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The Kanawha Valley Campaign of 1862 was Confederate Major General William W. Loring's military campaign to drive the Union Army out of the Kanawha River Valley during the American Civil War. The campaign took place from September 6 through September 16, 1862, although an important raid that had impact on the campaign started on August 22. Loring achieved success after several skirmishes and two battles (at Fayetteville and Charleston), and Union troops retreated to the Ohio River and the safety of the state of Ohio. Although the Kanawha Valley was in the southwestern portion of the Confederate state of Virginia at the time of the battle, it became part of the Union state of West Virginia in 1863. Despite West Virginia's impending break away from the Confederacy, its citizens in the Kanawha Valley were divided in loyalty to the two causes. Confederate leadership desired to regain control of the region and its valuable salt mines, and the river valley was seen as a source for new army recruits. During August 1862, Union Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox was ordered to move his Kanawha Division from southwestern Virginia to Washington as reinforcement for Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia. Cox left behind a small force of about 5,000 men, which was under the command of Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn and headquartered at Gauley Bridge. Confederate leadership found out about the depleted force, and sent Major General William W. Loring to drive the remaining Union soldiers out of western Virginia. Despite Loring's success, he was removed from command one month later because of his lack of cooperation with his superiors. Cox returned to Ohio, and organized troops to retake the Kanawha Valley. Confederate troops evacuated the valley, and the Union army entered Charleston on October 30. ==Background== thumb|upright=1.75|right|The Kanawha River Valley was important to the Confederacy|alt=map of Western Virginia in 1862 including the Kanawha River, which flows past Charleston to the Ohio River In 1861, Union forces gained control of a large portion of southwestern Virginia. Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox was commander of the Kanawha Division, and it controlled southwestern Virginia along the Kanawha River Valley. The western portion of Virginia had few good roads and few settlements. Using small steamboats from the Ohio River, the Kanawha River could be navigated for about to a point about upstream from Charleston, which meant the river could be used to transport troops and supplies. Further upstream (with non-navigable portions), the Kanawha River is formed by the meeting of the New River and the Gauley River at the community of Gauley Bridge. That community was important not only for its river connections, but also because the James River and Kanawha Turnpike ran through it and was intersected by another road that ran northeast to Summersville and beyond. The Kanawha River Valley portion of Virginia became part of the Union state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. On August 14, 1862, Cox began moving his Kanawha Division to Washington as reinforcement for Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia. Exceptions to Cox's orders were about 5,000 troops left behind and put under the command of Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn. Soon after Cox left the Kanawha Valley, Pope's quartermaster was captured along with numerous records, and Confederate leaders learned that Cox had left only 5,000 men in the Kanawha Valley at posts around Gauley Bridge. In 1862, the Kanawha Valley was important to the Confederacy because of its salt deposits and its potential for new army recruits. Major General William W. Loring was ordered to clear the Kanawha Valley of Union soldiers, and then move northeast to form a junction with more Confederate soldiers in the Shenandoah Valley. Loring's campaign to accomplish this objective began September6 and ended September16, although an important raid that was part of Loring's plan began on August22. ==Opposing forces== ===Union army=== Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn assumed command of the District of the Kanawha, Department of the Ohio, on August 17, 1862. He was very religious and had little combat experience. His forces were: * The First Provisional Brigade was commanded by Colonel Edward Siber. The brigade consisted of two infantry regiments: the 34th Ohio Infantry (a.k.a. Piatt's Zouaves) was commanded by Colonel John T. Toland, and Siber's 37th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Louis von Blessing. Artillery consisted of two mountain howitzers and two smooth bore pieces. Siber had over 20 years of service as a German soldier in Prussia and Brazil. * The Second Provisional Brigade was commanded by Colonel Samuel A. Gilbert. It consisted of three infantry regiments plus two companies of cavalry: Gilbert's 44th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Major Ackber Orville Mitchell, the 47th Ohio Infantry was commanded by Colonel Lyman S. Elliott, and the 4th Loyal Virginia Infantry was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William H.H. Russell. The brigade's two cavalry companies were commanded by Major John J. Hoffman from the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Artillery consisted of two 10-pounder rifled pieces, four mountain howitzers, one iron smooth-bore 6-pounder, and one brass 10-pounder rifled James. Gilbert had combat experience, having fought in the Battle of Cheat Mountain and the Battle of Lewisburg. * The 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry Regiment, later named 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, was commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton. The regiment was often scattered at multiple locations. In addition to the detachment of two companies commanded by Major Hoffman, Lieutenant Colonel Rollin L. Curtis commanded other detachments. * The 9th Loyal Virginia Infantry was also not part of a brigade. The regiment was often split and consisted of only about 500 effectives. Colonel Leonard Skinner was the commander of the 9th West Virginia Infantry (and unhappy about the splits), and Lieutenant Colonel William Cooper Starr commanded detachments. * Lightburn also had the assistance of the 153rd Militia and Home Guard of Kanawha County. Other home guard units and detachments, not under Lightburn's command, patrolled elsewhere in western Virginia and along the Ohio side of the Ohio River. ===Confederate army=== Major General William W. Loring commanded the Department of Southwestern Virginia. He had been a soldier since the age of 14, was a sergeant at the age of 17, and fought in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican–American War. Under his command were six infantry regiments, three infantry battalions, and five batteries. * The First Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General John Echols. It consisted of the 50th and 63rd Virginia Infantry regiments, plus the 23rd Virginia Infantry Battalion (a.k.a. Derrick's Battalion). * The Second Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General John S. Williams. Under his command were 26th Virginia Infantry Battalion (a.k.a. Edgar's Battalion, the 22nd Virginia Infantry Regiment, and the 45th Virginia Infantry Regiment. Major George M. Edgar was a prisoner of war during the campaign, so his battalion was temporarily commanded by Major Alexander M. Davis of the 45th Virginia Infantry. Colonel George S. Patton commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry, and Colonel William Henry Browne commanded the 45th Virginia Infantry. * The Third Brigade was commanded by Colonel Gabriel C. Wharton. Under his command were the 51st Virginia Infantry Regiment and the 30th Virginia Sharpshooters Battalion (a.k.a. Clarke's Battalion) Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig Augustus Forsberg commanded the 51st Virginia Infantry, while Lieutenant Colonel John L. Clarke commanded Clark's Battalion. * The Fourth Brigade was commanded by Colonel John McCausland and included McCausland's 36th Virginia Infantry Regiment and the 60th Virginia Infantry Regiment, although Loring never mentions the 60th Virginia in his reports. Commanded by Colonel Beuhring H. Jones, the 60th Virginia is thought to have guarded supply wagons and not participated in fighting. * Artillery Battalion, Army of Southwestern Virginia, was commanded by Major John Floyd King. The battalion consisted of Bryan's, Chapman's, Lowry's, Otey's, and Stamps' (a.k.a. Ringgold Battery) batteries. * Jenkins' Cavalry was commanded by Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins – He had seven companies from the 8th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, which were led by Colonel J. M. Corns. He also had five additional companies of mounted men led by Captain W. R. Preston. Many of those men were from the 14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment. The entire force totaled to about 500 men. * Salyer's Cavalry was the portion of the 8th Virginia Cavalry that did not go on Jenkins' raid and remained with Loring. It was commanded by Major Logan H.N. Salyers. It included at least three companies normally part of a battalion commanded by William Henderson French, and may have been assisted by Thurmond's Partisan Rangers. * Virginia State Line was a partisan military force of nearly 2,000 men created with the purpose of recovering western Virginia and protecting various salt mines. The militia unit was commanded by Major General John Buchanan Floyd. It was not popular with Confederate army leaders, and did not employ strict discipline. ==Jenkins' Raid== thumb|upright=2.0|right|Loring planned to attack the Union force after Jenkins circled behind and cut off the main Union path for retreat.|alt=Old map showing positions of Union and Confederate armies, including the circular route made by Jenkins Confederate Major General Loring planned to take control of the Kanawha River Valley by leading a large force in an assault of Union forces located upriver in Raleigh, Fayette, and Kanawha counties. Part of his plan included sending a cavalry force through of Union–controlled territory to cut off the Union route of retreat downriver. On August 22, he began the execution of his plan by sending north a cavalry force commanded by Brigadier General A. G. Jenkins. Jenkins' mission was to attack the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and then move to the rear of the Union forces that occupied strategic points near the beginning of the Kanawha River. The railroad was located far to the north, and at least one historian believes the railroad portion of the mission was merely a diversion—Loring knew that Jenkins would not be able to damage the railroad, but the threat would draw attention away from Loring's front and Jenkins' principal goal of cutting off the Union route of retreat. Jenkins began this mission with a 550-man mounted force that started north from near Salt Sulphur Springs. Later in the day, he sent one company away for another mission on the south side of the Kanawha River. Jenkins' circular route began with a northern movement in the Cheat River Valley before moving west and south. On August 28, Jenkins encountered six Union pickets about south of a Union post near Beverly, and learned that the Union position would be difficult to attack. He decided to bypass the Union fortification and abandon the attack on the railroad. Moving west, Jenkins captured a Union supply depot at the town of Buckhannon on August 30. Using captured arms and ordnance, he was able to resupply his poorly-armed men with Enfield and Harper's Ferry rifles. Jenkins continued west, moving through Weston, Glenville, Spencer, and Ripley. Jenkins crossed the Ohio River into Ohio on September 4 with part of his force. This was the first Confederate invasion of Ohio, and the crossing was made near Ravenswood at Sand Creek Riffle in Meigs County. After midnight, he crossed back into Virginia near Racine at Wolf's Bar. From there, he made a feint toward Point Pleasant, Virginia but took his command to the small town of Buffalo located up the Kanawha River. His mission was accomplished by September 5, and Union forces upriver were not sure of his location. ==Loring attacks== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Loring's map for Fayetteville ("Fayette C.H." in center) and Gauley Bridge|alt=Old map drawn in pencil on blue-lined paper The Union commander, Colonel Joseph Lightburn, kept his headquarters at Gauley Bridge. By August 31, Lightburn was aware of rumors that a Confederate force of 10,000 men was preparing to attack the Kanawha River Valley. Loring's Confederate force actually consisted of about 5,000 men instead the rumored 10,000, but he expected to add to it by recruiting and organizing existing local militias. In early September, Lightburn moved his First Brigade from Raleigh Court House to Fayette Courthouse (a.k.a. Fayetteville). This put the majority of the Union forces closer together at Fayetteville, Gauley Bridge, and Summerville. All three posts were near major roads, and Gauley Bridge is at the junction of the Gauley and New rivers, which combine to form the Kanawha River. Aware of the possibility of Jenkins' Confederate cavalry near his flank or rear, Lightburn sent a large portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton, to confront Jenkins. Several companies of the 4th Loyal Virginia Infantry were sent separately. On September 8, the Union cavalry discovered that Jenkins had his headquarters at the William C. Miller house near Barboursville. That evening, they surrounded the house, but Jenkins and his staff escaped through the rear garden. The entire Confederate force abandoned its camp and moved up the Guyandotte River towards Logan County. Although news of the event at Barboursville led Lightburn to believe that the threat from Jenkins was reduced, that was not entirely true. When the fighting took place in Fayette County two days later, Jenkins moved his troops to Logan Court House and then Wyoming Court House. Unable to communicate with Loring, he eventually moved his men west toward the mouth of the Coal River (Kanawha County) in an attempt to block any Union retreat. ===Fayette Court House=== In early September, Loring began moving toward the Union positions via the Princeton area, Flat Top Mountain, and then Raleigh Court House. Loring's men camped at McCoy's Mill (now Glen Jean, West Virginia) on the evening of September 9, which was about south of Fayette Court House. At Fayette Court House, the Union First Brigade commanded by Colonel Edward Siber consisted of less than 1,200 men. Loring sent one brigade on a mountainous path around Fayetteville to prepare for an attack on Siber's right flank and rear. The remaining portion of Loring's army made a frontal attack on September 10 via the Princeton-Raleigh Road. The first engagements occurred a few miles south of Fayetteville between 11:00am and 12:00pm. The frontal attack was led by the 45th Virginia Infantry, and that regiment did most of its fighting from 2:00pm until dark. The flanking force made contact with Siber's men around 2:00pm, and was at Siber's right flank instead of behind him. Some of the most important fighting happened near the road from Fayetteville to a ferry near Gauley Bridge. The Union army's 34th Ohio Infantry, led by Colonel John Toland, fought at that location. That regiment's casualties, alone, were estimated to be 16 killed and 57 wounded. Elsewhere at 3:00pm, Lightburn ordered his Second Brigade to concentrate near Gauley Bridge and be prepared to assist in the First Brigade's retreat. Around 5:00pm, the Union force at Summersville was ordered to destroy excess supplies. The day's fighting at Fayetteville ended by 9:00pm. Between 1:00and2:00am on September 11, Siber's men quietly abandoned Fayetteville. ===More fighting in Fayette County=== thumb|upright=1.25|right|The Union retreat from Fayette Court House to the Kanawha River passed by the mountain called Cotton Hill|alt=Old map showing mountains between Fayette Court House and the Kanawha River During the morning of September 11, the Confederate army discovered that the Union army had abandoned Fayetteville. A pursuit was started, but it was slowed by trees that had been chopped down and placed in the road. Lightburn sent four companies from the 47th Ohio Infantry to assist Siber's First Brigade, and they met at the mountain top of Cotton Hill (between Fayetteville and the Kanawha River). At that location they could see the pursuing Confederate forces, and Siber continued the retreat while leaving a small force with artillery to delay the Confederates. Many from the retreating Union force panicked while retreating north. However, the Union artillery force had been placed in a superior position, and drove the Confederates off the mountain despite a flanking movement. Fighting was over by about noon, and the Union artillerists escaped. Although not under attack, the Union troops in Summerville began moving toward Gauley Bridge early in the morning on September 11. Lightburn believed his entire force would need to retreat, and their probable destination was Point Pleasant on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kanawha River. Lightburn's Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Samuel Gilbert, had been at various positions north of the Kanawha and New rivers. During Siber's morning fighting, Gilbert positioned artillery on the north side of the Kanawha River at Montgomery Ferry. The artillery and supporting forces totaled to less than 600 men, and they protected Siber's supply wagons as they ferried across the river. Siber's wagons joined Lightburn's main force and continued moving west down the north side of the Kanawha River, while Siber's men moved in the same direction down the south side of the river. Most of the afternoon's fighting at Montgomery Ferry consisted of Gilbert's artillery against Confederate artillery. Although Gilbert's men set the ferry boat on fire and continued their retreat west, Confederate soldiers swam across the river and extinguished the blaze. The Confederate pursuit was continued on both sides of the river. More skirmishes occurred on that day at Loup Creek, Armstrong's Creek, Miller's Ferry, Gauley Ferry, and near Cannelton. ==Charleston and Ohio== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Union troops eventually destroyed the bridge across the Elk River to escape the pursuing Confederate army|alt=map showing positions of Union and Confederate armies, with the Union troops protected by the Elk and Kanawha rivers Camp Piatt was a Union outpost on the Kanawha River about upriver (east) from Charleston. On September 12, Lightburn arrived at Camp Piatt, and he believed that about 8,000 Confederates were in the valley. He knew he was being pursued by Loring, and thought Major General John B. Floyd was moving his partisan force to a point downriver from Charleston (Coals Mouth) to cut off the Union retreat. More Union troops arrived at Camp Piatt throughout the rainy day. Siber's brigade crossed the Kanawha River near Camp Piatt, and Lightburn's command was reunited. Just after midnight (September 13), Lightburn's men began moving downriver to Charleston. The town's population for 1861 was about 1,500, and it was located on the Kanawha River and the James River and Kanawha Turnpike. On the downriver side of town, the Elk River empties into the Kanawha River, and travelers on the turnpike must cross the Elk River on a suspension bridge. Many of Lightburn's troops took a defensive position on the downriver (west) side of the Elk River, while the remaining troops took forward positions on the east side of the river. Union pickets began being driven back around 9:30am. Loring's pursuing Confederate troops were led on the north side of the Kanawha River by Colonel John McCausland, and on the south side of the river by Brigadier General John S. Williams. Skirmishing began on the north side of the river about from Charleston. On the south side, Williams used his artillery and sharpshooters against Union skirmishers. ===Retreat to Ohio=== thumb|upright=1.5|right|Lightburn escaped from the pursuing Confederate forces using the road to Ripley instead of the direct route to Point Pleasant|alt=Old map showing Union retreat route north to the Ohio River By 1:00pm, the fighting was described as "heavy cannonading and musket fire" as both sides made use of their artillery. At that time, Lightburn's supply wagons were already moving northwest down the Ripley Road—not the Charleston and Point Pleasant road than ran along the Kanawha River to Point Pleasant. At 2:00pm, Union troops began withdrawing and setting fire to their supplies located in town. Lightburn's choice to retreat to Ripley instead of directly to Point Pleasant enabled his force to avoid a possible confrontation with either Floyd or Jenkins where the Coal River emptied into the Kanawha River (a.k.a. Coalsmouth). In addition, the Charleston and Point Pleasant road route to Point Pleasant would continuously be within the range of the Confederate artillery currently on the south side of the Kanawha River. Once all Union troops had crossed the Elk River around 3:30pm, the Elk River suspension bridge was destroyed. The two sides traded cannon fire across the Elk River until sunset, but their artillery had little effect. Lightburn continued north toward Ripley until he reached Sissonville, West Virginia, where he camped for the night. The battle was over and Loring possessed Charleston. On September 14, the Confederates constructed a pontoon bridge over the Elk River and camped on the other side. The pursuing force was about 4,000 men, with detachments left at Gauley Bridge and Fayetteville. The pursuit was soon abandoned, since they had left their supply trains behind earlier in their effort to catch the retreating Union army. Loring's report also said that the enemy was getting close to the Ohio River, making it "useless to pursue him farther". Loring's main force settled in at Charleston, and began taking inventory of captured supplies. Lightburn's men continued their retreat. On September 15, the Union advance guard reached Ravenswood on the Ohio River, while some of the main force reached Ripley. On the next day, Union troops moved from Ripley to Ravenswood, and began crossing the Ohio River. The 4th Loyal Virginia, with the artillery, boarded barges destined for Point Pleasant. Other troops crossed the river on steamboats and barges, and began marching to Point Pleasant on the Ohio side of the river. The portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry that pursued Jenkins was the only unit from Lightburn's command that did not cross into Ohio, and it moved to Point Pleasant via the Virginia side of the Ohio River. Although Lightburn's report cites September16, most sources say all of the Union army reached Point Pleasant by the evening of September18. ==Aftermath== On September 19, Union leaders attached Lightburn's force to the Department of the Ohio, which was commanded by Major General Horatio G. Wright. The Confederate army would occupy Charleston for about 40 days. In early October, Cox was promoted to major general and sent back to Point Pleasant to retake the Kanawha River Valley. The Confederate army began withdrawing from the river valley on October 9. Citing lack of cooperation, Confederate leadership removed Loring from command on October 15, and his replacement was