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= Jekyll ( TV series ) =
Jekyll is a British television drama serial produced by Hartswood Films and Stagescreen Productions for BBC One . The series also received funding from BBC America . Steven Moffat wrote all six episodes , with Douglas Mackinnon and Matt Lipsey each directing three episodes .
The series is described by its creators as a sequel to the novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , rather than an adaptation of it , with the Robert Louis Stevenson tale serving as a backstory within the series . It stars James Nesbitt as Tom Jackman , a modern @-@ day descendant of Dr. Jekyll , who has recently begun transforming into a version of Mr. Hyde ( also played by Nesbitt ) . Jackman is aided by psychiatric nurse Katherine Reimer , played by Michelle Ryan . Gina Bellman also appears as Claire , Tom 's wife .
Filming took place at various locations around southern England in late 2006 . The series was first transmitted on BBC One in June and July 2007 , receiving mainly positive reviews .
= = Plot = =
Doctor Tom Jackman ( James Nesbitt ) , a married father of two , has abandoned his family without explanation to live in a heavily fortified basement flat . He hires psychiatric nurse Katherine Reimer ( Michelle Ryan ) to help him with his unusual case . After explaining a set of elaborate security procedures to Reimer , he straps himself into a secured metal chair and undergoes a psychological transformation .
Reimer observes that Jackman 's alter ego exhibits rage , heightened senses , greatly superior strength and speed , and a more playful and flirtatious manner . She assures this persona she will keep his secrets just as she keeps Jackman 's , but asks for guarantees he will not harm her . After being informed of the novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , Jackman 's alter ego takes Hyde 's name for his own and the two agree to form an uneasy truce . While they share a body , neither remembers what the other did while dominant . They use a micro cassette recorder to leave messages for each other .
Jackman began transforming into the violent , lecherous Hyde recently . Fearing for his family 's safety , he chose to isolate himself from them , but he cannot bring himself to cut off all contact , and visits his wife Claire ( Gina Bellman ) . During one such visit , Hyde assumes control and learns about Jackman 's family .
Miranda Callendar ( Meera Syal ) , a detective employed by Claire , learns about Hyde and informs Jackman that Jekyll and Hyde was not fiction , but a fictionalized version of actual events . Callendar shows Jackman a picture of the real Doctor Jekyll who lived in Edinburgh , Scotland in the 19th century . Jackman is startled to see that Jekyll looks exactly like him , and that he died at around Jackman 's current age ; and Callendar speculates that he is a descendant of the original Doctor Jekyll , except for the fact that Doctor Jekyll had died without children .
Jackman is also being stalked by a private security team led by an American named Benjamin ( Paterson Joseph ) . Unbeknownst to him , the team works for his former employers at the biotechnology firm , Klein and Utterson , and is directed by his friend Peter Syme ( Denis Lawson ) .
When Benjamin 's team puts Jackman 's children at risk , Hyde asserts himself , killing Benjamin and several of the men , and hospitalizing others . At the hospital he is approached by Sophia , an elderly woman who claims to be his mother , but before he can question her she disappears .
Jackman confronts Peter Syme , who attempts to drug him . This provokes Hyde to appear and take Syme and Claire hostage . Claire argues that they need to find a cure for Jackman 's condition . Syme insists that Klein and Utterson have had a cure for a long time . Jackman is captured and locked inside a metal coffin .
Reimer and Callendar confront Syme , claiming they know the truth about Jackman . Callendar theorizes that Klein and Utterson have access to cloning technology and that Jackman is Jekyll 's clone . Syme denies this and orders them taken away to be killed .
Syme reveals to Claire that the treatment Jackman is undergoing will stabilize into one persona : If it is Hyde , he will be kept for research in order to synthesize the potion that turned the original Jekyll into Hyde ; If it is Jackman , she is free to take him home . When the box is opened , Hyde is dominant .
In a flashback triggered by genetic memory , Hyde has a vision of a meeting between Jekyll and Robert Louis Stevenson , the author of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . Stevenson agrees to write a fictional version of Jekyll 's case but reveals that he knows the truth : there is no potion . Instead , Jekyll was transformed into Hyde by his love for Alice , a maid within his household . Flashbacks into Jackman 's own life show his Hyde first manifesting fully during a seaside holiday with Claire , after the pair were accosted by hooligans .
Enraged by further threats to Jackman 's family , Hyde escapes from Klein and Utterson . Ms. Utterson , a ruthless redheaded American woman at the head of Klein and Utterson , takes Claire and her sons hostage at a private estate , locking the twins in miniature versions of the same coffin used on their father .
Tom 's alleged mother , Sophia , appears on the premises and helps Claire escape her locked bedroom . She tells Claire how Klein and Utterson had indeed tried to clone Doctor Jekyll but had been unsuccessful . Claire meets several of the failed attempts in the lowest basement of the building . They are disfigured and in a near @-@ vegetative state . Sophia explains that Jackman is a descendant of Doctor Jekyll , ( who died a virgin ) , through Mr Hyde , and by chance a perfect natural genetic duplicate , " a perfect throwback , a chance in a million " . Klein and Utterson had discovered this and had him under surveillance for almost his entire life , from when he was six @-@ months @-@ old . In order to trigger his transformation into Hyde , they created a clone of Alice , the maid whom Jekyll had loved . This clone is Claire herself .
Hyde tries to rescue Jackman 's family from Klein and Utterson , killing Syme and many other personnel . In the end there is a stand @-@ off , with Jackman and Claire 's sons held hostage and suffocating . The Hyde personality is apparently killed when he is shot with multiple bullets and then manages to avoid ' sharing the damage ' by taking the wounds onto himself while allowing Jackman to assume his undamaged , healthy form , leaving Doctor Jackman as the only personality .
Six months later , Jackman has tracked down Sophia , the woman who claimed to be his mother . When he questions her about his father , she reveals that she is the descendant of Hyde , the one through whom he had inherited the family curse from , and that it 's " never over " . As Jackman watches horrified , the powerless , tired , grey @-@ haired Sophia transforms into her own version of the Hyde persona , the feral , red @-@ headed Ms Utterson .
= = = Episodes = = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Jeffrey Tayor of Stagescreen Productions had the idea of a modern version of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in the mid @-@ 1990s . He attempted to get it produced in the United States three times , but all three attempts fell through for various reasons . He returned to England from the west coast of the United States and joined with Hartswood Films when Elaine Cameron was scouting for ideas for a supernatural thriller . Cameron then approached Steven Moffat for a script , and a six @-@ part series was commissioned by the BBC 's Jane Tranter and John Yorke in November 2005 . BBC America signed on to provide co @-@ production funding in March 2006 . The producers regularly met with Moffat for brainstorming sessions . Cameron 's assistant took notes from these conversations , after which they would look over the notes and start the process again . The producers invited Moffat to " write anything " , with the intention of cutting the material back later . However , they were reluctant to cut material once they saw it on the page . The first episode starts with Jackman already knowing about his alter ego . Because the plot of Jekyll begins after the story has developed for the characters , Nesbitt says that the show feels like it is a second series .
Moffat explicitly describes the series as a sequel , rather than an adaptation , stating the Jekyll of the original story really existed , and Jackman is his " modern @-@ day descendant dealing with the same problems " . As Jekyll and Hyde is such a well @-@ known phrase , Moffat labored over what to call the series , eventually deciding upon Jekyll because that word " carries the name Hyde " . The final episode replaces the title " Jekyll " with " Hyde " . Producer Elaine Cameron says the one word title gives the series a " very modern feel " . Moffat initially named the character Jekyll rather than Jackman , but found it cumbersome to constantly explain that the book had not been written in this alternate universe . Instead he chose a version where the book exists , but changed the name to Jackman . Otherwise , Cameron felt , the character would appear stupid by not realising what was happening when turning into Hyde .
The scene between Tom and Katherine was expanded slightly in the sixth episode to keep their relationship active to facilitate a second series . However , no further episodes were commissioned . In an August 2007 interview , Moffat told Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger that he had a sequel written for the miniseries " should the BBC be interested " . Following Jekyll , Moffat became a co @-@ writer on Sherlock .
= = = Casting = = =
James Nesbitt and his agent attended a meeting with Jane Tranter in late 2005 regarding the 2006 series of Murphy 's Law . At the conclusion of the meeting , she offered him a script for Jekyll , suggesting that he might like the role . Nesbitt took the script role as a way of putting a distance between his previous work . The casting of Nesbitt as Tom Jackman and Hyde was publicised on 12 December 2005 , but filming was not scheduled to begin until September 2006 , increasing Nesbitt 's anticipation to play the roles . Writer Steven Moffat said that the dual @-@ role required a very skilled actor , and a well @-@ known actor was necessary because it was such an expensive show to produce . The production team decided Nesbitt 's two characters would be mainly differentiated over a change in performance rather than by extensive make @-@ up because they wanted Hyde to be able to walk around in public without attracting attention .
Michelle Ryan , known for her long @-@ running role as Zoe Slater in the soap opera EastEnders , was revealed by tabloid newspaper The Sun to have been cast as " Jekyll 's sultry assistant " ( Katherine Reimer ) in August 2006 . Ryan believed herself to be too young for the part , though that aspect had already been written into the character . To prepare , she consulted the Royal College of Psychiatry . Ryan dyed her hair red for the role to help differentiate her from Tom Jackman 's wife . Denis Lawson was cast as Peter Syme . The actor consulted his post @-@ graduate son for information on Syme 's job .
Moffat initially doubted Gina Bellman 's suitability for the role of Claire Jackman because he associated her too much with Jane Christie , the character she had played in his sitcom Coupling . Moffat did not imagine the character to be as beautiful as Bellman , but her audition was so good that he revised his vision of the character . Bellman originally auditioned for the role of Katherine , but the producers wanted someone younger to play that role . However , Bellman said that she talked herself out of the role by arguing that there should be an age gap between Katherine and Claire to avoid Katherine becoming a threat to the wife . Bellman approached her role as if Claire had become caught up in Tom 's mid @-@ life crisis , an angle that impressed the producers .
Meera Syal was attracted to her role because Miranda was not a clichéd private detective and she thought the humour was " fresh " . During the second filming block , Mark Gatiss briefly joined the cast , playing the small but important role of Robert Louis Stevenson in flashback scenes in episode five .
Other roles included Paterson Joseph as Benjamin Maddox , and Linda Marlowe as Ms Utterson .
= = = Production = = =
The series was filmed in two blocks of three episodes . The first three were directed by Douglas Mackinnon and the second three episodes by Matt Lipsey . It took an hour of make @-@ up each day to turn Nesbitt into Hyde ; a hairpiece lowered his hairline and prosthetics were added to his chin , nose and ear lobes . He also wore black contact lenses to make Hyde " soulless " . After many debates , the producers decided that Hyde 's imminent arrival would be indicated by the flash of a black eye . The eye imagery evolved during filming , and did not appear in the script .
Filming began in September 2006 with the zoo sequence from the second episode , in which Benjamin 's team have set Tom up to force out Hyde by placing his son , Eddie , in the lion 's den . Writing the sequence at a late stage in the production , Moffat wanted to compare Hyde 's natural instinct to kill to that of a lion . This was shot on location at Heythrop Zoo , a private zoo in Chipping Norton run by Jim Clubb , whose firm Amazing Animals specialises in training animals for cinema and television . The Norman Foster @-@ designed building in Chertsey , Surrey , which then housed the European Headquarters of video game designer and publisher Electronic Arts , was used as The Klein & Utterson Institute . A large country estate near Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames and in Bognor Regis was used for some of the scenes whilst on the run and in flashbacks . A disused Boys ' school in Gloucestershire , and the Hammer House in Wardour Street , Soho were used in episode six . Filming concluded on 20 December 2006 .
The schedule was tight for a complex production . The production team had twelve days to shoot each episode , which director Douglas Mackinnon says was the biggest challenge of the project . The required amount of material was shot for most of the episodes . However , an extra twenty minutes of material was filmed for episode six . Director Matt Lipsey recalls that the team struggled to cut the extra material whilst maintaining the integrity of the episode . Lipsey credits Moffat for not " being precious " over his material during the editing process , and points out that his willingness to cut superfluous material means that he is taken seriously when he argues for something to be retained .
The music was composed by Debbie Wiseman . The orchestra featured approximately 18 pieces . Some cues featured the vocals of Hayley Westenra to foreshadow the importance of a female voice .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
Jekyll was broadcast on BBC One on Saturday nights from 9 p.m. A two @-@ week break occurred between showings of the third and fourth episodes because the Live Earth benefit concert was broadcast during its timeslot on 7 July . The series began airing on BBC America from 4 August , as part of a " Supernatural Saturday " programming strand . In Australia , Jekyll began broadcasting on ABC1 , Sundays at 8 @.@ 30 p.m. from 2 March 2008 with a double episode back @-@ to @-@ back each week . In Canada , Jekyll began broadcasting on Showcase , beginning at the end of August 2007 and on BBC Canada , Wednesdays at 10 : 00 p.m. from 26 March 2008 . Also in Hong Kong , Wednesday at 11 : 55 p.m. from 11 February 2009 on TVB Pearl . In the Netherlands , Jekyll was broadcast in the summer of 2009 on Sci @-@ Fi Channel .
Certain edits were made to the United Kingdom broadcasts in order to remove language unsuitable for Saturday night BBC One audiences . For example , a line spoken by Hyde in episode one was changed from " Who the fuck is Mr Hyde ? " to " Who the hell is Mr Hyde ? "
James Jackson of The Times rated the first episode four out of five stars , calling Nesbitt 's performance as Hyde " as entertainingly [ over the top ] as a dozen Doctor Who villains , with a palpable sense of menace to boot " . The conspiracy plot is praised as a storyline that distinguishes this series from other adaptations . The Daily Telegraph 's Stephen Pile criticised the script for " veering between Hammer horror and larky humour " and for being " cheesy " . He also criticised Hyde 's gravity @-@ defying hijinks and mistook Michelle Ryan for a model . In the same newspaper , James Walton called the first episode a combination of " a good yarn with several nicely thoughtful touches " . David Cornelius of DVDTalk was full of compliments for the series , summing up its review with the statement " six episodes , 300 minutes , not a single one of them wasted . ' Jekyll ' is this year 's finest television event " . The Australian Broadcasting Corporation , commenting on the series being part of their 2008 line @-@ up , said " This classic horror tale has been given a modern make @-@ over that will leave you on the edge of your seat and begging for more . James Nesbitt is outstanding as the new Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde " . Nesbitt was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini @-@ Series or Motion Picture Made for Television for his roles . Paterson Joseph received a mention in the nominations for the 2008 Screen Nation awards .
= = Home release = =
The BBFC rated all episodes as a 15 certificate on 11 June 2007 . Jekyll : Season One was released for region 2 on 30 July 2007 by Contender Home Entertainment . It includes uncut episodes , including restoration of some swearing cut from the BBC broadcasts . As DVD Verdict says about this uncut version , " the language is saucier , the violence a bit more bloody , and the sex more primal . " The disc contains audio commentaries on two episodes : producer Elaine Cameron , writer Steven Moffat and first @-@ block director Douglas Mackinnon comment on episode one , while executive producer Beryl Vertue , second @-@ block director Matt Lipsey and actress Gina Bellman comment upon the sixth episode . The set also contains two documentaries : " Anatomy of a Scene " focuses upon the production of the zoo sequence in episode two , while " The Tale Retold " covers the evolution of the series . The first Region 1 release occurred in the United States on September 18 , 2007 , although the Region 1 Canadian release was delayed until October 9 , following the Canadian broadcast of the series on Showcase , which commenced at the end of August 2007 .
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= István Szabó =
István Szabó ( born February 18 , 1938 ) is a Hungarian film director , screenwriter , and opera director .
Szabó is the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker since the late 1960s . Working in the tradition of European auteurism , he has made films that represent many of the political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe ’ s recent history , as well as of his own personal history . He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Hungarian Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts , and his first feature film in 1964 .
He achieved his greatest international success with Mephisto ( 1981 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Since then , most of Szabó 's films have been international co @-@ productions filmed in a variety of languages and European locations . He has continued to make some films in Hungarian , however , and even in his international co @-@ productions , he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent . Szabó became involved in a national controversy in 2006 when the Hungarian newspaper Life and Literature revealed that he had been an informant of the Communist regime ’ s secret police .
= = Life = =
Born in Budapest , Szabó is the son of Mária ( née Vita ) and István Szabó , the latter of whom was a doctor from a long line of doctors . Szabó came from a family of Jews who had converted to Catholicism , but were considered Jews by the Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian Nazis ) . They were forced to separate and hide in Budapest sometime between October 1944 , when Nazi Germany occupied Hungary and installed the Arrow Cross in power , and February 1945 , when the Soviets defeated the German Army in Budapest .
Szabó survived by hiding at an orphanage , but his father died of diphtheria shortly after the German defeat . Memories of these events would later appear in several of his films .
In 2006 the Hungarian newspaper Life and Literature revealed that Szabó had been an informant of the Communist regime ’ s secret police . Between 1957 and 1961 , he submitted forty @-@ eight reports on seventy @-@ two people , mostly classmates and teachers at the Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts . According to historian Istvan Deak , only in one case did Szabó 's informing cause significant damage , when an individual was denied a passport .
After the article was published , over one hundred prominent intellectuals , including some of the people Szabó had denounced , published a letter of support for him . Szabó ’ s initial response to the article was that informing had been an act of bravery intended to save the life of former classmate Pál Gábor . When this claim turned out not to be true , Szabó admitted that his true motive had been to prevent his own expulsion from the Academy .
= = Career = =
= = = Pre – 1964 = = =
As a child , Szabó wanted to be a doctor like his father . By the age of 16 , however , he had been inspired by a book by Hungarian film theorist Béla Balázs to become a film director . Upon graduation from high school , he became one of 11 applicants out of 800 who were admitted to the Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts . At the Academy , he studied with the famous director Félix Máriássy , who became something of a father figure to Szabó . Among his classmates were Judit Elek , Zsolt Kézdi @-@ Kovács , Janos Rozsa , Pál Gábor , Imre Gyöngyössy , Ferenc Kardos , and Zoltán Huszárik . While at the Academy , Szabó directed several short films , culminating in his thesis film , Koncert ( 1963 ) , which won a prize at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen . Thanks to János Herskó , head of the Hunnia Film Studio at which he apprenticed , Szabó was given his first opportunity to direct a feature film at the age of 25 , rather than being required to spend ten years working as an assistant director .
The beginning of Szabó ’ s career coincided with the beginning of a “ new wave ” in Hungarian cinema , one of several new wave cinemas that occurred around this time throughout Western and Eastern Europe . The Eastern European new waves were caused by political liberalization , the decentralization of film industries , and the emergence of films as valuable commodities for export to Western European markets . The resulting films were more formally experimental , politically anti @-@ establishment , and , especially in the case of Szabó , psychologically probing than the films of the previous generation . Hungarian filmmakers in particular experienced a significant increase in freedom of expression due to the reforms of the Kádár government .
= = = Hungarian films , 1964 – 1980 = = =
Szabó 's first feature film , The Age of Illusions ( 1964 ) , is a partly autobiographical film about the struggles of Szabó ’ s generation in starting a career , encountering the obsolescence of the older generation , and establishing romantic relationships . The appearance of a poster for François Truffaut 's The 400 Blows in the background of a scene suggested Szabó 's artistic compatibility with Truffaut and the French New Wave . The film won the Silver Sail for Best First Work at the Locarno International Film Festival and a Special Jury Prize for Best Director at the Hungarian Film Festival .
Father ( 1966 ) is a coming of age story that displays Szabó ’ s increasing fascination with history and memory . The main character copes with the childhood loss of his father against the backdrop of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and memories of the Arrow Cross dictatorship . The film won the Grand Prix at the 5th Moscow International Film Festival and the Special Jury Prize at Locarno , and established Szabó as the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker of his time , as well as an auteur in the European film tradition . In 2000 , Father appeared as number 11 on a list of the 12 best Hungarian films according to a group of Hungarian film critics .
Lovefilm ( 1970 ) focuses on a young man ’ s relationship with his childhood sweetheart , told through flashbacks that include the Arrow Cross dictatorship and 1956 , and rendered in an experimental , fragmented form . This experimental tendency in Szabó ’ s films reached its apotheosis in 25 Fireman Street ( 1973 ) , which began as a short film , Dream About a House ( 1971 ) . 25 Fireman Street takes place during the course of a long , hot night in Budapest , during which the residents of a single apartment building are plagued by dream @-@ memories of pain and loss spanning thirty years , including both World Wars , the Arrow Cross dictatorship , the Communist takeover , and 1956 . While the film won the top prize at Locarno , Szabó was upset by its lack of success at the box office and at film festivals . Attributing this lack of success to the film 's complex structure , he decided to give his next film a simpler structure .
In Budapest Tales ( 1976 ) , Szabó traded his earlier , complex narrative structures , characterized by flashbacks and dreams , for a more linear one . At the same time , he traded the literal representation of history for an allegorical one . The film follows a disparate group of people who come together on the outskirts of an unnamed city at the end of an unnamed war to repair a damaged tram and ride it into the city . Allegorically , the film was interpreted by critics variously as representing Hungarian history specifically or universal human responses to war and reconstruction more generally .
Szabó 's first four full @-@ length films featured the actor András Bálint in roles based on Szabó himself . While Bálint also appeared in Budapest Tales , this was Szabó 's first feature film that did not contain a significant amount of autobiographical material . He did not make another autobiographical film until Meeting Venus , eighteen years later .
Budapest Tales was even less successful than 25 Fireman Street at the box office and festivals . According to author David Paul , this may explain why Szabó shifted gears even more dramatically in his next film , Confidence ( 1980 ) , in which historical events are represented straightforwardly , and are filtered through neither memory nor allegory . The film focuses on the relationship between a man and woman who are forced to share a room as they hide from the Arrow Cross toward the end of the Second World War . It garnered a Best Director award for Szabó at the Berlin Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards .
= = = International co @-@ productions featuring Brandauer , 1981 – 1988 = = =
Szabó ’ s next three films constituted a new phase in his career — moving away from Hungarian productions , in Hungarian , written by Szabó alone , and featuring Bálint , and moving toward international co @-@ productions , in German , written by Szabó in collaboration with others , and featuring Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer . The informal trilogy — Mephisto ( 1981 ) , Colonel Redl ( 1985 ) and Hanussen ( 1988 ) — features Brandauer in a series of roles based on historical figures who , as represented in the films , compromised their morals in order to climb the ladder of success within a context of authoritarian political power . In Mephisto , based on a novel by Klaus Mann , Brandauer plays an actor and theater director in Nazi Germany , a role based on Mann ’ s former brother @-@ in @-@ law Gustaf Gründgens . The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and the award for Best Screenplay at the Cannes Film Festival , and greatly increased Szabó ’ s international prestige .
In Colonel Redl , Brandauer plays Alfred Redl , counter @-@ intelligence chief of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire who was blackmailed into espionage for the Russians in order to prevent the revelation of his homosexuality . The film won top awards in Germany and the UK , but provoked a scandal in Austria , where several periodicals accused the film of bringing the country into disrepute . In Hanussen , Brandauer plays the real life clairvoyant performer Erik Jan Hanussen , whose growing fame brings him into increasingly close — and dangerous — contact with the Nazis .
= = = 1991 – present = = =
After his Brandauer trilogy , Szabó continued to make international co @-@ productions , filming in a variety of languages and European locations . He has continued to make some films in Hungarian , however , and even in his international co @-@ productions , he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent .
Meeting Venus ( 1991 ) , the first of several English @-@ language films directed by Szabó — and his first comedy — is based on his experience directing Tannhäuser at the Paris Opera in 1984 . Niels Arestrup plays a Hungarian directing the opera at an imaginary pan @-@ European opera company , and encountering a multitude of pitfalls that symbolize the challenges of a united Europe . An inside joke was that the multinational characters were all named with translations of " Taylor " , which is the meaning of " Szabó " .
With Sweet Emma , Dear Böbe ( 1992 ) , Szabó returned to a strictly Hungarian subject — this time , however , focused on a contemporary , rather than historical , social problem . The film follows two young , female teachers of Russian facing the obsolescence of their specialty after the fall of the socialist government , as well as a variety of types of sexual harassment in the new Hungary . The film won the top prize at the Berlin Film Festival .
Sunshine ( 1999 ) — a three @-@ hour historical epic , and an English @-@ language , international co @-@ production — was viewed by many critics as Szabó ’ s most ambitious film , and , along with Mephisto , his most important . Hungary ’ s Jews had figured in either a marginal or coded fashion in several of Szabó ’ s earlier films , produced during the socialist period when discourse around the history of the country ’ s Jews was more circumscribed . In Sunshine , for the first time , Szabó focused explicitly on this aspect of Hungarian history , which he himself had experienced as a child during the Arrow Cross dictatorship . Ralph Fiennes plays three generations in the Sonnenschein family as they experience the trials of twentieth @-@ century Hungarian Jewish history , from the late Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire through the Holocaust to the 1956 Revolution .
Several characters are based on real people , including the Zwack family , with their successful liquor business , the Olympic fencer Attila Petschauer , and the Jewish police official Ernö Szücs . The film won European Film Awards for Best Screenwriter , Best Actor , and Best Cinematographer . It received a rating of 74 % Fresh from review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes .
An example of an extremely positive review was that of Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , who called it “ a movie of substance and thrilling historical sweep . ” A. O. Scott of the New York Times had a more mixed reaction , writing that , by the end , “ the movie has accumulated sufficient power and momentum to erase the memory of its earlier awkwardness . It shows such sympathy for its characters , and approaches its subject with such intelligence , that it 's easy to forgive the clumsy editing , the haphazard insertion of black @-@ and @-@ white newsreels , and the hyperventilating sexual ardor that seems to be a Sors family curse . ”
In Taking Sides ( 2001 ) , Szabó returned to thematic territory he had explored in Mephisto . Stellan Skarsgård plays real life German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler , and Harvey Keitel a U.S. Army investigator interrogating Furtwängler about his collaboration with the Nazis . The film won several awards at the Mar del Plata Film Festival in Argentina , including Best Director .
Being Julia ( 2004 ) , based on a novel by W. Somerset Maugham , stars Annette Bening as a famous British actress experiencing a series of romantic and professional rivalries . Bening won a Golden Globe Award for her performance .
In 2005 , Szabó was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Moscow International Film Festival .
Rokonok ( 2006 ) was a Hungarian production based on a 1932 novel by Zsigmond Móricz about political corruption . Sándor Csányi plays a newly elected attorney general whose relatives ( rokonok ) come out of the woodwork looking for favors . It was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival .
The Door ( 2012 ) , an English language production based on a Hungarian novel by Magda Szabó ( no relation ) , focuses on the relationship between an affluent novelist ( Martina Gedeck ) and her poor , mysterious maid ( Helen Mirren ) . It opened the 13th Tbilisi International Film Festival , and won the Michael Curtiz Audience Award at the Hungarian Film Festival of Los Angeles .
Szabó ’ s frequent collaborators have included actors András Bálint , Klaus Maria Brandauer , Péter Andorai , and Ildikó Bánsági ; cinematographer Lajos Koltai ; and screenwriters Péter Dobai and Andrea Vészits .
= = = Themes = = =
Several interconnected themes run through Szabó ’ s films , the most common being the relationship between the personal and the political or historical . On the personal level , his first three feature films deal with coming of age issues , but political / historical events form the backdrop of these issues and continually rupture the attempts of the characters to lead their private lives . In an interview in 2008 , Szabó said , “ My mother once told me , ‘ We had a nice childhood and our youth was beautiful , but our life was destroyed by politics and history . ’ ” The political / historical events most commonly depicted are the dominant traumatic events of mid @-@ 20th century Hungarian and Central European history — Nazism , the Second World War , and , in Hungary — or , more accurately , Budapest — the Arrow Cross dictatorship and the Holocaust , the Communist takeover , and the 1956 Revolution . Szabó himself has frequently referred to this theme as the search for security .
A related theme is the moral compromises individuals make in order to succeed in immoral political systems . In an interview about Taking Sides , Szabó said , “ I don 't think that life is possible without making compromises . The question is only one of limits : how far to go . When one crosses the line , then the compromise starts to be a bad , even deadly , one . ” This theme is dominant in the Brandauer trilogy and , as Istvan Deak points out , may be related to Szabó ’ s own collaboration with the Communist secret police .
Another closely related theme is the arts — most often theater , but also music and film itself . In several of Szabó ’ s films — most famously in Mephisto — artists become caught up in conflicts around politics , role @-@ playing , and identity .
= = = Style = = =
Szabó ’ s early films — culminating in Lovefilm and 25 Fireman Street — were influenced by the French New Wave in their experimentation with flashbacks , dream sequences , and unconventional narrative structures built on these techniques .
Szabó emphasizes iconography in his films , insofar as he tends to invest certain objects and places with symbolic meaning . Tram cars play this role in many of his films , and one becomes the central image in Budapest Tales . Budapest itself plays an important role in many of his films , including scenes of the Danube and of buildings Szabó lived in when he was a child .
Acting also plays a key role in Szabó ’ s films , as he values psychological complexity in his central characters . In his first several features , he tended to use the same lead actors over and over — first András Bálint , then Klaus Maria Brandauer . Consistent with this focus on acting , he frequently employs long close @-@ up shots to emphasize the play of emotions on the faces of his characters .
= = = Other work = = =
In addition to writing and directing films , Szabó has also served in a variety of other capacities in the film industry , including writing and directing television movies and episodes , short films , and documentaries , as well as serving as assistant director , screenwriter , producer , and actor in films directed by others . In 1969 , he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival .
Szabó has directed several operas , including Tannhäuser in Paris , Boris Godunov in Leipzig , Il Trovatore in Vienna , and Three Sisters in Budapest . He has taught at film schools in Budapest , London , Berlin , and Vienna . In 1989 , he was one of the founding members of the European Film Academy , and , in 1992 , of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts .
= = Filmography = =
= = Television = =
= = Appearances in documentaries = =
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= Jim and Mary McCartney =
James " Jim " McCartney ( 7 July 1902 – 18 March 1976 ) and Mary Patricia McCartney ( née Mohan ) ( 29 September 1909 – 31 October 1956 ) were the parents of musician , author and artist Paul McCartney of the Beatles and Wings , and younger brother photographer and musician Mike McCartney ( better known professionally as Mike McGear ) , who worked with the comedy rock trio the Scaffold .
Like many families in Liverpool , the McCartney and Mohin families are of Irish descent . Jim worked for most of his life in the cotton trade , as well as playing in ragtime and jazz bands in Liverpool , while Mary was a trained nurse and midwife .
The McCartney family lived in council houses during Mary 's life , but Paul later bought his father a house called Rembrandt , in Heswall , Cheshire . Jim encouraged his two sons to take up music by buying instruments for them to learn , as well as improving their education . Mary was Paul 's inspiration for the song , " Let It Be " . After Mary 's death , Jim married Angela Williams and adopted her daughter from a previous marriage , Ruth McCartney .
= = McCartney and Mohin = =
Jim 's great @-@ grandfather , James McCartney ( an upholsterer ) , was born in Ireland , but it was previously unknown where Jim 's grandfather , James McCartney II , was born . New evidence found in Scottish archives suggests that James McCartney moved with his family ( including James McCartney II ) from Ireland to Galloway , Scotland , around 1859 , before moving south and settling in Liverpool .
James II ( a plumber and painter ) married Elizabeth Williams in 1864 , in Liverpool . The pair were both under @-@ age when they were wed , but found a place to live together in Scotland Road . Jim 's father , Joseph " Joe " McCartney ( born 23 November 1866 ) was a tobacco @-@ cutter by trade when he married Florence " Florrie " Clegg ( born 2 June 1874 ) in the Christ Church , Kensington , Liverpool , on 17 May 1896 . Joe never drank alcohol , went to bed at 10 o 'clock every night , and the only swear word he used was " Jaysus " . Florrie was known as " Granny Mac " in the neighbourhood and was often consulted when families had problems .
Mary 's father was born in Tullynamalrow , County Monaghan , Ireland , in 1880 , as Owen Mohan , but permanently changed his name to Mohin when he was at school to avoid confusion with many other pupils with the same surname . After moving to Liverpool , he worked as a coalman , and married Mary Theresa Danher from Toxteth Park , at St. Charles Roman Catholic Church , on 24 April 1905 .
= = = Jim = = =
Jim was born at 8 Fishguard Street , Everton , Liverpool and was the third eldest of seven children . The McCartney children were John ( Jack ) , Edith , James ( Jim ) , Ann , Millie , Jane ( Jin ) and Joe ( who was named after a brother who died in infancy ) . Joe and Florrie McCartney moved shortly after Jim 's birth to 3 Solva Street in Everton , which was a run @-@ down terraced house about three @-@ quarters of a mile from the Liverpool city centre , where Jim attended the Steers Street Primary School off Everton Road . After leaving school at 14 , Jim found work for six shillings a week as a cotton " sample boy " , at A. Hanney & Co . ; a cotton broker in Chapel Street , Liverpool . Jim 's job entailed running up and down Old Hall Street with large bundles of cotton that had to be delivered to cotton brokers or merchants in various salesrooms . He worked ten @-@ hour days , five days a week , although he received a bonus at Christmas that was almost double his annual salary .
When World War II started Jim was too old to be called up for active service , as well as having previously been disqualified on medical grounds after falling from a wall and smashing his left eardrum when 10 years old . After the cotton exchange closed for the duration of the war , Jim worked as an inspector at Napier 's engineering works , which made shell cases that were later filled with explosives . He volunteered to be a fireman at night and often watched Liverpool burning from his rooftop observer 's position . Between 1940 and 1942 , Liverpool endured 68 air @-@ raids , which killed or injured more than 4 @,@ 500 of the population and destroyed more than 10 @,@ 000 homes . After the war he worked as an inspector for Liverpool Corporation 's Cleansing Department before returning to the cotton trade in 1946 .
Jim avidly read the Liverpool Echo or Express , liked solving crosswords and instigated discussions about varied subjects . His attitude to life was based upon self @-@ respect , perseverance , fairness and a strong work ethic . His political views were far from left @-@ wing , as he insisted that there was nothing anyone could do about the situation the working classes were in at the time , and nothing would ever change .
62 @-@ year @-@ old Jim was earning £ 10 a week in 1964 , but Paul suggested that his father should retire , and bought " Rembrandt " ; a detached mock @-@ Tudor house in Baskervyle Road , Heswall , Cheshire , for £ 8 @,@ 750 . He bought his father a horse called " Drake 's Drum " , and a couple of years later , the horse won the race immediately preceding the Grand National .
Jim died of bronchial pneumonia on 18 March 1976 . His second wife , Angela McCartney ( née Williams ) said that his last words were " I 'll be with Mary soon . " Jim died two days before a Wings European tour ; his eldest son was unable to attend the funeral . Jim was cremated at Landican Cemetery , near Heswall , Merseyside on 22 March 1976 .
= = = Mary = = =
Mary Patricia Mohan was born at 2 Third Avenue , Fazakerley , Liverpool . After two years Mary 's father met and married his second wife , Rose , while on a trip to Monaghan , in Ireland . Rose arrived in Liverpool with two children from a previous marriage , but Mary , who had until then been looking after the Mohan family , realised that Rose did not care much for domesticity or her new husband 's children . After a year she chose to live with her aunts . In 1923 , at the age of 14 years , Mary started work as a nurse trainee at the Smithdown Road Hospital , and then took a three @-@ year training course at Walton Road Hospital in Rice Lane , Liverpool ; eventually becoming a state registered nurse .
Mary became a domiciliary health visitor and midwife , and was on @-@ call day or night , riding a bicycle to houses where she was needed as a midwife . Her eldest son , Paul , said his first memory was watching her cycling away when it was snowing heavily . After she had been diagnosed with cancer , Mary still carried on cycling to work , but often doubled up in pain and had trouble breathing . The day Mary was due to have a mastectomy operation , she cleaned the McCartney house and laid her two sons ' school clothes out ; ready for the next day . She said to Dill Mohin , her sister @-@ in @-@ law , " Now everything 's ready for them in case I don 't come back . " Mary died of an embolism on 31 October 1956 , after an operation to stop the spread of breast cancer . Her last words to Dill Mohin were " I would love to have seen the boys growing up . " Mary was buried on 3 November 1956 at Yew Tree Cemetery , Finch Lane , Liverpool . Paul later named his daughter Mary after his mother , and Michael released an album entitled Woman in 1972 , including the song , " Woman , " with a photo of Mary on the front cover .
= = Marriage = =
Mary met her future husband during an air raid on Liverpool in 1940 , when Jim was 38 years old , and had settled into what his friends thought was , " a confirmed bachelorhood . " Mary had been too career @-@ conscious to think of marriage and , at the age of 31 years , was thought of as a spinster . They met in June 1940 , at 11 Scargreen Avenue , West Derby , the McCartney family home . Mary was staying with Jim 's sister , Jin , because of the lack of accommodation in Liverpool at the time . As Mary sat quietly in an armchair , the air @-@ raid sirens sounded at 9 : 30 . At that time , the group moved to the Anderson shelter in the back garden to wait for the all @-@ clear , but as there was an intensive bombing raid , the signal did not come and everyone was thus forced to sit in the cellar until dawn . Mary talked long enough with Jim to become romantically interested in him , and thought that he was " utterly charming and uncomplicated , " as well as being entertained by his " considerable good humour . " They took out a marriage licence at Liverpool Town Hall on 8 April 1941 , and were married a week later at St. Swithin 's Roman Catholic chapel in Gillmoss , West Derby , on 15 April 1941 . They first lived at 10 Sunbury Road , Anfield , and then resided for a short time at 92 Broadway , Wallasey , during November 1942 . Jim 's job at Napiers was classified as war work , so the McCartneys were given a small , but temporary , prefab house at 3 Roach Avenue , Knowsley .
Mary 's job enabled the McCartneys to move to a ground @-@ floor flat at 75 Sir Thomas White Gardens , off St. Domingo Road in Everton , to live in a rent @-@ free flat that was supplied by her employers . They moved shortly after , in February 1946 , to 72 Western Avenue in Speke . In 1948 , the family moved again to 12 Ardwick Road ( also in Speke ) which was part of a new estate in the suburbs of Liverpool . The frequent moves to better areas were Mary 's idea , as she wanted to raise her children in the best neighbourhood possible .
In 1955 , the McCartney family moved for the last time to a small three @-@ bedroomed brick @-@ built terrace house at 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton , which is now owned by The National Trust . It only cost £ 1 : 6s : 0d per week , which was due to Mary 's seniority at the hospital . Before moving to Forthlin Road , Jim had been secretary of the Speke Horticultural Society , and had often sent his sons out to canvass for new members . Jim planted dahlias and snapdragons in the front garden of Forthlin Road and regularly trimmed the lavender hedge , although it was Paul 's job to collect horse manure from the local streets in a bucket to be dug into the flowerbeds . As Jim was a heavy smoker , Jim would first dry and then crush sprigs of Lavender and then burn them ( like incense ) in the ashtrays to kill the smell of his cigarette smoke .
Money was a problem in the McCartney house , as Jim only earned up to £ 6 @.@ 00 a week , which was less than his wife . Because of their financial situation , the McCartney family could not afford to buy a television set until the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 , and never owned a car . His two sons were the first in the McCartney family line to buy cars . When The Beatles became successful , Jim had to leave Forthlin Road because fans used to stand outside and stare through the windows , which made him feel uncomfortable and nervous . Eight years after Mary 's death , Jim married Angela Williams , on 24 November 1964 . Williams had a daughter from a previous marriage , Ruth , whom Jim legally adopted .
= = = Children = = =
James Paul McCartney ( born 18 June 1942 ) and Peter Michael McCartney ( born 7 January 1944 ) were both delivered in the Walton General Hospital in Rice Lane , Liverpool , where Mary had previously worked as a nursing sister in charge of the maternity ward . Mary was welcomed back shortly before she gave birth to her first son by being given a bed in a private ward . Jim was not present at the birth as he was fighting a warehouse fire , but arrived at the hospital two hours later .
As Mary was a Roman Catholic and Jim a Church of England Protestant — who later turned agnostic — their children were baptised Roman Catholic but raised non @-@ denominationally , although Mary had married Jim on the promise that any children would be baptised in the Catholic faith . Although registered on his birth certificate as James Paul McCartney their first son was known as Paul thereafter . The two boys were not enrolled in Catholic schools , as their father believed that they leaned too much towards religion instead of education . Paul remembers his mother encouraging her children to use the Queen 's English and not the Liverpudlian dialect , which was unusual for the area they lived in .
Jim and Mary would often take Paul and Michael for a walk to the local rustic village of Hale ( home of the giant Childe of Hale 's gravesite ) . According to Paul , these frequent trips out of Liverpool to the countryside inspired his love of nature . The McCartneys had a full set of George Newnes encyclopedias which Jim encouraged Paul and Michael to use , and told his sons to look up any word they did not understand . After Paul had passed the Eleven @-@ plus Exam — meaning he would automatically gain a place at the Liverpool Institute — it was hoped that Paul would become a doctor or a teacher . Michael would also attend the Liverpool Institute two years later . After Mary 's death , Paul and Michael were sent to live with Jim 's brother Joe , and his wife Joan , for two months , so as to let their father grieve in private . Jim depended heavily on his sisters , Jin and Millie , to help around the house . Jim later took part in the running of the household , as Cynthia Lennon remembered that when she and John Lennon used to visit Forthlin Road , Jim would often answer the door with his sleeves rolled up , a tea towel in his hand and an apron tied around his waist . When Paul later played at The Cavern during lunchtimes , Jim would drop off food there that Paul would later put in the oven at Forthlin Road . Ruth remembered that Jim was funny and musical with her , but also strict when she was young , and was insistent that she learned good table manners and etiquette when speaking to people .
= = Music = =
Joe McCartney , Jim 's father , was a traditionalist who liked opera and played an E @-@ flat tuba in the local Territorial Army band that played in Stanley Park , and the Copes ' Tobacco factory Brass Band where he worked . He also played the double bass at home , sang , and hoped to interest his children in music . Jim learned how to play the trumpet and piano by ear , and at the age of 17 started playing ragtime music . Joe McCartney thought that ragtime — the most popular music of the period — was " tin @-@ can music " . Jim 's first public appearance was at St Catherine 's Hall , Vine Street , Liverpool , with a band that wore black masks as a gimmick , calling themselves the Masked Melody Makers . He later led Jim Mac 's Jazz Band in the 1920s , with his brother Jack on trombone , and composed his first tune , " Eloise " . Paul would later record it as , " Walking in The Park With Eloise " . Jim had an upright piano in the Forthlin Road front room that he had bought from Harry Epstein 's North End Music Store ( NEMS ) and Brian Epstein , Harry 's son , later became The Beatles ' manager .
Jim had a collection of old , 78 rpm records that he would often play , or perform his musical " party @-@ pieces " — the hits of the time — on the piano . He used to point out the different instruments in songs on the radio to his sons , and took them to local brass band concerts . Jim also taught them a basic idea of harmony between instruments , and Paul credits Jim 's tuition as being helpful when later singing harmonies with Lennon . After Mary 's death , Jim bought Paul a nickel @-@ plated trumpet as a birthday present . When skiffle music became popular , Paul swapped the trumpet for a £ 15 Framus Zenith ( model 17 ) acoustic guitar . Paul also played his father 's Framus Spanish guitar when writing early songs with Lennon .
With encouragement from Jim , Paul started playing the family piano and wrote " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " on it . Jim advised Paul to take some music lessons , which he did , but soon realised that he preferred to learn ' by ear ' ( as his father had done ) and because he never paid attention in music classes . After Paul and Michael became interested in music , Jim connected the radio in the living room to extension cords connected to two pairs of Bakelite headphones so that they could listen to Radio Luxembourg at night when they were in bed .
After first meeting Lennon , Jim warned Paul that he would get him " into trouble " , although he later allowed The Quarrymen to rehearse in the dining room at Forthlin Road in the evenings . Jim was reluctant to let the teenage Paul go to Hamburg with The Beatles until Paul said the group would earn £ 15 per week each . As this was more than he earned himself , Jim finally agreed , but only after a visit from the group 's then @-@ manager , Allan Williams , who said that Jim should not worry . Jim was later present at a Beatles ' concert in Manchester when fans surrounded drummer Pete Best , and ignored the rest of The Beatles . Jim criticised Best by saying , " Why did you have to attract all the attention ? Why didn 't you call the other lads back ? I think that was very selfish of you " . Bill Harry recalled that Jim was probably " The Beatles ' biggest fan " , and was extremely proud of Paul 's success . Shelagh Johnson — later to become director of The Beatles ' Museum in Liverpool — said that Jim 's outward show of pride embarrassed his son . Jim enlisted Michael 's help when sorting through the ever @-@ increasing sacks of fan letters that were delivered to Forthlin Road , with both composing " personal " responses that were supposedly from Paul . Michael would later have success on his own with the group The Scaffold .
= = = Songs = = =
Paul wrote " I Lost My Little Girl " just after Mary had died , and explained that it was a subconscious reference to his late mother . He also wrote " Golden Slumbers " at his father 's house in Heswall , and said the lyrics were taken from Ruth McCartney 's sheet @-@ music copy of Thomas Dekker 's lullaby — also called " Golden Slumbers " — that Ruth had left on the piano at Rembrandt . Hunter Davies , who was at Jim 's house at the time doing an interview for his Beatles ' biography , remembered Jim listening to an acetate disc of " When I 'm Sixty @-@ Four " . Davies wrote that Paul recorded the song specifically for his father , as Jim was then 64 years old and had married Angela two years previously . Paul wrote " Let It Be " , because of a dream he had in 1968 . He said that he had dreamt of his mother , and the " Mother Mary " lyric was about her . He later said , " It was great to visit with her again . I felt very blessed to have that dream . So that got me writing ' Let It Be ' . "
In 1974 , Paul recorded a song his father had previously written , entitled " Walking in the Park with Eloise " , which was released by Wings under the pseudonym , " The Country Hams " . The Country Hams ' single was backed with a tune entitled " Bridge on the River Suite " . Both songs can be found on the CD Wings at the Speed of Sound from The Paul McCartney Collection .
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= M @-@ 99 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 99 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . It runs from the Ohio state border , where it connects to State Route 15 ( SR 15 ) , north to Lansing , where it terminates at a junction with Interstate 496 ( I @-@ 496 ) and the Capitol Loop . The highway mainly serves local communities along the route as it passes through farm lands in the southern part of the state . One segment is routed concurrently with US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) in Jonesville while the northern end runs through urban areas on a street named for Martin Luther King , Jr. in Lansing .
The current highway is the third to carry the M @-@ 99 designation . The others were located near Lake Michigan near Muskegon in the Lower Peninsula and Gulliver in the Upper Peninsula in the 1920s and 1930s . The current highway was first designated as parts of M @-@ 34 and M @-@ 64 in 1919 . These numbers were later dropped in favor of an M @-@ 9 designation in 1929 . For part of 1934 , a loop route was designated M @-@ 158 in Hillsdale County that was used for a rerouted M @-@ 9 in the area . The M @-@ 99 designation was applied to the highway in 1940 . Since then , the state has completed paving twice ; one segment was returned to gravel surface for two years in the 1950s . The southern section in Hillsdale County was rerouted in the 1960s , and sections were converted into divided highways in the late 1970s .
= = Route description = =
SR 15 ends at the Michigan state line just north of Pioneer , Ohio , where it becomes M @-@ 99 . The roadway travels northward from the state line on Pioneer Road , through mostly agricultural areas of Hillsdale County before reaching a junction with M @-@ 34 just west of Osseo . The trunkline turns westward on Hudson Road , which curves to the north around Baw Beese Lake just southeast of Hillsdale . M @-@ 99 passes through Hillsdale on a northwest course on Broad Street and Carlton Road , passing just a few blocks to the west of Hillsdale College . After leaving town , the road bends to the north as Olds Street as it runs parallel to the St. Joseph River to Jonesville . In that community , M @-@ 99 intersects US 12 . The two highways run concurrently through Jonesville for less than half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) before M @-@ 99 returns to its northwesterly course . It leaves the town toward Litchfield continuing parallel to the river .
In Litchfield , M @-@ 99 enters the town from the southeast , passing near downtown where it meets the northern terminus of M @-@ 49 . The highway leaves Litchfield heading northwest on Homer Road for a few miles before bending to the north as it crosses into Calhoun County . The trunkline passes through more farmland as it runs toward Homer on Hillsdale Street . In Homer , after passing through a roundabout , M @-@ 99 meets up with M @-@ 60 and the two highways run concurrently through the town to the northeast . The road briefly splits into a divided highway near the end of the concurrency . M @-@ 99 heads north , while M @-@ 60 continues eastward . From here , M @-@ 99 continues northward on 28 Mile Road toward the city of Albion . After crossing the Kalamazoo River in downtown , M @-@ 99 merges with Business Loop I @-@ 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) . M @-@ 99 continues east concurrently with the business loop on Michigan Avenue passing near Albion College before heading back north to an interchange with I @-@ 94 at exit 124 ; this interchange marks the end of BL I @-@ 94 and M @-@ 99 continues northward on Eaton Rapids Road .
M @-@ 99 heads north through farmland to the village of Springport where it turns eastward along Main Street as it passes through the town . The highway continues easterly on Eaton Rapids Road before turning northward to cross into Eaton County . Shortly after crossing the county line , M @-@ 50 comes in from the southwest to meet up with M @-@ 99 . The two highways travel together into Eaton Rapids . Together they form Main Street in the city before they separate on the north side of town . M @-@ 50 leaves to the northwest as Dexter Road , and M @-@ 99 continues to the northeast as Canal and Michigan streets . For the next few miles , the trunkline splits into a divided highway and runs parallel to the general course of the Grand River . M @-@ 99 crosses the river southeast of Diamondale after the opposing directions merge back together as an undivided highway . North of the river crossing , M @-@ 99 meets I @-@ 96 at the latter 's exit 101 on the southern border of Lansing .
From I @-@ 96 , the road continues north through residential neighborhoods into Lansing as Martin Luther King Jr . Boulevard . The highway travels northeasterly through the southern side of the capital city , as far as Jolly Road . There it turns northward through the Old Everett Neighborhood . The street is bordered by commercial properties in this area . M @-@ 99 widens into a boulevard south of the intersection with Mount Hope Avenue before crossing the Grand River . North of the river , the highway is bordered by the site of the former Lansing Car Assembly plant , which for a century produced Oldsmobiles and other GM cars . M @-@ 99 ends at a junction with I @-@ 496 just north of the assembly plant area at exit 5 ; MLK Boulevard continues north from this interchange as the Capitol Loop .
M @-@ 99 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 99 were the 32 @,@ 262 vehicles daily north of Mount Hope Avenue in Lansing ; the lowest counts were the 2 @,@ 300 vehicles per day between the state line and the M @-@ 34 junction . No section of M @-@ 99 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Previous designations = = =
When the state highway system was originally signed in 1919 , M @-@ 99 was designated on a road between the Lake Michigan shoreline and M @-@ 11 ( now US 31 ) between Muskegon and Hart . This highway was decommissioned in 1929 . In 1931 , M @-@ 99 was designated on a gravel road in the Upper Peninsula from US 2 just east of Gulliver ) to Port Inland on Lake Michigan . This highway was decommissioned as well in 1939 .
= = = Current designation = = =
In 1919 , the highway that is now M @-@ 99 was first signed as M @-@ 64 from the Ohio state line to Hillsdale and as M @-@ 34 from Hillsdale to the Litchfield area . In 1924 , the western terminus of M @-@ 34 was extended to Homer where it terminated at M @-@ 60 . Just a few years later , in 1926 , the western terminus was truncated , to end at Hillsdale , with the remainder to Jonesville becoming an extension of the M @-@ 64 .
In 1929 , this version of M @-@ 64 was renumbered M @-@ 9 . In 1934 , M @-@ 9 traveled on Pioneer Road in Hillsdale County , from the Ohio border before turning west on Burt Road , north on Clark Road , west on Montgomery Road then north onto Hillsdale Road . During this time a loop was planned to continue north from the corner of Pioneer and Burt Roads to Montgomery Road where it turned west and met back up with M @-@ 9 at Clark Road . This short loop was designated M @-@ 158 , however later in the year the routing of M @-@ 9 was shifted onto the M @-@ 158 alignment , eliminating that route . By the middle of 1936 , the highway was extended northward to end in Lansing . The M @-@ 9 designation was replaced with M @-@ 99 in 1940 .
By 1947 , M @-@ 99 was completely paved . One segment between Litchfield and Homer was converted back to gravel surface in 1952 ; a change that was reverted two years later . By 1960 , the former US 12 / M @-@ 99 concurrency through Albion was redesignated Business US 12 through the city when the I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway was completed . Within a year , that business loop was redesignated BL I @-@ 94 when the US 12 designation was removed from the freeway and applied to the former US 112 ; at the same time , the US 112 / M @-@ 99 concurrency in Jonesville became US 12 / M @-@ 99 as well .
