeepahuyuth || || Koh Samui, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-10-06 || Loss ||align=left| Toto Por.Pongsawang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1989-09-08 || Win ||align=left| Chainoi Muangsurin || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1989-07-11 || Win ||align=left| Namkabuan Nongkeepahuyuth || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO (Doctor Stoppage) || 3 || |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-06-13 || Loss ||align=left| Phanphet Muangsurin || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-04-20 || Loss ||align=left| Veeraphol Sahaprom || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-03-31 || Loss ||align=left| Odnoi Lukprabat || || Pattani, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-03-21 || Loss ||align=left| Odnoi Lukprabat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1989-01-31 || Loss ||align=left| Karuhat Sor.Supawan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1988-11-04 ||Win ||align=left| Veeraphol Sahaprom || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1988-10-11|| Loss ||align=left| Paruhatlek Sitchunthong || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1988-08-30 || Win||align=left| Karuhat Sor.Supawan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1988-07-26 || Loss ||align=left| Pongsiri Por Ruamrudee || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1988-06-24 || Win||align=left| Karuhat Sor.Supawan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1988-05-08 || Win ||align=left| Seesod Sor.Ritthichai|| Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1988-04-15 || Loss ||align=left| Veeraphol Sahaprom || Ramkomut Pattani Boxing Stadium || Pattani Province, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1988-03-04|| Loss||align=left| Paruhatlek Sitchunthong || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1988-01-26 || Win ||align=left| Saeksan Sitchomthong || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO || 3 || |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1987-12-29|| Win ||align=left| Pungluang Kiatanan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1987-07-31 || Loss ||align=left| Langsuan Panyuthaphum || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Knees)|| 3 || |- style="background:#fbb;" | 1987-07-04 || Loss ||align=left| Maewpa Sun Miskawan || Lumpinee vs Rajadamnern champion || Pattani, Thailand || KO (Elbow)|| 4 || |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1987-05-19 || Win||align=left| Warunee Sor.Ploenchit || Lumpinee Stadium|| Bangkok, Thailand || Decision|| 5 ||3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1987- || Win ||align=left| Karuhat Sor.Supawan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1987-01-13|| Win ||align=left| Dokmaipa Por Pongsawang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-12-19|| Win ||align=left| Pungluang Kiatanan || Huamark Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-11-25|| Win ||align=left| Panomrunglek Chor.Sawat || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1986-10-14|| Loss||align=left| Pairojnoi Sor Siamchai || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-09-09|| Win ||align=left| Dokmaipa Por Pongsawang || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="text- align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1986-08-04|| Loss||align=left| Pungluang Kiatanan || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-07-11|| Win ||align=left| Songchainoi Por.Somchit || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1986-05-30|| Loss||align=left| Haodong Sor.Tasanee || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-04-11|| Win||align=left| Sameliyem Lilathai|| || Yala, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1986-03-08|| Loss||align=left| Chaiyo Sor.Jitpattana || Petchyindee, Si Kim Yong Stadium|| Hat Yai, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-02-09|| Win ||align=left| Pinyo Singpatong || || Phuket, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1986-01-31|| Win ||align=left| Dentaksin Kiatrataphol || || Su-ngai Kolok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-11-23|| Loss||align=left| Morakot Sor.Tamanrangsri || || Hat Yai, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-10-15|| Win||align=left| Chaichan Sor Sorklin|| || Samrong, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-09-30|| Loss||align=left| Morakot Sor.Tamanrangsri || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-08-31|| Win||align=left| Supermin Kiatsathaphon || || Hat Yai, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-08-10|| Win||align=left| Niwet Sor.Sawat || || Chumphon, Thailand ||Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-07-19|| Win||align=left| Superlek Kiatchaiyut || || Hat Yai, Thailand ||Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-07-13|| Loss||align=left| Supermin Kiatsathaphon || || Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-07-05|| Win||align=left| Dejtaha Saklaempho || || Yala, Thailand || KO || 4 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-06-15|| Win||align=left| Nuapetch Sor.Tasanee || || Chumphon, Thailand || KO || 5 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-04-25 || Loss||align=left| Niwet Sor.Sawat || || Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand ||Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-04-11|| Win||align=left| Jinreetong Sitsahaphan || || Chumphon, Thailand || KO || 4 || |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-04-06|| Win||align=left| Thongsabad Muangchaiyaphum || Mai Muangkhon, Ruenruedi Stadium || Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-|| Loss||align=left| Saichon Pichitsuk || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text- align:center; background:#cfc;" | 1985-03-03|| Win||align=left| Khunponnoi Kiatphetnoi|| Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | 1985-01-28|| Loss||align=left| Thongsabad Muangchaiyaphum || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1984-12-13 || Win||align=left| Boonmee Sitchuchon|| Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- | colspan=9 | Legend: ==MC== Television * 2022 : Muay Thai Fighter X - At OTF Stadium Hua Hin Prachuap Khiri Khan (Produced By ) Live every Saturday from 18:00 a.m.-20:00 p.m. On Air JKN18, YouTube:JKN18 Starting Saturday, February 19, 2022 - present (together with แบนท่าพระ (เดชา คูรัตนเวช), Kittisak Thabthong (กิตติศักดิ์ ทาบทอง)) ==References== Category:1967 births Category:Living people Hippy Singmanee Category:Muay Thai trainers Hippy Singmanee Category:Thai television personalities |
Robert-Falcon Ouellette (born November 22, 1979) is a Canadian politician who represented the riding of Winnipeg Centre in the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2019. He has also been a two-time candidate for Mayor of Winnipeg in the 2014 Winnipeg municipal election and the 2022 Winnipeg municipal election. He is of Cree, Métis, French and English descent; Ouellette is a veteran of over 25 years in the Canadian Forces and was a community organizerrobertfalcon.ca and academic administrator before his entry into politics. He has also completed a full Sundance cycle at the Sprucewoods Sundance under David Blacksmith. ==Early life and career== Ouellette is from Red Pheasant Cree Nation, 30 minutes south of Battleford, Saskatchewan. He was raised in Calgary. His father, Jimmy is mixed Cree and Métis and from the Red Pheasant First Nation, located south of North Battleford, Saskatchewan. Ouellette's father was a student in the Canadian Indian residential school system and an alcoholic who was sometimes absent. His namesake was his mother's younger brother Robert-Falcon Green who died in 1961 at age 9. Ouellette was raised primarily by his mother, Sharon, a poorly educated woman with a history of depression. His mother was born in Tottenham, North London and moved from England to Canada in 1974. Ouellette grew up in poor conditions, often going hungry, and as a child he once spent a summer homeless in Winnipeg sleeping in city parks. Determined to change her son's future, Ouellette's mother insisted that he take the admissions test for the Strathcona-Tweedsmuir School, an elite private school. After Ouellette was admitted, his mother paid for his tuition by taking out a loan she could not afford to pay back. Ouellette earned a Bachelor of Arts in music from the University of Calgary in 2001. In 2004 and 2007 he earned a Master's in Music and a Master's in Education from Laval University. In 2011 he completed his PhD in anthropology, also from Laval University in Quebec City. He was only the second indigenous person in the 350-year history of UL to earn a PhD. While attending university in Quebec City he was also working full time in the Canadian Army, which required him to complete his course material at night or occasionally in the field. While in Quebec City he learned to fluently speak, write and read French, after having been posted to the Royal 22e Regiment, a French-Canadian military unit. From 2007 to 2010 he was appointed a Company Commander in the 5e ambulance du campagne or 5th Field Ambulance (the medical service) where he was responsible for helping to run the base hospital. He retired from the Royal Canadian Navy after nearly two decades of service with the rank of Petty Officer 1st class and remains as part of the Primary Reserves in the Royal Winnipeg Rifles as a Warrant Officer. He moved to Winnipeg in 2011 from Quebec City after he was appointed as director of the Aboriginal Focus Programs at the University of Manitoba. He was also the first Member of Parliament who concurrently served as a non-commissioned member of the Canadian Forces and the first MP since the end of the second World War who served concurrently. He was also the first First Nations person to serve on the House of Commons Standing Committee of Finance from 2015-2017. ==Municipal politics== In 2005, Ouellette ran for a city council seat for Quebec City Council, but lost by 170 votes. Ouellette finished third in the 2014 Winnipeg mayoral election. He had run on a platform of dedicated to making Winnipeg a Child Friendly City (UNICEF model), Rail Relocation, Light Rail Transit, bridging economic divides, racial inequality, infrastructure funding and campaign finance reform. Shortly after his defeat, he declared that he was developing a business plan to open a Winnipeg university catering to indigenous post-secondary students to improve educational outcomes for Indigenous peoples. He currently works at Yellowquill College in Winnipeg where they recently obtained degree granting status from the Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council. On May 3, 2022, Ouellette announced a second run for Mayor of Winnipeg in the 2022 Winnipeg mayoral election. He ran on a platform of crime reduction, better city transit and lower fees, a Child Friendly City policy, dealing with the mental health and addictions crisis and fiscal responsibility. ==Federal politics== In the 2015 election, Ouellette took over 55 per cent of the vote and defeated longtime NDP MP Pat Martin in Winnipeg Centre. Ouellette resigned his position with the University of Manitoba in July 2015 to focus on his campaign. After his election, Ouellette was considered a leading candidate for the position of Minister of Aboriginal Affairs. Ouellette withdrew from the race to be Speaker of the House of Commons after making comments at a Winnipeg town hall meeting stating the position comes with "great influence" over the Prime Minister to the extent of calling the Prime Minister to the Speaker's Chair to address constituent's concerns. ===Voting record=== Ouellette was known for voting according to his citizens wishes saying "I was elected to be the voice of the citizens of Winnipeg to Ottawa and not the voice of Ottawa to my citizens." In 2016 he was the sole dissenting voice voting against C-14 Euthanasia Bill that was being voted on in the House of Commons. This one of the first votes by an MP in the 42nd Parliament to vote against their party. By 2017 He had voted 17 times against government legislation becoming the second highest total in Canadian modern Parliamentary history.Éric Grenier. (21 February 2017). Liberal backbenchers, Tory leadership hopefuls among Parliament's biggest dissenters CBC. Retrieved 30 December 2022 By 2019 this was at 21 votes. According to a Hill Times article it seems that it was unusual that a Canadian MP would be allowed to remain in caucus so long without repercussions. He was the only Liberal MP to have voted against the bill that legalized euthanasia, saying it was against his deep spiritual beliefs and would cause harm to Indigenous peoples.Indigenous Liberal MP Ouellette voting against government assisted dying bill, 20 April 2016 He voted in support Nathaniel Erskine-Smith's Bill C-246: An Act to amend the Criminal Code, the Fisheries Act, the Textile Labelling Act, the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act and the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act (animal protection).Nathaniel Erskine-Smith's Animal Cruelty Bill Defeated, 6 October 2016 Ouellette also voted against a government bill that ordered striking Canada Post delivery staff back to work during a protracted labour dispute between management and workers in the crown corporation./ Winnipeg Liberal MPs side with employees in Canada Post dispute, 26 November 2018 Ouellette is known for voting on issues in Parliament according to his constituents desires, often voting against his own party. The vast majority of Members of Parliament in Canada vote according to instructions given by their party's whip. Members of political parties in Canada who break ranks are often punished or ejected from their political party. He has still voted with the government 87 per cent of the time.Liberal backbenchers, Tory leadership hopefuls among Parliament's biggest dissenters, 21 February 2017 ===Reconciliation and Indigenous peoples=== Ouellette was the chair of Indigenous Caucus and the member of Standing Committee on Health and Finance. He was the first chair of the all Parliamentary Indigenous caucus which brought together MPs and Senators. He was also the co-chair of All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) to end Slavery and Human Trafficking.Anti-Porn MP Selected to Co-Chair Human Trafficking Parliamentary Group, 10 May 2018 He is a supporter of the Moose Hide Campaign which is aimed to fight against violence towards women and children and human trafficking in Canada.Robert- Falcon Ouellette Delivers Speech In Cree To Ask For Help Protecting Indigenous Women, 5 May 2017 ====Indigenous languages==== Since elected in 2015, Ouellette started to fight for indigenous language rights. On May 4, 2017, Ouellette gave the very first entire speech in an indigenous language (Cree) in the House of Commons history. It was about violence and missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. He demanded the House of Commons provide interpretation and translation services for the speech, but this was refused because it was not permissible under the rules. After a lengthy debate the Speaker of the House Geoff Regan ruled against allowing the interpretation of Indigenous languages because no reference was found in the standing orders. Subsequently, the matter was referred to the Standing Committee on Procedure where the issue was studied.House looking into Indigenous interpretation in the Commons, 14 December 2017House of Commons gearing up for Indigenous languages in chamber, 11 December 2017Indigenous languages matter: MP Falcon- Ouellete dreams of day when House debates are translated in his native tongue, 3 February 2018'This is it for Indigenous languages,' Manitoba MP says in funding plea, 27 March 2018 Eventually the House of Commons adopted changes to provide for the simultaneous interpretation of Indigenous languages during proceedings late in 2018.Les langues autochtones maintenant bienvenues aux Communes, 5 December 2018This is something I’ve been fighting for now for two years almost, Indigenous language interpretation in the House important symbol for youth, says Liberal MP Ouellette, 28 January 2019 On January 28, 2019, Ouellette became the first MP to speak in an indigenous language while the House provided live translation. Later he worked with colleagues in the Liberal and Conservative caucuses where a 20-minute debate was conducted fully in Cree; this included non-indigenous MPs.Helping make House history: meet Cree translator Kevin Lewis, 6 February 2019Ouellette, interpreter bring Cree voice to House of Commons, 28 January 2019Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons, 29 January 2019 ====Child welfare legislation==== Ouellette made a campaign pledge in 2015 to reform child welfare in Canada, due to the major impact that CFS was having on populations in the inner city of Winnipeg and the resulting increase in the homeless population. After much lobbying and work in 2019 government legislation was introduced (C-92) to address many of the rampant inequalities and discrimination suffering indigenous children.MPs hear the last arguments for and against the child welfare legislation, 9 May 2019 The legislation, Bill C-92, would ensure that Indigenous government jurisdiction on this matter over rides other levels of government including provincial and federal. This is permitted under section 92(24) of the Constitution. This bill was co-developed with Indigenous partners, including the Assembly of First Nations, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, and the Metis National Council, Bill C-92 seeks to affirm Indigenous peoples’ inherent right to exercise jurisdiction over child and family services. Indigenous peoples should be allowed to care for their own children in a culturally appropriate way. For over 20 years in Manitoba, NDP and Conservative governments took more children into the child welfare system than at any point during the height of the Indian Residential School era. The Federal Child Welfare Reform legislation (C-92) has passed and came into force in its entirety on January 1, 2020. On June 21, 2019, Bill C-92 An Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis Children, Youth and Families became law. The Bill is a huge and unprecedented step forward in Canada. It is the first time the federal government has exercised its jurisdiction to legislate in the area of Indigenous child welfare. In C-92, Ouellette was also able to ensure that customary adoption was included as articles of law to help indigenous communities and nations return to more traditional forms of childcare. Customary adoption is important to Ouellette because one of his children was adopted in a customary Cree manner and he felt the lack of current laws on this issue did not help or protect indigenous children. ====Murdered