Major General John Echols. Cox began his Kanawha Expedition to retake the river valley on October 20. On October 30, Cox crossed the Elk River and reoccupied Charleston, which had already been abandoned by the Confederate army. Lightburn would eventually become a brigadier general, and commanded a brigade in William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta campaign. Siber continued to be a brigade commander and resigned in 1864 due to bad health. In 1864, Gilbert's 44th Ohio Infantry was reorganized and became the 8th Ohio Cavalry Regiment. Toland was killed in 1863 in the Wytheville Raid. Loring's career in Virginia was over, but he served in the Army of Mississippi, and assumed command of that army when Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk was killed. Echols suffered a major defeat in 1863 in the Battle of Droop Mountain, which was one of the last major battles in West Virginia. McCausland became infamous for the 1864 Burning of Chambersburg, and he then suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Moorefield. Wharton commanded a division in Jubal Early's Army of the Valley, fighting in battles such as Third Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. Williams commanded a cavalry brigade in the Atlanta Campaign. Jenkins was mortally wounded in 1864 in the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain. ===Casualties=== Confederate casualties reported by a surgeon totaled to 23 killed, 5 mortally wounded, and 38 wounded. These casualties do not include those incurred by Jenkins' cavalry. For Loring's main force, 16 were killed at Fayetteville, plus 4 mortally wounded and 28 wounded. At Cotton Hill, 1 man was killed, 1 was mortally wounded, and 2 were wounded. One man was accidentally wounded at Montgomery's Ferry, but the Confederate surgeon did not include the accident in his total. At Charleston, 6 were killed and 8 wounded. Well over half of the casualties occurred at Fayetteville. One historian, again excluding numbers for Jenkins' cavalry, used newspapers, diaries, letters, and other miscellaneous sources to compile more accurate numbers. His total is 404 casualties, including 29 killed, 105 wounded, and 270 missing (captured, deserted, or other). Cox says the loss for Siber and Gilbert was 25 killed, 95 wounded, and 175 missing—which totals to 295. He also says Siber's loss was much higher than Gilbert's, and the "missing" counts are not exact. Using a method like that used for the Confederate casualties, one historian estimates a total of 237 Union casualties. This includes eight casualties from regiments not under Lightburn's command that patrolled near the Ohio River, plus one militia. The count of 237 consists of 30 killed, 79 wounded, and 128 missing (captured, deserted, or other). ===Performance and preservation=== Initially, newspaper reports were positive concerning Lightburn's performance. The Cleveland Morning Leader said, "The retreat was undoubtedly a masterly movement, and does great credit to Colonel Lightburn." However, Cox later wrote a different perspective. He mentions that "...either of the brigades intrenched at Gauley Bridge could have laughed at Loring. The river would have been impassable, for all the ferry-boats were in the keeping of our men on the right bank, and Loring would not dare pass down the valley leaving a fortified post on the line of communications by which he must return." He also wrote that "Lightburn's disaster" was "embarrassing to the government." Loring had done what he said he would do, and that was drive the Union army out of the Kanawha valley back to Ohio. thumb|upright=0.75|right|Ruffner Log House in 2009|alt=old log house The Kanawha River Valley Campaign of 1862 is one of the most neglected events of the American Civil War. The battlefields at Fayetteville and Charleston are now covered by modern towns. Some of the campaign's events and places are memorialized with historical markers. Fayetteville has historical markers commemorating the 1862 battle and another battle that occurred in 1863. Not far from Charleston is a historical marker for Camp Piatt, near Belle, West Virginia, posted by the West Virginia Department of Culture and History. In Charleston, the restored Ruffner Log House (a.k.a. Rosedale) was used by Lightburn as his headquarters. Two historical markers commemorate the invasion of Ohio by Jenkins. In West Virginia, a highway marker titled "Ohio River Ford" marks the spot at Ravenswood where Jenkins crossed into Ohio. On the Ohio side, a historical marker titled "First Ohio Invasion" discusses the invasion, and is placed at Buffington Island north of the actual crossing point. ==See also== * List of West Virginia Civil War Confederate units * List of West Virginia Civil War Union units * West Virginia in the Civil War ==Notes== ===Footnotes=== ===Citations=== ===References=== * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * List of West Virginia Civil War Battles - National Park Service * Drawing of Fayetteville April 1863 - West Virginia University, West Virginia & Regional History Center * Newspaper excerpts and Toland's report – West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Category:1862 in the American Civil War Category:Battles of the American Civil War in West Virginia

This is a list of henchmen, fictional characters serving villains and/or monsters and aliens in the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who. For other related lists, see below. ==B== ===Lance Bennett=== Lance Bennett, played by Don Gilet, spiked his fiancée's (Donna Noble) coffee daily with deadly Huon particles during their coffee break, taken while working together at H. C. Clements, under the instruction of the Empress of the Racnoss, as seen in "The Runaway Bride" (2006). When Donna escaped from her with the Doctor, the Empress ordered her Robotic Santas to douse Lance with Huon particles, replacing Donna for her purposes. After Donna was recaptured, the Empress used the two of them to awaken the Racnoss swarm in the centre of the Earth, and dropped Lance down the pit as food for her starving children. ===Mother Bloodtide=== Mother Bloodtide, played by Linda Clark, was a Carrionite involved in the plot to begin a new Carrionite Empire on Earth, as seen in "The Shakespeare Code" (2007). She, along with the other Carrionites, was eventually captured inside a crystal ball, which the Doctor stored in a casket inside the TARDIS console room (the crystal ball made a brief appearance in "The Unicorn and the Wasp"). ==C== ===Joseph C=== Joseph C, played by Ronald Fraser, was the consort of Helen A who abandoned his lover during the revolt in the human colony on Terra Alpha, as seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988). ===Caw=== Caw is a sentient robot parrot from Pheros, voiced by Toby Longworth in The Infinite Quest (2007). He eats gold, apparently using it as a source of nuclear energy, and has a son named Squawk. He was murdered by Gurney. ===Li H'sen Chang=== Li H'sen Chang, played by John Bennett in yellowface, was a stage magician in the employ of Magnus Greel, as seen in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977). Actor John Bennett previously appeared in Doctor Who as General Finch in Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974). ==="Oliver Charles"=== Oliver Charles was the assumed name of a member of the Slitheen family, the real Oliver Charles having been murdered for his skin. After murdering General Asquith, played by Rupert Vansittart, in "Aliens of London" (2005), this Raxacoricofallapatorian assumed his identity, which he maintained until his presumed death in "World War Three" (2005). ===Chief Scientist=== The Chief Scientist, played by Vernon Dobtcheff, was the alien responsible for the mental conditioning of the humans held in the war zones, as seen in The War Games (1969). ===Chip=== Chip, a tattooed force-grown clone played by Sean Gallagher, was Lady Cassandra's manservant, as seen in "New Earth" (2006). He voluntarily became Cassandra's final host after they developed the psychograft. Chip's clone body had a half-life and began to fail. Before dying, Chip (with Cassandra's consciousness) was taken by the Doctor to a party to meet Cassandra's past self, telling her she is beautiful, which Cassandra had remembered as the last time anyone had said that to her. ===Condo=== Condo served the evil surgeon Solon in The Brain of Morbius (1976). Upon finding Condo shipwrecked, Solon amputated Condo's hand and replaced it with a hook, claiming that the amputation was medically necessary in order to save his life. Condo later discovers that his hand had secretly been amputated on purpose by Solon for the Frankenstein-like body created to eventually house the brain of the evil timelord Morbius. ===Mr. Crane=== Mr. Crane, played by Colin Spaull, was responsible for converting humans into Cybermen in Battersea Power Station, as seen in "Rise of the Cybermen" (2006). He turned against his boss, John Lumic, in "The Age of Steel" (2006), when he tried to have him converted into a Cyberman. Crane damaged Lumic's life support system and was then killed by a Cyberman. Crane's actions prompted the Cybermen to "upgrade" Lumic prematurely, converting him into a Cyber Controller. Actor Colin Spaull previously appeared in Doctor Who as Lilt in Revelation of the Daleks (1985). ===Crozier=== Crozier, played by Patrick Ryecart, was a human scientist who led the experiments in mind transference, as seen in Mindwarp (1986), seeking to save Lord Kiv from brain compression. After experimenting on a Raak, the Matrix evidence shown at the Doctor's trial indicated that Crozier was successful in transferring Kiv's mind into Peri's brain. It was his work that prompted the High Council of Gallifrey to interfere with events. The Matrix evidence showed that the Time Lords' interference resulted in King Yrcanos attacking Crozier's lab, killing him and Peri, the new host of Kiv's mind. It was later revealed that the Matrix evidence had been falsified by the Valeyard and that Peri had in fact survived and married Yrcanos. Crozier's ultimate fate is therefore unclear. ==D== ===Dalek Caan=== ===Dalek Jast=== ===Dalek Sec=== ===Dalek Thay=== ===Dalek Trooper=== The Dalek Troopers were human slaves to the Daleks in the Fifth Doctor story, Resurrection of the Daleks (1984). They were planning to attack a prison spaceship to free Davros and performed their orders without question, but were ultimately killed by the Daleks. ===Lucius Petrus Dextrus=== Lucius Petrus Dextrus was a Roman soothsayer in The Fires of Pompeii. He breathed in dust from Mount Vesuvius, which was created by the Pyroviles, and gave him false predictions of a brighter future for Pompeii. His right arm was turned to stone, a process which, if carried out completely, would have turned him into a Human-Pyrovile hybrid. He helped the Pyroviles assemble circuitboards they needed to transform Earth into a new Pyrovilia. He was presumably inside the volcano when it erupted. Petrus Dextrus translates from Latin as Stone Right Arm. He was portrayed by Phil Davis. ===Mr Diagoras=== Mr Diagoras, played by Eric Loren, headed the construction of the Empire State Building for the Daleks in "Daleks in Manhattan" (2007). He fought in the Great War, which left him damaged by the horrors he had seen. He raised himself from being a foreman to being the wealthy, ruthless businessman seen in this episode. Believing Diagoras to be the most Dalek-like human they had encountered, Dalek Sec chose to merge with him against his comrades' wishes to become a Human Dalek. The other members of the Cult of Skaro had doubts about the Human/Dalek project, so they later assumed Dalek Caan in charge. Sec/Diagoras saved the Doctor's life, getting in the way of a Dalek death ray, aimed at the Doctor. ===Dibber=== Dibber, played by Glen Murphy, was Sabalom Glitz's partner in The Mysterious Planet (1986). He didn't reappear in Dragonfire, suggesting Glitz sold or killed him, or they had a falling-out. Actor Glen Murphy had previously appeared in Doctor Who as an uncredited Kinda Tribesman in Kinda (1982). ===Mother Doomfinger=== Mother Doomfinger, played by Amanda Lawrence, was a Carrionite involved in the plot to begin a new Carrionite Empire on Earth, as seen in "The Shakespeare Code" (2007). She was capable of stopping a man's heart simply by touching him. She, along with the other Carrionites, was eventually captured inside a crystal ball, which the Doctor stored on a shelf inside the TARDIS. ==F== ===Mr Fibuli=== Mr Fibuli, played by Andrew Robertson, served The Captain in The Pirate Planet (1978). ==G== ===Chancellor Goth=== A high-ranking Time lord politician, Goth was in fact a willing servant to the Master who was killed by the Doctor through a mental battle via the Matrix. ===Gwendoline=== ==H== ===Gatherer Hade=== Gatherer Hade, played by Richard Leech, as seen in The Sun Makers (1977), ruled over the city of Megropolis One on Pluto and organised the collection of the taxes paid by the citizens to the company. The pompous official lauded praise upon the Company and his Usurian boss, the Collector. Challenging the revolutionaries that had broken out onto the roof of the city, Hade was thrown off the building to his death. ===Novice Hame=== Novice Hame, played by Anna Hope, was a member of the Sisters of Plenitude first seen in "New Earth" (2006) and in its accompanying TARDISODE. She was looking after the Face of Boe whilst he was hospitalised on Ward 26. She was eventually arrested by New New York Police Department for having kept the Sisters' secret, that they had built a farm of cloned humans infected with all known diseases in order to research cures. "Gridlock" (2007), set 30 years after the events of "New Earth", revealed that in the intervening time she was ordered to attend the Face of Boe as penance for her part in the Sisterhood. After the airborne 'Bliss' virus killed the New New York Senate and most of the New Earth population, Hame, (who had been saved from the virus by the Face of Boe in his smoke), aided the Face in sealing off the Under-City of New New York, thereby saving those on the Motorway and in the streets there. Having been sent to find the Tenth Doctor by the Face of Boe, she found him deep in the Motorway as he was looking for Martha Jones. She teleported him to the New New York Senate so that the Face of Boe could deliver his final message. After helping the Doctor and the Face of Boe save the Under-City civilians from eternal imprisonment on the Motorway, Hame was with them as the Face died, after imparting his final words to the Doctor. Her fate after this point is unknown, but the Doctor later says to Martha that "they've got Novice Hame", suggesting she will subsequently have a larger role in the governance of New New York and/or New Earth. ===Captain Hardaker=== Captain Hardaker, played by Geoffrey Palmer in "Voyage of the Damned", was the Captain of the S.S. Titanic, a ship from Max Capricorn Cruiselines modelled after the Earth ocean liner of the same name. Hardaker was a veteran officer in the company and long-time Captain of his ship. With a terminal illness, he accepted a large sum of money (to leave behind for his family) from Max Capricorn to crash the Titanic into the Earth. This was key to Capricorn's scheme to frame the board of directors for mass murder. Hardaker facilitated this by dismissing all officers from the bridge, but Midshipman Alonzo Frame refused to go, citing the regulation that two officers were required on the bridge at any one time. Despite Frame's interference, Hardaker lowered the shields and magnetised the hull to draw in a meteor storm. The meteors struck the ship, dealing tremendous structural damage and killing many of the passengers. A support structure on the bridge collapsed and killed Hardaker, leaving Frame helpless to prevent the Titanic from plunging toward Earth. Geoffrey Palmer appeared twice before in Doctor Who. In the 1970 serial, Doctor Who and the Silurians (over 35 years before "Voyage of the Damned"), and in the 1972 serial The Mutants. ===Councillor Hedin=== Hedin was a high- ranking and respected Time Lord politician who was said to have been a good friend of the Doctor before he left Gallifrey. In fact, Hedin was in league with the renegade and powerful Time Lord Omega because he believed Omega deserved freedom and recognition for his achievements, and contribution to Time Lord history. The Doctor knew this was a mistake and tried to reason with Hedin, who was suddenly killed by saving the Doctor's life from a shot fired by one of the Castellan's guards. ===Sir George Hutchinson=== ==K== ===Daisy K=== ===Karen=== Karen is a character in Big Finish Productions series of Eighth Doctor New Adventures originally on BBC7 radio. She is played by Louise Fullerton and later Kerry Godliman. She first meets the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller in Human Resources. She and Lucie believed they were working in a simple modern day office in Telford. But in truth, they were partially hypnotised war strategists inside a giant battle robot that walked an alien world fighting the Cybermen. Despite being a simple human with a humble job, some Time Lords believed Karen had the potential to become an oppressive dictator. This fact drew the attention of a villain-for-hire named The Headhunter, who hired Karen as her assistant. The next time the Headhunter appears, Karen is at her side, helping to steal an alien diamond in Grand Theft Cosmos. Karen returned in The Eight Truths/Worldwide Web; however, she was played by a different actress, Kerry Godliman. ==L== ===Lytton=== Commander Lytton is a mercenary whom the Doctor encountered twice. He was born on a satellite called Riften 5, orbiting the planet Vita 15 some centuries in the future. The novelisation of Attack of the Cybermen states that his first name is Gustave. When the Fifth Doctor met Lytton during Resurrection of the Daleks (1984), he was working for the Daleks in a plot to rescue Davros from imprisonment following the events in Destiny of the Daleks. It transpired that all the Daleks' humanoid operatives were clone-duplicates (with the memories of the originals downloaded), ensuring their obedience—but the conditioning proved unstable and the destroyed originals' minds could reassert control. Lytton, who soon turned against his masters, was presumably an example of this. When Davros altered some of the Daleks to be loyal to him and tried to seize control from the Dalek Supreme, Lytton was one of the few survivors of the ensuing battle. Though he attempted briefly to shoot the Doctor, they did not meet and he escaped from the carnage in the guise of a policeman. The Sixth Doctor then encountered Lytton planning to rob a diamond merchant in the story Attack of the Cybermen (1985). The sewers through which he planned to make his heist also contained a squad of Cybermen, and Lytton's actions helped revive them. After being taken to Telos with Lytton and the Cybermen, the Doctor encountered the Cryons, who revealed that Lytton was in fact working for them. The Cybermen had travelled back in time to prevent the destruction of their home planet Mondas in 1986. However, once they did so the Cybermen intended to destroy and leave Telos. Lytton's mission was to prevent this by stealing the time machine. Once Lytton's treachery to the Cybermen was exposed, the Cyber Controller ordered that Lytton undergo the cyber-conversion process. When the Doctor tried to free Lytton from his fate as a Cyberman, a partially converted Lytton died fighting the Cyber Controller, who snapped his neck. The Doctor later admitted that he had badly misjudged Lytton, though their encounters had been severely limited. A video on the official website for The Sarah Jane Adventures mentions that Sarah Jane Smith investigated a criminal group called the "Lytton Gang" in 1985, including a woman who claimed to be carrying Lytton's alien baby. The gang was attempting to loot the Bank of England.BBC – Sarah Jane Adventures – Mr Smith ==M== ===Gilbert M=== Gilbert M, played by Harold Innocent, created the sadistic Kandy Man, as seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988). Unhappy with Helen A's control of the planet, Gilbert fled with her husband Joseph B; both had left behind terrible things, the Kanyman and Fifi. ===Theodore Maxtible=== Theodore Maxtible is an antagonist from The Evil of the Daleks (1967). He was played by Marius Goring. ===Mr Magpie=== thumb|left|Mr. Magpie's televisions, on location during filming. Mr Magpie played by Ron Cook, as seen in "The Idiot's Lantern" (2006), owned Magpie Electricals, a shop selling electrical devices such as televisions. The Wire arrived on Earth in one of this televisions, briefly taking Magpie's face; however, she put it back, with a burning pain "behind [his] eyes", forcing him to cooperate. When the Wire begins feasting on the minds of those watching the coronation, Magpie reminds her that she promised him peace; she cruelly tells him that he will have peace, vaporising him at the cost of overexerting herself. ===Mordred=== ==N== ===Nimrod=== ===Nyder=== Nyder, played by Peter Miles, was the Security Commander for the Kaled Scientific Elite and an assistant to their chief scientist Davros, as seen in Genesis of the Daleks (1975). Nyder was killed by the Daleks after he attempted to carry out one of Davros's instructions against the will of the Daleks. Actor Peter Miles had previously appeared in Doctor Who as Dr. Lawrence in Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970) and as Professor Whitaker in Invasion of the Dinosaurs (1974). Miles reprised his role as Nyder in 1992 and again in 2005 serving as a witness for Davros in the theatrical production The Trial of Davros. In 2006, he played Nyder as a younger Lieutenant for the Big Finish Productions audio drama I, Davros: Guilt. == O == ===Adeola Oshodi=== Adeola Oshodi, known familiarly as "Adi" (played by Freema Agyeman in "Army of Ghosts") was a technician at Torchwood One, where she worked on its free energy project. When finding a place to make a romantic liaison with her co- worker Gareth Evans, she was seized and cyber-converted by Cybermen from a parallel universe, who had slipped through the Void through a breach in space- time and infiltrated Torchwood Tower. Her "upgrade" was internal, through an earpiece linked with connective tissue directly to her brain. She was killed definitively when her earpiece was overloaded by a signal from the Tenth Doctor. Freema Agyeman later appeared as Adeola's cousin and companion to the Tenth Doctor, Martha Jones. Martha mentioned her deceased cousin in her debut episode "Smith and Jones". The Doctor felt guilt for not being able to save Adeola, and apologised to Martha. ==P== ===Mrs Pritchard=== ==R== ===Mr Ratcliffe=== Mr Ratcliffe, builder's merchant and head of fascist group 'The Association', as played by George Sewell and seen in Remembrance of the Daleks (1988), was allied to the Renegade Daleks in London in 1963. He was enlisted by them to help with retrieving the Hand of Omega. After assisting in the killings of those the Daleks opposed, he attempted to abscond with the Renegade Daleks' time controller and was killed by the girl slaved to their battle computer. Mr Ratcliffe associated with Sergeant Mike Smith. ===Robomen=== Robomen were brainwashed human males forced to serve the Daleks in The Dalek Invasion of Earth (1964) controlled via helmets. The mind control technique was unstable and Robomen would eventually go insane and commit suicide. Craddock, played by Michael Goldie, was converted into a Roboman during The Dalek