A new alignment of M @-@ 99 highway was opened from the Ransom area north to Osseo in 1966 ; the western terminus of M @-@ 34 was scaled back to end at the new highway near Osseo and M @-@ 99 supplanted M @-@ 34 from Osseo to Hillsdale . The divided highway section of M @-@ 99 was opened north of Eaton Rapids in 1979 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= 1853 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1853 Atlantic hurricane season featured eight known tropical cyclones , none of which made landfall . Operationally , a ninth tropical storm was believed to have existed over the Dominican Republic on November 26 , but HURDAT – the official Atlantic hurricane database – now excludes this system . The first system , Tropical Storm One , was initially observed on August 5 . The final storm , Hurricane Eight , was last observed on October 22 . These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . At two points during the season , pairs of tropical cyclones existed simultaneously . Four of the cyclones only have a single known point in their tracks due to a sparsity of data , so storm summaries for those systems are unavailable .
Of the season 's eight tropical cyclones , four reached hurricane status . Furthermore , two of those four strengthened into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The strongest cyclone of the season , the third hurricane , peaked at Category 4 strength with 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) winds . With a minimum barometric pressure of 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) , it was the most intense tropical cyclone recorded in the Atlantic basin until the 1924 Cuba hurricane . The hurricane caused 40 fatalities after a brig went missing off the coast of North Carolina . Despite remaining offshore , Tropical Storm Five brought very strong winds to the Mexican city of Veracruz . Hurricane Eight brought strong winds and rough seas to North Florida and Georgia , causing significant damage in the latter .
= = Timeline = =
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane Three = = =
Meteorologist William C. Redfield first observed the season 's third tropical storm south of Cape Verde on August 30 , which was the first Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane ever recorded . Initially , the storm moved west @-@ northwestward and gradually strengthened , becoming a hurricane on September 1 . Over the next two days , the hurricane intensified significantly and reached Category 2 strength early on September 2 . The system strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane by September 3 , attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) was recorded by the barque Hermann soon thereafter . It was the most intense storm in the Atlantic until the 1924 Cuba hurricane , a Category 5 hurricane with a minimum pressure of 910 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . The Great Havana Hurricane of 1846 may have been stronger , though it is discounted because HURDAT records did not begin until the 1851 season .
By September 5 , the hurricane curved toward the northwest and began to weaken . Early on September 7 , it turned northward and fell to Category 3 intensity , situated about 340 miles ( 550 km ) east of Charleston , South Carolina . The hurricane passed offshore North Carolina later that day , and its outer rainbands produced heavy rainfall along the state 's southern coastlines . The brig Albermarle was lost at sea on September 7 with 40 of its crewmen missing ; they were later presumed to have drowned . The hurricane recurved east @-@ northeastward and continued to deteriorate steadily , weakening to Category 1 status by September 9 . The storm was last observed late on September 10 , centered about 525 miles ( 845 km ) north @-@ northwest of Flores Island in the Azores .
= = = Hurricane Four = = =
The ship Gilbert Gallatin encountered the fourth hurricane of the season on September 8 , which was centered about 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) east of the third hurricane . Sustained winds were initially observed to have reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , indicative of a Category 3 hurricane . Several other ships reportedly encountered this storm as it tracked northeastward . With winds decreasing to 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on September 10 . The storm was last noted by the ship Josephine later that day , while located about 615 miles ( 990 km ) north @-@ northeast of Graciosa in the Azores .
= = = Hurricane Six = = =
The sixth hurricane of the season was first observed as a tropical storm to the southeast of Bermuda on September 26 . Initially , the storm headed north @-@ northwestward , before curving north @-@ northeastward on September 27 , while bypassing Bermuda . Later that day , the storm strengthened into a hurricane . The brig Samuel and Edward encountered the hurricane on September 2 , reporting winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) ; this was the maximum sustained wind speed associated with the storm . Thereafter , the storm executed a cyclonic loop , which lasted until September 30 . It curved northeastward on October 1 and was last noted at 0600 UTC , while located about 590 miles ( 950 km ) northeast of Bermuda .
= = = Hurricane Eight = = =
The barque Edward reported a hurricane about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of Grand Bahama on October 19 . Several other ships encountered the storm between October 19 and October 20 . It moved slowly north @-@ northwestward and gradually strengthened . On October 20 , the storm reached maximum sustained winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , making it a Category 2 hurricane . Additionally , ships reported a minimum barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . After weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane on October 21 , the storm veered east @-@ northeastward , avoiding a landfall in the Southeastern United States . It was last noted on October 22 , while centered about 80 miles ( 130 km ) east @-@ southeast of Charleston , South Carolina .
Strong winds , combined with tides in Jacksonville , Florida , pushed water over wharfs and onto Bay Street . William Gaston Captain Thomas E. Shaw reported that the gale at Brunswick , Georgia caused significant damage to the town . An engine @-@ house belonging to the Brunswick Railroad Company was flattened , as was a large cotton shed , a blacksmith shop , and a new frame house , and a number of other buildings were damaged . The new railroad wharf was washed away and its remains were floating in the harbor . Offshore , there were numerous shipwrecks , including the schooners W. Mercer , G. W. Pickering , Mary Ann , and the Steamer Planter . Additionally , the schooner James House reported " a perfect hurricane " .
= = = Other storms = = =
In addition to the four tropical cyclones of the season , there were four others with only a single point on their track , due to the sparsity of data . The barque W.B. Bowen encountered a gale with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) near 33 @.@ 5 ° N , 69 @.@ 2 ° W on August 5 , which is located about 255 miles ( 410 km ) east of Bermuda . This system would later be listed in HURDAT records as Tropical Storm One . However , due to heavy prevailing weather , further data on this storm is unavailable . A publication by meteorologist Ivan R. Tannehill indicates that Tropical Storm Two was centered near Barbados on August 10 . However , due its weak nature – maximum sustained winds were only 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) – only a single data point is known of the storm 's path .
Tropical Storm Five was reported to have existed on September 21 at 20 ° N , 95 ° W , which is located in the Bay of Campeche . The Elize and Crichton encountered a heavy " norther " upon arriving at Veracruz , Veracruz on that day . Although it was centered offshore , very strong winds were reported in Veracruz , possibly induced by the funneling effect from the Sierra Madre Oriental . Further information of this tropical storm is sparse . Two separate reports by meteorologists Ivan R. Tannehill and Edward B. Garriott indicate that the seventh tropical storm of the season existed at 15 ° N , 37 ° W on September 28 , which is located west of Cape Verde . Observations noted that maximum sustained winds reached 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . With only a single data point , no further information is available on this storm .
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= Egon Mayer =
Egon Mayer ( 19 August 1917 – 2 March 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II , a fighter ace credited with 102 enemy aircraft shot down in over 353 combat missions . His victories were all claimed over the Western Front and included 26 four @-@ engine bombers , 51 Supermarine Spitfires and 12 P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts . Mayer was the first fighter pilot to score 100 victories entirely on the Western Front .
Born in Konstanz , Mayer , who was a glider pilot in his youth , volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of the Third Reich in 1937 . Following flight training he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen " ( JG 2 — 2nd Fighter Wing ) in 1939 . He fought in the Battle of France and claimed his first aerial victory in that campaign on 13 June 1940 . Mayer was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of the 7 . Staffel ( 7th squadron ) of JG 2 " Richthofen " in June 1941 . Two months later , following his 21st aerial victory , he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 August 1941 . He claimed 16 further victories and was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 16 July 1942 . In November 1942 , Mayer was appointed Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) of the III . Gruppe ( 3rd group ) of JG 2 " Richthofen " .
Mayer claimed his first victories over United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) four @-@ engine bombers when he shot down two B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses and a B @-@ 24 Liberator on 23 November 1942 . Together with fellow fighter ace Georg @-@ Peter Eder , Mayer developed the head @-@ on attack as the most effective tactic against the Allied daylight heavy combat box bomber formations . He received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 16 April 1943 after 63 victories . On 1 July 1943 , he replaced Walter Oesau as Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of JG 2 " Richthofen " . He claimed his 90th victory on 31 December 1943 and on 5 February 1944 became the first pilot on the Channel Front to reach 100 victories . Mayer was killed in action on 2 March 1944 while leading an attack on a USAAF bomber formation ; he was shot down by P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt escort fighters near Montmédy , France . He was posthumously awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords that day .
= = Early life and career = =
Mayer , the son of a farmer , was born on 19 August 1917 in Konstanz at the Bodensee . Konstanz at the time was in the Grand Duchy of Baden of the German Empire . Mayer grew up on his parents ' farm named Hauserhof and spent his spare time at the glider airfield at the Bellenberg near Engen . He went to school at the Langemarck @-@ Realgymnasium — a secondary school built on the mid @-@ level Realschule to achieve the Abitur ( university entry qualification ) — in Singen . Today , the Langemarck @-@ Realgymnasium , which had been named after the location of the World War I Battle of Langemarck , is the Hegau @-@ Gymnasium .
Following his graduation , Mayer volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1937 . His military training began at the 2nd Air Warfare School ( Luftkriegsschule 2 ) at Gatow , on the southwestern outskirts of Berlin . He was then trained as a fighter pilot and promoted to Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) on 1 August 1939 .
= = World War II = =
World War II in Europe began on Friday , 1 September 1939 , when German forces invaded Poland . Mayer received the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 2 . Klasse ) on 25 October 1939 and was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen " ( JG 2 — 2nd Fighter Wing ) , named after the after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen , on 6 December 1939 . For his entire combat career , with the exception of a brief posting to the fighter pilot school at Werneuchen , Mayer would serve in JG 2 " Richthofen " . He claimed his first aerial victory on 13 June 1940 during the Battle of France , shooting down an Armée de l 'Air ( French Air Force ) Morane @-@ Saulnier M.S.406.
In the Battle of Britain , Mayer often flew over the English Channel as the wingman of Helmut Wick . He claimed three further victories in this campaign , all over Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Supermarine Spitfires , but was himself shot down or forced to land at the French Coast . Once he had to swim in the Channel for an hour before he was rescued . At the end of 1940 Mayer had four victories to his credit and JG 2 " Richthofen " was withdrawn from combat to replenish the heavy losses it had sustained . Following a short tour as fighter pilot instructor at the Jagdfliegerschule ( fighter pilot school ) in Werneuchen , Mayer was sent back to the Channel Front .
On 10 June 1941 , Oberleutnant ( First Lieutenant ) Mayer was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of 7 . Staffel ( 7th squadron ) of JG 2 " Richthofen " , based at Saint @-@ Pol @-@ Brias . He claimed his 19th and 20th victory on 23 July 1941 and was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) on 1 August 1941 after his 21st aerial victory . He received the award with fellow JG 2 " Richthofen " pilots Oberleutnant Erich Leie and Oberleutnant Rudolf Pflanz on that day . The triple award presentation was recorded by the Deutsche Wochenschau ( German Weekly Review ) , a newsreel series released in the cinemas . His score had increased to 28 aerial victories by the end of 1941 .
Mayer received the German Cross in Gold ( Deutsches Kreuz in Gold ) on 16 July 1942 . On 19 August , his 25th birthday , Mayer shot down two Spitfires over Dieppe during Operation Jubilee , his 49th and 50th victory .
= = = Group commander = = =
Mayer was promoted to Hauptmann ( captain ) and was appointed Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) of III . Gruppe of JG 2 " Richthofen " in November 1942 . On 23 November , Mayer claimed his first victories over United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) four @-@ engined bombers , when he shot down two B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses and a B @-@ 24 Liberator . Together with Georg @-@ Peter Eder , Mayer developed the head @-@ on attack as the most effective tactic against the Allied daylight heavy combat box bomber formations . The concept was based on a Kette ( chain ) , three aircraft flying in a " V " formation , attacking from ahead and to the left . When in range , the attackers opened fire with a deflection burst , aiming in front of the enemy aircraft . Following the attack , the pilots would pull up sharply to the left or right . This gave the attacking fighters the best chance of avoiding the massed firepower of the bombers ' guns .
On 14 February 1943 , Mayer shot down three RAF Hawker Typhoons , claiming his 60th to 62nd victories . Following his 63rd victory he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 16 April 1943 , the 232nd officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored . The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in his office at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin on 11 May 1943 . Mayer was then promoted to Major ( major ) on 1 June 1943 .
In June 1943 , Mayer encountered Robert S. Johnson , a future ace from the 56th Fighter Group of the US Eighth Air Force . Johnson 's P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt had been badly shot @-@ up by some Focke Wulf Fw 190s during a routine mission . As Johnson limped home , with a canopy that would not open and hydraulic fluid and oil covering his windscreen , Mayer pulled alongside him in his Fw @-@ 190 . Mayer looked the wounded P @-@ 47 over , and then circled to come in from Johnson 's six @-@ o 'clock to give it the coup de grâce . The first gun pass failed to knock the heavy American fighter out of the sky . Mayer made two more runs on Johnson , without success . After running out of ammunition , Mayer pulled alongside Johnson , saluted him and headed for home . Johnson landed his plane , and counted more than 200 holes , without even moving around the airplane . He also saw that a 20 mm cannon shell had exploded just behind his headrest , which had made it impossible to open his canopy .
On 22 June 1943 , a flight led by Mayer encountered an RAF Spitfire unit . During the course of the engagement , he claimed one Spitfire shot down and damage to another . He shot down three USAAF P @-@ 47s on 26 June 1943 .
= = = Wing commander and death = = =
Mayer was appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of JG 2 " Richthofen " on 1 July 1943 , thus succeeding Oberst ( Colonel ) Walter Oesau . Command of III . Gruppe was passed on to the Staffelkapitän of 8 . Staffel , Hauptmann Bruno Stolle . He claimed three B @-@ 17s shot down within 19 minutes on 6 September . The Eighth Air Force was targeting Stuttgart that day and lost 45 aircraft . On 1 December 1943 , Mayer shot down three P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts . His claimed aerial victories increased to 90 on 30 December 1943 . Mayer was credited with four victories on 7 January 1944 , three B @-@ 24s and one B @-@ 17 shot down in the vicinity of Orléans . On 4 February 1944 he claimed his 100th victory , the first fighter pilot on the Channel Front to achieve this mark .
Mayer 's final score stood at 102 when he was shot down and killed in action by a P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt near Montmédy on 2 March 1944 . Flying Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 A @-@ 6 ( factory number 470468 ) , Mayer had led his Stabsschwarm ( headquarters unit ) and elements of III . Gruppe , 14 Fw 190s in total , in an attack on B @-@ 17s in the area of Sedan , but failed to detect the fighter escort of 29 P @-@ 47s 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 meters ) above . His aircraft was seen taking hits at a range of 400 yards ( 370 meters ) in the nose and cockpit . It made a violent snap roll and went into a vertical dive , crashing within 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 kilometers ) of Montmédy . He was posthumously decorated with the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) that day .
Recent research by historian Norman Fortier suggests that Mayer was shot down by Lieutenant Walter Gresham of the 358th Fighter Squadron of the 355th Fighter Wing . The claim is based on gun camera footage and recollections of Mayer 's wingman , who was forced to bail out during the action . Mayer was buried at the cemetery of Beaumont @-@ le @-@ Roger , France , and in 1955 re @-@ interred at the German War Cemetery in St. Desiré de Lisieux .
= = Awards = =
Wound Badge in Silver
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold with Pennant " 300 "
Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 25 October 1939 )
1st Class ( May 1940 )
German Cross in Gold on 16 July 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 7 . / Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen "
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight 's Cross on 1 August 1941 as Leutnant of the Reserves and pilot in Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen "
232nd Oak Leaves on 16 April 1943 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III . / Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen "
51st Swords on 2 March 1944 as Oberstleutnant and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 2 " Richthofen "
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= Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal =
The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal was a political scandal in Alberta , Canada in 1910 , which forced the resignation of the Liberal provincial government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford . Rutherford and his government were accused of giving loan guarantees to private interests for the construction of the Alberta and Great Waterways ( A & GW ) Railway that substantially exceeded the actual cost of construction , and which paid interest considerably above the market rate . They were also accused of exercising insufficient oversight over the railway 's operations .
The scandal split the Liberal Party : Rutherford 's Minister of Public Works , William Henry Cushing , resigned from his government and publicly attacked its railway policy , and a large portion of the Liberal caucus voted to defeat the government in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . Although the government survived all of these votes , and Rutherford largely placated the legislature by appointing a royal commission to investigate the affair , pressure from Lieutenant @-@ Governor George Bulyea forced Rutherford 's resignation and his replacement by Arthur Sifton .
The royal commission reported months after Rutherford had already resigned . The majority did not find Rutherford or his cabinet guilty of any wrongdoing , but criticized them for poor judgment , both in relation to the loan guarantees and in relation to the exemptions the A & GW received from provincial legislation ; a minority report was more sympathetic , and declared the allegations against them " disproved " . James Cornwall , a Liberal backbencher who supported Rutherford , fared somewhat worse : his personal financial involvement in the railway gave rise to " suspicious circumstances " , but he too was not proven guilty of any wrongdoing .
Besides provoking Rutherford 's resignation , the scandal opened rifts in the Liberal Party that took years to heal . Sifton eventually smoothed over most of these divisions , but was frustrated in his railway policy by legal defeats . He ultimately adopted a similar policy to Rutherford 's , and the A & GW was eventually built by private interests using the money raised from provincial loan guarantees . The Liberals went on to be re @-@ elected in 1913 and 1917 .
= = Background = =
Alberta 's first years as a province were optimistic ones , and one way that this optimism manifested itself was in a desire for railroads . The public , media , and politicians all called for the rapid development of new lines and expansion of existing ones . Rutherford 's Liberals had set up a framework that allowed almost anybody to enter the railroad business , but few firms had done so by 1909 . The opposition Conservatives called for the government 's direct entry into the industry . Rutherford 's government instead opted for a regime of loan guarantees : the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the Canadian Northern Railway ( CNR ) had their bonds , which were to pay 4 % per year over their thirty @-@ year term , guaranteed at a rate of $ 13 @,@ 000 per mile of railway constructed . The legislature had the right to increase this to $ 15 @,@ 000 . In exchange , the railways were subject to a minimum rate of line construction : the CNR was required to build 125 miles ( 201 km ) and the Grand Trunk Railway 50 miles ( 80 km ) before the end of 1909 .
Besides the established companies , guarantees were also offered to new companies . One company to take advantage of this was the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway , which was founded by two Kansas City bankers , William R. Clarke and Bertrand R. Clarke , and a Winnipeg accountant , William Bain . The company proposed to build a " line from Edmonton north @-@ easterly to a point at or near the west end of Lac la Biche , thence to a point at or near Fort McMurray . " Guarantees to the so @-@ called " A & GW " were more generous than to the established companies : $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile for 350 miles ( 560 km ) and $ 400 @,@ 000 for its Edmonton terminal . The bonds also paid better interest ( 5 % ) over a longer term ( fifty years ) than those of the established companies . Upon the bonds ' sale , the money was to be placed in a bank account controlled by the government , and paid to the railway as the line was constructed .
= = The scandal = =
The Rutherford government had just been resoundingly re @-@ elected in the 1909 provincial election , winning 36 of the legislature 's 41 seats , when the new legislature first met in February 1910 . There was initially no sign of controversy in relation to the A & GW Railway : William Clarke , A & GW President , had several months earlier announced that the line would be completed by the end of 1912 , ahead of schedule . When the A & GW bonds went on sale in London in November 1909 , the issue was oversubscribed . The following month , the contract for ties was awarded . Everything seemed to be progressing as planned when , at the beginning of the new legislative session , Liberal backbencher John R. Boyle asked the government a series of innocuous questions about the company and the guarantees made to it . Rutherford , Minister of Railways as well as Premier , responded to the questions in writing . Before he did so , however , a rumour began to circulate that William Henry Cushing , Minister of Public Works , had resigned from the cabinet .
Boyle and Conservative leader R. B. Bennett questioned Rutherford about the rumours , but Rutherford initially refused to make any announcement . The next day , however , the rumour was confirmed when the Premier read Cushing 's letter of resignation in the legislature . In this letter , Cushing gave his reasons for resigning as disagreement with the government 's railway policy , which he claimed was developed without his involvement or consent . Rutherford disagreed with this claim , and expressed his regret for Cushing 's resignation .
= = = J. R. Boyle 's resolution = = =
On February 21 , Boyle gave notice of a resolution to expropriate the rights of the A & GW and build the line directly . He asserted that the government had guaranteed to the A & GW more than was necessary , as a line of 230 miles ( 370 km ) , barely two thirds what had been guaranteed , was sufficient . The next day , Boyle further alleged that Deputy Attorney @-@ General S. B. Woods had tampered with the government 's files on the A & GW before Boyle and Bennett had viewed them . Attorney @-@ General Charles Wilson Cross strongly disputed this allegation .
Debate on Boyle 's resolution began February 25 , in front of a full public gallery . Cushing opened debate . He explained that the cabinet 's original intention had been for $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile to be the maximum guarantee , with less promised for more easily built portions of the line . He claimed that he had taken ill at a time that this understanding was still in place , only to have Rutherford move responsibility for railways from Cushing 's Public Works department to a new Railways department , headed by Rutherford himself . He recounted his discomfort with Rutherford 's refusal to consult with Public Works engineers on the actual costs of constructing the line , and his relief at Rutherford 's assurance that Cushing himself would be consulted . He claimed that Rutherford had not followed @-@ through on this pledge , and that , upon seeing the completed agreement between the A & GW and the government , Cushing had decided to resign . Rutherford disputed this version of events , noted that Cushing had been at all relevant cabinet meetings , and cited the report of government engineer R. W. Jones in disputing that the line could be constructed for less than $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile .
Boyle followed , alleging that Rutherford had privately committed the government to the $ 20 @,@ 000 figure as early as November 14 , 1908 , before a government engineer had even been appointed . He also accused the government of negligence in failing to verify the paid in capital of the A & GW before committing $ 7 @.@ 4 million of government loan guarantees to it . He closed by repeating his demand that the government expropriate the company 's rights and build the line itself . Cross rebutted for the government , questioning Cushing 's sincerity and quoting a March 1909 speech in which the then @-@ Minister of Public Works had defended the government 's railway policy against Bennett 's attacks . Cross also reminded the legislature that no money was to be paid to the A & GW until tracks were actually constructed .
On February 28 Liberal member and Cushing @-@ ally Ezra Riley proposed an amendment to Boyle 's resolution , striking out the proposals to expropriate and substituting a statement that " the contract and agreement entered into between the Government and the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company are not such as to commend them to the judgment and confidence of this house " . The same day , an amendment to this amendment was moved by Liberal John William Woolf and seconded by Liberal John Alexander McDougall . Woolf and McDougall proposed redrafting the agreement along the lines proposed by A & GW President Clarke in a letter to Rutherford . This letter suggested that the A & GW should offer to the government its construction equipment and other assets in guarantee of its construction pledges .
The Woolf @-@ McDougall amendment was considered friendly to the government , but Rutherford was not yet in the clear . Independent Edward Michener attacked the government for receiving only par value for the bonds when they had been sold at ten percent above par . McDougall voiced his support for Michener 's argument ; though McDougall had seconded Woolf 's pro @-@ government amendment , it became apparent that his reasons for doing so were less support for the government than a principled aversion to the province using its law @-@ making power to extricate itself from inconvenient contracts .
Opposition to the government came to a head March 2 when Conservative leader Bennett first spoke . Bennett was renowned as one of the province 's finest orators , and his five @-@ hour speech earned plaudits even from the Liberal Edmonton Bulletin , which praised its " splendor in diction [ and ] the physical endurance of the orator " and called it a " high water mark for parliamentary debate in Alberta " . Bennett lashed out at the government 's handling of the A & GW file , accusing it of culpable negligence in failing to properly oversee the company 's activities . He claimed to have been approached directly by " great financial interests " intent on preventing his participation in the debate . He argued that the discrepancy in the sale price of the bonds and what the government had received for them meant that Clarke and his associates had realized a profit of between $ 200 @,@ 000 and $ 300 @,@ 000 at the government 's expense . He closed with an accusation that Cross had sent an emissary to a telephone company that wanted to install an automatic telephone system in Calgary agreeing to reverse his opposition to the deal in exchange for a $ 12 @,@ 000 contribution to Cross 's campaign fund . These charges , corroborated by Cushing but hotly denied by Cross , were not related to the A & GW affair , but were designed to damage the credibility of the government 's de facto house leader on the eve of the vote on the Woolf @-@ McDougall amendment . The government side adopted similar tactics : Agriculture Minister Duncan Marshall accused Boyle of being motivated by bitterness over having been denied the solicitorship of the A & GW ; Boyle admitted that he had applied for this position , but denied an accusation from Peace River MLA James Cornwall that he had requested Cornwall 's assistance in lobbying for it .
The Woolf @-@ McDougall amendment came to a vote the evening of March 3 . In a victory for the government , the amendment passed twenty @-@ three votes to fifteen . In addition to Michener and the legislature 's two Conservatives , the amendment was opposed by twelve of the legislature 's thirty @-@ seven Liberals , including Cushing . Charles M. O 'Brien , the legislature 's lone Socialist representative , voted with the government .
= = = Cabinet confusion = = =
On March 9 , Cross suddenly resigned . His resignation was quickly followed by that of Woods , his deputy . The next day William Ashbury Buchanan , Minister without Portfolio , did the same ; though he had voted on the government 's side on the Woolf @-@ McDougall motion , he harboured considerable doubts about the government 's railway policy . Rumours circulated that Agriculture Minister Marshall and Minister without Portfolio Prosper @-@ Edmond Lessard had also resigned , though these proved false . Buchanan , Marshall , Lessard , and Rutherford made no comment on the situation to either the press or the legislature , but Cross was more forthcoming : he said that Rutherford had told him that Cushing had been asked to re @-@ enter cabinet and had accepted , leading Cross to conclude that , in light of his public conflict with Cushing , he " could not , under the circumstances , remain a member of the Alberta government . " ( Woods , who as a deputy minister did not sit in the legislature , denied that his resignation had any political motivation at all ; he said that he had received an employment offer carrying three times his current salary . )
Cushing also made public statements and , as usual , his were not in line with Cross 's . While acknowledging that Rutherford had invited him to rejoin the cabinet , he claimed that the Premier had offered Cross 's resignation as one of the terms for Cushing 's re @-@ entry . He further denied that he had ever accepted Rutherford 's offer , both because of persisting conflict between him and the Premier and because his re @-@ entry was unanimously opposed by his fellow dissident Liberals . He directly accused Cross of having fabricated his claim that Rutherford had told him that Cushing had agreed to re @-@ enter cabinet .
Rutherford held his silence until March 11 , when he told the legislature that he had not accepted any resignations . He said that the only vacant cabinet post was the ministry of Public Works previously held by Cushing , and that he hoped to fill it soon . In the meantime , he intended to continue governing . While he eventually acknowledged Buchanan 's resignation March 14 , Cross remained in cabinet .
= = = Further manoeuvring in the legislature = = =
Following the passage of the Woolf @-@ McDougall motion , the government took the offensive . On March 9 , Rutherford gave notice of a resolution to strike a provincial railway board , with a membership of Rutherford , Deputy Public Works Minister John Stocks , and provincial railway engineer R. W. Jones . The board would have the power to discharge any government responsibility under the Alberta Railway Act . Stocks , however , publicly repudiated the resolution , and announced that he would have nothing to do with it .
On March 11 , government supporter Charles Stewart attempted to disclose a scandalous rumour about Boyle in the legislature , but was ruled out of order by Speaker Charles W. Fisher . The allegation was quickly printed in the Edmonton Bulletin instead : Boyle , who expected to be named Attorney @-@ General in the event that Cushing formed a government , was accused of approaching Lucien Boudreau and Robert L. Shaw , two government supporters who were hoteliers in their extra @-@ legislative careers , and offering them immunity from prosecution for liquor license violations in exchange for their support of the insurgency .
That same day , Riley and Boyle moved a motion of no confidence in the government . It was defeated by a margin of twenty to seventeen . Ominously for Rutherford , two hitherto loyal Liberals , Buchanan and Henry William McKenney , switched their support to the rebels . More favourably , the ill member for Macleod , Colin Genge , was rumoured to be recovering from his illness and soon on his way to Edmonton , where he was expected to support the government ( in fact , Genge would die without ever taking his seat ) . The government was also encouraged by the motion of dissident George P. Smith to strike an apolitical commission to supervise the construction of the A & GW , since it corresponded closely to its own proposal to appoint a royal commission .
Rutherford gave notice of a resolution to strike this royal commission , to be composed of three judges of the provincial supreme court , March 14 . After one final attempt by the rebels to defeat the government legislatively ( which failed by three votes ) , the resolution to strike the royal commission passed the legislature unanimously the next day . The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal was , for the time being , out of the legislature 's hands .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = The commission 's inquiry = = =
The commission first met in Edmonton March 29 . The three commissioners — Justices David Lynch Scott , Horace Harvey , and Nicholas Beck — were joined by counsel for the insurgents ( including Bennett himself ) , Cross , Rutherford , the A & GW , and Cornwall ( who had been accused of using his involvement with the Athabasca Railway for personal benefit during the scandal ) . The evidence they heard was reported in great detail by Alberta 's press , to the initial interest of the public . Before long , however , the details grew tedious , and the public became less engaged .
The greatest surprise to emerge during the commission 's inquiry did not come from one of the forty @-@ six witnesses to testify , but from one who did not : A & GW President Clarke moved back to the United States , and did not return for his scheduled testimony . While this disappearance did not prove the government 's guilt , in the eyes of the press it did prove Clarke 's . As the Edmonton Journal put it , the only question left to answer was " were the members of the government simple innocents whom Clarke worked through their credulity or were they in on it with him ? "
= = = George Bulyea 's role = = =
Though it was George Bulyea , Alberta 's first lieutenant governor , who had invited Rutherford to form the province 's first government in 1905 , the Premier never fully enjoyed Bulyea 's confidence . Bulyea preferred several other candidates to Rutherford , including federal Member of Parliament ( MP ) Peter Talbot , but when these proved unwilling he acquiesced with Rutherford , the choice of Alberta Liberals . Now , with Rutherford reeling , Bulyea saw his initial doubts validated and began the search for potential successors .
The obvious choice was Cushing , but Bulyea felt little enthusiasm for him , doubting his political acumen ( in this opinion he was supported by other Liberal Party luminaries , including Frank Oliver , federal Minister of the Interior and proprietor of the Bulletin ) . He continued to prefer Talbot , but found that the insurgent Liberals , who favoured Cushing , would not accept him . Oliver was also a possibility , but he had no interest in leaving Ottawa .
Talbot suggested Arthur Sifton , the province 's chief justice . Sifton was a Liberal , but as a judge he was remote from political mudslinging . However , he had been offered the office of Premier in 1905 , when it had seemed more desirable than it did now ; would he have any interest ? The question was answered May 26 , when the legislature reconvened . Bulyea entered the house and announced that he had accepted Rutherford 's resignation and that he had asked Sifton to form a government . Sifton had accepted .
The arrangement had nearly fallen apart at the last moment : MLAs loyal to Cross indicated on May 25 that they would accept Sifton only if Cross remained the Attorney @-@ General , which Sifton refused . It appeared for a time that Rutherford would not resign ; after considering the matter overnight , Bulyea decided the morning of May 26 that he was in a position to force the Premier 's hand , but it proved unnecessary when Rutherford stepped down of his own volition .
= = = The commission 's report = = =
The commission reported to the legislature November 10 , 1910 . Its findings were split into two reports : a majority report from Justices Scott and Harvey , and a minority report from Justice Beck .
The majority report traced the origins of the A & GW scandal to 1905 , when a number of Albertans , including James Cornwall , were federally incorporated as the Athabasca Railway Company , chartered to construct a railway from Edmonton to Fort McMurray . The legal work for the incorporation had been done by the law firm of Charles Wilson Cross , Cornwall 's close friend and personal solicitor . In October 1906 Cornwall sold the ARC 's charter to a syndicate of Winnipegers for $ 2 @,@ 500 and a one @-@ sixth share in the syndicate . The syndicate costed out the construction of the railway , and found that cost per mile would be $ 13 @,@ 700 from Edmonton to Lac la Biche , and one thousand dollars per mile more from Lac la Biche to Fort McMurray . It decided to undertake the venture if it could get a loan guarantee of $ 13 @,@ 000 per mile from the Alberta government .
At the end of 1906 , syndicate members visited Alberta , where Cornwall introduced them to members of the cabinet . Negotiations between the syndicate and the government continued for several years . During this time , new construction estimates prepared by the syndicate placed the cost of the railway at between eighteen and twenty thousand dollars per mile . February 2 , 1907 , Cornwall entered into an agreement with the syndicate whereby he would receive $ 544 @,@ 000 in stock in the resulting railway company if he could secure the necessary loan guarantees ; this amount was later changed to $ 100 @,@ 000 .
At the beginning of 1908 , Clarke appeared on the scene , and eventually acquired the syndicate 's full interest in the railway , including a purchase of Cornwall 's interest for $ 14 @,@ 500 ( of an agreed @-@ upon $ 25 @,@ 000 ) . Shortly thereafter , Clarke met with members of cabinet in Calgary ; Cushing asserted that he had not been present for this meeting , while Rutherford insisted that he had been . While no formal guarantee was made at this meeting , Clarke left it confident that he would receive the necessary loan guarantee , and proceeded with construction plans . He obtained new cost estimates for the railroad of $ 27 @,@ 000 per mile , though Clarke 's engineer confidentially advised him that it could be built for half this amount . By November 14 , 1908 , the cabinet , led by Rutherford and Cross , had agreed to the $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile guarantee . The majority report was critical of Rutherford and Cross for this , and also for setting the bonds ' interest rate at 5 percent rather than 4 percent . The stated reason for this discrepancy was that the proposed railroad was likely to be difficult and expensive to build , crossing hundreds of miles of wilderness ; in response , the report pointed out that the provincial guarantee of $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile took this difficulty into account , and that there was thus no need for a higher interest rate to lure investors .
The majority report also took a dim view of the exemptions from the province 's railway legislation that were built into the A & GW 's charter : unlike the province 's other railways , the A & GW was not required to have directors resident in Alberta and was exempt from the requirement that railway companies not commence business until 25 % of their capital was subscribed and 10 % paid up . The A & GW was held to a figure of less than 1 % for both , and even this requirement was met in an unusual manner : Clarke brought his personal account into overdraft to issue a $ 50 @,@ 000 cheque to the company , thereby allowing the latter to meet its capital requirements and commence operations . The company then authorized a payment of the same amount to Clarke on account of expenses incurred by him on behalf of the company ; he used this payment to clear his overdraft .
The majority declined to find Rutherford and Cross guilty of any wrongdoing beyond poor judgment , though its findings were hardly flattering : " As there is room for doubt that the inference of personal interest is the only reasonable inference to be drawn from the circumstances related , and in view of the positive denial , it can only be said that , in the opinion of your commissioners , the evidence does not warrant the finding that there was or is any personal interest on the part of Dr. Rutherford or Mr. Cross " . Its findings with regards to Cornwall were similar : his receipt of $ 14 @,@ 500 and his expectation of $ 10 @,@ 500 more constituted " suspicious circumstances " , but these " point to no definite conclusion ; and he has denied that he received any other benefit , or was interested in any other way in the enterprise , and it must be held that the evidence does not establish the contrary . "
Justice Beck 's minority report was more sympathetic to all three men . Beck declared himself perfectly satisfied that Cushing , despite his protestations to the contrary , had been aware of all details of the negotiations . While acknowledging that " in some instances the wisdom of their course may be doubtful " , he accepted Rutherford 's and Cross 's explanations for their actions and labelled the accusations against them " disproved " . He felt similarly about Cornwall , concluding that by the time he was using his position to advocate for the construction of the A & GW , he was free of any pecuniary interest in it .
= = = Long @-@ term effects = = =
Sifton was selected Premier in an effort to restore party unity , and his first cabinet reflected that . There were three ministers in addition to Sifton . Charles R. Mitchell had been , like Sifton , a judge during the scandal , and was therefore unattached to either side . Duncan Marshall had been a Rutherford cabinet minister , but not one identified strongly with its railway policy . Archibald J. McLean had voted with the rebels , but not been a leader among them . The cabinet thus included members of both factions , but none of those who inspired such strong opinions as to be overly divisive .
In late 1910 , the new government introduced legislation to revoke the A & GW 's charter and confiscate the proceeds from the sale of bonds , which were still held by the province . In introducing the bill , Sifton made no commitment as to what would be done with the funds once confiscated . Many northern MLAs , including Cornwall and Cross , suspected that the Premier 's plans for the money did not include construction of a northern railway , and opposed the bill on that basis . Clarke re @-@ surfaced in Winnipeg to deny Sifton 's charge that the A & GW had defaulted on any of its obligations , and Conservative leader Bennett opposed the confiscation out of stated respect for private property : " Clarke I despise but Clarke I am bound to respect because this province gave him a right by charter and if I know the United States I do not think it will allow this province to take his property ' without due process of law ' . "
The government won the vote 25 to 14 . Once the legislation was signed into law by Bulyea , the government immediately wrote cheques drawing on the bond money . The Royal , Dominion , and Union banks , where the funds were deposited , refused payment . The government sued , and the provincial supreme court ruled in its favour in 1912 . The Royal Bank subsequently requested that the federal government use its power of disallowance to invalidate the legislation and appealed the supreme court 's decision to the British privy council , at the time Canada 's highest court of appeal . While the federal government declined to act , in 1913 the privy council found that the provincial legislature did not have the authority to confiscate money that had been raised from investors from outside of the province .
In its objective of smoothing over Liberal divisions , Sifton 's succession was only partially successful . Rutherford himself became increasingly distant from the party , and sought re @-@ election in the next election as an independent Liberal , opposed to Sifton 's government . In fact , he offered to campaign for the Conservatives across the province if they would agree not to run a candidate against him in his own riding ; the Conservatives declined his offer , and Rutherford was defeated . He would go on to campaign for the Conservatives in the 1921 election . On the other side , Ezra Riley , a leader of the insurgency , resigned his seat in protest of Cushing 's exclusion from the new administration ; he was defeated in the ensuing by @-@ election by a pro @-@ Sifton candidate . It is possible that supporters of Cross would have taken a similar tack , but Sifton brought him back into cabinet before the next election . With the noisiest dissidents neutralized , the Liberals enjoyed a period relatively free of intra @-@ party strife , until the Conscription Crisis of 1917 once again split the party .
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= A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush =
A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush is a 1958 book by the English travel writer Eric Newby . It is an autobiographical account of his adventures in the Hindu Kush , around the Nuristan mountains of Afghanistan , ostensibly to make the first mountaineering ascent of Mir Samir . It has been described as a comic masterpiece , intensely English , and understated . Publications including The Guardian and The Telegraph list it among the greatest travel books of all time . It has sold over 500 @,@ 000 copies in paperback .
The book has 14 monochrome photographs taken mainly by Newby , and two hand @-@ drawn maps . The novelist Evelyn Waugh wrote a preface that mentions the book 's whimsy and its Englishness .
The action in the book moves from Newby 's life in the fashion business in London to Afghanistan . On the way Newby describes his very brief training in mountaineering in North Wales , a stop in Istanbul , and a nearly @-@ disastrous drive across Turkey and Persia . They are driven out to the Panjshir Valley , where they begin their walk , with many small hardships described in a humorous narrative , supported by genuine history of Nuristan and brief descriptions of the rare moments of beauty along the way . Disagreements with Newby 's Persian @-@ speaking companion Hugh Carless , and odd phrases in an antique grammar book , are exploited to comic effect .
The book has been reprinted many times , in at least 16 English versions and in Spanish , Chinese and German editions . While some critics consider Newby 's Love and War in the Apennines a better book , A Short Walk was the book that made him well @-@ known , and critics agree that it is both understated and very funny in an old @-@ school British way .
= = Background = =
In 1956 at the age of 36 , Newby ended his London career in fashion and decided impulsively to travel to a remote corner of Afghanistan where no Englishman had ventured for 60 years .
He sent a telegraph to his friend the diplomat Hugh Carless , then due to take up his position as First Secretary in Tehran later that year , requesting he accompany him on an expedition to Northern Afghanistan . They were poorly prepared and inexperienced , but Newby and Carless vowed to attempt Mir Samir , a glacial and then unclimbed 20 @,@ 000 foot peak in the Hindu Kush .
= = The book = =
= = = Publication = = =
A Short Walk was first published in 1958 by Secker and Warburg . It has been reprinted many times since .
Translations include :
1997 : Laertes , Barcelona ( Spanish )
1998 : 馬可孛羅文化事業股份有限公司 . Marco Polo , Taibei ( Chinese )
2002 : Eichborn , Frankfurt am Main ( German )
2005 : Goldmann , München ( German )
= = = Illustrations = = =
The book was illustrated with 14 monochrome photographs taken by Newby or Carless ; one depicts the explorer Wilfred Thesiger in his sleeping @-@ bag .
There are two hand @-@ drawn maps . The " Map to illustrate a journey in Nuristan by Eric Newby and Hugh Carless in 1956 " , shows an area of 75 x 55 miles covering the Panjshir valley to the Northwest , and Nuristan and the Pushal valley to the Southeast ; it has a small inset of Central Asia showing the area 's location to the Northeast of Kabul . The other map , " Nuristan " , covers a larger area of about 185 x 140 miles , showing Kabul and Jalalabad to the South , and Chitral and the Pakistan region of Kohistan to the East .
= = = Preface by Evelyn Waugh = = =
A two @-@ page preface by novelist Evelyn Waugh recommends the book , remarking on its " idiomatic , uncalculated manner " , and that the " beguiling narrative " is " intensely English " . He hopes that Newby is not the last of a " whimsical tradition " . He explains that Newby is not the other English writer of the same name and confesses ( or pretends ) that he began to read it thinking that it was the other man 's work . He sketches out the " deliciously funny " account of Newby selling women 's clothes , and the " call of the wild " ( he admits it is an absurdly trite phrase ) that led him to the Hindu Kush . Waugh ends by advising the " dear reader " to " fall to and enjoy this characteristic artifact . "
= = = Structure = = =
The book contains 20 chapters , all narrated in the first person by Newby .
= = = = The rag trade = = = =
Chapter 1 Life of a Salesman
Newby describes his frustration with life in the fashion business or " rag trade " in London .
Chapter 2 Death of a Salesman
Newby leaves the rag trade .
= = = = Training = = = =
Chapter 3 Birth of a Mountain Climber
Newby and Carless receive very brief training in mountaineering technique , on boulders and small cliffs in North Wales . The inn has " splendid " waitresses who seem to be expert climbers and who take them up the Ivy Sepulchre on Dinas Cromlech , as the easier Spiral Stairs route is busy .
= = = = Driving out = = = =
Chapter 4 Pera Palace
Newby arrives in Istanbul with his wife , Wanda , having driven across Europe .
Chapter 5 The Dying Nomad
With Carless , they drive across Turkey to Persia ( present day Iran ) . They make an emergency stop on the road , just short of a dying nomad , and with difficulty convince the police they did not cause the death .
Chapter 6 Airing in a Closed Carriage
Wanda returns home and the men cross Persia and Afghanistan , driving through Herat to Kandahar and Kabul . They had driven 5 @,@ 000 miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ) in a month . There are comic touches , as when " The proprietor Abdul , a broken @-@ toothed demon of a man , conceived a violent passion for Hugh . We sat with him drinking coffee ... ' Arrrh , CAHARLESS , soul of your father . You have ill @-@ used your motor @-@ car . ' He hit Hugh a violent blow of affection in the small of his back , just as he was drinking his coffee . ' Urggh ! ' "
= = = = Journey = = = =
Chapter 7 A Little Bit of Protocol
Newby and Carless try to acclimatise to the altitude with a practice walk . They visit the Foreign Ministry , hire an Afghan cook , and buy a " very short " list of supplies . Newby describes the geography of Nuristan " walled in on every side by the most formidable mountains " and a little history , with the legend of descent from Alexander the Great , the British imperial adventures , and pre @-@ war German expeditions .
Chapter 8 Panjshir Valley
They are driven out from Kabul by a servant from the Embassy . They stay in a tall mud house in a place with mulberry trees , vines and willows by a river . Hugh puts the dinner guests to sleep with a complicated story " about an anaconda killing a horse " .
Chapter 9 A Walk in the Sun
They meet their three " very small " horses and their horse @-@ drivers . The cook has to return to Kabul . Despite having horses , they decide to carry 40 pound ( 20 kg ) packs " to toughen ourselves up " . The local people insult them for carrying loads in the heat . The drivers are angry at having to walk in the heat . They agree the drivers ' pay .
Chapter 10 Finding our Feet
They walk . They get upset stomachs and blisters . They find a man " with his skull smashed to pulp " ; the head driver suggests they should leave the place immediately . Two lammergeiers circle overhead .
Chapter 11 Western Approaches
They become tired of each other 's company , and of the food they have brought . They come to a ruinous summer pasture village , and eat local food : boiled milk , the yellow crust that forms on cream , and fresh bread . They catch sight of their goal , Mir Samir . They find tracks of ibex and wolf . One of their drivers catches a snowcock by running after it .
Chapter 12 Round 1
They look up at the awesome West wall of the mountain above them . They walk up the glacier wearing new crampons , probing for crevasses with their ice @-@ axes . They cross the bergschrund and climb " a few feet of easy rock " . Carless suggests rappelling 200 feet ( 60 m ) to the next glacier . They agree " it would be difficult " to get back if they did that . They return to their base camp and try again the next morning , again finding their way blocked . They wish the climbing waitresses from Wales were with them .
Chapter 13 Coming Round the Mountain
An injured boy is dressed in a " devilish " goatskin to draw the poison from his wounds . Newby has to eat the tail of a fat @-@ tailed sheep . They are escorted up the Chamar valley by a greedy farting albino . Newby tries to learn some phrases in the Bashguli or Kafir language from a 1901 Indian Staff Corps grammar , which contains sentences such as " A lammergeier came down from the sky and took off my cock " .
Chapter 14 Round 2
Setting out at 5 a.m. , they attempt to climb the East ridge . It becomes very hot . The rock is gritty with sharp flakes of mica . They pretend to be " Damon Runyon characters trying to climb a mountain " to cheer themselves up . They get better at roped climbing . After six and a half hours the altimeter shows 18 @,@ 000 feet . They reckon they could reach the top if they tried a different gully and started at 4 a.m. They go down . Carless 's hands are red and bleeding .
Chapter 15 Knock @-@ out
They camp below a cliff . Rocks continually fall , bouncing over their heads . It is bitterly cold . There is a thunderstorm . They eat pea soup , tinned apple pudding , and jam straight from the tin . They try to sleep . They try to ascend a 70 degree ice slope . They reach the ridge , after five hours , not the estimated two . At 19 @,@ 100 feet they have a tremendous view of the Hindu Kush , the Anjuman Pass , Tirich Mir , and the mountains that border Pakistan . Choughs croak above them . They are only 700 feet below the summit , but four hours away . They turn back . " The descent was terrible . " They return to camp at 9 p.m. after climbing for 17 hours .
Chapter 16 Over the Top
Carless makes an impressive speech in Persian to convince the drivers to continue into Nuristan . They climb an extremely indistinct track to the pass . They descend into Nuristan : it grows hot . Men run to meet them : they are told they are the first Europeans ever to cross the pass ( Newby doesn 't believe this ) . They are given ice @-@ cold milk to drink .
Chapter 17 Going Down !
They make camp in a loop of the river to reduce the risk of being murdered in the night . They are visited by two evil @-@ looking men with an ancient Martini @-@ Henry rifle , riding a horse . In the morning they try out the Bashguli grammar on a man ; he understands , but speaks a variant dialect or language . Newby tells the history of the Kafirs and the Russians . Their guide does not let them camp in a grove of mulberry trees full of " extremely handsome " girls and young women ; instead , he makes them camp under some cliffs in a place full of flies and excrement . They undress to wash in the river , discovering how thin they have become .
Chapter 18 A Room with a View
A large audience gathers to watch them get up and cook . There is a violent storm . They reach Pushal , " the capital of the Ramgul Kafirs " . The headman gives them delicious apricots and tells tales of the old days . They admire the antique rifles of many kinds that the men have , all " in a disgraceful condition " . A mullah forbids them to go to a funeral where a bullock is to be slaughtered , in a holiday atmosphere . Instead , they sit under a walnut tree beside a river , with kingfishers , butterflies , hummingbird hawkmoths , a woodpecker drilling , and have " a rare moment of peace " . Newby shakes hands with two lepers . They all have dysentery . Newby spends hours negotiating the price of a complete male Nuristanis costume .
Chapter 19 Disaster at Lake Mundul
Walking down from Lustagam they pass hand @-@ made irrigation canals of hollowed @-@ out halved tree trunks on stone pillars . They are shown a large rock , the Sang Neveshteh , with an inscription said to be in Kufic script , supposedly recording the Emperor Timur Leng 's visit in 1398 A.D. Newby gives some pages of history " lifted almost in their entirety ... from Elliott [ sic ] and Dawson 's History of India , Vol . III , London , 1871 . " The emperor forcibly converted the Nuristanis to Islam , which Newby implies they still regret . The country becomes lusher , with both ordinary mulberries and the king mulberry , plums , sloes and soft apples . Then they cross a wooded country with watermills , wild raspberries and buttercups " like a summer morning in England , but a long time ago " . They climb back into the " wilderness " to Gadval , a village on a cliff , with picturesque privies over the streams . At Lake Mundul a mullah swims the horse with Newby 's camera and all their film and other possessions across the river . The headman shows a scar inflicted on him in deep snow by a black bear .
Chapter 20 Beyond the Arayu
They climb 2 @,@ 000 feet out of the valley to reach the Arayu . At Warna they rest by a waterfall with mulberry trees . They walk on . Newby dreams of cool drinks and hot baths . They struggle on over a high cold pass . The last village of Nuristan , Achagaur , is peopled by Rajputs who claim to come from Arabia . They reach the top of the Arayu pass , " one of the lonely places of the earth with all the winds of Asia droning over it " . Newby feels the place will continue " whatever disasters overtook the rest of mankind " . They feel very happy going down from the pass . They meet the explorer and author of Arabian Sands , Wilfred Thesiger . He is disgusted by their air @-@ beds .
Maps
= = Reception = =
Edward Mace George , writing in The Guardian , notes that the book " is the comic masterpiece Newby will be remembered by " , though his finest work was Love and War in the Apennines ( 1971 ) .
Kari Herbert notes in The Guardian 's list of travel writer 's favourite travel books that she inherited her father , English polar explorer Wally Herbert 's " well @-@ loved copy " of Newby 's book . " Like Newby , I was in a soulless job , desperate for change and adventure . Reading A Short Walk was a revelation . The superbly crafted , eccentric and evocative story of his Afghan travels was like a call to arms . " John Gimlette , in the same list , chooses Newby 's Love and War in the Apennines . The Telegraph includes it as one of its " 20 best travel books of all time " , describing Newby and Carless 's meeting with the explorer Wilfred Thesiger as a " hilarious segment " . It quotes " We started to blow up our air @-@ beds . ' God , you must be a couple of pansies , ' said Thesiger . " Outside magazine includes A Short Walk among its " 25 essential books for the well @-@ read explorer " .
Margalit Fox , writing Newby 's obituary in the New York Times , notes that the trip was the one that made him famous , and states that " As in all his work , the narrative was marked by genial self @-@ effacement and overwhelming understatement . " She cites a 1959 review in the same publication by William O. Douglas , later a Supreme Court judge , who called the book " a chatty , humorous and perceptive account " , adding that " Even the unsanitary hotel accommodations , the infected drinking water , the unpalatable food , the inevitable dysentery are lively , amusing , laughable episodes . "
The Anmore Ladies Book Club ( Gentlemen welcomed ) called the book " an understated and very humorous travel story " , with " often ' laugh out loud ' funny " descriptions . While " the writing was a bit tedious at times , the general consensus was that [ the book ] was well worth the read " .
Travel writer John Pilkington includes the book in his " Top 10 writer 's reads " in Geographical magazine , observing that it is " still unmatched after nearly 50 years in print " , and describing it as a " hilarious and nicely understated description of an ill @-@ fated journey " .
American novelist Rick Skwiot enjoys the " blithely confident Brit 's " narrative style , finding echoes of its concept , structure and humour in Bill Bryson 's A Walk in the Woods . Skwiot notes the hazards of the journey as crevasses , precipices , thieves , bears , disease , thirst , hunger . " Somehow they blunder on toward their whimsical destination " , he remarks , the " seductive and tickling narrative " told with " understatement , self @-@ effacement , savage wit , honed irony , and unrelenting honesty . " The reader is drawn in " by his endearingly flawed humanity . "
Michael Shapiro , interviewing Newby for Travelers ' Tales , calls the book " a classic piece of old @-@ school British exploration , and established Newby ’ s trademark self @-@ deprecating wry humor . "
In Varieties of Nostalgia in Contemporary Travel Writing , Patrick Holland and Graham Huggan observe that " travel writing , like travel itself , is generated by nostalgia " . But the " anachronistic gentleman " can only exist , they note , quoting Simon Raven , " in circumstances that are manifestly contrived or unreal " . The resulting " atmosphere of enhanced affectation is exploited to maximum comic effect " in books like A Short Walk , which they call " an acclaimed post @-@ Byronic escapade in which gentlemanly theatrics come to assume the proportions of full @-@ blown farce . "
= = Legacy = =
The Austrian alpinist Adolf Diemberger wrote in a 1966 report that in mountaineering terms Newby and Carless 's reconnaissance of the Central Hindu Kush was a " negligible effort " , admitting however that they " almost climbed it " . The climb was more warmly described in the same year as " The first serious attempt at mountaineering in that country [ the Afghan Hindu Kush ] " by the Polish mountaineer Boleslaw Chwascinski .