and missing Indigenous people==== Since 2016, Ouellette started to work with Lillian Dyck for a new lawManitoba MP stands behind bill aimed at deterring violence against Indigenous women, 6 May 2017 which would help protect Indigenous women if they were victims of violent crime.People who kill Indigenous women punished less than those who kill non-Indigenous women, Senator’s study finds, 28 November 2018 The vote was lost and the bill defeated during second reading in the House of Commons in April 2019. Eventually the legislation was incorporated into a federal Justice Bill. ===Private members legislation=== In May 2016, Ouellette introduced his first Private Member's Bill C-318: An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day to Parliament. This was legislation developed with help from elders in Winnipeg putting forward for the first time that Indian Residential Schools constituted Genocide. the legislation was evetually adopted by the House of Commons in 2021 and saw the creation of the first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation.Robert-Falcon Ouellette to introduce bill for national residential school memorial day, 7 May 2016 In December 2016, after consultation with unions, citizens and international victims, hurt and impacted by asbestos; Ouellette proposed new federal legislation. C-329 An Act to amend the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (asbestos) eventually helped pressure the federal government to ban production and trade in the dangerous material of asbestos, helping to save thousands of lives. Also in December 2016, Ouellette proposed C-332 An Act to provide for reporting on compliance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNDRIP. In behind the scenes work Ouellette, as chair of the Indigenous caucus led efforts to ensure that UNDRIP was adopted as Canadian legislation. UNDRIP was eventually made law as bill C-15 in 2021. ===Drug addiction and mental health=== In September 2018, to raise awareness about the violence and drug addiction issues facing Winnipeg and get the provincial and city government's actions, Ouellette erected his family tipi in Central Park, a police declared no-go zone in Winnipeg, and slept out in the open for a three days with the homeless and drug addicts.MP Robert-Falcon Ouellette sleeps in Winnipeg's Central Park in response to spike in crime, 6 September 2018 Then he worked with Dr Doug Eyolfson to provide a substantive House of Commons Health Committee Report on meth & addiction.Manitoba meth crisis under the microscope at federal committee hearing, 29 November 2018 He also called on all MPs to combat meth crisis in November 2018.Winnipeg Liberal MP Ouellette calls on all MPs to combat meth crisis, 19 November 2018 The Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and the federal government appointed Ouellette their representative to work with the Manitoba Health Minister Cameron Friesen and Brian Bowman the Mayor of the City of Winnipeg of a triparty task force to find actions all three levels of government could take to reduce the impact of addictions and mental health on Winnipeg and Manitoba. The illicit drug task- force produced it report which actions for all three levels of government.Dana Hatherly. (18 December 2018).New illicit drug task force will look for ways to fight meth, opioid crisis in Manitoba CBC. Retrieved 30 December 2022 He was defeated in the 2019 election. ==Personal life== Ouellette lives in the inner city near Central Park, Winnipeg.RobertFalcon.ca | About He also speaks French, English, and continues to learn Cree and Mandarin. He is also a professional musician and plays instruments such as trumpet and euphonium. ==Electoral record== ===Federal=== ===Municipal=== 2014 Winnipeg Mayoral Candidate Votes % (x) Brian Bowman 111,504 47.54 Judy Wasylycia-Leis 58,440 24.29 Robert-Falcon Ouellette 36,823 15.70 Gord Steeves 21,080 8.99 David Sanders 3,718 1.59 Paula Havixbeck 2,083 0.89 Michel Fillion 898 0.38 ===Results 2022 Winnipeg Mayoral=== Candidate Candidate Votes % Scott Gillingham 53203 27.46 Glen Murray 49017 25.30 Kevin Klein 28658 14.79 Shaun Loney 28458 14.69 Robert-Falcon Ouellette 15029 7.75 Jenny Motkaluk 7414 3.83 Rana Bokhari 5871 3.03 Rick Shone 2563 1.32 Don Woodstock 1879 0.97 Idris Adelakun 1257 0.65 Chris Clacio 450 0.23 Voter Turnout 193789 37 Source: ==References== ==External links== * Category:Living people Category:1976 births Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba Category:First Nations politicians Category:Politicians from Calgary Category:Politicians from Winnipeg Category:Canadian people of Métis descent Category:Cree people Category:Canadian people of English descent Category:Indigenous Members of the House of Commons of Canada Category:Royal Canadian Navy officers Category:Canadian anthropologists Category:Université Laval alumni Category:University of Calgary alumni Category:First Nations academics Category:Red Pheasant Cree Nation |
Hyman Bloom (March 29, 1913 – August 26, 2009) was a Latvian-born American painter. His work was influenced by his Jewish heritage and Eastern religions as well as by artists including Altdorfer, Grünewald, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Blake, Bresdin, Ensor and Soutine. He first came to prominence when his work was included in the 1942 Museum of Modern Art exhibition "Americans 1942 -- 18 Artists from 9 States". MoMA purchased 2 paintings from the exhibition and Time magazine singled him out as a "striking discovery" in their exhibition review. His work was selected for both the 1948 and 1950 Venice Biennale exhibitions and his 1954 retrospective traveled from Boston's Institute of Contemporary Art to the Albright Gallery and the de Young Museum before closing out at The Whitney Museum of American Art in 1955. In a 1954 interview with Yale art professor Bernard Chaet, Willem de Kooning indicated that he and Jackson Pollock both considered Bloom to be “America’s first abstract expressionist”, a label that Bloom would disavow. Starting in the mid 1950s his work began to shift more towards works on paper and he exclusively focused on drawing throughout the 1960s, returning to painting in 1971. He continued both drawing and painting until his death in 2009 at the age of 96. ==Early life and education== thumb|Two Wrestlers by Hyman Bloom, 1929 Hyman Bloom (né Melamed) was born into an orthodox Jewish family in the tiny Jewish village of Brunavišķi in what is now Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire.Brunavišķi is in the Bauska District of the Zemgale region of southern Latvia, near the town of Bauska and about 45 miles south of Riga near the Lithuanian border. He was one of six children born to Joseph and Anna Melamed. His father was a leather worker. Brunavišķi was a poor village in an area torn by civil unrest, where Jews lived in fear of persecution. Hyman, along with his parents and older brother, Bernard, emigrated to the United States in 1920, joining his two eldest brothers, Samuel and Morris, in Boston. By that time the two brothers had changed their family name to Bloom and started their own leather business. The extended family lived in a three-room tenement apartment in Boston's West End. At a young age Bloom planned to become a rabbi, but his family could not find a suitable teacher. In the eighth grade he received a scholarship to a program for gifted high school students at the Museum of Fine Arts. He attended the Boston High School of Commerce, which was near the museum. He also took art classes at the West End Community Center, a settlement house. The classes were taught by Harold Zimmerman, a student at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, who also taught the young Jack Levine at another settlement house in Roxbury. When Bloom was fifteen, he and Levine began studying with a well-known Harvard art professor, Denman Ross, who rented a studio for the purpose and paid the boys a weekly stipend to enable them to continue their studies rather than take jobs to support their families. Ross sponsored Bloom from 1928 to 1933. He also sponsored Harold Zimmerman.According to Judith Bookbinder (p. 295), Zimmerman eked out a meager living as an art teacher until his death at the age of 41. Bloom's training under Zimmerman and Ross was rigorous and traditional. Zimmerman focused on drawing and Ross on painting. Zimmerman encouraged his students to create full page compositions rather than partial sketches. To develop their powers of observation, he also insisted that they draw from memory rather than directly from the model. He hung William Blake prints on the walls of the settlement house, and encouraged students to synthesize images from multiple sources. He took Bloom and Levine on a field trip to the Museum of Modern Art in New York, where Bloom was impressed by the work of Rouault and Soutine and began experimenting with their expressive painting styles. Ross, whose leanings were more academic,See Ross's 1907 monograph, A Theory of Pure Design: Harmony, Balance, Rhythm, originally published by Houghton-Mifflin, now in the public domain. taught Bloom how to handle paint in the style of the earlier masters. Thus Zimmerman and Ross fostered respect for artistic tradition while also teaching that art was not merely a matter of copying, but of using one's imagination to create a formal design: ideas that would later influence a school of painting known as Boston Expressionism. ==Career== ===Early work=== In the 1930s Bloom worked sporadically for the Public Works of Art Project and the Federal Art Project, and for his brothers. He was a slow, methodical painter who liked to work on a piece, then set it aside for a while and come back to it with a fresh perspective. As a result, he had trouble meeting government deadlines. He shared a studio in the South End with Levine and another artist, Betty Chase. It was during this period that he developed a lifelong interest in Eastern philosophy and music, and in Theosophy. He first received national attention in 1942 when thirteen of his paintings were included in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibition Americans 1942: 18 Artists from 9 States, curated by Dorothy Miller.The 13 paintings were: Skeleton (c. 1936), The Fish (c. 1936), Circus Rider (c. 1937), The Baby (c. 1938), The Stove (1938), The Christmas Tree (c. 1939), The Christmas Tree (1939), The Christmas Tree (1939), The Chandelier (c. 1940), The Synagogue (c. 1940), The Synagogue (c. 1940), Jew with the Torah (c. 1940), The Bride (1941). MoMA purchased two of his paintings from that exhibition, and he was featured in Time magazine. The titles of his paintings in the exhibition reflect some of his recurring themes. Two were titled The Synagogue, another, Jew with the Torah; Bloom was actually criticized by one reviewer for including "stereotypical" Jewish images. He also had two paintings titled The Christmas Tree, and another titled The Chandelier, both subjects he returned to repeatedly. Another, Skeleton (c. 1936), was followed by a series of cadaver paintings in the forties, and The Fish (c. 1936) was one of many paintings and drawings of fish he created over the course of his career. Bloom was associated at first with the growing Abstract Expressionist movement. Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock, who first saw Bloom's work at the MoMA exhibition, considered Bloom "the first Abstract Expressionist artist in America." In 1950 he was chosen, along with the likes of de Kooning, Pollock, and Arshile Gorky, to represent the United States at the Venice Biennale. That same year Elaine de Kooning wrote about Bloom in ARTnews, noting that in paintings such as The Harpies, his work approached total abstraction: "the whole impact is carried in the boiling action of the pigment". In 1951 Thomas B. Hess reproduced Bloom's Archaeological Treasure in his first book, Abstract Painting: Background and American Phase, along with works by Picasso, Pollock, and others. Both de Kooning and Hess remarked on Bloom's expressive paint handling, a key characteristic of Abstract Expressionist painting. As abstract expressionism dominated the American art world, Bloom became disenchanted with it, calling it "emotional catharsis, with no intellectual basis." In addition, instead of moving to New York to pursue his career, he opted to stay in Boston. As a result he fell out of favor with critics and never achieved the kind of fame that Pollock and others did. He disliked self-promotion and never placed much value on critical acclaim. ===Cadaver images=== thumb|Slaughtered Animal (1953), oil on canvas, 70 x 40in. Bloom's cadaver images are among his most compelling and controversial. The series began in 1943 when artist David Aronson invited Bloom to accompany him on a trip to a morgue, where he was working on sketches for a painting, Resurrection. Bloom was both repelled by and drawn to the sight of the decomposing bodies, and painted them, he explained later, in hopes of coming to terms with death. In the first group of paintings, which include Corpse of an Elderly Male (1944), Female Corpse, Front View (1945) and Female Corpse, Back View (1947), the supine bodies are displayed vertically, as if viewed from above. The upright posture is reminiscent of Grünewald's crucified Christ in the Isenheim Altarpiece, Bloom's favorite painting. As critic Judith Bookbinder points out, the corpse "rises up" to confront the viewer. Bloom believed that death was a metamorphosis from one form of life to another as the body was consumed by living organisms: a process for which resurrection can be seen as a metaphor. The paintings were first exhibited in Boston's Stuart Gallery in 1945, to mixed reviews. At the Durlacher Gallery in New York, they were displayed in a back room, available for viewing upon request. Some critics complained that the work was "morbid" and "gruesome" while others were appreciative. Joseph Gibbs wrote, "After a moment of repugnance, one becomes aware that within the artist's seeming absorption in death and decay is contained the resurrection-- the relative unimportance of fugitive flesh as opposed to the indestructibility of the spirit." Robert Taylor called him "a painter of extraordinary courage." In the late forties and early fifties, Bloom produced a second, very different, series of cadaver images. Paintings such as The Hull (1952), The Anatomist (1953), and Slaughtered Animal (1953) depict dissected corpses and amputated limbs. Some critics have suggested that these images arose from Bloom's exposure to pogroms in his home country, and later, reports of the Holocaust. According to Bloom, his concern "was the complexity and color beauty of the internal works, the curiosity, the wonder, and the feeling of transgressing boundaries, which such curiosity evokes." Whatever else may have motivated him, Bloom had an artist's appreciation for color and surface texture, and admired works by artists such as Soutine (Carcass of Beef, 1924) and Rembrandt (Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632; The Slaughtered Ox, 1655) that explored similar themes. He called the colors of a decaying corpse he had seen in a morgue "harrowing" and yet "beautiful...iridescent and pearly." ===Spiritual themes=== Many of Bloom's paintings feature rabbis, usually holding the Torah. According to Bloom, his intentions were more artistic than religious. He began questioning his Jewish faith early in life, and painted rabbis, he claimed, because that was what he knew. Over the course of his career he produced dozens of paintings of rabbis, some of whom bore no small resemblance to himself. When asked if they were self-portraits, he replied cryptically, "When did I ever paint anything else?" He took an interest in Eastern mysticism and music long before the 1960s, when they became associated with youth culture in the West. He taught himself how to play the sitar, oud, and other instruments, and in 1960 helped James Rubin found the Pan Orient Arts Foundation, a group that organized concerts and collected recordings by Indian artists. In the 1950s he took LSD under the supervision of doctors who were studying its effects on creativity. While tripping, he produced surreal sketches and unintelligible scribbles, on one page writing the words "Hindu religion". Much of his work of the 1950s and '60s reflects his preoccupation with theosophy and the spirit world. Paintings such as The Medium (1951) and his Séance series of the mid-50s depict mediums channeling spirits. He considered the artist a kind of channel, one whose reward was "ecstasy from contact with the unknown". For most of the 1960s he concentrated on drawing rather than painting in order to focus his attention on composition and value. On the Astral Plane (1966) is a series of grimly surreal charcoal drawings, inspired by the work of Altdorfer and Bresdin, in which lone figures who have entered the astral plane through death or meditation are surrounded by monsters. Asked why he chose to depict only the first level, filled with frightening creatures, Bloom replied, "You draw your experience." ===Later work=== Bloom continued painting into his nineties. His oil paintings of the Lubec, Maine, woods in the late 1970s exude what critic Holland Cotter called a "disturbed, ecstatic energy". The same could be said of his seascapes, such as Seascape I (1974). He painted vibrant still lifes featuring colorful gourds and iridescent Art Nouveau pottery. He produced at least twenty paintings of rabbis between the mid-80s and 2008. Meanwhile he continued exhibiting, mostly in the Boston area. The Fuller Museum presented a full retrospective of his work in 1996. Another was organized by the National Academy of Design in New York in 2002. === Catalogue Raisonné Project === A Bloom catalogue raisonné project has been started. Details regarding the project can be found on the Hyman Bloom educational website. If you own a Bloom work, or have information on the listed "missing" Bloom works, please contact the project administrator to provide your information. ==Personal life== Bloom was a close friend of the composer Alan Hovhaness and the Greek mystic painter Hermon di Giovanno. The three of them often met to discuss various mystical subjects and to listen to Indian classical music. Bloom encouraged di Giovanno in his art, providing him with a set of pastels with which he executed his earliest paintings. He was married to Nina Bohlen from 1954 to 1961, and to Stella Caralis from 1978 until his death. His last residence was in Nashua, New Hampshire. He died there on August 26, 2009, at the age of 96. He was survived by his wife Stella. ==Legacy== Bloom influenced many artists in the Boston area and elsewhere, and although he was largely indifferent to trends and movements, he is considered a key figure in the Boston Expressionist school. Because he worked slowly, often taking years to complete a painting, he left a relatively small body of work. He said a piece was finished "when the mood is as intense as it can be made." His work is included in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum, the National Academy of Design, and many others. Hyman Bloom: The Beauty of All Things, a film about the artist's life and work, was released in October 2009. ==Honors and awards== * Critic's Choice Award from the Cincinnati Museum of Art for Christmas Tree, 1945 * Guggenheim fellowship, 1949 * Academy Award in Art from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 1953 * Ford Foundation fellowship, 1959 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 1974 * Elected to the National Academy of Design, 1984 * Thomas R. Proctor Prize for Jew with Torah from the National Academy of Design, 1999 ==Notes== ==References== Sources * * * * * * * * a * * * * * * * Further reading * * * * * * ==External links== Paintings * The Synagogue, c. 1940 * Chandelier and Corpse of a Man, 1940s * Archaeological Treasure, 1945 * The Harpies, c. 1950 * Séance II, 1955 * Seascape II, 1974 Drawings * Law of the Fishes, 1956 * Landscape #9, 1963 * On the Astral Plane: On the Dung Heap, 1965 Other *Hyman Bloom Estate site *Hyman Bloom Non-profit site * * * *Hyman Bloom playing a sitar, 1950 Category:1913 births Category:2009 deaths Category:20th-century American painters Category:American male painters Category:21st-century American painters Category:Jewish painters Category:Jewish American artists Category:Latvian Jews Category:Public Works of Art Project artists Category:Federal Art Project artists Category:Artists from Boston Category:Boston expressionism Category:People from the West End, Boston Category:20th-century American Jews Category:21st-century American Jews Category:Latvian emigrants to the United States Category:20th-century American male artists Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters |
thumb|Need for Cognition is associated with deep thought The need for cognition (NFC), in psychology, is a personality variable reflecting the extent to which individuals are inclined towards effortful cognitive activities. Need for cognition has been variously defined as "a need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways" and "a need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world". Higher NFC is associated with increased appreciation of debate, idea evaluation, and problem solving. Those with a high need for cognition may be inclined towards high elaboration. Those with a lower need for cognition may display opposite tendencies, and may process information more heuristically, often through low elaboration. Need for cognition is closely related to the five factor model domain openness to experience, typical intellectual engagement, and epistemic curiosity (see below). ==History== Cohen, Stotland and Wolfe (1955), in their work on individual differences in cognitive motivation, identified a "need for cognition" which they defined as "the individual's need to organize his experience meaningfully", the "need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways", and "need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world" (p. 291). They argued that, if this "need" were frustrated, it would generate "feelings of tension and deprivation" that would instigate "active efforts to structure the situation and increase understanding" (p. 291), though the particular situations arousing and satisfying the need may vary (p. 291). Cohen argued that even in structured situations, people high in NFC see ambiguity and strive for higher standards of cognitive clarity. Cohen and colleaguesCohen, A.R. (1957). "Need for Cognition and Order of Communication as Determinants of Opinion Change," 79–97. In Hovland, C.I. (ed.), The Order of Presentation in Persuasion, Yale University Press, (New Haven). themselves identified multiple prior identifications of need for cognition, citing works by Murphy, Maslow, Katz, Harlow and Asch.Murphy, G. Personality. New York: Harper, 1947Asch, S.E. Social Psychology. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1952". They distinguished their concept from the apparently similar "intolerance of ambiguity" proposed by Frenkel-Brunswik, arguing that NFC does not reflect the need to experience an integrated and meaningful world. Contemporary research suggests that Cohen's conception of need is, however, closer to tolerance of ambiguity, need for structure, or need for cognitive closure than to current ideas of need for cognition. For instance, studies using Cohen's measures indicated avoidance of ambiguity and a need to get "meaning" even if this meant relying on heuristics or expert advice rather than careful scrutiny of incoming information. Building on this work, Cacioppo therefore moved away from drive-reduction toward measuring individual differences in the self-reward potential of cognitive activity, stressing (p. 118) that they were using the word need in the statistical sense of a "likelihood or tendency", rather than in the rudimentary biological sense of "tissue deprivation", they defined the need for cognition as an individual's tendency to "engage in and enjoy thinking" (p. 116) and the tendency to "organize, abstract, and evaluate information" (p. 124)—or, variously, as a stable, but individually different "tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors", or an "intrinsic motivation to engage in effortful cognitive endeavors... and exercise their mental faculties", or an "intrinsic motivation for effortful thought". Cacioppo and Petty (1982) created their own 34-item scale to measure the need for cognition. Two years later, an 18-item version was published and in most of the cases reported in the subsequent literature it is this amended scale that is administered. Recently, a 6-item version of the need for cognition scale was proposed that is comparable to the 18-item scale in terms of validity and reliability. ==Features== People high in the need for cognition are more likely to form their attitudes by paying close attention to relevant arguments (i.e., via the central route to persuasion), whereas people low in the need for cognition are more likely to rely on peripheral cues, such as how attractive or credible a speaker is. People low in need for cognition are also more likely to rely on stereotypes alone in judging other people than those high in need for cognition. Psychological research on the need for cognition has been conducted using self-report tests, where research participants answered a series of statements such as "I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve" and were scored on how much they felt the statements represented them. The results have suggested that people who are high in the need for cognition scale score slightly higher in verbal intelligence tests but no higher in abstract reasoning tests. Research has concluded that individuals high in NFC are less likely to attribute higher social desirability to more attractive individuals or to mates. College students high in NFC report higher life satisfaction.The need for cognition and life satisfaction among college students A study on lucid dreaming found that frequent and occasional lucid dreamers scored higher on NFC than non- lucid dreamers. This suggests there is continuity between waking and dreaming cognitive styles. Researchers have argued that this is because self- reflectiveness or self-focused attention is heightened in lucid dreams and also is associated with greater need for cognition. ===Relationship to intelligence=== A number of studies have found moderate correlations between NFC and measures of verbal intelligence. One study found that need for cognition had a moderate positive correlation with fluid intelligence (reasoning ability, particularly verbal, and to a lesser extent numeric and figural reasoning), and a weaker correlation with crystallised intelligence (knowledge), which had much smaller positive correlations. ===Dual-system theory=== NFC has been incorporated into Epstein's dual-system theory of personality called cognitive-experiential self-theory. The theory proposes that people have two information processing systems, a rational system and an experiential system. The rational system is thought to be logical, verbal and relatively unemotional. The experiential system is thought to be intuitive, based on images and highly reliant on emotion. A modified version of the Need for Cognition scale has been used to assess individual differences in the rational system, whereas the experiential system has been assessed using a scale called Faith in Intuition. Research shows that the two systems are uncorrelated and hence independent of each other. That is individuals either high or low in need for cognition may also make use of their intuitions in forming judgments. In fact, individuals high and low in need for cognition respectively may make use of their intuitions in differing ways. When individuals give little thought to their judgments these judgments may be influenced directly by emotions, intuitions, and images in an automatic way. On the other hand, those who are high in need for cognition tend to give more thought to their judgments, and the thoughts generated may be indirectly biased by their emotions, intuitions, and images. Hence individuals high in need for cognition are not necessarily more "rational" than those low in this trait, if their faith in intuition is also high. Rather, their "irrational" intuitions tend to be given more thoughtful elaboration than those who are low in need for cognition and yet also high in faith in intuition. ===Biases and decision making=== NFC is associated with the amount of thought that goes into making a decision. Both high and low levels of the trait may be associated with particular biases in judgment. People low in need for cognition tend to show more bias when this bias is due to relying on mental shortcuts, that is, heuristic biases. People high in this trait tend to be more affected by biases that are generated by effortful thought. ====False memories==== High need for cognition is associated with a greater susceptibility to the creation of false memories associated with certain learning tasks. In a commonly used research paradigm, participants are asked to memorise a list of related words. Recognition is tested by having them pick out learned words from a set of studied and non-studied items. Certain non-studied items are conceptually related to studied items (e.g., chair if the original list contained table and legs). People high in NFC are more likely to show false memory for these lures, due to their greater elaboration of learned items in memory as they are more likely to think of semantically related (but non-studied) items. ====Halo effects==== A bias associated with low need for cognition is the halo effect, a phenomenon in which attractive or likeable people tend to be rated as superior on a variety of other characteristics (e.g., intelligence). People low on NFC are more likely to rely on stereotypes rather than individual features of a person when rating a novel target. People high in NFC still show a halo effect however, albeit a smaller one, perhaps because their thoughts about the target are still biased by the target's attractiveness. ==Relationship with personality traits== ===Related constructs=== NFC has been found to be strongly associated with a number of independently developed constructs, specifically epistemic curiosity, typical intellectual engagement, and openness to ideas. * Epistemic curiosity can be defined as "desire for knowledge that motivates individuals to learn new ideas, eliminate information-gaps, and solve intellectual problems". Typical intellectual engagement was proposed by Goff and Ackerman (1992) and was defined as a "personality construct that represents an individual's aversion or attraction to tasks that are intellectually taxing". * Openness to ideas is a facet of openness to experience associated with "aspects of being open minded, engaging in unconventional thoughts, and solving problems and thinking as an end in itself". ::Based on the very large positive correlation between NFC and typical intellectual engagement (r = .78) it has been argued that they may be essentially the same construct. * Further studies have found that NFC, typical intellectual engagement, epistemic curiosity, and openness to ideas were all strongly intercorrelated. Factor analysis showed that measures of all four constructs loaded strongly onto a single factor suggesting they all share a common conceptual basis. ::The author of this study argued that although the four constructs lack discriminant validity they are not necessarily all conceptually equivalent as each one may emphasise particular aspects of functioning more than others. * A study comparing need for cognition and openness to ideas using confirmatory factor analysis found that although the two constructs were very strongly related they were not redundant. NFC and openness to ideas had somewhat contrasting correlation patterns with other personality traits. ::For example, NFC was more strongly correlated with emotional stability and activity than openness to ideas, whereas openness to ideas was more strongly correlated with novelty and experience seeking than NFC. ===Other personality characteristics=== * Within the Big Five model of personality, NFC has been found to relate positively to openness to experience most strongly and to a more moderate extent to conscientiousness, particularly the competence and achievement striving facets, and to relate inversely to an extent to neuroticism. * Regarding Cloninger's temperament traits, NFC has been related negatively to harm avoidance and positively to persistence and was unrelated to reward dependence or novelty seeking. * NFC has only a weak positive relationship with sensation seeking, specifically a weak correlation with the boredom susceptibility subscale but no relationship to the other subscales. * NFC has a modest inverse correlation with negative affect. NFC had no significant correlation with a broad measure of overall positive affect, although it was positively correlated with feelings of activity, interest, and alertness. * NFC has been positively related to other, theoretically unrelated, personality characteristics such as self-esteem, masculine sex-role attitudes, and absorption. * NFC is negatively related to social anxiety (more strongly in females than males). * It has been speculated that people who more carefully analyse their world feel a greater sense of mastery, and hence greater self-esteem, although it is also possible that higher self-esteem may lead to greater motivation to engage in thinking. * NFC may be related to masculine sex-role due to the stereotype associating masculinity with rationality. * Regarding absorption, people high in NFC may find it easier to devote their attentional processes exclusively to intellectual tasks. * Regarding social anxiety, it is possible that greater attention to cognitive activity may be associated with reduced attention to social cues associated with negative evaluation. *NFC is positively related to stimulation, self-direction, and universalism values, and negatively to security and conformity values. ==Consumers== Research has shown that high- need-for-cognition consumers prefer open-ended comparative advertising that allows consumers to decide which brand is best. NFC has also offered insights into how people respond to alternative web site designs. Martin, Sherrard and Wentzel (2005) demonstrate that high-need for cognition people prefer web sites with high verbal complexity (more in-depth information) and low visual complexity (static images rather than animations). ==See also== * Need theory * Need for power * Need for affiliation * Need for achievement * Goal orientation * Empathising–systemising theory ==Footnotes== ==References== * Evans, C.J., Kirby, J.R. & Fabrigar, L.R., "Approaches to Learning, Need for Cognition, and Strategic Flexibility Among University Students", British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 73, No. 4, (December 2003), pp. 507–528. * Henning, B. & Vorderer, P., "Psychological Escapism: Predicting the Amount of Television Viewing by Need for Cognition", Journal of Communication, Vol. 51, No. 1, (March 2001), pp. 100–120. * Loewenstein, G., "The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation", Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 116, No. 1, (July 1994), pp. 75–98. * Nair, K.U. & Ramnarayan, S., "Individual Differences in Need for Cognition and Complex Problem Solving", Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 34, No. 3, (September 2000), pp. 305–328. * Nussbaum, E.M. & Bendixen, L.D., "Approaching and Avoiding Arguments: The Role of Epistemological Beliefs, Need for Cognition, and Extraverted Personality Traits", Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 4, (October 2003), pp. 573–595. * Olson, K.R., Camp, C.J. & Fuller, D., "Curiosity and Need for Cognition", Psychological Reports, Vol. 54, No. 1, (February 1984), pp. 71–74. * Sorrentino, R.M., Bobocel, D.R., Gitta, M.Z., Olson, J.M. & Hewitt, E.C., "Uncertainty Orientation and Persuasion: Individual Differences in the Effects of Personal Relevance on Social Judgments", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 55, No. 3, (September 1988), pp. 357–371. * Watt, J.D. & Blanchard, M.J., "Boredom Proneness and the Need for Cognition", Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 28, No. 1, (March 1994), pp. 44–51. * West, S.S., "Class Origin of Scientists", Sociometry, Vol. 24, No. 3, (September 1961), pp. 251–269. ==External links== * Need for Cognition Scale Category:Intelligence Category:Personality traits Category:Persuasion |