Invasion of Earth and was electrocuted after fighting Ian. Phil Madison was similarly converted and was killed by his brother, Larry, played by Graham Rigby, after Phil shot and mortally wounded him. Larry stirred Phil's memory, his dying word being "Larry..." The surviving Robomen were eventually liberated by the Doctor, Susan, Barbara and David Campbell and they fought against the Daleks. Peter Badger and Martyn Huntley played two of the Robomen. Martyn Huntley had previously played the First Human in The Sensorites (1964) and reappeared in Doctor Who as Warren Earp in The Gunfighters (1966). Robomen reappeared in the Big Finish audio production The Mutant Phase, in which the Fifth Doctor (played by Peter Davison), accompanied by Nyssa (portrayed by Sarah Sutton), arrive on Earth during the Dalek Invasion, in 2158. They also appear when the Daleks invade Earth again in the Eighth Doctor story Lucie Miller / To the Death. The graphic novel The Only Good Dalek featured several Robomen on a space station where various objects and lifeforms related to the Daleks were housed, with the Robomen eventually joining in the Dalek assault on the station. The Robomen have a small role in Energy of the Daleks, where the Fourth Doctor and Leela face a Dalek time squad from the future in 2025, the Doctor explicitly stating that the use of Robomen is a sign that the Daleks' resources are limited. In the audio Masters of Earth, the Sixth Doctor and Peri Brown arrive on Earth in 2163 where they became involved in a Dalek plot to create a new, more efficient form of Robomen, although the Doctor is forced to kill the subjects of this experiment when they try and use the Robomen technology to augment humanity to oppose the Daleks, the Doctor concerned that this approach will make humanity the new Daleks. In Doctor Who: The Third Doctor Adventures Volume 3: The Conquest of Far, the Third Doctor and Jo stop a Dalek plan to deploy a massive transmitter that will enable mass conversion of the opposing human army into Robomen, the Doctor using the transmitter to overload most of the Dalek army so that the rest can be dealt with more conventionally. Robomen also featured in the cinematic version of this story Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966), as did the ill-fated character of Craddock, then played by Kenneth Watson who went on to appear in the television series of Doctor Who as Bill Duggan in The Wheel in Space (1968), co-starring the original Craddock, Michael Goldie, as Elton Laleham. ==S== ===Lucy Saxon=== Lucy Saxon, played by Alexandra Moen, is the wife of Harold Saxon (the Master) during his tenure as Minister of Defence and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. When confronted by journalist, Vivien Rook, about her husband's fictitious life history, Lucy reveals the Master's presence in the room; Rook is then murdered by the Master's Toclafane allies. The Master refers to Lucy as his "faithful companion". Despite apprehension and occasional squeamishness, she appears to be his willing accomplice and confidante. She does not display concern at the obvious severity of the Master's plans, and is seen dancing to "Voodoo Child" while six billion Toclafane descend upon the Earth. The tie-in website archived from haroldsaxon.co.uk describes Lucy as the youngest child of Lord Cole of Tarminster (in "The Sound of Drums", she refers to her gratitude for "all [Mr. Saxon] did for my father", and is said to be "of good family" by Rook) but never planned to follow her father's footsteps into politics. She went to Roedean School (Rook describes her as "not especially bright but essentially harmless"). She was on the Sussex netball team and studied Italian at St Andrews. She met Saxon during the publication of his autobiography and they married in 2007, the year prior to the events of "The Sound of Drums". In "Last of the Time Lords", set a year later, Lucy appears in a more opulent costume than before (a red evening dress and with red nail varnish), but with bruises around her right eye and a less enthusiastic attitude, suggesting physical and emotional abuse by the Master. When Martha confronts the Master and humans start to chant "Doctor", Lucy joins their chanting. She later shoots the Master, killing him, and is imprisoned soon after at Broadfell Prison. In "The End of Time", Lucy is used against her will to provide the Master's biometric imprint to complete his resurrection. Aware of the Master's plan, Lucy used her connections to develop a potion to sabotage the Master's resurrection, causing an explosion that kills her, destroys the prison, and leaves the Master in a dying body. ===Scorby=== Scorby is the mercenary and chief henchman of the millionaire and plant-collector Harrison Chase. He is sent by Chase, to a scientific research base in Antarctica, along with the scientist Arnold Keeler, to steal a newly discovered plant pod found buried in the ice there. He attempts to kill the Doctor, Sarah Jane, and several others in an explosion, as a means to eliminate them all as witnesses, and obscure traces of the theft. The plant pod turns out to be the seed of a dangerous plant-based alien life-form known as a Krynoid. Later, when it becomes apparent to him that his employer is now possessed by the alien Krynoid, Scorby reluctantly helps the Doctor, Sarah and UNIT remove all the plants from Chase's laboratory, as they may come under Krynoid control, whilst they are all under siege from the rapidly growing Krynoid. Scorby then meets his end when he panics, and attempts to flee the besieged mansion via the garden, only to come under attack from the Krynoid-controlled plants there and be dragged into the pond and drowned by the weeds. ===Mr Sin=== 150px|thumb|right|Mr Sin Mr Sin, played by Deep Roy, aids Li H'sen Chang in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977). Originally known as the Peking Homunculus, it is a cyborg from the 51st century that has the cerebral cortex of a pig. Designed as a toy, it almost causes World War Six when its organic parts assert themselves and it kills the Commissioner of the Icelandic Alliance and his family. It later accompanies Magnus Greel when he escapes to the 19th century. Its love of slaughter and hatred of mankind eventually lead it to betray Greel, after which it is deactivated by the Doctor when he disconnects the fuse circuit in its back. Mr Sin returns in the Virgin Missing Adventures novel The Shadow of Weng-Chiang. In a retcon, the book claims it was originally an assassination device disguised as a toy by enemies of the Icelandic Alliance. After being used by a tong with connections to Greel, it is deactivated again, and destroyed by K-9. The canonicity of the novels is unclear. It is possible that Mr. Sin was based on the Chinese dwarf god Kui Xing. The incident with The Commissioner of the Icelandic Alliance is played out in the 2012 prequel audio story The Butcher of Brisbane, in which the Fifth Doctor averts the world war, after allowing Greel and Sin to escape in their time cabinet. ===Sergeant Mike Smith=== Sergeant Mike Smith, seen in Remembrance of the Daleks (1988) as played by Dursley McLinden, was an RAF non-commissioned officer who served under Group Captain Gilmore. He struck a bond with Ace, whom he met in a café—a bond that was shattered when he was revealed to be a fascist in league with associate Mr Ratcliffe and the Renegade Daleks in pursuit of the Hand of Omega. Along with Mr Ratcliffe, Mike attempted to abscond with the Renegades' time controller. He was killed at his mother's boarding house by a girl possessed by the Renegade Daleks' battle computer. Unusually for a character killed in Doctor Who, the Doctor and his companion were seen to attend his funeral, although they left early. ===General Smythe === General Smythe was an antagonist in The War Games (1969). He was played by Noel Coleman. ===Slab=== Slabs are slaves that were used in the episode "Smith and Jones" as henchmen for a creature known as a Plasmavore. The Doctor mentions that the Slabs are made of leather throughout their entire bodies. In external appearance, they appear as humanoid forms wearing leather all over and a black motorcycle helmet with the visor down, bearing a resemblance to motorcycle delivery-men which is noted by various human characters. Slabs (or similar creatures) also appeared in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Warriors of Kudlak. ===Squawk=== Squawk is a robot parrot from Pheros, voiced by Toby Longworth in The Infinite Quest (2007). He eats gold, and is the son of the deceased Caw. ==T== ===Lady Thaw=== Lady Sylvia Thaw, played by Thelma Barlow, was the partner both personally and professionally of Professor Richard Lazarus in the episode "The Lazarus Experiment" (2007). She was an old lady associated with LazLabs Finances. She was liaising with Mr Saxon. After Lazarus successfully rejuvenated himself, she wanted to be first in line for rejuvenation. Lazarus rejected her saying he had grown tired of her. When Thaw threatened to complain to Saxon, Lazarus transformed into a large, scorpion-like monster and sucked the life out of her ultimately killing her. ===Maylin Tekker=== The word "Maylin" being his rank, Tekker was a Karfelan who was a henchman of the Borad in the 1985 serial Timelash, promoted after the previous Maylin, Renis, was killed by the Borad. Upon hearing of the Borad's genocidal plans to wipe out his people, Tekker defected from the Borad's side, only to be instantly killed by a weapon of the Borad's that caused rapid ageing. ==V== ===Captain von Weich=== Captain von Weich, played by David Garfield, was the alien who headed the German troops held in the First World War zone and Confederate troops in the American Civil War zone in The War Games (1969). He was shot dead by Private Moor. ==W== ===Mr Wagner=== Mr Wagner, played by Eugene Washington, was the alias of a Krillitane who posed as a Maths teacher at Deffry Vale School in "School Reunion" (2006). He was presumed dead when the school exploded. In one deleted scene he is portrayed as an omnivore after having eaten nothing but rats. ==See also== * List of Doctor Who supporting characters * List of Doctor Who villains * List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens * List of Doctor Who robots * List of Torchwood minor characters * List of Torchwood monsters and aliens * List of The Sarah Jane Adventures minor characters * List of The Sarah Jane Adventures monsters and aliens ==References== Henchmen Doctor Who henchmen Henchmen

Tôi là... người chiến thắng is a Vietnamese vocal game show, airing on HTV7 at 9:00 pm (UTC+7) prime time slot every Saturdays. The show premiered on May 25, 2013 with Bình Minh as the host and Siu Black/Hoài Linh as a special 101st judge. The winner of the show might take home 300,000,000 VND in cash (roughly $14,000). The first season includes 12 episodes, featuring contestants in eight categories namely Boys, Girls, Male Singers, Female Singers, Students, Middle Ages, Celebrities and Groups."Tôi là người chiến thắng - The Winner is... đến Việt Nam", by: Quỳnh Thi, Tuoi Tre Online, date: 2013-04-16. The show builds its format differently from the original and the U.S. adaptation that in the first rounds there are no battles. In fact, all the candidates are singing for the public vote. The four candidates with highest scores of a category are then advanced to second round, singing duet for survival. Trần Hải Châu, a 21-year-old student, won the first season and obtained the final grand prizes, including a studio single with Universal Music, and 630,000,000 ₫ in cash (almost $30,000)."Cô gái trẻ Hải Châu giành quân quân The Winner is... mùa đầu tiên", by: Xuyến Chi, thethaovanhoa.vn, date: 2013-08-11. The show will return in 2014 with 12 episodes. Eight categories are introduced, including two Celebrity categories, two Singer categories, Students, Middle Ages, together with newly two Underground Singer categories. Comedians and Bands/Groups are originally official categories of the 2014 season; they, however, were dropped out due to lack of qualified candidates. == Synopsis == Đông Tây Promotion and Ho Chi Minh City Television won the right to produce the Vietnamese adaptation. It might be the first Asian adaptation of the franchise and it was launched before the U.S. adaptation. The first season was hosted by Bình Mình and starred Siu Black or Hoài Linh, who can affect the result of a duet. Each episode is about a category, a quarter final round, a semifinal round and a finale while the original focuses on the first phase (first-rounded battles in many categories), the second phase (second and third-rounded battles in many categories), the quarter-final/semifinal/season finale. The Vietnamese adaptation marks its uniqueness as a mix of two hot shows Deal or No Deal and The Voice. === Format === The program consists of several phases. In the first phase, the pre-selection, all entries are reviewed by the production jury. All candidates are invited to audition and based on that audition is decided whether the candidate is good enough to be allowed for television recordings. After short-listing the candidates are divided into eight categories of eight candidates. In all these first rounds eight candidates sing solo and the panel of 101 judges, including Siu Black (later replaced by Hoài Linh from the live show,"Siu Black đột ngột rút lui nhường ghế giám khảo cho Hoài Linh", by: Nguyễn Tú, 2sao.vn, date: 19 July 2013.) thus score them. The four highest scores are moved to the second rounds in two battles. In the case that the highest four cannot be determined, if two candidates have the same score (making the highest five) then Siu Black has the ultimate power to decide who had better leave the competition for good; if three or more candidates have the same score (making the highest six or more) the ultimate power is shifted to the audience to vote off some. And the highest score of them all has the right to pick the opponent for a battle. Thereafter the second rounds happen and "deal" element is introduced. Accepted the deal and earned the money of 10,000,000 VND, the candidate is automatically evicted from the competition no matter how many score he gains in the battle and the opponent is immediately declared winning. Otherwise no deal occurs, the candidate with higher score wins and the money is added up to the final grand prize. The eight categories are covered in first eight episodes. The two winners of a category advance to the quarter-final round, where it can be. Again earned money of 20,000,000 VND the loser is right out of the league. Otherwise no deal occurs, the candidate with higher score wins and the money is added up to the final grand prize. The quarter final rounds are covered in two episodes. In the very last battle to decide who the winner is, the audience voting is used as a determining factor. Audience can score from home in the last 15 minutes, which gives 100 to the battle, adding with score from 101 judges to make a possible 201 score. Step by step the candidate is out until there is only one remain, taking the final grand prize home. The final grand prize includes the basic prize announced of 300,000,000 ₫ in cash, and the negotiation prizes during battles if no deal occurred. == Season 1== ; Legend : – Contestant wins and/or advances : - Contestant wins the grand prize : – Contestant loses and/or is eliminated : – Contestant takes the money offer and is eliminated :GUY - Candidate from Guy Category :GRL - Candidate from Girl Category :STU - Candidate from Student Category :MA - Candidate from Middle Age Category :CEL - Candidate from Celebrity Category :GRP - Candidate from Band/Group Category :MSG - Candidate from Male Singer Category :FSG - Candidate from Female Singer Category === Results === === Episodes === ==== Episode 1: Girls ==== ::Aired: May 25, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Sao ta lặng im" (Nguyễn Hồng Thuận) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (78) Fast Track N/A "Như vẫn còn đây" (Phúc Trường) Trần Dương Uyên Thy (35) Eliminated N/A "Người em yêu mãi" (Hải Âu) Nguyễn Thu Hiền (58) Eliminated N/A "Son" (Đức Nghĩa) Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (78) Advance N/A "Cảm ơn tình yêu" (Huy Tuấn) Vũ Minh Trang (31) Eliminated N/A "Đâu phải bởi mùa thu" (Phú Quang; Giáng Vân) Võ Vũ Thùy Dung (39) Eliminated N/A "Đời bỗng vui" (Đức Trí) Lê Thị Bích Ngọc (70) Advance N/A "Yêu mình anh" (Dada) Nguyễn Phương Thùy (75) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Anh mãi là" (Hồ Hoài Anh) Lê Thị Bích Ngọc (29) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Mong anh về" (Dương Cầm) Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (72) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Cám ơn anh" (Minh Thụy) Nguyễn Phương Thùy (39) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Mãi mãi về sau" (Dương Khắc Linh, Thanh Bui, Hoàng Huy Long) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (62) Win ==== Episode 2: Male Singers ==== ::Aired: June 01, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Trái tim bên lề" (Khải Tuấn) Trần Lân Nhã (70) Advance N/A "Say You'll Be There" by Spice Girls Phạm Dũng Hà (52) Eliminated N/A "Lại gần hôn anh" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Hoài Nam (41) Eliminated N/A "Góc tối" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (74) Advance N/A "Dấu yêu một thời" (himself) Nguyễn Mạnh Quân (68) Eliminated N/A "Xin chào! Xin chào!" (Đức Trí) Trần Quốc Thiên (92) Fast Track N/A "You Raise Me Up" by Secret Garden Nguyễn Đức Quang (87) Advance N/A "Tình nhân" (Tăng Nhật Tuệ) Lê Việt Anh (47) Eliminated Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Quỳnh" (Quốc Bảo) Trần Lân Nhã (21) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Yêu thương mong manh" (Đức Trí, Hà Quang Minh) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (80) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Brave" by Josh Groban Nguyễn Đức Quang (18) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc" (Toàn Thắng) Trần Quốc Thiên (83) Win ==== Episode 3: Groups ==== ::Aired: June 08, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Yêu dấu theo gió bay" (Nguyễn Hoàng Duy) TVM (32) Eliminated N/A "Vive la Vida" Coco Band (44) Eliminated N/A "Love Me Tender" by Elvis Presley Tóc Ngắn (73) Eliminated N/A "Ngôi sao ước mơ" (Nguyễn Hoàng Anh Minh) VMen (85) Advance N/A "Nơi ấy" (Dương Khắc Linh, Hà Okio) It's Time (85) Advance N/A "Hương ngọc lan" (Anh Quân) Dòng Thời Gian (95) Fast Track N/A "Im lặng" (Trương Thanh Hiếu) Nhật Nguyệt (51) Eliminated N/A "Larger than Life" by the Backstreet Boys The Leaders (80) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "One More Night" by the Maroon 5 The Leader (47) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc lối" (Hồ Hoài Anh) It's Time (54) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Love to Be Loved by You" by Marc Terenzi VMen (24) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Time to Say Goodbye" Dòng Thời Gian (77) Win ==== Episode 4: Middle Ages ==== ::Aired: June 15, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Bánh xe lãng tử" (Trọng Khương) Phạm Hoàng Nga (76) Advance N/A "Nỗi lòng người đi" (Anh Bằng) Đặng Phi Sơn (44) Eliminated N/A "Nhớ em" (himself) Kỳ Phương (75) Advance N/A "Tình 2000" (Võ Thiện Thanh) Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (76) Advance N/A "Imagine" by John Lennon Y Thanh (70) Eliminated N/A "Xin còn gọi tên nhau" (Trường Sa) Lê Thị Duy Thủy (45) Eliminated N/A "Bản tình cuối" (Ngô Thụy Miên) Thái Sơn Eliminated N/A "I Hate Myself for Loving You" by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Phạm Thị Bạch Lan (82) Fast Track Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Vết lăn trầm" (Trịnh Công Sơn) Phạm Hoàng Nga (37) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Cho người tình xa" (himself) Kỳ Phương (64) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Hurt" by Christina Aguilera Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (59) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Trả hết cho người" (Lê Hựu Hà) Phạm Thị Bạch Lan (42) Lose ==== Episode 5: Students ==== ::Aired: June 22, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Sẽ mãi bên nhau" by Hồ Ngọc Hà Ngô Thủy Tiên (14) Eliminated N/A "Torna a Surriento" Nguyễn Thành Trung (77) Advance N/A "Nếu như anh đến" by Văn Mai Hương Nguyễn Thị Mai Phương (16) Eliminated N/A "Khoảng trời của bé" (Nguyễn Duy Hùng) Võ Xuân Hiển (91) Fast Track N/A "Set Fire to the Rain" by Adele Trần Hải Châu (73) Advance N/A "Thu cuối" by Mr.T feat. Yanbi Võ Đình Hiếu (39) Eliminated N/A "Dù có cách xa" (Đinh Mạnh Ninh) Trần Giang Đại Hoàng (48) Eliminated N/A "Taxi" by Thu Minh Phan Thị Thanh Nga (66) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Anh" (Xuân Phương) Phan Thị Thanh Nga (7) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Rolling in the Deep" by Adele Trần Hải Châu (94) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Lá đỏ" (Hoàng Hiệp, Nguyễn Đình Thi) Nguyễn Thành Trung (13) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Radio" by Hà Anh Tuấn Võ Xuân Hiển (88) Win ==== Episode 6: Boys ==== ::Aired: June 29, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Tâm hồn của đá" by Bức Tường Hồ Minh Ngọc (35) Eliminated N/A "Vệt nắng cuối trời" (Tiến Minh) Nguyễn Công Hiếu (34) Eliminated N/A "Phôi pha" (Trịnh Công Sơn) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (83) Advance N/A "Đổi thay" (Kim Tuấn) Nguyễn Văn Đức (24) Eliminated N/A "Ain't No Sunshine" by Bill Withers Thái Huy Sắc (90) Advance N/A "Gửi ngàn lời yêu" (Minh Vương, Lê Việt Khanh) Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (57) Advance N/A "Đến với nhau" (Dương Trường Giang) Phan Quang Hùng (35) Eliminated N/A "'O sole mio" Nguyễn Tiến Hưng (90) Fast Track Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Unchained Melody" by The Righteous Brothers Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (68) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Độc bước" (Trần Trung Đức) Thái Huy Sắc (33) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Lạc mất mùa xuân"/"Le Géant de papier" Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (52) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Nơi đảo xa" (Thế Song) Nguyễn Tiến Hưng (49) Lose ==== Episode 7: Female Singers ==== ::Aired: July 06, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Ngôi sao cô đơn" (Thanh Tùng) Anh Thúy (76) Advance N/A "Sa mạc tình yêu"/"Ai no shinkirou" Hà Thúy Anh (36) Eliminated N/A "Oops!... I Did It Again" by Britney Spears Nguyễn Võ Lan Trinh (74) Advance N/A "Biết đâu" by herself Thùy Hoàng Diễm (40) Eliminated N/A "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" by The Pussycat Dolls Lưu Hiền Trinh (82) Advance N/A "Trắng và đen" (Minh Thụy) H'Zina Bya (90) Fast Track N/A "Giấc mơ chỉ là giấc mơ" (Đức Trí) Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trâm (52) Eliminated N/A "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston Lê Thị Hương Trà (57) Eliminated Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "Họa mi hót trong mưa" (Thanh Tùng) Lưu Hiền Trinh (44) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "To Love You More" by Céline Dion Anh Thúy (57) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Ngày xưa Hoàng Thị" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Võ Lan Trinh (32) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Chuyện tình" (Anh Quân) H'Zina Bya (69) Win ==== Episode 8: Celebrities ==== ::Aired: July 13, 2013 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results N/A "Còn ta với nồng