In January 2012 , an expedition under the auspices of the British Mountaineering Council , citing the " popular adventure book " , attempted the first winter ascent of Mir Samir , but it was cut short by an equipment theft and " very deep snow conditions and route finding difficulties " .
= = = Edition = = =
Newby , Eric ( 1974 ) . A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush . Pan . ISBN 0 @-@ 330 @-@ 24227 @-@ X.
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= Philip Humber =
Philip Gregory Humber ( / ˈʌmbər / ; born December 21 , 1982 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He pitched for the New York Mets , Minnesota Twins , Kansas City Royals , Chicago White Sox , and Houston Astros in seven seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Although he debuted in the major leagues in 2006 and had worked mostly as a starter in the minor leagues , he did not become a regular MLB starter until 2011 .
Humber earned three Texas Little League state championships . He subsequently attended Carthage High School in Carthage , Texas , where he led the baseball team to the state championship game in 2001 , his senior season , winning state Player of the Year honors . He then attended Rice University , where he played college baseball for the Rice Owls baseball team . Humber was the winning pitcher in the clinching game of the 2003 College World Series . He has also represented the United States at the World University Baseball Championship .
The Mets selected Humber with the third overall selection in the 2004 MLB draft . During his minor league career , he underwent ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction , before making his MLB debut with the Mets . It took him several years to regain his ability to throw with the same velocity that he had prior to the injury . After being included in a trade to the Twins for Johan Santana , Humber struggled to establish himself . He spent a year with the Royals organization and was briefly a member of the Oakland Athletics organization , before being claimed on waivers by the White Sox in 2011 , getting an opportunity to pitch in the White Sox ' starting rotation . On April 21 , 2012 , Humber pitched the 21st perfect game in MLB history , defeating the Seattle Mariners .
= = Early life = =
Born in Nacogdoches , Texas , Humber was raised in Carthage , Texas . Living in an area with an abundance of baseball fields , Humber grew up with a batting cage in his backyard . At the age of 11 , Humber visited the Chicago White Sox during spring training in Florida as the guest of Robert Ellis , a family friend of the Humbers , who then was a minor league baseball pitcher for the White Sox .
Carthage was a Texas anomaly , its baseball athletes being the most admired role models rather than its football players . As of 2004 , the Panola County Dixie League teams had won 15 state championships in the preceding 20 years and Humber played for three state champions .
= = Amateur career = =
Humber attended Carthage High School . The Carthage Bulldogs had won the state title in 1990 and been one of the final four teams in the state tournament in 1994 . Humber was promoted from junior varsity midway through his sophomore season . He compiled a 4 – 0 win – loss record with a low 1 @.@ 09 earned run average ( ERA ) . He went 7 – 2 as a junior , and posted a 13 – 1 record with a 0 @.@ 90 ERA and 146 strikeouts as a senior . A capable batter , he also had a .371 batting average with six home runs . Humber threw a shutout in the Texas University Interscholastic League Class 4A semifinals against Cedar Park High School in 2001 , his senior season . Although Carthage lost the state championship to Western Hills High School in baseball that year , Humber was named Texas High School Class 4A Player of the Year by the Texas Sports Writers Association . According to former Major League Baseball prospect and East Texas native Alan Move : " Back in high school , he ( Humber ) threw harder than everyone else and changed speeds pretty well and that 's all you need in high school . "
Humber was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 29th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft . As the 875th pick overall , he described himself as " more of a draft @-@ and @-@ follow " prospect . The Yankees made Humber an offer in an attempt to lure him away from his college scholarship , but he did not sign , choosing instead to attend Rice University in order to play college baseball for the Rice Owls baseball team , competing in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) of NCAA Division I.
At Rice , Humber was coached by Wayne Graham . Humber 's first home appearance at Reckling Park was in the annual Rice Alumni game in February 2002 . After retiring his first two batters in relief , Humber faced a pair of Major League Baseball players . José Cruz , Jr. bounced the baseball off of the wall in center field and then Lance Berkman hit the ball over the scoreboard . After his inauspicious debut , he became a dominant pitcher during his three college seasons for the Rice Owls , stepping into the nationally ranked Owls ' starting rotation as a freshman . Humber finished his freshman season in 2002 with an 11 – 1 win – loss record , a 2 @.@ 78 ERA , and a WAC @-@ leading 130 strikeouts in 110 2 ⁄ 3 innings , earning National Freshman Player of the Year honors from Collegiate Baseball and All @-@ America honors from several publications — Collegiate Baseball ( Second Team ) , Baseball America ( Second Team ) and Baseball Weekly ( Third Team ) . Humber 's strikeout total was the most for an Owl freshman since 1976 . That season , Rice reached the 2002 College World Series , but lost its first two games and was eliminated . Nonetheless , Humber earned an invitation to USA Baseball 's national team trials . He was the scheduled starter in the second of the two games , which was against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish on June 17 , but the team could not hold a 3 – 2 lead in the bottom of the ninth . He then competed for the United States national baseball team at the 2002 World University Baseball Championship , which was held in Messina , Sicily . On August 7 , he earned a victory for the United States in a game against the South Korean team . The United States won the silver medal in the tournament .
Entering his sophomore season , he was expected to be a key part of the starting pitching rotation . The 2003 season saw the development of Rice 's " Big Three " rotation , featuring Humber and sophomore classmates Wade Townsend and Jeff Niemann . Humber developed a curveball that season , to augment his arsenal that included a fastball , changeup and split @-@ finger fastball . During the season , Humber achieved his 17th consecutive win in WAC play . He was recognized as a Third Team All @-@ American by Collegiate Baseball and was a First Team All @-@ Western Athletic Conference honoree . The trio entered the 2003 College World Series with gaudy numbers — Niemann ( 16 – 0 , 1 @.@ 63 ERA ) and Townsend ( 10 – 1 , 1 @.@ 90 ERA ) complementing Humber — and with Humber scheduled for the third game , if necessary . Humber finished with an 11 – 3 win – loss record with a 3 @.@ 30 ERA , as Rice won its first national championship in any team sport . He pitched a complete game in the decisive third game of the series , a 14 – 2 win over the Stanford Cardinal . The game established a College World Series record for largest title game margin of victory . During the season , Rice established a school record 30 @-@ game winning streak . Upon his becoming the College World Series hero , June 26 , 2003 was declared ' Philip Humber Day ' in his hometown of Carthage , Texas in his honor . Following the season , all three pitchers competed in collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League ; Humber pitched for the Yarmouth – Dennis Red Sox . Baseball America rated Humber as the seventh @-@ best prospect in the Cape Cod League .
In his junior season of 2004 , Humber compiled a 13 – 4 win – loss record and 2 @.@ 27 ERA . He struck out 154 batters and issued only 37 walks in 115 innings . He also set the Rice single @-@ game record for strikeouts when he struck out 17 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors hitters on March 20 , 2004 . Rice entered the 64 @-@ team NCAA Baseball tournament as one of the eight national seeds . In the first game of the regional round of the tournament , Rice was upset by the Texas Southern Tigers . Humber entered the next game against the Texas A & M Aggies with the bases loaded and surrendered a first @-@ pitch grand slam to Justin Ruggiano . For the season , Humber totaled 154 strikeouts in 115 innings pitched .
Humber finished his three @-@ year career with a 35 – 8 win – loss record and 2 @.@ 80 ERA , striking out 422 in 354 innings pitched . Humber 's totals rank him with the third most wins in Rice baseball history and second most strikeouts . Among his honors for the season were selection to the 2004 Louisville Slugger All @-@ America team by Collegiate Baseball and the 2004 USA TODAY / Sports Weekly All @-@ America team . During the inaugural year for the Roger Clemens Award , which designates the top college pitcher , he was one of 10 named semifinalists . He was also among the 10 finalists for the Dick Howser Trophy in 2004 , in recognition of his performance as one of college baseball 's top players .
Following the early exit in the Houston Regional due to the upset by the Aggies , Humber looked forward to the Major League Baseball Draft . Niemann , and Townsend were all selected along with Humber in the first eight picks of the 2004 MLB Draft — the first time three teammates had ever gone so early in the same draft . Only twice had three teammates been taken in the first round , most recently when Steve Hosey , Tom Goodwin and Eddie Zosky of the Fresno State Bulldogs were selected in the first round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft . Teammate David Aardsma , a relief pitcher , was also selected in the first round .
= = Professional career = =
= = = New York Mets ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = =
The New York Mets chose Humber out of Rice University with their first @-@ round pick in the 2004 Major League Baseball draft , the third overall selection . The Mets chose Humber over Jered Weaver and Stephen Drew , who also received consideration , as they considered Humber to be the " safe " selection . They also scouted Justin Verlander , who the Detroit Tigers had chosen with the second overall pick . It was reported that the Mets preferred Verlander , and would have chosen him if the Tigers had selected Drew .
On January 11 , 2005 , Humber and the Mets agreed to a five @-@ year contract , ending a long holdout the day before the Mets began their two @-@ day minicamp in Port St. Lucie , Florida . Humber and the Mets were motivated to complete a deal due to a change in federal tax law that made signing bonuses subject to Federal Insurance Contributions Act and Social Security taxes . There is some discrepancy about the value of the contract . According to MLB.com , Humber received a combined $ 3 @.@ 7 million signing bonus and contract from the Mets . The Houston Chronicle reported the contract to be a $ 4 @.@ 2 million deal with a $ 3 million signing bonus and that Humber would fly to minicamp . Six months later , Lee Jenkins of The New York Times also reported the signing bonus to be $ 3 million , but he claimed the contract was for $ 5 million in total . John Manuel of Baseball America reported the contract was worth a maximum of $ 5 @.@ 116 million , with $ 4 @.@ 2 million guaranteed .
Baseball America rated Humber as the 50th @-@ best prospect in baseball heading into the 2005 season . Humber entered spring training in 2005 with the Mets . There , he clashed with Mets ' pitching coach Rick Peterson , who wanted Humber to adopt a different training regimen and change the manner with which he threw the ball to the plate . The Mets front office supported Humber , telling him to pitch how he felt comfortable .
After the brief stint in spring training , the Mets assigned Humber to start his professional career with the St. Lucie Mets of the Class @-@ A Advanced Florida State League , where , in fourteen starts , he posted a 2 – 6 win – loss record and a 4 @.@ 99 ERA . Humber was then promoted to the Class @-@ AA Binghamton Mets of the Eastern League . In one start , Humber gave up three earned runs in four innings . Humber left the game early due to elbow pain caused by bone spurs , which required ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction ( more commonly known as Tommy John surgery ) to repair a torn ligament in his elbow . The surgery was performed by Dr. James Andrews of the American Sports Medicine Institute . Coincidentally , his Rice pitching teammates , Townsend ( Tommy John surgery ) and Niemann ( arthroscopic shoulder surgery ) , also endured major surgeries that year . Rice coach Graham , who also coached MLB starters such as Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte in college , shied away from any blame , noting that all three missed out on fall league play by holding out . In spite of his arm surgery , Humber was named the 20th @-@ best prospect in the Florida State League by Baseball America , which ranked him as the fifth @-@ best prospect in the Mets organization following the season .
On March 8 , he was assigned to the Mets minor league camp . After rehabilitating from surgery , Humber resumed pitching with St. Lucie in 2006 , posting a 2 @.@ 37 ERA in seven starts . He compiled a 3 – 1 win – loss record . On July 31 , 2006 , a year after his surgery , Humber was once again promoted to Binghamton , where he was 2 – 2 with a 2 @.@ 88 ERA . He was an early September call @-@ up when the Major League rosters expanded on September 1 . However , Humber did not make his Major League Baseball debut until September 24 , 2006 . He made two appearances for the Mets as a relief pitcher , pitching two innings . However , Humber was unable to obtain his pre @-@ surgery velocity . That fall , he began play in the Arizona Fall League but his participation was discontinued when he endured shoulder tendinitis .
Before the 2007 season , Baseball America rated Humber as the fourth @-@ best prospect in the Mets organization . That year , the Mets had nine pitchers competing for five spots in the starting rotation in spring training camp . Óliver Pérez , Tom Glavine , Orlando Hernández , and John Maine were the favorites for the spots in the rotation . Veterans Aaron Sele , Chan Ho Park and Jorge Sosa were also invited to camp so that the team could be patient with former first round draft choices Humber and Mike Pelfrey , who were considered the most promising pitchers in camp . Rated the 73rd @-@ best prospect in baseball by Baseball America prior to the 2007 season , Humber competed for a spot on the Mets roster in spring training . However , Humber was optioned to the minor leagues during spring training in 2007 . Assigned to the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class @-@ AAA Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , Humber had an 11 – 9 win – loss record and 4 @.@ 27 ERA in 139 innings pitched . He allowed 129 hits and walked 44 while striking out 120 batters in 25 starts . For the season , Humber finished tied for fourth in the PCL in wins and had the tenth @-@ best ERA . He had started the season by earning the PCL Pitcher of the week for the week ending April 22 . That week he allowed 2 earned runs in 13 innings of work over two starts , earning a win on April 16 against the Nashville Sounds with six innings of work and suffering a blown save after seven innings against the Albuquerque Isotopes on April 21 . He flirted with a no @-@ hitter with the Zephyrs on August 22 when he entered the ninth inning without giving up a hit to the Iowa Cubs . In his subsequent start , he allowed only an unearned run on two hits over five innings , but he was removed from the game when a batted ball hit him in the shoulder .
Humber was promoted to the Mets , again as a September call @-@ up , on September 2 . Though the Mets considered inserting him into the starting rotation immediately , they chose to start Pelfrey . Humber made two relief appearances for the Mets , on September 5 and 11 . The Mets , having lost eight of their previous 12 games and seen their lead over the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League East division race decrease from seven games to two , removed Pelfrey from the final rotation to give an extra day of rest to pitchers Pérez , Maine , and Pedro Martínez , and gave Humber his first Major League start on September 26 , 2007 , against the Washington Nationals , choosing him over Dave Williams . Although the Mets raced out to a 6 – 2 lead , Humber allowed five runs in four @-@ plus innings , receiving a no decision in a game the Mets eventually lost , 9 – 6 . The decision to start Humber was seen as emblematic of the Mets ' desperation . As George Vecsey wrote in The New York Times , " How did it come to this ? How did the entire Mets ' season come to depend so much on a young pitcher , Philip Humber , who had never started in the major leagues until last night ? " He concluded his three Mets appearances in the 2007 season with a 7 @.@ 71 ERA .
= = = Minnesota Twins ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = =
Following the 2007 season , the Mets began to discuss trading Humber to the Minnesota Twins in a package of prospects to acquire two @-@ time Cy Young Award @-@ winning pitcher Johan Santana . Eligible to become a free agent after the 2008 season , Santana had rejected a proposed four @-@ year , $ 80 million contract extension from the Twins . Assuming that he was unlikely to resign with Minnesota , the Twins began to shop him to other MLB teams .
On February 2 , 2008 , the Mets traded Humber , along with outfielder Carlos Gómez and pitchers Kevin Mulvey and Deolis Guerra , to the Twins for Santana . At the time Baseball America ranked Guerra , Gomez , Mulvey and Humber the second , third , fourth and seventh @-@ best prospects in the Mets organization , respectively .
During spring training , the Twins assigned Humber to Santana 's former place in the Twins ' clubhouse . While trying to earn a spot in the rotation , Humber compiled 11 consecutive scoreless innings in the Grapefruit League . By late March , Humber had a spring training ERA of 1 @.@ 29 .
Humber spent most of the 2008 season assigned to the Twins ' Class @-@ AAA affiliate , the Rochester Red Wings of the International League . He started off slow with a 0 – 5 win – loss record and a 5 @.@ 83 ERA in his first nine starts . With Rochester , Humber eventually compiled a 10 – 8 win – loss record with a 4 @.@ 56 ERA in 31 games . He finished with a 6 – 1 win – loss record and a 2 @.@ 67 ERA in the second half . His 4 – 1 win – loss record with a 2 @.@ 74 ERA in August earned him the Minor League Pitcher of the Month Award . The Twins promoted Humber in August 2008 , and he appeared in five games for the Twins , all in relief . Humber pitched 11 2 ⁄ 3 innings , and posted a 4 @.@ 63 ERA and six strikeouts for the Twins . Following the 2008 season , Humber was out of options , and could not be sent to the minor leagues without first being subjected to waivers , where other teams could claim him .
Humber made the Twins ' Opening Day roster in 2009 as a long reliever . Humber struggled at the start of the 2009 season , pitching to a 12 @.@ 46 ERA over 4 1 ⁄ 3 innings , while giving up 11 hits and walking four batters . The Twins designated Humber for assignment on April 17 , 2009 to make room on their roster for Juan Morillo , who the Twins had claimed off waivers from the Colorado Rockies . Humber cleared waivers and the Twins assigned him to Rochester . The Twins recalled Humber in August 2009 due to an injury to Francisco Liriano , but outrighted him to the minor leagues ten days later . Humber was granted free agency after the 2009 season .
= = = Kansas City Royals ( 2010 ) = = =
On December 15 , 2009 , Humber signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals , receiving an invitation to spring training . After he pitched to an 11 @.@ 74 ERA in four spring training games , the Royals reassigned Humber to their minor league camp on March 22 .
Humber was assigned to start the year with the Omaha Royals of the PCL . On June 10 , 2010 , while pitching in a game for Omaha , Humber was hit in the face on a line drive by Luis Cruz . After lying on the mound for a few minutes , he was able to get up and walk on his own to the dugout . He was then transported to a local hospital , where he received eighteen stitches . He earned the second PCL Pitcher of the Week Award of his career for play during the week ending August 1 . He won the award based on having posted a complete game 4 @-@ hit 7 @-@ strikeout shutout against the Nashville Sounds on July 30 .
However , Humber began to regain the velocity he had lost following Tommy John surgery in 2005 . Humber was called up by the Kansas City Royals on August 5 , 2010 , when Kansas City designated José Guillén for assignment . On August 25 , Humber pitched three relief innings for the Royals against the Detroit Tigers and earned his first MLB win . He finished the 2010 season with a 2 – 1 win – loss record and 4 @.@ 15 ERA in eight games for the Royals , including one game started . He also appeared in 21 games , 20 of them starts , for the Omaha Royals , pitching to a 5 – 6 win – loss record and 4 @.@ 47 ERA . The Royals designated Humber for assignment in December 2010 , in order to make room on the roster for newly signed Jeff Francoeur .
= = = Chicago White Sox ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = =
In December 2010 , the Royals waived Humber , and he was claimed by the Oakland Athletics , who had extra room on their 40 @-@ man roster at the time of the waiver claim . However , the team subsequently filled its 40 @-@ man roster and designated Humber for assignment later that off @-@ season in order to make room on their roster for Guillermo Moscoso , who the Athletics acquired from the Texas Rangers in a trade during January 2011 . The Chicago White Sox claimed Humber off waivers from the Athletics on January 18 , 2011 . He signed a contract worth $ 500 @,@ 000 for the season . White Sox pitching coach Don Cooper worked with Humber , as he replaced his cut fastball with a slider and improved his pitching mechanics in the fashion originally recommended by Peterson in 2005 .
Humber debuted with the White Sox in their third game in relief . He made two pitches , both of which resulted in hits and base runners that came around to score . With Jake Peavy injured at the start of the 2011 season , the White Sox gave Humber the opportunity to pitch in their starting rotation . On April 9 , 2011 , Humber won his first start with the White Sox , pitching 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings and only allowing one run . Humber surprised the White Sox with his strong performance . On April 25 , in the sixth start of his career , he took a no @-@ hitter into the seventh inning against the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium , but with one out Alex Rodriguez singled up the middle . He finished with seven scoreless innings . He took a no @-@ hitter into the sixth inning against the Washington Nationals on June 26 , but ended up earning a 2 – 1 loss when he surrendered a seventh inning home run to Danny Espinosa . In early July , when he led the major leagues with 103 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched and held an 8 – 4 record with a 2 @.@ 69 ERA , he seemed like a probable selection for the 2011 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game . In mid @-@ July , the White Sox switched to a six @-@ man rotation . By early August , Humber was in a slump . Humber denies the extra rest affected his pitch command . He spent time on the disabled list with a facial bruise after Kosuke Fukudome lined a baseball into his face above the right eye on August 18 . After he was hit , he was very concerned for his wife : " I thought , ' I 've got to get up because she 's in the stands , ' " Humber said . " As soon as I went in [ the clubhouse ] , I asked one of the guys to call her to make sure she knew I was OK . " , adding " My main concern was cheering up my wife . " He appeared in one rehabilitation start for the Charlotte Knights of the Class @-@ AAA International League . Humber pitched seven scoreless innings in his major league return . Humber completed his first full season as an MLB starting pitcher with a 9 – 9 win – loss record with a 3 @.@ 75 ERA in 163 innings .
As Humber performed better in the first half of the 2011 season ( 8 – 5 , 3 @.@ 10 ERA ) than in the second half ( 1 – 4 , 5 @.@ 01 ERA ) , which he attributed to general fatigue , Humber decided to add 20 pounds ( 9 @.@ 1 kg ) during his offseason workouts . Humber signed a one @-@ year contract in March for $ 530 @,@ 000 , above the minimum salary for a player with his level of MLB experience . In the first season in which he did not have to battle for a roster spot in spring training , he made his final spring training start in his home state near Rice at Minute Maid Park in front of many relatives . Although the 2012 Chicago White Sox 's rotation was said to be made up of five number @-@ three starters , Humber began the season as the number five starter .
In Humber 's 30th career start in MLB , he pitched the 21st perfect game in MLB history against the Seattle Mariners on April 21 , 2012 . It was the third perfect game in White Sox history after those thrown by Charlie Robertson and Mark Buehrle , and the 18th no @-@ hitter in White Sox history . It was Humber 's second start of the 2012 season and first career complete game .
Humber was named American League ( AL ) Player of the Week for the week ending April 22 . Humber went 1 – 0 with a 0 @.@ 63 ERA in 14 1 ⁄ 3 innings while striking out 16 over two starts that week , including the perfect game . He received a congratulatory phone call from President Barack Obama , a noted White Sox fan . Humber appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , where he read the " Top Ten List " . Humber 's perfect game will be memorialized with a plaque at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum .
Since the perfect game , Humber has struggled . He allowed 20 runs in his next three starts across 13 1 ⁄ 3 innings . He missed one month of the season due to a right elbow strain . Following the acquisition of Francisco Liriano , the White Sox removed Humber from the starting rotation .
= = = Houston Astros ( 2013 ) = = =
The Houston Astros claimed Humber off waivers on November 30 , 2012 . Humber made the Astros ' starting rotation at the start of the 2013 season . Humber lost his spot in the starting rotation to Érik Bédard after opening the season with an 0 – 7 record and an ERA of 8 @.@ 82 . Humber was designated for assignment on May 12 , after his record fell to 0 – 8 with a 9 @.@ 59 ERA . After pitching in relief for the Oklahoma City RedHawks of the PCL , the Astros selected his contract on August 12 , when they traded Wesley Wright to the Tampa Bay Rays . On October 3 , the Astros declined a $ 3 million option for 2014 , instead paying him his guaranteed $ 500 @,@ 000 and releasing him .
= = = Oakland Athletics = = =
On November 2 , 2013 , Humber signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics , with an invitation to spring training . The Athletics assigned him to the Sacramento River Cats of the PCL .
= = = Kia Tigers = = =
On December 8 , 2014 , Humber signed a contract with the Kia Tigers of the Korea Baseball Organization . After pitching to a 6 @.@ 75 ERA in 50 2 / 3 innings , Humber was released by the Tigers on July 20 , 2015 .
= = = San Diego Padres = = =
On December 10 , 2015 , Humber signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres . Humber retired on March 29 , 2016 .
= = = Pitching style = = =
Humber relied on five pitches . He had a four @-@ seam fastball ranging from 89 to 92 miles per hour ( 143 – 148 km / h ) , a two @-@ seam fastball ( 89 to 92 miles per hour ( 143 – 148 km / h ) ) , a slider ( mid 80s ) , a changeup ( mid 80s ) , and a 12 @-@ 6 curveball ( 78 to 81 miles per hour ( 126 – 130 km / h ) ) . He used his slider against right @-@ handed hitters but preferred to use his changeup and curveball as off @-@ speed pitches against left @-@ handed hitters . Humber favored his curveball in two @-@ strike situations . He used a conventional " three @-@ quarters " arm slot to deliver his pitches .
= = Personal life = =
Humber married his wife , Kristan , in November 2007 . They were introduced by mutual friends in 2005 . At the time of his perfect game , Humber 's wife was nine months pregnant with the couple 's first child , a son named John Gregory , who was born on May 1 . Humber comes from a large extended family .
Humber is a registered member of the Republican Party . He has the Bible verse Colossians 3 : 23 inscribed in his baseball glove . He undertook a charitable mission to the Philippines in the 2011 – 12 offseason with Brett Carroll , where they instructed children about baseball and Christianity .
Josh Tomlin , an MLB pitcher , is a close friend of Humber . From nearby Tyler , Texas , Tomlin competed against Humber in high school , and the two train together during offseasons . Humber is currently a Tyler resident .
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= Jonathan Lethem =
Jonathan Allen Lethem ( born February 19 , 1964 ) is an American novelist , essayist and short story writer . His first novel , Gun , with Occasional Music , a genre work that mixed elements of science fiction and detective fiction , was published in 1994 . It was followed by three more science fiction novels .
In 1999 , Lethem published Motherless Brooklyn , a National Book Critics Circle Award @-@ winning novel that achieved mainstream success . In 2003 , he published The Fortress of Solitude , which became a New York Times Best Seller . In 2005 , he received a MacArthur Fellowship .
= = Early life = =
Lethem was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Judith Frank Lethem , a political activist , and Richard Brown Lethem , an avant @-@ garde painter . He was the eldest of three children . His father was Protestant ( with Scottish and English ancestry ) and his mother was Jewish , from a family with roots in Germany , Poland , and Russia . His brother Blake became an artist , and his sister Mara became a photographer , writer , and translator . The family lived in a commune in the pre @-@ gentrified Brooklyn neighborhood of North Gowanus ( now called Boerum Hill ) . Despite the racial tensions and conflicts , he later described his bohemian childhood as " thrilling " and culturally wide @-@ reaching . He gained an encyclopedic knowledge of the music of Bob Dylan , saw Star Wars twenty @-@ one times during its original theatrical release , and read the complete works of the science fiction writer Philip K. Dick . Lethem later said Dick ’ s work was " as formative an influence as marijuana or punk rock — as equally responsible for beautifully fucking up my life , for bending it irreversibly along a course I still travel . "
His parents divorced when Lethem was young . When he was thirteen , his mother Judith died from a malignant brain tumor , an event which he has said haunted him and has strongly affected his writing . ( Lethem discusses the direct relation between his mother and the Bob Dylan song " Like a Rolling Stone " in the 2003 Canadian documentary Complete Unknown . ) In 2007 , Lethem explained , " My books all have this giant , howling missing [ center ] — language has disappeared , or someone has vanished , or memory has gone . "
Intending to become a visual artist like his father , Lethem attended the High School of Music & Art in New York , where he painted in a style he describes as " glib , show @-@ offy , usually cartoonish " . At Music & Art he produced his own zine , The Literary Exchange , which featured artwork and writing . He also created animated films and wrote a 125 @-@ page novel , Heroes , still unpublished .
After graduating from high school , Lethem entered Bennington College in Vermont in 1982 as a prospective art student . At Bennington , Lethem experienced an " overwhelming .... collision with the realities of class — my parents ’ bohemian milieu had kept me from understanding , even a little , that we were poor .... at Bennington that was all demolished by an encounter with the fact of real privilege . " This , coupled with the realization that he was more interested in writing than art , led Lethem to drop out halfway through his sophomore year . He hitchhiked from Denver , Colorado to Berkeley , California in 1984 , across " a thousand miles of desert and mountains through Wyoming , Utah , and Nevada , with about 40 dollars in my pocket , " describing it as " one of the stupidest and most memorable things I 've ever done . "
Lethem lived in California for twelve years , working as a clerk in used bookstores , including Moe 's and Pegasus & Pendragon Books , and writing on his own time . Lethem published his first short story in 1989 and published several more in the early 1990s .
= = Career = =
= = = First novels = = =
Lethem ’ s first novel , Gun , with Occasional Music , is a merging of science fiction and the Chandleresque detective story , which includes talking kangaroos , radical futuristic versions of the drug scene , and cryogenic prisons . The novel was published in 1994 by Harcourt Brace , in what Lethem later described as a " delirious " experience . " I 'd pictured my first novels being published as paperback originals , " he recalled , " and instead a prestigious house was doing the book in cloth .... I was in heaven . " The novel was released to little initial fanfare , but an enthusiastic review in Newsweek , which declared Gun an " audaciously assured first novel " , catapulted the book to wider commercial success . Gun , with Occasional Music was a finalist for the 1994 Nebula Award , and placed first in the " Best First Novel " category of the 1995 Locus Magazine reader 's poll . In the mid @-@ 1990s , film producer @-@ director Alan J. Pakula optioned the novel 's movie rights , which allowed Lethem to quit working in bookstores and devote his time to writing .
His next book was Amnesia Moon ( 1995 ) . Partially inspired by Lethem 's experiences hitchhiking cross @-@ country , this second novel uses a road narrative to explore a multi @-@ post @-@ apocalyptic future landscape rife with perception tricks . After publishing many of his early stories in a 1996 collection , The Wall of the Sky , the Wall of the Eye , Lethem published his third novel , As She Climbed Across the Table ( 1997 ) . It starts with a physics researcher who falls in love with an artificially generated spatial anomaly called " Lack " , for whom she spurns her previous partner . Her ex @-@ partner 's comic struggle with this rejection , and with the anomaly , constitute the majority of the narrative .
In 1996 , Lethem moved from the San Francisco Bay Area back to Brooklyn . His next book , published after his return to Brooklyn , was Girl in Landscape . In the novel , a young girl must endure puberty while also having to face a strange and new world populated by aliens known as Archbuilders . Lethem has said that Girl in Landscape 's plot and characters , including the figures of a young girl and a violently protective father figure , were " very strongly influenced " by the 1956 John Wayne Western The Searchers , a movie with which he is " obsessed . "
= = = Mainstream success and " genre bending " = = =
The first novel Lethem began after returning to New York City was Motherless Brooklyn , a return to the detective theme . He maintained objective realism while exploring subjective alterity through Lionel Essrog . His protagonist has Tourette syndrome and is obsessed with language . Lethem later said that Essrog
... obviously [ is ] the character I 've written with whom I most identify ... [ the novel ] stands outside myself ... It 's the only one which doesn 't need me , never did . It would have found someone to write it , by necessity .
Upon its publication in 1999 , Motherless Brooklyn won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction , The Macallan Gold Dagger for crime fiction , and the Salon Book Award ; it was named book of the year by Esquire . In 1999 , actor Edward Norton announced that he was planning to write , direct and star in a film adaptation of the novel . In March 2007 , Norton said he was still working on the screenplay .
According to The New York Times , the mainstream success of Motherless Brooklyn made Lethem " something of a hipster celebrity " , and he was referred to several times as a " genre bender " . Critics cited the variety of Lethem 's novels , which were alternately hard @-@ boiled detective fiction , science fiction , and autobiographical . ( Lethem credited his comfort in genre @-@ mixing to his father 's art , which " always combined observed and imagined reality on the same canvas , very naturally , very un @-@ self @-@ consciously . " ) In Time magazine , Lev Grossman classed Lethem with a movement of authors similarly eager to blend literary and popular writing , including Michael Chabon ( with whom Lethem is friends ) , Margaret Atwood , and Susanna Clarke .
In 2003 , Lethem commented on the concept of " genre bending " :
The fact is , I used to get very involved , six or seven years ago , and before that , in questions of taxonomy of genre , and in the idea — which is ultimately a political idea — that a given writer , perhaps me , could in some objective way alter or reorganize the boundaries between genres .... Nowadays , I 've come to feel that talking about categories , about " high " and " low " , about genre and their boundaries and the blurring of those boundaries , all consists only of an elaborate way to avoid actually discussing what moves and interests me about books — my own , and others ' . What I like are books in their homely actuality — the insides of the books , the mysterious movements of characters and situations and the emotions that accompany those movements . The play of sentences , their infinite variety .
In the early 2000s , Lethem published a story collection , edited two anthologies , wrote magazine pieces , and published the 55 @-@ page novella This Shape We 're In ( 2000 ) . This Shape We 're In was one of the first offerings from McSweeney 's Books , the publishing imprint that developed from Dave Eggers ' McSweeney 's Quarterly Concern .
In November 2000 , Lethem said that he was working on an uncharacteristically " big sprawling " novel , about a child who grows up to be a rock journalist . The novel was published in 2003 as The Fortress of Solitude . The semi @-@ autobiographical bildungsroman features dozens of characters in a variety of milieus , but features a tale of racial tensions and boyhood in Brooklyn during the late 1970s . The main characters are two friends of different backgrounds who grew up on the same block in Boerum Hill . It was named one of nine " Editor 's Choice " books of the year by The New York Times and has been published in fifteen languages .
Lethem 's second collection of short fiction , Men and Cartoons , was published in late 2004 . In March 2005 , The Disappointment Artist , his first collection of essays , was released . On September 20 , 2005 , Lethem received a MacArthur Fellowship .
In an interview with Armchair / Shotgun in 2009 , Lethem said of short fiction :
I 'm writing short stories right now , that 's what I do between novels , and I love them . I 'm very devoted to it . You know , it 's funny . There seems to be some sort of law that you only get to be celebrated for one or the other . And then a couple of people will break it . Updike did . They didn 't review his story collections by saying , " Well , these are nice , but he 's a novelist . " Or review his novels by saying , " Well , too bad he can 't do the longer stuff . " Other people tend to get patronized on one end or the other — and I 'll take it . I have a very happy life as a novelist . But the story collections I 've published are tremendously important to me . And many of the uncollected stories — or yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ collected stories — are among my proudest writings . They 're very closely allied , obviously , to novel writing . But also very distinct , and , you know , there 's no need to choose .
= = = 2005 – present = = =
In September 2006 , Lethem wrote the article , " The Genius of Bob Dylan " , a lengthy interview with Bob Dylan , which was published in Rolling Stone . The interview contained Lethem 's reflections on Dylan 's artistic achievements . It revealed Dylan 's dissatisfaction with contemporary recording techniques and his thoughts on his own status .
After Motherless Brooklyn and The Fortress of Solitude , Lethem decided that " [ i ] t was time to leave Brooklyn in a literary sense anyway ... I really needed to defy all that stuff about place and memory . " In 2007 , he returned as a novelist to California , where some of his earlier fiction had been set , with You Don 't Love Me Yet , a novel about an upstart rock band . The novel revolves around a woman in the band , Lucinda , who answers phones for her friend 's complaint line and uses some of a caller 's words as lyrics . According to Lethem , the book was inspired by the years he spent as the lead singer in an upstart California band in the late 1980s and early 1990s , during what he called " the unformed posturing phase of life " . The novel received mixed reviews .
In 2005 , Lethem had announced that he was planning to revive the Marvel Comics character Omega the Unknown in a ten @-@ issue series to be published in 2006 . After hearing of the project , Omega co @-@ creator Steve Gerber expressed personal outrage over the use of the character without his participation , though he later discussed the project with Lethem and admitted that he had " misjudged " him . In May 2006 , Marvel Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief Joe Quesada explained that the series had been delayed to 2007 , saying that " winning the MacArthur Grant put additional and unexpected demands on [ Lethem 's ] time . " The revamped Omega the Unknown series was published in ten monthly issues from October 2007 to July 2008 ; the issues were published in a single volume in October 2008 .
In early 2007 , Lethem began work on Chronic City , which was published on October 13 , 2009 . In July 2008 , Lethem said that Chronic City is " set on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , it ’ s strongly influenced by Saul Bellow , Philip K. Dick , Charles G. Finney and Hitchcock ’ s Vertigo and it concerns a circle of friends including a faded child @-@ star actor , a cultural critic , a hack ghost @-@ writer of autobiographies , and a city official . And it ’ s long and strange . "
His essay , " The Ecstasy of Influence : A Plagiarism " ( 2007 ) , is a passionate defense of plagiarism and a call for a return to a " gift economy " in the arts . He writes ,
The kernel , the soul — let us go further and say the substance , the bulk , the actual and valuable material of all human utterances — is plagiarism ... Don 't pirate my editions ; do plunder my visions . The name of the game is Give All . You , reader , are welcome to my stories . They were never mine in the first place , but I gave them to you .
The essay was included in his 2011 collection , The Ecstasy of Influence : Nonfictions , Etc .
In 2011 , The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick , edited by Pamela Jackson and Lethem , was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Among other projects , Lethem published short books about John Carpenter 's film They Live ( published in October , 2010 as They Live ) and the Talking Heads album Fear of Music . Starting in 2011 , he served as the Roy E. Disney Professor in Creative Writing at Pomona College , a position formerly held by the late David Foster Wallace .
Lethem 's ninth novel , entitled Dissident Gardens , was released on September 10 , 2013 . According to Lethem in an interview with the Los Angeles Times , the novel concerns " American leftists " , very specifically " a red @-@ diaper baby generation trying to figure out what it all means , this legacy of American Communism . " Regarding the novel 's setting , Lethem said in the same interview that it is
" set in Queens and Greenwich Village , another New York neighborhood book , very much about the life of the city ... writing about Greenwich Village in 1958 was really a jump for me , it was as much of an imaginative leap as any of the more fantastical things I 've done . But really exciting , too . "
Dissident Gardens was quickly followed up in February 2015 with Lucky Alan and Other Stories , Lethem 's fifth short story collection . Lethem 's next novel , his tenth , is scheduled for publication in October 2016 . Titled A Gambler 's Anatomy , the novel 's official plot description on the Penguin Books website alludes to it concerning " an international backgammon hustler who thinks he ’ s psychic " .
= = Personal life = =
In 1987 , Lethem married the writer and artist Shelley Jackson ; they were divorced by 1997 . In 2000 , he married Julia Rosenberg , a Canadian film executive ; they divorced two years later .
As of 2007 , Lethem lived in Brooklyn and Berwick , Maine , with his third wife , the filmmaker Amy Barrett , and their son , Everett Barrett Lethem ( b . May 23 , 2007 ) .
= = Works = =
= = Criticism and interpretation = =
Cohen , Samuel . After the End of History : American Fiction in the 1990s . University of Iowa Press , 2009 . [ contains discussion of The Fortress of Solitude ]
Clarke , Jaime ( ed . ) . Conversations with Jonathan Lethem . Literary Conversations . University Press of Mississippi , 2012 .
Luter , Matthew . Understanding Jonathan Lethem . Understanding Contemporary American Literature . University of South Carolina Press , 2015 .
Peacock , James . Jonathan Lethem . Contemporary American and Canadian Writers . Manchester University Press , 2012 .
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= Nki National Park =
Nki National Park is a national park in southeastern Cameroon , located in its East Province . The closest towns to Nki are Yokadouma , Moloundou and Lomie , beyond which are rural lands . Due to its remoteness , Nki has been described as " the last true wilderness . " It has a large and varied ecosystem , and it is home to over 265 species of birds , and the forests of Cameroon contain some of the highest population density of forest elephants of any nation with an elephant density of roughly 2 @.@ 5 per square kilometer for Nki and neighboring Boumba Bek National Park combined . These animals are victims of poaching , which has been a major problem since an economic depression in the 1980s . The indigenous people follow in the footsteps of the poachers , attracted by the financial opportunities . The removal of logging industries from the park , on the other hand , has been a success ; it is no longer considered a major threat to Nki 's wilderness .
= = History = =
The World Wildlife Fund has been in the process of conserving the park since the 1980s , including ridding the area of the logging business . This movement , however , has been met with some criticism , especially by members of the remote village of Ndongo , Cameroon . Before WWF arrived , Ndongo was a bustling logging town of 300 residents with fairly good roads and plentiful working opportunities . Once the organization established itself , it pressured the logging companies to operate in a more environmentally friendly manner . The logging companies pulled out of the town in 1988 , leaving broken machinery and severely damaging Ndongo 's economy . According to Leonard Usongo , manager of WWF projects in southeast Cameroon , " we cannot convince a community of the need to protect forests if we don ’ t acknowledge their problems or their poverty . "
Today , logging is no longer a major problem , as " it would require a lot of investment to develop necessary infrastructure , such as roads , for [ its ] operations , especially in the southern portion of Nki . " According to the WWF 's scientific advisor in the region , Paul Robinson Ngnegueu , " poaching is the biggest threat to ... Nki . " It is a result of the late 1980s economic depression in Cameroon . The indigenous people followed the poachers , attracted by the financial opportunities . They would sell their product through " intermediaries " for money and more hunting supplies .
Cameroonian authorities fought poaching in Nki by applying repressive measures to the indigenous population . An example of this was in January 1997 , when Bakas were forced from their homes near Mambele . These actions turned the Bakas against the WWF , which they considered " an organization of whites who want to protect animals " . Every year , poachers travel up the Dja for central Nki , where elephant ivory is abundant . Strong currents on the river are a deterrent for half the year , but after that , according to freelance journalist Jemini Pandya , the fauna is easy to prey upon .
Nonetheless , when Pandya of the WWF visited Nki National Park in the early 1990s , she described it as " the last true wilderness . " In 1995 , the park was named an Essential Protection Zone , its first official status . It was not formally established as a national park until the Cameroonian government decreed the creation of Boumba Bek and Nki National Parks on 17 October 2005 . This establishment was not without opposition ; the Bakas have continually asked to reduce the park 's boundaries and ask for higher usage rights , which invaded upon " their " land .
Cameroon and Gabon are currently working on the TRIDOM project , a conservation initiative leading to a land management plan which will oversee access to and use of forests . It will create a tri @-@ national " interzone " bordered by the Minkebe , Boumba @-@ Bek , Nki , and Odzala National Parks and the Dja Wildlife Reserve . This project is part of a conservation movement toward the zoning and designation of new protected areas .
= = Geography and climate = =
The park is located in a remote area of southeastern Cameroon , which " has helped maintain most of its pristine forest and beauty . " It has never been completely explored . Largely hilly in its terrain at an elevation of 350 – 650 m , it falls within the Sangha ecoregion . Nki is crossed by several large rivers , including the Dja River . A waterfall , Nki falls , is located on the river in the park , giving " a tinge of exoticism to the landscape . " The park is situated from latitude 2 ˚ 05 to 2 ˚ 50 N and longitude 14 ˚ 05 to 14 ˚ 50 E. It covers a surface area of 3 @,@ 093 km2 ( 1 @,@ 194 sq mi ) and straddles two administrative divisions in the East province : Ngoyla in Haut Nyon and Moloundou in Boumba et Ngoko Division . The closest towns to Nki are Yokadouma , Moloundou and Lomie , beyond which is rural lands .
Seventy @-@ three bais , or forest clearings , have been discovered in Nki National Park . In April 2006 , while looking for elephant groups , a WWF team discovered the largest bai in the region , Ikwa Bai . Dr. Mike Loomis , a member of the group , confirmed that this bai is slightly larger than Dzanga Sangha Bai ( Central African Republic ) , which had previously held the record . He also reported little human development adjacent to the bai , and noticed 21 elephants and 16 buffaloes in it simultaneously . The bai has a small creek running through its center , which sits atop a bed of rocks and sand . A large mineral pit is located next to the stream . It is the habitat of several wildlife species , the largest @-@ numbering being chimpanzees , elephants , buffaloes , and gorillas .
The park has a tropical climate with temperature ranging from 23 @.@ 1 – 25 ˚ C with an average annual temperature of 24 ˚ C. Its relative humidity varies between 60 and 90 % while annual rainfall is 1500 mm per year . According to the Cameroon Ministry of Agriculture , nearby Moloundou has a rainy season from September to November , a dry season from November to March , a rainy season from March to June , and a dry season from July to August .
= = Demographics = =
The area around the park , as defined by the World Wildlife Fund , has a human population of 22 @,@ 882 , mostly ethnic Bantus and , despite being named a minority in Cameroon 's constitution of 18 January 1996 , Baka Pygmies . These include the Djem , Bangando , Bakwele and Zime tribes . Non @-@ indigenous employees of logging companies and traders make up a sizeable amount of the population . The population density of the region is about five people per square kilometer , concentrated along the main Yokadouma @-@ Moloundou road . The villages around the park are mostly homogeneous as there are few non @-@ natives , most of whom work as civil servants or traders .
= = Biodiversity = =
= = = Flora = = =
As with Boumba @-@ Bek to the northeast , the main type of forest is semi @-@ evergreen with an open canopy dominated by the 50 – 60 m Triplochiton , though it is mixed with large patches of closed evergreens . There are also some seasonally flooded Uapaca trees along the Dja River .
= = = Fauna = = =
Nki , according to the Environmental News Service , " encompass [ es ] a biodiverse group of plants and animals . " This has been confirmed by various studies over the years . Sitatunga , chimpanzees , forest antelope ( largely duikers ) , bushbucks , giant forest hogs , bush pigs , leopard , Nile crocodiles and bongos are all found in Nki National Park , along with " hundreds " of fish species .
The forests of Cameroon contain some of the highest population density of forest elephants of any nation , and Nki is no different , with an elephant density of roughly 2 @.@ 5 per square kilometer for Boumba Bek and Nki combined . The population has been steadily rising , from 1 @,@ 547 in 1998 to 3 @,@ 000 in 2006 . Gorillas are also reported to abundant ; there are an estimated 6 @,@ 000 adults in Nki . The park is also home to diurnal primates , such as the threatened crested monkey , De Brazza monkey , and the black colobus , who reportedly only live east of the Dja River .
A 20 @-@ day study held by BirdLife International discovered 265 species of birds in the park . Of these , the yellow @-@ bellied form of forest robin is widespread . In the study , a pair of Ja River scrub warblers was discovered in a 1 hectare patch of Rhynchospora marsh ; its population must be small as there are few such marshes in Nki . Three species of forest nightjar have been observed in the park ; Bate 's and brown nightjars are common in southeastern Cameroon , while a rarer and unidentified third species ' call has been heard twice . It is likely that this is Prigogine 's nightjar , as its voice is identical to that of the only known specimen of this species which was found in the Democratic Republic of Congo . Two small owls , Sjostedt 's and African barred owlets coexist in Nki , due to similar habitat requirements .
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= Mauritius women 's national football team =
The Mauritius women 's national football team is a women 's association football team that represents the country of Mauritius . They have played two matches in their history , playing Réunion on 3 June 2012 and 25 November 2012 . As Réunion are not a FIFA member , this match was not recognised by FIFA . They are controlled by the Mauritius Football Association and are members of FIFA , the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , and the Council of Southern Africa Football Associations ( COSAFA ) . As of 2012 the head coach is Alain Jules . The development of women 's football in the country and in Africa as a whole faces a number of challenges , with a programme for women 's football not being created in the country until 1997 . FIFA gives money to the Mauritius Football Association , 10 % of which is aimed at developing football in the country in areas that include women 's football , sport medicine and futsal .
= = History = =
In 1985 , almost no country in the world had a women 's national football team and Mauritius was no exception with a women 's football programme only being established in the country in 1997 . As of January 2013 , the team has not played in , nor have they scheduled , any FIFA sanctioned matches . The only match they have played to date was against Réunion on 3 June 2012 in Saint @-@ Denis . This match ended in a 3 – 0 defeat . A return match was planned for July 2012 in Mauritius , but this was put back to November 2012 . The match was played in Bambous on 25 November 2012 , with Réunion winning again , this time by 2 goals to 1 .
Mauritius was scheduled to compete in several competitions , which they ended up withdrawing from before playing a single match . The list includes the 2002 Confederation of Southern African Football Associations women 's tournament in Harare , Zimbabwe from which they withdrew . In 2005 , Zambia was supposed to host a regional Council of Southern Africa Football Associations ( COSAFA ) women 's football tournament , with several countries agreeing to send teams including South Africa , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Malawi , Seychelles , Mauritius , Madagascar , Zambia , Botswana , Namibia , Lesotho and Swaziland . The tournament eventually took place in 2006 , but Mauritius did not send a team . Beyond that , they were scheduled to participate in the 2008 Women 's U @-@ 20 World Cup qualification , where they were scheduled to play Zimbabwe in the preliminary round ; however , Zimbabwe withdrew from the competition giving Mauritius an automatic bye into the first round . In that round Mauritius was supposed to play South Africa , but withdrew from the competition .
As of 2012 , the head coach is Alain Jules . As of March 2012 , the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA , as it had not yet participated in any matches against other FIFA members .
= = Recruitment and organisation = =
Women 's football in Africa as a whole faces several challenges , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women in the wider society , and fundamental gender inequality present in the society that occasionally allows for female specific human rights abuses . Another problem with the development for the national team , one faced throughout the continent , is if quality female football players are found , many leave the country seeking greater opportunity in Northern Europe or the United States .
Women 's football was formally established in Mauritius in 1997 . As of 2009 , there was no national or regional women 's competition but a school competition existed . There are 17 clubs for women over the age of 16 and four youth clubs in the country . The country has three national women 's football teams : senior , under @-@ 15 , and under @-@ 19 . In the period between 2002 and 2006 , none of them played even one international match . 10 % of the money from the FIFA Financial Assistance Programme ( FAP ) is targeted at the technical development of the game , which includes women 's football , sport medicine and futsal . This compares to 15 % for men 's competitions and 4 % for youth football development . Between 1991 and 2010 in Mauritius , there was no FIFA FUTURO III regional course for women 's coaching , no women 's football seminar held in the country and no FIFA MA course held for women / youth football .
= = Players = =
Players called for the two leg 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification matches against Botswana in March 2016 .
Head coach : Alain Jules
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= Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) =
" Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " is an instrumental by English musician George Harrison , released as the opening track of his 1974 album Dark Horse . It was also the B @-@ side of the album 's second single – which was " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " in North America and most other territories , and " Dark Horse " in Britain and some European countries . Among Harrison 's post @-@ Beatles solo releases , the track is the first of only two genuine instrumentals he released from 1970 onwards – the other being the Grammy Award @-@ winning " Marwa Blues " , from his 2002 album Brainwashed .
Harrison recorded " Hari 's on Tour " in April 1974 at a spontaneous session held at his home , Friar Park . A slide guitar @-@ based composition , the track also features saxophonist Tom Scott and the latter 's jazz @-@ rock band L.A. Express , who were touring as Joni Mitchell 's backing group at the time . It was the first Harrison song to feature Scott , who became a regular collaborator and served as band leader during Harrison 's only series of concerts in North America , the highly publicised " Dark Horse Tour " with Ravi Shankar . " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " was played as the opening number throughout this tour , over November and December 1974 .
Although music critics and Harrison biographers have generally viewed the album track in an unfavourable light , several concert reviewers identified it as an effective opener for the shows . " Hari 's on Tour " is one of only two songs from the 1974 tour to have been released officially , after a live version was included on the limited @-@ edition Songs by George Harrison 2 EP in 1992 . This live recording was taken from the Washington , DC stop on the tour , during which Harrison met with President Gerald Ford at the White House .
= = Background = =
George Harrison first worked with jazz saxophonist , flautist and arranger Tom Scott in April 1973 , during the Los Angeles sessions for Ravi Shankar 's Shankar Family & Friends album . The two musicians also contributed to Ringo Starr 's album Ringo around that time , as well as Cheech & Chong 's Los Cochinos . Outside of his session work , Scott 's main activities were leading his band , L.A. Express , and backing Joni Mitchell , both live and in the studio . Just as Harrison had long combined elements of Hindustani classical music with Western rock and gospel , and was now moving towards the funk and soul genres , Scott 's solo work fused jazz , funk , pop and Middle Eastern influences . His collaborations with Mitchell also coincided with her move from confessional folk songwriting towards pop and jazz , and eventually avant garde .
Harrison , Scott and Mitchell soon developed a mutual rapport , according to L.A. Express bassist Max Bennett . In addition to carrying out further sessions for Shankar Family & Friends in Los Angeles , in March 1974 , Harrison had begun spending time there trying to set up his own record label , with the winding down of the Beatles ' Apple Records from mid 1973 onwards . In August 1973 , rumours in the music industry claimed that Harrison , Bob Dylan , Joan Baez and Paul Simon were forming a label together ; in fact , Harrison founded Dark Horse Records , one of the first releases of which was the Shankar album , and Dylan temporarily signed with David Geffen 's Asylum Records , which was Mitchell 's label .