Iron ore mining in Western Australia, in the 2018–19 financial year, accounted for 54 percent of the total value of the state's resource production, with a value of A$78.2 billion. The overall value of the minerals and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$145 billion in 2018–19, a 26 percent increase on the previous financial year. Western Australia's iron ore output for 2020–21 was 838.7 million tonnes, the second-highest figure after 2017–18. The bulk of Western Australian ore went to China, which imported 82% of 2021 production, followed by Japan and South Korea, with 6% each. The state has the world's largest reserves of iron ore with 29% of the world's iron ore, followed by Brazil with 19%, Russia with 15% and China with 12%. In 2020–21 the Western Australian Government received A$9.8 billion in royalties from the iron ore mining industry in the state. ==History== While the Pilbara iron ore deposits were known, such as the Mount Whaleback deposit discovered in 1957 by Stan Hilditch, it was not until 1960, when the Australian government lifted the embargo on iron ore exports that it had put in place because of concerns the mineral was in short supply, that mining began in earnest.Newman The Sydney Morning Herald, published: 8 February 2004, accessed: 10 November 2010 Up until the mid-1960s, iron ore production in Western Australia, and Australia as a whole, was negligible, in the range of less than 10 million tons a year. By the mid-1970s, this figure had reached 100 million tonnes, with the majority coming from Western Australia. Production slightly declined in the 1980s but it improved in the 1990s, reaching 150 million tonnes for the country by 1997 and 200 million tonnes by 2003.Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistic Digest 2008-09 Department of Mines and Petroleum website, accessed: 26 November 2010 The first mine in the Pilbara, the Goldsworthy mine, was developed in 1965 by Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates, a joint venture between the British-owned Consolidated Goldfields (Aust) Pty Ltd, Cyprus Mines Corporation of Los Angeles, and Utah Construction & Mining Company of San Francisco. A private railway line, the Goldsworthy railway, as well as port facilities at Finucane Island, Port Hedland, were also constructed. On 1 June 1966, the first shipment of iron ore from the Pilbara left on board the Harvey S. Mudd.History of the Iron Ore Industry and the Pilbara BHP Billiton website, accessed: 10 November 2010 BHP's operations in Newman date back to 1968, when the Mount Whaleback mine was opened, the biggest single open-pit iron ore mine in the world. A new town, Mount Newman, was constructed, as well as a 426 kilometre railway line, the Mount Newman railway. The first train left Mount Newman on 1 January 1969 and the first shipment of Newman ore left port on 1 April 1969 on board of the Osumi Maru. Newman remained a "closed" company town until 1981. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966,Pilbara Rio Tinto Iron Ore website, accessed: 6 November 2010 with the Mount Tom Price mine opened that year, becoming the company's first mine to open in the Pilbara.The Australian Mines Handbook – 2003-04 edition, editor: Ross Louthean, publisher: Louthean Media Pty Ltd, page: 242 ==Overview== ===Exploration=== thumb|right|300px|Quarterly expenditure ($millions) on iron ore exploration in Western Australia since 1988 300px|thumb|right|Early exploration camp at Mount Goldsworthy (1964) In 2008–09, expenditure for exploration in iron ore in Western Australia increased by 33 percent compared to the previous financial year, 2007–08. The A$560 million spend on iron ore exploration accounted for 45 percent of all mineral exploration expenditure in the state. ===Production=== thumb|right|300px|Major West Australian Commodities in 2022 The bulk of iron ore production in Western Australia comes from the Pilbara region of the state. A number of mines however are also located in the Mid West and Kimberley regions as well as in the Wheatbelt. The big two producers, Rio Tinto and BHP accounted for 90 percent of all iron ore production in the state in 2008–09, with the third-biggest producer being the Fortescue Metals Group. Rio Tinto operates twelve iron ore mines in Western Australia, BHP seven, Fortescue two, all of those are located in the Pilbara region. ===Railways=== ==== Pilbara region ==== The three largest iron ore producers operate private rail networks to transport ore from their mines to ports on the coast. BHP operates the Goldsworthy railway and the Mount Newman railway, both terminating at Port Hedland. Rio Tinto operates the Hamersley & Robe River railway, formed in a 2001 merger of the Hamersley and Robe River railways. The two lines terminate at Cape Lambert and Dampier. FMG's Fortescue railway, a relative newcomer, started operation in 2008. The line terminates at Port Hedland.Infrastructure: Rail Fortescue website, accessed: 6 November 2010 Before deciding to construct its own line, the National Competition Council of Australia received an application from FMG, on 15 June 2004, to use part of the Mount Newman railway and also part of the Goldsworthy railway.Mt Newman Railway National Competition Council of Australia website, accessed: 6 November 2010 In June 2010, the Australian Competition Tribunal ruled that FMG would be granted access to Rio Tinto's Robe River line and BHP Billiton's Goldsworthy line but not to the busier Hamersley and Mount Newman lines.Junior miners win limited access to Pilbara rail network lloydslistdcn.com.au, published: 1 July 2010, accessed: 4 November 2010Watchdog 'can demand Pilbara rail expansion' The Australian, published: 13 May 2010, accessed: 4 November 2010 Treasurer Wayne Swan suggested that several advantages would accrue from access to the rail lines by third parties. It would increase competition, reduce duplication of infrastructure, and reduce environmental damage.BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto angry on open Pilbara rail line news.com.au, published: 28 October 2008, accessed: 4 November 2010 Atlas Iron, another junior iron ore miner, is hopeful to come to terms with BHP Billiton in regards to using some of the company's rail infrastructure, the Goldsworthy railway, in the future. BHP, in late 2010, had agreed to a joint feasibility study into how an arrangement might work.Atlas Iron optimistic about using BHP rail line to Port Hedland ABC Rural, published: 23 November 2010, accessed: 24 November 2010 Access to the rail networks by third parties is governed by the State Agreements Act.Report on Current Transport and Communications Infrastructure in the Pilbara Murdoch University, accessed: 4 November 2010 ==== Westrail region ==== Other mines connect to port using the state government-owned railways. Examples are Windarling Range and Koolyanobbing – from Koolyanobbing to the port of Esperance; Koolanooka and Mungada using a 60 km spur line linking to the state network at Morawa; and Mt Gibson trucking to an ore loading siding at Perenjori. ===Ports=== In the Pilbara, iron ore is shipped from Port Hedland, Dampier and Cape Lambert. The latter two ports are exclusively used by Rio Tinto, while Port Hedland is used by BHP, FMG and Atlas Iron. Port facilities at Port Hedland consist of Nelson Point and Finucane Island, both BHP, and Herb Elliott Port, used by FMG. In Dampier, ore is shipped from Parker Point and East Intercourse Island. The non-Pilbara mines ship their ore out of other ports: Windarling Range ships from the port of Esperance; the Jack Hills, Koolanooka, Mungada and Mt Gibson mines ship from Geraldton.Koolanooka/Blue Hills (Haematite) Sinosteel Midwest website, accessed: 28 November 2010Jack Hills Iron Ore Mine Crosslands resources website, accessed: 28 November 2010 ===Projects=== BHP is currently spending A$1.85 billion on its Rapid Growth Project 4, aimed at increasing its annual iron ore output to 155 million tonnes. To achieve this, upgrades to both mines and port facilities are necessary. The project is scheduled for completion by 2010. As a follow-up, Rapid Growth Project 5, with a budget of A$4.8 billion, targets a further production increase of 50 million tonnes annually. Additionally to upgrades at the mines and ports, it will also include duplication of existing railway lines and is scheduled for completion in late 2011. The Jimblebar mine is part of another expansion project, launched in 2010 and aimed at increasing production from the Pilbara mines to 240 million tonnes of iron ore annually by 2013. The expansion of Jimlebar, together with an expansion of the inner harbour at Port Hedland and works on the duplication of rail tracks is estimated to cost A$2.15billion.BHP approves a $2bn expansion of WA iron ore operations The Australian, published: 29 January 2010, accessed: 14 November 2010 The project is titled Rapid Growth Project 6.BHP boosts Pilbara despite EU threat to Rio joint venture The Australian, published: 30 January 2010, accessed: 14 November 2010 Rio Tinto declared its intent to expand the Hope Downs mine, spending a further A$1.78 billion on its new Hope Downs 4 project, scheduled to produce 15 million tonnes of iron ore annually by 2013.Rio Tinto to invest $1.78b in Hope Downs The Sydney Morning Herald, published: 30 August 2010, accessed: 7 November 2010Rio Tinto proceeds with Hope Downs iron project ABC Rural, published: 31 August 2010, accessed: 7 November 2010 Rio has commenced construction on its new Western Turner Syncline project. Rio Tinto allocated a further A$1.24 billion in early December 2010, to expand the Brockman 4 mine to 40 million tonnes per annum, from 22, as well as develop its Western Turner Syncline project, raising planned production there from 6 to 15 million tonnes, with the aim of increasing the Pilbara production to 283 million tonnes per annum by late 2013. The expansion would make Brockman 4 Rio Tinto's second-largest mine in the Pilbara.Rio Tinto signals $1.24bn ore expansion The Australian, published: 2 December 2010, accessed: 4 December 2010 The company has also begun further construction at the port at Cape Lambert, which is scheduled to undergo a further expansion, to be completed by 2012. The new expansion is scheduled to cost A$276million.John Holland lands Cape Lambert port expansion for Rio The Herald Sun, published: 3 September 2010, accessed: 8 November 2010 The expansion is part of a plan to raise Rio's annual production from the Pilbara from 220 to 330 million tonnes annually by 2016. To achieve this, the Cape Lambert port capacity will be expanded to handle an additional 100 million tonnes annually.Rio announces $226m expansion at Cape Lambert The West Australian, published: 14 July 2010, accessed: 8 November 2010 Plans by the Fortescue Metals Group to increase production from 39 million tonnes to 55 million tonnes through a US$220 million upgrade of the Cloud Break mine had to be abandoned in October 2009 because of funding difficulties through its Chinese investors. Instead, Fortescue decided to develop its Christmas Creek mine, at a cost of US$360 million, by building a mine and process plant there and linking it to its existing rail network. Christmas Creek is scheduled to produce 16 million tonnes of iron ore in its first year of operation. Fortescue plans to reach an annual production of 95 million tonnes of iron ore by 2012, downgraded from an earlier target of 120 million.Fortescue Metals Group's China funding flops The Australian, published: 13 October 2010, accessed: 9 November 2010 At Cape Preston, CITIC Pacific Mining is currently, as of 2010, in the process of constructing a 27.6 million tonnes per annum magnetite iron ore mine, named the Sino Iron Project.Sino Iron Project CITIC Pacific Mining, accessed: 28 November 2010 ===Export=== China, in 2008–09, was the main importer of Western Australian iron ore, having taken 64 percent, or A$21 billion in value. Japan was the second-most important market with 21 percent, followed by South Korea with 10 percent and Taiwan with 3. In comparison, Europe is a small market for ore from the state, having taken only one percent of the overall production in 2008–09. ==Criticism== The iron ore mining boom in Western Australia experienced since the early 2000s has not exclusively been seen as positive. Communities in the Pilbara region have seen a large influx of residential and Fly-in fly-out workers which has seen land prices skyrocket and has negatively affected tourism as accommodation has become sparse.New Australia Mining Boom Taking Toll on Outback Life – Page 1 National Geographic, published: 26 September 2007, accessed: 6 December 2010New Australia Mining Boom Taking Toll on Outback Life – Page 2 National Geographic, published: 26 September 2007, accessed: 6 December 2010 ===Aboriginal communities=== Australian Aboriginal culture in the region is deeply connected to the land and water and the mining activities threaten the fragile desert environment of the Pilbara. Locals in the Pilbara argue that the wealth generated by the local mining industry is passing them by and they are left behind. A lack of accommodation and the unattractive nature of relocating to the "dusty outback" resulted in a majority work force of fly-in fly-out workers, depriving local towns of the benefits of a high-earning permanent population. Mining companies in Australia have, since 1992, changed their attitude towards the local Aboriginal population. In 1992, the Australian government began to recognise the land rights of the Indigenous Australians, opening an opportunity for the latter to engage in negotiations with mining companies to press for compensation and for assistance in preserving cultural artifacts. However, some Aboriginals feel short-changed, given the enormous profits made from mining, and also consider the financial benefits and employment opportunities as insufficient compensation for the destruction caused to their habitat. Aboriginal mining companies have been able to secure contracts with the big international mining companies. In 2007, BHP Billiton awarded a A$300 million contract to Ngarda Civil and Mining, an Aboriginal-owned company, to manage the Yarrie mine, the largest ever mining contract awarded to an Aboriginal company.Fact Sheet: Yarrie Mine Operations Ngarda Civil and Mining website, accessed: 6 December 2010Looking for opportunities ABC North West WA, published: 16 February 2010, accessed: 6 December 2010 As part of the five-year contract, BHP Billiton planned to increase the number of Aboriginal workers at the mine to 70, out of a total of 90 workers. The managing director of Ngarda, Brian Taylor, saw this contract as a positive step, moving Aboriginal people in the region away from government welfare and into permanent employment. Western Australian Aboriginals, in 2007, suffered from an unemployment rate of 14 percent in the state, compared to 3.3% for the general population.Indigenous firm wins $300m BHP deal The Australian, published: 5 September 2007, accessed: 6 December 2010 Of the 12,000 people employed by BHP Billiton in its Pilbara operations in 2010, 700 were indigenous. Rio Tinto also, as of 2010, employs 700 indigenous workers in its Pilbara operations, comprising 6 percent of its overall work force. FMG, under the leadership of Andrew Forrest, is driving a national program which aims to find 50,000 jobs for indigenous workers in Australia. Companies like BHP, FMG and Rio Tinto have programs aimed at increasing the number of Aboriginal employees in their operations. Indigenous Australians in Western Australia in 2001 accounted for 3.1% of the population. Companies however lack an understanding of Aboriginal culture, which requires young men to be sent to the bush for up to six weeks to hunt and learn about their culture. Companies are often unwilling to award their indigenous employees this time off to be able to perform these important traditions. ==Safety== Since the late 1960s, when the Department of Mines began categorising fatalities by commodity, until 2010, 86 work-related fatalities have occurred in the iron ore mining industry in Western Australia.Western Australian mining fatalities database accessed: 19 February 2011 ==List of active mines== This is a list of major active iron ore mines in Western Australia in 2020–21, according to the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. To qualify for the department's official list of principal mining projects an operation has to either had mineral sales valued at more than $5 million, or, for operations where such figures are not reported, had a minimum of 50 employees: Mine Owner 1 Shire Capacity 2 Opening year Coordinates 3 Miralga Creek mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 2 2022 Mt Webber mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 9 2014 Sanjiv Ridge mine Atlas Iron Shire of East Pilbara 4 2021 Area C mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 55 2003 Jimblebar mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 14 1989 Newman West BHP Shire of East Pilbara 38 1968 Newman East BHP Shire of East Pilbara 12 South Flank mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 80 2021 Yandi mine BHP Shire of East Pilbara 41 1992 Iron Ridge mine Fenix Resources Shire of Cue 1.25 2021 Christmas Creek mine FMG Shire of East Pilbara 16 2009 Cloud Break mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 28 2008 Eliwana mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 30 2020 Firetail mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 27 2013 Kings Valley mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 40 2014 Queens Valley mine FMG Shire of Ashburton 2022 Roy Hill mine Hancock Prospecting Shire of East Pilbara 60 2015 Karara mine Karara Mining Limited Shire of Perenjori 8 2010 Iron Valley mine BCI Minerals (operated by Mineral Resources) Shire of East Pilbara 8 2014 Koolyanobbing mine Mineral Resources Shire of Yilgarn 8 2018 Wonmunna mine Mineral Resources Shire of East Pilbara 5 2021 Koolan Island mine Mount Gibson Iron Shire of Derby–West Kimberley 0.4 2007 Brockman 2 mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 8.7 1992 Brockman 4 mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 22 2010 Channar mine Rio Tinto (60%), Sinosteel (40%) Shire of Ashburton 20 1990 Eastern Range mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 20 2004 Gudai-Darri mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 43 2022 Hope Downs mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 30 2007 Hope Downs 4 mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 15 2014 Marandoo mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 15 1994 Mesa A mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 25 2010 Mesa J mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 7 1994 Mount Tom Price mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 28 1966 Nammuldi mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 6.6 2006 Paraburdoo mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 20 1972 Silvergrass mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 10 2017 West Angelas mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 29.5 2002 Western Turner mine Rio Tinto Shire of Ashburton 2021 Yandicoogina mine Rio Tinto Shire of East Pilbara 52 1998 Blue Hills mine Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Shire of Perenjori 1 2021 * 1 Majority-owner and operator shown only * 2 Capacity is the production capacity of the mine, not actual annual production, and is in million tonnes of iron ore per annum * 3 Coordinates of the main processing facility ==List of inactive and exhausted mines== This is a list of former iron ore mines in Western Australia: Mine Owner Location Region Opening year Closing year Cockatoo Island mine Pluton Resources Cockatoo Island Kimberley 1995 (1951-1986) 2015 Goldsworthy mine Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates Goldsworthy Pilbara 1966 1982 Jack