nàn" (Quốc Bảo) Nguyễn Tuấn Nam (46) Eliminated N/A "Những ngày đẹp trời"/"Your Back Towards Me" Lê Thị Tú Vi (53, 81) High/Advance N/A "Thương thầm" (Vũ Quốc Việt) Phạm Minh Luân (53, 47) High/Eliminated N/A "Lạnh lùng" (Nguyễn Hoàng Duy) Đàm Thu Trang (36) Eliminated N/A "Còn đó chút hồng phai (Vũ Quốc Việt) Quách Ngọc Ngoan (48) Eliminated N/A "Feeling Good" Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (95) Fast Track N/A "Ngựa ô thương nhớ" (Trần Tiến) Nguyễn Hùng Thuận (53, 70) High/Advance N/A "Halo" by Beyoncé Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh (65) Advance Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 10,000,000 ₫ "All That Jazz" Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh (33) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis Lê Thị Tú Vi (68) Win 10,000,000 ₫ "Nếu điều đó xảy ra" (Ngọc Châu) Nguyễn Hùng Thuận (29) Lose 10,000,000 ₫ "Trở lại tuổi thơ" (Anh Quân) Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (72) Win After the first round, Tú Vi, Minh Luân and Hùng Thuận have the same score. Audience are asked to vote for each the second time. As a result, Minh Luân leaves the competition with 47. ==== Episode 9: The Quarter-final, Part 1 ==== Live: July 20, 2013 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Quarter-final, Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 20,000,000 ₫ "Chiếc lá cuối cùng" (Tuấn Khanh) Nguyễn Tuấn Nghĩa (46) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Em nhớ anh vô cùng" (Duy Mạnh) Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (55) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Xin lỗi, anh yêu em" (Minh Vương) Võ Xuân Hiển (67) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Hãy hát lên" (Vũ Quốc Việt) Kỳ Phương (34) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "The Silence" by Alexandra Burke Đặng Thị Hoài Trinh (40) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Tìm về nơi đâu?" by Thanh Bui and Tata Young It's Time (61) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Bay" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Trần Quốc Thiên (64) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" by Céline Dion Anh Thúy (37) Lose ==== Episode 10: The Quarter-final, Part 2 ==== Live: July 27, 2013 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Quarter- final, Round 2 Quarter-final, Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 20,000,000 ₫ "Chỉ là giấc mơ" (Kim Ngọc) by Thanh Lam Lê Thị Tú Vi (27) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Người hát tình ca" by Uyên Linh Dòng Thời Gian (74) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Anh sẽ nhớ mãi" by Bằng Kiều Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (60) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Listen" by Beyoncé Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh (41) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Ly cà phê Ban Mê" by Siu Black Đặng Thị Lệ Hoa (10) Lose 20,000,000 ₫ "Titanium" by David Guetta feat. Sia Trần Hải Châu (91) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Chỉ còn lại tình yêu" by Bằng Kiều Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (58) Win 20,000,000 ₫ "Đừng nhìn lại" (Lương Bằng Quang) H'Zina Bya (43) Lose ==== Episode 11: The Semi- final ==== Live: August 03, 2013 Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Semi-final Round Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Lặng thầm một tình yêu" by Hồ Ngọc Hà and Thanh Bui Nguyễn Thị Lệ Ngọc (40) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Hẹn hò" (Phạm Duy) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (61) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Trở về" (Nguyễn Dân) Võ Xuân Hiển (16) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ "Mượn" (Lưu Thiên Hương) Trần Hải Châu (85) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Cỏ và mưa" (Giáng Son) Trần Quốc Thiên (53) Win 30,000,000 ₫ "Dòng thời gian" (Nguyễn Hải Phong) Nguyễn Ngọc Minh (48) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Nếu chỉ sống một ngày" It's Time (41) Lose 30,000,000 ₫ bonus 10,000,000 ₫ "Il Mio Cuore Va" by Sarah Brightman Dòng Thời Gian (60) Win ==== Episode 12: Season Finale ==== Live: August 10, 2013 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Final Round 1 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 40,000,000 ₫ "Dấu tình sầu" Trần Quốc Thiên (44) Lose 40,000,000 ₫ "Chiều một mình qua phố" Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (57) Win 40,000,000 ₫ "Dẫu có lỗi lầm" Dòng Thời Gian (11) Lose 40,000,000 ₫ "Unfaithful" by Rihanna Trần Hải Châu (90) Win Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Final Round 2 Money Offer Song Competitor (Votes) Results 60,000,000 ₫ "Đồng xanh"/"Green Fields" by The Brothers Four "Bức họa đồng quê" (Văn Phụng) Nguyễn Quốc Huy Luân (42) Lose 60,000,000 ₫ "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan "Giận anh" (Đức Trí) Trần Hải Châu (159) The Winner The final scores are added up by score from 101 judges with score from fan vote. Huy Luân gets 27 out of possible 100 by audience voting, the rest belongs to Hải Châu. * Guest appearance: ** Hồ Ngọc Hà ("Hãy thứ tha cho em") ** Văn Mai Hương ("Là em đó") == Season 2 == By the high-rated demography, the TV series was renewed for another season during the grand finale of the first season. It is set to return on July 12, 2014. Application for season two began on November 14 and ends on April 30. 12 episodes are ordered to air, with differences from season 1. Contestants after being selected will be divided into eight categories, namely: Celebrity #1, Celebrity #2, Singer #1, Singer #2, Underground Singer #1, Underground Singer #2, Student, and Middle Age. Band/Group was originally an official category of this season; it, however, has been dropped out due to lack of qualified candidates. ; Legend : – Contestant wins and/or advances : - Contestant wins the grand prize : – Contestant loses and/or is eliminated : – Contestant takes the money offer and is eliminated :CE1 - Candidate from first CEebrity Category :CE2 - Candidate from second CEebrity Category :SG1 - Candidate from first Singer Category :SG2 - Candidate from second Singer Category :US1 - Candidate from first Underground Singer Category :US2 - Candidate from second Underground Singer Category :MA - Candidate from Middle Age Category :STU - Candidate from Student Category === Results === == Syndication == ; Season 1 No. Air Date Title Notes 01 May 25, 2013 Girl Category 2 Candidates advanced 02 June 1, 2013 Male Singer Category 2 Candidates advanced 03 June 8, 2013 Band/Group Category 2 Candidates advanced 04 June 15, 2013 Middle-Age Category 2 Candidates advanced 05 June 22, 2013 Student Category 2 Candidates advanced 06 June 29, 2013 Boy Category 2 Candidates advanced 07 July 6, 2013 Female Singer Category 2 Candidates advanced 08 July 13, 2013 Celebrity Category 2 Candidates advanced 09 July 20, 2013 The Quarter-final 1, Live Round of 16 10 July 27, 2013 The Quarter-final 2, Live Round of 16 11 August 3, 2013 The Semi-Final, Live Round of 8 12 August 10, 2013 Live Season Finale Round of 4/Winner Crowned ; Season 2 No. Air Date Title Notes 01 July 12, 2014 Celebrity Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 02 July 19, 2014 Singer Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 03 July 26, 2014 Underground Singer Category #1 2 Candidates advanced 04 August 2, 2014 Middle Age Category 2 Candidates advanced 05 August 9, 2014 Celebrity Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 06 August 16, 2014 Student Category 2 Candidates advanced 07 August 23, 2014 Underground Singer Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 08 August 30, 2014 Singer Category #2 2 Candidates advanced 09 September 7, 2014 The Quarter-final 1, Live Round of 16 10 September 14, 2014 The Quarter-final 2, Live Round of 16 11 September 21, 2014 The Semi-Final, Live Round of 8 12 September 28, 2014 Live Season Finale Round of 4/Winner Crowned == Cancellation == On September 29, 2015, HTV and Đông Tây Promotion announced that they did not renew the 4th season due to expenses. In the next year, Biến hóa hoàn hảo - My name is filled the show's 9 p.m. time slot, confirmed its cancellation. == See also == * The Winner is... (the Dutch original) * The Winner Is (adaptation for the U.S.) *List of television programmes broadcast by HTV == References == == External links == * Category:Vietnamese television series Category:Ho Chi Minh City Television original programming Category:2010s Vietnamese television series Category:2013 Vietnamese television series debuts

My Darling Clementine is a 1946 American Western film directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp during the period leading up to the gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The ensemble cast also features Victor Mature (as Doc Holliday), Linda Darnell, Walter Brennan, Tim Holt, Cathy Downs and Ward Bond. The title of the movie is borrowed from the theme song "Oh My Darling, Clementine", sung in parts over the opening and closing credits. The screenplay is based on the fictionalized biography Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal by Stuart Lake, as were two earlier movies, both named Frontier Marshal (released in 1934 and 1939, respectively). My Darling Clementine is regarded by many film critics as one of the best Westerns ever made. In 1991, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry; it was among the first 75 films entered into the registry. == Plot == In 1882 (a year after the actual gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881), Wyatt, Morgan, Virgil, and James Earp are driving cattle to California when they encounter Old Man Clanton and his sons. Clanton offers to buy their herd, but they curtly refuse to sell. When the Earps learn about the nearby boom town of Tombstone, the older brothers ride in, leaving the youngest, James, as watchman. The threesome soon learns that Tombstone is a lawless town without a marshal. Wyatt proves the only man in the town willing to face a drunken Indian shooting at the townspeople. When the brothers return to their camp, they find their cattle rustled and James murdered. Wyatt returns to Tombstone. Seeking to avenge James's murder, he takes the open position of town marshal and encounters the hot-tempered Doc Holliday and scurrilous Clanton gang several times. During this time, Clementine Carter, Doc's former love interest from his hometown of Boston, arrives after a long search for her beau. She is given a room at the same hotel where both Wyatt and Doc Holliday reside. Chihuahua, a hot-tempered Latina love interest of Doc's, sings in the local saloon. She runs afoul of Wyatt trying to tip a professional gambler off to his poker hand, resulting in Wyatt dunking her in a horse trough. Doc, who is suffering badly from tuberculosis and fled from Clementine previously, is unhappy with her arrival; he tells her to return to Boston or he will leave Tombstone. Clementine stays, so Doc leaves for Tucson. Wyatt, who has been taken by Clementine since her arrival, begins to awkwardly court her. Angry over Doc's hasty flight Chihuahua starts an argument with Clementine. Wyatt walks in on their spat and breaks it up. He notices Chihuahua is wearing a silver cross that had been taken from his brother James the night he'd been killed. She claims Doc gave it to her. Wyatt chases down Doc, with whom he has had a testy relationship. Doc forces a shoot-out, ending with Wyatt shooting a pistol out of Doc's hand. The two return to Tombstone, where after being questioned, Chihuahua reveals the silver cross was actually given to her by Billy Clanton. During the interrogation Billy shoots Chihuahua through a window and takes off on horseback, but is wounded by Wyatt. Wyatt directs his brother Virgil to pursue him. The chase leads to the Clanton homestead, where Billy dies of his wounds. Old Man Clanton then shoots Virgil in the back in cold blood. In town, a reluctant Doc is persuaded to operate on Chihuahua. Hope swells for her successful recovery. The Clantons then arrive, toss Virgil's body on the street and announce they will be waiting for the rest of the Earps at the O.K. Corral. Chihuahua dies and Doc decides to join the Earps, walking alongside Wyatt and Morgan to the corral at sunup. A gunfight ensues in which most of the Clantons are killed, as is Doc. Wyatt and Morgan resign as law enforcers. Morgan heads West in a horse and buggy. Wyatt bids Clementine farewell at the school house, wistfully promising that if he ever returns he will look her up. Mounting his horse, he muses aloud, "Ma'am, I sure like that name...Clementine," and rides off to join his brother. == Cast == ==Production== ===Development=== In 1931, Stuart Lake published the first biography two years after Earp's death. Lake retold the story in the 1946 book My Darling Clementine, for which Ford acquired the film rights. The two books have since been determined to be largely fictionalized stories about the Earp brothers and the gunfight at the O.K. Corral and their conflict with the outlaw Cowboys: Billy Clanton, Tom McLaury and his brother Frank McLaury. The gunfight was relatively unknown to the American public until Lake published the two books and after the movie was made. Director John Ford said that when he was a prop boy in the early days of silent pictures, Earp would visit pals he knew from his Tombstone days on the sets. "I used to give him a chair and a cup of coffee, and he told me about the fight at the O.K. Corral. So in My Darling Clementine, we did it exactly the way it had been." Ford did not want to make the movie, but his contract required him to make one more movie for 20th Century Fox. In their later years, Wyatt and Josephine Earp worked hard to eliminate any mention of Josephine's previous relationship with Johnny Behan or Wyatt's previous common law marriage to Matty Blaylock. They successfully kept Josephine's name out of Lake's biography of Wyatt and after he died, Josephine threatened to sue the movie producers to keep it that way. Lake corresponded with Josephine, and he claimed she attempted to influence what he wrote and hamper him in every way possible, including consulting lawyers. Josephine insisted she was striving to protect Wyatt Earp's legacy. After the movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (in which John Ireland portrayed another real-life figure of the time, Johnny Ringo) was released in 1957, the shootout came to be known by that name. ===Writing=== The final script of the movie varies considerably from historical fact to create additional dramatic conflict and character. Clementine Carter is not a historical person, and in this script appears to be an amalgam of Big Nose Kate and Josephine Earp. Unlike the movie characters, the Earps were never cowboys, drovers, or cattle owners. Important plot devices in the film and personal details about the main characters were all liberally adapted for the movie. Old Man Clanton actually died prior to the gunfight and probably never met any of the Earps. Doc was a dentist, not a surgeon, and survived the shootout. James Earp, who was portrayed as the youngest brother and the first to die in the story, actually was the eldest brother and lived until 1926. The key women in Wyatt's and Doc's lives—Wyatt's common law wife Josephine and Doc's common-law wife Big Nose Kate—were not present in Lake's original story and were kept out of the movie as well. The film gives the date of the gunfight as 1882 although it actually occurred in 1881. Upon leaving Tombstone, the itinerant actor, Granville Thorndyke (Alan Mowbray), bids farewell to the old soldier, "Dad" (Francis Ford, John Ford's elder brother), with lines from Joseph Addison's poem, "The Campaign": "Great Souls by Instinct to each other turn,/Demand Alliance ("allegiance" in the film), and in Friendship burn..." ===Filming=== Much of the film was shot in Monument Valley, a scenic desert region straddling the Arizona-Utah border used in other John Ford movies. It is 500 miles (800 km) away from the town of Tombstone in southern Arizona. After seeing a preview screening of the film, 20th Century Fox studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck felt Ford's original cut was too long and had some weak spots, so he had Lloyd Bacon shoot new footage and heavily edit the film. Zanuck had Bacon cut 30 minutes from the film. While Ford's original cut of the film has not survived, a "pre-release" cut dating from a few months after the preview screening was discovered in the UCLA film archives; this version preserves some additional footage as well as alternative scoring and editing. UCLA film preservationist Robert Gitt edited a version of the film that incorporates some of the earlier version. Perhaps the most significant change is the film's ending; in Ford's original version, Earp awkwardly shakes hands with Clementine Carter. In the version released in 1946, Earp kisses her on the cheek. == Critical reception == The film is generally regarded as one of the best Westerns made by John Ford and one of his best films overall. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8.80/10, based on 32 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Canny and coolly confident, My Darling Clementine is a definitive dramatization of the Wyatt Earp legend that shoots from the hip and hits its target in breezy style." At the time of its release, Bosley Crowther lauded the film and wrote, "The eminent director, John Ford, is a man who has a way with a Western like nobody in the picture trade. Seven years ago his classic Stagecoach snuggled very close to fine art in this genre. And now, by George, he's almost matched it with My Darling Clementine ... But even with standard Western fiction—and that's what the script has enjoined—Mr. Ford can evoke fine sensations and curiously-captivating moods. From the moment that Wyatt and his brothers are discovered on the wide and dusty range, trailing a herd of cattle to a far-off promised land, a tone of pictorial authority is struck—and it is held. Every scene, every shot is the product of a keen and sensitive eye—an eye which has deep comprehension of the beauty of rugged people and a rugged world." The Variety reviewer wrote, "Trademark of John Ford's direction is clearly stamped on the film with its shadowy lights, softly contrasted moods and measured pace, but a tendency is discernible towards stylization for the sake of stylization. At several points, the pic comes to a dead stop to let Ford go gunning for some arty effect." Director Sam Peckinpah considered My Darling Clementine his favorite Western, and paid homage to it in several of his Westerns, including Major Dundee (1965) and The Wild Bunch (1969). Similarly, director Hayao Miyazaki called it one of his ten favorite movies. Fifty years after its release, Roger Ebert reviewed the film and included it in his list of The Great Movies. He wrote it was "one of the sweetest and most good-hearted of all Westerns", unusual in making the romance between Earp and Clementine the heart of the film rather than the gunfight. In 2004, Matt Bailey summarized its significance: "If there is one film that deserves every word of praise ever uttered or written about it, it is John Ford's My Darling Clementine. Perhaps the greatest film in a career full of great films, arguably the finest achievement in a rich and magnificent genre, and undoubtedly the best version of one of America's most enduring myths, the film is an undeniable and genuine classic." In the British Film Institute's 2012 Sight & Sound polls, seven critics and five directors named it one of their 10 favorite films. In 2012, director Michael Mann named My Darling Clementine one of his ten favorite films, stating it was "possibly the finest drama in the western genre" and "achieves near-perfection" in its cinematography and editing. It was also President Harry Truman's favorite film. The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited My Darling Clementine as one of his 100 favorite films. == References == == External links == * * * * * My Darling Clementine: The Great Beyond an essay by David Jenkins at the Criterion Collection Category:1946 films Category:1946 Western (genre) films Category:20th Century Fox films Category:American Western (genre) films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Cultural depictions of Doc Holliday Category:Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Category:Films about brothers Category:Films about tuberculosis Category:Films based on biographies Category:Films directed by John Ford Category:Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge Category:Films set in 1882 Category:Films set in Tombstone, Arizona Category:Films shot in Utah Category:Films shot in Arizona Category:United States National Film Registry films Category:1940s English-language films Category:1940s American films Category:Films shot in Monument Valley