= = Composition and recording = =
Mitchell 's tour in support of her critically acclaimed Court and Spark album arrived in London in April 1974 . While backstage at her and Scott 's show at the New Victoria Theatre , Harrison invited the five members of the L.A. Express to come out to his Oxfordshire home , Friar Park , the following day . Bennett recalls that they arrived by limousine and he mistook the property 's grand gatehouse for the main residence .
Scott later told music journalist Michael Gross that only a social visit was planned , but the band were impressed with Friar Park 's 16 @-@ track home studio , FPSHOT , and Harrison suggested they record something . The first song they worked on was an untitled instrumental tune that later became known as " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " , for which Scott made a lead sheet for the band . Part of the title was taken from " Hari Georgeson " , the latest pseudonym adopted by Harrison when working with non @-@ EMI / Capitol artists , since he was still contracted to Apple until January 1976 .
Harrison played slide guitar on the track , in his preferred open E tuning , adopting a similar sound to the one he had used three years earlier on John Lennon 's song " How Do You Sleep ? " Aside from Scott and Bennett 's contributions , on saxophone and bass , respectively , the other musicians were Robben Ford ( electric guitar ) , Roger Kellaway ( piano ) and John Guerin ( drums ) . Harrison 's musical biographer , Simon Leng , writes that the tune predominantly uses major chords , with the " main melodic interest " coming with a shift to C # minor seventh , which provides " a moment of softening sweetness " . Leng notes the contrast between Harrison 's Fender Stratocaster " roaring into action " on this song and the " opulence " of his previous album , Living in the Material World , and suggests that Harrison now " just wanted to be one of the boys " in a " working , rocking band " . The engineer at the session was Phil McDonald .
According to Scott , the basic track took " a couple of hours " before they had a satisfactory take . The musicians then recorded a second song , " Simply Shady " , which , like " Hari 's on Tour " , would be included on Harrison 's forthcoming album , Dark Horse . The five band members stayed over at Friar Park before Ford , Bennett , Kellaway and Guerin left for Denver the following day . Scott says he stayed on and worked further with Harrison at FPSHOT ; in addition to the various horn parts , he played organ on " Hari 's on Tour " .
In the same interview with Gross , for Circus Raves magazine , Scott recalled that he was the first Western musician that Harrison approached about joining him and Shankar for a tour of the United States and Canada later in the year . The tour would be the first in North America by a former Beatle since the group 's 1966 US visit , and Harrison 's first live performances since his staging of the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 . Rather than include Beatles material on the 1974 tour , however , Harrison planned to present a varied program combining rock , soul / R & B , jazz , funk and Indian classical music . Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter suggest that " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " was written " simply as a show opener " for the North American concerts , which would also feature Harrison 's former Apple Records protégé Billy Preston .
Although his 1969 experimental album Electronic Sound consists of Moog synthesizer sounds and the 1968 Wonderwall Music soundtrack is almost entirely devoid of vocals , out of all the tracks released by Harrison as a solo artist after the Beatles ' break @-@ up in 1970 , " Hari 's on Tour " is a rare example of a genuine instrumental composition . Only 2002 's " Marwa Blues " stands as another . Among other projects they worked on together through to the early 1980s , Harrison played on the instrumental " Appolonia ( Foxtrata ) " , from Scott 's 1975 album New York Connection , and Scott helped produce Harrison 's debut on Dark Horse Records , Thirty Three & 1 / 3 .
= = North American tour and album release = =
Harrison 's overcommittal of his time to Dark Horse acts Ravi Shankar and Splinter during 1974 resulted in him having to rush @-@ record much of Dark Horse while preparing for the North American tour . Due to the pressure , Harrison developed laryngitis during rehearsals and damaged his voice . As well as placing further importance on the instrumentals in his setlist , which included " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " and Scott 's track " Tom Cat " , Harrison 's depleted vocals marred the concerts for many observers .
In addition , while many critics admired the adventurousness of the musical program and reviewed the shows favourably , others , particularly in music publications such as Rolling Stone , wrote scathingly of Harrison 's reluctance to acknowledge the Beatles ' legacy , together with his willingness to share the spotlight so readily with Shankar 's orchestra of classical musicians and Preston . In his role as band leader , Scott spoke out in support of Harrison 's musical direction and refuted reports that the tour was not going well ; instead , he told Circus Raves , audience reaction had been " radically different from city to city " and dependent on whether concertgoers chose to listen , or came expecting to hear the Beatles .
Harrison played " Hari 's on Tour " as the opening song throughout the tour , which began on 2 November 1974 in Vancouver and ended in New York on 20 December . It was preceded by a recording of Monty Python 's " The Lumberjack Song " , played through the concert PA while the band took the stage . As the many bootlegs from the tour reveal , early on in each performance of " Hari 's on Tour " , Harrison often called out a greeting to the city or town in question . Some concert reviewers referred to the song as " Hari Good Boy Express " or " Hari Good Bye Express " . The first of these two titles is how Harrison named the track on the preliminary artwork included in the 2014 reissue of Dark Horse .
The studio version appeared as the opening track on Dark Horse , followed by " Simply Shady " . Due to the delay in its completion , the album was released on 9 December in North America , towards the end of the Harrison – Shankar tour , and a few days before Christmas in Britain . Although Christmas shows in the UK had been under consideration , no such performances took place , and Harrison 's only tour after 1974 would be a series of Japanese concerts in December 1991 with Eric Clapton . Following its initial release , " Hari 's on Tour " was issued as the B @-@ side to the second single off the album – " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " in the United States , Canada and a number of other territories , and " Dark Horse " in Britain and some other European countries .
= = Reception = =
Contrasting with his successes as a solo artist since 1970 , Dark Horse earned Harrison the worst critical notices of his career . " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " drew a favourable response during the 1974 tour , however , as reviewers commented on the energy with which the band performed the piece . In his feature article on the West Coast concerts , for Rolling Stone , Ben Fong @-@ Torres described the song as a " well @-@ arranged , tension @-@ and @-@ release number " , while the Pacific Sun called it " a zingy and classically melodic instrumental ... a touchstone of the Harrison style " . Reviewing the second show of the tour , D.P. Bond of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer wrote : " Harrison 's opening instrumental piece was beautiful : the fullest , finest explosion of rock ' n ' roll that I think I have ever heard . "
The NME 's Bob Woffinden wrote a notably unfavourable assessment of the Dark Horse album , in which he found " Hari 's on Tour " to be " an unevenly paced boogie thing that has George blowing most of his licks straightaway and Tom Scott coming on with a few quasi @-@ Jnr . Walker bursts " . Woffinden continued : " Which , you feel , would not be a bad appetiser for the real meat to follow . Unfortunately , Hari 's vegetarian . " In an equally unfavourable review of the album , Jim Miller of Rolling Stone dismissed the track as " banal " . Harrison biographer Alan Clayson refers to Hari 's on Tour " as " an instrumental that went in one ear and out the other " , while in The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler described it as sounding like " a backing track from which the vocal line has mysteriously been deleted " . Author Elliot Huntley acknowledges that the musicians " performed brilliantly " on the recording , but adds , " unfortunately brilliant musicians alone do not a good song make " .
Echoing the magazine 's earlier support for the tour , Brian Harrigan of Melody Maker praised Harrison 's " nifty slide guitar " on the opening song and throughout the album , which he felt " should certainly do a tremendous amount to salvage George 's battered reputation " . In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner similarly opined that " Hari 's on Tour " " boasts some mean licks " while commenting that neither the tour nor the album " warrant [ ed ] all the abuse they got " . Writing more recently for AllMusic , Richard Ginell describes the recording as " Tom Scott 's L.A. Express churning out all @-@ pro L.A.-studio jazz / rock " and adds that the song " gets the doomed project off to a spirited start " .
Simon Leng views this " neat instrumental " as a collaborative effort between Harrison and Scott , and a logical step for the guitarist , given Harrison 's early appreciation of Chet Atkins ' instrumentals . Leng regrets Harrison 's apparent abandoning of his " meticulous approach " to recording in favour of uncharacteristic spontaneity , and concludes : " Ultimately , this good @-@ time guitar showcase is as relevant as Dylan 's ' Nashville Skyline Rag ' . " Ian Inglis writes of Scott 's soprano sax producing an " atmosphere of anticipation " similar to a successful film or television theme , and identifies " Hari 's on Tour " as an indication that Harrison , some years before his career became focused on movie production , was able to " effectively incorporate the conventions of a soundtrack within the codes of rock " . Reviewing the 2014 reissue of Dark Horse , Joe Marchese of The Second Disc describes the track as " a bright opening to an album that would considerably darken in tone " .
= = Live version = =
Harrison recorded and filmed several of the 1974 concerts for a planned release , but only live versions of this instrumental and " For You Blue " have ever been issued officially . In 1992 , " Hari 's on Tour " appeared on the four @-@ song EP accompanying Songs by George Harrison 2 , a limited @-@ edition , hand @-@ bound book produced by Genesis Publications . Text accompanying this disc gives the recording information as simply " live in Washington DC in 1974 " , referring to Harrison 's 13 December show at the Capital Centre in Landover , Maryland , a suburb of Washington . The book was limited to a print run of 2500 and published on 22 June 1992 .
Described by Leng as " the leading performers of the period " , Harrison 's tour band comprised Scott and Robben Ford from the L.A. Express , Preston on keyboards , jazz percussionist Emil Richards , the rhythm section of Willie Weeks and Andy Newmark , and additional horn players Jim Horn and Chuck Findley . Jim Keltner joined as second drummer midway through the tour , and some of Ravi Shankar 's musicians played during Harrison 's portion of each show . The sound heard during the opening seconds of " Hari 's on Tour " is a sarangi , played by Sultan Khan , who was one of the fifteen musicians in Shankar 's orchestra .
The Washington stop was among the highlights of the tour . At the invitation of Jack Ford – son of US president Gerald Ford – Harrison , Shankar , Scott , Preston and others in the entourage visited the White House on 13 December , where Harrison met with President Ford . Surprised at the " good vibes " there so soon after the Watergate hearings , Harrison asked Ford to personally intercede in both John Lennon 's struggle to be allowed to remain in the United States , and the US Treasury 's audit of the funds raised through the Concert for Bangladesh .
Madinger and Easter write that this released version of the song is most likely a composite of performances from the evening show at Landover and the 6 December matinee performance at Toronto 's Maple Leaf Gardens . As with all the tracks from the highly priced Songs by George Harrison volumes , " Hari 's on Tour ( Express ) " is available unofficially on bootleg compilations such as Pirate Songs .
= = Personnel = =
George Harrison – slide guitar , acoustic guitar
Tom Scott – saxophones , horn arrangement , organ
Robben Ford – electric guitar
Roger Kellaway – piano
Max Bennett – bass
John Guerin – drums
uncredited – tambourine
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= Vine Street , London =
Vine Street is a street in Westminster , London , running from Swallow Street , parallel to Regent Street and Piccadilly . It is now a dead end that was shortened from a longer road in the early 18th century owing to the building of Regent Street .
From the 18th to 20th century , it was home to Vine Street Police Station , which grew from a watch @-@ house into one of the busiest police stations in the world . The Marquess of Queensberry was charged with libel against Oscar Wilde here in 1895 . There was also a court house in the 18th and early 19th century . The street 's association with law has led to it being grouped with Bow Street and Marlborough Street on the standard British Monopoly board .
= = Geography = =
The street is approximately 70 feet ( 21 m ) long and is a dead end , running east and parallel to Piccadilly near Piccadilly Circus . It consists mainly of the rear facades of buildings facing onto other streets . It connects to Swallow Street at its western end and an alleyway , Piccadilly Place halfway along . At the eastern end , the Man in the Moon Passage provides foot access to Regent Street . The nearest tube station is Piccadilly Circus .
= = History = =
The street is named after The Vine , an 18th @-@ century public house , which in turn may have been named after a former vineyard that was based at this location in Roman times . It was documented on ratebooks as Little Swallow Street in 1675 . It was laid out around 1686 and originally ran further , along what is now the Man in the Moon Passage . John Rocque 's Map of London , 1746 shows Vine Street extending from Piccadilly northeast to Warwick Street . In 1720 , the main properties on the street were a brewery and a carpenter 's yard .
Vine Street was split into two sections following the construction of Regent Street between 1816 and 1819 . The Man in the Moon Passage was created at this time , named after a former pub at this location . The northern section towards Warwick Street was renamed Great Vine Street , and then a branch of Warwick Street itself . It ceased to exist after the reconstruction of the Regent Street Quadrant in 1920 .
In 1853 , Charles Moreign purchased several small houses at the end of Vine Street so they could be redeveloped into St James 's Hall , Piccadilly . A rear entrance to the hall backed onto the street . The hall was demolished in 1905 and replaced by the Piccadilly Hotel , which also backs onto Vine Street .
= = = Police and law = = =
Vine Street has long been associated with the police and law . Around 1751 @-@ 2 , a court house was built at the western end of the street , on the corner of what is now Piccadilly Place . It closed in 1836 following the reorganisation of the court system around Westminster and was subsequently occupied by the lawyer Edward Gaffin .
The Vine Street Police Station was at No. 10 . It was originally built as a watch @-@ house around 1767 , and rebuilt following a fire in 1786 that destroyed several properties on and around the street . A school operated on the first floor , and two cells were in the basement . A further storey was added to the building in 1816 . It was renamed Vine Street Police Station in 1829 following the establishment of the Metropolitan Police District . The school moved from the building to Swallow Street in 1836 , where it stayed before closing in 1881 . The police station went on to become one of the main stations in Central London . In 1850 , it was extended over the 18th century courthouses . At one point in the 19th century it was one of the busiest police stations in the world . An Arts and Crafts extension wing was built on the station in 1897 , that faced onto Swallow Street . The Man in the Moon pub , adjacent to the station , was bought by the police receiver in 1931 .
The station closed in 1940 ( along with nearby Marlborough Street Magistrates Court ) to be replaced with an integrated West End Central Police Station at Savile Row , with the street being renamed Piccadilly Place . A subsequent rise in foot traffic around the area , and associated crime , led to the station being re @-@ opened in 1966 , with the street being renamed back to Vine Street in 1972 . The police station closed in 1997 and the building was demolished in 2005 for redevelopment .
= = Events and incidents = =
The Dutch artist Peter Scheemakers moved into a house on the western edge of Vine Street around 1741 . He stayed there until 1769 , when he returned to Antwerp .
On 2 September 1791 , composer Frantisek Kotzwara died at prostitute Susannah Hill 's house at No. 5 Vine Street from erotic asphyxiation following a sexual act that involved tying his neck to a doorknob . Hill was charged with Kotzwara 's murder but later acquitted .
In 1895 , the Marquess of Queensbury was charged at Vine Street Police Station with libel against Oscar Wilde . This ultimately led to Wilde 's arrest and subsequent imprisonment . On 29 May 1901 , the stonemason James Schulty reported he had information about the murder of Mary Ann Austin but refused to reveal details anywhere except the Vine Street Police Station . The information was discarded by the Metropolitan Police as little value .
In 1928 , an officer working at the station was sacked after it was revealed he had been gathering bribes from local nightclubs and brothels , acquiring over £ 17 @,@ 000 ( now £ 924 @,@ 000 ) in the process . The officer subsequently committed suicide and the station is believed to be haunted by his ghost . Related incidents include reports of papers being inexplicably moved , and an officer hearing footsteps despite knowing he was the only one in the station .
The street and station is mentioned in the Pogues ' song " The Old Main Drag " on their 1985 album Rum Sodomy & the Lash . It refers to the station and street 's unpopularity with some of London owing to their distrust of the police force . Because of its relatively hidden location and proximity to Piccadilly Circus , the street suffers from crime , which has led to Westminster City Council gating off the Man in the Moon Passage so service vehicles can access connecting buildings safely .
The street features as a property with a purchase price of £ 200 on the British Monopoly board . It is one of a group of three , coded orange , with connections to law , and is named after the police station . The other two orange properties , Bow Street and Marlborough Street , which are both valued at £ 180 , are named after the Bow Street Runners and Marlborough Street Magistrates Court respectively . Since the Man in the Moon is now closed , students on a Monopoly board pub crawl drink in one of the nearby pubs , such as those on Swallow Street , instead .
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= 4 Minutes =
" 4 Minutes " is a song by American singer and songwriter Madonna from her eleventh studio album Hard Candy ( 2008 ) , featuring vocals by American singers Justin Timberlake and Timbaland . It was released as the lead single from the album on March 17 , 2008 , by Warner Bros. Records . According to Madonna , the song is about saving the environment and " hav [ ing ] a good time while we are doing it " . She also cited the song as the inspiration for the documentary I Am Because We Are ( 2008 ) .
The song was recorded at Sarm West Studios , in London , while the mixing of the track was finished at The Hit Factory studio , in Miami . Sound engineer Demo Castellon first worked on the vocals and then on the beats , while the synths were composed by Timbaland and Danja . An uptempo dance @-@ pop song with an urban and hip hop style , " 4 Minutes " incorporates Timbaland 's characteristic bhangra beats and the instrumentation used in the song includes brass , foghorns and cowbells . The song 's lyrics carry a message of social awareness , inspired by Madonna 's visit to Africa and the human suffering she witnessed in the continent .
" 4 Minutes " received positive reviews from critics , who called it a busy dance track and complimented its music , which was compared to that of a marching band . Some reviewers noted that it was Madonna who appeared more of a featured artist on the track , rather than Timberlake . The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , giving Madonna her 37th top @-@ ten single , breaking the record previously held by Elvis Presley , as the artist with most top @-@ ten hits . It remains Madonna 's best @-@ selling digital single in the United States , with sales of over three million copies . Internationally , " 4 Minutes " topped the chart in 21 countries , including Australia , Canada , Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom .
In the song 's accompanying music video , Madonna and Timberlake sing and run away from a giant black screen that devours everything in its path . At the end of the video , both of them are consumed by the screen . " 4 Minutes " was performed by Madonna on the promotional tour for Hard Candy and the 2008 – 09 Sticky & Sweet Tour . In the latter , the song served as the opener of the rave segment , where Madonna wore a futuristic robotic outfit . During performances of the song , Timberlake and Timbaland appeared on video screens and sang their lines . The song received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical at the 2009 ceremony .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
Following the release of her tenth studio album , Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) , Madonna wanted to record more dance music . When asked by producer Stuart Price what kind of music appealed to her , Madonna replied that she loved the records of singer Justin Timberlake and producer Timbaland , so she collaborated with them . " 4 Minutes " was written by all three artists , along with Nate " Danja " Hills , and produced by Timbaland , Timberlake and Danja . The song , initially named " 4 Minutes to Save the World " , was one of the last to be produced for Madonna 's album Hard Candy . In an interview with MTV News , Madonna said that the concept of the song was developed through discussions with Timberlake . She further explained the meaning of the song :
I don 't think it 's important to take it too literally . I think the song , more than anything , is about having a sense of urgency ; about how we are you know , living on borrowed time essentially and people are becoming much more aware of the environment and how we 're destroying the planet . We can 't just keep distracting ourselves we do have to educate ourselves and wake up and do something about it . You know at the same time we don 't want to be boring and serious and not have fun so it 's kind of like well if we 're going to save the planet can we have a good time while we are doing it ?
Madonna clarified that her age did not have anything to do with the sense of urgency reflected in the track ; instead , it was just something that she had in mind for a long time and with " 4 Minutes " , the sense seeped into her music . Ingrid Sischy from Interview magazine said that the song felt like a ballad for the world , containing " the sounds of a great big marching band . It 's a giant dance song " . Madonna agreed with Sischy and responded that the song was " a funny paradox " and was one of the inspirations behind her documentary I Am Because We Are ( 2008 ) . The documentary dealt with the acute suffering and food shortage afflicting the African nation of Malawi .
= = Recording and mixing = =
The recording sessions for " 4 Minutes " took place at Sarm West Studios in West London , on a 72 @-@ channel SSL 9080 scratching tool . Paul Tingen from Sound on Sound magazine interviewed mixing and recording engineer Demacio " Demo " Castellon , who recalled that he did not attend the first recording sessions because he was working on another project . Over half of the song was already done by the time Castellon arrived , leaving him to do the programming in the intro and the end . At Sarm , Timbaland and Danja used Akai MPC3000 and Ensoniq ASR @-@ 10 sampling drum machines , Yamaha Motif workstation and synths to build the backing track for " 4 Minutes " . Castellon explained that the recording session took longer than expected . In total 46 tracks were used for drums and percussion and 16 stereo tracks for the bass . The whole session included 100 tracks , and further mixing was done on Pro Tools .
In the case of ' 4 Minutes ' , Tim had a vision from the beginning of how things should go , especially sonically ... When I opened up the session of ' 4 Minutes ' , there was so much going on that I knew right away that the hard part would be to make sure that the vocals would cut through and were right in the pocket . Beginning with working on the vocals was the only way to achieve this . After that I formed all the other parts around the vocals . The other challenge was to make sure that everything in the track sounded clear and that you could hear every instrument , every syllable , every breath . Also , I do almost always work linear in time on a track . It 's easier , because when you 're done , you 're done . So I keep working on section after section , until I get to the end of the track and then I know the whole mix is pretty close .
Castellon said that he did not want the SSL 's internal automation to interfere with his blending of the music , instead used Pro Tools , with automatic levels . According to him , he " then ran everything through the SSL , on which [ he ] did EQ , compression and panning . " The mixing of the track was made at The Hit Factory studio , in Miami on a 96 @-@ channel SSL J @-@ series desk . Considering the quantity of recorded backing tracks , Castellon 's challenge was to make sure that the music did not overpower the vocals . He accomplished this by first mixing the vocals , then adding the music and the drums , which was an unusual method for him . Minimal digital plug @-@ ins were employed for the mix as Castellon preferred the sound of outboard gear .
After the mixes were done , Castellon began working on Timbaland 's introduction , and continued with Madonna and Timberlake 's vocals . On Timbaland 's vocals , he utilized the SSL 's EQ to reduce " some bottom end " , and he set input levels to avoid clipping . For Madonna and Timberlake he used SSL 's dynamic range compression , and on Madonna 's voice he applied " an eighth @-@ note delay from a [ Lexicon ] PCM42 " , a reverb from Eventide H3500 for the verse , and [ TC Electronic ] TC3000 for the hook . " These digital signal processors were employed to give Madonna 's vocals a sense of stereophonic space . Castellon applied Waves Audio " Renaissance Compressor " plug @-@ in to control the level of kick drum . He recalled that " there was one particular kick sound there that clashed with the other tracks , so Tim replaced it with another kick that had a very different note and sound . " Using a Focusrite D2 equalizer let him " match the sound of that new kick drum to the other kick drum sounds " . Once the drums and percussion were added , the recording and mixing of " 4 Minutes " was finished .
= = Composition = =
" 4 Minutes " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop song , composed in an urban , hip hop style . It incorporates the effect of a marching band , a clanging beat and instrumentation from a brass that is played in a " scale @-@ like riff " , as described by Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone . Other musical instruments used are foghorns and cow bells . In " 4 Minutes " , Madonna and Timberlake sing and trade verses , the rhythm moves towards a hard clanging beat as Madonna sings the lines that the " road to hell is paved with good intentions . " Madonna and Timberlake start singing the chorus with Timberlake singing the line of " We 've only got four minutes to save the world " . The track continues in the same momentum in the second verse and second chorus whence the track ends where every beat ceases except for Timbaland 's characteristic bhangra beats , the brass riffs and Madonna singing the words " tick @-@ tock " repeatedly , after which it ends .
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is written in the key of G minor and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 115 beats per minute . Timbaland 's bhangra beats are featured at the start and the end of the song . Madonna and Timberlake 's vocal range spans two octaves , from F3 to Bb5 . The song has a sequence of D – G – C – F – B ♭ – D in the verses and E ♭ 5 – D5 – C5 – D5 in the chorus , as its chord progression . The lyrics of " 4 Minutes " carry a message of social awareness , inspired by Madonna 's visit to Africa and the human suffering she witnessed . Jon Pareles of The New York Times stated that " [ h ] owever , the song sounds as if four minutes is the time taken for a song to be a guaranteed pop hit or the time required for a quickie ; in reality it is the only song from Hard Candy album which contains a message of social awareness in it . " The sound of a clock ticking away emphasizes this message further . Madonna explained in New York magazine that the line " The road to hell is paved with good intentions " did not relate to her charity work . Instead it was her question to herself : " Do I understand this opinion that I 've adopted or this Zeitgeist that I 've allowed myself to be swept up in ? Because you could have the best intentions but not have enough information and make huge mistakes . " Regarding the line " Sometimes I feel what I need is a you intervention " , Madonna explained , " [ y ] eah , meaning , sometimes I think you need to save me . "
= = Critical reception = =
Caryn Ganz called it " a loud , busy , energetic track " , and commented that Timberlake did " his best Michael Jackson impression " . Billboard music reviewer and editor Chuck Taylor said that with the song , Madonna " is poised to score her first top 10 hit since 2005 's ' Hung Up ' . [ ... ] There 's an awful lot going on in the busy dance track [ ... ] but the trade @-@ off chorus between Madge and Justin of ' We 've only got four minutes to save the world ' is hooky enough unto itself to sell the song . " He added that the song " qualifies as an event record between superpowers [ Madonna and Timberlake ] who not only share equal billing , but sound gangbusters together . " Mark Savage of BBC described the sound as " so futuristic it could realistically have been beamed in from the end of the world . " Andy Gill of The Independent called " 4 Minutes " one of Hard Candy 's saviors . He noted that " the Mardi Gras marching @-@ band bumping rambunctiously along " , is one of the album 's " most ambitious offerings . " Joey Guerra of Houston Chronicle compared the track to the work of Nelly Furtado and felt that the composition was " a bid for radio play . "
According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , the song is an " advertisement for the rest of the album . " Chris Williams of Entertainment Weekly called it a " flirty duet " . Ben Thompson of The Guardian said : " It has a hard to escape sense that all concerned are going through the motions [ of life ] – effortlessly , sometimes brilliantly . " Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe believed that the song is " chart @-@ topper for its sheer star power as well as instant musical allure , and on the eve of Madonna 's 50th birthday [ ... ] ' 4 Minutes ' feels a lot like an icon 's can 't @-@ miss gift to herself . " However , she noticed that the " shift in the power structure [ is nowhere ] more blatant than on ' 4 Minutes ' , where Madonna sounds like a featured guest trying to keep pace with Timbaland 's colossal beats and Timberlake 's nimble melody . " Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post complimented the song for being busy and brassy . She commented : " [ P ] ropelled by a detonative marching @-@ band beat [ ... ] it 's one of the most thrilling things Madonna has done in this decade . "
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the melodic and rhythmic hook , but was disappointed that Madonna 's voice is " drowned out by Timbaland 's farting four @-@ note synth – which might not have been so bad if the tracks were fresher and if the whole enterprise didn 't feel quite so joylessly mechanical . " At the 51st Grammy Awards , " 4 Minutes " garnered Madonna , Timberlake and Timbaland a nomination in the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals category . Dutch musician Junkie XL also earned a nomination in the Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical category for his remix of the song .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " 4 Minutes " debuted at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the issue dated April 5 , 2008 , based solely on airplay . Within a week , the song had jumped 65 places , reaching number three on the chart . This leap was spurred by first @-@ week digital sales of 217 @,@ 000 , enabling the song to enter Billboard 's Digital chart at number two , behind Mariah Carey 's single " Touch My Body " . The song became Madonna 's first top @-@ ten single since " Hung Up " ( 2005 ) , and was her 37th Hot 100 top @-@ ten hit , breaking the record previously held by Elvis Presley . " 4 Minutes " was also her highest @-@ charting single on the Hot 100 since " Music " reached the top of the chart in 2000 . For Timberlake , " 4 Minutes " became his ninth top @-@ ten hit . On the Pop 100 chart , the song reached a peak of two . " 4 Minutes " was a success on Billboard 's dance charts , topping both the Hot Dance Club Play and the Hot Dance Airplay charts . Almost five months after its release , " 4 Minutes " was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of two million paid digital downloads . " 4 Minutes " was the tenth most downloaded song in the United States in 2008 with sales of 2 @.@ 37 million , according to Nielsen SoundScan , and has sold over three million copies as of July 2012 .
In Canada , Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems ( BDS ) confirmed that " 4 Minutes " debuted at the top of the Canadian Contemporary Hit Radio chart . This marked the first time any song entered at the top of the CHR chart in BDS history . The song debuted at number 27 on the Canadian Hot 100 on March 27 , 2008 , and topped the chart the next week . By the end of the year , " 4 Minutes " was the fifth best selling digital song in Canada with sales of 143 @,@ 000 copies , and ranked fourth on the year @-@ end tabulation of the Canadian Hot 100 .
" 4 Minutes " was also a success in Australia and New Zealand . The song debuted at number three on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , and ascended to the number @-@ one position two weeks later , where it stayed for three consecutive weeks . " 4 Minutes " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for the shipment of 70 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand , " 4 Minutes " made its debut at number 14 on the New Zealand Singles Chart , and ascended to the top ten , finally peaking at number three . The song has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of 7 @,@ 500 copies .
In the United Kingdom , " 4 Minutes " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number seven . The song became Madonna 's 60th UK top @-@ ten single . It debuted on the airplay charts at number 19 , with first week tallies of 564 plays and 27 @.@ 10 million listeners . The song rose to the top of the chart on April 20 , 2008 ( for the week ending date April 26 , 2008 ) , with sales of 40 @,@ 634 copies , thus giving Madonna her 13th British number @-@ one single . It remained at the top for four weeks . According to the Official Charts Company , it was the ninth best @-@ selling song of 2008 and has sold 530 @,@ 000 copies there as of 2016 , being certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . " 4 Minutes " was also number one on Billboard 's European Hot 100 Singles for four weeks . Overall , " 4 Minutes " reached number one in 21 countries worldwide .
= = Music video = =
The music video was directed by French duo Jonas & François in London , United Kingdom . It featured choreography by Jamie King , who worked on Madonna 's Confessions , Re @-@ Invention and Drowned World tours as well as her video for the single " Sorry " ( 2006 ) . Japanese hip hop dancing duo Hamutsun Serve also made an appearance in the video . Before its release , Rolling Stone said that in the video Madonna and Timberlake act as if they were " superheroes " while they evade multiple obstacles . In the video , Madonna wore a cream colored corset , glistening black boots and styled her hair in platinum blond waves while Timberlake wore mainly denims and a scarf around his neck . Regarding the idea behind the music video , Madonna said that " it was conceptualistic " . She explained that the video was shot like a march past ; " It 's a movement , and we want to take everybody with us . " About the idea of a black screen devouring everything , Madonna said ,
None of us did [ understand the concept of the black screen ] . It was just , you know , it 's very conceptual . We basically gave the song to the two French directors [ Jonas & François ] and they came up with the only concept that I thought was interesting , with this black sort of amorphous graphic line slowly eating up the world . I just liked that as a concept .
The video used soft focus , gentle lighting and airbrushing looks on Madonna . It starts with Timbaland chanting the opening line in front of a giant timer screen that counts down from four minutes . As he sings , a black geometric patterned screen comes from behind and engulfs all of the musical devices present . Madonna and Timberlake enter a house but run away from it after finding the screen there , which starts eating the hands and legs of the inhabitants of the house , thus showing their insides . After a number of shots showing Madonna and Timberlake jumping on and over cars to escape from the screen , they finally move into a supermarket . The screen follows them , consuming the long lines of stalls and the people present there . As the second chorus starts , they arrive in front of the screen where Timbaland is singing . After choreographed dancing , Madonna performs a back arch as the timer reaches zero time . The last " tick @-@ tock , tick @-@ tock " sound is heard , Madonna and Timberlake dance again on a long stage ; the black screen approaches them from both sides . The video ends with both of them kissing , and the black screen devouring them . Timberlake 's bones and ribs , and Madonna 's cheeks are seen in the last shot .
Regarding the video , Madonna said it was like " [ g ] oody goody gum drops " , referring to the candy @-@ oriented theme of the album . Virginia Heffernan from The New York Times called the video heart @-@ pounding , and compared its momentum with the music video of " Thriller , " In the Air Tonight " and " Shadows of the Night " . However , Eric Wilson from the same newspaper commented that the video did not yield a breakout Madonna look compared to her videos from the 1980s . Singer Miley Cyrus created her own version of the video and posted it on her YouTube channel . Madonna responded to it in her own video and said , " All you people out there who are making videos to my new single , ' 4 Minutes , ' keep up the good work , nice job . " " 4 Minutes " was nominated for an award at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards in the " Best Dancing in a Video " category , but lost to the Pussycat Dolls ' single " When I Grow Up " .
= = Live performances and covers = =
The song was performed during the Hard Candy Promo Tour and Sticky & Sweet Tour ( 2008 – 09 ) . At the promotional tour , " 4 Minutes " was performed as the third song of the setlist . Madonna wore a shiny black outfit with black tails , Adidas track pants and high @-@ heeled , lace @-@ up boots for the performance . Justin Timberlake made an appearance alongside Madonna , at the Roseland Ballroom in New York , to perform the song . As Timbaland appeared on the video screens , the beat of the song started . The four side @-@ stage video screens began to glide across the stage , and swiveled around to reveal Timberlake behind one and Madonna behind the other . They performed the song in a similar choreography from the music video .
During " 4 Minutes " performance on the Sticky & Sweet Tour , Madonna wore a futuristic robotic outfit designed by Heatherette . She coupled it with metallic plates on her shoulder and a wig with long curled hair . Madonna and her dancers emerged from behind backdrops , on which Timbaland and Timberlake appeared , to perform their lines . An apparent duet between Madonna and Timberlake ensues , with Timberlake singing and dancing his part from the screens . He joined Madonna in person , for the show at Los Angeles 's Dodger Stadium on November 6 , 2008 , the same show in which Britney Spears appeared alongside Madonna to perform " Human Nature " . They performed " 4 Minutes " in similar fashion to the promotional tour choreography . Timbaland sang his part of the song in person on November 26 , 2008 at Dolphins Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . " 4 Minutes " was also used as mashups during the performance of songs like " Vogue " and " Hung Up " .
" 4 Minutes " was used in the film Get Smart ( 2008 ) , in a scene and its film credits . It was one of the songs covered by the cast of Glee during the April 20 , 2010 episode " The Power of Madonna " . The fictional character Kurt Hummel , portrayed by Chris Colfer , sang Madonna 's parts while Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) sang Timberlake 's . In the episode , the song is performed during a routine by the high @-@ school cheering squad , accompanied by the school band . The version was released both as a digital downloadable single and on the EP , Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna . " 4 Minutes " cover charted on the Hot Digital Songs of Billboard at number 55 on May 8 , 2010 , while reaching number 89 and number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 , respectively .
= = Track listings and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – writer , vocals , background vocals , executive producer
Justin Timberlake – writer , vocals , producer
Timbaland – writer , vocals , producer , drum programming , recording
Danja – writer , producer , keyboard instrument
Demacio " Demo " Castellon – programming , mixing , scratching and recording at Sarm West Studios ( London ) and The Hit Factory Studios ( Miami )
Marcella Araica – mixing , scratching
Ron Taylor – protools editing
Credits and personnel adapted from Hard Candy album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Greed ( film ) =
Greed is a 1924 American silent film , written and directed by Erich von Stroheim and based on the 1899 Frank Norris novel McTeague . It stars Gibson Gowland as Dr. John McTeague , ZaSu Pitts as his wife Trina Sieppe and Jean Hersholt as McTeague 's friend and eventual enemy Marcus Schouler . The film tells the story of McTeague , a San Francisco dentist , who marries his best friend Schouler 's girlfriend Trina . Shortly after their engagement , Trina wins a lottery prize of $ 5 @,@ 000 , at that time a substantial sum . Schouler jealously informs the authorities that McTeague had been practicing dentistry without a license , and McTeague and Trina become impoverished . While living in squalor , McTeague becomes a violent alcoholic and Trina becomes greedily obsessed with her winnings , refusing to spend any of them , despite how poor she and her husband have become . Eventually McTeague murders Trina for the money and flees to Death Valley . Schouler catches up with him there for a final confrontation .
Stroheim shot more than 85 hours of footage and obsessed over accuracy during the filming . Two months were spent shooting in Death Valley for the film 's final sequence and many of the cast and crew became ill . Greed was one of the few films of its time to be shot entirely on location . Stroheim used sophisticated filming techniques such as deep @-@ focus cinematography and montage editing . He considered Greed to be a Greek tragedy , in which environment and heredity controlled the characters ' fates and reduced them to primitive bête humaines ( human beasts ) .
During the making of Greed , the production company merged into Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , putting Irving Thalberg in charge of the production . Thalberg had fired Stroheim a few years earlier at Universal Pictures . Originally almost eight hours long , Greed was edited against Stroheim 's wishes to about two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours . Only twelve people saw the full @-@ length 42 @-@ reel version , now lost ; some of them called it the greatest film ever made . Stroheim later called Greed his most fully realized work and was hurt both professionally and personally by the studio 's re @-@ editing of it .
The uncut version has been called the " holy grail " for film archivists , amid repeated false claims of the discovery of the missing footage . In 1999 Turner Entertainment created a four @-@ hour version of Greed that used existing stills of cut scenes to reconstruct the film . Greed was a critical and financial failure upon its initial release , but by the 1950s it began to be regarded as one of the greatest films ever made ; filmmakers and scholars have praised it for its influence on subsequent films .
= = Plot summary = =
John McTeague is a miner working in Placer County , California . A traveling dentist calling himself Dr. " Painless " Potter visits the town , and McTeague 's mother begs Potter to take her son on as an apprentice . Potter agrees and McTeague eventually becomes a dentist , practicing on Polk Street in San Francisco .
Marcus Schouler brings Trina Sieppe , his cousin and intended fiancée , into McTeague 's office for dental work . Schouler and McTeague are friends and McTeague gladly agrees to examine her . As they wait for an opening , Trina buys a lottery ticket . McTeague becomes enamored with Trina and begs Schouler for permission to court Trina . After seeing McTeague 's conviction , Schouler agrees . Trina eventually agrees to marry McTeague and shortly afterwards her lottery ticket wins her $ 5 @,@ 000 . Schouler bitterly claims that the money should have been his , causing a rift between McTeague and Schouler . After McTeague and Trina wed , they continue to live in their small apartment with Trina refusing to spend her $ 5 @,@ 000 .
Schouler leaves the city to become a cattle rancher . Before he goes he secretly reports McTeague for practicing dentistry without a license in order to ruin his former friend . McTeague is ordered to shut down his practice or face jail . Even though she has saved over $ 200 in addition to the original $ 5 @,@ 000 from the lottery ticket , Trina is unwilling to spend her money . Money becomes increasingly scarce , with the couple forced to sell their possessions . McTeague finally snaps and bites Trina 's fingers in a fit of rage . Later he leaves to go fishing to earn money , taking Trina 's savings ( now totaling $ 450 ) .
Trina 's bitten fingers become infected and have to be amputated . To earn money she becomes a janitor at a children 's school . She withdraws the $ 5 @,@ 000 from the bank to keep it close to her , eventually spreading it on her bed so she can sleep on it . McTeague then returns , having spent the money he took and asks Trina for more . The following day McTeague confronts Trina at the school . After a heated argument McTeague beats Trina to death and steals her $ 5 @,@ 000 .
Now an outlaw , McTeague returns to Placer County and teams up with a prospector named Cribbens . Headed towards Death Valley , they find a large quantity of quartz and plan to become millionaires . Before they can begin mining , McTeague senses danger and flees into Death Valley with a single horse , the remaining money and one water jug . Several marshals pursue him , joined by Schouler . Schouler wants to catch McTeague personally and rides into Death Valley alone .
The oppressive heat slows McTeague 's progress . Schouler 's progress is also beginning to wane when he spies McTeague and moves in to arrest him . After a confrontation , McTeague 's horse bolts and Schouler shoots it , puncturing the water container . The water spills onto the desert floor . The pair fight one last time , with McTeague proving the victor ; however , Schouler has handcuffed himself to McTeague . The film ends with McTeague left in the desert with no horse , no water , handcuffed to a corpse and unable to reach the remaining money .
= = = Sub @-@ plots = = =
Von Stroheim 's original edit contained two main sub @-@ plots that were later cut . The point of these sub @-@ plots was to contrast two possible outcomes of Trina and McTeague 's life together . The first depicted the lives of the junkman Zerkow and Maria Miranda Macapa , the young Mexican woman who collects junk for Zerkow and sold Trina the lottery ticket . Maria often talks about her imaginary solid gold dining set with Zerkow , who becomes obsessed by it . Eventually , believing she has riches hidden away , Zerkow marries her . He often asks about it , but she gives a different answer each time he mentions it . Zerkow does not believe her and becomes obsessed with prying the truth from her . He murders her and after having lost his mind , leaps into San Francisco Bay .
The second sub @-@ plot depicts the lives of Charles W. Grannis and Miss Anastasia Baker . Grannis and Baker are two elderly boarders who share adjoining rooms in the apartment complex where Trina and McTeague live . Throughout their time at the apartment complex , they have not met . They both sit close to their adjoining wall and listen to the other for company , so they know almost everything about each other . They finally meet and cannot hide their long @-@ time feelings for each other . When they reveal their love , Grannis admits he has $ 5 @,@ 000 , making him just as rich as Trina . But this makes little difference to them . Eventually , they marry and a door connects their rooms .
= = Cast = =
Gibson Gowland as Dr. John McTeague , a dentist
ZaSu Pitts as Trina Sieppe , McTeague 's wife
Jean Hersholt as Marcus Schouler , McTeague 's friend
Prologue
Jack Curtis as McTeague 's father
Tempe Pigott as McTeague 's mother
Florence Gibson as a hag
Erich von Ritzau as Dr. ' Painless ' Potter , a travelling dentist
Sieppe Family
Chester Conklin as Hans ' Popper ' Sieppe , Trina 's father
Silvia Ashton as ' Mommer ' Sieppe , Trina 's mother
Austen Jewell as August Sieppe , Trina 's younger brother
Oscar Gottell as Max Sieppe , Trina 's younger brother
Otto Gottell as Moritz Sieppe , Trina 's younger brother
Joan Standing as Selina , Trina 's cousin
Max Tyron as Uncle Rudolph Oelbermann , Trina 's uncle
Subplots
Dale Fuller as Maria Miranda Macapa , Zerkow 's wife
Cesare Gravina as Zerkow , a junkman
Frank Hayes as Charles W. Grannis , proprietor of the Modern Dog Hospital
Fanny Midgley as Miss Anastasia Baker , Grannis ' neighbor and later wife
Friends and Neighbors at Polk Street
Hughie Mack as Mr. Heise , the harness maker
E. ' Tiny ' Jones as Mrs. Heise
J. Aldrich Libbey as Mr. Ryer
Reta Revela as Mrs. Ryer
S.S. Simon as Joe Frenna
Hugh J. McCauley as the photographer
William Mollenhauer as the palmist
Others
William Barlow as the Minister
Lon Poff as the man from the lottery company
James F. Fulton as Cribbens , a prospector
James Gibson as a Deputy
Jack McDonald as the Sheriff of Placer County
Erich von Stroheim as the balloon vendor
= = Production = =
= = = Background and writing = = =
Greed is based on the American author Frank Norris 's 1899 novel McTeague : A Story of San Francisco . Stroheim 's interest in McTeague can be traced back to January 1920 , when he told a journalist that he wanted to film the novel . He had himself lived in San Francisco in the early 1910s , living there in poverty like that of the story 's characters . He eventually moved to Los Angeles and worked his way up in the film industry under pioneering director D. W. Griffith . By 1919 he had become a successful director at Universal Film Manufacturing Company , although one with a reputation of going over budget and over schedule .
Upon the appointment of Irving Thalberg as general manager at Universal , Stroheim 's excesses were no longer tolerated . After Thalberg 's shutdown of his 1921 picture Foolish Wives ( which had been shooting nonstop for eleven months ) , and after six weeks of filming Merry @-@ Go @-@ Round , Stroheim was finally fired from the studio on October 6 , 1922 . This was a step unprecedented in Hollywood and heralded a new era in which the producer and the studio held artistic power over actors and directors . However , by this time Stroheim had received several offers of contracts with other studios , even before being fired from Universal . He had met with executives of the Goldwyn Company on September 14 , 1922 , less than a month before , and he formally signed with them in late November .
Stroheim chose his new studio because of the level of artistic freedom he was offered , which he had been denied at Universal under Thalberg . Since March 1922 Goldwyn had been run by Abe Lehr , who publicly promised that " each director will have his own staff and will be given every facility in putting into production his own individuality and personality . " Stroheim signed a one @-@ year , three @-@ feature deal with Goldwyn on November 20 , 1922 . The deal stipulated that each feature would be between 4 @,@ 500 and 8 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 and 2 @,@ 600 m ) long , cost no more than $ 175 @,@ 000 and be completed in fourteen weeks . It also promised von Stroheim $ 30 @,@ 000 for each completed film .
Lehr initially wanted Stroheim to film a big @-@ budget version of The Merry Widow , which the producer saw as a guaranteed hit . Stroheim convinced Lehr to let him make Greed first , promising low costs . A press release of February 1923 said that although Stroheim had " run rather freely to large sets in the past , [ he ] seems to have reformed — or surrendered — for it is announced that he will not build any sets at all . "
Stroheim wrote a highly detailed 300 @-@ page script that contained camera movements , composition and tint cues . Among the changes that he made to Norris 's novel was giving McTeague the first name of John and omitting Norris 's anti @-@ Semitism . McTeague had been filmed once before as Life 's Whirlpool , a five @-@ reel short by William A. Brady 's World Pictures , starring Broadway star Holbrook Blinn as McTeague , which had been released in 1916 . Film critics disliked this version and Stroheim later criticized Blinn 's performance . According to film historian Kevin Brownlow , Life 's Whirlpool was also shot on location in Death Valley .
Stroheim was known for his meticulous perfectionism and attention to detail , as well as his insolence towards studio executives . Working on Greed , Stroheim set out to make a realistic film about everyday people and rejected the Hollywood tropes of glamor , happy endings and upper @-@ class characters . Before shooting began , Stroheim told a reporter :
It is possible to tell a great story in motion pictures in such a way that the spectator forgets he is looking at beauteous Gertie Gefelta , the producer 's pet and discovers himself intensely interested , just as if he were looking out of a window at life itself . He will come to believe that what he is gazing at is real — a cameraman was present in the household and nobody knew it . They went on in their daily life with their joys , fun and tragedies and the camera stole it all , holding it up afterward for all to see .
In early January 1923 Stroheim arrived in San Francisco , where he scouted locations and finished writing the shooting script . While researching for Greed , he attended society functions in town and met many friends of Frank Norris , including his brother Charles and his sister @-@ in @-@ law Kathleen . To capture the authentic spirit of the story , Stroheim insisted on filming on location in San Francisco , the Sierra Nevada mountains , the Big Dipper Mine in Iowa Hill , and Death Valley . He rented some of the actual buildings that had inspired scenes in the novel . Other locations included Cliff House and San Francisco Bay .
Norris had similarly scouted settings for his novel and chose the upstairs of a building on the corner of Polk and California street as McTeague 's dentist office , as well as many of the saloons and lunch counters in the area . Stroheim discovered that many of the locations that Norris had described , such as Polk Street , had been destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , but he was able to find suitable period locations on Hayes and Laguna streets . For authenticity , Stroheim had no sets built in San Francisco and only redecorated existing locations , such as saloons , butcher shops , and wooden shacks , thus saving on construction costs .
Despite the strict conditions of Stroheim 's initial contract , Goldwyn approved the lengthy shooting script before filming began . Production Manager J. J. Cohn later explained that " they thought they could control him when the time comes . "
= = = Casting = = =
With the exception of Jean Hersholt , all of the main actors in Greed were regulars of Stroheim 's earlier films , a group dubbed the " Stroheim Stock Company . " Gibson Gowland had previously appeared in Blind Husbands and returned to the U.S. from Scotland for the role of John McTeague . Cesare Gravina , who played the junkman Zerkow , and Dale Fuller , the lottery @-@ ticket seller Maria , had both appeared in Foolish Wives and would later appear in The Merry Widow . Other actors in Stroheim 's Stock Company included Sidney Bracey , Mae Busch , George Fawcett , Maude George , Hughie Mack and George Nichols .
Trina was the most difficult role to cast , and ZaSu Pitts was hired at the last minute , after Stroheim had rejected both Claire Windsor and Colleen Moore . Pitts had previously acted only in comedic roles ; Greed was her first dramatic part . The actress later appeared in both The Wedding March and Hello , Sister ! Stroheim said that Pitts was " the greatest psychopathological actress in the American cinema " and that " she should not be in comedy , for she is the greatest of all tragediennes . "
Stroheim had met casually with Jean Hersholt to discuss the role of Marcus Schouler , but he was initially reluctant to cast him . However , after Hersholt adjusted his appearance and wardrobe to more closely resemble Schouler , Stroheim changed his mind on the spot . With the exception of Gowland , Stroheim shot extensive screen tests of all the other actors at Goldwyn with cinematographer Paul Ivano . A scene from the Goldwyn film Souls for Sale is thought to be behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of Stroheim directing Greed , but it actually depicts him directing Hersholt during one of these screen tests .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began in San Francisco on March 13 , 1923 , and lasted until late June . Despite the initial contract between von Stroheim and Goldwyn , Lehr agreed to double the film 's budget to $ 347 @,@ 000 three days after shooting began . Von Stroheim had already worked twenty @-@ hour days for over two months of pre @-@ production and collapsed on set after a few days of filming . He remained in good health for the remainder of the shoot . This was not the only mishap on set ; during scenes shot at San Francisco Bay , Cesare Gravina got double pneumonia , making von Stroheim bitterly ashamed that Gravina 's entire performance was later cut from the film , despite the actor 's dedication to the role . Hersholt was knocked out by Gowland during the picnic scene in which McTeague and Schouler fight , and Pitts was almost run over by a trolley . In late May , Lehr visited von Stroheim on the set and praised the footage that he had seen , saying that " it has atmosphere , color and realism that could not possibly have been reproduced in the studio . "
One scene that von Stroheim re @-@ shot at the studio 's insistence depicted a younger McTeague in his apprenticeship with Potter . In the scene McTeague is too embarrassed to examine the teeth of a young woman and Potter has to take over . A thinly disguised ZaSu Pitts portrayed the woman so that the audience would see a resemblance to Trina , but the studio insisted that the scene was confusing and von Stroheim agreed to re @-@ shoot it . Von Stroheim also conceded his original vision when shooting the bar confrontation between McTeague and Schouler . The director wanted to have a knife thrower actually throw a real knife at Gibson Gowland 's head . Von Stroheim was overruled by Gowland himself , who refused to allow such a dangerous stunt . A special @-@ effect shot was used instead .
After filming in San Francisco wrapped in late June , the production traveled to Death Valley . Most Hollywood films that required desert scenes settled for the local Oxnard dunes north of Los Angeles , but von Stroheim insisted on authenticity . Death Valley had no roads , hotels , gas stations , or running water and was occupied by tarantulas , scorpions and poisonous snakes . The nearest populated area to the shoot was 100 miles ( 160 km ) away and insurance coverage was denied . Filming in Death Valley lasted for two months during midsummer , allowing actors Gowland and Hersholt time to grow the beards necessary for the sequence . Some members of the production reported temperatures between 91 and 161 ° F ( 33 and 72 ° C ) , but the highest temperature officially recorded in Death Valley during the period was 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) . Of the 43 members of the cast and crew who worked on the Death Valley sequence , 14 became ill and were sent back to Los Angeles .
While shooting , crew members would collapse of heat exhaustion every day . Hersholt spent a week in the hospital after shooting was completed , suffering from internal bleeding . Hersholt claimed to have lost 27 pounds ( 12 kg ) , and was covered in blisters by the end of filming . Despite the hardship Hersholt said that he considered it the best role of his career . In order to motivate Hersholt and Gibson during the scene where they fight , von Stroheim yelled at them , " Fight , fight ! Try to hate each other as you both hate me ! " Throughout filming , von Stroheim brought musicians on set to help create mood for the actors . He continued to use this for the Death Valley scenes with a harmonium and violin player . A theme , inspired by the music of Ruggero Leoncavallo , was composed and played throughout production . Other music used included the popular songs " Nearer , My God , to Thee , " " Hearts and Flowers , " " Oh Promise Me , " and " Call Me Thine Own . "
Filming moved to Placer County , California , on September 13 and continued for less than a month . The Big Dipper Mine had been closed for ten years , so von Stroheim convinced the Goldwyn Company to lease and renovate it for filming . While first visiting Placer County during pre @-@ production , von Stroheim had met Harold Henderson , a local resident and fan of Norris whose brother had worked in the mine in the 1890s . Von Stroheim hired Henderson to oversee the renovation of the mine and other locations in Iowa Hill . Von Stroheim also wanted to restore the local cemetery for a newly invented scene depicting McTeague 's mother 's funeral , but the Goldwyn Company turned down this proposal . Inside the mine , von Stroheim usually shot at night between 9 pm and 6 am . Cinematographer William H. Daniels later said that von Stroheim insisted on descending 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 900 m ) underground for realism , even though the setting would have looked exactly the same at 100 feet ( 30 m ) . Filming was completed on October 6 , 1923 , after 198 days . Despite his original contract stipulating that all films be under 8 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 600 m ) , von Stroheim shot a total of 446 @,@ 103 feet ( 135 @,@ 972 m ) of footage for the film , running approximately 85 hours .