Hills mine Mitsubishi Corporation Jack Hills Mid West 2006 2012 Koolanooka mine Sinosteel Midwest Morawa Mid West 2010 (1965-1974) 2013 Nimingarra mine BHP Biliton Goldsworthy Pilbara 1988 2007 Shay Gap mine Mount Goldsworthy Mining Associates Shay Gap Pilbara 1973 1993 Tallering Peak Mount Gibson Iron Mullewa Mid West 2004 2014 Wundowie mine Charcoal Iron & Steel Industry (WA Government) Wundowie Wheatbelt 1948 1951 Yarrie mine BHP Yarrie Pilbara 1993 2014 ==Statistics== Western Australian Iron Ore Production and Value from 2000 to 2022|thumb|400x400px Annual statistics for the Western Australian iron ore mining industry:Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2021-22 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 23 March 2023Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2020-21 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 25 March 2022Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2019-20 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 25 March 2022Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2012-13 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 12 March 2023Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2002-03 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 12 March 2023Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 1998-99 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 31 March 20232017 Economic indicators resources data Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, accessed: 30 May 2018 Subject 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Production (million tonnes/annum) 106.27 107.67 111.64 111.73 119.69 133.13 132.90 141.29 149.74 141.02 Production value (A$ billion) 2.25 2.65 2.95 2.99 2.87 2.79 2.92 3.16 3.93 3.97 Subject 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Production (million tonnes/annum) 151.2 161.8 164.6 188.2 202.0 233.2 242.6 257.6 291.0 316.5 Production value (A$ billion) 3.72 4.91 5.21 5.19 5.33 8.30 12.7 15.7 22.0 33.6 WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 285 272 290 330 534 774 830 1,518 1,701 2,394 Employees 9,103 9,289 11,184 12,585 13,727 16,203 18,387 23,185 26,051 27,537 Subject 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Production (million tonnes/annum) 385.0 397.6 454.4 512.6 623.5 718.8 748.1 793.0 839.4 790.6 Production value (A$ billion) 35.3 57.6 60.8 56.4 75.2 54.4 48.8 64.3 62.1 81.8 WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 3,785 3,535 4,344 5,226 5,448 4,026 3,600 4,708 4,476 4,884 Employees 33,345 43,008 55,323 60,844 58,257 58,093 53,229 53,221 53,716 59,525 Subject 2020 2021 2022 Production (million tonnes/annum) 836.8 838.7 844.4 Production value (A$ billion) 104.6 154.7 137.1 WA Royalty Receipts (A$ million) 7,802 9,797 10,848 Employees 65,454 76,150 78,974 ==References== ==External links== * Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety website * MINEDEX website Database of the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety Category:Economy of Western Australia Western Australia |
KCTV (channel 5) is a television station in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Gray Television alongside MyNetworkTV affiliate KSMO-TV (channel 62). Both stations share studios on Shawnee Mission Parkway in Fairway, Kansas, while KCTV's transmitter facility, the KCTV Broadcast Tower, is located in the Union Hill section of Kansas City, Missouri. Channel 5 was the fourth television channel to go on the air in Kansas City; KCMO-TV began broadcasting on September 27, 1953, as the television adjunct of KCMO radio. Originally an ABC affiliate, it switched to CBS in 1955 as part of a group affiliation agreement negotiated by the Meredith Corporation, which agreed to buy KCMO radio and television less than a week after KCMO-TV began broadcasting. In 1956, the present tower, a Kansas City landmark, was constructed to broadcast the station. Over protests from Kansas City civic leaders, KCMO-TV moved its studio facilities to Fairway, Kansas, at the end of 1977. Meredith sold the KCMO radio stations in 1983; as this required the television station to change its call sign, it paid a Texas station $25,000 to release the call sign KCTV for use in Kansas City. Gray acquired Meredith in 2021. ==History== ===Establishment=== On January 26, 1948, the KCMO Broadcasting Corporation, owner of Kansas City radio station KCMO (810 AM), applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a permit to build a new television station on channel 5. It would be more than five years before that application was granted, largely because of a four-year freeze on TV station grants. Five different groups had pending applications for new TV stations in Kansas City: KCMO, the New England Broadcasting Company, and Kansas City radio stations KCKN, KMBC, and WHB. The freeze ended in April 1952, at which time KCMO and KMBC were already buying and storing equipment with an eye to starting TV stations, and KCMO had already identified the use of its KCMO-FM tower at its studios at 31st and Grand streets to telecast its station. While KCMO had already applied for channel 5, KCKN had originally sought channel 2, which was removed from Kansas City in the final 1952 allocations; that station then amended its application to specify channel 5. New England Broadcasting had also filed for channel 5, but its application was dismissed by the FCC in January 1953. The FCC granted the construction permit on June 3, 1953, at which time KCMO estimated that KCMO-TV would begin in about four months, bringing to the city additional network programs that WDAF-TV, the only pre-freeze TV station in the city, could not fit in its schedule. This was the first VHF station construction permit awarded in Kansas City since the end of the freeze; a UHF station, KCTY, had been awarded for channel 25. The grant of KCMO-TV's permit spurred KMBC and WHB, applicants for channel 9, to combine their bids and seek shared-time use of the channel. The FCC promptly approved on June 25, and KMBC-TV and WHB-TV began transmitting from an interim facility on August 2. Channel 9, under both licensees, would be the CBS affiliate in Kansas City; KCMO-TV by that point had set a start date of September 27, the end date of daylight saving time. KCMO-TV made the September 27 start date, with an official dedication featuring former president Harry Truman as the guest of honor taking place on October 4. It took the ABC affiliation, giving Kansas City four channels for the four networks: NBC on WDAF-TV, CBS on KMBC-TV and WHB-TV, DuMont on KCTY, and ABC on KCMO-TV. Before the first week of telecasting on channel 5 had concluded, the KCMO Broadcasting Company sold itself to the Meredith Publishing Company of Des Moines, Iowa, for $2 million. Meredith executives, including company founder and namesake Edwin T. Meredith, had visited several weeks prior to tour the television facility. Edwin Meredith joked that he would like to have a radio and television property closer to Des Moines than its holdings in Syracuse, New York. He was more than joking; he expressed serious interest in the property to Tom L. Evans and Lester Cox, KCMO's stockholders, with Cox letting Evans sell the stations. This gave Meredith its fourth television station: it had built WHEN-TV in Syracuse and made radio-TV purchases in consecutive years that brought WOW-TV in Omaha, Nebraska (1951) and KPHO-TV in Phoenix, Arizona (1952) into the fold. DuMont programs moved to KCMO-TV in February 1954, when the network—having bought KCTY in an unsuccessful salvage attempt—opted to shut down that station. ===Switch from ABC to CBS=== In January 1955, Meredith reached a group affiliation deal with CBS covering its radio and television properties outside Phoenix. The agreement saw KCMO radio and television become CBS secondary outlets with immediate effect. The news was received, per a report in Variety, with "puzzlement" in Kansas City, where KMBC radio was the sixth-oldest CBS affiliate with more than 25 years of service to the network. KCMO-TV joined CBS and KMBC-TV joined ABC on September 28, 1955, with their radio counterparts exchanging affiliations on December 1. After a year of construction, in February 1956, the original KCMO-FM tower was replaced by the present tower on the site, then measuring , and the station began broadcasting at the maximum effective radiated power of 100,000 watts. KCMO continued to broadcast from the 31st Street studios for more than 20 years. However, in 1976, under general manager Charles McAbee, it announced plans to move its operation from Kansas City across the state line to Fairway, Kansas, where it planned to build a studio facility twice the size. Members of city government expressed dismay at the proposed relocation of the radio and television stations and even suggested dismantling the large tower beside the studios as an icing hazard; McAbee claimed to have scouted six sites in Kansas City itself, including Crown Center. Kansas City councilmembers went as far as to allow the legal department to protest the continued use of the KCMO call letters if the radio and television operations moved to Fairway, though the FCC and a federal appeals court rebuffed their challenges. Kansas City's public television station, KCPT, then agreed to purchase the 31st Street studios from KCMO; however, KCMO-TV itself would continue to be broadcast from the tower at the site. The Fairway move was completed at the end of 1977. ===Becoming KCTV=== In 1982, Meredith announced it would sell the Kansas City radio stations to Richard Fairbanks, retaining the television station; it noted that the radio properties were not meeting its "growth objectives". The separation of KCMO radio from KCMO-TV required one or the other to change its call sign upon completion of the sale. Meredith found its new call letters for channel 5 in San Angelo, Texas, where KCTV had been on the air with that designation since 1957. KCMO-TV approached the Texas station, which agreed to seek new call letters, leaving KCTV open to be claimed in Kansas City; the Texas station was reimbursed for all of its expenses in changing over. The KCTV in Texas became KLST in March 1983, and KCMO-TV became KCTV on June 6, 1983, with the station launching a promotional campaign among advertisers and the public. When a major affiliate realignment caused WDAF-TV to switch affiliations from NBC to Fox in 1994, the displaced NBC network wooed KCTV as an affiliate. However, CBS was also courting Meredith and ultimately able to secure an affiliation agreement for KCTV, KPHO-TV in Phoenix, and WNEM-TV in Saginaw, Michigan, the latter two becoming new CBS affiliates. upright=0.61|thumb|right|KCTV logo, used from November 2011 to October 2015; the logo on which it is based was first introduced in May 2002.|alt=A rounded rectangle with black trim. At the top on a white band are the letters K C T V, atop an area with a white 5 dividing it into black and blue segments. Beneath is the website, K C T V 5 .com. upright=0.61|thumb|right|KCTV logo, used from October 2015 to December 2020.|alt=On a blue background, a box containing a silver 5 dividing it into blue and red segments. On the red segment, to the right of the 5, is the CBS eye. Beneath are the letters KCTV in a sans serif. Meredith entered into a $26.8 million agreement to acquire the non-license assets of KSMO-TV (channel 62), then an affiliate of The WB owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, in November 2004, immediately assuming responsibility for KSMO's advertising sales and administrative operations under a joint sales agreement and moving its staff to the KCTV facility in Fairway. It also had an option to buy the station if FCC rules so approved for a further $6.7 million. Meredith then filed to buy KSMO-TV outright in January 2005, a transaction that required a failing station waiver from the FCC as there would be fewer than eight unique owners of TV stations in the market. On the grounds that KSMO-TV's revenue and market share had steadily declined in the preceding five years, the commission granted the waiver in September 2005, approving the transaction. It created the third duopoly in Kansas City, alongside KSHB-TV with KMCI-TV and, KMBC-TV with KCWE. KCTV was the CBS affiliate of record in St. Joseph, Missouri, from 1967—when local station KFEQ-TV switched from CBS to ABC—until June 1, 2017, when locally based KBJO-LD (channel 30, which concurrently became KCJO-LD) switched its primary affiliation from Telemundo to CBS. A month later, KCTV was removed from Suddenlink's St. Joseph cable system. === Sale to Gray Television === On May 3, 2021, after 68 years of Meredith ownership, Gray Television announced its intent to purchase the Meredith Local Media division, including KCTV and KSMO, for $2.7 billion. The sale was completed on December 1. ==Local programming== ===News operation=== From 1979 to 1994, the team of Wendall Anschutz and Anne Peterson—who both served as the main anchors of KCTV's weekday evening newscasts—led the station's newscasts to first place among the Kansas City market's three main local television news outlets of the time period. The pairing endured in some form through 2001, making it the longest-lasting in Kansas City television. In 1981, channel 5 had the first 10 p.m. newscast in the market to reach a 40 share—40 percent of homes watching TV at that time. However, the station spent most of the 1980s and early 1990s in a competitive battle with KMBC-TV and WDAF-TV for news viewers. It was also the first television station in the United States to begin closed captioning of its local newscasts in 1982—years ahead of Boston's WCVB-TV, which claimed to be the first to do so in 1986. By the early 1990s, KMBC-TV had taken a clear first place in the market, particularly among more desirable younger viewers. As part of a major overhaul of the station's news programming, in 1993, longtime sportscaster Don Fortune and reporter Marty Lanus were both let go. At that time, the station also launched weekend morning newscasts, becoming the second Kansas City outlet to do so behind WDAF-TV and complementing the launch of weekday morning news a year earlier. However, ratings continued to slide to lows not seen since the early 1980s. Though figures improved to the point where channel 5 narrowly edged out channel 9 in 1996, but its ratings slid back in most time periods during 1998. KCTV's news presentation underwent a major overhaul under Kirk Black, whom Meredith promoted from WNEM-TV to serve as KCTV's general manager in 2001, and news director Regent Ducas, hired in April 2002. The goal was to overtake KMBC-TV as the top-rated television news operation in Kansas City. The major changes included the assignment of the station's news anchors to conduct field reports, the expansion of its weekday morning newscast to a then-unusual 4:30 a.m. in December 2001, and the debut of a late-afternoon newscast to 4:30 p.m. on March 4, 2002. Six months after Ducas's hiring, KCTV adopted "Live. Late-Breaking. Investigative." as its new slogan and unveiled a new, darker-colored news set and new logo with a larger 5. After a major severe weather outbreak in May 2003 where the station opted to continue with live coverage helmed by meteorologist Katie Horner, KCTV became aggressive in preempting regular programming for severe weather coverage, sparking the ire of some viewers. Another radical change occurred on November 17, 2003, when the station announced that it would shut down its in-house sports department and entered into an outsourcing agreement with local sports cable channel Metro Sports (now Spectrum Sports), using its staff at the channel's Swope Park facility to cover local professional, college, and high school sports events. Under the terms of the deal, the channel would produce sports segments seen on KCTV's evening newscasts seven nights a week, as well as sports specials and Kansas City Chiefs-related programs produced for the station. Sports anchors William Jackson and Leif Lisec and sports reporter Neal Jones were terminated by KCTV after sports production transferred to Metro Sports on February 9, 2004. Though Kirk Black cited research that indicated that most news viewers were not interested in sports, the move was criticized by many local sports radio hosts, who thought that Black's decision to shutter the sports department showed his lack of understanding the market's rabid sports fanbase, and by the station's union, as the non-union Metro Sports replaced KCTV's own employees. The Metro Sports arrangement ended in 2009 and was supplanted by a deal with Kansas City sports radio station WHB. The outsourcing of sports ended in 2010, when KCTV reestablished a sports department by hiring Lawrence, Kansas, native Michael Coleman as sports director; he remained at the station until 2017. The station's change in direction saw several additional talent exits, and newsroom turnover was heavy. In addition to veterans Stan Cramer, Anschutz, and others who were among 170 company employees to take voluntary retirement packages in 2001, several veteran reporters, including 23-year employee Reed Black and 29-year reporter Geri Gosa, departed in 2002; while anchor Russell Kinsaul had his contract not renewed in 2004 and was hired at KMOV in St. Louis, KCTV saw its news ratings increase. There were also controversies around the newsroom, some caused by the station's investigative reports. A series of reports conducted in partnership with Perverted Justice in the style of the later NBC series To Catch a Predator created legals issues: of the 16 people lured by KCTV's sting, none could be arrested, but three filed defamation complaints and another sued Meredith and Perverted Justice alleging entrapment. The Columbia Journalism Review chided reporter Dave Helling for a 2004 report in which he misrepresented the type of ammonium nitrate he bought in a report about illegal sales of the fertilizer in Kansas, KCTV was enjoined by Kansas courts from using information it had obtained about patients of a plastic surgeon in Mission Hills, Kansas, who had discarded a computer containing private patient data only for it to be found by a scavenger and the data turned over to the station; however, it did broadcast a report featuring one anonymous patient, and the doctor faced a class action lawsuit from the patients. In 2007, a longtime newscast director sued Meredith and charged that the company had engaged in systematic harassment and dismissal of older employees. A judge denied KCTV's move to dismiss the suit; station management later reached a monetary settlement with the plaintiff. As part of the acquisition of KSMO-TV, Meredith promised to add a newscast to its lineup for its first time. The 30-minute KCTV 5 News at 9:00 debuted in October 2005, following the closure of the Meredith purchase, promising the same experience "lock, stock, and barrel" as the station offered at 