Life and Fate () is a novel by Vasily Grossman. Written in the Soviet Union in 1959, it narrates the history of the family of a Soviet physicist, Viktor Shtrum, during the Great Patriotic War, which is depicted as the struggle between two comparable totalitarian states. A multi-faceted novel, one of its main themes is the tragedy of the common people, who have to fight both the invaders and the totalitarianism of their own state. In 2021, the critic and editor Robert Gottlieb, writing in The New York Times, referred to Life and Fate as "the most impressive novel written since World War II." Vasily Grossman, a Ukrainian Jew, was rejected for military service in 1941 and became a correspondent for the Soviet military paper Krasnaya Zvezda. He spent approximately 1,000 days on the front lines, roughly three of the four years of the conflict between the Germans and Soviets. He was one of the first journalists to write about the genocide of people in Eastern Europe and was present at many famous battles. Life and Fate was his defining achievement, its writing in part motivated by guilt over the death of his mother in the Berdychiv massacre at Berdychiv (UkSSR) in September 1941.Chandler, Robert. Introduction to Life and Fate. page xi. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics. Life and Fate is technically the second half of the author's conceived two-part book under the same title, with the first half published in 1952 under the title For A Just Cause. Although the first half, written during the rule of Joseph Stalin, expresses loyalty to the regime, Life and Fate shows the political disillusion of the protagonist and sharply criticises Stalinism. For that reason, the manuscript was censored in the Soviet Union at the time. Smuggled out of the country, it was first published in the 1980s in the West, and then on Russian soil under glasnost, nearly two decades after Grossman's death. == Plot summary == Life and Fate is a sprawling account of life on the Eastern Front, with countless plotlines taking place simultaneously all across Russia and Eastern Europe. Although each story has a linear progression, the events are not necessarily presented in chronological order. Grossman will, for example, introduce a character, then ignore that character for hundreds of pages, and then return to recount events that took place the very next day. It is difficult to summarize the novel, but the plot can be boiled down to three basic plotlines: the Shtrum/Shaposhnikov family, the siege of Stalingrad, and life in the camps of Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. Although Life and Fate is divided into three parts, each of these plotlines is featured in each section. Viktor Shtrum is a brilliant physicist who, with his wife, Lyudmila, and daughter, Nadya, has been evacuated from Moscow to Kazan. He is experiencing great difficulty with his work, as well as with his family. He receives a letter from his mother from inside a Jewish ghetto informing him that she is soon to be killed by the Germans. Lyudmila, meanwhile, goes to visit her son from her first marriage, Tolya, in an army hospital, but he dies before her arrival. When she returns to Kazan, she is extremely detached and seems still to be expecting Tolya's return. Viktor finds himself engaging in anti-Soviet conversations at the home of his colleague, Sokolov, partly to impress Sokolov's wife, Marya (Lyudmila's only friend). He consistently compares political situations to physics, and remarks that fascism and Stalinism are not so different. He later regrets these discussions out of fear that he will be denounced, an indecision that plagues his decision-making throughout the novel. Suddenly, Viktor makes a huge mathematical breakthrough, solving the issues that had hindered his experiments. Viktor's colleagues are slow to respond, but eventually come to accept the genius of his discovery. After moving back to Moscow, however, the higher-ups begin to criticize his discoveries as being anti-Leninist and attacking his Jewish identity. Viktor, however, refuses to publicly repent and is forced to resign. He fears that he will be arrested, but then receives a call from Stalin himself (presumably because Stalin had sensed the military importance of nuclear research) that completely, and immediately reverses his fortune. Later, he signs a letter denouncing two innocent men and is subsequently racked by guilt. The last details about Viktor regard his unconsummated affair with Marya. The events recounted at Stalingrad center on Yevghenia Shaposhnikova (Lyudmila's sister), Krymov (her former husband), and Novikov (her lover). After reconnecting with Novikov, Yevghenia evacuates to Kuibyshev. Novikov, the commander of a Soviet tank corps, meets General Nyeudobnov and Political Commissar Getmanov, both of whom are Party hacks. Together they begin planning the counter-assault on Stalingrad. Novikov delays the start of the assault for fear of unnecessarily sacrificing his men. Getmanov later denounces Novikov and he is summoned for trial, even though the tank attack was a complete success. Meanwhile, Krymov, a Political Commissar, is sent to investigate House 6/1, where a tiny group of soldiers have held back the Germans for weeks, even though they are completely surrounded and cut off from all supplies. Grekov, the commanding officer, refuses to send reports to HQ, and is disdainful of Krymov's rhetoric. He later wounds Krymov in his sleep, causing him to be evacuated from the house. Soon after, House 6/1 is completely leveled by German bombs. Krymov, a staunch Communist, is then accused of being a traitor (this was standard for Russian soldiers who had been trapped behind enemy lines ) and is sent to Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, where he is beaten and forced to confess. Yevghenia decides not to marry Novikov and goes to Moscow to try and visit Krymov. He receives a package from her and realizes that he still loves her but may never be released from prison. The sections that take place in the camps have few recurring characters, with the exception of Mostovskoy, an old Bolshevik who takes part in a plot to rebel against the Germans, but is dismayed by the prevailing lack of faith in communism. His interrogator, Liss, asserts that fascism and communism are two sides of the same coin, which upsets Mostovskoy greatly. He is later killed by the Germans for his part in the uprising. In one scene, Sturmbannführer Liss tells Mostovskoy that both Stalin and Hitler are the leaders of qualitatively new formation: "When we look at each other's faces, we see not only a hated face; we see the mirror reflection. ... Don't you recognize yourself, your [strong] will in us?" Grossman also focuses on Sofya Levinton, a Jewish woman on her way to a Nazi concentration camp. The final chapter introduces a set of characters who remain anonymous: an elderly widow observing her tenants, a wounded army officer recently discharged from hospital, his wife and their young daughter.In his Introduction to his translation of Life and Fate (page xxi), Robert Chandler identifies the anonymous couple in the final chapter as the relatively minor character Major (now Lt. Col.) Byerozkin and his wife. It is implied, however, that the officer returning to his family is Major Byerozkin, a recurring character from Stalingrad who is shown to be a kind man struggling to retain his humanity. Grossman describes the type of Communist Party functionaries, who blindly follow the Party line and constitute the base for the oppressive regime. One such political worker (политработник), Sagaidak, maintained that entire families and villages intentionally starved themselves to death during the collectivisation in the USSR. == Main characters == ;Viktor Pavlovich Shtrum: :Viktor Shtrum is the primary figure in Grossman's novel, largely based on the author himself. Although there are a multitude of characters in Life and Fate, much of the novel's plot revolves around Shtrum and his family. Shtrum is married to Lyudmila. He works as a nuclear physicist and is a member of the Academy of Sciences. A crucial aspect of Shtrum's character is his academic work. He is constantly thinking about his exploration of nuclear physics. This obsession with his work is obvious from the very start of the novel through the thoughts of Lyudmila, from whom he has drawn apart. Before the war, Shtrum's family had been living in Moscow, but the city's evacuation caused them to move into Kazan. Throughout the novel, Shtrum hints at his ambivalent feelings toward the state, becoming increasingly disillusioned with Stalin's regime. He is at times an unsympathetic man – self-absorbed, irritable, difficult to live with – yet he is also deeply human, struggling to remain true to himself while navigating the innumerable moral quandaries of life in Soviet society. The war also forces Shtrum to come to terms with his Jewish heritage, largely through the traumatic loss of his mother, who was murdered by the Nazis in Ukraine. Viktor learns this through her last letter to him; Grossman has her suffer the same fate as his own mother, who was killed in similar circumstances. This passage is both one of the most iconic and the most devastating in the novel. As the story goes on, Viktor also becomes increasingly aware of the latent anti-Semitism of the world in which he lives. ;Lyudmila ('Lyuda') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova: :Lyudmila is married to Viktor Shtrum and has a daughter with him named Nadya. This is her second marriage. She was originally married to Abarchuk, who has been sent to a Soviet labor camp. In the beginning of the novel, it is clear that Lyudmila and Viktor have drifted apart. Although their estrangement is not expressed openly by either character, it is evident through Lyudmila's discussion of her eldest son, Tolya, whom she had with Abarchuk. Lyudmila discusses how Viktor and his mother, Anna Semyonovna, always showed a preference to Nadya and ignored Tolya. Lyudmila describes this best when she says “Nadya, Nadya, Nadya...Nadya's got Viktor's eyes...Nadya's absent-minded, Nadya's quick- witted, Nadya's very thoughtful.” Lyudmila's separation and apathy towards Viktor and Nadya grow greater after the death of Tolya. This plot thread is one of the first to occur in the novel, and Grossman plunges us into Lyuda's consciousness as she struggles to come to terms with the untimely loss of her son. For a long time afterward, she talks to Tolya constantly, sometimes out loud, a habit which Viktor finds hard to cope with. ;Yevgenia ('Zhenya') Nikolaevna Shaposhnikova: :Yevgenia is Lyudmila's younger sister. She was originally married to Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov, but when the reader is introduced to her in the novel, she is in a relationship with Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov. After moving to Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives with an old German woman named Jenny Genrikovna, who had once worked as the Shaposhnikov family's governess. Yevgenia had a good relationship with Jenny, but after the old woman is deported, along with other Germans living in Kuibyshev, Yevgenia lives alone. Although she is a beautiful, charming, and highly intelligent woman, Yevgenia has much trouble acquiring a residence permit or a ration card. After many run-ins with Grishin, the head of the passport department, she is finally able to get these documents using societal connections. She receives aid in acquiring official documentation from Limonov, a man of letters, and Lieutenant Colonel Rizin, her boss at the design office – both of whom are romantically interested in her. As the novel goes on, Zhenya shows herself to be both a strong and profoundly sympathetic character. ;Alexandra Vladimirovna :Alexandra is mother of Lyudmila and Yevgenia. ;Dementiy Trifonovich Getmanov : :Getmanov is the secretary of an obkom and is appointed commissar to Novikov's tank corps. He is described as having large and distinct features: “his shaggy, graying head, his broad forehead, and his fleshy nose.” Getmanov is married to Galina Terentyevna. He has two daughters and a young son. His family lives in Ufa, where his comrades take care of them when Getmanov is away. Getmanov comes off as a strong supporter of the Party. His prime objective in life is to move up in the Party's hierarchy, regardless of the cost to others. Thus, he is very cautious about what he says and what those who are associated with him say, because he does not want to offend the Party or Stalin in any way. This is obvious when he is discussing politics with his friends before leaving for the front. When one man discusses how his young son once abused a picture of Stalin, Getmanov is overly critical and says that this behavior, even from a youngster, should not be tolerated. Getmanov is also quite arrogant. He feels insulted at being appointed the commissar to only a tank corps. It may be possible to see Getmanov as a portrait of Khrushchev, who had been chief political officer during the battle for Stalingrad. ;Abarchuk: :Abarchuk is Lyudmila's first husband. He was arrested in 1937 and sent to the gulag. Abarchuk is a strong supporter of the Party. He feels as though he has been wrongly imprisoned, yet does not fault the Party for its actions. He believes that such erroneous arrests are justifiable in the large scheme of party stability. Abarchuk works with tools and materials in the camp. He works with a criminal named Barkhatov, who blackmails many people and even kills one of Abarchuk's friends, Abrasha Rubin. Abarchuk's actions are shaped by his need of approval by the Party. He refuses to even allow Tolya to take his surname, for Abarchuk believes that this might hurt his standing and party image. He insists on doing what he sees as his duty to the state by denouncing Barkhatov, even though this will likely cost him his life. ;Pyotr Lavrentyevich Sokolov: :Sokolov is a mathematician in Viktor's laboratory. In the beginning of the novel, Sokolov and Viktor are good friends. They love talking about their academic work and often get together at Sokolov's home to discuss life and politics. In general, however, Sokolov is more cautious than Viktor; it is only at the end of the novel that he finally dares to risk his social position for the sake of his convictions. It is implied, too, that he resents Victor's scientific breakthrough slightly. Furthermore, as the novel progresses, it is evident that Viktor and Marya Ivanovna, Sokolov's wife, have feelings for each other. As Sokolov becomes aware of this, his relationship with Viktor cools somewhat. ;Mikhail Sidorovich Mostovskoy: :Mostovskoy is an Old Bolshevik in a German concentration camp. He is the first major character that the reader is introduced to and he appears in the very beginning of the novel. Mostovskoy was involved in the revolution of 1917 and had strong ties to the Communist Party, having worked side by side with Lenin. Although the living conditions in the camp are unspeakable, Mostovskoy is reasonable and optimistic. He says that the great mixture of prisoners in the camps, all from different ethnic, political and religious backgrounds, leads to an interesting environment. He can use his knowledge of foreign languages in the camp and he can attempt to understand new perspectives. Those inside the camp, including Mostovskoy, are extremely interested in what is going on in the war. Grossman uses Mostovskoy's character to reveal the philosophical tension that pervaded Europe during World War II. Mostovskoy is constantly involved in philosophical arguments with fellow prisoners such as Major Yershov and Ikonnikov, a former Tolstoyan. He is eventually singled out by the German officer Liss for a strange series of one-on-one conversations, during which Liss holds forth regarding what he sees as the essential similarities between Stalinism and Nazism. Mostovskoy is disturbed, but remains defiant, choosing to go to his death in a doomed prisoners' rebellion. ;Sofya Osipovna Levinton: :When the reader first meets Levinton, she is in a train on the way to a German death camp. We later find out that she is an army doctor and an old friend of Yevgenia's. On the train, Levinton meets a six-year-old boy named David. Sent to spend the summer with his grandmother, he was left cut off from his mother in Moscow after the rapid German advance through Ukraine. Levinton realizes that David's grandmother died soon after all the Jews were herded into the ghetto and that he has no relatives with him in the transport. Over the course of the novel, Levinton grows to love David as a son. When, at the camp, the Germans offer to spare certain prisoners of value (such as doctors), she does not save herself; but rather, she stays with David and heads with him to the gas chamber to die. This sequence of events in Life and Fate is especially powerful. It demonstrates how human compassion can rise above the atrocities that defined World War II. ;Captain Grekov: :Grekov is the 'house-manager' in House 6/1 – a Soviet stronghold surrounded by German troops. Grekov's superlative bravery, skill, and devotion to the fight are portrayed in an idealized manner. The men in House 6/1 look on Katya, the young radio operator posted to the building, in the disturbingly predatory way shown in the novel to be prevalent in both armies. Yet Grekov, assumed by all to have a kind of leader’s right to sexually possess the young woman, behaves honourably, sending her out of the building unharmed before the final German assault that will kill them all. A kind of gruff chivalry is added to his other virtues. As a courageous and resourceful soldier, he inspires total devotion in his men, to the alarm of Krymov, who sees this as subversive. Tension forms between Krymov and Grekov as the novel progresses, because Grekov desires to act independently, and is deeply suspicious of the repressive state bureaucracy that Krymov represents. Although Krymov admires Grekov up to a point, and is eager to come to an understanding with him – albeit on the state's terms – it is heavily implied that the house manager ends up wounding him in order to have him evacuated. ;Nikolay Grigorevich Krymov: :Krymov is Yevgenia's former husband. He is the commissar posted to House 6/1. Krymov seems to be a "good communist", with a history of near-fanatical ideological commitment to the Party. Indeed, his perceived callousness in this regard caused Yevgenia to leave him. However, he grows progressively more disillusioned as the novel goes on. Furthermore, he worked alongside Mostovskoy in the earliest days of the Bolshevik Party, placing him in a compromising position due to his association with various now-discredited figures. Thus, he must watch everything that he does and says. Eventually, a careless comment on the part of Novikov provides the impetus for Krymov's arrest and incarceration, whereupon every politically sensitive detail of his past is turned against him. Despite extensive torture, Krymov consistently refuses to confess to a fabricated series of treasonous acts. Although Yevgenia believes herself to be over Krymov, she constantly thinks about him, and ends up going back to him despite his arrest. ;Colonel Pyotr Pavlovich Novikov: :Novikov, Yevgenia's lover, is the commanding officer of a tank corps. As such, he participates in the vital pincer movement which ultimately secures Russia's victory at Stalingrad. At the front, Novikov works with Getmanov, to whom he rashly lets slip a compromising detail about Krymov's past which Yevgenia had confided in him. Getmanov seizes upon this and reports Krymov, with devastating consequences. Until this point, the young man had hoped to marry Yevgenia, with whom he is infatuated, although the two don't appear to have very much in common. While he believes that he is getting closer to her, the reader realizes that Yevgenia is slowly drifting away from him in favour of Krymov. == Historical context == Most of the events of Life and Fate take place in the Soviet Union during the late autumn and winter of 1942-43. It was the time of Operation Blue and Operation Fischreiher, the continuation into a second year of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union that had started with Operation Barbarossa; it was the time of the Battle of Stalingrad. But, just as much as it takes place as a part of the Second World War, it takes place as part of the history of Stalinist Russia. Hitler and Stalin had previously signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which, on the face of it, seemed to be advantageous to both. However, on 22 June 1941, Hitler unilaterally terminated the pact by invading the Soviet Union. There has been much speculation on the Soviet response. But, whatever the reason for this response, they were not ready for what took place; the army had been seriously weakened by Stalin's purges of the army of the late 1930s, and the intelligence that was getting through to Stalin was filtered by their fear of having to tell Stalin things that he did not want to hear. So, though they had increased military spending, they did not yet have an army that could benefit from this. This was compounded by the change in command structure that Stalin initiated in the wake of the 1937 purges and maintained for large periods up to 1942. Political commissars operated alongside military commanders. The book begins when Germany lays siege to the city, trying to conquer it. Throughout the book there are references to the decaying city and the damage from aerial bombardments and artillery based around the city. There are also occasions in the Russian novel in which the German blockade is quite noticeable. The characters suffer from starvation and thirst. The book ends with the surrender of German field- marshal Friedrich Paulus' 6th Army remnants and the return of civilians to the city. The novel's characters are a combination of fictional and historical figures. The historical figures include Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. Many of the characters are more loosely based on a historical figure, or a representative Russian. The main character, Viktor Shtrum, is a “self portrait” of Grossman himself, though Shtrum also had a real-life prototype - the Soviet nuclear physicist Lev Yakovlevich Shtrum (1890-1936), who was a family friend of Grossmans in Kyiv. One of the most promising Soviet physicists of his time, Lev Shtrum was arrested and executed during Stalin's Great Purge. Vasily Grossman took an enormous risk and immortalized his friend, first in the novel "Stalingrad", which was first published under the title "For a Just Cause" in 1952, i.e. still in Stalin's lifetime, and then - in the novel "Life and Fate".Alexandra Popoff, Tatiana Dettmer: Vasily Grossman and the Plight of Soviet Jewish Scientists. The Tragic Tale of the Physicist Lev Shtrum https://lithub.com/vasily-grossman-and-the-plight-of- soviet-jewish-scientists/ In Life and Fate there are different times when the Nazi concentration camps are mentioned. A long section of Life and Fate is about a German prison camp, where many characters are on their way to the gas chamber to be gassed; then follows a dialogue of ranked Nazi officers inside a new gas chamber who toast its opening. The characters shipped off to Germany had been caught leaving one of the countries under Nazi rule. Grossman's inclusion is historically accurate, since there are records of many Russians in Nazi labor and death camps. Grossman also includes another German concentration camp where one of his main arguments takes place concerning communism and fascism. Grossman devotes large sections of the book to the prisoners held at Soviet and German labor and concentration camps, which is necessary for a holistic understanding of the time and events. == History of the manuscript == Begun by Grossman while Stalin was still alive, Life and Fate was his sequel to For a Just Cause. It was written in the 1950s and submitted for possible publication to Znamya magazine around October 1960. Very quickly after it was submitted, the KGB raided his apartment;Chandler, Robert. Introduction to Life and Fate, page xv. 1985. New York, New York Review of Books Classics. the manuscripts, carbon copies and notebooks, as well as the typists' copies and even the typewriter ribbons were seized. The KGB did not know that he had left two copies of the manuscript with friends, one with the prominent poet Semyon Lipkin, a friend, and the other (Grossman's original manuscript) with Lyolya Klestova, often erroneously identified as Lyolya Dominikina, a friend from his university days. On 23 July 1962, the Politburo ideology chief Mikhail Suslov told the author that, if published, his book could inflict even greater harm to the Soviet Union than Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, speculating that it could begin a public discussion on the need for the Soviet Union. Suslov has been said to have told Grossman that his novel could not be published for two hundred years; however more recent research amongst the documents of both Grossman and Suslov, in writing about this meeting, provide no evidence for this; they doubt that Suslov actually said this. Suslov's comment reveals both the presumption of the censor and recognition of the work's lasting significance. Grossman tried to appeal against this verdict to Khrushchev personally, unaware of Khrushchev's personal antagonism towards Grossman, and misunderstanding the climate of the time. > "I ask you to return freedom for my book, I ask that my book be discussed > with editors, not the agents of the KGB. What is the point of me being > physically free when the book I dedicated my life to is arrested... I am not > renouncing it... I am requesting freedom for my book." In 1974, Lipkin got one of the surviving copies to put onto microfilm and smuggled it out of the country with the help of satirical writer Vladimir Voinovich and nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov. Grossman died in 1964, never having seen his book published, which did not happen in the West until 1980 at the publishing house L'Age d'homme, thanks to the efforts of Shimon Markish, professor of the University of Geneva and Efim Etkind (then in Paris) who achieved the meticulous work of reading from the