= = = Style = = =
Stroheim 's biographer Arthur Lennig compared the director 's visual style to that of D. W. Griffith but felt that " unlike Griffith , who viewed scenes as though through a fourth wall , Stroheim shot from many sides and from different angles ; he also used deep @-@ focus , meaningful foregrounds and effective camera movement . " Greed 's lighting included high contrast , chiaroscuro techniques with pools or shafts of lights illuminating an otherwise dark space . Examples of this technique include the scene where McTeague begs Trina for money in a pool of moonlight and the merry @-@ go @-@ round scene in which characters alternate between appearing only as dark silhouettes and being fully lit .
Daniels was especially proud of the wedding scene , which has a funeral procession visible through the window and was difficult to light properly . Greed has often been praised for its use of deep @-@ focus cinematography , seventeen years before its more @-@ famous application in Citizen Kane . Daniels sometimes used incandescent lights instead of studio arc lights , due to the constraints of his locations . He later said that Stroheim " was one of the first to insist on no make @-@ up for men , on real paint on the walls which were shiny , real glass in the windows , pure white on sets and in costumes ... everything up to then had been painted a dull brown " to mask the scratches on worn @-@ down film prints . Although not officially credited , Ernest B. Schoedsack worked on the picture as a camera operator .
Stroheim favored " Soviet @-@ style " montage editing . Greed often uses dramatic close @-@ ups and cuts instead of long takes . One exception to this is the scene in which Schouler becomes angry with McTeague and breaks his pipe , which was shot in one long , unbroken take . Stroheim also used symbolic cross @-@ cutting for dramatic effect , such as his use of animals in the film and a shot of a train when McTeague and Trina first kiss . In 1932 film theorist Andrew Buchanan called Stroheim a montage director , stating that " each observation would be captured in a ' close @-@ up ' and at leisure , he would assemble his ' shots ' in just the order which would most forcibly illustrate the fact . " In the 1950s film critic André Bazin praised Stroheim 's use of mise en scène and noted his " one simple rule for directing . Take a close look at the world , keep on doing so and in the end it will lay bare for you all its cruelty and ugliness . "
Despite Stroheim 's reputation as a perfectionist , Greed contains anachronisms . In the scenes on Polk Street , the main characters are clothed in 1890s fashions , but the extras wear 1920s clothing . Stroheim did his best to avoid such historical mistakes ; he shot only those buildings that were from the era Greed was set in , and he kept motor vehicles out of sight while filming . Daniels stated that , despite his desire for authenticity , Stroheim sometimes had walls knocked out of real locations to achieve a desired camera position .
= = = Themes = = =
Frank Norris 's novel belongs to the literary school of naturalism founded by French author Émile Zola . McTeague depicts the fate of its lower @-@ class characters in terms of heredity and their environment , with the belief that " man 's nature , despite free will , is determined by genetic and environmental factors " and that heredity controls fate , despite efforts at upward mobility . This literary style was influenced by Charles Darwin and portrayed characters whose higher states of being , the rational and compassionate , are in conflict with their lower states , the bête humaine ( human beast ) . McTeague was first published in 1899 and was inspired by an October 1893 murder case in which Patrick Collins , a poor husband with a history of beating his wife Sarah , finally stole her money and stabbed her to death at her San Francisco workplace . Sarah Collins worked at the Lest Norris kindergarten , which was financed by Norris 's family .
Von Stroheim did not see Greed as political and told a journalist that he considered it to be like a Greek tragedy . Despite the characters ' struggles with poverty and class , von Stroheim followed the naturalist technique of portraying characters whose lives are driven by fate and their inner nature . Von Stroheim employed variations of this theme in his other films , which often involved a commoner falling in love with an aristocrat or royal .
One of the cinematic techniques by which von Stroheim portrayed naturalism was animal symbolism . In Greed McTeague is associated with a canary , only briefly mentioned in the novel . Von Stroheim altered Norris 's original ending and has McTeague release the canary in Death Valley . McTeague buys Trina a female canary as a wedding gift and early in their marriage von Stroheim cuts from a shot of them kissing to birds fluttering wildly in their cage . Another scene with animal imagery includes cross @-@ cutting between a cat attempting to pounce on the canaries in the scene where Schouler bids goodbye to McTeague and Trina without telling them that he has informed on McTeague . Dogs , cats and monkeys are associated with various supporting characters . Von Stroheim also used the naturalist technique of giving characters specific objects , gestures or phrases that repeat throughout the film as a visual leitmotif . For example , Trina tugs on her lips and McTeague fiddles with his birdcage .
Throughout his career von Stroheim used grotesque imagery and characters . This is most apparent in the wedding @-@ banquet scene , which includes a midget , a hunchback , a woman with buck teeth and a boy on crutches . The wedding guests violently and crudely devour their meal like animals . This scene was unlike any other in films of that period , which treated meals with dignity and a sense of communion . Other instances of grotesque imagery include Trina 's fingers becoming infected and amputated . Von Stroheim contrasted love scenes between McTeague and Trina with their ugly , lower @-@ class environment , such as the sewer with the dead rat and a garbage truck driving by as they kiss .
As in his other films , von Stroheim used Christian imagery and symbols , such as crosses and churches . Trina first shows signs of greed on Easter Sunday and is murdered by McTeague on Christmas Eve . Christmas Eve was often depicted in von Stroheim 's films and was close to the date of his father 's death . Lennig asserted that the character of McTeague 's father ( who was only briefly mentioned in the novel ) is based on von Stroheim 's own father , while McTeague 's mother is a tribute to von Stroheim 's mother , to whom Greed is dedicated . Von Stroheim stated that he considered all of his good qualities to have come from his mother and all of his bad qualities to have come from his father .
= = Editing = =
= = = Initial editing = = =
Editing Greed took almost a year and von Stroheim 's contract did not include payment for his post @-@ production work . He and his chief film cutter Frank Hull worked on the film for several months before completing a rough cut . Von Stroheim was indecisive during editing . He felt restricted by his contract 's limitation on the length of the film . Von Stroheim colored certain scenes with gold tinting by using the Handschiegl Color Process , in which individual frames are hand colored with stencils . Von Stroheim credited himself in the beginning titles with " Personally directed by Erich von Stroheim . "
Other than studio personnel , only twelve people saw the original 42 @-@ reel version of Greed at a special screening in January 1924 ; they included Harry Carr , Rex Ingram , Aileen Pringle , Carmel Myers , Idwal Jones , Joseph Jackson , Jack Jungmeyer , Fritz Tidden , Welford Beaton , Valentine Mandelstam , and Jean Bertin . After the screening Jones , Carr and Ingram all agreed that they had just seen the greatest film ever made and that it was unlikely that a better film would ever be made . Carr wrote a review of the advance screening where he raved that he " saw a wonderful picture the other day — that no one else will ever see ... I can 't imagine what they are going to do with it . It is like Les Miserables . Episodes come along that you think have no bearing on the story , then 12 or 14 reels later it hits you with a crash . For stark , terrible realism and marvelous artistry , it is the greatest picture I have ever seen . But I don 't know what it will be like when it shrinks to 8 reels . " Jonathan Rosenbaum suggested that Carr was most likely referring to a cut sequence early in the film that introduced all of the characters who lived in McTeague 's building . The forty @-@ minute scene depicted what the tenants did on a Saturday afternoon , and established cinematic atmosphere without furthering the plot . Rosenbaum compared the cut sequence to novels of the 19th century and to the first few hours of Jacques Rivette 's Out 1 . Jones publicly praised the advance screening and compared Greed to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Dr. Mabuse the Gambler . However , Welford Beaton of The Film Spectator disliked the 42 @-@ reel version and criticized its excessive use of close @-@ ups .
Many sources claim that the 42 @-@ reel version was only ever intended to be a rough cut , and that Von Stroheim chose to cut it down to 24 reels by March 18 , 1924 , with the intention of screening it with intermissions over two nights . The director had difficulty cutting the film down , telling his friend Don Ryan , " I could take out sequences and thus get the job over in a day . That would be child 's play . But I can 't do it . It would leave gaps that could only be bridged through titles . When you do such a thing you have illustrated subtitles instead of a motion picture . " Von Stroheim later claimed that at this time the Goldwyn Company wanted him to shoot a scene of McTeague waking up in his dentist chair , showing the entire film to have been a bad dream . While von Stroheim was editing the 24 @-@ reel cut June Mathis , who was the head of the Goldwyn Story Department , had made her own 13 @-@ reel version of Greed by January 21 , 1924 . She ordered even more cuts to be made on January 29 , but then left for Rome in early February to oversee the production of Ben @-@ Hur and was uninvolved in the film 's editing for several months .
After having completed the 24 @-@ reel cut of Greed , von Stroheim told Goldwyn executives that he could not cut another frame . Goldwyn producers thought that this version was still too long and told him to cut it to a more manageable length . Von Stroheim then sent the film to his friend , director Rex Ingram , who turned it over to his editor , Grant Whytock . Whytock had worked with von Stroheim on The Devil 's Pass Key and was familiar with the director 's style and tastes . Whytock initially proposed that it be split in two , with one 8 @-@ reel film ending with the wedding and a second 7 @-@ reel film ending at Death Valley . Whytock eventually cut the film down to 18 reels . His only major cut was the entire subplot of Zerkow and Maria , which he thought was " very distasteful . " Otherwise he simply cut down scenes and cut out 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 400 m ) of quick " flash " shots that only lasted a few frames . However , Whytock 's version of Greed retained the prologue and other subplots , as well as much of the humor that was later cut out of it .
Whytock and Ingram screened their version of Greed to studio executives , who responded favorably to it but worried that the tragic ending would be hard to sell to the public . Ingram then sent the 18 @-@ reel version to von Stroheim and told him , " If you cut one more frame I shall never speak to you again . " On April 10 , 1924 , the Goldwyn Company officially agreed to merge with Metro Pictures , putting von Stroheim 's nemesis Thalberg directly in charge of Greed . Von Stroheim and Louis B. Mayer had a lengthy confrontation over the film 's editing , which according to both men ended with von Stroheim claiming that all women were whores and Mayer punching him . Mayer disliked the film because of its lack of glamor , optimism or morality and considered it to be a guaranteed flop .
= = = Studio editing = = =
MGM executives screened Greed at full length once to meet contractual obligations . Idwal Jones , a San Francisco critic , attended the all @-@ day screening and wrote that while some of the scenes were compelling , Stroheim 's desire that " every comma of the book [ be ] put in " was ultimately negative . MGM then took control and re @-@ edited it . The studio ordered June Mathis to cut it down further ; she assigned the job to an editor named Joseph Farnham . Farnham was a well @-@ known " titles editor , " who patched scenes together using title cards to keep continuity . His contributions to Greed include the notorious title cards " Such was McTeague " and " Let 's go over and sit on the sewer , " which were snickered at for years . Eventually Farnham reduced Greed to 10 reels , totaling 10 @,@ 607 feet ( 3 @,@ 233 m ) . Von Stroheim said that the film " was cut by a hack with nothing on his mind but his hat . " He later bitterly lamented that Greed was made before the financial success of Eugene O 'Neill 's four @-@ hour play Strange Interlude in 1928 . Von Stroheim angrily disowned the final version , blaming Mathis for destroying his masterpiece .
One week before Greed 's release the New York State Motion Picture Committee ( which censored films ) demanded several more cuts on moral grounds . These cuts included the administration of ether in the dental scenes and certain instances of foul language . Although these cuts were made to prints that were screened in New York State , the footage was kept in many other prints .
= = = Difference between von Stroheim 's cut and MGM 's cut = = =
The main cuts to Greed were the elimination of its two sub @-@ plots and other entire sequences , while individual scenes were often not touched . Commenting about the cuts made in the film to the Los Angeles Times , Thalberg stated :
This whole story is about greed — a progressive greed . It is the story of the way greed grew in Trina 's heart until it obsessed her . I found that the junk dealer 's greed was so much greater than hers that it almost destroyed the theme . His intense greed drowned out Trina 's greed just as a steam whistle drowns out a small street noise . Instead of hurting the picture , throwing out this junk dealer 's story made the picture stronger .
Thalberg also stated that he " took no chances in cutting it . We took it around to different theaters in the suburbs , ran it at its enormous length , and then we took note of the places at which interest seemed to droop . "
Individual scenes or sequences that were cut include McTeague and Trina 's early , happy years of marriage , the sequence showing McTeague and Trina eventually moving into their shack , the family life of the Sieppe family before Trina 's marriage , the prologue depicting McTeague 's mother and father at the Big Dipper mine and McTeague 's apprenticeship . Other cuts included the more suggestive and sexual close @-@ up shots depicting McTeague and Trina 's physical attraction to each other , the scenes after McTeague has murdered Trina and roams around San Francisco and Placer County , additional footage of Death Valley , additional footage of Trina with her money , and a more gradual version of Trina 's descent into greed and miserly obsession .
= = Reception = =
= = = Release and critical reviews = = =
Greed premiered on December 4 , 1924 , at the Cosmopolitan Theatre in Columbus Circle , New York City , which was owned by William Randolph Hearst . Frank Norris had once worked for Hearst as a foreign correspondent during the Spanish – American War and Hearst praised Greed , calling it the greatest film he had ever seen . Hearst 's newspapers promoted the film , but MGM did very little advertising . At the time of the release von Stroheim was in Los Angeles , having begun production on The Merry Widow on December 1 . In May 1926 Greed was released in Berlin , where its premiere famously caused a riot at the theater that may have been instigated by members of the then @-@ fledgling Nazi party .
Greed received mostly negative reviews . The trade paper Harrison 's Report said that " [ i ] f a contest were to be held to determine which has been the filthiest , vilest , most putrid picture in the history of the motion picture business , I am sure that Greed would win . " Variety Weekly called it " an out @-@ and @-@ out box office flop " only six days after its premiere and claimed that the film had taken two years to shoot , cost $ 700 @,@ 000 and was originally 130 reels long . The review went on say that " nothing more morbid and senseless , from a commercial picture standpoint , has been seen on the screen for a long , long time " and that despite its " excellent acting , fine direction and the undoubted power of its story ... it does not entertain . " In its December 1924 – January 1925 issue , Exceptional Photoplays called it " one of the most uncompromising films ever shown on the screen . There have already been many criticisms of its brutality , its stark realism , its sordidness . But the point is that it was never intended to be a pleasant picture . " In the February 1925 issue of Theatre Magazine , Aileen St. John @-@ Brenon wrote that " the persons in the photoplay are not characters , but types — they are well selected , weighed and completely drilled . But they did not act ; they do not come to life . They perform their mission like so many uncouth images of miserliness and repugnant animalism . " Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times gave the film a mostly positive review in regards to the acting and directing while criticizing how it was edited , writing that MGM " clipped this production as much as they dared ... and are to be congratulated on their efforts and the only pity is that they did not use the scissors more generously in the beginning . " In a Life Magazine article , Robert E. Sherwood also defended MGM 's cutting of the film and called von Stroheim " a genius ... badly in need of a stopwatch . " Iris Barry of the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) disliked the tinting , saying " a not very pleasing yellow tinge is smudged in . " A March 1925 review in Pictureplay magazine stated , " perhaps an American director would not have seen greed as a vice . "
A more favorable review came from Richard Watts , Jr. of the New York Herald Tribune , who called Greed " the most important picture yet produced in America ... It is the one picture of the season that can hold its own as a work of dramatic art worthy of comparison with such stage plays as What Price Glory ? and Desire Under the Elms . " The April 20 , 1925 , edition of The Montreal Gazette claimed it " impresses as a powerful film " and described the " capacity audience " screening as " one of the few pictures which are as worthy of serious consideration ... which offer a real and convincing study of life and character and that secure their ends by artistic and intellectual means rather than by writing down to the level of the groundlings . " The review went on to describe the direction as " masterly , " citing " its remarkable delineation of character development and the subtle touches which convey ideas through vision rather than the written word , an all too @-@ rare employment of the possibilities of the cinema play as a distinct branch of art capable of truthful and convincing revelation and interpretation of life 's realities . " A review in Exceptional Photoplays stated that " Mr. von Stroheim has always been the realist as Rex Ingram is the romanticist and Griffith the sentimentalist of the screen , and in Greed he has given us an example of realism at its starkest . Like the novel from which the plot was taken , Greed is a terrible and wonderful thing . "
= = = Box office = = =
Greed was a financial disappointment . On its initial run , it earned $ 224 @,@ 500 in the United States , $ 3 @,@ 063 in Canada and $ 47 @,@ 264 in other markets . In total it earned $ 274 @,@ 827 . Von Stroheim 's biographer Arthur Lennig stated that according to MGM 's records the final cost of Greed was $ 546 @,@ 883 . Another biographer , Richard Koszarski , stated that its final cost was $ 665 @,@ 603 : $ 585 @,@ 250 for the production , $ 30 @,@ 000 for von Stroheim 's personal fee , $ 54 @,@ 971 for processing and editing , $ 53 @,@ 654 for advertising and $ 1 @,@ 726 for Motion Picture dues .
Arthur Lennig asserted that MGM 's official budget for Greed was suspiciously high for a film with no stars , no built sets , a small crew and inexpensive film stock . Lennig suspects that MGM averaged the film 's cost with the more expensive The Merry Widow in order to prevent von Stroheim from getting a percentage of the more profitable film . The Merry Widow ended up being a hit and earned more profits than Greed had lost ; it cost $ 614 @,@ 961 but earned $ 996 @,@ 226 on its initial run .
= = Legacy = =
In his final years , von Stroheim said that " of all my films , only Greed was a fully realized work , only Greed had a total validity . " In 1926 a British foundation of Arts and Sciences requested a copy of the original version of Greed to keep in their archive , but their request was denied by MGM . Henri Langlois screened the studio version of Greed for von Stroheim in 1950 . Von Stroheim said , " It was for me an exhumation . It was like opening a coffin in which there was just dust , giving off a terrible stench , a couple of vertebra and a piece of shoulder bone . " He went on to say that " It was as if a man 's beloved was run over by a truck , maimed beyond recognition . He goes to see her in the morgue . Of course , he still loves her but it 's only the memory of her that he can love — because he doesn 't recognize her anymore . "
In the early 1950s Greed 's reputation began to grow and it appeared on several lists of the greatest films ever made . In 1952 at the Festival Mondial du Film et des Beaux Arts de Belgique , Greed was named the fifth greatest film ever made , with such directors as Luchino Visconti , Orson Welles and Billy Wilder voting for it . Later in 1952 Sight and Sound magazine published its first list of the " ten greatest films ever made . " Greed was tied for 7th place on that list , with such critics as Andre Bazin , Lotte Eisner , Curtis Harrington , Penelope Houston and Gavin Lambert voting for it . In 1962 it was tied for 4th on the same list . Since 1972 it has failed to reach a spot on the top ten . The Cinémathèque royale de Belgique released a list of " the most important and misappreciated American films of all time " in 1978 . Greed was third on its list after Citizen Kane and Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans . In a University of Southern California list of the " 50 Most Significant American Films " made by the school 's Performing Arts Council , Greed was listed as number 21 . In 1991 Greed was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . "
Among those who have praised Greed over the years are Sergei Eisenstein ; Joseph von Sternberg , who said , " We were all influenced by Greed " ; Jean Renoir , who called it " the film of films " ; and Ernst Lubitsch , who called von Stroheim " the only true ' novelist ' " in films . More recently Guillermo del Toro called it " a perfect reflection of the anxiety permeating the passage into the 20th century and the absolute dehumanization that was to come . " and Norbert Pfaffenbichler said that " the last shot of the movie is unforgettable . " Jonathan Rosenbaum has stated that Greed was a major influence on the style and content of many films . Stroheim 's shots filming the sun predated Akira Kurosawa 's better @-@ known uses of the technique in Rashomon ( 1950 ) . Rosenbaum compared specific shot set @-@ ups in Greed to shots in King Vidor 's The Crowd , Jean Renoir 's Le Crime de Monsieur Lange , Orson Welles 's The Magnificent Ambersons , Howard Hawks ' To Have and Have Not and Michelangelo Antonioni 's L 'Avventura . In addition , he likened certain plot elements or characters in Greed to John Huston 's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , Alfred Hitchcock 's Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Claude Chabrol 's Les Bonnes Femmes ( 1960 ) and Elaine May 's Mikey and Nicky ( 1975 ) . Rosenbaum singled out Stroheim 's influence on May , an American director , with Mikey and Nicky centering on the disintegration of a friendship over money and sex , and including grotesque elements and characters caught between innocence and corruption . Rosenbaum also asserts that Orson Welles ' use of satirical caricatures in all of his films is in " the spirit of von Stroheim . "
The two films most commonly compared to Greed are Huston 's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and Welles ' The Magnificent Ambersons . Rosenbaum believes that besides Huston 's film ending with gold being lost in the desert and similarities between Trina 's descent into madness with Fred C. Dobbs own obsessions , the two films have little else in common . The Magnificent Ambersons and Greed both have characters who struggle with class differences that lead to their downfall . Ambersons was famously edited down drastically by its studio and the cut footage is now lost . Rosenbaum goes on to state that Greed influenced the methods in which novels are adapted into films and filmmakers like Welles , Huston and Bill Forsyth followed von Stroheim 's example by re @-@ arranging the plot and adding new scenes to their films while still remaining faithful to the intentions of the original novels . The 1994 Jonathan Lynn film Greedy pays tribute to the film by giving the main characters the last name McTeague .
Attempts to reconstruct the uncut version of Greed without use of the lost footage first began in 1958 . At the Brussels International Exposition , the Cinémathèque royale de Belgique named Greed as one of the twelve greatest films ever made and simultaneously published von Stroheim 's original , uncut script for Greed , which came directly from von Stroheim 's personal copy preserved by his widow Denise Vernac . This publication led to three separate books that all used von Stroheim 's script in order to reconstruct the original version of the film and compare it to the released version : a French book edited by Jacques @-@ G. Perret in 1968 and two versions edited by Joel Finler and Herman G. Weinberg , both in 1972 . Weinberg 's book utilized 400 individual stills and production photos to reconstruct the uncut version of Greed , the first time that images from the uncut version were publicly available .
In 1999 , Turner Entertainment ( the film 's current rights holder ) decided to recreate , as closely as possible , the original version by combining the existing footage with over 650 still photographs of the lost scenes ( many of which had been used in Weinberg 's book ) , in accordance with an original continuity outline written by von Stroheim . All materials were provided by the Margaret Herrick Library . This restoration runs almost four hours . It was produced by film preservationist Rick Schmidlin and edited by Glenn Morgan . Schmidlin restored many characters and sub @-@ plots from the original version . A new musical score was composed by Robert Israel . The reconstruction cost $ 100 @,@ 000 to produce . Schmidlin called the finished product " a reconstruction of Von Stroheim 's lost narrative . " It premiered at the 1999 Telluride Film Festival and was later screened at the Venice Film Festival and the Pordenone Silent Film Festival before being aired on Turner Classic Movies in December 1999 . Film critic Todd McCarthy called the restored version of Greed a triumph . Roger Ebert called Greed a masterpiece and said that the restored Schmidlin cut illustrates the " prudish sensibilities [ that ] went into MGM 's chop job . " Rosenbaum praised the project , but claimed it could only be considered a " study version . " The re @-@ construction won a special citation from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards .
= = Myths and misconceptions = =
Stroheim was known to exaggerate events from his life and create myths about himself , such as his fictitious aristocratic origins and military record in Austria . He claimed that shortly after having moved to the US in the early 1910s , he had found a copy of McTeague in a motel in New York and had read it in one sitting . He also said that wanting to adapt the book inspired him to make a career in filmmaking . Georges Sadoul later stated that Stroheim had first read the novel in 1914 , while living in poverty in Los Angeles .
Claims that Stroheim 's original cut was a completely unabridged version of McTeague are not accurate . Stroheim 's 300 @-@ page script was almost as long as the original novel , but he rethought the entire story and invented new scenes , as well as extensively elaborating existing ones . In the Norris novel , McTeague 's back story in Placer County and relationships with his father , mother and Potter were remembered as a flashback and took two paragraphs . In Stroheim 's original Greed , this sequence took up the first hour of the film and was not a flashback . Stroheim also modernized the novel 's time span to between 1908 and 1923 , a quarter @-@ century later than the novel .
Greed has sometimes been said to be over 100 reels long . Stroheim said that his initial edit was 42 reels , although several of the people who saw this cut remembered it as being anywhere from 42 to 47 reels . Grant Whytock remembered the edited version that Stroheim initially sent to him as between 26 and 28 reels . MGM 's official studio files list the original cut of the film at 22 reels . As recently as 1992 , former MGM Story Editor Samuel Marx erroneously claimed that the original version of Greed was 70 reels .
June Mathis is credited with co @-@ writing the script due to her work on the 10 @-@ reel version . Mathis was the head of the Story Department at MGM and her contract stipulated that she would receive writing credit for all MGM films . She did not actually write any part of the screenplay . She is also said to have changed its title from McTeague to Greed during post @-@ production ; however , a publicity still of the cast and crew taken during production clearly indicates that it was titled Greed before the MGM merger even took place . The film 's working title was " Greedy Wives , " a joke on Stroheim 's previous film Foolish Wives ; this working title was never considered as the film 's actual title .
The original version of Greed has been called the " holy grail " for film archivists . Various reports of the original version proved to be unfounded . Among these " sightings " are a claim that a copy existed in a vault in South America that was only screened once a year for invited guests on New Year 's Eve . Another claim was that a copy in the possession of a Texan millionaire was sold to Henri Langlois of Cinémathèque Française . Other claims include that a film society in Boston held a private screening of a print found by a World War II veteran in Berlin from a tip by Emil Jannings , that David Shepherd of the American Film Institute had found a copy at a garage sale , and that the head of a film society in Redwood City , California , owned " the longest existing version of Greed ( purchased in Europe ) . " Stroheim himself once stated that Benito Mussolini owned a personal copy of the film . Stroheim 's son Joseph von Stroheim once claimed that when he was in the Army during World War II , he saw a version of the film that took two nights to fully screen , although he could not remember exactly how long it was .
There were also reports that MGM had retained a copy of the original version . Iris Barry of the Museum of Modern Art claimed that a copy was locked in the MGM vaults , although Thalberg denied it . It was also reported that John Houseman had a private screening at MGM and that MGM owned two copies stored in a vault in a Utah salt mine . Lotte Eisner once claimed that in the 1950s and 1960s , several cans of films labeled " McTeague " were found in MGM 's vaults and destroyed by executives who did not know that it was footage from Greed . MGM executive Al Lewin said that several years after the film 's release Stroheim asked him for the cut footage . Lewin and editor Margaret Booth searched MGM 's vault but could not find any missing footage .
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= BabyFirst =
BabyFirst is a media company that produces and distributes content for babies through television , the internet and mobile apps . The content is intended to develop a baby 's skills , such as color recognition , counting and vocabulary . There are about 90 BabyFirst TV shows and 41 apps for mobile devices . As of 2014 , the network is distributed to 81 million homes , and is based in Los Angeles , California .
BabyFirst was founded in 2004 by Guy Oranim and Sharon Rechter . Its first broadcast was through DirecTV in 2006 . It was founded by Regency Enterprises , Kardan , and Bellco Capital . Distribution expanded through agreements with the Echostar Dish Network , Comcast , AT & T U @-@ verse and others . It also developed a premium BabyFirst YouTube channel , and mobile apps . One app developed with AT & T U @-@ verse allows babies to interact with the television programming by drawing on a mobile device .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
BabyFirst was founded in 2004 by Guy Oranim and Sharon Rechter . The network was launched on May 11 , 2006 on DirecTV and was later made available through EchoStar 's Dish Network that June . It was made available through EchoStar 's Dish Network that June . The BabyFirst network is based in Los Angeles and was initially funded by Regency Enterprises ( a Hollywood movie studio ) , Kardan ( a holding company ) and Bellco Capital ( a private fund ) . BabyFirst was controversial when it was introduced , because it was the first 24 @-@ hour channel for children six months to three years in age . However , the channel was popular among parents and grew quickly .
= = = Distribution expansion = = =
In 2007 , BabyFirst obtained agreements to distribute the channel in the United Kingdom through the BSkyB satellite network as well as in Mexico through Sky Mexico and Cablevision . A French version was introduced with CanalSat in 2007 . By the end of 2007 , it had arranged broadcasting agreements throughout Europe , the Middle @-@ East and Canada among others .
BabyFirst also started broadcasting in ten territories in the Asia Pacific , such as China and Korea . In October 2008 , SingTel started distributing the channel to the Singapore audience . It was also being broadcast in Africa and Latin America . In May 2008 , it signed a distribution agreement with Time Warner Cable . In 2009 , HBO Asia became the exclusive distributor for the channel in Asia . A bilingual Latin / English channel , BabyFirst Americas , was launched with Comcast in 2012 . A premium BabyFirst YouTube channel was introduced in June 2013 .
In the early 2000s , the Federal Trade Commission responded to a complaint by the Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood alleging that BabyFirst 's advertising that it helped babies develop skills was misleading . The FTC did not impose any sanctions . As of 2014 , it has 81 million viewers and is broadcast in 33 countries , in ten languages .
= = = Recent history = = =
In 2013 , former ABC Network President Steven McPherson and Rich Frank , the former chairman of Disney Channel became investors and board members as the company worked to develop new content and improve advertising revenues . In May 2014 , BabyFirst and AT & T U @-@ verse released a co @-@ developed second @-@ screen app for mobile devices that allows children to interact with the television programming through tablets or smartphones .
= = Programming = =
BabyFirst 's television channel provides 24 @-@ hour programming for babies . About 90 percent of the 90 shows BabyFirst produces are original content created at BabyFirst 's studios . It produces and broadcasts short videos three to five minutes in length that are either live @-@ action or animated .
The New York Times described the content as " decidedly unhurried " and said it makes extensive use of bright colors and upbeat music . Programming development is guided by child psychology experts and is designed to encourage a child 's skills development , such as counting , vocabulary and color recognition . The BabyFirst logo in the corner changes colors to indicate the skills a segment is intended to develop . Late @-@ night programming is intended to lull viewers to sleep .
There are also 41 BabyFirst apps for mobile devices . An app available to AT & T U @-@ verse viewers allows children to draw on a mobile device and have the drawing appear on the television screen .
Some experts argue that exposing children to television at such an early age is taking technology too far or that parents are using BabyFirst as a digital babysitter . Parents in @-@ turn refute that argument , claiming that experts have lost touch with the realities of raising a child . BabyFirst suggests the programming is intended to be watched by parents and their children together in an interactive way . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against exposing children under the age of two to television , while a 2003 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that most children under two years of age are already watching TV . According to The Washington Post , very little is known about whether young children watching television has a negative or positive effect on them .
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= John Michael Wright =
John Michael Wright ( May 1617 – July 1694 ) was a portrait painter in the Baroque style . Described variously as English and Scottish , Wright trained in Edinburgh under the Scots painter George Jamesone , and acquired a considerable reputation as an artist and scholar during a long sojourn in Rome . There he was admitted to the Accademia di San Luca , and was associated with some of the leading artists of his generation . He was engaged by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , the governor of the Spanish Netherlands , to acquire artworks in Oliver Cromwell 's England in 1655 . He took up permanent residence in England from 1656 , and served as court painter before and after the English Restoration . A convert to Roman Catholicism , he was a favourite of the restored Stuart court , a client of both Charles II and James II , and was a witness to many of the political maneuverings of the era . In the final years of the Stuart monarchy he returned to Rome as part of an embassy to Pope Innocent XI .
Wright is currently rated as one of the leading indigenous British painters of his generation , largely for the distinctive realism in his portraiture . Perhaps due to the unusually cosmopolitan nature of his experience , he was favoured by patrons at the highest level of society in an age in which foreign artists were usually preferred . Wright 's paintings of royalty and aristocracy are included amongst the collections of many leading galleries today .
= = Early years and Scottish connections = =
John Michael Wright , who at the height of his career would interchangeably sign himself " Anglus " or " Scotus " , is of uncertain origin . The diarist John Evelyn called him a Scotsman , an epithet repeated by Horace Walpole and tentatively accepted by his later biographer , Verne . However , writing in 1700 , the English antiquarian Thomas Hearne claims Wright was born in Shoe Lane , London and , after an adolescent conversion to Roman Catholicism , was taken to Scotland by a priest . A London birth certainly seems supported by a baptismal record , dated 25 May 1617 , for a " Mighell Wryghtt " , son of James Wright , described as a tailor and a citizen of London , in St Bride 's Church , Fleet Street , London .
What is known is that , on 6 April 1636 , the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Wright was apprenticed to George Jamesone , an Edinburgh portrait painter of some repute . The Edinburgh Register of Apprentices records him as " Michaell , son to James W ( right ) , tailor , citizen of London " . The reasons for this move to Scotland are unclear , but may have to do with familial connections ( his parents may have been London Scots ) or the advent of plague in London . During his apprenticeship , Wright is likely to have lodged at the High Street tenement near the Netherbow Gate that served as Jameson 's workplace . The apprenticeship was contracted for five years , but may have been curtailed by Jameson 's imprisonment in late 1639 . There is no record of any independent work by Wright from this period ( his earliest known painting being a small portrait of Robert Bruce , 1st Earl of Ailesbury , painted in the early 1640s during his time in Rome ) .
It is also possible that Wright met his wife during his Scottish residency . Nothing is known of her , except from a statement of thirty years later which describes her as " related to the most noble and distinguished families of Scotland . " If this is accurate , it may explain how Wright was later able to find aristocratic patronage . All that is known for certain is that Wright had at least one child by her , a son , Thomas .
= = Rome and the Netherlands = =
There is evidence to suggest that Wright went to France following his apprenticeship , however his eventual destination was Italy . It is possible that he arrived in Rome as early as 1642 in the entourage of James Alban Gibbes ( a scholar of English descent ) , but he was certainly resident there from 1647 . Although details of his time there are sketchy , his skills and reputation increased so much so that by 1648 he had become a member of the prestigious Accademia di San Luca ( where he is recorded as " Michele Rita , pittore inglese " ) . At that time , the Accademia included numbers of established Italian painters as well as illustrious foreigners including the French Nicolas Poussin and Spaniard Diego Velázquez . On 10 February that year he was elected to the Congregazione dei Virtuosi al Pantheon , a charitable body promoting the Roman Catholic faith through art , which hosted an annual exhibition in the Pantheon .
Wright was to spend more than ten years in Rome . During that time became an accomplished linguist as well as an established art connoisseur . He also became prosperous enough to build up a substantial collection of books , prints , paintings , gems and medals , including works attributed to Mantegna , Michelangelo , Raphael , Titian and Correggio . He acquired some forty paintings – perhaps as much through dealing as collecting . Richard Symonds , the amateur painter and royalist , catalogued Wright 's collection in the early 1650s ( and interestingly designated him as " Scotus " ) .
= = = Antiquarian for Leopold of Austria = = =
In 1654 , after a decade in Rome , Wright travelled to Brussels where his abilities were recognised by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria then governor of the Spanish Netherlands . Leopold employed him not as an artist , but as an advisor on antiquities . As the younger brother of the Emperor Ferdinand III and cousin of Philip IV of Spain , the Archduke had the wherewithal to amass a large collection of paintings and antiquities . Moreover , in the spring of 1655 , the Archduke was enjoying a period of cordial relations with Oliver Cromwell , then Lord Protector of England . ( Indeed , the two had been exchanging gifts of horses , and Leopold had provided Cromwell with choice tapestries and other artefacts for the refurbishment of the Palace of Whitehall . Cromwell also received an embassy from the Habsburgs congratulating him on his new office . )
Since the execution of Charles I in 1649 , Leopold had been purchasing artworks from the royal collections and those of various aristocrats , and , against this background , commissioned Wright to travel to London and acquire further specimens . A passport was issued to him as " ' Juan Miguel Rita , pintor Ingles , qua va a Inglaterra a procurar pinturas , medalas , antiguedades , y otras costa señaladas , que le hemosencargado ... " to allow him to travel to England . The passport is dated 22 May 1655 , and signed by the Archduke at Brussels , indicating that Wright had left Italy for Flanders by this time . ( The addition of the saint 's name name , John , probably marks his conversion to Roman Catholicism at some time prior . )
As one on an official mission , Wright would probably have offered greetings to Leopold 's ambassador extraordinary in London , the Marqués de Lede , and to Alonso de Cárdenas , the regular Habsburg ambassador , who had also been engaged since 1649 in art procurement for the Spanish Monarch . The lack of records means that the timing and duration of this visit remain uncertain . However , de Lede left in late June , and de Cárdenas a few weeks later – as relations between Cromwell and the Habsburgs deteriorated – so Wright probably arrived back in Flanders , with any acquisitions he had made , just in time to learn of the Archduke 's impending departure – and that of his huge art collection – from Brussels in the autumn of 1655 .
However , after the relocation of his patron to Vienna , Wright again visited London . On 9 April 1656 he passed through Dover , and the register of visitors indicates :
Michael Wright Englishman landed at Dover the 9th present out of the Pacquet boat from Dunkerque and came to London on the 12th and lodgeth at the house of Mrs Johnston in Weldstreet in the parish of Gyles in the fields in Middlesex and saith that having exercised the Art of Picture drawing in France & Italy & other parts the greatest part of his life , he intendeth shortly to returne to Italy where he left his family
Perhaps tactfully , the record glosses Wright 's employment in Flanders , ( euphemistically referred to as " other parts " ) as England and the Habsburgs were now at open war , and it fails to mention his membership of the Accademia di San Luca , which would have identified him as a Roman Catholic .
= = England = =
Whatever his intentions , Wright did not return to Italy , rather he was joined in England by his family soon after . Despite his Roman Catholicism and the strong Protestantism of the Protectorate ( 1653 – 1659 ) , Wright seems to have been able to find prestigious work . Indeed , Waterhouse speaks of him engaging in " the most deliberate and unblushing toadying to Cromwell " in his 1658 painting of a small posthumous portrait of Elizabeth Claypole , Oliver Cromwell 's daughter ( now in the National Portrait Gallery ) . This is an allegorical portrait depicting Elizabeth as Minerva , leaning on a carved relief representing the goddess springing from the head of Jove with the motto " Ab Jove Principium " – an allusion to Cromwell himself , whose cameo portrait she holds . Seemingly , he was also willing to work the other side of the political divide : in 1659 he painted Colonel John Russell who was a player in the " Sealed Knot " conspiracy to restore Charles II to the throne . That particular portrait is regarded by at least one critic as Wright 's " masterpiece " .
After the restoration of Charles II in 1660 , Wright 's Roman Catholicism became less of a handicap , due to the King 's preference for religious toleration . Never a good businessman , Wright encountered some financial difficulties and King Charles granted him the privilege of disposing of his collection of Old Masters by means of a lottery . The King himself acquired 14 of the paintings . By the early 1660s Wright had established a successful studio in London , and was described by diarist John Evelyn as " the famous painter Mr Write " . Later , the Great Plague of London ( 1665 ) drove Wright out to countryside , where he painted at least three members of the Catholic family of Arundell of Wardour .
Ironically , in the next year , the Great Fire of London ( 1666 ) was to be of benefit to him , when he received one of the City of London 's first new artistic commissions to paint twenty @-@ two full length portraits of the so @-@ called ' Fire Judges ' ( those appointed to assess the property disputes arising from the fire ) . These paintings , completed in 1670 , hung in London 's Guildhall until it was bombed during World War II ; today only two ( those of Sir Matthew Hale and Sir Hugh Wyndham ) remain in the Guildhall Art Gallery the remainder having been destroyed or dispersed .
= = = Royal patronage = = =
Charles II , who promoted a number of Roman Catholics at court , granted Wright a measure of royal art patronage . In 1661 , soon after the coronation , he painted a formalised portrait of the monarch , seated in front of a tapestry representing the Judgement of Solomon , wearing St. Edward 's Crown , the robes of the Garter , and carrying the orb and sceptre . Wright was also commissioned to paint an allegorical ceiling for the King 's bedchamber at Whitehall Palace , and he was further appointed in 1673 to the office of " picture drawer in ordinary " , allowing him to exercise his right to sign his pictures " Pictor Regis " . However , to his disappointment , he did not receive the coveted office of King 's Painter , which was held in the 1660s by Sir Peter Lely alone . In contrast to Wright 's sympathetic realism , and carefully observed landscape backgrounds , Lely had a more glamorous style , favoured by the court , and based on Van Dyck 's pre @-@ Civil War style . This prompted the diarist Samuel Pepys to remark , after an enjoyable visit to Lely 's studio , " thence to Wright 's the painters : but Lord , the difference that is between their two works " .
Unlike Lely , who was knighted , Wright never received significant recognition from King Charles . However , at least one admirer thought he did deserve it . In 1669 , Wright and the miniaturist Samuel Cooper had met Cosimo III de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany . Cosimo later called at Wright 's studio where he commissioned a portrait of the Duke of Albemarle from Wright . On 3 March 1673 , perhaps some time after Wright had painted his state picture of Charles II ( now in the Royal Collection ) , a strange letter was sent from an obscure " Mairie Lady Hermistan " ( evidently a fellow Roman Catholic ) to Cosimo , asking him to intercede with the King to grant Wright a baronetcy . However , nothing came of the request .
As antipathy towards Catholics intensified in London from the late 1670s , Wright spent more time working away from court . He painted six family portraits for Sir Walter Bagot of Blithfield in Staffordshire in 1676 / 7 . In 1678 , he removed to Dublin for a number of years , perhaps due to the anti @-@ Catholic hysteria generated by Titus Oates 's Popish Plot . Here , still styling himself " Pictor Regis " , he painted " The Ladies Catherine and Charlotte Talbot " , which is today in the National Gallery of Ireland . He also painted two full @-@ lengths portraits of costumed chieftains , the " Sir Neil O 'Neill " ( c . 1680 ) , now in the Tate Collection , and the " Lord Mungo Murray " ( c.1683 ) , now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery . Sir Neil O 'Neill was a fellow Roman Catholic , also in exile in Dublin . Wright portrayed him in the dress costume of an Irish chieftain , with suit of rare Japanese armour at his feet . The significance of this armour is that it is thought to be a coded symbol of a triumph over the persecutors of Roman Catholicism , of whom , at that time , the Japanese were notorious . The portrait of Mungo Murray ( the 5th son of the Royalist Marquis of Atholl ) is notable for being considered one of the first instance of Scottish tartan being portrayed in art .
= = = Roman embassy = = =
In 1685 , when the openly Roman Catholic James II ascended the throne , Wright was able to return to royal service . However , significantly , James did not employ Wright as an artist , but gave him the " time consuming and futile post " of steward on a diplomatic embassy . He was appointed as steward to Roger Palmer , 1st Earl of Castlemaine husband of Barbara Villiers , the late King 's mistress . Wright 's knowledge of Rome and of the Italian language may have played a part in this , as Castlemaine was dispatched , in 1686 , on an embassy to Pope Innocent XI to demonstrate that England could become a player on the Roman Catholic side in impending European conflicts . Wright 's role in the embassy was to oversee the production of elaborate coaches , costumes and decorations for the procession , which secured a papal audience in January 1687 . He also arranged a stupendous banquet for a thousand guests in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj , complete with sugar sculptures and a large state portrait of James II . While in Rome , Wright published an illustrated Italian account of the embassy , dedicated to the Duchess of Modena and , on his return , an English version was published in October 1687 , dedicated to her daughter Queen Mary .
= = = Final years = = =
Wright 's career came to an end in 1688 with the expulsion of King James II during the Glorious Revolution . He seems to have accepted the inevitable end of his royal favour with the accession to the throne of the Protestant William of Orange . He lived on , in relative poverty , for a further six years until 1694 . In March of that year , he made a will leaving his house in St Paul 's parish to his niece Katherine Vaux . His collection of drawings , prints and books were left to his nephew , the painter Michael Wright ; however a codicil to the will stated that the books were to be sold on behalf of his son Thomas , who was then abroad . The books were auctioned on 4 June and on 1 August 1694 , John Michael Wright was buried at St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields .
= = Artistic legacy = =
Much of the scholarly appreciation of Wright 's work is fairly recent . In 1982 , an exhibition of his work : ‘ John Michael Wright – The King ’ s Painter ’ – in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery – led to a renewed interest in his contributions , and the catalogue ( edited by Sara Stevenson and Duncan Thomson ) re @-@ wrote and uncovered much of the known biographical details . New works continue to be discovered and previously known ones re @-@ attributed to him . Wright is now viewed as amongst the most successful of seventeenth @-@ century Britain 's indigenous artists , and is rated alongside contemporaries such as Robert Walker and William Dobson . One modern exhibition catalogue described him as " the finest seventeenth century British @-@ born painter " . Certainly , he was one of the few who painted the elite aristocracy of his day , and was responsible for some of the most magnificent royal portraiture surviving . This achievement is particularly significant in an age where even British patrons had tended to favour foreign artists like Holbein and Van Dyck , and would continue to favour immigrants such as Lely and Kneller . Indeed , part of the reason for Wright 's success is recognised as being his unusually cosmopolitan training : no prior British artist had so much exposure to European influence . During his Italian sojourn , and his participation in the Accademia di San Luca , not only had Wright collected works attributed to continental giants like Michelangelo , Raphael and Titian , he had also been influenced by , and even copied , much of their tone and style .
In his field and day , Wright was certainly eclipsed by his rival the more prolific Lely , to whom he is often compared . One critic , Millar , observes that any comparisons undertaken would " ruthlessly expose Wright 's weaknesses and mannerisms " but that positively " they would also demonstrate his remarkable independence , his unfailing integrity and charm , the sources of which must partly lie in his unusual origins , fragmented career and attractive personality " . Millar suggests that a particularly useful comparison can be made between Lely and Wright 's respective portrayals of the Duchess of Clevland ( Barbara Villiers ) ( above ) . Whereas Lely portrayed her as a " full @-@ blown and palpably desirable strumpet " , the more seriously minded Wright , who was not really in sympathy with the morality of the new court and its courtesans , rendered a more puppet @-@ like figure .
However , even if Lely was considered the more masterly and fashionable of the two in seventeenth @-@ century Britain , Wright is generally accepted as portraying the more lively and realistic likenesses of his subjects , a fact that reinforces Pepys 's observation that Lely 's work was " good but not like " . Neither should Wright 's realism be confused with a prudishness ; as can be seen , for example , in his portrait the lady , thought to be Ann Davis ( right ) . The picture , with the sitter 's clothing left undone and her modesty barely preserved by a red drape , has been described as exhibiting a fresh – even risky – reality : erotic by contemporary standards . Whereas Wright 's contemporaries might have used the ‘ disguise ’ of presenting the sitter in the guise of a classical goddess to protect against accusation of salaciousness , Wright 's portrait rather depends on his realism , notably in his flesh tones , and depth .
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= On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog =
" On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog " is an adage which began as a cartoon caption by Peter Steiner and published by The New Yorker on July 5 , 1993 . The cartoon features two dogs : one sitting on a chair in front of a computer , speaking the caption to a second dog sitting on the floor listening to the first . As of 2011 , the panel was the most reproduced cartoon from The New Yorker , and Steiner has earned over US $ 50 @,@ 000 from its reprinting .
= = History = =
Peter Steiner , a cartoonist and contributor to The New Yorker since 1979 , said the cartoon initially did not get a lot of attention , but later took on a life of its own , and that he felt similar to the person who created the " smiley face " . In fact , Steiner was not that interested in the Internet when he drew the cartoon , and although he did have an online account , he recalled attaching no " profound " meaning to the cartoon ; it was just something he drew in the manner of a " make @-@ up @-@ a @-@ caption " cartoon .
In response to the comic 's popularity , he stated , " I can 't quite fathom that it 's that widely known and recognized . "
= = Context = =
The cartoon marks a notable moment in the history of the Internet . Once the exclusive domain of government engineers and academics , the Internet had by then become a subject of discussion in general interest magazines like The New Yorker . Lotus Software founder and early Internet activist Mitch Kapor commented in a Time magazine article in 1993 that " the true sign that popular interest has reached critical mass came this summer when the New Yorker printed a cartoon showing two computer @-@ savvy canines " .
The cartoon symbolizes an understanding of Internet privacy that stresses the ability of users to send and receive messages in general anonymity . Lawrence Lessig suggests " no one knows " because Internet protocols do not force users to identify themselves ; although local access points such as a user 's university may , this information is privately held by the local access point and is not an intrinsic part of the Internet transaction .
A study by Morahan @-@ Martin and Schumacher ( 2000 ) on compulsive or problematic Internet use discusses this phenomenon , suggesting the ability to self @-@ represent from behind the computer screen may be part of the compulsion to go online . The phrase can be taken " to mean that cyberspace will be liberatory because gender , race , age , looks , or even ' dogness ' are potentially absent or alternatively fabricated or exaggerated with unchecked creative license for a multitude of purposes both legal and illegal " , an understanding that echoed statements made in 1996 by John Gilmore , a key figure in the history of Usenet . The phrase also suggests the ability to " computer cross @-@ dress " and represent oneself as a different gender , age , race , etc . On another level , " the freedom which the dog chooses to avail itself of , is the freedom to ' pass ' as part of a privileged group ; i.e. human computer users with access to the Internet " .
According to Bob Mankoff , The New Yorker 's cartoon editor , " The cartoon resonated with our wariness about the facile façade that could be thrown up by anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of html . "
= = In popular culture = =
The cartoon has inspired the play Nobody Knows I 'm a Dog by Alan David Perkins . The play revolves around six different individuals unable to communicate effectively with people in their lives who find the courage to socialize on the Internet , protected by their anonymity .
The Apple Internet suite Cyberdog was named after this cartoon .
A cartoon by Kaamran Hafeez published in The New Yorker on February 23 , 2015 features a similar pair of dogs watching their owner sitting at a computer , with one asking the other , " Remember when , on the Internet , nobody knew who you were ? "
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= I Am God =
" I Am God " is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the fortieth episode overall . Written by Diane Ruggiero and Cathy Belben and directed by Martha Mitchell , the episode premiered on UPN on April 11 , 2006 .
The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica experiences persistent and vivid nightmares of the students who died in the bus crash , and she attempts to piece together the clues she 's gotten from these dreams . Meanwhile , Logan ( Jason Dohring ) and Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) are forced to work together on a science experiment .
During the filming of " I Am God " , several press members , primarily bloggers , were allowed to visit the show 's set , an event that was the first of its kind for Veronica Mars . Bloggers had been an important source of the show 's fandom and press coverage , and the event was set up by UPN executives as a public relations project . The episode also features a guest appearance by Kayla Ewell and the first appearance by James Jordan . The episode received 1 @.@ 76 million viewers in its original US airing , and it received mixed reviews from television critics , with reviewers divided on the use of dream sequences as well as the episode 's emotional impact overall .
= = Synopsis = =
Veronica has a dream of the students who died in the bus crash , which takes place in " Normal Is the Watchword " , before she visits the guidance counselor , Rebecca ( Paula Marshall ) , who talks to her about her problems , and Veronica tells her about her nightmares . Veronica lists the bus crash victims and asks Rebecca about a janitor named Lucky ( James Jordan ) , whom Meg used to talk about a lot . Veronica describes some more dreams and tells Rebecca that she met with a student named Rhonda , who handed her a phone with a voice recording of Dick on the bus . Veronica recounts a dream encounter with her father , in which she discovered a piece of paper with the words “ I am God ” and pictures of nine coffins . Veronica talks to Logan about Lucky , the janitor , and Logan says that Veronica met Lucky before .
Veronica talks to Dick about his relationship with Betina . Veronica talks to one of Betina ’ s friends , who says that Dick mistreated her , and Betina ’ s goal was for Dick to get her pregnant so she could get him in trouble . Veronica asks Keith about whether or not he has resumed a relationship with Rebecca , and Veronica gets into Stanford University . Veronica is pushed into second place at the Kane scholarship after Angie . Rebecca denies having a relationship with Keith , while Angie also gets into Stanford . Wallace points out Rhonda ’ s sister to Veronica , but she doesn ’ t give Veronica any information . Veronica asks Keith to dig into the financial records of the bus crash victims . Veronica learns that none of the families had very much money , except for Rhonda ’ s family , who got a $ 2 million bailout from Woody ( Steve Guttenberg ) .
Keith meets with Principal Clemmons and finds Veronica in the closet . Veronica talks to Mr. Wu about one of his students , Peter , who had feelings for Mr. Wu . However , Mr. Wu is not gay . That night , Veronica has a dream about Peter , who “ asks ” her why he would even want to go to a baseball stadium . Veronica talks to Beaver , who was pushed into a wall by Cervando , a PCHer who died in the bus crash . Keith solves a case for Principal Clemmons about students who get diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder from the same doctor for better grades . Angie wins the experiment competition , and we learn that Angie was one of the students who was diagnosed with GAD for money . Principal Clemmons revokes exceptions for GAD students . Veronica has a dream about Cervando , who says that the perpetrator was probably in the vicinity of the bus crash . Veronica learns that the “ I am God ” image is actually an album cover . Keith tells Veronica that the perpetrator was probably targeting Dick and Beaver . Veronica has another , more frightening dream .