10 p.m. even though KCTV general manager Kirk Black had previously declared it would have its own presentation style. By 2010, the station was also airing a 7 a.m. morning newscast and simulcasting a noon newscast also aired on KCTV. Though the station also experimented with a 6:30 p.m. newscast on KSMO in 2014, this newscast had been canceled by 2018, when channel 62 shifted to airing news in the 7 p.m. hour. Black left in 2009 when Meredith promoted him to run its largest and most troubled television station, WGCL-TV in Atlanta. Citing research showing that the station was perceived as "annoying", his successor, Brian Totsch, moved to tone down the station's style, ditching the "live, late-breaking, investigative" tagline he called a "punchline"; reducing the number of severe weather cut-ins; and dismissing lead investigative reporter Ash-har Quraishi. Ratings fell, and KCTV was in third place again by 2011. However, the station's performance outside of news continued to be strong: in 2013, it won total-day ratings, especially prime time, despite not winning any of the local news races, which were split among WDAF-TV and KMBC-TV. After being abruptly let go in 2015, former news anchor Karen Fuller sued Meredith, alleging age discrimination specific to female anchors, though Meredith cited poor performance as the reason for her dismissal. Though a district judge in Kansas refused to dismiss the case, before it was to go to trial in Kansas City, Kansas, the two parties settled in 2018. As KCMO-TV, the station won a Peabody Award in 1978 for a documentary, "Where Have All The Flood Cars Gone?", on the sale of damaged cars after a flood hit the Kansas City area. The story was reported by investigative reporter John Ferrugia. ===Sports programming=== From 2002 through 2019, KCTV was the preseason television home of Kansas City Chiefs football and associated coaches shows, complementing its carriage of most of the team's regular-season games as part of CBS's NFL rights. On September 21, 2019, the Chiefs announced that KSHB-TV and KMCI-TV would become their official broadcast partners, replacing KCTV after 17 years. ===Local non-news programming=== KCTV previously produced the talk and lifestyle program Better Kansas City, which aired weekday mornings at 9:00 a.m. and was produced independently from the station's news department. The program, which initially debuted in 2012, was formatted after the national Meredith- distributed lifestyle program Better. ====Notable former on-air staff==== * Karen Foss – anchor (1978–1979) * Don Harrison – reporter and anchor (1962–1973) ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of KCTV Channel Video Aspect Short name Programming 5.1 1080i 16:9 KCTV Main KCTV programming / CBS 5.2 480i Circle Circle 5.3 this This TV 5.4 Quest Quest 5.5 Shop LC Shop LC 62.1 1080i KSMO-TV ATSC 1.0 simulcast of KSMO-TV / MyNetworkTV KCTV transmits two subchannels of KSMO-TV, one of Kansas City's two ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) stations; channel 62 began broadcasting a ATSC 3.0 signal in August 2021. ===Analog-to-digital conversion=== KCTV signed on its digital signal on October 15, 2002, but it was not until November 2003 that the station began broadcasting network programming in high definition. The station ended analog broadcasts on VHF channel 5, at 9 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 24, using virtual channel 5. ==Tower== thumb|upright|KCTV's transmitter tower on Union Hill.|alt=The tall, red tower against a blue sky at day with a fountain and sculpture in the foreground. Since February 1956, KCTV has been broadcast from a , four-sided transmission tower located at its now-former studios at 31st and Grand streets in the Union Hill neighborhood, south of downtown Kansas City. This replaced a shorter tower at the same site. Even after the move to Fairway, KCTV has continued to be broadcast from this facility, though there were calls from Kansas City leaders to dismantle it as part of the move, citing the danger from falling ice in winter. Falling ice from the tower has been known to damage nearby cars and homes and require police to block off adjacent streets. The tower has had several different lighting schemes in its history, mostly having been lit in white lights. It first went dark for a year during the 1973 energy crisis; it was flashed on in the evening and then turned off as a reminder to Kansas Citians to conserve electricity. Beginning in 1989, the lights were flashed for a time in upward- or downward-moving patterns to suggest the day's weather forecast. For a time after the September 11 attacks, the lights were changed to red, white, and blue. However, the tower has not been lit since 2004, when it was turned off because most of the 1,360 light bulbs had burned out, Though a nonprofit organization called The Tower KC, Inc., proposed relighting the tower as an art piece in 2015 and converting the lights from incandescent bulbs to LEDs, the program did not materialize, and by 2018, the station had no plans to reactivate the lights. The tower was originally nicknamed the "Eye-full Tower"; Kansas City's building commissioner had compared its design to the Eiffel Tower in Paris. It was taller than the Eiffel Tower when built, though a television antenna was later added to the Paris tower, increasing its height. ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * – KCTV Category:Television stations in the Kansas City metropolitan area Category:CBS network affiliates Category:Circle (TV network) affiliates Category:This TV affiliates Category:Quest (American TV network) affiliates Category:Gray Television Category:Television channels and stations established in 1953 Category:Johnson County, Kansas Category:National Football League primary television stations Category:1953 establishments in Missouri Category:Former Meredith Corporation subsidiaries |
Luann is a syndicated newspaper comic strip written and drawn by Greg Evans and launched by North America Syndicate on March 17, 1985. The strip is currently syndicated by Andrews McMeel Syndication. In 2012, Greg Evans' daughter Karen Evans began co-authoring the strip. Luann takes place in an unnamed suburban setting, and primarily focuses on young adult Luann DeGroot dealing with school, her love interests, family, and friends. Some storylines center on other characters, including her older brother Brad. The strip is particularly notable in that the characters age over time, albeit not in real time. In 2003, Evans won the Reuben Award for Cartoonist of the Year for his work on Luann. ==Characters and story== ===Main characters=== ;Luann C. DeGroot: The comic strip's titular protagonist. Luann often suffers from a poor self-assessment of her popularity and attractiveness, especially of her large feet. She can also be shallow, self-centered, and very immature. Luann attended Pitts Junior–Senior High School until her graduation in 2014. Having starred in West Side Story and becoming a runner-up in a beauty pageant, Luann plans on becoming an entertainer. She is consistently portrayed as left- handed, not an uncommon feature for a comic strip character.Luann at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. She now attends the local junior college where she takes introductory art and chemistry classes. She, along with Tiffany, continues her summer job in early education. :: First appearance: March 17, 1985 ;Bernice Halper: One of Luann's best friends since they were both in third grade. Bernice is laid-back and observant, but also a pessimist, claiming to find everything in life impossible (except for getting straight A's, according to Luann). In January 2007, Bernice learned she had an older brother, Army Sgt. Ben York, who was deployed in Iraq. Her parents had placed him for adoption, as they felt they were too young to have a child. Bernice initially planned to become a veterinarian but spent her senior year as an intern guidance counselor. In 2014, she began college at Moony University, moved into the dormitory, and became friends with her roommate Dez. In 2015, she became an R.A. in her dorm, but by 2020 her position has been scrapped and she has had to move in with the DeGroot family. :First appearance: March 18, 1985 ;Delta James: One of Luann's best friends. In the early years of the strip, Delta was something of a slacker, but became more of a go-getter as she got older, attending dozens of clubs and activities every school year as well as volunteering. While Bernice is intellectually wise, Delta is the more politically intelligent, and plans a career in politics. In 1998, Delta was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, which went into remission under treatment the following year. In January 2009, Delta was nearly prevented from participating in a class trip to Washington, D.C., due to lack of funds, but was finally able to go by means of donations raised by Luann and Bernice, with the help of Tiffany Farrell and Elwood Druit. During the visit, Delta met the newly inaugurated President Barack Obama while looking for a restroom in the White House, after which "her White House contact" became a running joke. Delta is now attending Howard University in Washington, and has rarely been mentioned since her last appearance in 2014. :First appearance: April 1, 1985 :Last appearance: November 11, 2014 ;Nancy and Frank DeGroot: Luann's parents. Nancy is portrayed as the heart of the family, while Frank provides for it, though he's usually portrayed as criminally cheap. Frank often seems clueless about what goes on, while Nancy is more aware. She constantly hounds Luann to clean her room, without success. Using their savings and money from T.J.'s insurance settlement, Frank and Nancy have purchased a rundown warehouse, and turned it into a restaurant and performance space. :Frank's first appearance: March 21, 1985 (voice), May 22, 1985 (drawn). :Nancy's first appearance: May 3, 1985 (voice), August 12, 1986 (drawn). ;Brad DeGroot: Luann's older brother, to whom she usually shows a snarky sibling attitude, and vice versa. Brad began his working life at Weenie World, a hot dog and hamburger restaurant similar to Wienerschnitzel, but following 9/11, he was inspired to become a firefighter. Brad had previously been a couch potato, but had to become more physically fit to qualify as a firefighter, and has since been drawn with a more fit physique and well- defined jawline. Brad and his best friend, T.J., then moved into a rental home owned by Brad's parents. Their house was later damaged by T.J. after he neglected a frying pan on the stove, and it was later remodeled. In his spare time, Brad is shown fixing his dilapidated car. When he became a firefighter, Brad's storylines shared equal, if not more, time than Luann's storylines. : In June 2011 Brad was laid off due to budget cuts, but after another firefighter left, he was rehired in November. On March 31, 2012, Brad proposed to Toni Daytona, with some persuasion from T.J., but they agreed to postpone the topic. One year later, on April 2, 2013, Toni proposed to Brad, and he tearfully accepted. Originally, as an homage to their meeting at the firehouse and 9/11 being the impetus for Brad pursuing a firefighting career, Brad and Toni were planning to make September 11 their wedding date. The idea generated real-life controversy against the strip, so the wedding was postponed to December 11, 2016, on which they had a small ceremony in the firehouse.Kragen, Pam, "Cartoonist shows up in 'Luann' comic wedding", San Diego Union-Tribune, December 12, 2016. Accessed February 10, 2017 Following the wedding, Toni moved into the house shared by T.J. and Brad. :Brad's first appearance: March 25, 1985 (voice), March 26, 1985 (drawn). ===Love interests=== ;Aaron Hill: The boy of both Luann's and Tiffany's dreams. He has been seen to be vain, therefore a natural match with Tiffany (whom he has dated), yet is sometimes considerate of others' feelings. To Luann, he is cute and lovable, but mixed up, having once been in love with Diane, who was a few years too old for him. He now lives in Hawaii. In August 2005, Luann won a free trip to Hawaii and visited Aaron, but was confronted about his new girlfriend, Lian. He later set up his own MySpace page, and had sent a message to Luann in October 2006 talking about what he'd done in Hawaii, including breaking up with Lian, sparking another love craze for Aaron in Luann. While the possibility was teased for a few weeks, he ultimately did not reappear and has not been seen since Luann's Hawaii trip. :First mentioned: March 23, 1985. :First appearance March 24, 1985. :Last appearance: August 15, 2005, April 1, 2020 (flashback cameo) ;Gunther Berger: Pitts High School's smartest student with poor personal fashion sense and gentlemanly qualities. To Luann, he was sweet and sincere, but not her romantic ideal. Gunther was constantly jealous of Luann's crushes on other guys, since she's the one girl he'd loved his entire life. While Luann was not interested in him herself, she still became jealous when Gunther displayed interest in other girls. He had an on-again-off-again romantic interest in Luann at times and at others in Bernice, with whom he has more in common. He has worn contact lenses although he's allergic to them. He joined Luann in volunteering to read to children at the local library, and showed an unexpected skill at sewing, making elaborate costumes based on the story Luann planned to read. Gunther lived with his mother. He has a good deal of insecurity about his father deserting the family when Gunther was young, and worries that it was because of him. Luann expressed ambivalence about Gunther, but to be a caring and genuine friend, volunteered to help him maintain his home when his mother broke her leg. :In strips from late 2012–2014, Gunther and Rosa Aragones showed mutual feelings for each other. However, Gunther appeared nervous with Rosa, and was often tongue-tied when approached by her. Luann was supportive of Gunther, and offered him advice on how to win Rosa's heart. After graduation, he went with Rosa to Peru, but after some time became disillusioned; with Rosa giving him supporting advice to make his own decisions, Gunther returned home to attend college (having matured somewhat in the process). After becoming study buddies with Tiffany, Gunther became conflicted about their status, with possible hints that Tiffany is now attracted to him. Leslie Knox, who bullied Gunther in high school, became a grudging acquaintance when Leslie's uncle, Al Gray, started dating Gunther's mother Irma. Mr. Gray proposed to Mrs. Berger shortly before Christmas 2017, much to Gunther's dismay. :First mentioned: March 23, 1985 :First appearance: November 29, 1987 ;Quill: A Pitts High School senior who moved with his family from Australia. His father is a chemist attending a US study program. Quill's arrival fanned Luann's ongoing rivalry with Tiffany: Tiffany was openly attracted to Quill, while Quill did not return the attention and showed more interest in Luann due to their shared interests, specifically music, and the fact that she's smarter than Tiffany. They had their first kiss at a New Year's Eve Party welcoming in 2011. Luann and Quill confessed a mutual attraction but decided not to pursue a relationship, since Quill would have to return to Australia. Despite this plan, they soon considered ways to break the non-dating agreement. They eventually kissed romantically in Luann's room – when her parents weren't home – but immediately afterwards Quill received a call from his father, informing him that the family was moving back to Australia that week. In 2013, he maintained a long- distance relationship with Luann. In 2014, he returned to the States and graduated with Luann's class. He went on to attend college and became roommates with Gunther after Gunther returned from Peru. When Quill began prioritizing his acting career over Luann, who was struggling to spend time with him and left on the sidelines, she decided their relationship wasn't working, and broke up with him in the February 17th, 2016 strip, coolly accepting his sarcastic suggestion that she get a life. After a follow-up appearance a few months later, confirming he had moved on with his life, he disappeared from the strip entirely. Like Luann, Quill is left-handed. :First appearance: June 22, 2009 :Last appearance: September 28, 2016, April 1, 2020 (flashback cameo) ;Toni Louise Daytona: Brad's wife and fellow firefighter. She joined Brad in all of the Pre-Fire Academy courses, including the CPR and first aid, EMT, and paramedic classes, until Brad failed the physical exam the first time, and had to go on to the next one alone. Her boyfriend, Dirk, had grown jealous of Brad and Toni's friendship and became emotionally abusive to Toni and physically violent with Brad, which led to her eventually dumping Dirk. After he was released from jail, they began socializing again, but after Brad had Dirk arrested for violating his restraining order too many times, Toni blamed Brad and they stopped speaking for months. However, after Brad moved into his rental home, Toni began to visit Brad on occasion. Their relationship moved slowly forward, including dates, and they first kissed on April 2, 2008. :In a mid-2009 storyline, Toni, while putting out a fire at a residential house, was climbing a ladder that was wet from the fire hoses, slipped, fell and was caught by Brad. In so doing, Brad seriously injured himself and was hospitalized. In thanks, Toni offered to stay by his side and look after him as much as needed until he recovered. During his recovery period, Toni professed her love for Brad. In a recent 2010 holiday strip, Toni and Brad went shopping, during which she had him hold her purse while she bought lingerie, even asking his favorite color (blue), showing that their relationship was heading to the next level. :In June 2010, it was established that her parents died in a car crash, and she and her brother were brought up by their aunt and uncle. Neither of the Daytona children took their parents' death well; her brother Jonah's girlfriend became pregnant with his daughter, Shannon, and took off soon after her birth. Toni, Jonah, and Shannon came to Pitts about 4 years ago. : On March 31, 2012, Brad proposed to Toni. On April 2, 2013, Toni proposed to Brad. Unlike Brad's previous proposal, this appeared to be a serious proposal. Brad accepted the next day. Their wedding was on December 11, 2016. :First appearance: January 18, 2002 ;Diane: Brad's first love interest. Brad was smitten by her, very confused by her motives and character, and often tried to impress her with shallow gimmicks, but to no avail. A running gag in the strip was that almost every time she greeted Brad, when he was working on his car, she startled him and caused him to hit his head on the hood above him. She and Aaron Hill had a brief