microfilm. As the policy of glasnost was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, the novel was finally published on Russian soil in 1988 in the Oktyabr magazine and as a book. Some critics have compared Grossman's war novels, and specifically Life and Fate, with Leo Tolstoy's monumental work War and Peace. He had written to his daughter that War and Peace had been the only book he had been able to read during Stalingrad, but while there are similarities, it is recognized that, because Grossman actually witnessed the events of Stalingrad, there are many differences. Robert Chandler, who translated Life and Fate into English, while noting the comparison with Tolstoy, says that there is something Chekhovian about his writing. In Linda Grant's introduction to the 2011 Random House edition of the book, Grant says that Grossman never had the chance to edit his book; what Robert Chandler had to work with was a work that was "a copy from an imperfect microfilm of an imperfect book". == Major themes == ===Jewish identity and the Holocaust=== Viktor Shtrum is in part a reflection of Grossman's own character. There are many overlaps between Shtrum's life and Grossman's life, such as their mothers' deaths in the Holocaust; both seem to find a place in their Jewish identity that was not present before the war. Grossman was one of the first to write about the Holocaust in 1944, seeing first hand that Eastern Europe was empty of Jews; Jewish acquaintances he came to check up on were in mass graves, their houses empty. His article on the camp Treblinka was even used as evidence at the Nuremberg Trials. Raised as a secular Jew, it becomes clear that Shtrum discovers part of his identity through the suffering he encounters. ===Grossman's idea of humanity and human goodness=== In Ch. 15 of Part II, Grossman uses Ikonnikov's letter to provide his own perspective on humanity. He first asks whether a good common to all man exists, and then proceeds to describe how the ideal of good has changed for different races and religions. Grossman criticizes Christianity especially, deeming its attempt to create universal good through peace and love responsible for many of the world's most horrific events. “This doctrine caused more suffering than all of the crimes of people who did evil for its own sake,” he writes (406). Grossman then inquires as to the very nature of life—is it that life itself is evil? And although he provides multiple examples of such evil, Grossman does believe that life itself has some good in it: “Yes, as well as this terrible Good... there is everyday human kindness” (407). But it's not so simple, for “after despairing of finding Good either in God or in Nature, I began to despair even of kindness... Human history is not the battle of good struggling to overcome evil. It is a battle fought by a great evil struggling to crush a kernel of human kindness. But if what is human in human beings has not been destroyed even now, then evil will never conquer.” (410). Here, Grossman offers an alternative to despair: the idea that, despite such great evil, humanity and good will be the ultimate victors. Simple, often unnoticed, human kindness forms the basis for Grossman's theory, which is to say that despite great evil, small acts of charity reflect the idea that good is both alive and unconquerable no matter what. No matter how great the evil may be, this basic “kernel” of good is a key part of human nature and can never be crushed. Despite his acknowledgement of the world's great evil, Grossman believes humanity to be fundamentally good. If mankind is stripped down to its very core, all that will remain is this invincible kernel; therefore, it is this kernel (and perhaps this kernel alone) that is responsible for the basic goodness of humanity. ===Stalin's distortion of reality and values=== This worldview is reflected in Ch. 40 of Part I, when Grossman describes Abarchuk and his love for Stalinism. “He [Abarchuk] had repeated, 'You don't get arrested for nothing,' believing that only a tiny minority, himself among them, had been arrested by mistake. As for everyone else—they had deserved their sentences. The sword of justice was chastising the enemies of the Revolution. He had seen servility, treachery, submissiveness, cruelty... And he had referred to all this as 'the birthmarks of capitalism,' believing that these marks were borne by people of the past... His faith was unshakeable, his devotion to the Party infinite” (179). Abarchuk is incapable of understanding the reality of his situation: that he has been wrongly imprisoned and will suffer in spite of his innocence, as has happened to so many others. Abarchuk is so completely immersed in the aura of the Party and so dedicated to the Stalinist religion that he cannot see the ethical violations occurring all around him. He is a reflection of the “religious frenzy” of Stalinism; the prisoner simply refuses to comprehend his situation and instead chooses to focus on his faith and devotion to the Party (Buruma). Therefore, Abarchuk and his mentality are, at this point in the book, Grossman's representations of the archetypical Party member and the dream- world in which he lives. Despite being presented with an excellent cause to abandon the Party, Abarchuk maintains his faith. ===Life goes on=== At the end of Life and Fate, Vasily Grossman presents the reader with the broadest concept of his novel: the idea that despite war, genocide, suffering beyond the realm of imagination, and utter destruction, life goes on. This idea is depicted in the last few lines of the book, as Grossman writes, “Somehow you could sense spring more vividly in this cool forest than on the sunlit plain. And there was a deeper sadness in this silence than in the silence of autumn. In it you could hear both a lament for the dead and the furious joy of life itself. It was still cold and dark, but soon the doors and shutters would be flung open. Soon the house would be filled with the tears and laughter of children, with the hurried steps of a loved woman and the measured gait of the master of the house. They stood there, holding their bags, in silence.” (871). All through Life and Fate, Grossman has painted gritty pictures of war, death, and suffering. He has shown us the loss of hope, destruction, and total fatigue. Indeed, the author references these scenes as he describes the sadness in the silence of the forest—the “lament for the dead”—and the “still cold and dark” house (871). Grossman, however, does not conclude the book with these thoughts. He turns instead to the future, and future hope. The author describes a family scene, with a husband, wife, and children, in addition to the flinging open of doors and shutters—an act symbolic of moving on and reclaiming one's life. Therefore, Grossman wants the reader to come away from reading Life and Fate with an appreciation for the darkness of World War II, but also an understanding of the cyclical nature of life. We may suffer, but, in the end, life always goes on; happiness and peace return eventually. ===Science=== As a Soviet physicist, the main character of the novel, Viktor Shtrum, offers an irregular view of the Soviet system. Science, in the novel, plays the role of a calming constant, the last remnant of rationality in a world of chaos. Despite Stalin's alterations and manipulations of societal and human truths, he cannot deny the plausibility of physics. For this reason, Viktor is affected by both the disrupted world of his personal life and the soothing world of mathematics. He finds that his two lives begin to split as he becomes more and more pressured from both sides. As his anxiety over his dysfunctional formula eats away at him, he realizes that he can no longer discuss such things openly with his wife. And vice versa: as his friendship with his partner, Sokolov, is threatened by Viktor's anti-Party feelings and temper, his work also suffers. In Chapter 17 of Part One, Viktor discourses on the new strides made in physics during the forties and fifties. He remarks that the stability of science previously falsely represented the universe. Instead, he wonders at the newfound bending, stretching, and flattening of space. “The world was no longer Euclidean, its geometrical nature no longer composed of masses and their speeds.” (Grossman 79) While this discovered chaos may at first seem to contradict the sanctity of reason, it actually strengthens it. With this realization, Viktor learns that the political and social chaos Russia is undergoing in fact fits right in with the fundamental laws of the universe. This is why science was such a key field under the Soviet regimes. Under Stalin, free thought was oppressed and discouraged. Therefore, Viktor's work as a physicist was increasingly difficult under the watchful eye of Stalin. During much of the novel, Viktor finds himself at a loss for the solution to a problem concerning an atomic phenomenon. The point at which he finally figures it out, however, is a point when he has just thoroughly slandered Stalinism and Soviet society. This goes to show that Grossman believed that true freedom of thought was entirely impossible in anyone who accepted Stalin as their leader. ===Reality of war=== Grossman, in many chapters involving Seryozha Shaposhnikov and Novikov, portrays the stark difference between life on the battlefield and in the cities. In chapter 60 of part one, Seryozha is introduced among the war-hardened soldiers of the surrounded House 6/1. Here, Grossman offers an interpretation of war that compares it to an all-engrossing haze. “When a man is plunged up to his neck into the cauldron of war, he is quite unable to look at his life and understand anything.” (Grossman 255) This statement sets up the book to be looked at from two different perspectives: those whose lives are entirely immersed in war, and those who either straddle or are more distanced from it. In his writing, Grossman gives a very distinct feeling to war scenes that is absent from chapters devoted to city life and totalitarian rule. Battles are imbued with an intense feeling of isolation, from government, politics, and bureaucracy. Instead, they focus on the thoughts of the human, the individual who is participating. Thoughts of family, lovers, friends, and home become the centerpiece of these violent sections. In House 6/1, even in their vulnerable position, everyone becomes infatuated with the one woman present and 'gossip' reigns. By setting this up, the author seeks to separate the true meaning of the war from the ideologies that supposedly govern it. In addition, their feelings and emotions that are directed towards their relations become a flurry of unrelated thoughts, brought on by the chaos of war. In domestic settings, however, the focus becomes entirely on meaning behind the war, political ideologies, and largely abstractions. Aside from the direct personal relationships and casualties experienced, conversation in cities often concerns the war as an abstraction, not as an experience. In this way, there is a stark difference in perception inside and outside of Stalingrad. As Grossman paints it, war completely devours those involved, becoming in many ways an alternative reality irreconcilable with their former reality. There is an increased amount of freedom, lacking the constraints of Russian bureaucracy, but also an increased risk of death. It poses different daily questions to the individuals involved, asking them how they should spend and survive their day instead of asking if it's worth it to do so. == Radio adaptation == An English-language radio adaptation of the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 18 to 25 September 2011. Translated by Robert Chandler and dramatised by Jonathan Myerson and Mike Walker, the eight-hour dramatisation stars Kenneth Branagh, David Tennant, Janet Suzman, Greta Scacchi and Harriet Walter. ==Television adaptation== A television series, with twelve episodes, based on the book was broadcast on Russian television in 2012. It is also available on Amazon Prime in certain countries.Life and Fate, Amazon.co.uk ==See also== * Lieutenant prose * The Cursed and Killed * The Living and the Dead (trilogy) == Footnotes == == External links == * Life and Fate ( – first English translation edition, other editions ; ; ) * Noise, Fire, and Hunger By Josef Skvorecky Review at The New York Review of Books Volume 33, Number 12. July 17, 1986. * Review in the London Review of Books * Life and Fate By Vasily Grossman Translated by Robert Chandler review at The Jewish Reader. March, 2004. *Life and Fate (12 episode film series 2012) Category:1959 Russian novels Category:Soviet novels Category:Novels set during World War II Category:1959 in the Soviet Union Category:Novels about the Holocaust Category:Novels set in Russia Category:Novels adapted into radio programs Category:Epic novels Category:Book censorship in the Soviet Union Category:Censored books

The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington, United States.Official Guide Book, cover and passim.Guide to the Seattle Center Grounds Photograph Collection: April, 1963 , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Nearly 10 million people attended the fair during its six-month run.Joel Connelly, Century 21 introduced Seattle to its future , Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 16, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007. As planned, the exposition left behind a fairground and numerous public buildings and public works; some credit it with revitalizing Seattle's economic and cultural life (see History of Seattle since 1940).Regina Hackett, City's arts history began a new chapter in '62 , Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 29, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007. The fair saw the construction of the Space Needle and Alweg monorail, as well as several sports venues (Washington State Coliseum, now Climate Pledge Arena) and performing arts buildings (the Playhouse, now the Cornish Playhouse), most of which have since been replaced or heavily remodeled. Unlike some other world's fairs of its era, Century 21 made a profit. The site, slightly expanded since the fair, is now called Seattle Center; the United States Science Pavilion is now the Pacific Science Center. Another notable Seattle Center building, the Museum of Pop Culture (earlier called EMP Museum), was built nearly 40 years later and designed to fit in with the fairground atmosphere. ==Planning and funding== Seattle mayor Allan Pomeroy is credited with bringing the World's Fair to the city. He recruited community and business leaders, as well as running a petition campaign, in the early 1950s to convince the city council to approve an $8.5 million bond issue to build the opera house and sports center needed to attract the fair. Eventually the council approved a $7.5 million bond issue with the state of Washington matching that amount. ==Cold War and Space Race context== The fair was originally conceived at a Washington Athletic Club luncheon in 1955 to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, but it soon became clear that that date was too ambitious. With the Space Race underway and Boeing having "put Seattle on the map"Lesson Twenty-five: The Impact of the Cold War on Washington: The 1962 Seattle World's Fair , HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online October 18, 2007. as "an aerospace city", a major theme of the fair was to show that "the United States was not really 'behind' the Soviet Union in the realms of science and space". As a result, the themes of space, science, and the future completely trumped the earlier conception of a "Festival of the [American] West". In June 1960, the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) certified Century 21 as a world's fair. Project manager Ewen Dingwall went to Moscow to request Soviet participation, but was turned down. Neither the People's Republic of China, Vietnam nor North Korea were invited.Sharon Boswell and Lorraine McConaghy, A model for the future , The Seattle Times, September 22, 1996. Accessed online October 20, 2007. As it happened, the Cold War had an additional effect on the fair. President John F. Kennedy was supposed to attend the closing ceremony of the fair on October 21, 1962. He bowed out, pleading a "heavy cold"; it later became public that he was dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis.Greg Lange, President Kennedy's Cold War cold supersedes Seattle World's Fair closing ceremonies on October 21, 1962, HistoryLink.org Essay 967, March 15, 1999. Accessed online October 18, 2007. The fair's vision of the future displayed a technologically based optimism that did not anticipate any dramatic social change, one rooted in the 1950s rather than in the cultural tides that would emerge in the 1960s. Affluence, automation, consumerism, and American power would grow; social equity would simply take care of itself on a rising tide of abundance; the human race would master nature through technology rather than view it in terms of ecology. In contrast, 12 years later—even in far more conservative Spokane, Washington—Expo '74 took environmentalism as its central theme. The theme of Spokane's Expo '74 was "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment.".Lesson Twenty-six: Spokane's Expo '74: A World's Fair for the Environment , HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest], Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online April 9, 2011. ==Buildings and grounds== thumb|right|Aerial view of the fairgrounds in 1962 thumb|Map showing major features of the grounds Once the fair idea was conceived, several sites were considered. Among the sites considered within Seattle were Duwamish Head in West Seattle; Fort Lawton (now Discovery Park) in the Magnolia neighborhood; and First Hill—even closer to Downtown than the site finally selected, but far more densely developed. Two sites south of the city proper were considered—Midway, near Des Moines, and the Army Depot in Auburn—as was a site east of the city on the south shore of Lake Sammamish. thumb|left|1960 map of what became the grounds of the Century 21 Exposition The site finally selected for the Century 21 Exposition had originally been contemplated for a civic center. The idea of using it for the world's fair came later and brought in federal money for the United States Science Pavilion (now Pacific Science Center) and state money for the Washington State Coliseum (later Seattle Center Coliseum; renamed KeyArena in 1993 after the city sold naming rights to KeyCorp, the company doing business as KeyBank; renamed Climate Pledge Arena in 2021 after naming rights were sold to Amazon.com, Inc).Point 22: World of Tomorrow, "Century 21: Forward into the Past", "cybertour" of the exposition, HistoryLink.org. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Interview with Paul Thiry Conducted by Meredith Clausen at the Artist's home September 15 & 16, 1983 Smithsonian, Archives of American Art. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Summary for 305 Harrison ST / Parcel ID 1985200003 / Inv # CTR004 , Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Some of the land had been donated to the city by James Osborne in 1881 and by David and Louisa Denny in 1889.Campus Walking Tour / Narrative for Seattle Center , Seattle Center. Accessed online October 19, 2007. Two lots at Third Avenue N. and John Street were purchased from St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, who had been planning to build a new church building there; the church used the proceeds to purchase land in the Montlake neighborhood.Dorothea Mootafes, Theodora Dracopoulos Argue, Paul Plumis, Perry Scarlatos, Peggy Falangus Tramountanas, eds., A History of Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church and Her People, Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, 2007 (1996). p. 112. The Warren Avenue School, a public elementary school with several programs for physically handicapped students, was torn down, its programs dispersed, and provided most of the site of the Coliseum (now Climate Pledge Arena). Near the school, some of the city's oldest houses, apartments, and commercial buildings were torn down; they had been run down to the point of being known as the "Warren Avenue slum".Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement , prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 22. Accessed online July 24, 2008. The old Fire Station No. 4 was also sacrificed.Lentz and Sheridan, 2005, p. 23. As early as the 1909 Bogue plan, this part of Lower Queen Anne had been considered for a civic center. The Civic Auditorium (later the Opera House, now McCaw Hall), the ice arena (later Mercer Arena), and the Civic Field (rebuilt in 1946 as the High School Memorial Stadium),High-School-Memorial- Stadium , Seattle City Clerk's Thesaurus. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement , prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 18. Accessed online July 24, 2008. Source for the 1927 date. all built in 1927 had been placed there based on that plan, as was an armory (the Food Circus during the fair, later Center House). The fair planners also sought two other properties near the southwest corner of the grounds. They failed completely to make any inroads with the Seattle Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church, who had recently built Sacred Heart Church there; they did a bit better with the Freemasons' Nile Temple, which they were able to use for the duration of the fair and which then returned to its previous use. It served as the site of the Century 21 Club. This membership organization, formed especially for the fair, charged $250 for membership and offered lounge, dining room, and other club facilities, as well as a gate pass for the duration of the fair. The city ended up leasing the property after the fair and in 1977 bought it from the Masons. The building was eventually incorporated into a theater complex including the Seattle Children's Theatre. Paul Thiry was the fair's chief architect; he also designed the Coliseum building. Among the other architects of the fair, Seattle-born Minoru Yamasaki received one of his first major commissions to build the United States Science Pavilion. Yamasaki would later design New York's World Trade Center.Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair , HistoryLink.org essay 2290, April 18, 2000. Accessed online October 18, 2007.Walt Crowley, Yamasaki, Minoru (1912–1986), Seattle- born architect of New York's World Trade Center , HistoryLink.org Essay 5352, March 3, 2003. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Victor Steinbrueck and John Graham, Jr. designed the Space Needle. Hideki Shimizu and Kazuyuki Matsushita designed the original International Fountain. Despite the plan to build a permanent civic center, more than half the structures built for the fair were torn down more or less immediately after it ended. One attempt to conserve installations from Century 21 was the creation of a replica "welcoming pole," a number of which originally stood tall over the southern entrance to the fair. This replica stood outside the Washington State Capital Museum until 1990, when it was taken down. The grounds of the fair were divided into: *World of Science *World of Century 21 (also known as World of Tomorrow) *World of Commerce and Industry *World of Art *World of Entertainment *Show Street *Gayway *Boulevards of the World *Exhibit Fair *Food and Favors *Food Circus Source:Official Guide Book, Map, pp. 4–5. Besides the monorail, which survives , the fair also featured a Skyride that ran across the grounds from the Gayway to the International Mall. The bucket-like three-person cars were suspended from cables that rose as high as off the ground.Official Guide Book, p. 115. The Skyride was moved to the Puyallup Fairgrounds in 1980.Lisa Zigweid. Galaxy/Wild Mouse, Fun Forest, Seattle, WA , Defunct Coasters, Roller Coasters of the Pacific Northwest. Accessed online November 18, 2007. === World of Science === thumb|The Federal Science Pavilion, "a virtual cathedral of science". The World of Science centered on the United States Science Exhibit. It also included a NASA Exhibit that included models and mockups of various satellites, as well as the Project Mercury capsule that had carried Alan Shepard into space.Official Guide Book, pp. 8–24. These exhibits were the federal government's major contribution to the fair. The United States Science Exhibit began with Charles Eames' 10-minute short film The House of Science, followed by an exhibit on the development of science, ranging from mathematics and astronomy to atomic science and genetics. The Spacearium held up to 750 people at a time for a simulated voyage first through the Solar System and then through the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond. Further exhibits presented the scientific method and the "horizons of science". This last looked at "Science and the individual", "Control of man's physical surroundings", "Science and the problem of world population", and "Man's concept of his place in an increasingly technological world". ===World of Century 21=== The Washington State Coliseum, financed by the state of Washington, was one of Thiry's own architectural contributions to the fairgrounds. His original conception had been staging the entire fair under a single giant air-conditioned tent-like structure, "a city of its own", but there were neither the budgets nor the tight agreements on concept to realize that vision. In the end, he got exactly enough of a budget to design and build a building suitable to hold a variety of exhibition spaces and equally suitable for later conversion to a sports arena and convention facility. thumb|Pavilion of Electric Power During the festival, the building hosted several exhibits. Nearly half of its surface area was occupied by the state's own circular exhibit "Century 21—The Threshold and the Threat", also known as the "World of Tomorrow" exhibit, billed as a "21-minute tour of the future". The building also housed exhibits by France, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), General Motors (GM), the American Library Association (ALA), and RCA, as well as a Washington state tourist center.Official Guide Book, pp. 26–34. In "The Threshold and the Threat", visitors rode a "Bubbleator" into the "world of tomorrow". Music "from another world" and a shifting pattern of lights accompanied them on a 40-second upward journey to a starry space bathed in golden light. Then they were faced briefly with an image of a desperate family in a fallout shelter, which vanished and was replaced by a series of images reflecting the sweep of history, starting with the Acropolis and ending with an image of Marilyn Monroe. Next, visitors were beckoned into a cluster of cubes containing a model of a "city of the future" (which a few landmarks clearly indicated as Seattle) and its suburban and rural surroundings, seen first by day and later by night. The next cluster of cubes zoomed in on a vision of a high-tech, future home in a sylvan setting (and a commuter gyrocopter); a series of projections contrasted this "best of the future" to "the worst of the present" (over-uniform suburbs, a dreary urban housing project). thumb|GM's Firebird III The exhibit continued with a vision of future transportation (centered on a monorail and high-speed "air cars" on an electrically controlled highway). There was also an "office of the future", a climate-controlled "farm factory", an automated offshore kelp and plankton harvesting farm, a vision of the schools of the future with "electronic storehouses of knowledge", and a vision of the many recreations that technology would free humans to pursue. Finally, the tour ended with a symbolic sculptural tree and the reappearance of the family in the fallout shelter and the sound of a ticking clock, a brief silence, an extract from President Kennedy's Inaugural Address, followed by a further "symphony of music and color". Under the same roof, the ALA exhibited a "library of the future" (centered on a Univac computer). GM exhibited its vision for highways and vehicles of the future (the latter including the Firebird III). Pan Am exhibited a giant globe that emphasized the notion that we had come to be able to think of distances between major world cities in hours and minutes rather than in terms of chancy voyages over great distances. RCA (which produced "The Threshold and the Threat") exhibited television, radio, and stereo technology, as well as its involvement in space. The French government had an exhibit with its own take on technological progress. Finally, a Washington state tourist center provided information for fair-goers wishing to tour the state.Official Guide Book, pp. 35–40. ===World of Commerce and Industry=== The World of Commerce and Industry was divided into domestic and foreign areas. The former was sited mainly south of American Way (the continuation of Thomas Street through the grounds), an area it shared with the World of Science.Official Guide Book, p. 42. It included the Space Needle and what is now the Broad Street Green and Mural Amphitheater. The Hall of Industry and some smaller buildings were immediately north of American Way.Official Guide Book, Map p. 43. The latter included 15 governmental exhibitors and surrounded the World of Tomorrow and extended to the north edge of the fair.Official Guide Book, p. 42, Map p. 71. Among the features of Domestic Commerce and Industry, the massive Interiors, Fashion, and Commerce Building spread for —nearly the entire Broad Street side of the grounds—with exhibits ranging from 32 separate furniture companies to the Encyclopædia Britannica.Official Guide Book, pp. 45–68. Vogue produced four fashion shows daily alongside a perfumed pool. The Ford Motor Company, in its pavilion, presented a simulated space flight and its vision for the car of the future, the Ford Seattle-ite XXI. The Electric Power Pavilion included a -high fountain made to look like a hydroelectric dam, with the entrance to the pavilion through a tunnel in said "dam". The Forest Products Pavilion was surrounded by a grove of trees of various species, and included an all-wood theater and a Society of American Foresters exhibit. Standard Oil of California celebrated, among other things, the fact that the world's first service station opened in Seattle in 1907. The fair's Bell Telephone (now AT&T; Inc.) exhibit was featured in a short film called "Century 21 Calling...",The Internet Archive offers "Century 21 Calling..." online. Accessed October 19, 2007. which was later shown on Mystery Science Theater 3000.Mystery Science Theatre 3000, "Episode #906: Space Children". There were also several religious pavilions. Near the center of all this was Seattle artist Paul Horiuchi's massive mosaic mural, the region's largest work of art at the time, which now forms the backdrop of Seattle Center's Mural Amphitheater. thumb|DuPen Fountain and the Canada Building Foreign exhibits included a science and technology exhibit by Great Britain, while Mexico and Peru focused on handicrafts, and Japan and India attempted to show both of these sides of their national cultures. The Taiwan and South Korea pavilions showed their rapid industrialization to the world and the benefits of capitalism over communism during the time of cold war era. Other pavilions included one featuring Brazilian tea and coffee; a European Communities Pavilion from the then six countries of the European Economic Community; and a joint pavilion by those countries of Africa that had by then achieved independence. Sweden's exhibit included the story of the salvaging of a 17th- century man-of-war from Stockholm harbor, and San Marino's exhibit featured its postage stamps and pottery. Near the center of this was the DuPen Fountain featuring three sculptures by Seattle artist Everett DuPen.Official Guide Book, pp. 70–84. ===World of Art=== The Fine Arts Pavilion (later the Exhibition Hall) brought together an art exhibition unprecedented for the West Coast of the United States. Among the 50 contemporary American painters whose works shown were Josef Albers, Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Philip Guston, Jasper Johns, Joan Mitchell, Robert Motherwell, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Ben Shahn, and Frank Stella, as well as Northwest painters Kenneth Callahan, Morris Graves, Paul Horiuchi, and Mark Tobey. American sculptors included Leonard Baskin, Alexander Calder, Joseph Cornell, Louise Nevelson, Isamu Noguchi, and 19 others. The 50 international contemporary artists represented included the likes of painters Fritz Hundertwasser, Joan Miró, Antoni Tàpies, and Francis Bacon, and sculptors Henry Moore and Jean Arp. In addition, there were exhibitions of Mark Tobey's paintings and of Asian art, drawn from the collections of the Seattle Art Museum; and an additional exhibition of 72 "masterpieces" ranging from Titian, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens through Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet, and Turner to Klee, Braque, and Picasso, with no shortage of other comparably famous artists represented.Official Guide Book, pp. 88–95. A separate gallery presented Northwest Coast Indian art, and featured a series of large paintings by Bill Holm introducing Northwest Native motifs.Official Guide Book, p. 96. ===World of Entertainment=== A US$15 million performing-arts program at the fair ranged from a boxing championship to an international twirling competition but with no shortage of nationally and internationally famous performers, especially at the new Opera House and Playhouse.Official Guide Book, pp. 98–99. After the fair, the Playhouse became the Seattle Repertory Theatre; in the mid-1980s it became the Intiman Playhouse.Summary for 201 Mercer ST / Parcel ID 1988200440 / Inv # CTR008 , Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 19, 2007. When the Intiman Theatre became financially unstable, Cornish College of the Arts took over the lease from the city of Seattle, and now operates it as the Cornish Playhouse at Seattle Center. ====Opera House performances==== Scheduled groups performing at the Opera House included: Source:Official Guide Book, pp. 100–103. Date (all dates are 1962) Act April 21 Opening Night: Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by guest conductor Igor Stravinsky with Van Cliburn as a guest soloist April 22–25 The Ed Sullivan Show, live telecasts April 20 – May 5 Dunninger the Mentalist May 6 The Littlest Circus May 8–12 The San Francisco Ballet May 13 Science Fiction Panel including Ray Bradbury and Rod Serling May 15–16 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, with guest soloists Isaac Stern, Adele Addison, and Albert DaCosta May 17–19 Victor Borge May 22 Theodore Bikel May 24–25 The Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy May 29 – June 3 The Old Vic Company (Shakespeare performances) June 7, June 9, June 11 Seattle Symphony production of Verdi's Aida, featuring Gloria Davy, Sandor Konya, Irene Dalis, Robert Merrill, and Jan Rubeš June 10 Josh White June 17 Norwegian Chorus and Dancers June 18–19 Ukrainian State Dance Company (U.S. premiere) June 22–23 International Gospel Quartets July 8 SPEBSQSA Barbershop Quartet Song Fest July 9–14 Bayanihan Dancers of the Philippines July 24 – August 4 New York City Ballet Company August 27 – September 2 Ballet Folklorico de Mexico September 10 CBC Vancouver Chamber Orchestra September 18–23 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (Gilbert and Sullivan operettas) September 25–30 Rapsodia Romîna: Romanian National Folk Ensemble and Barbu Lăutaru Orchestra of Bucharest (U.S. premiere) October 2–7 Uday Shankar Dancers October 8–13 Foo-Hsing Theater (Republic of China), youth Chinese opera October 14 U.S. Marine Corps Band October 16–17 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, world premiere of new work by Gerald Kechley ====Other performances==== Events and performances at the Playhouse included Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre; a chamber music performance by Isaac Stern, Milton Katims, Leonard Rose, Eugene Istomin, the Claiborne Brothers gospel quartet, and the Juilliard String Quartet; two appearances by newsman Edward R. Murrow; Bunraku theater; Richard Dyer-Bennet; Hal Holbrook's solo show as Mark Twain; the Count Basie and Benny Goodman jazz orchestras; Lawrence Welk; Nat King Cole; and Ella Fitzgerald. Also during the fair, Memorial Stadium hosted the Ringling Brothers Circus, Tommy Bartlett's Water Ski Sky and Stage Show, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans' Western Show, and an appearance by evangelist Billy Graham.Official Guide Book, pp. 104–109. The fair and the city were the setting of the Elvis Presley movie It Happened at the World's Fair (1963), with a young Kurt Russell making his first screen appearance. Location shooting began on September 4 and concluded nearly two weeks later. The film would be released the following spring, long after the fair had ended. ===Show Street=== At the northeast corner of the grounds (now the KCTS-TV studios), Show Street was the "adult entertainment" portion of the fair. Attractions included Gracie Hansen's Paradise International (a Vegas-style floor show (rivalled next door by LeRoy Prinz's "Backstage USA")), Sid and Marty Krofft's adults-only puppet show, Les Poupées de Paris, and (briefly, until it was shut down) a show featuring naked "Girls of the Galaxy".Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Part 2 , HistoryLink.org Essay 2291, April 19, 2000. Accessed October 20, 2007.Official Guide Book, pp. 110–114. Tamer entertainment came in forms such as the Paris Spectacular wax museum, an elaborate Japanese Village, and the Hawaiian Pavilion. ===Other sections of the fair=== thumb|A commemorative postage stamp ;Gayway: The Gayway was a small amusement park; after the fair it became the Fun Forest. It included such rides as the Flight to Mars, a dark amusement ride themed around space pirates on Mars, decorated with black lights and glow paint. In 2011, the Fun Forest was shut down and the Chihuly Garden and Glass opened in its place. ;Boulevards of the World: Boulevards of the World was "the shopping center of the fair". It also included the Plaza of the States and the original version of the International Fountain.Official Guide Book, pp. 119–131. ;Exhibit Fair: The Exhibit Fair provided another shopping district under the north stands of Memorial Stadium.Official Guide Book, p. 133. ;Food and Favors: "Food and Favors", officially one of the "areas" of the fair, simply encompassed the various restaurants, food stands, etc., scattered throughout the grounds. These ranged from vending machines and food stands to the Eye of the Needle (atop the Space Needle) and the private Century 21 Club.Official Guide Book, pp. 135–136. ;Food Circus: The Food Circus was a food court in the former armory, later named the Center House, and renamed the Armory in 2012 as a remodel of the building continues. Unlike the current arrangement with a stage and a large open space for dancing, events, and temporary booths, many food booths were in the middle of the room as well as at the edges. There were 52 concessionaires in all, nine of them with exhibits in addition to their food for sale.Official Guide Book, pp. 137–139. Beginning in 1963, the Food Circus also housed a variety of museums, including Jones' Fantastic Show, the Jules Charbneau World of Miniatures, and the Pullen Klondike Museum. ==Promotional video== File:1962 Seattle World's Fair commercial.ogv ==See also== *List of world expositions *List of world's fairs ==Notes== ==References== *Official Guide Book: Seattle World's Fair 1962, Acme Publications: Seattle (1962) ==External links== *Official website of the BIE *A "cybertour" of the exposition at HistoryLink. *Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair at HistoryLink *Century 21 Digital Collection from the Seattle Public Library – over 1800 related photos, advertisements, reports, programs, postcards, brochures, and more. *"Seattle Center", p. 18–24 in Survey Report: Comprehensive Inventory of City-Owned Historic Resources, Seattle, Washington, Department of Neighborhoods (Seattle) Historic Preservation, offers an extremely detailed account of the acquisition of land for the exposition and of past and present buildings on the grounds. *Seattle Photographs Collection, Century 21 Exposition – University of Washington Digital Collection *Pamphlet and Textual Ephemera Collection, Century 21 Exposition documents – University of Washington Digital Collection Category:Seattle Center Category:History of the West Coast of the United States Category:1962 in Washington (state) Category:1960s in Seattle Category:Articles containing video clips

The Georgia Bulldogs men's basketball program is the men's college basketball team representing the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. Established in 1891, the team has competed in the Southeastern Conference since its inception in 1932. As of 2020 the Bulldogs have amassed a record of 1,434–1,319. Though it has been historically overshadowed by the school's football program, the Bulldogs' basketball squad has had its share of successes, including a trip to the NCAA Final Four in 1983 under head coach Hugh Durham. ==History== ===Conference affiliations=== upright|thumb|left|Stegeman Coliseum Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA), the first collegiate athletic conference formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the Southeastern Conference (SEC). ===1931–1932=== Coach Rex Enright led Georgia to great success in the old Southern Conference during the 1931 and 1932 seasons. His 1931 team finished with a 23–2 (15–1) record. The Bulldogs were upset in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals by Maryland, 26–25. The 1932 team didn't have the dominating record that the 1931 team did, finishing 19–7 (7–4). However, this team did something that the previous year's team could not do in winning the Southern Conference tournament defeating Mississippi State, Virginia, Duke, and North Carolina. ===1981–1982=== Coach Hugh Durham brought Georgia to its first ever postseason appearance in 1981. That team finished with a 19–12 (9–9) record. They earned a National Invitation Tournament (NIT) bid and the enthusiasm surrounding the program earned them home games in first defeating Old Dominion and then in a loss to South Alabama. The 1982 Bulldogs were 19–12 (10–8) were once again NIT bound. This time UGA made it all the way to the NIT Final Four defeating Temple, Maryland, and Virginia Tech before losing a heartbreaker to Purdue at Madison Square Garden. These two teams marked the beginning of a postseason streak of eight straight seasons, longest in Georgia basketball history. This string included three NCAA appearances (including one Final Four in 1983) and five NIT bids. This was a remarkable streak of consistency for a program that had never before experienced the postseason beyond the SEC tournament. ===1983=== Former NBA star Dominique Wilkins is considered the greatest player in school history. However, Wilkins never played in the NCAA tournament; the Bulldogs made their first NCAA appearance in 1983—which would have been Wilkins' senior year had he not opted for the NBA. The 1983 team made it to the Final Four of the NCAA Championship before being eliminated by eventual champion North Carolina State. On the way to the Final Four, UGA defeated Virginia Commonwealth, #3 St. John's led by legendary coach Lou Carneseca and Chris Mullin, and defending national champion North Carolina led by Dean Smith and featuring Michael Jordan, Sam Perkins, and Brad Daugherty. The latter two victories coming at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. UGA previously had won the Southeastern Conference tournament in Birmingham, Alabama, defeating Ole Miss, Tennessee, and Alabama to earn the league's automatic bid into the NCAA tournament. ===1987=== The 1987 Georgia basketball team had multiple key players injured during the season, leaving the team with only seven players on the roster. Coach Hugh Durham had no choice but to alter the playing style of his team after conference play had started, slowing the game down and "taking the air out of the ball." What looked to be a disastrous season, where the team might not win another game, turned into an inspiring one as the team rallied to an 18–12 (10–8) record and earning an NCAA tournament bid. When Durham ordered the NCAA tournament banner to be displayed at Stegeman Coliseum, he had it made in silver, rather than the traditional red, with the initials "TMW" at the bottom. The initials standing for what this team will forever be known as in UGA basketball history, "The Miracle Workers." ===1996–1998=== Tubby Smith led the Bulldogs to a 21–10 (9–7) record securing its first NCAA bid since the 1991 season. Georgia made the most of it by defeating Clemson and the West Regional's top seed, Purdue, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, before losing a heart stopping overtime game to Syracuse in the Sweet 16. In 1997, Georgia finished 23–9 (10–6) winning the prestigious Rainbow Classic holiday tournament in Hawaii, defeating Washington State, Memphis, and Maryland. UGA beat LSU, South Carolina, and Arkansas to advance to the SEC tournament final in Memphis, losing the final to Kentucky. Smith's successor, Ron Jirsa, led the 1998 Bulldogs to a 21–14 (8–8) record, reaching the 20 win mark for the third consecutive year for the first time in Georgia basketball history. They would go on to reach the 1998 NIT Final Four winning at Iowa, at North Carolina State, and beating Vanderbilt at home. ===2008 SEC Tournament: The Dream Dawgs=== In the 2007–2008 season, Georgia's men's basketball team came into the 2008 SEC men's basketball tournament with a 13–16 overall record and a 4–12 conference mark. At one point, the team sustained two five-game losing streaks during a 2-of-12 stretch in conference play. In the first round of the tournament, Georgia was slated to play Ole Miss, who had beaten the Bulldogs in the season-closer, securing the Rebels' only road SEC win of the season. The game went into overtime after Rebel David Huertas hit all three free throws after a three-point shooting foul, and looked to go into a second extra period after Chris Warren did the same. However, with 0.4 seconds left in overtime, Georgia senior Dave Bliss banked in the game-winner to shock the Rebels and send Georgia into a second-round matchup with Kentucky. On the night of March 14, 2008, tornadoes hit Atlanta, in whose Georgia Dome the SEC Tournament was housed. The Georgia-Kentucky matchup was rescheduled for the early afternoon of March 15, 2008, with the winner advancing to play the SEC West's #1 seed, Mississippi State, later that evening. The remaining games in the tournament would be played at Alexander Memorial Coliseum, the basketball complex of Georgia Tech, UGA's in-state rival. Again playing an overtime game in which Georgia star Sundiata Gaines fouled out, Georgia freshman Zac Swansey hit a turnaround three-point jumper with 1.4 seconds left to give the Bulldogs the team's first ever win over Kentucky in the SEC Tournament. That night, Georgia defeated Mississippi State 64–60 to become the first team since Kentucky in 1952 to win two tournament games in one day, and the first-ever #6 seed from a division to advance to the modern (post-1992) SEC tournament finals. In the finals, Georgia faced Arkansas, which had lost to Georgia 82–69 in the regular season. Georgia prevailed again, at one point leading the Razorbacks by nineteen points en route to winning its first tournament championship in 25 years. Sundiata Gaines and Terrance Woodbury were both named to the All-Tournament Team, with Gaines winning the tournament's MVP. The improbable list of achievements—winning the tournament as a 6-seed, playing two games in one day to reach the finals, playing two games (against Kentucky and Mississippi State) in which Gaines fouled out with a substantial amount of time to play, doing it on a rival's home court, and winning four consecutive elimination games following a season during which their longest winning streak stood at three—earned the 2007–2008 team the nickname of Dream Dawgs. With the victory, Georgia secured itself an automatic bid in the 2008 NCAA tournament. Georgia's appearance in the tournament was the tenth overall in team history and the first since the 2002 NCAA basketball tournament. After their SEC Championship run, the Bulldogs were seeded 14th in the NCAA Tournament, playing against the #3 seeded Xavier Musketeers. After developing a lead early in the 2nd half, the Bulldogs could not hold on, as Xavier went on to win 73–61. Coach Dennis Felton failed to follow up the surprise successes of 2008 with victories in 2008–09, and he was fired on January 29, 2009. ===2009–2018: Mark Fox era=== On April 3, 2009, Nevada head coach Mark Fox was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. In nine seasons with Fox, the Bulldogs posted a 163–133 record and made the NCAA tournament twice, in 2011 and 2015. In both instances, the Bulldogs exited in the Round of 64. Fox was fired on March 10, 2018 following an 18–15 finish to the 2017–18 season as the Bulldogs failed to qualify for any postseason competition. ===2018–2022: Tom Crean era=== On March 15, 2018, former Marquette and Indiana head coach Tom Crean was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. === 2022–present: Mike White era === On March 13, 2022, former Florida head coach Mike White was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs. ==Team awards and records== ===Conference championships=== Georgia has won one regular-season Southeastern Conference championship (1990) and two conference tournament championships (1983 and 2008). The Bulldogs were SEC Eastern Division co-Champs in 1994–1995. Georgia also was the Southern Conference champions for 1931–1932. Conference affiliations: *1891–95, Independent *1896–1920, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association *1921–32, Southern Conference *1932–present, Southeastern Conference ==Postseason== ===NCAA tournament results=== The Bulldogs have appeared in the NCAA tournament 12 times. Their combined record is 7–12. However, their appearances in 1985 and 2002 have been vacated by the NCAA making their official record 5–10. 