In science class , Logan gets paired with Wallace and Dick gets paired with Angie Dahl ( Kayla Ewell ) . Logan and Wallace perform their experiment half @-@ heartedly , and afterwards , they decide to continue working with each other . In the end , they receive a passing grade .
= = Production = =
" I Am God " was written by Diane Ruggiero and Cathy Belben and directed by Martha Mitchell , marking Ruggiero 's eleventh writing credit for the series , Belben 's third and final writing credit ( after " Blast from the Past " and " Ahoy , Mateys ! " ) and Mitchell 's first and only directing credit for the show . Despite being credited , Duncan ( Teddy Dunn ) , Weevil ( Francis Capra ) , and Jackie ( Tessa Thompson ) do not appear in the episode . During the filming of " I Am God " , UPN and Warner Bros. set up a " Veronica Mars Press Day " , on which several members of the press visited the show 's set and wrote about their visit . Bloggers had been important to press coverage of Veronica Mars ; because of this , Joanna Massey , UPN 's senior vice president for media relations , decided to set up this event as a public relations project . On organizing the event , Massey elaborated :
Once we sent out the invitations , there was instantly a lot of ( Internet ) chatter about why we invited certain people . Then there was chatter leading up to the trip , and there was chatter when everyone got back . And they instantly posted all of their photos , which I love . And then they will blog again when the episode runs . With the traditional media , when do you get that kind of coverage ?
Series creator Rob Thomas also appreciated bloggers ' contributions to Veronica Mars , stating " Sometimes I think bloggers are our journalists . [ … ] I feel like the bloggers made the show . In a way , a day like ( the press day ) is preaching to the choir , but I don 't know that we 'd exist without them . ” This was the first time that non @-@ cast or crew members visited the set . After reaching Kearny Mesa , San Diego , where the show primarily films , the bloggers toured the set and talked with cast and crew members . One press member expressed that Ryan Hansen , Thomas , and Kristen Bell were especially kind and receptive to the visitors .
On his role in the episode , Jason Dohring , who plays Logan , elaborated , " I think what 's funny is that he always gets what 's coming to him . Like a terrible thing happens to him , but he 's like that to other people . So it 's like in real life … what goes around comes around . " The episode features a guest @-@ starring appearance by Kayla Ewell , who would eventually become most known for her role on The Vampire Diaries . The episode also features a guest appearance by James Jordan , as Lucky , the janitor . In season 3 , Jordan would become the first actor to have two different roles on Veronica Mars when he was cast as Tim Foyle , a teaching assistant .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original broadcast , " I Am God " was watched by 1 @.@ 76 million viewers , ranking 111th of 116 in the weekly rankings . This marked a sharp decrease in 1 @.@ 09 million viewers from the previous episode , " Plan B " , which received 2 @.@ 85 million viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received mixed reviews . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club was very positive towards the episode , writing " ' I Am God ' is probably the strangest episode since ' Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner ' , but unlike that one 's somewhat random focus , ' I Am God ' is intently pointed at one thing : the bus crash . " While hoping that it had come earlier in the season , the reviewer wrote that " its intense style and emotional stakes put it on the shortlist of best Veronica Mars episodes . " Price Peterson of TV.com praised the dream sequences for their beauty , but criticized them for their complexity . " Man , I just could not get enough of the dream @-@ flashbacks in which Veronica talked to the dead students . So beautiful and well @-@ done . On the other hand , my poor brain is starting to have a hard time keeping all the facts straight . "
Others were more negative towards the episode . Television Without Pity gave the episode a " B " , criticizing Paula Marshall 's reappearance , declaring her a " show killer . " BuzzFeed ranked the episode as the second @-@ worst episode of Veronica Mars , writing that the dream sequences " [ looked ] like Bonnie Tyler videos and bad erotic movies from the ' 80s . " Reviewer Alan Sepinwall gave a mixed review , praising Logan and Wallace 's interactions and Kristen Bell 's performance , but criticizing the fact that the episode came so late in the season . " Had this been the season 's fourth or fifth episode , it would have been fine . As the fifth @-@ to @-@ last episode , it felt like exactly what it was : a belated correction for a season @-@ long problem . " He also felt that " Keith 's subplot was missing a scene or two . "
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= June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina =
In June 1941 , Serbs in eastern Herzegovina rebelled against the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) , an Axis puppet state established during World War II on the territory of the defeated Kingdom of Yugoslavia . As the NDH imposed its authority , members of the fascist Ustaše ruling party began a campaign of persecution against Serbs throughout the country . In eastern Herzegovina , the Ustaše perpetrated a series of massacres and attacks against the majority Serb population commencing in the first week of June . Between 3 and 22 June 1941 , spontaneous clashes occurred between NDH authorities and groups of Serbs in the region .
The German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June . Over the next two days , the sporadic revolts by Serbs against the NDH in eastern Herzegovina erupted into mass rebellion , triggered by Ustaše persecution , Serb solidarity with the Russian people , hatred and fear of the NDH authorities , and other factors . Serb rebels , under the leadership of both local Serbs and Montenegrins , attacked police , gendarmerie , Ustaše and Croatian Home Guard forces in the region . In the first few days , the rebels captured gendarmerie posts in several villages , set up roadblocks on the major roads and ambushed several military vehicles . On the night of 26 June , the rebels mounted a sustained attack on the town of Nevesinje in an attempt to capture it , but the garrison held out until the morning of 28 June when NDH troops broke through the rebel roadblocks .
On 28 June , the rebels ambushed a truckload of Italian soldiers , prompting the Italian Army commander in the NDH to warn the NDH government that he would take unilateral action to secure communication routes . A further gendarmerie post was destroyed by the rebels , and in the evening the rebels captured the village of Avtovac , looting and burning it , and killing dozens of non @-@ Serb civilians . The following day an Italian column cleared the rebels from Avtovac and relieved the hard @-@ pressed NDH garrison in the town of Gacko . From 3 July , an NDH force of over 2 @,@ 000 fanned out from Nevesinje , clearing towns , villages and routes of rebels . The rebel forces did not put up any significant opposition to the clearing operation , and either retreated into nearby Montenegro , or hid their weapons in the mountains and went home . By 7 July , NDH forces had regained full control of all towns and major transport routes in eastern Herzegovina .
= = Background = =
The Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) was founded on 10 April 1941 , during the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers . The NDH consisted of most of modern @-@ day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , together with some parts of modern @-@ day Serbia . It was essentially an Italo – German quasi @-@ protectorate , as it owed its existence to the Axis powers , who maintained occupation forces within the puppet state throughout its existence . In the immediate aftermath of the Yugoslav surrender on 17 April , former Royal Yugoslav Army troops returned to their homes in eastern Herzegovina with their weapons . This was a significant security concern for the fledgling NDH government due to the proximity of the border with Montenegro , the close relationship between the people of eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro , and widespread banditry in the region . On the day after the surrender , the commander of the NDH armed forces , Vojskovođa ( Marshal ) Slavko Kvaternik issued a proclamation demanding the surrender of all weapons to NDH authorities by 24 April .
On 24 April , the NDH created five military command areas , including Bosnia Command and Adriatic Command , both of which were initially headquartered in Sarajevo . Each of the five military commands included several district commands . Adriatic Command included the districts of Knin and Sinj in the Dalmatian hinterland , and Mostar and Trebinje in eastern Herzegovina . The NDH began to mobilise soldiers for the Home Guard , with six battalions identified to join Adriatic Command . The battalions were mobilised from areas outside of eastern Herzegovina , and were to be ready by 20 May . The aggressive actions of the Ustaše fifth column during the Axis invasion made Serb civilian leaders in eastern Herzegovina apprehensive about the NDH , and they attempted to obtain Italian protection , and urged the Italians to annex eastern Herzegovina to the neighboring Italian @-@ occupied territory of Montenegro . A collaborationist " Interim Advisory Committee " of Montenegrin separatists was advocating the establishment of an " independent " Montenegrin state , and a similar committee of separatist Serbs was formed in eastern Herzegovina . A delegation from that committee arrived in Cetinje in Montenegro on 6 May to ask for Italian protection . Similarly , a delegation of Muslims from eastern Herzegovina travelled to Sarajevo , the historic Bosnian capital , to urge the NDH authorities to link eastern Herzegovina to that city .
Due to the poor response to the demand for the surrender of weapons , the deadline was extended several times until a date of 8 July was fixed . On 17 May , courts @-@ martial were established to try those that were arrested in possession of weapons , and those found guilty were immediately executed by firing squad . The precedent for this brutal repressive measure against Serbs had already been established by the Germans . It was clear from the outset that the NDH weapons laws were not being enforced as strictly against Croats as they were against Serbs . Securing the border between eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro was considered a high priority due to concerns that the Montenegrin Federalist Party had revived Montenegrin claims to parts of the NDH that had been promised to the Kingdom of Montenegro in the 1915 Treaty of London .
The Italians handed over the administration of eastern Herzegovina to the NDH government on 20 May 1941 , following the signing of the Treaties of Rome , which ceded formerly Yugoslav territory along the Adriatic coast to Italy . The Italians did not immediately withdraw all their troops from the region . The NDH moved quickly to establish its authority in the towns and districts of eastern Herzegovina , which included appointing mayors and prefects , the creation of local units of the Ustaše Militia , and deploying hundreds of gendarmes , Croatian Home Guards and Ustaše Militia units from outside eastern Herzegovina . These forces were brought in to maintain order . The academic Professor Alija Šuljak was appointed the Ustaše commissioner for eastern Herzegovina .
On 20 May , the recently formed Home Guard battalions began to deploy into the Adriatic Command area . On 27 May , 6 officers and 300 gendarmes of the Sarajevo @-@ based 4th Gendarmerie Regiment were deployed into parts of eastern Herzegovina . They established platoon strength posts in Nevesinje , Trebinje , Gacko and Bileća , with their headquarters also in Bileća . The Dubrovnik @-@ based 2nd Gendarmerie Regiment established posts in Stolac and Berkovići . The headquarters of Adriatic Command was transferred to Mostar in late May , and General Ivan Prpić was appointed as its commander .
By 29 May , the battalions of Adriatic Command were in their garrison locations : the 6th Battalion at Mostar , the 7th Battalion at Trebinje , and the 10th Battalion in the Dubrovnik area . The other two Adriatic Command battalions were deployed to Knin and Sinj far to the west . The 18th Battalion was allocated as a reserve and was garrisoned in Mostar . Main Ustaše Headquarters was tasked to recruit one battalion for duties within the Adriatic Command area . Home Guard battalions had a standard structure , consisting of a headquarters company , three infantry companies , a machine gun platoon and a communications section , while battalions of the Ustaše Militia consisted of a headquarters , three companies and a motorised section . Even after the establishment of NDH authorities in eastern Herzegovina , Italian forces maintained their presence in the region . The 55th Regiment of the 32nd Infantry Division Marche remained garrisoned in Trebinje , with the 56th Regiment based in Mostar . The 49th MVSN Legion ( Blackshirts ) were also stationed in Bileća . The Italians maintained a troop presence in Nevesinje until 17 June , and conducted almost daily motorised patrols throughout eastern Herzegovina .
The NDH authorities established new administrative sub @-@ divisions , organising the state into counties ( Croatian : velike župe ) and then districts ( Croatian : kotar ) . Eastern Herzegovina was covered by the counties of Hum and Dubrava . Hum County included the districts of Mostar and Nevesinje , and Dubrava County included the districts of Bileća , Gacko , Stolac , Ravno and Trebinje . The Župan ( county prefect ) of Hum was Josip Trajer with his seat in Mostar , and the Župan of Dubrava was Ante Buć , based in Dubrovnik .
According to the Yugoslav census of 1931 , the population of eastern Herzegovina comprised 4 per cent Croats , 28 per cent Muslims , and 68 per cent Serbs . According to Professor Jozo Tomasevich , the estimated population of the districts of Bileća , Gacko and Nevesinje was only around 1 @.@ 1 per cent Croat , so in those areas nearly all the NDH government appointments and local Ustaše units were staffed by Muslims , an ethnic group that made up about 23 @.@ 7 per cent of the local population . The poor Muslim peasants of eastern Herzegovina largely sided with the Ustaše . The NDH government immediately tried to strengthen their position by vilifying the Serbs , who , according to Tomasevich , comprised around 75 per cent of the population .
= = Prelude = =
The Ustaše began to impose the new laws on the Serb population of the NDH . On 28 May , a group of ten young Ustaše students from the University of Zagreb arrived in Trebinje and began removing signs written in the Cyrillic script used by Serbs . On 1 June , in several towns and villages in eastern Herzegovina , Serbs were shot and businesses belonging to Serb merchants and others were seized . On that day , the Ustaše students in Trebinje shot nine Serbs and arrested another fifteen , apparently due to their links to the inter @-@ war Chetnik Association . Differences began to appear between the brutal treatment of Serbs by the Ustaše and the more careful approach of the other NDH authorities such as the Home Guard , who were aware of the potential danger created by Ustaše methods . In early June , the NDH authorities began operations to confiscate weapons from the population , meeting with immediate resistance . On 1 June , the residents of the village of Donji Drežanj , near Nevesinje , refused to co @-@ operate with weapons collectors . In response , the Ustaše killed a number of Serbs and burned their homes .
On 3 June , there were several incidents in which armed villagers spontaneously retaliated against the local authorities . That afternoon , 20 Ustaše were entering Donji Drežanj to confiscate firearms when they were attacked by a group of armed villagers . The villagers withdrew after a short firefight , with one of their number being captured . Reinforcements from the Home Guard and gendarmerie soon arrived , along with more Ustaše who burned another 20 houses and shot a woman . On the night of 4 / 5 June , a group under the control of the Ustaše commissioner for the Gacko district , Herman Tonogal , killed 140 Serbs in the village of Korita , near Bileća , and threw their bodies into a nearby sinkhole . Another 27 Serbs from the village were killed between this massacre and 9 June , and over 5 @,@ 000 head of livestock were stolen and distributed to Muslim villages in the Gacko area for the exclusive use of the Ustaše . The estimated number of Serbs killed at Korita vary from 133 to 180 .
In the immediate aftermath , Serbs and Montenegrins from the local area attacked villages , and Adriatic Command sent the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion from Bileća to reinforce the Ustaše . After a brief clash near Korita , during which the Ustaše and gendarmerie lost one killed and several wounded , the rebels withdrew across the nearby border into Montenegro . The 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion spent the night in the village of Stepen before establishing itself as the Avtovac garrison the following day . Due to its exposure to fire from rebels overlooking their location , the gendarmes were unable to re @-@ occupy their post in Stepen , which meant that the Stepen – Korita road was no longer secure . On 8 June , the district office in Gacko reported to Adriatic Command that they had taken 200 Serbs as hostages and issued a proclamation to the population to cease fighting and surrender their weapons . As this proclamation met with no response , on 10 June the Ustaše Commissioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina , Jure Francetić , had 19 hostages shot ( one escaped ) . On 12 June , the gendarmerie in Ravno shot four people on the orders of the Ustaše commissioner for Ljubinje . Such actions led to Serb peasants leaving their villages to seek safety in more remote areas , and Muslim villagers became increasingly nervous about their Serb neighbours .
In mid @-@ June , the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Bileća wrote to Adriatic Command complaining about the activities of the Ustaše , referring to them as " armed scum and animals " who were dishonouring " honest Croats " . When the Italians heard that the Ustaše had burned two villages across the border in Montenegro , they sent an intelligence officer to Gacko to investigate the unrest . He did not accept the explanation of the gendarmerie commander in Gacko , who claimed that the violence was caused by " personal hatred and revenge " , and met with rebels . The rebels did not attack him or his security escort , and told him that the reason behind the rebellion was that " Croats and Turks are beating us and throwing us into a pit " . He concluded that the cause of the unrest was the attempt to disarm the Serb community .
On 17 and 18 June , Tonogal and Lieutenant Colonel Aganović , gendarmerie commander for eastern Herzegovina , made an attempt to calm the situation by visiting villages east of the Gacko – Avtovac road to re @-@ establish peace in the area . They received a written message from four villages that they did not acknowledge the NDH authorities , and wanted the message to be passed on to the Italians . The residents of the villages of Jasenik and Lipnik were willing to talk and return to work , but they asked that the gendarmerie not visit their villages , as this would tempt the Montenegrins to attack . Aganović assessed that while this was probably true , their request was insincere . The gendarmerie commander in Bileća believed that the reason for the rebellion was that the local Serbs were wedded to the idea of Greater Serbia , and did not accept that their villages were part of the NDH . This approach essentially meant that local Serbs wanted the NDH authorities to leave them alone and not impose on their lives . According to the historian Davor Marijan , this was a poor choice that gave the Ustaše an excuse to take radical action .
The response of the NDH authorities to resistance had been to burn down the villages where this had occurred , and there were mass shootings of Serbs , which escalated the level of violence even further . In late May and June , 173 Serbs had been rounded up , tortured and killed in Nevesinje , and in early June , another 140 Serbs had been killed at Ljubinje . In response , Serbs attacked Ustaše officials and facilities , and conducted raids themselves , killing Muslim villagers .
= = Uprising = =
The NDH authorities only had weak forces in eastern Herzegovina at the time the mass uprising occurred , roughly equal to two Croatian Home Guard battalions , as well as gendarmerie posts in some towns . This was barely adequate to guard important locations , and was insufficient for offensive action . Deployed forces consisted of one company of the 10th Battalion in Trebinje , the headquarters and a reinforced company of the 7th Battalion in Bileća ( the balance of the battalion being divided between Gacko and Avtovac ) , and a company of the 6th Battalion in Nevesinje . The remainder of the 10th Battalion was deploying to Trebinje at the time the rebellion broke out .
= = = 23 – 24 June = = =
The first indication that the situation had changed significantly was on 23 June , when a group of 200 Ustaše clashed with a group of rebels they estimated to number between 600 and 1 @,@ 000 . After an extended firefight near the village of Stepen , 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) north of Korita , during which they suffered several casualties , the Ustaše also burned down four villages . They then entered two Muslim @-@ majority villages in the area and arrested 13 Serbs who had not been involved in the earlier fighting . The arrested Serbs were transported north to Avtovac and shot . That night , all adult Serbs above the age of 16 in Gacko , 4 @.@ 5 km ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) northwest of Avtovac , were arrested , and 26 were immediately shot . The rest were transported 50 km ( 31 mi ) west to a camp in Nevesinje . Over the period 23 – 25 June , 150 Serbs from the village of Ravno , 30 km ( 19 mi ) southwest of Ljubinje , were arrested and killed at the gendarmerie post , and the remainder of the population fled to the hills .
On 23 and 24 June , spontaneous mass gatherings occurred at several villages in the Gacko and Nevesinje districts . These rallies were prompted by the news of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , and those attending them voted to fight against the Ustaše . Professor Marko Attila Hoare states that the full @-@ scale uprising resulted from the Ustaše retaliation against attempts of the Serbs of eastern Herzegovina to defend themselves , combined with the launching of the German invasion on 22 June . At dawn on 24 June , the area of Nevesinje descended into full @-@ scale revolt , with around 400 armed rebels engaging the Home Guard garrison . By 24 June , the uprising had reached a massive scale across eastern Herzegovina , with between 1 @,@ 500 and 3 @,@ 000 armed rebels in total , including some Montenegrins .
= = = 25 June = = =
On the morning of 25 June , the company of the 6th Battalion at Nevesinje reported that rebels were gathering to attack the town ; Nevesinje 's Ustaše commissioner claimed that the rebel force numbered 5 @,@ 000 , and were led by a former Yugoslav Army colonel . About 10 : 00 , the town was attacked from the south and southwest . In response , the Home Guard despatched two more companies of the 6th Battalion from Mostar to Nevesinje . That morning , reports also arrived from Bileća and Stolac that rebels were approaching the village of Berkovići from the north , and had captured the gendarmerie post at Gornji Lukavac . About 11 : 30 , the Ustaše commissioner for Stolac reported that 3 @,@ 000 Montenegrins had gathered between Nevesinje and Stolac , and he requested the immediate supply of 150 rifles for his men . A rebel attack on the gendarmerie post in the village of Divin near Bileća was repulsed around midday . A platoon of Home Guard reinforcements and weapons for the Ustaše arrived at Stolac in the afternoon , and Bileća was held throughout the day .
Reports of the uprising reached Kvaternik during 25 June , but he dismissed them and the reports of 5 @,@ 000 rebels , cancelling Adriatic Command 's redeployment of the 21st Battalion from Slavonski Brod as well as a request to the Italians for air reconnaissance support . He stated that the suppression of the uprising could be handled by local forces . Loss of communication with Nevesinje resulted in rumours that the town had fallen to the rebels . The gendarmerie post at Fojnica ( near Gacko ) was captured on the afternoon of 25 June , with the survivors escaping to Gacko . Newspapers reported rumours that Gacko and Avtovac had fallen to the rebels . Having already despatched a reinforced company towards Nevesinje from Sarajevo earlier in the day , Adriatic Command ordered the rest of the battalion to follow . The initial company group had already reached Kalinovik some 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) from Nevesinje , and the rest of the battalion was expected to spend the night of 25 / 26 June there before arriving in Nevesinje around noon on 26 June . Kvaternik received an updated report on the situation in eastern Herzegovina during the night , and Prpić travelled from Sarajevo to Mostar to take control of operations , to find that information about the situation in eastern Herzegovina was unclear , but suggested that NDH forces could be facing serious difficulties .
= = = 26 June = = =
On the morning of 26 June , the company of the 6th Battalion that had been sent from Mostar continued towards Nevesinje , but almost immediately came under fire from a rebel group . With the assistance of Ustaše , the Home Guard were able to hold their ground , but they were unable to break through to Nevesinje . That afternoon , two aircraft of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske , ZNDH ) from Sarajevo conducted an armed reconnaissance over eastern Herzegovina , and discovered that NDH forces still held Nevesinje . They observed barricades across the Mostar – Nevesinje road , and strafed a group of 50 rebels north of Nevesinje near the village of Kifino Selo . Prpić bolstered the force on the Mostar – Nevesinje road with the 17th Battalion , recently arrived from Sarajevo , and sent his deputy , Colonel Antun Prohaska to command it . The 17th Battalion joined that force at 20 : 00 . About 17 : 00 , the company of the 11th Battalion reached Nevesinje from Kalinovik , and a further company of the battalion was despatched from Sarajevo , along with the battalion commander .
In the southern part of the area of operations around Stolac , the situation was significantly calmer than around Nevesinje , although a group of 200 Ustaše at Berkovići were falsely claiming that they were being surrounded by rebels at night . Despite this claim , they had suffered no casualties . Regardless , Prpić sent them ammunition and a platoon of the 18th Battalion . At 19 : 00 on 26 June , Francetić arrived at Prpić 's headquarters in Mostar to be briefed on the situation . He resolved that he would travel to Berkovići the following day and take personal command of the Ustaše unit there .
Around Gacko and Avtovac in the north , the day had been quiet . When the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Gacko reported rebels gathering near the town , Prpić sent a truck @-@ mounted platoon with an ammunition resupply . The platoon was ambushed en route , with 14 Home Guardsmen being captured . Gacko was reinforced later in the day from troops in Avtovac . On the night of 26 June , the Nevesinje garrison was subjected to a sustained attack by the rebels , but held out .
The NDH authorities in Trebinje heard rumours that the Serbs could start an uprising there on 28 June , the feast day of Saint Vitus , and warned NDH forces in the region to be prepared for a revolt . As a result of these reports , the Poglavnik ( leader ) of the NDH , Ante Pavelić , issued orders threatening that anyone who spread these rumours would be court @-@ martialled . On the eve of the feast day , both the gendarmerie and Ustaše took several hostages in case the rumours were true . Later , the gendarmerie released their hostages , but the 19 hostages held by the Ustaše were killed . In contrast to the actions of the Ustaše , the Home Guard units in the area tried to calm the situation down .
= = = 27 – 28 June = = =
On the morning of 27 June , Prpić launched a three @-@ pronged assault to clear the routes to Nevesinje . Prohaska commanded the push east along the Mostar – Nevesinje road by a force close to two battalions , Francetić led his unit of Ustaše north from Berkovići through the mountains via Odžak to approach Nevesinje from the south , and two companies of the 11th Battalion thrust southwest along the road from Plužine . Once this task was complete , the NDH forces were to vigorously pursue the rebels and destroy them .
The Prohaska group deployed with one company on the road , and elements of the 17th Battalion and 70 Ustaše on the left flank . Their attack commenced about 10 : 00 , and although they faced strong resistance from the rebels , aided by strafing and bombing by ZNDH aircraft , they reached villages on the outskirts of Nevesinje after fighting that lasted until dawn on 28 June . One Home Guard battalion halted and took up a defensive stance , and the commander was threatened with dismissal by Prpić before he resumed the attack . Francetić 's Ustaše unit also faced heavy fighting , and had to call for ammunition resupply on two occasions . One of the resupply vehicles was ambushed by rebels between Stolac and Berkovići , and some ammunition was finally delivered by passenger car during the night . Elsewhere , rebels attacked Gacko and Avtovac , and one ZNDH aircraft was shot down by rebel machine gun fire near Avtovac . That night , Prpić telephoned Kvaternik and advised him that the imposition of martial law was necessary to restore order to Herzegovina . Army Chief of Staff General Vladimir Laxa was immediately appointed by Pavelić to control both Hum and Dubrava counties , which incorporated much of eastern Herzegovina .
On 28 June , Laxa became the overall commander of all NDH authorities in Hum and Dubrava counties , which included Ustaše , Home Guard , civil administration , gendarmerie and police . Military courts were established to deal with those resisting the NDH authorities . Armed guards were posted at the entrance to towns and villages , and any armed civilians were to be disarmed and brought to military authorities . Laxa issued an order that gave the rebels until 2 July to submit to the authorities . On that day , after the Prohaska group broke through to Nevesinje from Mostar , Prohaska sent a company of the 6th Battalion to Kifino Selo to meet the two companies of the 11th Battalion advancing from Plužine . Despite ZNDH air support , the company of the 6th Battalion was attacked by rebels near the entrance to Kifino Selo and the majority broke and ran . Prohaska had to send reserves to block the road between Nevesinje and Kifino Selo , and the companies from the 11th Battalion began to reconnoitre the rebel positions towards Odžak .
Also on that morning , the 200 Home Guard troops and about 50 armed locals in Avtovac were attacked from three directions by rebels . They recovered from their initial surprise and held the town during the day , but in the evening a renewed assault caused them to withdraw from Avtovac and retreat to the villages of Međuljići and Ključ . Upon capturing Avtovac , the rebels looted the village , burned down a large number of Muslim homes and killed 32 Muslim civilians , mostly women , children and the elderly . Gacko was also attacked by the rebels , with eight soldiers killed , and one officer and 12 soldiers wounded . Also on 28 June , two Italian Army trucks driving from Bileća to Avtovac were ambushed by rebels , who killed three soldiers and wounded 17 . Around 18 : 00 , the Italian command advised Kvaternik that they would be clearing the route from Bileća via Gacko to Nevesinje on an unspecified future date . During the fighting around Gacko , several ZNDH aircraft were forced to land due to pilot casualties and engine trouble . ZNDH air support operations were suspended due to lack of fuel and spares for the aircraft .
There was no improvement in the situation around Stolac , and an Ustaše unit made up of armed civilians proved to be of such low combat value that Laxa spoke to Francetić and criticised its performance . South of Bileća , rebels destroyed the gendarmerie post in a village , killing seven gendarmes . Dozens of gendarmes were sent from Trebinje to assist them , but they were stopped by rebels and withdrew into a village schoolhouse . In the afternoon a platoon of the 10th Home Guard Battalion was sent north from Trebinje to support the gendarmes , but they were attacked near the village of Mosko , and withdrew into a defensive position . They were reinforced by a second platoon during the night , and were given orders to clear the road from Trebinje to Bileća on the following morning ahead of the Italians .
= = = 29 – 30 June = = =
At dawn on 29 June , the rebels attacked the Ustaše in a village on the Mostar – Nevesinje road . Prohaska demanded help from Mostar , and planned to send a force from Nevesinje to assist . From Mostar , a company of the 21st Battalion was despatched to relieve the Ustaše , who had managed to hold off the rebels . The Home Guard company then took over the post from the Ustaše . The same day , two new battalions arrived in Mostar , the 23rd Battalion from Osijek and the 15th Battalion from Travnik . These reinforcements arrived just as Prpić received confirmation that Avtovac had been captured by the rebels . The remaining small garrison in Gacko , consisting of only 20 gendarmes and 30 Ustaše , were holding out but expecting more attacks by the rebels . In the morning , the attack by elements of the 10th Battalion stalled until the battalion commander , Lieutenant Colonel Julije Reš , personally took command of the operation , clearing the way for the Italians . The promised Italian intervention commenced about midday , and about 100 trucks of Italian soldiers arrived in Gacko about 17 : 00 . As they had passed through Avtovac , the rebels had left the town and withdrawn to villages to the east . About 18 : 00 , the 10th Battalion relieved the besieged gendarmes in the village schoolhouse . ZNDH aircraft from Mostar airfield flew reconnaissance sorties over the area and dropped leaflets over Stolac , Stepen , Avtovac , Gacko and Plužine .
After the garrison of Nevesinje had been relieved , Laxa directed his main effort towards the Gacko and Avtovac districts . Sensitive to the fact that the Italians had not respected the territorial borders of the NDH when they sent their column to Gacko , he considered it very important that Croatian military and political prestige be restored , otherwise the Italians might decide to remain in the area rather than withdraw to their garrison near the Adriatic coast . He planned to follow this consolidation by clearing the border areas with Montenegro then clearing the hinterland of any remaining rebels . For this last task he intended to deploy a yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ formed special unit to be led by Lieutenant Colonel Josip Metzger . The task of re @-@ asserting NDH authority in the Gacko and Avtovac districts was allocated to Prohaska 's group , consisting of the 6th Battalion , one company of the 18th Battalion , two companies of the 17th Battalion , and the recently arrived 15th and 21st Battalions , which were to be sent to Nevesinje from Mostar . Prohaska was to act in concert with the 11th Battalion who were already in the vicinity of Plužine , just to the north of the Nevesinje – Gacko road . In preparation , the 15th Battalion was trucked to Nevesinje , and a company of the 17th Battalion conducted a coordinated attack with the 11th Battalion on rebel positions near Kifino Selo . This attack was defeated by the rebels , and a battalion commander was killed .
During the remainder of the day , the Italians collected the bodies of their dead from the rebel ambush on 28 June , and rescued some Home Guard troops that had escaped Avtovac , but then returned to Plana , just north of Bileća . The value of further operations in the Gacko and Avtovac areas was brought into question when the Italians reported that both towns had been burned to the ground , and all the inhabitants had been massacred . The Italians blamed Montenegrins attached to the rebels for the destruction and killings in the two towns . The Italian estimate of rebel strength was around 3 @,@ 000 armed with machine guns , artillery and anti @-@ aircraft guns . A German intelligence officer from Sarajevo arrived at Prpić 's headquarters in Mostar to receive a briefing on the situation . The small garrison of Gacko was anticipating an attack by rebels during the night , but in the afternoon 180 Home Guardsmen that had withdrawn from Avtovac arrived to bolster their position , and the night passed without incident .
= = = 1 – 7 July = = =
On 1 July , an Italian armoured unit arrived in Gacko to reinforce the garrison . An Ustaše operation to clear the insurgents from the Stolac district began on 3 July , meeting with success and opening of the road from Berkovci north to Odžak . The Ustaše did not go closer to Nevesinje as they were not in uniform , and were concerned that the Home Guards would mistake them for rebels . During this operation , three Ustaše were killed , including their commander , and the Ustaše fighters killed ten rebels and captured two . In the belongings of one of the captured rebels , the Ustaše located a report by the " National Movement for the Liberation of Nevesinje " ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Narodni pokret za oslobođenje Nevesinja ) , which was apparently how the rebels referred to themselves . The report made it clear that the rebels were using military tactics and organisation , and hinted at co @-@ operation with the Italians . According to information gathered by the police , the local rebel leadership included former Mostar merchant Čedo Milić , the Bjelogrlić brothers from Avtovac , the Orthodox priest Father Mastilović from Nadinići , and a Captain Radović from Avtovac . Montenegrins involved in the leadership of the uprising included Colonel Bajo Stanišić , Major Minja Višnjić , and Radojica Nikčević from Nikšić .
Following the Italian intervention , Prpić was able to proceed with the task of clearing the wider area of Nevesinje from 3 July , ensuring NDH control of population centres and roads . On 5 July , he replaced his deputy Prohaska with Colonel Franjo Šimić , and assigned him a force consisting of the 6th , 11th , 15th and 17th Battalions , a company of the 18th Battalion and a troop of artillery . The force numbered 62 officers and 2 @,@ 062 men , with heavy weapons including four 100 mm Skoda houfnice vz 14 mountain howitzers , six heavy machine guns and twenty @-@ seven light machine guns . Šimić seized the crossroads near Kifino Selo and Plužine , securing it with one company of the 11th Battalion , then sent the 15th Battalion to Gacko and the 17th Battalion to Berkovići . A half company of the 21st Battalion secured the Mostar – Nevesinje road . Once this was completed , the major roads in eastern Herzegovina were secured . These operations proceeded without significant fighting , as some of the rebels retreated over the border with Montenegro , and others hid their weapons in the mountains and returned to their homes . By 7 July , NDH forces had regained full control over all the towns and transport routes in eastern Herzegovina .
= = Aftermath = =
Tomasevich states that the uprising was a " spontaneous , unorganised outburst " that was doomed to failure , and involved neither the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović nor the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Komunistička partija Jugoslavije , KPJ ) . He contends that the uprising was the result of several factors , including the Ustaše persecutions , fear and hatred of the NDH authorities , a local tradition of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire , the poor economic conditions in eastern Herzegovina , and news of the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union . Hoare concurs with Tomasevich that the uprising was in the tradition of the Herzegovinian rebellions against the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century , such as the uprisings in 1875 – 77 . Edmund Glaise @-@ Horstenau , the German Plenipotentiary General in the NDH , believed that the Italians might have deliberately avoided interfering in the uprising . General Renzo Dalmazzo , the commander of the Italian 6th Army Corps , blamed the Ustaše and Muslims for stoking the revolt .
In eastern Herzegovina , the KPJ had little impact until mid @-@ August 1941 , well after the initial revolt had been suppressed . During the lead @-@ up to the mass uprising , the KPJ organisation in Herzegovina would not commit itself , as it was waiting for orders from the provincial organisation in Sarajevo , which was expecting direction from the KPJ Central Committee to launch a general uprising across Yugoslavia . Once they became aware of the German attack on the Soviet Union , the KPJ in Herzegovina voted to join the mass uprising , but this only occurred on 24 June , when the uprising was already in full swing . According to Milazzo , the rebels remained a threat throughout eastern Herzegovina well into July , although the uprising in Herzegovina did not advance until the Bosnia @-@ wide revolt occurred at the end of July , by which time the KPJ was ready for active involvement in the fighting .
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= Katori @-@ class battleship =
The Katori class ( 香取型戦艦 , Katori @-@ gata senkan ) was a two @-@ ship class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the early 1900s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself , they were designed and built in the UK . They were the last battleships to be built for Japan at overseas shipyards , and the last to be equipped with a ram . The ships were delivered after the end of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 . They saw no action during World War I , although both were present when Japan joined the Siberian Intervention in 1918 . They were disarmed and scrapped in 1923 – 25 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 .
= = Design and description = =
The Katori @-@ class ships were ordered under the 1903 Third Fleet Extension Program . As with the earlier battleships , Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships , and turned again to the United Kingdom , placing orders with Armstrong and Vickers in January 1904 . The next class of battleships , the Satsuma class , were built in Japan .
The design of the Katori class was a modified and improved version of the King Edward VII @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy . The Vickers @-@ built Katori was slightly smaller than her sister ship , Kashima . They had an overall length of 456 @.@ 25 – 470 @.@ 6 feet ( 139 @.@ 1 – 143 @.@ 4 m ) , a beam of 78 – 78 @.@ 16 feet ( 23 @.@ 8 – 23 @.@ 8 m ) , and a normal draught of 26 @.@ 6 – 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 1 – 8 @.@ 2 m ) . They displaced 15 @,@ 950 – 16 @,@ 383 long tons ( 16 @,@ 206 – 16 @,@ 646 t ) at normal load . The crew consisted of 864 officers and enlisted men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The ships were powered by a pair of four @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller , using steam generated by 20 Niclausse boilers using a mixture of coal and fuel oil . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 600 – 16 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 600 – 12 @,@ 400 kW ) and designed to reach a top speed of 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 34 @.@ 3 km / h ; 21 @.@ 3 mph ) although they proved to be faster during their sea trials . Kashima reached a top speed of 19 @.@ 24 knots ( 35 @.@ 63 km / h ; 22 @.@ 14 mph ) using 17 @,@ 280 ihp ( 12 @,@ 890 kW ) and Katori made 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) from 18 @,@ 500 ihp ( 13 @,@ 800 kW ) . The ships carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 150 tonnes ( 2 @,@ 120 long tons ) of coal and 377 – 750 long tons ( 383 – 762 t ) of fuel oil which allowed them to steam for 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ; 14 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The Katori class were equipped with four 45 @-@ calibre Elswick Ordnance Company 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Type 41 guns mounted in twin @-@ gun barbettes fore and aft of the superstructure that had armoured hoods to protect the guns and were usually called gun turrets . The barbettes were positioned fore and aft of the superstructure . These were more powerful than the 40 @-@ calibre guns on Mikasa and earlier Japanese battleships . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ( 850 m / s ) .
The King Edward VII class introduced an intermediate calibre of 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch ( 234 mm ) guns between the primary 12 @-@ inch guns and the secondary six @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns and the Japanese upgraded these to 45 @-@ calibre 10 @-@ inch Type 41 guns in four single barbettes mounted at the corners of the superstructure . The guns had a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 707 ft / s ( 825 m / s ) when firing 500 @-@ pound ( 227 kg ) shells . The Japanese added an additional pair of quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 40 @-@ caliber six @-@ inch Type 41 guns , making a total of 12 guns , compared to the 10 of the King Edward VIIs . Ten of these guns were mounted in the hull and the remaining two were placed in the superstructure between the 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) gun turrets . Their 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells had a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) when fired by the Type 41 guns .
Protection against torpedo boat attacks was provided by 12 to 16 QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns and three 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) QF three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ) . The ships were also equipped with five submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern .
= = = Armor = = =
The waterline main belt of the Katori @-@ class vessels consisted of Krupp cemented armour 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) high , of which 2 feet 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 8 m ) was above the waterline at normal load . It had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) amidships . It was only 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) inches thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch , 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) strake of armour that ran between the main gun barbettes and protected most of the secondary guns . The barbettes for the main guns were 5 – 12 inches ( 130 – 300 mm ) thick and those for the intermediate turrets were protected by six inches of armour . The armour of the main gun barbette hoods had a maximum thickness of nine inches and those of the intermediate barbettes were 6 – 8 inches ( 150 – 200 mm ) thick . The sides of the superstructure between the intermediate barbettes had 4 inches ( 102 mm ) of armour .
The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick amidships where it sloped down to the bottom of the armour belt . This significantly improved the ships ' protection as any shell that penetrated their vertical armour also had to penetrate the sloping deck before it could reach the machinery compartments or magazines . Outside the central armoured citadel , the sloped deck had a thickness of 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) . The conning tower was protected by nine inches of armour .
= = Ships = =
= = Service = =
Whilst conducting gunnery training in Hiroshima Bay on 16 September 1907 , brown powder propellant in Kashima 's starboard rear 10 @-@ inch gun mount ignited when it came in contact with burning residue from the previous shot . The fire killed seven officers and 27 enlisted men ; wounding two officers and six enlisted men . When World War I began , Kashima was refitting while Katori was assigned to the 1st Battleship Squadron . The former was assigned to the 2nd Battleship Squadron when her refit was completed in 1915 and became the squadron 's flagship in 1916 . Katori began a refit in 1914 that lasted until late 1916 and was assigned to the 5th Battleship Squadron upon its completion . Kashima joined her sister in the 5th Battleship Squadron as its flagship in 1918 and both ships covered the landing of Japanese troops in Siberia in August of that year as Japan decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War .
In 1921 , Katori , escorted by Kashima , carried Crown Prince Hirohito on his tour of Europe where he met King George V. Both ships were disarmed in 1923 and later scrapped to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty .
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= Sonnet 86 =
Sonnet 86 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare . It is the final poem of the Rival Poet subsection of the Fair Youth sonnets in which Shakespeare writes about an unnamed young man and a rival poet competing for the youth 's attention . While the exact date of its composition is unknown , scholars generally agree that the Rival Poet series was written between 1598 and 1600 and published along with the rest of the sonnets in the 1609 Quarto .
Within the sonnet , the speaker contemplates his inability to articulate his admiration for the Fair Youth , a fault he attributes to his jealousy of the Fair Youth 's appearance in the poems of the speaker 's Rival Poet . Sonnet 86 is notable within the Rival Poet subsection of sonnets because it allegedly provides important clues as to the historical identity of this Rival Poet . The sonnet is written in the typical Shakespearean sonnet form , containing 14 lines of iambic pentameter and ending in a rhymed couplet .
= = Paraphrase = =
The poem , in which the speaker rhetorically asks why he has lost his ability to write poetry , uses boating references while staying closely connected to the poetic structure of a sonnet .
Below is a paraphrase , written in contemporary English and in prose .
Was it his ambitious poetry , which was written to win you , that stopped my ability to think ? Did it cause all of my ideas to die as soon as they were born ? Was it his heaven given ability , writing which was blessed by the gods , that stopped me in my tracks ? Neither he nor his companions who helped him were able to stop my poetic ability . Neither he nor the Muse which aids him each night can claim to have silenced me . For I am not afraid . However , when your beauty was gifted to him then I was lost and destroyed .
= = Structure = =
Shakespeare 's sonnets follow the fourteen line rhyme scheme of the ' English ' or ' Surreyan ' sonnet form ( abab cdcd efef gg ) . A sonnet originally referred to any short lyric . In 1573 , George Gascoigne tried to define the word sonnet . This definition , stated below , delineates the structure within which Shakespeare often wrote .
I can best allowe to call those Sonnets which are of fourtene lynes , every line conteyning tenne syllables . The first twelve do ryme in staves of foure lines by crosse metre , and the last twoo ryming together do conclude the whole .
While conventional English sonnet form described by Gascoigne is seen in Sonnet 86 , the Petrarchan sonnet form , which requires a pause between the first eight lines and the last six lines is also evident . At the end of line eight Shakespeare uses a period to bring the sonnet to a stop , changing the sonnet 's direction by moving away from rhetorical questions to a more decisive tone within the sestet , which seems to answer the distress of the octave .
The Shakespearean sonnet is composed in iambic pentameter , a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak / strong syllabic positions . The 6th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter :
× / × / × / × / × /
Above a mortal pitch , that struck me dead ? ( 86 @.@ 6 )
/ |
= ictus , a metrically strong syllabic position . × =
nonictus .
Line two exhibits the first of a large number of necessary or potential initial reversals :
/ × × / × / × / × /
Bound for the prize of all @-@ too @-@ precious you , ( 86 @.@ 2 )
Initial reversals also occur in lines four and eight . Potential initial reversal occur in lines one , five , seven , nine , and twelve ; while potential mid @-@ line reversals occur in lines three , seven , and thirteen .
The meter demands that in the fifth line , the first " spirit " count as one syllable ( possibly pronounced as spear 't , sprite , sprit , or spurt ) , while the second " spirits " counts as two . Line eight 's " astonishèd " is pronounced with four syllables .
= = Context = =
Sonnet 86 is well known as the final sonnet of The Rival Poet sonnets , in Shakespeares 1609 edition of sonnets . The rival poet series , Sonnets 78 @-@ 86 , is generally thought to be written around the years of 1598 – 1600 , based on vocabulary evidence and similarities found with the plays that were also written during this time period . There is no exact answer as to who this rival poet is since nearly every well @-@ known poet contemporary with Shakespeare has , at some time , been suggested as the " rival poet " . Among the poets considered to be the rival poet , George Chapman and Christopher Marlowe , colleagues and literary competitors to Shakespeare , are generally considered to be two of the most likely contenders .
Many of these potential identifications have been made using alleged clues found in Sonnet 86 . The second and third quatrains in particular have garnered much attention in this regard . The description of a poet " by spirits taught to write " has led several critics , including Katherine Duncan @-@ Jones and William Minto , to name George Chapman as the likeliest candidate . This is due to his supposed spiritual inspiration by the ghost of Homer . Another scholar , Richard Levin , connects the line " Above a mortal pitch , that struck me dead ? " to Christopher Marlowe 's play Tamburlaine , saying that the reactions described in both are similar to each other .
In a different reading , Shakespearean scholar Eric Sams has interpreted this reference to spiritual communion as an allusion to Barnabe Barnes , a notorious English occultist and poet , while others contend that the significance of the spirit is simply an allusion to poetic genius and that it contains no reference to an actual personage .
= = Exegesis = =
= = = Overview = = =
While scholarly debate abounds as to the identities of the persons contemplated in the sonnet , there is general consensus as to Sonnet 86 's role within the Rival Poet subsection of the Fair Youth sonnets . As Joseph Pequigney notes , " Sonnet 86 is written in the past tense , as distinct from the present tense of the eight previous sonnets , to signal the end of the episode , " that is , the Rival Poet series of sonnets . As the final sonnet in the series , it is also the sonnet in which Shakespeare claims his ultimate victory over the rival poet , the situation " resolved in Shakespeare 's favor " as he relentlessly mocks his opponent . Though he admits to having experienced a poetic hesitation , Shakespeare maintains that it was not the Rival Poet who caused it . Katherine Duncan @-@ Jones writes : " Undaunted by the splendour of his rival 's verses , the speaker quails only at [ his rival 's ] appropriation of the young man 's favour . "
= = = Quatrain 1 = = =
The sonnet begins with the speaker rhetorically asking whether it was the " great verse " of his rival poet that had prevented the speaker from expressing his own " ripe thoughts . " According to Duncan @-@ Jones , " the speaker claims to be unable to voice his thoughts of love ; they are ready for utterance ( ripe ) , but remain buried ( in @-@ hearsed ) in his brain because he is intimidated by his rival . " However , as Harold Bloom contends , this intimidation is apparently not caused by the artistic skill of his rival . In the opening lines of the sonnet , " [ Shakespeare ] charmingly suggests an inhibition through jealousy , not of superior poetic powers , but of encountering the Fair Young Man 's portrait in a rival 's verses . " The significance behind the apparent flattery of this rival 's art seems open to interpretation . Kenneth Muir writes : " Whether " the proud full sail of his great verse " is sincere admiration or a hint that it is bombastic is still debated , " though contemporary scholars tend to gravitate toward the latter , more sarcastic interpretation . Pequiney , amongst others , asserts that this verse is a derogatory adversion to the ostentatious craft of his opponent , belittling the rival 's delusions of grandeur .
= = = Quatrain 2 = = =
As noted above , many of the alleged clues as to the identity of the rival poet have been discovered within this quatrain . While Duncan @-@ Jones and Minto interpret references of the poet " by spirits taught to write " as allusions to George Chapman , other scholars have posited poets from Marlowe to Gervase Markham as contenders . Eric Sams , for one , relies heavily on these descriptions of spiritual communication to reinforce his argument for Barnes as the Rival Poet , noting Barnes ' scandalous occultism in 16th century England . In addition to these claims ( which assume the existence of a historical counterpart ) , there are also scholars who argue that the significance of the spirit is overstated and that it simply refers to poetic inspiration . As these diverse interpretations attest , a definitive identification of the Rival remains far from determined . Bloom writes , " Nearly every contemporary with Shakespeare has been put forward , including Christopher Marlowe , Ben Jonson , Samuel Daniel , and Edmund Spenser " . Structurally , this quatrain both extends and answers the question previously advanced by the sonnet 's speaker . He again asks whether it was the spirit of his rival that extinguished the speaker 's inspiration , then responds that it was certainly not . Within this response , Shakespeare simultaneously attacks the merit of the Rival 's output , " underscoring his " spiritual " composition , not to say his quackery , " while thoroughly rejecting its influence on the speaker 's own poetry . An accurate reading of the eighth line ( " Giving him aid , my verse astonished . " ) must take note that the word " astonished " is herein found with its earliest definition : " bereft of sensation ; stunned , benumbed , " in describing the status of the speaker 's " verse . "
= = = Quatrain 3 = = =
In the third quatrain , after again questioning the integrity of his rival 's work , Shakespeare continues to affirm his fearlessness in the face of his rival 's poetry . Lines nine and ten lend themselves to the same ambiguous interpretation found in the previous quatrain , with many scholars reading them as a reference to a specific poet . Of the " affable familiar ghost " found in line nine , Duncan @-@ Jones writes : " The phrase seems to carry an allusion to some well @-@ known relationship between a poet and his Muse or inspiring genius , such as Chapman 's with the spirit of Homer . " Shakespeare , however , mocks this relationship , stating that the Rival has been " gulled " by whatever spirit he may be communicating with and even this creative alliance is unable to claim the victory of the speaker 's silence . The final line of the quatrain ( " I was not sick of any fear from thence . " ) sets the stage for the couplet , alluding to the fact that , while his fear did not come from " thence , " i.e. , the rival poet , there is indeed a fear that has disrupted his poetic output .
= = = Couplet = = =
The couplet of Sonnet 86 finally allows the reader a glimpse of the speaker 's true vulnerability . It is here that he sets aside his attack on the Rival Poet in order to admit the true cause of his work 's impediment . Pequigney writes " Shakespeare finishes the episode by acknowledging what had long been evident , that the focus and cause of the contention was centered on the youth , not on literary laurels . " Bloom calls this couplet " a climactic , if dispiriting , close for the speaker , " as it demonstrates that while the speaker may have defeated the Rival Poet on the grounds of artistry , there is still competition between the two for the favor of the Fair Youth . In terms of the Rival Poet 's identity , Sams uses the penultimate verse to strengthen his argument for Barnes , reading line 13 as a reference to Barne 's 1593 work Parthenophil and Parthenophe . Sams writes : " One phrase in Sonnet 86 echoes Barnes , namely " when your countenance filled up his line . " Barnes 's sonnet to Henry Wriothesley , 3rd Earl of Southampton includes the actual words " your countenance . " Thus Southampton 's favour is solicited for the love − lyrics of Parthenophil and Parthenophe , so " that with your countenance graced they may withstand " envy and criticism . The word " countenance " has indeed " filled up " Barnes 's line — to overflowing , since it adds an extra syllable . " Shakespeare 's verse , on the other hand , conforms to a traditional iambic scansion . This interpretation also reads this line as a final blow against the Rival Poet , demonstrating Shakespeare 's superior mastery of the sonnet form .
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= New York State Route 47 =
New York State Route 47 ( NY 47 ) was a 19 @.@ 34 @-@ mile ( 31 @.@ 12 km ) long state highway around Rochester in New York , in the United States . It formed a semicircle through the inner suburbs of Rochester , following expressways west and east of the city and surface streets south of Rochester . The western terminus of the route was at an interchange with NY 104 west of the city limits in Greece . The eastern terminus was at an intersection with Culver Road in Irondequoit mere yards from Lake Ontario . In between its western and eastern extents , NY 47 met Interstate 490 ( I @-@ 490 ) twice . The limited @-@ access highway portions of the route were known as the Rochester Outer Loop ( or Outer Loop ) in contrast to the Inner Loop around downtown Rochester .
NY 47 was originally routed along surface streets through the city when it was assigned c . 1937 . It began at NY 31 in Gates and followed Howard Road and Brooks Avenue southeast into Rochester , where it continued eastward on Genesee Park Boulevard and Elmwood Avenue . NY 47 remained on the latter through Brighton to an area known as Twelve Corners . At this point , the route turned north onto Winton Road and followed that street through the eastern fringe of the city to Irondequoit , where NY 47 ended at a junction with U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 , now NY 404 ) . The Outer Loop was constructed in stages , beginning with the portion of the Sea Breeze Expressway north of Ridge Road in the early 1950s . From that point on , construction progressed in a generally clockwise fashion around the city .
By the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Outer Loop was complete from NY 383 to US 104 west of the city and from modern I @-@ 590 exit 1 to the lakeshore east of Rochester . NY 47 followed the loop from US 104 south to NY 383 and from Elmwood Avenue north to modern NY 590 exit 8 ; north of that point , the expressway was part of US 104 and NY 18 . NY 47 was extended northward along the remainder of the Sea Breeze Expressway in 1970 . On March 18 , 1980 , the NY 47 designation was removed and replaced with several others , primarily I @-@ 390 , I @-@ 590 , NY 390 , and NY 590 .