relationship, then realized they were too different and too far apart in age. They ended it with a kiss, which was seen by an outraged Brad and Luann. Before she left town, Diane discovered that she and Brad had very little in common, especially when it comes to Brad's passion for cars. :First mentioned: July 10, 1989 :First appearance: July 30, 1989 :Last appearance: February 13, 1999, although she appeared in the background at Brad and Toni's wedding: December 11, 2016 ;Miguel Vargas: Foreign exchange student from Spain. When he was introduced, a thief tried to steal Delta's purse, but Miguel tripped him as he attempted to escape, immediately winning her affections. When he began his first day at school, Luann, Delta, and Tiffany all competed for Miguel. Although Miguel liked all three, he was most attracted to Luann, finding her "plain, ordinary" personality much more interesting. When Delta contracted cancer, Miguel was attentively by her side during her hospital stay, which prompted Luann's jealousy. Luann found Miguel to be very handsome, but too aggressive, which led to on-and-off romantic sparring between them. In a sequence beginning on November 29, 1999, Miguel drove Luann to a secluded parking spot for their date. Luann's phone rang, and she faked a family emergency to get out of the situation. He once saved Tiffany's life by performing CPR after she almost drowned in the pool. She showered him with attention, then used him to steal Gunther's test paper so she could copy the answers. She got caught and charmed Miguel into taking the blame, claiming he stole it on his own to give to her. Rather than inform on her, Miguel took the blame and chose to return to Spain. :First appearance: August 25, 1998 :Last appearance: March 14, 2001, April 1, 2020 (flashback cameo) ;Stuart: Lifeguard at the Pitts Public Pool. He once saved both Luann and Tiffany from drowning in the pool, after a panicking Tiffany almost drowned Luann, who attempted to rescue her. Although he was 21, Stuart became Luann's new romantic obsession, even to the point of her talking to her parents about dating an older man. When she took him to dinner to thank him for saving her life, she truly believed Stuart was the one for her, until Stuart mentioned his wife, Stacey. This crushed Luann's hopes, and she left him sitting at the restaurant. :First appearance: July 4, 2000 :Last appearance: June 16, 2001, April 1, 2020 (flashback cameo) ;Zane: Former boyfriend of Bernice and owner of Monroe. Zane became paralyzed from the waist down when he was driving with his parents to a college he was going to attend. A truck collided with their car head on: his parents were killed instantly, Zane was thrown from the car, breaking his spine and legs. It took him a year to fully rehabilitate. He was once saved by Brad in a fire at Borderline Books, where he and Bernice worked. Bernice was wildly in love with him and extremely jealous of any rival's attentions, such as Crystal or Ann Eiffel, their mutual boss, to the point of fantasizing leaving school to marry him. After surviving two near-death experiences, Zane realized he needed to deal with neglected past issues, including his relationship with his sister. Bernice respected his decision, yet a fear of losing him prompted her to propose marriage; Zane told her to wait until they were older. Crystal was attracted to Zane when she introduced him to her wheelchair-bound little brother, Josh [2003]. In spite of Bernice's extreme jealousy, Zane seemed to only consider Crystal as a friend. Bernice dumped Zane when she got new glasses and Zane failed to notice the change, as she felt this was indicative of a larger feeling of disinterest on his part. :First appearance: June 27, 2001 :Last appearance: August 27, 2004 ;Elwood Druit: The "Elvis Jr." of Pitts High School, and a multi-millionaire due to his Eyez of Zeye video game franchise. He is half Luann's height, and very arrogant and blunt. He once accepted Luann's offer to take him to the Spring 2005 Dance, then cancelled because he 'was asked by someone better'. When he changed his mind and went back to Luann to accept her original offer, she turned him down. He dated Tiffany for a time, her interest in him is presumably because he is a multi- millionaire. In January 2009, he offered to pay for Delta's ticket for the class trip to Washington D.C., in exchange for Luann's going on a date with him. Luann reluctantly agreed, they went to a fancy restaurant which he claimed he owned. He has made subsequent passes at Luann, visiting her at the library where she works. He has also donated money to keep the library going, which has prompted Gunther's jealousy. Bernice believes him to be a fraud, since she can find no mention of him or his multi-millionaire status on the internet. In September 2009, Elwood proposed to Luann; she eventually returned the ring, but not before it was revealed to be cubic zirconia worth $49. Elwood claimed it was a $15,000 ring which he got from a friend who "deals in jewelry", and that he would get his money back. Elwood never appeared again. :First appearance: March 25, 2005 :Last appearance: October 10, 2009 ;Ben York: Bernice's older brother, who appeared in the strip as an army sergeant on leave from duty from the Middle East. Bernice's parents had him in college before they married and decided to give him up for adoption. His adoptive family named him Ben York. He briefly returned to his birth family after searching for them on his computer. During the month of his first appearance, the DeGroot and Halper siblings went bowling together. While Brad initially felt jealous and insecure about Ben in comparison to his being a soldier, he soon felt better after Ben mentioned that he tried to become a firefighter, but washed out after one week of academy training, and that he had nothing but respect for firefighters and considered them to be real heroes. Luann, naturally, developed a crush on Ben. Although after finding out from Bernice that Ben was supposedly not interested in a girlfriend, Luann became more attracted to him after he e-mailed Bernice and asked for Luann's email. Luann, full of romantic glee, exchanged twelve emails with Ben in just three days, annoying Bernice to the point that she demanded that their contact cease. :While on a mission in Iraq, Ben suffered a broken leg, allowing him to discontinue his service in the army and return home. Though Luann assured Bernice that she no longer saw Ben as a potential romance, she rekindled her interest by making a Valentine's Day dinner for Ben. Bernice showed no objection to Luann's plan, but this was due to the fact that she knew Ben would be out of town the night Luann was planning dinner. Luann was disappointed, and somewhat annoyed at Bernice for not telling her in advance. Ben appeared again in 2020, having spent a lot of time out of the service. :First appearance: January 22, 2007 ;Claudia: Aaron Hill's girlfriend from Texas. She is deaf, but learned lip reading to communicate with people. When Aaron first announced to Luann about his relationship with Claudia, Luann accused him of making her up just to make her jealous, until he introduced Claudia to her while her mother was on a business trip. While she remained friends with Luann, she grew fed up with Aaron's flirting with Tiffany, seeing his actions as untrustworthy. After a year-long relationship, she left Aaron and never returned. :First appearance: March 24, 2001 :Last appearance: December 11, 2001 ===Other friends, relatives and neighbors=== ;Knute: The upbeat, skateboarding, class clown and Gunther's best friend. Knute and Gunther often team up to create a working magic show, but often with unsuccessful results. He and Crystal have shared feelings for each other but never showed much more than that, finding they are the exact opposite of each other in every way. However, in early February 2011, they did go on a date to a Laurel and Hardy film festival. :First appearance: September 15, 1986. :Last appearance: February 25, 2018. ;T.J. (also called TJ): Brad's best friend, who comes up with outrageous schemes, and when they fail, manages to leave Brad holding the bag. He is, however, a very gifted gourmet chef, and a skilled builder. T.J. has disclosed that his mother is deceased, and that his father had been in prison for three years, but had set up a bank account for T.J. before moving to Argentina. Although he and Brad have moved back into the rental home since it has been repaired, he has formed bonds with the DeGroot family. :First mentioned: September 20, 1993 :First appearance: September 27, 1993 ;Rosa Aragones: A relatively new girl at Pitts High School when she was first shown. She was born in Washington, D.C., and raised in Italy, France, and Mexico, and can speak English as well as French, Italian, and Spanish, leading Luann to wonder why she's in school. Later that year, she is assisted with her books by Gunther, sparking jealousy in Luann until she learns that Rosa hurt her arm carrying her sister into her wheelchair. She appears again in the Pageant storyline of March/April 2011. Later, she and Gunther grow closer, and their developing relationship is encouraged by Luann as she tries to decide how to proceed in her relationship with Quill. While Rosa is open about her attraction to him, Gunther tends to be awkward and bumbling around her, wanting to please her. They eventually began dating, and upon graduating from high school, they travel to Peru to assist at her uncle's clinic. However, Gunther becomes disillusioned with Peru, and returns to the U.S. with the encouragement of Rosa, who remains. :First appearance: September 5, 2006 :Last appearance: January 12, 2015 ;Mrs. Horner: An elderly woman whom Luann visits from time to time and who frequently gives her candid advice. In March 2006 she moved out of her old home and into a new retirement center, but needed the help of Luann, who asked Bernice, Brad, and Toni to help her move out. Dirk followed Toni to the home, and to impress and be near Toni, helped the moving job finish faster; however, when he picked up Mrs. Horner's clock, an envelope full of money fell out, which Dirk pocketed, intending to steal it. He was caught by Brad, he claimed it to be his, but when Brad swiped it at the perfect time to return to Mrs. Horner, Dirk turned his story around and claimed to have found the envelope in the clock and intended to return it to her. He would have been kicked out had Mrs. Horner did not believe his lie. She later sold her old home to Nancy and Frank, who began renting to Brad. She has made occasional appearances in the strip since then. :First appearance: July 16, 2001 ;Eddie Munter: The new manager of Borderline Books, who replaced Ann Eiffel after she was unwillingly transferred. While Munter is normally very humorous and goodhearted, often ending his comments or jokes with "Kidding!", he knows when to be tough and decisive with his employees, earning the respect of Bernice and Zane shortly after he took over. :First appearance: July 9, 2002 ;Shannon Daytona (Lewis?): Toni's bratty, blunt and disrespectful six-year-old niece. Her mother left soon after her birth, leaving her with her father, Jonah Daytona. Possibly due to her father ignoring his responsibilities and leaving her with Toni a great deal of the time, Shannon gets what she wants through demanding, whining or throwing temper tantrums. Toni's continuous babysitting has unfortunately reduced the amount of time Brad and Toni have to see each other. Shannon seems to have a strong liking for Brad, whom she's renamed "Bwad", although the feeling is not exactly mutual. Shannon first appeared in 1996, when Luann was asked to sit for the 3-year old in addition to her cousin, Lindy Lewis, but quit due to Shannon's bad behavior. She later reappeared in the strip as Toni's 5-year old cousin in 2008, but in June 2010 it was established that she was actually Toni's niece. While Greg Evans doesn't explicitly state that the 1996 Shannon and the 2008 Shannon are one and the same character, he notes in his blog that while Shannon Daytona is not Shannon Lewis, Luann did indeed babysit her, and that they both recognized each other. As the earlier Shannon's last name was never disclosed, and since Jonah Daytona was never married to Shannon's mother, this may imply that she was never Shannon Lewis in the first place. Toni once referred to Shannon as "Mini Eiffel" due to her similar appearance and personality. :First appearance: January 8, 1996 ;Jonah Daytona: Toni's brother and Shannon's father. He first appeared alongside Toni at a car show where Brad had initially mistaken him for Toni's boyfriend. Seen as flaky and irresponsible by the rest of the characters, his desired acting career causes him to constantly leave Shannon with his sister so he can rush off to auditions. This tends to get in the way of both her job and her relationship with her boyfriend, Brad, but lately they have become a bit more willing to take care of Shannon (partly due to their low opinion of Jonah's parenting). He had a role in the play "Les Miserables", and hoped this would lead to his becoming rich and famous, but it did not, and he continues to seek work. Judging from the collective opinion of Brad, Toni, Quill, and Luann, his acting skill left much to be desired. In the August 16 to 18, 2016 strips, Toni was able to confront Jonah of being irresponsible of taking care of Shannon, but he managed to twist things around and blame Toni, causing her to reluctantly look after Shannon once more. :First appearance: June 12, 2003 ;Oxford: Oxford, called Ox for short, is a big student who first appeared when Leslie was about to hurt Gunther. He breaks up the scuffle by telling Leslie that if he beat up Gunther, he would do the same to Leslie, causing him to leave. Gunther later thanks him for standing up for his safety; it is revealed that Ox doesn't like bullying or bullies in general and that some people mistake him for one (due to his height and brawny physique). Ox is very kind and likes to help others in need. It is hinted that Ox has rich parents, as they gave him a platinum credit card to pay for his lunches (which tend to be large). He becomes friends with Gunther and eventually T.J. in the May 9, 2012, strip, when he starts eating at Weenie World. In the May 17, 2012, strip, during which Ann Eiffel plans to sue Toni and her niece, Shannon (the latter having bit her finger in an April 2012 strip), Ox returns and upon learning of the event and Ann's cruel way of forcing him to sign a paper to file lawsuit, he refuses and sees Ann as another bully. In the May 22, 2012, strip, Ox takes her paper to show it to his uncle: a lawyer. Ox later agrees not to tell on her so long as she gives up trying to sue Toni; in the final strip of the week, Ann offers Ox a job, impressed by his integrity, but Ox refuses, as he is convinced that Ann simply isn't nice. Ox now works as a server at the DeGroots' restaurant. :First appearance: March 2, 2012 ;Desdemona: Desdemona, always referred to as Dez, is Bernice's roommate at Moony Uni. Dez was unseen for the entirety of Bernice's first semester, always coming and going when Bernice was gone or asleep. Her friends, however, were often imposing on Bernice, dropping stuff off or throwing impromptu parties. She finally introduces herself to Bernice on February 23, 2015. Dez is very spiritual and worldly and decorates the dorm room with souvenirs from her travels. :First mentioned: August 18, 2014 :First appearance: February 23, 2015 ;Prudence: Prudence (aka Pru) is a friend of Quill's. She is from New York, and currently staying with the Degroots. During his time in New York as an intern in a theater program, Quill was partnered with a fellow intern, Prudence. Quill had told the others that Prudence was coming from New York to direct a Holiday Show that she wrote, which they could use for opening night of The Fuse. Initially, Luann was jealous of Quill's and Pru's relationship, despite Quill insisting that they were friends, and Bernice was wary of her, thinking that Pru was interested in stealing Quill from Luann. However, when Bernice and Prudence were comforting Luann, it was revealed that Prudence is, as she puts it, "a lesbian thespian!" Prudence is very energetic and friendly towards everyone. Prudence has some things in common with Luann, as they both love the arts, and they both practiced what they were going to say before meeting each other. Pru worked at the DeGroots' event space/restaurant and living in Brad's old bedroom. In March 2020 she announced she was moving back to New York City and marrying a pilot. :First mentioned: July 27, 2015 :First appearance: November 19, 2015 :Last appearance: April 6, 2020 ;Jack and Nil: Two male students who attended the same college art class with Luann. Jack is seen as an upbeat, yet not very bright person, whereas Nil shows no emotion and makes sardonic remarks about everything. While the professor and Luann initially referred to them as "Jock" and "Goth", their real names remained unknown until the November 3, 2016, strip. Jack likes dogs and can be seen taking his pet dog, Max, to the dog park, where Luann spends time with Puddles. Bernice became infatuated with Jack after meeting him until she went on to have a relationship with Nil; this continued until she felt that she was uncontrollable with her intimacy for the latter. They subsequently remain as friends and she serves as a "muse" for his artwork. It was implied afterward that Nil might be bisexual, or rather asexual, after he casually mentioned to Bernice about a random person named Fred who had been asking him out for months. :First appearance: January 26, 2015 ;Tara Starr: Kicked out of Moony Uni for stealing a dorm TV and breaking into a vending machine on Bernice's floor, Tara showed up the next fall as Luann's chemistry lab partner at the junior college. She's uninhibited, free-wheeling, and a little wild, but she recognizes the mistakes she made at Moony and intends to buckle down at the Junior College. However, she soon begins rebelling again when she signs up for a class where Luann is the TA, thinking Luann will give her special treatment. She later decides to move to Utah in order to escape her criminal cousin, but ultimately changed her mind once the cousin was arrested. She ended up getting Luann into trouble at work by bringing a bow and arrow into an elementary school classroom (Luann was doing an after-school program and allowed Tara to meet her students without clearing it with the school administration). In late February 2023, it was revealed that she and Piro are cousins and that they have family issues. :First mentioned (as a "suspect"): April 25, 2017 :First mentioned by name: August 26, 2017 :First appearance: August 28, 2017 ;Bets: A cosplay enthusiast and current girlfriend of Gunther. While she is eager and creative, she is also very self-centered