1983 #4 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four #5 VCU #1 St. John's #2 North Carolina #6 NC State W 56–54 W 70–67 W 82–77 L 60–67 1985* #6 Round of 64 Round of 32 #11 Wichita State #3 Illinois W 67–59 L 58–74 1987 #8 Round of 64 #9 Kansas State L 79–82 OT 1990 #7 Round of 64 #10 Texas L 88–100 1991 #11 Round of 64 #6 Pittsburgh L 68–76 OT 1996 #8 Round of 64 Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen #9 Clemson #1 Purdue #4 Syracuse W 81–74 W 76–69 L 81–83 OT 1997 #3 Round of 64 #14 Chattanooga L 70–73 2001 #8 Round of 64 #9 Missouri L 68–70 2002* #3 Round of 64 Round of 32 #14 Murray State #11 Southern Illinois W 85–68 L 75–77 2008 #14 Round of 64 #3 Xavier L 61–73 2011 #10 Round of 64 #7 Washington L 65–68 2015 #10 Round of 64 #7 Michigan State L 63–70 * Vacated by the NCAA ===NIT results=== The Bulldogs have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 14 times. Their combined record is 13–14. 1981 First Round Second Round Old Dominion South Alabama W 74–60 L 72–73 1982 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Temple Maryland Virginia Tech Purdue W 73–60 W 83–69 W 90–73 L 60–61 1984 First Round Chattanooga L 69–74 1986 First Round Second Round Chattanooga Clemson W 95–81 L 65–77 1988 First Round Second Round Georgia Southern Middle Tennessee W 53–48 L 54–69 1993 First Round West Virginia L 84–95 1995 First Round Nebraska L 61–69 1998 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Iowa NC State Vanderbilt Penn State Fresno State W 88–70 W 80–79 W 77–70 L 60–66 W 95–79 1999 First Round Clemson L 57–77 2004 First Round Iowa State L 74–82 2007 First Round Second Round Fresno State Air Force W 88–78 L 52–83 2014 First Round Second Round Vermont Louisiana Tech W 63–56 L 71–79 2016 First Round Second Round Belmont Saint Mary's W 93–84 L 65–77 2017 First Round Belmont L 69–78 ==Players== ===All-Americans=== Player Position Year(s) Selectors Bob Lienhard (2) Center 1969, 1970 Helms Athletic Foundation Dominique Wilkins (2) Forward 1981, 1982 The Sporting News, NABC, UPI, Associated Press Vern Fleming (2) Guard 1983, 1984 Kodak, NABC James Banks Forward 1984 Playboy Cedric Henderson Forward 1985 Associated Press Litterial Green (2) Guard 1989, 1991 Basketball Weekly, Associated Press Alec Kessler Center 1990 UPI Jumaine Jones Forward 1999 Associated Press Jarvis Hayes (2) Forward 2002, 2003 Associated Press Kentavious Caldwell-Pope Guard 2013 Associated Press Yante Maten Forward 2018 Associated Press ===Basketball Hall of Fame=== *Dominique Wilkins, inducted on April 3, 2006 ===Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year=== *1981: Dominique Wilkins *2013: Kentavious Caldwell-Pope *2018: Yante Maten ===Notable former players=== *Shandon Anderson *Willie Anderson *Kentavious Caldwell-Pope *Nic Claxton *Anthony Edwards *Terry Fair *Vern Fleming *Sundiata Gaines *Litterial Green *Jarvis Hayes *Jumaine Jones *Alec Kessler *Bob Lienhard *LaVon Mercer *Mark Slonaker *Jim Umbricht *Dominique Wilkins *Dennis Williams ==Head coaches== 1 Walter Forbes 1906–07 2–2 .500 2 C.O. Heidler 1908–10, 12 16–6 .727 3 W.A. Cunningham 1911, 17 10–6 .625 4 Howell Peacock 1913–16 30–7 .811 5 Alfred Scott 1918 6–1 .857 6 Kennon Mott 1919 5–3 .625 7 Herman Stegeman 1920–31 170–78 .685 8 Rex Enright 1932–37 69–51 .575 9 Vernon Smith 1938 1–1 .500 10 Frank Johnson 1938 8–5 .615 11 Elmer A. Lampe 1938–46 82–84 .499 12 Ralph Jordan 1947–50 44–39 .530 13 Jim Whatley 1950–51 24–18 .571 14 Harbin Lawson 1952–65 112–241 .317 15 Ken Rosemond 1966–73 92–111 .453 16 John Guthrie 1974–78 46–86 .348 17 Hugh Durham 1979–95 297–215† .580 18 Tubby Smith 1996–97 45–19 .703 19 Ron Jirsa 1998–99 35–30 .538 20 Jim Harrick 2000–03 37–52‡ .416 21 Dennis Felton 2004–09 84–91 .480 22 Pete Herrmann 2009 (interim) 3–9 .250 23 Mark Fox 2009–18 163–133 .551 24 Tom Crean 2018–2022 47–75 .385 25 Mike White 2022-Present 16-16 .500 † – Does not include 1 win and 1 loss from the 1985 NCAA tournament vacated due to sanctions. ‡ – Does not include 30 wins and 1 loss vacated due to sanctions. ==Home venues== * Athens YMCA (1905–1911) * Memorial Hall (1911–1919) * The "Octagon" (1919–1920) * Moss Auditorium (1919–1925) * Woodruff Hall (1923–1964) * Stegeman Coliseum (1964–present) ==See also== *Uga (mascot) *Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate ==References== ==External links== * Category:Basketball teams established in 1891 Category:1891 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Action Ghetto (pol. Akcja Getto) was the code name for the armed actions of the Polish Underground State during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising aimed at helping the insurgents. The name was given to a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.Strzembosz (1978), page 277-296.Witkowski (1984). ==Background== The right-wing faction Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW) which was founded by former Polish officers, was larger, more established and had closer ties with the Polish resistance, making it better equipped.Wdowiński (1963) Zimmerman describes the arm supplies for the uprising as "limited but real". Specifically, Jewish fighters of the ŻZW received from the Polish Home Army: 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades for the uprising. During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, ŻZW is reported to have had about 400 well-armed fighters grouped in 11 units, with 4 units including fighters from the Polish Home Army. According to data collected by Władysław Bartoszewski, the Warsaw district of the AK donated ŻOB: 90 pistols with two magazines each and ammunition, 600 hand grenades (approximately 500 defensive and 100 offensive), 1 eraser, 1 submachine gun, and about 165 kg of explosives (mainly seamed production) and about 400 fuses for them (including own production) and plastic from English discharges.Strzembosz (1978) Shortly before the uprising, Polish-Jewish historian Emanuel Ringelblum (who managed to escape from the Warsaw Ghetto, but was later discovered and executed in 1944) visited a ŻZW armoury hidden in the basement at 7 Muranowska Street. In his notes, which form part of Oneg Shabbat archives, he reported: > They were armed with revolvers stuck in their belts. Different kinds of > weapons were hung in the large rooms: light machine guns, rifles, revolvers > of different kinds, hand grenades, bags of ammunition, German uniforms, > etc., all of which were utilized to the full in the April "action". (...) > While I was there, a purchase of arms was made from a former Polish Army > officer, amounting to a quarter of a million zlotys; a sum of 50,000 zlotys > was paid on account. Two machine guns were bought at 40,000 zlotys each, and > a large amount of hand grenades and bombs.Arens (2007), page 186.Kermisch > (1986) The support of the Home Army as regards the supply of weapons was confirmed by Marek Edelman from the leftist Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa ŻOB: "At the end of December 1942, we received our first transport of weapons from the Home Army, there were not many, only 10 pistols, but that made our first armed action impossible [. ..] At the end of January 1943, we received fifty larger pistols and fifty-five grenades from the Home Army Headquarters [...] In March 1943, each of our partisans had a pistol and 10-15 ammunition, 4-5 grenades and the same number of bottles. Two or three rifles were assigned to each section of the district, we only had one machine gun."Edelman (2014), page 69-72. ==Ghetto Action== thumb|200px|German post at the ghetto wall thumb|200px|Gdanska railroad station looking toward the Warsaw Ghetto Uprsing in 1943 > "In mid-April at 4 am, the Germans began to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto, > closed down the remnants of the Jews with a police cordon, went inside tanks > and armored cars and carried out their destructive work. We know that you > help the martyred Jews as much as you can, I thank you, my countrymen, on my > own and the government's behalf, I am asking you to help them in my own name > and in the government, I am asking you for help and for extermination of > this horrible cruelty. " - Supreme Commander of the Polish Armed Forces in > the West and Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile gen. Władysław > Sikorski - The content of the leaflet published in May 1943 in a circulation > of 25,000. by Council for Aid to Jews calling for help to Jews.Wroński > (1971) Warsaw Ghetto Uprising started on [April 19], 1943, when the German forces attempted to enter territory of Warsaw Ghetto. On the same day, after reports of shooting in the ghetto, the commander of the patrols of the Cpt. Józef Pszenny "Chwacki" ordered an alarm for a previously created 55-man group, which in the strength of three platoons at 18 o'clock got into the vicinity of the wall on Bonifraterska Street in Warsaw. The aim of diversionary and sapper divisions was to break up the walls and, through the breaches, allow the inhabitants of the ghetto to escape Warszawa Gdańska station and Żoliborz and from there to Kampinos Forest.Wroński (1971), page 190. Loads were prepared within an hour, but the miners had a problem getting into the ghetto wall because of the considerable German forces that were deployed around the walls. On the nearby roofs and balconies, the Germans placed nests heavy machine gun. The German patrols circulated in the streets around. In addition to the planned activities of the "Chwacki" patrols, three cars of Blue Police arrived to which the AK soldiers from the miners' cover opened fire. A shooting took place, which was joined by German forces along with an armored car resulting in the death of two soldiers of the Home Army, Eugeniusz Morawski and Józef Wilk, and the remaining four were wounded. Two Germans were also killed, several were wounded.Strzembosz (1983), , page 277-296. Details of the Home Army's operation at the ghetto wall on 19 April 1943 Interview with Jozef Pszenny on Bob Lewandowski TV show April 16, 1978 Channel 26 Chicago The first concept for relieving the Jewish insurgents by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) with an attack on the Nazis, involving the blowing up a section of the Warsaw ghetto wall, was conceived in early 1943, some months before the actual outbreak of the uprising. At that time, the strength of the AK's Warsaw District was not especially strong. Tomasz Strzembosz in his book "Armed Actions of Underground Warsaw 1939-1944" leaves no illusions in that, at that time, only the sabotage units were able to take part in an open fight with the Germans. Three units were directly subordinated, among them the forty-member sapper unit of Capt. Jozef Pszenny "Chwacki." to take part and the chief commander of the Home Army issued an order to provide military assistance to the ghetto. By February 1943 Kedyw (Kierownictwo Dywersji – Directorate of Diversion) assigned a specific unit for the task, which was placed under the command of Józef Pszenny, pseudonym "Chwacki". This unit had carried out a successful attack on German Rail Transports under "Akcja Wieniec" in October1942. "Chwacki's" unit was tasked to attack the police and gendarmerie posts guarding the ghetto from the outside and to demolish part of the wall at a specifically agreed point, securing the opening created to ensure the safe evacuation of the Jews towards Żoliborz, which opened the way to the Kampinos Forest. During discussions conducted with representatives of the Warsaw AK District Command, the Kedyw Command and representatives of ŻOB (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), the Jewish Fighting Organization, it was agreed that a co-ordinated operation was to be carried out on Bonifraterska Street opposite Sapieżyńska Street. Sapieżyńska was to be the escape route for the Jews and for the getaway of the protection units. The Jewish Fighting Organization undertook to support the attempt from their side of the ghetto, concentrating their insurgency groups at the agreed point and creating an area of strong resistance. The unit was divided into four sections. On the day of action, according to Włodzimierz Malinowski, Chwacki's unit was divided as follows. Section 1, commanded by Władysław Babczyński, with Marian Dukalski, Włodzimierz Malinowski, Zygmunt and Piotr Puchalscy, Edward Branicki, Zygmunt Puterman, Eugeniusz Morawski; section 2: commanded by Mieczysław Zborowicz, with Eustachiusz Malinowski, Aleksander Gozdan, Ryszard Górecki, Bronisław Cholewiński, and Stefan Gąsiorowski; section 3, commanded by Zbigniew Młynarski, with Czesław Młynarski, Orest Fedorenko, Franciszek Jabłonowski, and Henryk Cepek; section 4 commanded by Józef Łapiński, with Zygmunt Malinowski, Józef Wilk, Jacek Malczewski, Leonard Żeliński, Jerzy Potek, Grzegorz Pszenny. The main goal of the whole operation, the demolition of the ghetto wall, was entrusted to the section under Władysław Babczyński's "Pastora". A gate in a house was selected in the vicinity of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska, where members of the unit were to assemble the two mines onto boards under the supervision of "Chwacki". The unit, comprising "Młodek" (Eugeniusz Morawski), "Jasny" (Jerzy Postek), "Tygrys" (Włodzimierz Malinowski) and "Marek" (Marian Dukalski) were tasked with hanging the assembled mines on the ghetto wall, light the fuses and withdraw as quickly as possible. The mine unit was provided with cover, on one side on the corner of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska, where "Pastor" and the rest of his section stood guard, and on the opposite corner, "Gajowy" (Mieczysław Zborowicz), "Lotnik" (Bronisław Cholewiński) and Ulan (Stefan Gąsiorowski). Behind them, in Sapieżyńska Street, "Kruk" (Zygmunt Malinowski) and Jarząbek (Tadeusz Zieliński). A section under "Kret" (Zbigniew Młynarski) occupied the area between Sapierzynska and Konwiktorska. The section between Sapierzyńska and Franciszkańska was covered by "Chmura" (Józef Łapiński) with "Kujawa" (Jacek Mackiewicz) and "Orlik" (Józef Wilk). "Chwacki's" command post was located at the centre of the proposed action, by the entrance to Sapieżyńska. The weapons available to the Home Army were very limited "One sten gun for each section of six people. With that pistols, a couple of grenades and that was all. Rather not much, although we were then one of the best armed AK units. It must be remembered that it was the spring of 1943 and the Home Army then had far fewer weapons than a year later, during the Uprising. I remember the briefing at Sternik's, one of my soldiers approached me, a young nineteen-year-old boy, named "Wilk". "Mr. Zygmunt, he says restlessly - what will we be doing with these few grenades, after all Germans have machine guns, tanks, artillery, we are taking a hoe to the sun". - Zygmunt Malinowski "Kruk" On the day of the Uprising, "Chwacki" arranged for his men to meet at 16.00 at "Sternika", located on Podwale Street where he distributed weapons and gave final orders. Within a short time the units took up their arranged positions along the length of the ghetto wall. However the large numbers of SS and police units that had concentrated along the axis of Swietjerska, Bonifraterska and Muranowska was unforeseen. Machine guns had been placed on the roofs and balconies of the surrounding houses, which were spreading dense fire beyond the walls into the ghetto. The noise of machine guns and explosions in the ghetto drowned out everything. Passers-by, who had gathered along Bonifraterska to watch created a significant impediment for the units. Whereas the crowd made it possible for "Chwacki's" units to reach their designated places, the crowd also made it difficult to communicate between the units spread out along a fairly large area. This hampered overall command over the whole of the action. The mine unit took up their positions, under the supporting section of the "Pastor", in the house at the corner of Sapieżyńska and Bonifraterska. There the unit proceeded to mount the mines on wooden boards and to arm them. "Chwacki" and four of his people took up a position, between the gate where the mines were being prepared and "Gajowy's" position. At the moment when the mine unit came out from behind the gate, three trucks full of Germans and "Navy uniformed" police arrived. Two left in the direction of Konwiktorska, the last one stopped at the corner of Sapieżyńska. "Chwacki" waited for an opportune moment before giving the order to start the action but a German gendarme sees "Tygrys" and the others carrying the mines and runs towards them armed with a weapon. As a result, "Marek" and "Kruk" and then the "Gajowy's" section open fire. The shooting becomes the signal for action by all the units, which created panic in the crowd and causing people to run in all directions. The group carrying the mine was pushed backwards by the retreating crowd and found themselves exposed and at some distance from the wall. During the firing that followed, the cordon that had been stationed along the wall was largely eliminated with green uniformed bodies lying outstretched along the street On seeing "Chwacki" and his units, the Germans redirected their machine guns towards them and started firing. The German fire power was overwhelming, as German soldiers were deployed behind the walls of the ghetto and on the roofs of the nearby houses. "Chwacki" and then "Tygrys" threw grenades over the ghetto wall in an attempt to limit the effectiveness of the German fire. At the same time the unit carrying the mines, made up of about 70 kg of explosives, made its way under fire towards the ghetto wall. However they were unable to reach the wall as machine gun fire was directed at them, killing "Młodek" and alongside him "Orlik". Four others were wounded, one very seriously and so they were forced to retreat leaving the mines on the road. Jewish insurgents also took part and had opened fire and threw grenades from the ghetto side of the wall. However it became apparent that the attempt was not going to succeed. The Germans, after their initial surprise, were able to take control of the situation and the access to the wall by the mine unit or from inside the ghetto by ŻOB was no longer possible. "Chwacki" issued an order to collect the wounded and withdraw. As soon as his men were at a sufficient distance from the mines, he lit the fuses and joined the retreating group. Soon afterwards the mines detonated with a powerful explosion that echoed off the ghetto wall with smoke rising into the sky. The units began their escape along Sapieżyńska with the wounded soldiers carried on their backs. At Zakroczymska their way was blocked by a group of German airmen who opened fire, but the AK soldiers silenced them with grenades. The units manage to reach the safe house at Nowiniarska and then dispersed in small groups to their homes. "Although our task was unsuccessful, the actions of the Home Army did not end there, and the Kedyw diversionary units carried out a dozen or so outings on the Germans liquidating the ghetto, and we carried out large-scale operations to pull Jews out of the ghetto through the canals as long as and until the Germans filled them all in. Capt.Jozef Pszenny "Chwacki" Participation of the Polish underground in the uprising was many times confirmed by a report of the German commander Jürgen Stroop, who wrote:Stroop (1979) File:Stroop Report - Cover Page.jpg|The cover page of The Stroop Report with International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg markings. File:Strp012 Jurgen Stroop report p5.jpg| Page 5 of Stroop Report describing German fight against "Juden mit polnischen Banditen" - "Jews with Polish bandits".Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warsaw 1943 File:Strp040 Stroop report 27 4 1943.jpg|Continuation 27 April 1943 describing fight against "jüdisch-polnische Wehrformation" ("Jewish-Polish armed formation"). ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * * * (English translation) * (IPN copy; Polish translation: pages 23–112 and German original: pages 113-238; photographs) Category:1943 in Poland Category:History of Warsaw Category:Military operations involving the Home Army Category:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Category:Rescue of Jews by Poles in occupied Poland in 1939-1945

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