= = Route description = =
NY 47 followed a half @-@ circle routing around the city of Rochester , beginning northwest of downtown in the town of Greece and proceeding generally counterclockwise around the city before ending northeast of downtown at the Lake Ontario shoreline in Irondequoit . The limited @-@ access highway portions of NY 47 were named the " Rochester Outer Loop " ( or " Outer Loop " ) in contrast to the Inner Loop around downtown Rochester . This moniker remains in use to this day , now referring to the designations that have since replaced NY 47 along the loop . Conceptually , NY 104 completes the Outer Loop along the north side of the city . However , only the section east of the Genesee River is expressway , leaving NY 104 from modern NY 390 to the Veterans Memorial Bridge as the only at @-@ grade portion of the loop . The at @-@ grade portion of NY 47 along Scottsville Road and Elmwood Avenue was known as the " Rochester Bypass " prior to the completion of the Outer Loop . The alignment described within this section is of NY 47 upon its removal in 1980 .
= = = Western expressway = = =
NY 47 began at an interchange with NY 104 ( now the interchange between NY 390 and NY 104 ) in Greece one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the Rochester city limits . Although , at the time , the freeway terminated just north of the interchange , the interchange itself was roughly complete , with only ramps to and from future NY 390 north of the interchange missing . NY 47 followed the modern NY 390 alignment south to I @-@ 490 , where NY 47 continued onto what is now I @-@ 390 . The routings of NY 47 and current I @-@ 390 were identical to NY 383 ( Scottsville Road ) in Chili , where NY 47 was forced to grade level via a partially constructed interchange , as modern I @-@ 390 had yet to be constructed in the area southeast of NY 383 .
= = = At @-@ grade = = =
Off the expressway and now at @-@ grade , NY 47 turned north onto NY 383 , forming a short concurrency with NY 383 into Rochester . At Elmwood Avenue , NY 47 and NY 383 departed Scottsville Road and proceeded eastward on Elmwood Avenue . Two blocks to the east , at an intersection with South Plymouth Avenue , NY 383 split from NY 47 , following Plymouth Avenue into downtown Rochester . NY 47 remained routed on Elmwood Avenue , crossing the Genesee River and passing north of Strong Memorial Hospital prior to intersecting NY 15 ( Mount Hope Avenue ) in the shadow of Mount Hope Cemetery . East of NY 15 , NY 47 progressed along Elmwood Avenue , intersecting several local streets before entering Brighton .
Within Brighton , NY 47 continued on Elmwood Avenue through " Twelve Corners " , intersecting NY 31 ( Monroe Avenue ) at the location , to what is now I @-@ 590 . At the northbound entrance ramp of the modern interchange between I @-@ 590 and Elmwood Avenue , NY 47 separated from the latter , entering the freeway . While what is now I @-@ 590 was constructed and open from Winton Road to I @-@ 490 , it had no signed designation between Winton and Elmwood .
= = = Eastern expressway = = =
NY 47 followed modern I @-@ 590 northward through Brighton to the Can of Worms , where NY 47 met I @-@ 490 for the second time . Due to the way the interchange was designed at the time , traffic continuing on NY 47 across I @-@ 490 had to merge with I @-@ 490 traffic for roughly 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) before exiting I @-@ 490 onto the other portion of NY 47 . North of I @-@ 490 , NY 47 followed the length of what is now NY 590 through Brighton , Rochester , and Irondequoit to Culver Road at the Lake Ontario shoreline .
= = History = =
= = = Original alignment = = =
When NY 47 was first commissioned in the Rochester area c . 1937 , it was routed along previously unnumbered roadways , with its northwest terminus located at the intersection of NY 31 ( Lyell Avenue ) and Howard Road in Gates . NY 47 took Howard Road south , passing through Gates Center and intersecting NY 33 before crossing the then @-@ New York Central Railroad main line ( now the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Rochester Subdivision ) at @-@ grade . The route remained on Howard Road until the intersection of Howard Road and Chili Avenue ( NY 33A ) , which also included Brooks Avenue at this juncture of time . NY 47 turned east onto Brooks Avenue and proceeded toward the Greater Rochester International Airport , joining the current routing of NY 204 at Beahan Road ( now Old Beahan Road ) .
NY 47 followed the entire alignment of NY 204 to what is now I @-@ 390 and continued on Brooks Avenue into Rochester to Genesee Park Boulevard . Route 47 turned south onto the street , which circles around the southwestern quadrant of the city , and followed its length to Genesee Street , where it turned south for a short distance before resuming its eastward alignment on Elmwood Avenue . The route remained on Elmwood Avenue into Brighton , where it turned north onto South Winton Road at Twelve Corners . At Highland Avenue , NY 47 reentered Rochester and became North Winton Road at East Avenue ( NY 96 ) . The route remained on Winton through Rochester and Irondequoit before terminating at Empire Boulevard ( then US 104 , now NY 404 ) just west of Irondequoit Bay .
= = = Expressway realignments = = =
= = = = East of Rochester = = = =
In the early 1950s , construction began on the Sea Breeze Expressway , a mostly limited @-@ access highway linking the Lake Ontario shoreline to the proposed I @-@ 490 east of Rochester . The first portion of the road , a divided highway extending from East Ridge Road in Irondequoit to Culver Road just west of the Irondequoit Bay Outlet , was opened to traffic by 1954 as a realignment of NY 18 . Construction on a limited @-@ access extension south to Empire Boulevard ( three blocks west of NY 47 's western terminus ) began at some point between 1956 and 1958 and was completed by 1960 as a realignment of US 104 . Another extension of the highway south to the partially complete I @-@ 490 in Brighton was completed c . 1961 and largely became part of a rerouted NY 47 by the following year . At the time , NY 47 left the expressway at Blossom Road and followed it west to Winton Road , where it rejoined its original routing .
By 1964 , construction was underway on a new expressway leading south from I @-@ 490 at the Can of Worms to Elmwood Avenue east of Twelve Corners . The highway was completed c . 1965 , at which time NY 47 was realigned to follow the Sea Breeze Expressway and the new expressway south through the Can of Worms to its end at a partial interchange with Elmwood Avenue ( now I @-@ 590 exit 3 ) . It continued west on Elmwood Avenue to Twelve Corners , where it reconnected to its old alignment at Winton Road .
= = = = West of Rochester = = = =
The first realignment of NY 47 west of the city occurred c . 1962 when it was rerouted between Chili and Elmwood Avenues to bypass the then @-@ Rochester – Monroe County Airport to the south . Instead of turning east onto Brooks Avenue as it did prior to 1962 , the route continued south on Beahan Road to Scottsville Road ( NY 383 ) , where it turned to overlap NY 383 north to Elmwood Avenue . At the time , Beahan Road connected directly to Scottsville Road ( via modern Old Beahan Road ) as the primary runway southwest of the airport had yet to be extended to its present length . By 1962 , construction was underway on a new limited @-@ access highway paralleling NY 47 ( Howard Road ) to the east between NY 31 and NY 33 . Within two years , work had begun on an extension of the highway south along the Erie Canal to Scottsville Road . Farther east , construction was underway on a new highway leading south from I @-@ 490 to Elmwood Avenue east of Twelve Corners .
All of the limited @-@ access highway between NY 31 and NY 383 opened to traffic c . 1965 . NY 47 was reconfigured to begin a half @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to the east of Howard Road at modern NY 390 exit 21 and follow the new highway southeastward to its temporary end at what is now I @-@ 390 exit 17 east of the airport . At this point , NY 47 joined its pre @-@ 1965 routing and followed NY 383 northeastward into the city limits . By 1968 , construction was underway on a northward extension of the expressway to US 104 in Greece . It was completed and opened to traffic by 1971 .
= = = Extensions and deletion = = =
NY 47 was officially extended on both ends on January 1 , 1970 , to terminate at Lake Ontario on opposite sides of Rochester . In Greece , the designation officially followed what is now NY 390 north to the Lake Ontario State Parkway ; however , the portion between US 104 and the parkway had yet to be constructed . To the east in Irondequoit , NY 47 was stretched northward along the Sea Breeze Expressway to Culver Road , resulting in overlaps with both US 104 and NY 18 . At the time , the overlap with US 104 existed only between Empire Boulevard and the Keeler Street Expressway , which became the new alignment of the route through Irondequoit after its completion in 1969 . The overlap with US 104 was eliminated entirely the following year when that route was realigned onto a new expressway alignment between NY 47 and Webster that traversed Irondequoit Bay via the newly built Irondequoit Bay Bridge . The overlap with NY 18 was eliminated c . 1973 when NY 18 was truncated to its current eastern terminus in Kodak Park .
On March 18 , 1980 , the NY 47 designation was eliminated and split into four other routes . From NY 104 in Greece to I @-@ 490 , NY 47 became NY 390 . The section from I @-@ 490 south to NY 383 was designated as part of I @-@ 390 ; however , it would not connect to the existing portion of I @-@ 390 south of Rochester until 1981 , when the interchange between I @-@ 390 and I @-@ 590 was completed . The segment of NY 47 from Elmwood Avenue north to the Can of Worms became part of I @-@ 590 , which continued southwest along the freeway to Winton Road . From the Can of Worms to Lake Ontario , NY 47 was redesignated NY 590 .
Off the expressways , the former alignments of NY 47 now carry several designations . Howard Road , bypassed by the 1960s realignment in Gates , is still maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation as NY 940L , an unsigned reference route 2 @.@ 37 miles ( 3 @.@ 81 km ) in length . Beahan Road , also bypassed by the same 1960s rerouting , was reconfigured into its current alignment by 1971 due to an expansion by the airport . The section of Beahan Road that carried NY 47 is currently maintained by Monroe County as part of County Route 164 ( CR 164 ) , the county 's unsigned designation for all of Beahan Road . The portion of NY 47 on Elmwood Avenue from the Rochester city line to I @-@ 590 is also maintained by Monroe County as part of CR 87 . Lastly , the segments of Winton Road outside of the Rochester city limits are now part of CR 98 . The remainder of c . 1980 NY 47 and the former alignments of the route are currently locally maintained .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route was in Monroe County .
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= Battle of Nanking =
The Battle of Nanking ( or Nanjing ) was fought in early December 1937 during the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War between the National Revolutionary Army of China and the Imperial Japanese Army for control of Nanking ( Nanjing ) , the capital of the Republic of China .
Following the outbreak of war between Japan and China in July 1937 the Japanese government at first attempting to contain the fighting and sought a negotiated settlement to the war . However , after victory in the Battle of Shanghai expansionists prevailed within the Japanese military and on December 1 a campaign to capture Nanking was officially authorized . The task of occupying Nanking was given to General Iwane Matsui , the commander of Japan 's Central China Area Army , who believed that the capture of Nanking would force China to surrender and thus end the war . Chinese leader Chiang Kai @-@ shek ultimately decided to defend the city and appointed Tang Shengzhi to command the Nanking Garrison Force , a hastily assembled army of local conscripts and the remnants of the Chinese units who had fought in Shanghai .
Japanese soldiers marched from Shanghai to Nanking at a breakneck pace , rapidly defeating pockets of Chinese resistance . By December 9 they had reached the last line of defense , the Fukuo Line , behind which lay Nanking 's fortified walls . On December 10 Matsui ordered an all @-@ out attack on Nanking , and after less than two days of intense fighting Chiang decided to abandon the city . Before fleeing , Tang ordered his men to launch a concerted breakout of the Japanese siege , but by this time Nanking was largely surrounded and its defenses were at the breaking point . Most of Tang 's units simply collapsed , their soldiers often casting off their weapons and uniforms in the streets in the hopes of hiding among the city 's civilian population .
Following the capture of the city Japanese soldiers massacred Chinese prisoners of war , murdered civilians , and committed acts of looting and rape in an event known as the Nanking Massacre . Though Japan 's military victory excited and emboldened them , the subsequent massacre tarnished their reputation in the eyes of the world . Contrary to Matsui 's expectations , China did not surrender and the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War continued for another eight years .
= = Prelude to the battle = =
= = = Japan 's decision to capture Nanking = = =
The conflict which would become known as Second Sino @-@ Japanese War started on July 7 , 1937 with a skirmish at Marco Polo Bridge which escalated rapidly into a full @-@ scale war in northern China between the armies of China and Japan . China , however , wanted to avoid a decisive confrontation in the north and so instead opened a second front by attacking Japanese units in Shanghai in central China . The Japanese responded by dispatching the Shanghai Expeditionary Army ( SEA ) , commanded by General Iwane Matsui , to drive the Chinese Army from Shanghai . Intense fighting in Shanghai forced Japan 's Army General Staff , which was in charge of military operations , to repeatedly reinforce the SEA , and finally on November 9 an entirely new army , the 10th Army commanded by Lieutenant General Heisuke Yanagawa , was also landed at Hangzhou Bay just south of Shanghai .
Although the arrival of the 10th Army succeeded at forcing the Chinese Army to retreat from Shanghai , the Japanese Army General Staff had decided to adopt a policy of non @-@ expansion of hostilities with the aim of ending the war . On November 7 its de facto leader Deputy Chief of Staff Hayao Tada laid down an " operation restriction line " preventing its forces from leaving the vicinity of Shanghai , or more specifically from going west of the Chinese cites of Suzhou and Jiaxing . The city of Nanking is 300 kilometers ( 186 miles ) west of Shanghai .
However , a major rift of opinion existed between the Japanese government and its two field armies , the SEA and 10th Army , which as of November were both nominally under the control of the Central China Area Army led by SEA commander Matsui . Matsui made clear to his superiors even before he left for Shanghai that he wanted to march on Nanking . He was convinced that the conquest of the Chinese capital city of Nanking would provoke the fall of the entire Nationalist Government of China and thus hand Japan a quick and complete victory in its war on China . Yanagawa was likewise eager to conquer Nanking and both men chafed under the operation restriction line that had been imposed on them by the Army General Staff .
On November 19 Yanagawa ordered his 10th Army to pursue retreating Chinese forces across the operation restriction line to Nanking , a flagrant act of insubordination . When Tada discovered this the next day he ordered Yanagawa to stop immediately , but was ignored . Matsui made some effort to restrain Yanagawa , but also told him that he could send some advance units beyond the line . In fact , Matsui was highly sympathetic with Yanagawa 's actions and a few days later on November 22 Matsui issued an urgent telegram to the Army General Staff insisting that " To resolve this crisis in a prompt manner we need to take advantage of the enemy 's present declining fortunes and conquer Nanking ... By staying behind the operation restriction line at this point we are not only letting our chance to advance slip by , but it is also having the effect of encouraging the enemy to replenish their fighting strength and recover their fighting spirit and there is a risk that it will become harder to completely break their will to make war . "
Meanwhile , as more and more Japanese units continued to slip past the operation restriction line , Tada was also coming under pressure from within the Army General Staff . Many of Tada 's colleagues and subordinates , including the powerful Chief of the General Staff Operations Division Sadamu Shimomura , had come around to Matsui 's viewpoint and wanted Tada to approve an attack on Nanking . On November 24 Tada finally relented and abolished the operation restriction line " owing to circumstances beyond our control " , and then several days later he reluctantly approved the operation to capture Nanking . Tada flew to Shanghai in person on December 1 to deliver the order , though by then his own armies in the field were already well on their way to Nanking .
= = = China 's decision to defend Nanking = = =
On November 15 , near the end of the Battle of Shanghai , Chiang Kai @-@ shek convened a meeting of the Military Affairs Commission 's Supreme National Defense Council to undertake strategic planning , including a decision on what to do in case of a Japanese attack on Nanking . Here Chiang insisted fervently on mounting a sustained defense of Nanking . Chiang argued , just as he had during the Battle of Shanghai , that China would be more likely to receive aid from the great powers , possibly at the ongoing Nine Power Treaty Conference , if it could prove on the battlefield its will and capacity to resist the Japanese . He also noted that holding onto Nanking would strengthen China 's hand in peace talks which he wanted the German ambassador Oskar Trautmann to mediate .
Chiang ran into stiff opposition from his officers , including the powerful Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission He Yingqin , the Deputy Chief of Staff Bai Chongxi , the head of the Fifth War Zone Li Zongren , and his German advisor Alexander von Falkenhausen . They argued that the Chinese Army needed more time to recover from its losses at Shanghai , and pointed out that Nanking was highly indefensible topographically . The mostly gently sloping terrain in front of Nanking would make it easy for the attackers to advance on the city , while the Yangtze River behind Nanking would cut off the defenders ' retreat .
Chiang , however , had become increasingly agitated over the course of the Battle of Shanghai , even angrily declaring that he would stay behind in Nanking alone and command its defense personally . But just when Chiang believed himself completely isolated , General Tang Shengzhi , an ambitious senior member of the Military Affairs Commission , spoke out in defense of Chiang 's position , although accounts vary on whether Tang vociferously jumped to Chiang 's aid or only reluctantly did so . Seizing the opportunity Tang had given him , Chiang responded by organizing the Nanking Garrison Force on November 20 and officially making Tang its commander on November 25 . The orders Tang received from Chiang on November 30 were to " defend the established defense lines at any cost and destroy the enemy ’ s besieging force " .
Though both men publicly declared that they would defend Nanking " to the last man " , they were aware of their precarious situation . On the same day that the Garrison Force was established Chiang officially moved the capital of China from Nanking to Chongqing deep in China 's interior . Further , both Chiang and Tang would at times give contradictory instructions to their subordinates on whether their mission was to defend Nanking to the death or merely delay the Japanese advance .
= = The road to Nanking = =
= = = China 's defense preparations = = =
On November 20 the Chinese Army and teams of conscripted laborers began to hurriedly bolster Nanking 's defenses both inside and outside the city . Nanking itself was surrounded by formidable stone walls stretching almost fifty kilometers ( 31 miles ) around the entire city . The walls , which had been constructed hundreds of years earlier during the Ming Dynasty , rose up to twenty meters ( 65 feet ) in height , were nine meters ( 30 feet ) thick , and had been studded with machine gun emplacements . By December 6 all the gates into the city had been closed and then barricaded with an additional layer of sandbags and concrete six meters ( 20 feet ) thick .
Outside the walls a series of semicircular defense lines were constructed in the path of the Japanese advance , most notably an outer one about sixteen kilometers ( 10 miles ) from the city and an inner one directly outside the city known as the Fukuo Line , or multiple positions line . The Fukuo Line , a sprawling network of trenches , moats , barbed wire , mine fields , gun emplacements , and pillboxes , was to be the final defense line outside Nanking 's city walls . There were also two key high points of land on the Fukuo Line , the peaks of Zijinshan to the northeast and the plateau of Yuhuatai to the south , where fortification was especially dense . In order to deny the Japanese invaders any shelter or supplies in this area , Tang adopted a strategy of scorched earth on December 7 , ordering all homes and structures in the path of the Japanese within one to two kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 miles ) of the city to be incinerated , as well as all homes and structures near roadways within sixteen kilometers ( 10 miles ) of the city .
The defending army , the Nanking Garrison Force , was on paper a formidable army of thirteen divisions , including three elite German @-@ trained divisions plus the super @-@ elite Training Brigade , but in reality most of these units had trickled back to Nanking severely mauled from the fighting in Shanghai . By the time they reached Nanking they were physically exhausted , low on equipment , and badly depleted in total troop strength . In order to replenish some of these units , 16 @,@ 000 young men and teenagers from Nanking and the rural villages surrounding it were speedily pressed into service as new recruits . An additional 14 @,@ 000 fresh soldiers were brought in from Hankou to fill the ranks of the 2nd Army . However , due the unexpected rapidity of the Japanese advance , most of the new conscripts received only rudimentary training on how to fire their guns on their way to or upon their arrival at the frontlines . No definitive statistics exist on how many soldiers the Nanking Garrison Force had managed to cobble together by the time of the battle , but among leading estimates are those of David Askew who says 73 @,@ 790 to 81 @,@ 500 , those of Ikuhiko Hata who estimates 100 @,@ 000 , and those of Tokushi Kasahara who argues in favor of about 150 @,@ 000 .
But during this period Japan 's Navy Air Service was launching frequent air raids on the city , eventually totaling 50 raids according to the Navy 's own records . The Navy Air Service had struck Nanking for the first time on August 15 , and after winning air supremacy over the city on September 19 it began bombing the city night and day with impunity , hitting both military and civilian targets . In the face of Japanese bombs and the ongoing advance of the Japanese Army , the large majority of Nanking 's citizens fled the city . By early December Nanking 's population had dropped from its former total of more than one million to less than 500 @,@ 000 , a figure which included Chinese refugees from rural villages burned down by their own government 's scorched earth policies . Most of those still in the city were very poor and had nowhere else to go . Foreign residents of Nanking were also repeatedly asked to leave the city which was becoming more and more chaotic under the strain of bombings , fires , looting by criminals , and electrical outages , but those few foreigners brave enough to stay behind strived to find a way to help the Chinese civilians who had been unable to leave . In late @-@ November a group of them led by German citizen John Rabe established the Nanking Safety Zone in the center of the city , a self @-@ proclaimed demilitarized zone where civilian refugees could congregate in order to hopefully escape the fighting . The safety zone was recognized by the Chinese government , and on December 8 Tang Shengzhi demanded that all civilians evacuate there .
Among those Chinese who did manage to escape Nanking were Chiang Kai @-@ shek and his wife Soong Mei @-@ ling , who had flown out of Nanking on a private plane just before the crack of dawn on December 7 . The mayor of Nanking and most of the municipal government left the same day , entrusting management of the city to the Nanking Garrison Force .
= = = Japan 's march on Nanking = = =
By the start of December Japan 's Central China Area Army had swollen in strength to over 160 @,@ 000 men , though only about 50 @,@ 000 of these would ultimately participate in the fighting . The plan of attack against Nanking was a pincer movement which the Japanese called " encirclement and annihilation " . The two prongs of the Central China Area Army 's pincer were the Shanghai Expeditionary Army ( SEA ) advancing on Nanking from its eastern side and the 10th Army advancing from its southern side . To the north and west of Nanking lay the Yangtze River , but the Japanese planned to plug this possible escape route as well both by dispatching a squadron of ships up the river and by deploying two special detachments to circle around behind the city . The Kunisaki Detachment was to cross the Yangtze in the south with the ultimate aim of occupying Pukou on the river bank west of Nanking while the Yamada Detachment was to be sent on the far north route with the ultimate aim of taking Mufushan just north of Nanking .
General Matsui , along with the Army General Staff , envisaged making a slow and steady march on Nanking , but his subordinates refused to play along and instead raced eagerly with each other to be the first to get to the city . Soon all units were roaring to Nanking at the breakneck pace of up to forty kilometers ( 25 miles ) per day . For instance , the 10th Army captured the key town of Guangde on November 30 three days before it was even supposed to start its planned advance , and the SEA captured Danyang on December 2 more than five days ahead of schedule . In order to achieve such speeds , the Japanese soldiers carried little with them except weaponry and ammunition . Because they were marching well ahead of most of their supply lines they had to purchase or loot their food from Chinese civilians along the way .
During their advance the Japanese overcame initially light resistance from the already battered Chinese forces who were being pursued by the Japanese from Shanghai in a " running battle " . Here the Japanese were aided by their complete air supremacy , their abundance of tanks , the improvised and hastily constructed nature of the Chinese defenses , and also by the Chinese strategy of concentrating their defending forces on small patches of relatively high ground which made them easy to outflank and surround .
On December 5 , Chiang Kai @-@ shek paid a visit to a defensive encampment near Jurong to heckle his men to keep up the fight , but he was forced to beat a hasty retreat when the Japanese Army burst onto the battlefield guns blazing . On that day the rapidly moving forward contingents of the SEA occupied Jurong and then arrived at Chunhuazhen , a key point of Nanking 's outer line of defense which would put Japanese artillery in range of the city . Here China 's 51st Division flung its main force into the fighting and repeatedly repulsed Japanese attacks before cracking on December 8 when the main force of the SEA arrived . The SEA also took the fortress at Zhenjiang and the spa town of Tangshuizhen on that day . Meanwhile , on the south side of the same defense line , armored vehicles of Japan 's 10th Army charged the Chinese position at Jiangjunshan and Niushoushan defended by China 's 58th Division . Valiant Chinese soldiers armed with hammers jumped onto the vehicles and banged repeatedly on their roofs shouting " Get out of there ! " , but after darkness fell on the battlefield the 58th Division was finally overwhelmed on December 9 after suffering , according to its own records , 800 casualties .
By December 9 Japan 's forces had reached Nanking 's last line of defense , the daunting Fukuo Line . At this point General Matsui had a " summons to surrender " drawn up which implored the Chinese to send military envoys to Nanking 's Zhongshan Gate to discuss terms for the peaceful occupation of the city , and he then had a Mitsubishi Ki @-@ 21 scatter thousands of copies of the message over the city . On December 10 a group of Matsui 's senior staff officers waited to see if the gate would be opened , but Tang Shengzhi had no intention of responding .
Later that day Tang proclaimed to his men that , " Our army has entered into the final battle to defend Nanking on the Fukuo Line . Each unit shall firmly defend its post with the resolve to either live or die with it . You 're not allowed to retreat on your own , causing defense to collapse . " The American journalist F. Tillman Durdin , who was reporting on site during the battle , saw one small group of Chinese soldiers set up a barricade , assemble in a solemn semicircle , and promise each other that they would die together where they stood .
= = Final battle for Nanking = =
At 1 : 00 pm on December 10 General Matsui ordered all units to launch a full @-@ scale attack on Nanking . That day the SEA assaulted China 's super @-@ elite Training Brigade on the peaks of Zijinshan , which dominate Nanking 's northeast horizon . Clambering up the ridges of the mountain , the men of the SEA had to painstakingly wrest control of each Chinese encampment one by one in bloody infantry charges . Advancing along the south side of Zijinshan was no easier as General Matsui had forbidden his men from using artillery there due to his deep conviction that no damage should come to its two famous historical sites , Sun Yat @-@ sen Mausoleum and Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum .
Also on Nanking 's eastern side but further south , other units of the SEA faced the difficult task of fording the large moat standing between them and three of the city gates , Zhongshan Gate , Guanghua Gate , and Tongji Gate , though the speed of Japan 's earlier advance played in their favor as key Chinese units slated to be deployed here were not yet in position . That evening Japanese engineers and artillerymen closing in on Guanghua Gate managed to blow a hole in the wall . A Japanese battalion launched a daring attack through the gap and planted a Japanese flag on a portion of the gate , but was immediately pinned down by a series of determined Chinese counterattacks . The Chinese brought up reinforcements , including tanks , and they poured down grenades and even flaming , gasoline @-@ soaked lumber onto the Japanese battalion , which was only saved from annihilation by timely bursts of concentrated artillery fire from the rest of their division . The battalion succeeded in holding its position for the rest of the battle despite losing eighty of its eighty @-@ eight men .
At the same time Japan 's 10th Army was storming Yuhuatai , a rugged plateau situated directly in front of Zhonghua Gate on Nanking 's southern side . The 10th Army 's progress was slow and casualties were heavy as Yuhuatai was built like a fortress of interlocking pillboxes and trenches manned by three Chinese divisions , including the German @-@ trained 88th Division , though the Chinese were also apt to counterattack and some Japanese units were forced to spend more time defending than attacking . Close to every single man that the 88th Division had deployed on Yuhuatai was killed in action , including four of its three regimental commanders and both of its brigade commanders , but in the process the Japanese were made to suffer 2 @,@ 240 casualties including 566 dead . Yuhuatai was finally overrun at noon on December 12 .
Behind Yuhuatai the 88th Division had stationed its barely trained new recruits atop Nanking 's Zhonghua Gate . The Japanese had already tried the previous night to infiltrate a " suicide squadron " bearing explosive picric acid up to this gate to blow a hole in it , but it got lost in the morning fog and failed to reach the wall . At noon on December 12 a team of just six Japanese soldiers made it across the moat in a small boat and succeeded in scaling the wall at Zhonghua Gate on a shaky bamboo ladder and raising the Japanese flag there . Five of them were killed by gunfire but the last man grabbed a Chinese machine gun and held the position singlehandedly . Soon after another Japanese team set a fire in front of the gate to create a smokescreen . By 5 : 00 pm more and more Japanese troops were crossing the moat and swarming Zhonghua Gate by fording makeshift bridges so rickety their engineers had to hold them aloft with their own bodies , and with the help of some well aimed Japanese artillery fire from atop Yuhuatai parts of the wall finally crumbled . Meanwhile , just west of Zhonghua Gate , other soldiers also of Japan 's 10th Army had punched a hole through Chinese lines in the wetlands south of Shuixi Gate and were launching a violent drive on that gate with the support of a fleet of tanks .
At the height of the battle Tang Shengzhi complained to Chiang that , " Our casualties are naturally heavy and we are fighting against metal with merely flesh and blood " , but what the Chinese lacked in equipment they made up for in the sheer ferocity with which they fought , though this was partially due to strict orders that no man or unit was to retreat one step without permission . Over the course of the battle roughly 1 @,@ 000 Chinese soldiers were shot dead by other members of their own army for attempting to retreat , and on Yuhuatai Japanese soldiers noticed that many Chinese pillboxes were chained from the outside to prevent their occupants from fleeing .
Nonetheless , the Japanese were gaining the upper hand over the hard @-@ pressed and surrounded Chinese defenders . On December 12 the SEA captured Peak # 2 of Zijinshan and from this vantage point unleashed a torrent of artillery fire at Zhongshan Gate where a large portion of the wall suddenly gave way . After sunset the fires that blazed out of control on Zijinshan were visible even from Zhonghua Gate in the south which was completely occupied by Japan 's 10th Army on the night of December 12 to 13 .
= = = Collapse of the Nanking Garrison Force = = =
Unbeknownst to the Japanese however , Chiang had already ordered Tang to abandon the defense . In spite of his earlier talk about holding out in Nanking to the bitter end , Chiang telegraphed an order to Tang on December 11 to abandon the city . Tang prepared to do so the next day on December 12 , but startled by Japan 's intensified onslaught he made a frantic last @-@ minute bid to conclude a temporary ceasefire with the Japanese through German citizens John Rabe and Eduard Sperling . Only when it became clear that the negotiations could not be completed in time did Tang finally finish drawing up a plan calling for all his units to launch a coordinated breakout of the Japanese encirclement . They were to commence the breakout under cover of darkness at 11 : 00 pm that night and then muster in Anhui . Just after 5 : 00 pm on December 12 Tang arranged for this plan to be transmitted to all units , and then he crossed the Yangtze River , escaping through the city of Pukou on the opposite bank of the river less than twenty @-@ four hours before it was occupied by Japan 's Kunisaki Detachment .
By the time Tang slipped out of the city , however , the entire Nanking Garrison Force was rapidly disintegrating with some units in open flight . Furthermore , contact had already been lost with many units who thus never received Tang 's message and continued to hold their positions as ordered , though even those that did receive it had little luck at slipping through the Japanese lines . China 's 66th and 83rd Corps made a bid to evade the Japanese as planned through a gap to the east but immediately ran into their own minefield . After that they were attacked in flight by Japanese units and lost two divisional chiefs of staff in combat . Though the two corps had started the battle at least 11 @,@ 000 men strong , only 600 of them escaped Nanking . Near dawn on December 13 a portion of China 's 74th Corps was also annihilated in a bid to break through Japanese lines along the Yangtze River south of Nanking .
One of the few units that did manage to get out of Nanking was China 's 2nd Army led by Xu Yuanquan situated just north of Nanking . Though Xu never received Tang 's order to abandon the defense , on the night of December 12 he had heard that Nanking had been captured and so decided to withdraw on his own accord . During the night he managed to evacuate most of his unit across the Yangtze River just before Japanese naval units blockaded the river .
By contrast , a massive crowd of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians from the south side of Nanking , who were fleeing in panic and disarray from the advance of Japan 's 10th Army on the same night , were prevented from reaching the harbor at Xiaguan by Chinese barrier troops who fired on the crowd for retreating without permission and managed to hold it back . At 9 : 00 pm a fleeing Chinese tank unit , which had also not received Tang 's parting message , charged the barrier troops and burst through their blockade , only for the crowd to then find that there were hardly any boats remaining in the harbor . The crowd fought to clamber aboard what few craft were available , but these soon became so overloaded that they sank midway . The rest of the Chinese soldiers took to the Yangtze 's rough and frigid waters en masse while clinging to logs and pieces of scrap lumber , though most were quickly swallowed up by the river . Furthermore , by this point the Japanese encirclement of Nanking was virtually complete and many who were attempting to brave the Yangtze soon found themselves being fired upon from both sides of the river . Others who saw this turned back to the city in despair .
Many of these tens of thousands of Chinese soldiers who could not escape the city responded by casting off their uniforms and weaponry , switching to civilian clothes often by stealing them from passersby , and then desperately seeking sanctuary in the Nanking Safety Zone by mingling with civilians . The American journalist F. Tillman Durdin " witnessed the wholesale undressing of an army that was almost comic . " " Arms were discarded along with uniforms , and the streets became covered with guns , grenades , swords , knapsacks , coats , shoes and helmets ... In front of the Ministry of Communications and for two blocks further on , trucks , artillery , busses , staff cars , wagons , machine @-@ guns , and small arms became piled up as in a junk yard . "
= = Mopping @-@ up operations and the Nanking Massacre = =
The fighting in Nanking did not end entirely on the night of December 12 – 13 when the Japanese Army took the remaining gates and entered the city . During their mopping @-@ up operations in the city the Japanese continued for several more days to beat back sporadic resistance from Chinese stragglers . Though Mufushan , just north of Nanking , was taken by Japan 's Yamada Detachment without much bloodshed on the morning of December 14 , pockets of resistance outside Nanking persisted for several more days .
Meanwhile , the Japanese units on mopping @-@ up duty in Nanking had decided that the former Chinese soldiers hiding in the city were a possible security risk and therefore carried out a thorough search of every building in Nanking and made frequent incursions into the Nanking Safety Zone in search of them . Japanese units attempted to distinguish former soldiers from civilians by checking if they had marks on their shoulders from wearing a backpack or carrying a rifle . However , the criteria used were often arbitrary as was the case with one Japanese company which apprehended all men with " shoe sores , callouses on the face , extremely good posture , and / or sharp @-@ looking eyes " and for this reason many civilians were taken at the same time . What happened to the Chinese soldiers and civilians who were captured varied greatly from unit to unit , though many were summarily executed in an event that came to be known as the Nanking Massacre , which the foreign residents and journalists in Nanking made known internationally within days of the city 's fall . Though the Japanese also committed random acts of murder , rape , looting , and arson during their occupation of Nanking , military historian Masahiro Yamamoto notes that very few of the corpses buried in and around Nanking after the fall of the city were women or children , suggesting that the large majority of the victims of the massacre were adult Chinese men taken by the Japanese as former soldiers and massacred . Estimates for the total death toll of the Nanking Massacre vary widely .
The Japanese Army 's mopping @-@ up operations and the large @-@ scale massacres that accompanied them were over by the afternoon of December 17 when General Matsui entered Nanking for the victory parade . By the end of December most Japanese soldiers had left Nanking , though units of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army stayed on to occupy the city . The Nanking Self @-@ Government Committee , a new municipal authority formed from local Chinese collaborators , was inaugurated on January 1 , 1938 , but it was not until February 25 that all restrictions on the free movement of civilians into and out of the city were lifted .
= = Aftermath and assessment = =
News of the massacre was tightly censored in Japan , where Nanking 's capture provoked a frenzy of excitement among the citizenry . Mass celebrations of every sort , either spontaneous or government @-@ sponsored , took place throughout the country , including a number of resplendent lantern parades which were still vividly remembered by onlookers several decades later . F. Tillman Durdin noted even before Nanking had fallen that " Events in the field have renewed the belief of the Japanese people in the invincibility of their arms . "
The conquest of Nanking had been quicker and easier than the Japanese had foreseen ; they lost only 1 @,@ 953 soldiers in battle , plus 4 @,@ 994 wounded . Japan 's casualties were undoubtedly dwarfed by those of China , though no precise figures exist on how many Chinese were killed in action . The Japanese claimed to have killed 84 @,@ 000 enemy during the campaign whereas a contemporary Chinese source claimed that their army suffered 20 @,@ 000 casualties , but Masahiro Yamamoto notes that the Japanese usually inflated their opponent 's body counts while the Chinese had reason to downplay the scale of their loss . Ikuhiko Hata estimates that 50 @,@ 000 Chinese soldiers were killed in combat during the entire battle whereas Jay Taylor puts the number at 70 @,@ 000 and states that proportionate to the size of the force committed , such losses were greater than those suffered in the devastating Battle of Shanghai . On the other hand , Chinese scholar Sun Zhaiwei estimates Chinese combat losses at 6 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 men .
An official report of the Nationalist Government argued that an excess of untrained and inexperienced troops was a major cause of the defeat , but at the time Tang Shengzhi was made to bear much of the blame and later historians have also criticized him . Japanese historian Tokushi Kasahara , for instance , has characterized his battlefield leadership as incompetent , arguing that an orderly withdrawal from Nanking may have been possible if Tang had carried it out on December 11 or if he had not fled his post well in advance of most of his beleaguered units . However , Chiang 's very decision to defend Nanking is also controversial . Masahiro Yamamoto believes that Chiang chose " almost entirely out of emotion " to fight a battle he knew he could only lose , and fellow historian Frederick Fu Liu concurs that the decision is often regarded as one of " the greatest strategical mistakes of the Sino @-@ Japanese war " . Still , the historian Jay Taylor notes that Chiang was convinced that to run from his capital city " without a serious fight ... would forever be regarded as a cowardly decision . "
In spite of its military accomplishment , Japan 's international reputation was blackened by the Nanking Massacre , as well as by a series of international incidents that occurred during and after the battle . Most notable among them were the shelling by Japanese artillery of the British steamship Ladybird on the Yangtze River on December 12 , and the sinking by Japanese aircraft of the American gunboat Panay not far downstream on the same day . The Allison Incident , the slapping of an American consul by a Japanese soldier , further increased tensions with the United States .
Furthermore , the loss of Nanking did not force China to capitulate as Japan 's leaders had predicted . Even so , buoyed by their victory , the Japanese government replaced the lenient terms for peace which they had relayed to the mediator Ambassador Trautmann prior to the battle with an extremely harsh set of demands that were ultimately rejected by China . On December 17 in a fiery speech entitled , " A Message to the People Upon Our Withdrawal from Nanking " , Chiang Kai @-@ shek defiantly declared that ,
The outcome of this war will not be decided at Nanking or in any other big city ; it will be decided in the countryside of our vast country and by the inflexible will of our people ... In the end we will wear the enemy down . In time the enemy 's military might will count for nothing . I can assure you that the final victory will be ours .
The Second Sino @-@ Japanese War was to drag on for another eight years and ultimately end with Japan 's defeat in 1945 .
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= Eagle Boys =
Eagle Boys is an Australian fast food chain specialising in Italian American cuisine , in particular pizza . With more than 160 stores throughout Australia , it is the third largest pizza chain in Australia , with 12 % of the share of the country 's pizza market recorded in June 2015 .
Eagle Boys was founded in Albury , New South Wales by businessman Tom Potter in 1987 . Since 1992 , Eagle Boys national headquarters have been located in Annerley , Queensland . In 2007 NBC Capital , a Queensland @-@ based venture capital group , bought Eagle Boys from Potter . At the chain 's peak , in 2013 , more than 340 Eagle Boys stores were operating across Australia . Outlet numbers fell drastically between the end of 2013 and the end of 2014 to around 170 . In July 2016 , administrators were bought in to identify restructuring options ahead of a potential sale of the business , although the move did not extend to franchisee @-@ operated outlets .
= = Major Competitors = =
Eagle Boys ' major competitors are Pizza Hut , Domino 's Pizza Enterprises , ( trading as Dominoes Australia ) , Pizza Capers and Crust Gourmet Pizza Bar ( referred to simply as Crust )
= = Stores = =
More than 340 Eagle Boys stores were operating across Australia at the pizza chain 's peak , in 2013 . Outlet numbers fell drastically between the end of 2013 and the end of 2014 to around 170 . At July 2014 , Eagle Boys was the third largest pizza chain in Australia , with 12 % share of Australia 's pizza market .
As at April 2016 , Eagle Boys stores could be found in New South Wales , Northern Territory , Queensland , Victoria , South Australia and Western Australia . The stores have a strong regional emphasis with most outlets located in non @-@ metropolitan areas , including Bathurst , Shepparton and Mareeba .
= = History = =
= = = 1987 – 2007 : the first 20 years = = =
The first Eagles Boys store opened in Albury , New South Wales in 1987 , a venture spearheaded by businessman Tom Potter in partnership with his mother , Barbara Potter , who guaranteed a $ 70 @,@ 000 loan to enable him to open the store . The store was initially called " Beagle Boys " after the Disney Beagle Boys , but Potter dropped the ' B ' after a few months in operation , worrying that the naming may have been a copyright infringement . Potter went on to build the business and become CEO of the chain .
In 1989 Potter started recruiting franchisees . Eagle Boys ' national headquarters were opened in 1992 in the Brisbane suburb of Annerley .
Eagle Boys set up in New Zealand in 1996 when Stallone 's Pizza owner Gavin Cook agreed to merge with Eagle Boys to provide an established base in the South Island . Rapid expansion saw the Eagle Boys chain grow to 54 national outlets in the country by early April 2000 . In 2000 , all New Zealand stores were sold to Restaurant Brands for NZ $ 28m and converted to Pizza Hut outlets .
The company developed an express system " Eaglexpress " between 1999 and 2002 , to serve two minute " express " pizzas ( limited range of four ) between 5 : 30 and 8 : 00 pm , which was achieved by constantly remaking their four most popular pizzas and keeping them in a warmer for sale . Unsold pizzas were discarded after 30 minutes . Between 2002 , when the Eaglexpress concept was launched , and 2003 , sales at the chain rose by around 40 % . The chain came to see the Eaglexpress two @-@ minute pizza service and the its drive @-@ through services as a " beachhead " to compete with its biggest fast @-@ food competitors including Hungry Jack 's and KFC .
= = = 2007 : handover to NBC Capital = = =
In March 2007 , Tom Potter handed his control of Eagle Boys on to NBC Capital , a Queensland @-@ based venture capital group . He retained some shares in the company , and worked in a consultancy role advising the chain on operations for 12 months . By 2008 , Potter retained less than 10 % of the vote for corporate decision making and was no longer involved in operations .
In late 2007 , Eagle Boys began trialing an online ordering system and announced plans to enable customers to order online from all of its stores by February 2008 . By the end of 2008 , the system was fully implemented .
= = = 2008 – 2013 : five years of fast growth = = =
In July 2008 , Eagle Boys entered into a deal to acquire the Pizza Haven chain across Australia . The deal saw Eagle Boys move into Sydney and South Australia for the first time . Between July 2008 and June 2009 , Eagle Boys opened 56 stores — the fastest growth the chain had experienced in its history .
In February 2010 , Eagle Boys was named in BRW Magazine 's Fast Franchise list for the first time . By March 2011 , Eagle Boys had more than 25 stores in Sydney . It had also overtaken Pizza Hut to become the second largest pizza maker in Australia . However , Pizza Hut regained second position by July 2014 .
CEO Todd Clayton departed Eagle Boys in 2012 , he had been in the role since NBC Capital acquired a majority stake in 2007 . At the time , the founder of NBC Bruce Scott stepped in as CEO .
In July 2013 , Eagle Boys commenced operations in Papua New Guinea . Worldwide , stores numbered over 330 by September 2013 .
= = = 2014 : media reports franchising issues = = =
On 3 October 2014 the Sydney Morning Herald reported that former franchisees asserted that the current franchisor , NBC Capital , had stopped print and media advertising since purchasing the business . The number of stores was reported to have halved from 340 locations . Franchise owners told media they were concerned at changes to the advertising mix , including the reduction of offline advertising activities .
= = = 2015 – 16 : plans for new growth = = =
To capitalise on the benefits of cloud computing , Eagle Boys shifted its ordering system to Microsoft Azure in 2015 . Through providing improved website performance and uptime and providing more sophisticated performance metrics , the new hosting system should support more online orders , which the Eagle Boys IT chief says are worth 1 @.@ 5 times the orders which are made in @-@ store or by telephone .
In May 2015 , Eagle Boys announced it was aiming to expand with a plan for 50 outlets in India by the end of 2015 . The same month a franchisee opened an Eagle Boys store in Suva , Fiji .
Eagle Boys appointed Nick Vincent as the new CEO in October 2015 , replacing Bruce Scott . Vincent had previously been the company 's general manager of retail , since April 2014 .
= = = Administrators appointed in 2016 = = =
On 15 July 2016 Eagle Boys Pizza appointed administrators to identify restructuring options ahead of a potential sale of the business . The administrators , SV Partners , took control of the day @-@ to @-@ day running of the business , and will attempt to find potential buyers and negotiate a sale . Eagle Boys announced that trade would continue as normal at franchisee @-@ operated outlets during the administration .
Fairfax Media outlets tipped Domino 's and Retail Food Group ( the owner of Pizza Capers and Crust ) as possible buyers . However , Retail Food Group confirmed it was not in discussions with the owners or administrators of the Eagle Boys franchise system in a statement on 19 July 2016 .
= = Marketing = =
In 1992 , Eagle Boys registered its " pink glow " — the pink look of its logo — with IP Australia , the Australian Government intellectual property office . A customer survey in support of the company 's application found people strongly associated the pink glow with Eagle Boys stores . The distinctive colour scheme was designed to create a fun and upbeat feel .
In 2007 , Eagle Boys launched the " Vote 1 Full Size Large Pizza " campaign bringing to task its competitors for selling smaller pizzas . Domino 's had reduced the size of their large pizzas in mid @-@ 2007 and Pizza Hut had changed their sizing in late 2006 . The campaign produced a sales uplift of over 27 % .
In 2009 , the pizza chain announced a $ 7 million advertising campaign , called the " Real " campaign , that reinforced its " Bigger , Better " slogan . The campaign involved the VW " Real Mobile " driving around Australia offering Eagle Boys pizza and recording testimonials for a TV commercial . Later in the year , Eagle Boys launched another campaign comparing its pizzas to those of its competitors , this time built around the " blind taste test " which found almost half of test subjects preferred Eagle Boys pizzas to those of pizzas from Domino 's and Pizza Hut combined .
In 2010 , Eagle Boys launched a multimillion @-@ dollar campaign " 31 New Menu Items – Each One Delicious ” . The campaign was the first to use Eagle Boys ' new phone name 1300 EAGLE BOYS . New pastas were among the 31 new menu offerings , Desserts were also included , among them a chocolate fudge mousse that received a Gold Medal at the 2010 Royal Queensland Food and Wine Show . The menu was tested over a 12 @-@ month period ahead of the launch . Eagle Boys told media it expected a 15 % spike in sales on the back of the launch . A gluten " friendly " base was also on the menu for the first time , with an Eagle Boys spokesperson claiming it was more transparent than claiming it could offer a gluten @-@ free base — only food prepared in a gluten @-@ free kitchen can make the claim that it is truly offering a gluten free range . The chain also announced it would scale back its social media spend .
In 2011 , the chain released advertising " Our large pizzas are bigger than theirs " in another attempt to demonstrate their large pizza offered effectively an extra slice of pizza to their closest rival , Domino 's . Domino 's chief executive , in response , told media that " value is not in the size of a pizza . " Eagle Boys recorded a 20 % jump in sales in the first week of the campaign compared to the previous week . The pizza chain also announced it would be supporting the Cerebral Palsy Alliance , with a plan to donate more than $ 200 @,@ 000 over three years to the charity , starting with $ 1 from every dessert sold during Cerebral Palsy week in August 2011 . In July 2011 , Eagle Boys received Halal accreditation for its Bexley store .
Rebranding in 2013 as part of the " making pizza happy " campaign involved introducing a new logo along with new pizza boxes and uniforms . The iconic eagle was dropped from the logo at time , with management citing pressure its client base to drop to eagle . The company introduced a " happy bell " to ring when customers were having a good time — aiming for a happier feeling for the in @-@ store experience . The campaign was rolled out in stages , beginning in Far North Queensland , a decision an Eagle Boys spokesperson said was designed to pay homage to the chain 's regional heritage .
By 2014 , around one @-@ third of the pizza chain 's marketing budget was directed to digital spend . That year , the chain released a campaign leveraging off the release of Australian film Fat Pizza vs. Housos . It also announced a partnership with streaming company Quickflix , offering customers an exclusive deal on a one DVD and streaming bundle package . In 2014 the chain also donated more than 600kg of potatoes to food rescue charity OzHarvest .
2015 saw Eagle Boys launch the first " store of the future " in Bundaberg . The concept store , with a design including exposed brickwork and recycled timber , was developed based on research carried out on customer preferences and behaviours .
In March 2016 , Eagle Boys launched a trial of " Virtual Drivethru " at several of their stores in the Townsville area . The technology enables customers to order their pizzas online , drive to the store and alert store team members that they have arrived by pushing a button so that staff can deliver their order to their customers ' cars .
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= Wood thrush =
The wood thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina ) is a North American passerine bird . It is closely related to other thrushes such as the American robin and is widely distributed across North America , wintering in Central America and southern Mexico . The wood thrush is the official bird of the District of Columbia .
The wood thrush is a medium @-@ sized thrush , with brown upper parts with mottled brown and white underparts . The male and female are similar in appearance . The song of the male is often cited as being the most beautiful in North America .
The wood thrush is an omnivore , and feeds preferentially on soil invertebrates and larvae , but will also eat fruits . In the summer , it feeds on insects continuously in order to meet daily metabolic needs . It is solitary , but sometimes forms mixed @-@ species flocks . The wood thrush defends a territory that ranges in size from 800 to 28 @,@ 000 m2 ( 960 to 33 @,@ 490 sq yd ) . The wood thrush is monogamous , and its breeding season begins in the spring ; about 50 % of all mated pairs are able to raise two broods , ranging in size from two to four chicks .
= = Taxonomy = =
The only member of the genus Hylocichla , the wood thrush was described by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789 . The generic name is a direct translation of its common name , derived from the Greek words hyle / ύλη " woodland " and cichle / κιχλη " thrush " or " fieldfare " . The specific name comes from the Latin mustela " weasel " . It is closely related to the other typical American thrushes of the genus Catharus , and is sometimes merged into that genus . It has been considered close to the long @-@ distance migrant species of that genus , as opposed to the generally resident nightingale @-@ thrushes , but this appears to be erroneous . The wood thrush also appears to be fairly closely related to the large Turdus thrushes , such as the American robin .
= = Description = =
The adult wood thrush is 18 to 21 @.@ 5 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 to 8 @.@ 5 in ) long , with a wingspan of 30 to 40 cm ( 12 to 16 in ) and a body mass of 48 to 72 g ( 1 @.@ 7 to 2 @.@ 5 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 9 @.@ 6 to 11 @.@ 6 cm ( 3 @.@ 8 to 4 @.@ 6 in ) , the bill is 1 @.@ 6 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 63 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) and the tarsus is 2 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) . It is distinctly larger than the Catharus thrushes with which the species is often sympatric but slightly smaller than the common American robin . The longest known lifespan for a wood thrush in the wild is 8 years , 11 months . The crown , nape , and upper back are cinnamon @-@ brown , while the back wings , and tail are a slightly duller brown . The breast and belly are white with large dark brown spots on the breast , sides , and flanks . It has white eye rings and pink legs . Other brownish thrushes have finer spotting on the breast . The juvenile looks similar to adults , but has additional spots on the back , neck , and wing coverts . The male and female are similar in size and plumage .
= = = Vocalizations = = =
The wood thrush has been reported to have one of the most beautiful songs of North American birds . American naturalist Henry David Thoreau wrote :
Whenever a man hears it he is young , and Nature is in her spring ; wherever he hears it , it is a new world and a free country , and the gates of Heaven are not shut against him .
While the female is not known to sing , the male has a unique song that has three parts . The first subsong component is often inaudible unless the listener is close , and consists of two to six short , low @-@ pitched notes such as bup , bup , bup . The middle part is a loud phrase often written ee @-@ oh @-@ lay , and the third part is a ventriloquial , trill @-@ like phrase of non @-@ harmonic pairs of notes given rapidly and simultaneously .
The male is able to sing two notes at once , which gives its song an ethereal , flute @-@ like quality . Each individual bird has its own repertoire based on combinations of variations of the three parts . Songs are often repeated in order . The bup , bup , bup phrase is also sometimes used as a call , which is louder and at a greater frequency when the bird is agitated . The wood thrush also use a tut , tut to signal agitation . The nocturnal flight call is an emphatic buzzing heeh .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The wood thrush 's breeding range extends from Manitoba , Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains . It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter , mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts . It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April . Fall migration usually begins in mid @-@ August and continues through mid @-@ September . Migration takes place at night , allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth 's magnetic field .
The wood thrush prefers deciduous and mixed forests for breeding . It prefers late @-@ successional , upland mesic forests with a moderately @-@ dense shrub layer . Robert I. Bertin ( 1977 ) found that this thrush favors areas with running water , moist ground , and high understorey cover . The breeding habitat generally includes trees taller than 16 m ( 52 ft ) , a fairly open forest floor , moist soil , and leaf litter , with substrate moisture more important than either canopy cover or access to running water . The wood thrush can breed in habitat patches as small as 0 @.@ 4 hectares ( 0 @.@ 99 acres ) , but it runs the risk of higher predation and nest parasitism . The wood thrush 's breeding range has expanded northward , displacing the veery and hermit thrush in some locations . In recent times , as a result of fragmentation of forests , it has been increasingly exposed to nest parasitism by brown @-@ headed cowbirds , as well as loss of habitat in the winter range .