and focused on her social media following. This leaves her oblivious to how her actions can sometimes affect other people, such as pressuring Gunther into featuring on her social media despite his reluctance, and steamrolling over Tiffany's fancy dinner party business with her own ideas. :First mentioned: February 2, 2019 :First appearance: April 1, 2019 ===Antagonists=== ;Tiffany Farrell: Tiffany is Luann's nemesis, a physically attractive, but shallow and arrogant cheerleader in school who constantly insults and belittles Luann. Her best friend is Crystal. It is hinted that Luann and Tiffany might have been friends in elementary school, but their relationship changed once they got to Junior High. Luann and Tiffany often battle for the attentions of various boys, with Luann almost always coming out on top. In March 2003, Luann and Tiffany form a brief friendship after winning a volleyball game as a team, but it falls apart due to their ongoing rivalry over Aaron. Tiffany uses her cell phone camera to take a picture of Luann changing in the girls locker room, initially, trying to blackmail Luann. When Luann fails to cooperate, Tiffany posts the photo on the internet, embarrassing Luann. With Gunther's help, Luann causes Tiffany to be suspended. In January 2008, her title of Miss Chamber of Commerce is revoked due to her role in T.J.'s catering scheme to sell meals in fire stations. In January 2009, she helps Luann fund Delta's accompanying them to Washington, DC; Tiffany's help is short-lived, however. In 2011, she stages a school beauty pageant, the proceeds of which help pay for new bathroom mirrors. Despite liking attractive boys, Tiffany tells Crystal that she never had an actual boyfriend. However, in 2015, she develops a physical attraction to Gunther, her "study buddy." By 2017, Tiffany is struggling with weight gain, brought on by depression.Search result: Tiffany's weight gain, thecomicdtrips.com, accessed December 17, 2017 Meanwhile, Tiffany and Luann experience something of a truce late in the year.Strip no. 164968, December 2, 2017, thecomicdtrips.com, accessed December 17, 2017 :First mentioned: March 23, 1985. :First appearance: November 10, 1985. ;Crystal: Tiffany's only friend though not exactly an antagonist. Although Crystal wears abundant cosmetics, her Goth clothing does not follow the trendy fashions Tiffany wears. However, there are hints of lingering affection between them. She has a handicapped brother named Josh, who looked up to Zane as a mentor. She and Bernice formed a rivalry for Zane's affection, similar to the rivalry between Luann and Tiffany. When Zane began mentoring her brother Josh, she developed a crush on him. During this time, she attempted to occupy as much of Zane's free time as possible leaving him none to spend with Bernice, which added to Bernice's insecurity at the time. In an August 16, 2003 strip she is shown with a star tattoo on her back. She hangs out with Knute a lot, neither one caring what the world thinks of them together or individually, though any romance between them remains subtextual at best. :First appearance: July 12, 2000 :Last appearance: October 1, 2017, December 31, 2017 (flashback cameo) ;Dirk: Toni's jealous former boyfriend and Brad's main rival for Toni Daytona's affections. He has been emotionally abusive toward Toni and physically violent to Brad, and displays severe anger problems. A common boast is that he plans to, or will be, attending the police academy, but it has been pointed out that he has a felony conviction which would automatically disqualify him. While he did not originally view Brad as a threat, when Brad offered to give Toni a ride home after class, Dirk chased after them, causing a car crash in which he was injured. Ironically, Brad resuscitated him in time. Since then, Dirk became more possessive of Toni, foreshadowing their eventual break-up. After striking Brad at his Fire Academy Graduation Ceremony, he was arrested, and a restraining order was issued ordering him to stay away from Brad. Following his release from jail, he took a mandatory anger management course, but he has continuously violated the restraining order (since October 2005). Unwilling to accept Toni dumping him, he continuously stalked her and tried to impress her with shallow gimmicks to try to win her back. In the beginning of May 2006, he was sent back to jail because Brad called the police on him for violating his restraining order. :Dirk returned to the strip as a garbage collector on September 6, 2010 but claims to be working that job only until he starts at the police academy. Shortly after doing so, when Nancy fell off a ladder while doing housework, he helped pick her up. Later in the strip's run, his transformation was proven when he coincidentally ran into Toni at the local grocery store -- with his new wife and child. He explains that his anger-management courses did wonders for him, and he met his now-wife through them, and now lives an honest life with his new family. :First appearance: June 19, 2003 :Last appearance: March 13, 2013 ;Derek: Bernice's first love interest. Derek initially hit on Bernice and asked her to let him store his gym clothes in her locker. Unaware that Derek's interest in her was only to find a safe place to hide his stash of marijuana in her locker, Bernice fell for him instantly. However, when Bernice discovered drugs in Derek's bag while going through her locker, she was about to turn him in until he "seduced" her with a kiss. While giving Bernice a ride home, Derek almost crashed, as he was under the influence. Bernice got out of the car, but not before dumping his stash of drugs into the street. He appeared again for a short time in May 1989 when he declared how much he loved Delta, and he loved Bernice as a 'friend'. Delta was not impressed. Derek has not appeared since. :First appearance: September 28, 1987 :Last appearance: May 19, 1989 ;Ann Eiffel: Former manager of Borderline Books and former manager of Weenie World. On numerous occasions her name shown to be a pun on the phrase, "an eyeful". :Eiffel initially hired Bernice as an employee at Borderline. When Bernice began working with Zane, one of the store's supervisors, Eiffel became very jealous of their relationship and even threatened to fire them if they continued seeing each other. Bernice suspected Eiffel wanted to seduce Zane, but she was actually interested in Bernice instead. Eiffel often interrupted Bernice's tasks by making Bernice bring her lattes; this was either to keep her away from Zane or to gratify herself by making Bernice run her personal errands, a maneuver she repeated in later appearances. When she fired Zane, Bernice developed a very rebellious attitude toward her, which led to Eiffel increasing her harassing efforts to intimidate her, until Borderline CEO Jim Hernandez, who knew Zane very well, arranged to transfer Eiffel to the new bookstore in Tokyo, Japan. On July 12, 2011, she resurfaced as the manager of the local Weenie World restaurant, where Brad applied for work after being laid off by the Fire Department. In 2012, T.J. began working at Weenie World to take Ann Eiffel down. She fired him on January 5, 2013 after he made a recording of Eiffel saying she cons people. He made a second recording in the process of being fired that had Eiffel saying that she took credit for all his sales. He saved both recordings despite Eiffel attempting to delete them. Before leaving, Eiffel kissed T.J., who was not impressed. She returned in August 2017 and was revealed as Leslie Knox's mother. Ann also began dating Tiffany's father Tom in January 2018. They were engaged until it was revealed in July 2020 that Ann had tricked Tiffany's father into thinking she was pregnant, at which point Tom broke up with Ann. :First appearance: January 24, 2002 :Last appearance: July 18, 2020 ;Leslie Knox: The sleazy and arrogant bully of Pitts High School, and the nephew of Mr. Gray. Leslie Knox (who always demands to be known as "Les") is a potential stalker of Rosa Aragones. Gunther, who witnessed him harassing Rosa, defended her by swinging his backpack around and twice knocked Les down, supposedly by accident. Les attempted to retaliate but Miss Phelps broke up the confrontation. Les then made an offer to Rosa: if she let him kiss her, he would refrain from taking revenge on Gunther. He has also been seen hitting on Tiffany and extorting money from younger students in the hallways. He reappeared in 2016 when his uncle Mr. Gray sought to get him a job at The Fuse. Since starting he has created a charade of charities to earn extra money on the side. Following the wedding of Brad and Toni, he talked The Fuse employees into doing a gift exchange, as a means of making his move on fellow employee, Prudence, unaware that she is actually a lesbian. When he does learn this fact however, in a surprising show of depth, he accepts it without much fuss, and appears to remain friends with her. :While it has not actually been confirmed, comments by high school counselor Mrs. Phelps about him being the "lowest achiever" and his absence from the 2014 high school graduation imply that he failed to graduate from high school, an indication of his uncle's insistence on remaining employed with the Fuse. Also, his uncle has implied he owes court fines/fees. It has been revealed that his mother is Ann Eiffel, and that they have had a falling out in the past. On October 14, 2017 it was revealed that Leslie's court fines/fees stem from his running up his mother's $5,000 credit card and Ann successfully suing for restitution. :First appearance: January 28, 2012 ===School and faculty=== ;Mr. Fogarty: The school history teacher. He secretly loves Miss Phelps. Mr. Fogarty's character was created before Luann. His character starred in Fogarty, which was distributed free of charge to several high school newspapers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Mr. Fogarty announced that he will retire from teaching at the end of the school year in the May 4, 2014 strip. :First mentioned: May 8, 1985. :First appearance: September 11, 1985. :Last appearance: May 24, 2014. ;Miss Margo Phelps: The school's incompetent guidance counselor. She had never been married during her tenure at the school, and often compared Luann to her cat while she was having relationship problems. She secretly loves Mr. Fogarty, and marries him sometime after the cast graduates from high school, later going into private practice. :First appearance: April 8, 1985. ;Miss Allison: The school P.E. teacher. She, like all other fitness teachers, is a strict disciplinarian. Out of all the teachers Luann knows well at Pitts High School, Miss Allison seems to be the only one Luann looks up to as a mentor figure. :First appearance: April 30, 1986 (voice), May 19, 1992 (drawn). ;Principal Hightower: The principal of Pitts High School. Usually his face is never seen, only his hands when they are placed on his desk. His face may have been seen in a flashback as Luann's elementary school principal in the October 9, 2002 and October 10, 2002, comics, but it is unknown whether this is the same Principal Hightower, or perhaps a relative or someone with the same last name. ===Emergency medical services=== ;Captain: The disciplined, strict disciplinarian and straightforward Firefighter Captain of Fire Station No. 3, and Brad's superior officer. Brad first met him when he began the physical exam for Fire Academy. He has assigned Brad and Toni to take Reddy to local schools on more than one occasion, and has assigned Brad to his tasks of his rank as a firefighter. After a firefighters' ball was announced, the Captain was speaking to someone on the phone and saying he planned to take Toni with him. However, he was referring to taking his friend, Tony Gale; which is somewhat ambiguous, as (in the next strip) Brad remarks, "So the captain's..." – "not asking me," Toni interrupts. Whether Tony is a male or female is left to the reader's imagination, apparently. :In a recent 2011 storyline, due to budget cuts, the Captain had to let one firefighter go, and because Brad was the most recent hired firefighter, the Captain, very regretfully, had to let him go, until the departure of another firefighter resulted in an opening. :First appearance: June 7, 2004 ;EMT Supervisor: Brad's supervisor during his six months of EMT service before taking his Paramedics class. As gracious as he was about Brad fearlessly saving Zane from dying in the fires of the Borderline Bookstore, he had to file a reprimand on Brad's record for violating safety rules, acting outside his training scope, and not wearing proper safety gear. Like the Fire Station Captain, his name is not given. :First appearance: August 3, 2002 ===Animals=== ;Puddles: Luann's dog, so named for his tendency to wee in the wrong spots. :First appearance: December 26, 1985. ;Monroe: Zane's dog and special canine companion. He is a Golden Retriever and has grown to be a very faithful companion for Zane. ;Reddy: The Fire Station Mascot. He is a small, 3-foot, Fire Truck, with a remote controller and a built in speaker connected to a microphone and head set, to appear as though he is speaking with his partner. Brad and Toni have brought him to local elementary schools on more than one occasion to demonstrate the importance of fire safety. Brad provides the voice for Reddy and uses Reddy as a means to flirt with Toni. Brad has also used Reddy as a means to speak more openly with Toni. When Brad turned in Dirk and was arguing with Toni about it, he expressed his frustration through Reddy leading to an embarrassing encounter during a school presentation. Afterward, he told the Captain he no longer wants to perform as Reddy to create space between him and Toni. :First appearance: June 6, 2005 ;Cuddles: Luann's cat, an addition to the strip (the storyline has Frank DeGroot being allergic to cats; thus, Luann must keep the two separated). Luann gave Cuddles to Mrs. Horner, to spare her father from his allergies. While Puddles showed some hatred towards Cuddles mainly over territory and attention from Luann matters, he also showed some love as they have cuddled and slept together a few times. Cuddles' original name was Sassy, until Mrs. Horner found a better name as Cuddles. :First appearance: November 1, 2005 ;Punk: Les Knox's cat. ===Celebrity cameos=== :Clay Aiken, Jay Leno and Ben Affleck, Hugh Hefner, Barack Obama, Luke Perry, Bill Gates and Ricky Martin. ==Topics== The strip has attained a degree of notoriety for its mixing of real-life topics with the lightness of being a teen in high school. Evans has sprinkled in such topics as Luann's concerns about her first menstruation, Dirk's jealousy (which has led to emotional abuse of Toni and physical violence toward Brad), birth control, drunk driving, handicaps, and other social/policy issues that are of interest to young people. Evans drew praise and some criticism in 1998 for a series of strips about Delta contracting Hodgkin lymphoma. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the character of Brad was inspired by the actions of the FDNY to become a firefighter, and there have been extended storylines following him. On November 14, 2001, the satirical newspaper The Onion ran a story supposedly detailing Evans' struggle to address the events of 9/11 in his strip. ==Aging of the characters== While most comic strips use a floating timeline and keep characters the same age for prolonged periods of time, the characters in Luann have aged over time, albeit not in real time. From 1985 to 1999, Luann was vaguely in the eighth grade. According to Evans' blog, Luann was 13 in 1999. This younger era of Luann focused on topics among children in junior high school and within Luann's family at home. Since 1999 Luann has been slowly aging from 15 to 16 years old at perhaps the rate of one Luann month per one reader year, though this opposes what Evans has said on his blog. In the fall of 2013, it was made clear that Luann and her peers were seniors in high school, suggesting that the characters are around 17 years old and preparing for college. In June, 2014, Greg and Karen Evans ran a story arc in which the high school characters attended their graduation. Luann is attending college as of September 3, 2014. On September 28, 2014, Greg Evans and his daughter Karen made an appearance in the strip, wishing Luann a happy 18th birthday. ==Luann Againn== On March 17, 2013, GoComics began republishing old strips under the title Luann Againn, starting with the first strip, dated March 17, 1985. ==Musical== In 2006, Evans—with the help of arranger/orchestrator Justin Gray—wrote a musical based on the strip, titled Luann: Scenes in a Teen's Life, produced by Center ARTES and performed at the California Center for the Arts in Escondido, California. It was performed by local drama students from Rancho Buena Vista High School. An original cast recording, titled Scenes in a Teen's Life, was made. In March 2008, Palomar College, in San Marcos, California performed this musical. It was the musical's college theater debut. Luann: Scenes In A Teen's Life was next scheduled to be performed by Huntington Beach Playhouse in August 2008. Its South San Diego High School debut was in May 2010. ==Books== There are 22 books featuring Luann: Title Publication Date Publisher ISBN Meet Luann 1986 Berkley Books Why Me? (Luann, No 2) August 1986 Is It Friday Yet? (Luann, No 3) January 1987 Luann: Who Invented Brothers, Anyway? June 1989 Tor Books Luann: School and Other Problems August 1989 Luann: Homework Is Ruining My Life December 15, 1989 Luann: So Many Malls, So Little Money July 1990 Luann: Pizza Isn't Everything But It Comes Close January 15, 1991 Luann: Dear Diary, The Following Is Top Secret August 15, 1991 Luann : There's Nothing Worse Than First Period P.E. March 15, 1992 Luann: Will We Be Tested On This? January 15, 1992 Luann: School's OK If You Can Stand the Food November 15, 1992 Luann: I'm Not Always Confused, I Just Look That Way January 15, 1993 Luann: My Bedroom and Other Environmental Hazards March 15, 1993 Luann: If Confusion Were a Class I'd Get an A January 15, 1995 Sometimes, You Just Have to Make Your Own Rules April 1998 Rutledge Hill Press Luann September 1998 Passion! Betrayal! Outrage! Revenge! October 1, 1999 Luann: Curves Ahead September 2003 Andrews McMeel Publishing Luann 2: Dates and Other Disasters September 2004 Luann 3L Sixteen Isn't Pretty August 2006 Seriously...: Luann #4 August 2008 Luann – 25 Years June 2011 ==Footnotes== ==External links== * Category:1985 comics debuts Category:American comics characters Category:American comic strips Category:Child characters in comics Category:Comics about women Category:Comics adapted into plays Category:Comics characters introduced in 1985 Category:Female characters in comics Category:Gag-a-day comics Category:Musicals based on comic strips Category:Teen comedy comics |