= = = Conservation status = = =
The wood thrush has become a symbol of the decline of Neotropical songbirds of eastern North America , having declined by approximately 50 % since 1966 . Along with many other species , this thrush faces threats both to its North American breeding grounds and Central American wintering grounds . Forest fragmentation in North American forests has resulted in both increased nest predation and increased cowbird parasitism , significantly reducing their reproductive success . A study by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology was the first large @-@ scale analysis that linked acid rain to this thrush 's decline . Continued destruction of primary forest in Central America eliminated preferred wood thrush wintering habitats , likely forcing the birds to choose secondary habitats where mortality rates are higher . In spite of this , the wood thrush is still considered to be of least concern .
= = = Vagrancy = = =
The wood thrush has been recorded twice as a vagrant in Europe , in Iceland at Kvísker in Öræfi East Skaftafellssýsla by Björnsson Hálfdán on 23 October 1967 and on Wingletang Down , St Agnes , Isles of Scilly , England on 7 October 1987 .
= = Behavior = =
The wood thrush is primarily solitary , but occasionally forms mixed @-@ species flocks in the winter . Its breeding territory ranges from 800 to 8 @,@ 000 m2 ( 960 to 9 @,@ 570 sq yd ) in size , and are used for nesting , gathering nest materials , and foraging . Some wood thrushes also defend a feeding territory in the winter . Territorial interactions are usually settled without physical contact , but in high @-@ intensity encounters or nest defense , physical interactions with the feet or bill have been observed . Defense behaviors in response to nest predators include wing flicks , tail flicks , and raising the crest , sometimes escalating to dives and strikes .
This species has also been observed displaying a behavior known as " anting . " Anting occurs when a bird picks up a single ant or group of ants and rubs them on its feathers . The purpose of this behavior is unknown , but it is thought that the birds may be able to acquire defensive secretions from the ants possibly used for some medicinal purposes , or that it simply supplements the birds ' own preen oil .
= = = Diet = = =
Soil invertebrates and larvae make up most of the wood thrush 's omnivorous diet , but it will also eat fruits in the late summer , fall , and late winter . It occasionally feeds on arboreal insects , snails , and small salamanders . The young are fed insects and some fruit . After breeding and before migration , the wood thrush will switch from insects to fruits with high lipid levels . In the summer , low fruit consumption and lipid reserves require the bird to feed on insects continuously in order to meet its metabolic needs .
The wood thrush forages mainly on the forest floor , flipping leaves over with their bills to reveal insects . It can be observed hopping around in leaf litter and on semi @-@ bare ground under the forest canopy . Fruits are swallowed whole .
= = = Predation = = =
Eggs and chicks are vulnerable to chipmunks , raccoons , blue jays , American crows , black rat snakes , brown @-@ headed cowbirds , common grackles , southern flying squirrels , gray squirrels , least weasels , white @-@ footed mice , domestic cats , great horned owls , and sharp @-@ shinned hawks . Adults are primarily taken by hawks and owls .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Wood thrushes are monogamous . Breeding pairs form in mid @-@ April to early @-@ May , and usually last throughout the breeding season . Most thrushes find a new mate each year , and mate guarding and extra @-@ pair copulations have not been observed in this species .
Some male wood thrushes arrive at the breeding grounds several days before the earliest females while other males arrive at the same time as the females , establishing territories ranging in size from 0 @.@ 08 to 0 @.@ 8 hectares ( one @-@ fifth of an acre to two acres ) . The female typically leads silent circular flights 1 – 1 @.@ 8 m ( 3 @.@ 3 – 5 @.@ 9 ft ) from the ground , with the male chasing . Six or more flights generally take place in succession . The pairs will perch together and feed each other in between flights . The male begins to sing at dawn and dusk a few days after arriving at breeding grounds . Early in the breeding season , the male sings from high perches in the tallest trees , but as the season progresses , it sings somewhat shorter and less elaborate songs from lower perches . Each day 's singing begins and is most intense just before sunrise . The male may sing throughout the day but especially at dusk . The song season is usually over by the end of July .
Typically , the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . However , there has been some indication that the male is able to influence the selection of the nest site by perching nearby and singing . Usually , though , the female chooses whether or not to accept or reject the nest site suggested by the male . The nest is usually sited in a dense patch of vegetation in a tree or shrub that provides concealment and shade . It is usually made of dead grasses , stems , and leaves , and lined with mud , and placed in a fork at a horizontal branch . The nest is not reused . Usually , two broods are attempted , although three to four separate nests may be built before a pair succeeds . Two to four pale blue eggs are laid at the rate of one per day . The eggs are incubated by the female only for 11 to 14 days , with the average being 13 days . Like all passerines , the chicks are altricial at hatching , mostly naked with closed eyes . The female broods the chicks during the first four days after hatching . Both parents feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs from the nest . The chicks fledge 12 – 15 days after hatching , but the parents continue to feed them until they become independent and leave the parents ' territory at 21 – 31 days old .
The young wood thrush is able to begin breeding the next summer . Most females lay their first eggs in mid @-@ May , but older females may begin laying sooner . Pairs usually attempt to rear a second brood no later than late July , with the last of the young fledging around mid @-@ August . About half of all wood thrush pairs successfully raise two broods .
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= Kristen Bell =
Kristen Anne Bell ( born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her acting career starring in stage productions and attended the Tisch School of Arts in New York . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible the following year . In 2004 , she had a supporting role in the film Spartan and received praise for her first leading performance in Gracie 's Choice .
Bell gained critical acclaim for her first major role as the title character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars ( 2004 – 07 ) . For her performance she awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation of the series . During her time on Veronica Mars , Bell appeared as Mary Lane in the 2005 film Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical , a reprise of the role she had played in the New York musical upon which the film was based . In 2007 , Bell joined the cast of the sci @-@ fi series Heroes , playing the character Elle Bishop , for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award .
In 2008 , she had her breakout film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She has since appeared in a number of comedy films , such as Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , When in Rome ( 2010 ) , and You Again ( 2010 ) . Bell garnered further recognition for voicing Princess Anna in the 2013 Disney film Frozen and the 2015 short film Frozen Fever . She also starred as the female lead on the Showtime series House of Lies . Bell married actor Dax Shepard in 2013 , with whom she has two daughters .
= = Early life and family = =
Kristen Anne Bell was born on July 18 , 1980 and was raised in Huntington Woods , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . Her mother , Lorelei ( née Frygier ) , is a registered nurse , and her father , Tom Bell , works as the television news director for CBS Television in Sacramento . Her parents divorced when she was two years old , and she has two half @-@ sisters , Sara and Jody , from her father 's second marriage . Bell is of Scottish , Polish , German and Irish descent .
Bell stated that she did not like her first name at the age of four . Bell 's mother convinced her to go by her middle name of Anne instead ; she used the name Annie until high school . Bell once broke both her wrists at the same time playing street hockey with friends .
Just before her freshman year of high school , Bell 's parents decided to pull her from the public school system . She then attended Shrine Catholic High School in nearby Royal Oak , where she took part in the drama and music club . During her time at the school , she won the starring role in the school 's 1997 production of The Wizard of Oz , as Dorothy Gale and also appeared in productions of Fiddler on the Roof ( 1995 ) , Lady Be Good ( 1996 ) , and Li 'l Abner ( 1998 ) . In 1998 , the year she graduated , Bell was named the yearbook 's " Best Looking Girl " by senior class vote .
Shortly after her high school graduation , Bell moved to New York City to attend New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , majoring in musical theater . In 2001 , during her senior year , Bell left a few credits shy of graduating to take a role in the Broadway musical version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer .
= = Career = =
= = = 1992 – 2003 : Early work = = =
In 1992 , Bell went to her first audition and won a dual role as a banana and a tree in a suburban Detroit theater 's production of Raggedy Ann and Andy . Her mother had established her with an agent before Bell was 13 , which allowed her to appear in newspaper advertisements for several Detroit retailers and television commercials . She also began private acting lessons . In 1998 , she appeared with an uncredited role in the locally filmed film Polish Wedding .
In 2001 , Bell left New York University to play a role as Becky Thatcher in the short @-@ lived Broadway musical of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . That same year , she made her credited film debut in Pootie Tang . Her one line in the film was cut and her appearance exists only as a scene shown during the credit sequence . Additionally , she auditioned for the television series Smallville for the role of Chloe Sullivan , a part eventually won by Allison Mack . In 2002 , she appeared in the Broadway revival of The Crucible with Liam Neeson , Angela Bettis and Laura Linney . Bell then moved to Los Angeles , California in 2002 because of her friendship with writers Kevin Murphy and Dan Studney , and appeared in a handful of television shows as a special guest , finding trouble gaining a recurring role in a television series . Bell had " tested like eight times and booked nothing and every show [ she ] tested for got picked up , " including auditions for Skin and a Norm Macdonald series .
= = = 2004 – 06 : Veronica Mars and other roles = = =
In 2004 , Bell appeared in the Lifetime television film Gracie 's Choice , which received one of the network 's highest ratings . She made her debut in a theatrically released film , with David Mamet 's Spartan , as Laura Newton , the kidnapped daughter of the U.S. President , acting alongside Val Kilmer . Bell also guest @-@ starred on the HBO drama Deadwood in a two @-@ episode story arc ( " Bullock Returns to the Camp " and " Suffer the Little Children " ) .
At 24 , she won the role of the title character in UPN 's drama Veronica Mars , which was launched in the fall of 2004 . Created by Rob Thomas , the series starred Bell as the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old anti @-@ establishment high school student / detective . Bell drew on the parallels between the character of Veronica and her own life , since Bell 's parents had divorced and her best friend had also died . The series earned acclaim from television critics , as did Bell 's performance . Some critics asserted that her performance was overlooked , and deserved consideration for an Emmy Award .
Aside from working on Veronica Mars , Bell starred in Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical , reprising the role she played in the short @-@ lived 2001 off @-@ broadway musical . The musical was a spoof of the 1936 exploitation film of the same name . Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical debuted on the Showtime network on April 16 , 2005 . Also in April , Bell starred as Gracie in Fifty Pills , an entry for the Tribeca Film Festival . She appeared in a short independent film called The Receipt and the horror film Roman , which was directed by her The Crucible co @-@ star Angela Bettis . Released on August 11 , 2006 , Pulse starred Bell as the lead Mattie . A remake of the Japanese horror film Kairo , the film grossed US $ 27 @.@ 9 million worldwide , ; however it garnered negative response from critics . Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter commented , " despite the starring presence of Kristen Bell , [ the ] young actress has far less interesting material to work with here than she does as [ the character ] " Veronica Mars . " "
= = = 2007 – 2011 : Film breakthrough = = =
Veronica Mars continued on UPN for a second season ; for the third season , the show was renewed and appeared on the newly created The CW . On January 19 , 2007 , CW Entertainment President Dawn Ostroff announced that while she was pleased with the gradual improvement of Veronica Mars 's ratings , the series would be put on hiatus after February sweeps to air a new reality series , Pussycat Dolls Present . On May 17 , 2007 Ostroff announced the cancellation of the series . A two @-@ hour series finale aired in the United States on May 22 , 2007 , and on June 11 , 2007 Thomas officially announced in an email to TV Guide 's Michael Ausiello that Veronica Mars had been canceled by the CW . A Veronica Mars feature film and comic book series continuation had been discussed , and for a short time there was talk of another collaboration between Bell and creator Thomas that would be unrelated to the Veronica Mars series .
Following the cancellation of Veronica Mars , Bell voiced interest in appearing on Heroes because she was a fan . On July 29 , 2007 , during a train ride back to Los Angeles from the San Diego Comic @-@ Con with Heroes actors Zachary Quinto and Masi Oka , and writers from the series , the writers had mentioned that if she " ever want [ ed ] to come on Heroes , give us [ writers ] a call , " to which Bell said she would " love to . " Meanwhile , there were discussions about a role on Lost , but Bell turned down the role of Charlotte Staples Lewis . Bell portrayed Elle Bishop on Heroes , a " mysterious young lady " with an " awesome power " . She did not have to audition for the role of Elle , who made her first appearance in an October 2007 episode , and appeared in at least thirteen episodes during the run of the series . The casting of Bell , Heroes creator Tim Kring explained , " was not easy to pull off " , but because of the large ensemble cast of the series and multiple story arcs , " we found a way to jump into a small window in [ Bell 's ] schedule . " . Bell lent her voice to the CW series Gossip Girl : she voiced the title character in every episode of the series , appearing in person only for a surprise cameo in the final episode , portraying herself .
Shortly after the cancellation of Veronica Mars in early 2007 , Bell filmed on location in Hawaii for a starring role as the title character in the Judd Apatow comedy Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She regarded the improvisational comedy in the film as " a lovely experience " . The film , written by and also starring Jason Segel , was released theatrically on April 18 , 2008 , and is considered to be Bell 's star @-@ making role . Bell lent her voice and likeness to the video game Assassin 's Creed which was released on November 13 , 2007 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and April 8 , 2008 for the PC . Bell reprised her role of Lucy in Assassin 's Creed II released on November 17 , 2009 , and again in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , released on November 16 , 2010 . In the spring of 2006 , she finished filming the Star Wars @-@ themed comedy Fanboys , which had its release date pushed to January 14 , 2008 . This was due to additional funding given to director Kyle Newman to shoot new scenes , however , the busy schedules of the actors only allowed for filming in September 2007 , thus moving the release date to accommodate that . Bell also starred in the 2009 comedies Serious Moonlight , alongside Meg Ryan , and Couples Retreat , which chronicles four couples who partake in therapy sessions at a tropical island resort . Jason Bateman played her husband . She also provided the voice for Cora in Astro Boy . On March 31 , 2008 , Bell began shooting the Mark Steven Johnson @-@ written Disney film When in Rome in locations in Rome and New York ; the film was released in 2010 . Bell reprised her role as Sarah Marshall for a cameo appearance in the film Get Him to the Greek , a spin @-@ off sequel from Forgetting Sarah Marshall , released June 4 , 2010 .
She co @-@ starred with singers Christina Aguilera and Cher in the film musical Burlesque which was released on Thanksgiving in 2010 . Bell had a cameo in the slasher horror film , Scream 4 , which was released on April 15 , 2011 .
= = = 2012 – present : Frozen and future projects = = =
In 2012 , Bell starred in the family drama film Big Miracle . She has also appeared in the music video for " Madder Red " by Brooklyn experimental rock band Yeasayer . Bell portrayed " Mary Magdalene " in The Truth & Life Dramatized Audio New Testament Bible , a 22 @-@ hour , celebrity @-@ voiced , dramatized audio New Testament which uses the RSV @-@ CE translation .
Bell stars as Jeannie van der Hooven , the female lead on the Showtime series House of Lies , which premiered on January 8 , 2012 . Bell starred in The Lifeguard , written and directed by Liz W. Garcia , which began filming in July 2012 , and was released in August 2013 . She also voiced Anna in Frozen , which was released on November 22 , 2013 . In 2013 , for multiple episodes , Bell played Ingrid de Forest , an Eagleton City Councilwoman , on Parks and Recreation .
On March 13 , 2013 , it was confirmed that a Veronica Mars film would finally be coming to fruition . Bell and series creator Rob Thomas , launched a fundraising campaign to produce the film through Kickstarter and attained the $ 2 million goal in less than ten hours . The main cast members of the series all reprised their roles in the feature film . Production of the film took place during summer 2013 , and it was released theatrically and on video @-@ on @-@ demand on March 14 , 2014 .
In September 2014 , Bell starred with her husband , Dax Shephard , in a commercial for the Samsung Galaxy Tab S. It was so popular ( with over 20 million YouTube views ) that they did another for the holiday season . The ad agency McKinney was behind both . In 2016 , Bell voiced the sloth Priscilla in the animated comedy film Zootopia and starred as Claire in the comedy film The Boss . She will appear in the 2016 comedy film Bad Moms , and the 2017 action comedy CHiPs . Bell will also star as the main character , Eleanor , in the NBC comedy series The Good Place , which is set to premiere in the fall of 2016 .
= = In the media = =
In 2006 and again in 2013 , Bell was selected " World 's Sexiest Vegetarian " on PETA 's yearly poll . She was placed No. 68 on Maxim 's 2005 " Hot 100 " list , No. 11 in Maxim 's 2006 " Hot 100 " list , and No. 46 in Maxim 's 2007 " Hot 100 " list in which she was stated to have " single @-@ handedly saved the CW from becoming the worst network ever . " In 2006 , Maxim also placed Bell at the top of the " Fall TV 's Criminally Sexy Investigators " List . In 2008 , she was featured at No. 59 on Ask Men 's Top 99 Women of 2008 List . Reflecting on her admitted popularity with " geeks " , Bell was voted the fourth sexiest woman on TV by the staff at Wizard magazine .
Bell stated she never thought of herself as womanly because " I always play and look and act 10 years younger than I am , " however , she said , " Something magical happened when I turned 25 — I looked in the mirror and was like , You might not get carded for an R @-@ rated movie anymore . Like I didn 't have a little stick figure anymore . " Bell has said that many of her characters are tomboys because she was " not homely enough to play the nerdy girl and not nearly pretty enough to play the pretty girl " .
Bell has been associated with the idea that " nerdy is the new cool " , and she explained , " what was previously perceived as nerdy is now viewed as original . What I like about nerdiness , geekiness , is it doesn 't really matter what you 're into — it just means you 're not a follower . " She has also said , " I love nerds . Comic @-@ Con junkies are the tastemakers of tomorrow . Isn 't that funny ? The tables have turned . " Vanessa Juarez of Entertainment Weekly commented that Bell 's roles on Veronica Mars , Heroes and as a Star Wars fanatic in Fanboys have " solidif [ ied ] her placement at the center of the geek universe " , while Rodney Rothman stated , " I guess she 's cornered the market on losers . " Bell 's work is often compared to Sarah Michelle Gellar 's portrayal of the title character on the cult television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter stated that Bell was " arguably the television successor [ to Gellar 's portrayal of Buffy ] when it comes to fighting bad guys . " Bell is sometimes confused with Lauren Conrad from the show The Hills . " Yeah , sometimes fans yell , ' Hey , Lauren ' to me , but usually from a distance , " said Kristen .
Despite " new celebrity " status , Bell claimed that she was not concerned because " no one ever recognizes me anyway " . As Bell explained , " I hang out with Hayden quite a bit — they never take pictures of me . I just step to the side , and I push myself in front of her when she wants to get out of it , or put her in the car . " Bell was a recurring guest on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , appearing in interviews as well as sketches . On The Late Late Show , she shows a humorous hostility towards Craig 's robot skeleton sidekick Geoff Peterson , claiming that she had wanted to be Craig 's sidekick on his show and taking it upon herself to cut Geoff down every chance she gets . Both Bell and Geoff Peterson appeared with Ferguson during the five Late Late Shows filmed in France .
In January 2011 , it was announced that Bell would be the new face of Neutrogena .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships and family = = =
In 2007 , Bell ended a five @-@ year relationship with former fiancé Kevin Mann . She later told Complex magazine that dating " makes me want to vomit . And not out of grossness — OK , a little bit out of grossness , but just nerves ... I 've always been a serial monogamist . "
Bell began dating actor Dax Shepard in late 2007 . The couple announced their engagement in January 2010 . They decided to delay marriage until the state of California passed legislation legalizing same @-@ sex marriage . They co @-@ starred in the 2010 film When In Rome and in the 2012 film Hit and Run . After section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act fell on June 26 , 2013 , Bell asked Shepard to marry her through Twitter , which he accepted . They were married at the Beverly Hills County Clerk 's Office on October 17 , 2013 . They have two daughters : Lincoln Bell Shepard ( born March 28 , 2013 ) and Delta Bell Shepard ( born December 19 , 2014 ) .
= = = Beliefs , interests and charity work = = =
At age 11 , Bell became a vegetarian . In an interview with PETA , Bell stated , " I have always been an animal lover . I had a hard time disassociating the animals I cuddled with — dogs and cats , for example — from the animals on my plate , and I never really cared for the taste of meat . I always loved my Brussels sprouts ! " By 2012 Bell became vegan with her husband after watching the documentary Forks Over Knives . During her time in Michigan , Bell fostered animals from Michigan Humane Society and she now supports the San Diego @-@ based Helen Woodward Animal Center . Bell often attends fund raisers for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and other non @-@ profit organizations dedicated to protecting animals . She has a Welsh Corgi @-@ Chow Chow mix named Lola , a Welsh Corgi @-@ Chihuahua mix named Shakey , and a black Labrador Retriever named Sadie , who was 11 years old when she was rescued from Hurricane Katrina and adopted by Bell in 2005 .
Bell has also become a strong advocate of vaccination . Though initially skeptical she has since stated " I think it 's really important to acknowledge that we have something called the herd immunity , where there are people that cannot get immunizations because of autoimmune diseases or cancer treatments , " and that " If we don ’ t get the vaccinations to keep them safe , then they 're screwed . " Citing scientific research , she shares her belief that it is her duty to not only protect her children , but other children , too - especially those who may suffer from autoimmune diseases or cancer .
She and many of those who worked on Veronica Mars , including personal friend Ryan Hansen , are involved with the charity organization Invisible Children , Inc . The goal of the organization is to create awareness regarding the plight of Northern Ugandans who are caught in the midst of a civil war between the government and Joseph Kony 's Lord 's Resistance Army . Bell has also done a public service announcement for Do Something 's Healthy Living Campaign . In 2014 , Bell launched a Prizeo campaign offering fans a chance to win a date with her in return for donating to Invisible Children .
Bell supported and campaigned for Barack Obama during the 2008 United States presidential election . Along with Rashida Jones , she visited college campuses in Missouri to discuss the candidates and encourage voter registration . Bell showed support for the Writers Guild of America in the writer 's strike , appearing in the picket lines in December 2007 stating , " the writers are just looking for some fairness . "
Bell also has a strong liking of Tommy Wiseau 's 2003 cult film The Room . She hosts parties at her house for The Room , attended cinema screenings of it , and has said that " there is a magic about that film that is indescribable . "
= = = Depression and anxiety = = =
In May 2016 , Bell revealed that she has struggled with and received help for depression and anxiety . She said , " It ’ s important for me to be candid about this so people in a similar situation can realize that they are not worthless and that they do have something to offer . "
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Video games = = =
= = = Web series = = =
= = Theatre = =
= = Soundtrack appearances = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= Ratatouille ( film ) =
Ratatouille ( / rætəˈtuːiː / ; French pronunciation : [ ʁatatuj ] ) is a 2007 American computer @-@ animated comedy film produced by Pixar and released by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution . It is the eighth film produced by Pixar , and was co @-@ written and directed by Brad Bird , who took over from Jan Pinkava in 2005 . The title refers to a French dish , " ratatouille " , which is served at the end of the film , and is also a play on words about the species of the main character . The film stars the voices of Patton Oswalt as Remy , an anthropomorphic rat who is interested in cooking ; Lou Romano as Linguini , a young garbage boy who befriends Remy ; Ian Holm as Skinner , the head chef of Auguste Gusteau 's restaurant ; Janeane Garofalo as Colette , a rôtisseur at Gusteau 's restaurant ; Peter O 'Toole as Anton Ego , a restaurant critic ; Brian Dennehy as Django , Remy 's father and leader of his clan ; Peter Sohn as Emile , Remy 's older brother ; and Brad Garrett as Auguste Gusteau , a recently deceased chef . The plot follows Remy , who dreams of becoming a chef and tries to achieve his goal by forming an alliance with a Parisian restaurant 's garbage boy .
Development of Ratatouille began in 2000 when Pinkava wrote the original concepts of the film . In 2005 , Bird was approached to direct the film and revise the story . Bird and some of the film 's crew members also visited Paris for inspiration . To create the food animation used in the film , the crew consulted chefs from both France and the United States . Bird also interned at Thomas Keller 's French Laundry restaurant , where Keller developed the confit byaldi , a dish used in the film .
Ratatouille premiered on June 22 , 2007 , at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles , California , with its general release June 29 , 2007 , in the United States . The film grossed $ 623 @.@ 7 million at the box office and received positive reviews . The film later won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , among other honors .
= = Plot = =
Remy is an idealistic and ambitious young rat , gifted with highly developed senses of taste and smell . Inspired by his idol , the recently deceased chef Auguste Gusteau , Remy dreams of becoming a cook himself . When an old woman armed with a shotgun sees his clan , they are forced to abandon their home ; the gunshots cause Remy to be separated from his family . He ends up in the sewers of Paris and eventually finds himself at a skylight overlooking the kitchen of Gusteau 's restaurant .
As Remy watches , a young man named Alfredo Linguini , is hired as a garbage boy by Skinner , the restaurant 's devious current owner and Gusteau 's former sous @-@ chef . When Linguini spills a pot of soup and attempts to recreate it with disastrous results , Remy falls into the kitchen and uses other ingredients to complement the soup to perfection . Linguini catches Remy and is confronted by Skinner . As Skinner argues with Linguini , the soup is accidentally served and proves to be a success . Colette Tatou , the staff 's only female chef , convinces Skinner to retain Linguini , who is assumed to be the soup 's creator . After Skinner catches Remy in the act of escaping , he orders Linguini to take the rat far away and kill it . Linguini then discovers Remy 's intelligence and passion for food , so he keeps him .
On Linguini 's first day as a chef , he and Remy find a way to communicate ; Remy guides Linguini like a marionette by pulling on his hair while hidden under Linguini 's toque blanche , while Skinner assigns Colette to train his new cook .
Suspicious , Skinner learns that the boy is Gusteau 's illegitimate son and the rightful heir to the restaurant , which threatens his use of the restaurant 's reputation to establish a packaged food franchise he started after Gusteau died . Remy discovers the evidence of Linguini 's inheritance and , after eluding Skinner , gives it to Linguini , who deposes Skinner as owner . The restaurant continues to thrive , and Linguini and Colette develop a budding romance , leaving Remy feeling left out . Meanwhile , Remy reunites with his father , Django , and his brother , Emile , who take him back to their new lair . Though thrilled that his family and clan are safe , he tells him that he cannot stay . In an attempt to rid his son from his like of humans , Django shows Remy a window display of dead rats , poison , and traps , but Remy leaves .
France 's top restaurant critic Anton Ego , whose previous review cost Gusteau 's one of its stars , announces he will be re @-@ reviewing the restaurant the following evening . After an argument with Linguini , Remy leads his clan in a raid on the restaurant 's pantries . Linguini catches them and throws them out . Now aware of Remy 's skills , Skinner captures him in an attempt to use him to create a new line of frozen foods . However , Remy is freed by Django and Emile . He returns to the restaurant , only to find Linguini is unable to cook without him . Linguini apologizes and reveals the truth to the staff , but they leave , believing that Linguini has lost his mind . Colette later returns after recalling Gusteau 's motto , " Anyone can cook . "
Django arrives with the rest of the clan , offering to help after seeing his son 's determination . Remy has the rats cook , while Linguini serves as waiter . For Ego ( and Skinner ) , Remy and Colette create a variation of ratatouille , which brings back an astonished Ego memories of his mother 's cooking . During the service , the rats are forced to tie up Skinner and a health inspector to prevent them from revealing their involvement in the cooking . When Ego requests to see the chef , Linguini and Colette make him wait until the rest of the diners have left before introducing Remy . Ego is stunned and leaves the restaurant , deep in thought . He writes a positive and thoughtful review for the newspaper the next day , stating that Gusteau 's chef ( Remy ) is " nothing less than the finest chef in France . "
Despite the positive review , Gusteau 's is shut down , since Linguini and Remy had to release Skinner and the health inspector . Ego loses credibility as a critic but funds a popular new bistro , " La Ratatouille " , created and run by Remy , Linguini , and Colette ; Ego frequents the bistro for Remy 's cooking . The rats settle in their new home in the bistro 's roof .
= = Voice cast = =
Patton Oswalt as Remy . Director Brad Bird chose Oswalt after hearing his food @-@ related comedy routine .
Lou Romano as Alfredo Linguini , the son of Auguste Gusteau and Renata Linguini .
Janeane Garofalo as Colette Tatou , Gusteau 's rôtisseur , inspired by French chef Hélène Darroze .
Ian Holm as Skinner , a diminutive chef and owner of Auguste Gusteau 's restaurant . Since Gusteau 's death , Skinner has used the Gusteau name to market a line of cheap microwaveable meals . Skinner 's behavior , diminutive size , and body language are loosely based on Louis de Funès .
Brian Dennehy as Django , Remy and Emile 's father and the leader of the rats .
Peter O 'Toole as Anton Ego , a restaurant critic . His appearance was modeled after Louis Jouvet .
Brad Garrett as Auguste Gusteau ( whose first and last names are anagrams of each other ) . Many reviewers believe that Gusteau is inspired by real @-@ life chef Bernard Loiseau , who committed suicide after media speculation that his flagship restaurant , La Côte d 'Or , was going to be downgraded from three Michelin stars to two . La Côte d 'Or was one of the restaurants visited by Brad Bird and others in France .
Peter Sohn as Emile , Remy 's older brother .
Will Arnett as Horst , Skinner 's German sous chef .
Julius Callahan as Lalo , Gusteau 's saucier and poissonnier . Callahan also voices François , Skinner 's advertising executive .
James Remar as Larousse , Gusteau 's garde manger .
John Ratzenberger as Mustafa , Gusteau 's head waiter .
Teddy Newton as Talon Labarthe , Skinner 's lawyer .
Tony Fucile as Pompidou , Gusteau 's patissier . Fucile also voices Nadar Lessard , a health inspector employed by Skinner .
Jake Steinfeld as Git , a former lab rat and member of Django 's colony .
Brad Bird as Ambrister Minion , Anton Ego 's butler .
Stéphane Roux as the narrator of the cooking channel .
Thomas Keller as a dining patron who asks " what 's new " .
= = Production = =
Jan Pinkava came up with the concept in 2000 , creating the original design , sets and characters and core storyline , but he was never formally named the director of the film . Lacking confidence in Pinkava 's story development , Pixar management replaced him with Bird in 2005 . Bird was attracted to the film because of the outlandishness of the concept and the conflict that drove it : that rats feared kitchens , yet a rat wanted to work in one . Bird was also delighted that the film could be made a highly physical comedy , with the character of Linguini providing endless fun for the animators . Bird rewrote the story , with a change in emphasis . He killed off Gusteau , gave larger roles to Skinner and Colette , and also changed the appearance of the rats to be less anthropomorphic .
Because Ratatouille is intended to be a romantic , lush vision of Paris , giving it an identity distinct from previous Pixar films , director Brad Bird , producer Brad Lewis and some of the crew spent a week in the city to properly understand its environment , taking a motorcycle tour and eating at five top restaurants . There are also many water @-@ based sequences in the film , one of which is set in the sewers and is more complex than the blue whale scene in Finding Nemo . One scene has Linguini wet after jumping into the Seine to fetch Remy . A Pixar employee ( Shade / Paint department coordinator Kesten Migdal ) jumped into Pixar 's swimming pool wearing a chef 's uniform and apron to see which parts of the suit stuck to his body and which became translucent from water absorption .
Ratatouille was originally going to be released in 2006 , however , in December 2004 , the date was changed to 2007 . The release date change was the same day Disney / Pixar changed the release date of Cars , from November 2005 to June 2006 , thus pushing Ratatouille to 2007 .
A challenge for the filmmakers was creating computer @-@ generated images of food that would appear delicious . Gourmet chefs in both the U.S. and France were consulted and animators attended cooking classes at San Francisco @-@ area culinary schools to understand the workings of a commercial kitchen . Sets / Layout department manager Michael Warch , a culinary @-@ academy trained professional chef before working at Pixar , helped teach and consult animators as they worked . He also prepared dishes used by the Art , Shade / Paint , Effects and Sets Modeling departments . Renowned chef Thomas Keller allowed producer Brad Lewis to intern in his French Laundry kitchen . For the film 's climax , Keller designed a fancy , layered version of the title dish for the rat characters to cook , which he called " confit byaldi " in honor of the original Turkish name . The same sub @-@ surface light scattering technique that was used on skin in The Incredibles was used on fruits and vegetables , while new programs gave an organic texture and movement to the food . Completing the illusion were music , dialogue , and abstract imagery representing the characters ' mental sensations while appreciating food . The visual flavor metaphors were created by animator Michel Gagné inspired by the work of Oscar Fischinger and Norman McLaren . To create a realistic compost pile , the Art Department photographed fifteen different kinds of produce , such as apples , berries , bananas , mushrooms , oranges , broccoli , and lettuce , in the process of rotting .
According to Pixar designer Jason Deamer , " Most of the characters were designed while Jan [ Pinkava ] was still directing ... He has a real eye for sculpture . " For example , according to Pinkava , the critic Anton Ego was designed to resemble a vulture . Rat expert Debbie Ducommun ( a.k.a. the " Rat Lady " ) was consulted on rat habits and characteristics . A vivarium containing pet rats sat in a hallway for more than a year so animators could study the movement of the animals ' fur , noses , ears , paws , and tails as they ran . The cast members strove to make their French accents authentic yet understandable . John Ratzenberger notes that he often segued into an Italian accent . To save time , human characters were designed and animated without toes .
Promotional material for Intel credits their platform for a 30 percent performance improvement in rendering software . They used Remy in some of their marketing materials .
= = Music = =
Brad Bird reteamed with Michael Giacchino on the score for Ratatouille since they got along well during the scoring of The Incredibles . Giacchino had written two themes for Remy , one about his thief self and the other about his hopes and dreams . He also wrote a buddy theme for both Remy and Linguini that plays when they 're together . In addition to the score , Giacchino wrote the main theme song , " Le Festin " , about Remy and his wishes to be a chef . Camille was hired to perform " Le Festin " after Giacchino listened to her music and realized she was perfect for the song ; as a result , the song is sung in French in all versions of the film .
The music for Ratatouille gave Giacchino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score as well as his first Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album . Giacchino returned to Pixar to score their 2009 blockbuster Up .
= = Release = =
Ratatouille 's world premiere was on June 22 , 2007 , at Los Angeles ' Kodak Theater . The commercial release was one week later , with the short film Lifted preceding Ratatouille in theaters . Earlier in the year , it had received an Academy Award nomination . A test screening of the film was shown at the Harkins Cine Capri Theater in Scottsdale , Arizona on June 16 , 2007 , at which a Pixar representative was present to collect viewer feedback . Disney CEO Bob Iger announced an upcoming theatrical re @-@ release of the film in 3D at the Disney shareholders meeting in March 2014 .
= = = Marketing = = =
The trailer for Ratatouille debuted with the release of its immediate predecessor , Cars . It depicts an original scene where Remy is caught on the cheese trolley in the restaurant 's dining area sampling the cheese and barely escaping the establishment , intercut with separate scenes of the rat explaining directly to the audience why he is taking such risks . Similar to most of Pixar 's teaser trailers , the scene was not present in the final film release .
A second trailer was released on March 23 , 2007 . The Ratatouille Big Cheese Tour began on May 11 , 2007 , with cooking demonstrations and a film preview . Voice actor Lou Romano attended the San Francisco leg of the tour for autograph signings .
Disney and Pixar were working to bring a French @-@ produced Ratatouille @-@ branded wine to Costco stores in August 2007 , but abandoned plans because of complaints from the California Wine Institute , citing standards in labeling that restrict the use of cartoon characters to avoid attracting under @-@ age drinkers .
In the United Kingdom , in place of releasing a theatrical trailer , a theatrical commercial featuring Remy and Emile was released in cinemas before its release to discourage obtaining unlicensed copies of films . Also in the United Kingdom , the main characters were used for a theatrical commercial for the Nissan Note , with Remy and Emile watching an original commercial for it made for the " Surprisingly Spacious " ad campaign and also parodying it respectively .
Disney / Pixar were concerned that audiences , particularly children , would not be familiar with the word " ratatouille " and its pronunciation . The title was therefore also spelled phonetically within trailers and on posters . For similar reasons , in the American release of the film , on @-@ screen text in French was printed in English , such as the title of Gusteau 's cookbook and the sign telling kitchen staff to wash their hands , though in the British English release , these are rendered in French . In Canada , the film was released theatrically with text in English , but on DVD , the majority of the text ( including Gusteau 's will ) was in French .
= = = Home media = = =
Disney released Ratatouille on high @-@ definition Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD in North America on November 6 , 2007 . A new animated short film featuring Remy and Emile entitled Your Friend the Rat was included as a special feature , in which the two rats attempt to entreat the viewer , a human , to welcome rats as their friends , demonstrating the benefits and misconceptions of rats towards humanity through several historical examples . The eleven @-@ minute short uses 3D animation , 2D animation , live action and even stop motion animation , a first for Pixar .
The disc also includes a CG short entitled Lifted , which screened before the film during its theatrical run . It depicts an adolescent extraterrestrial attempting to abduct a sleeping human . Throughout the sequence , he is graded by an adult extraterrestrial in a manner reminiscent of a driver 's licensing exam road test . The entire short contains no dialogue , which is typical of Pixar Shorts not based on existing properties . Also included among the special features are deleted scenes , a featurette featuring Brad Bird discussing filmmaking and chef Thomas Keller discussing culinary creativity entitled " Fine Food and Film " , and four easter eggs . Although the Region 1 Blu @-@ ray edition has a French audio track , the Region 1 DVD does not , except for some copies marked as for sale only in Canada .
It was released on DVD on November 6 , 2007 , and earned 4 @,@ 919 @,@ 574 units ( equivalent to $ 73 @,@ 744 @,@ 414 ) on its first week ( Nov. 6 – 11 , 2007 ) during which it topped the DVD charts . In total it sold 12 @,@ 531 @,@ 266 units ( $ 189 @,@ 212 @,@ 532 ) becoming the second best @-@ selling animated DVD of 2007 , both in units sold and sales revenue , behind Happy Feet .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 @.@ 4 / 10 based on 241 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : " Fast @-@ paced and stunningly animated , Ratatouille adds another delightfully entertaining entry -- and a rather unlikely hero -- to the Pixar canon . " Another review aggregation website Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 96 out of 100 based on 37 reviews , the highest of any Pixar film and the eighth @-@ highest rated film on the site .
A. O. Scott of The New York Times called Ratatouille " a nearly flawless piece of popular art , as well as one of the most persuasive portraits of an artist ever committed to film " ; echoing the character Anton Ego in the film , he ended his review with a simple " thank you " to the creators of the film . Wally Hammond of Time Out gave the film five out of five stars , saying " A test for tiny tots , a mite nostalgic and as male @-@ dominated as a modern kitchen it may be , but these are mere quibbles about this delightful addition to the Pixar pantheon . " Andrea Gronvall of the Chicago Reader gave the film a positive review , saying " Brad Bird 's second collaboration with Pixar is more ambitious and meditative than his Oscar @-@ winning The Incredibles . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying " Ratatouille has the Pixar technical magic without , somehow , the full Pixar flavor . It 's Brad Bird 's genial dessert , not so much incredible as merely sweetly edible . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " What makes Ratatouille such a hilarious and heartfelt wonder is the way Bird contrives to let it sneak up on you . And get a load of that score from Michael Giacchino , a perfect compliment to a delicious meal . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars , saying " For parents looking to spend time in a theater with their kids or adults who want something lighter and less testosterone @-@ oriented than the usual summer fare , Ratatouille offers a savory main course . " Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review , saying " Ratatouille is free of the kind of gratuitous pop @-@ culture references that plague so many movies of the genre ; it tells a story , it 's very much of our world but it never goes for the cheap , easy gag . " Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying " The master chefs at Pixar have blended all the right ingredients -- abundant verbal and visual wit , genius slapstick timing , a soupcon of Gallic sophistication -- to produce a warm and irresistible concoction . "
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying " The film may be animated , and largely taken up with rats , but its pulse is gratifyingly human . And you have never seen a computer @-@ animated feature with this sort of visual panache and detail . " Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film three out of four stars , saying " So many computer @-@ animated movies are brash , loud and popping with pop @-@ culture comedy , but Ratatouille has the warm glow of a favorite book . The characters are more than the sum of their gigabyte @-@ consuming parts -- they feel handcrafted . " Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film three out of five stars , saying " Has Pixar lost its magic recipe ? Ratatouille is filled with fairly generic animated imagery , a few modest chases , a couple of good gags , not a lot of laughs . " Scott Foundas of LA Weekly gave the film a positive review , saying " Bird has taken the raw ingredients of an anthropomorphic @-@ animal kiddie matinee and whipped them into a heady brew about nothing less than the principles of artistic creation . " Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying " It 's not just the computer animation that is vibrantly three @-@ dimensional . It 's also the well @-@ rounded characters ... I defy you to name another animated film so overflowing with superfluous beauty . " Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " With Ratatouille , Bird once again delivers not just a great , witty story , but dazzling visuals as well . " Bill Muller of The Arizona Republic gave the film four and a half stars out of five , saying " Like the burbling soup that plays a key part in Ratatouille , the movie is a delectable blend of ingredients that tickles the palette and leaves you hungry for more . "
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars , saying " Ratatouille is the most straightforward and formulaic picture to date from Pixar Animation Studios , but it is also among the most enchanting and touching . " Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of four stars , saying " The Pixar magic continues with Brad Bird 's Ratatouille , a gorgeous , wonderfully inventive computer @-@ animated comedy . " Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star @-@ Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying " Fresh family fun . Although there are those slightly noxious images of rodents scampering around a kitchen , the movie doesn 't stoop to kid @-@ pandering jokes based on back talk and bodily gases . " David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review , saying " A film as rich as a sauce béarnaise , as refreshing as a raspberry sorbet , and a lot less predictable than the damn food metaphors and adjectives all us critics will churn out to describe it . OK , one more and then I 'll be done : it 's yummy . " Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying " Ratatouille never overwhelms , even though it 's stocked with action , romance , historical content , family drama and serious statements about the creation of art . " Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying " From the moment Remy enters , crashing , to the final happy fadeout , Ratatouille parades the brio and depth that set Pixar apart from and above other animation studios . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film four out of four stars , saying " A lot of animated movies have inspired sequels , notably Shrek , but Brad Bird 's Ratatouille is the first one that made me positively desire one . " Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of four stars , saying " Had Bird gone the safe route , he would have robbed us of a great new cartoon figure in Remy , who like the rest of the film is rendered with animation that is at once fanciful and life @-@ like . It 's also my pick for Pixar 's best . "
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review , saying " The characters are irresistible , the animation is astonishing and the film , a fantasy version of a foodie rhapsody , sustains a level of joyous invention that hasn 't been seen in family entertainment since The Incredibles . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four and a half stars out of five , saying " Brad Bird 's Ratatouille is so audacious you have to fall in love with its unlikely hero . " Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Ratatouille is delicious fun sure to be savored by audiences of all ages for its sumptuous visuals , clever wit and irresistibly inspiring tale . " Miriam Di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Ratatouille will make you wonder why animation needs to hide behind the mantle of ' it 's for children , but grownups will like it , too . ' This one 's for Mom and Dad , and yep , the kids will like it , too . " Michael Booth of The Denver Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Writer and director Brad Bird keeps Ratatouille moving without resorting to the cute animal jokes or pop @-@ culture wisecracking that ruined so many other recent animated films . " Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film an A , saying " Ratatouille has the technical genius , emotional core and storytelling audacity to lift it into the ranks of [ the best ] Pixar films , the crème de la crème of modern animation . " Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " No sketchy backgrounds here -- Ratatouille 's scenes feels like deep @-@ focus camera shots . The textures , from the gleam of copper pans to the cobblestone streets , are almost palpable . " Desson Thomson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , saying " Ratatouille doesn 't center on the over @-@ familiar surfaces of contemporary life . It harks back to Disney 's older era , when cartoons seemed part of a more elegant world with less edgy characters . "
= = = Box office = = =
In its opening weekend in North America , Ratatouille opened in 3 @,@ 940 theaters and debuted at number one with $ 47 million , the lowest Pixar opening since A Bug 's Life . However , in France , where the film is set , the film broke the record for the biggest debut for an animated film . In the UK , the film debuted at number one with sales over £ 4 million . The film has grossed $ 206 @,@ 445 @,@ 654 in the United States and Canada and a total of $ 623 @,@ 722 @,@ 818 worldwide , currently making it the sixth highest grossing Pixar film , just behind Toy Story 3 , Finding Nemo , Monsters University , Up , and The Incredibles .
= = = Accolades = = =
Ratatouille was nominated for five Oscars including Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Original Screenplay and Best Animated Film , which it lost to Atonement , The Bourne Ultimatum ( for both Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing ) and Juno , respectively , winning only the last one . At the time , the film held the record for the greatest number of Oscar nominations for a computer animated feature film , breaking the previous record held by Monsters , Inc . , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles at four nominations , but tied with Aladdin for any animated film . In 2008 , WALL @-@ E surpassed that record with 6 nominations . As of 2013 , Ratatouille is tied with Up and Toy Story 3 for animated film with the second greatest number of Oscar nominations . Beauty and the Beast still holds the record for most Oscar nominations ( also 6 ) for an animated feature film .
Furthermore , Ratatouille was nominated for 13 Annie Awards including twice in the Best Animated Effects , where it lost to Surf 's Up , and three times in the Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Janeane Garofalo , Ian Holm , and Patton Oswalt , where Ian Holm won the award . It won the Best Animated Feature Award from multiple associations including the Chicago Film Critics , the National Board of Review , the Annie Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics , the British Academy of Film and Television ( BAFTA ) , and the Golden Globes .
= = Plagiarized film = =
If magazine described Ratatoing , a 2007 Brazilian computer graphics cartoon by Vídeo Brinquedo , as a " ripoff " of Ratatouille . Marco Aurélio Canônico of Folha de S. Paulo described Ratatoing as a derivative of Ratatouille . Canônico discussed whether lawsuits from Pixar would appear . The Brazilian Ministry of Culture posted Marco Aurélio Canônico 's article on its website . In the end , Pixar reportedly did not seek legal action . Video Brinquedo films with concepts blatantly plagiarized from films by Pixar , Disney , DreamWorks Animation and other major studios in other countries .
= = Video game = =
A video game adaptation of the film was released for all major consoles and handhelds in 2007 . A Nintendo DS exclusive game , titled Ratatouille : Food Frenzy , was released in October 2007 . Ratatouille is also among the films represented in Kinect Rush : A Disney @-@ Pixar Adventure , released in March 2012 for Xbox 360 .
= = Theme park attraction = =
A Disney theme park attraction based on the film has been constructed in Walt Disney Studios Park , Disneyland Paris . Ratatouille : L 'Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy is based upon scenes from the film and uses trackless ride technology . In the attraction , riders " shrink down to the size of a rat " .
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= Jon Hamm =
Jonathan Daniel " Jon " Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , director , and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper in the AMC drama series , Mad Men ( 2007 – 2015 ) .
For much of the mid @-@ 1990s , Hamm lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . In 2000 , he made his feature film debut in the space adventure film Space Cowboys . The following year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy , Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) .
Hamm gained wide recognition when Mad Men began airing in July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama in 2008 and 2016 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2015 . He also directed two episodes of the show . In 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still . His first leading film role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He also had supporting roles in The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 – present ) .
His other television credits include starring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He provided his voice to the animated film Shrek Forever After in 2010 , and in 2015 , he starred in the animated film Minions .
= = Early life = =
Hamm was born in St. Louis , Missouri , the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm . His father ran a family trucking company , and his mother was a secretary . He is of German , English , and Irish descent ; his surname originates with German immigrants . Hamm 's parents divorced when he was two years old , and he lived in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer , when he was 10 . Hamm then moved in with his father .
Hamm 's first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh in first grade . At 16 , he was cast as Judas in Godspell , and enjoyed the experience , though he did not take acting seriously .
Hamm attended the private John Burroughs School in Ladue , where he was a member of the football , baseball , and swim teams . During this time , he dated future actress Sarah Clarke . His father died when he was 20 .
Following graduation in 1989 , Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas , where he was a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity . There , Hamm was arrested for participating in a violent hazing incident that occurred in November 1990 , involving another student , Mark Sanders . Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom , while Hamm was leading him around the fraternity house with the claw of a hammer beneath Sanders ' genitals , and Sanders ' clothes were set on fire . The incident led to the fraternity 's being shut down on campus . Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication , and the charges were dismissed in August 1995 .
Hamm enrolled at the University of Missouri . At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a theater company looking for players in a production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , auditioned , and was cast in the production . Other roles followed , such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins .
After graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts in English , Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth @-@ grade acting . One of his students was Ellie Kemper , who later became an actress and would go on to star in the Netflix original series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , in which Hamm has a recurring role ; another was Beau Willimon , who became a screenwriter .
= = Career = =
= = = Early work = = =
Hamm has known actor Paul Rudd for many years , and visited him in Hollywood in 1992 . Not wishing to stay in a " normal career " , Hamm moved to Los Angeles permanently in 1995 with an automobile and $ 150 . He moved into a house with four other aspiring actors and began working as a waiter while attending auditions . He acted in theatre , including as Flavius in a production of Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens with the Sacred Fools Theater Company .
Finding employment as an actor was difficult , despite representation by the William Morris Agency , because unlike other actors his age , he could not be cast in youth @-@ oriented productions like Dawson 's Creek due to his older appearance . In 1998 , having failed to obtain any acting jobs after three years , he was dropped by William Morris . Hamm continued working as a waiter and , briefly , as a set designer for a softcore pornography film . After repeatedly failing to obtain promising roles , he set his 30th birthday as a deadline to succeed in Hollywood , stating :
You either suck that up and find another agent , or you go home and say you gave it a shot , but that 's the end of that . The last thing I wanted to be out here was one of those actors who 's 45 years old , with a tenuous grasp of their own reality , and not really working much . So I gave myself five years . I said , if I can 't get it going by the time I 'm 30 , I 'm in the wrong place . And as soon as I said that , it 's like I started working right away .
In 2000 , Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC 's drama series Providence . His one @-@ episode contract grew to 19 , and led him to quit waiting tables . Hamm made his feature film debut with one line in Clint Eastwood 's space adventure Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) ; more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) and the war film We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) , during filming of which he turned 30 . His career was further bolstered when he played the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime 's television series The Division , from 2002 to 2004 . Other minor roles followed on the television series What About Brian , CSI : Miami , Related , Numb3rs , The Unit , and The Sarah Silverman Program . Hamm 's Mad Men castmate Eric Ladin had said that one of the reasons he looks up to Jon is that while he " made it " later than most actors , Hamm never gave up on acting .
= = = International recognition = = =
Hamm received his breakthrough role in 2007 , when he was cast from more than 80 candidates as the protagonist character Don Draper , in AMC 's drama series Mad Men . In the series , set in a fictional 1960s advertising agency , he plays a suave advertising executive with an obscure past .
Hamm recalled , " I read the script for Mad Men and I loved it . [ ... ] I never thought they 'd cast me — I mean , I thought they 'd go with one of the five guys who look like me but are movie stars " , and that an actor with a " proven track record " would likely have been chosen if another network had aired the show . He went through numerous auditions and explained each time to the casting directors what he could bring to the character , if given the part . Alan Taylor and Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner initially thought Hamm was too handsome for the role but ultimately decided , " it was perfect to cast sort of the perfect male in this part " ; Weiner also sensed that the actor had not been raised by his parents , similar to Draper 's backstory .
Hamm used memories of his father to portray Draper , a well @-@ dressed , influential figure in business and society hiding great inner turmoil and facing changes in the world beyond his control .
Mad Men debuted on July 19 , 2007 , with almost 1 @.@ 4 million viewers . It quickly developed a loyal audience , with Hamm receiving strong reviews .
Robert Bianco of USA Today was complimentary of Hamm , noting that his interpretation of Draper was a " starmaking performance " . The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert called Hamm a " brilliant lead " .
For his work , Hamm won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama in 2008 . Also in 2008 , he was nominated for both the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . In 2009 , Hamm was again nominated for the Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same category , and received another Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . In 2010 , Hamm received his third Golden Globe Award nomination . Mad Men concluded its seven @-@ season run on May 17 , 2015 . Hamm received his first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series on September 20 , 2015 after receiving 12 Emmy nominations for acting on and producing the series .
Hamm 's next film role was in the 2008 science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still , a remake of the 1951 film of the same name . Although the film received mixed reviews , it was financially successful , earning $ 230 million worldwide at the box office .
Hamm hosted Saturday Night Live , season 34 , episode 6 , on October 25 , 2008 , and played various roles , including Don Draper in two sketches . He returned to host again on January 30 and October 30 , 2010 .
In 2009 , Hamm guest starred in three episodes of the NBC situation comedy show 30 Rock , as Drew Baird , a doctor who is a neighbor and love interest of Liz Lemon 's ( Tina Fey ) . For these performances , he received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series .
Hamm 's film projects post @-@ 2009 include the independent mystery thriller Stolen ( 2009 ) and his first leading role , in which he plays a man trying to demystify the circumstances surrounding his son 's kidnapping . The Hollywood Reporter 's Frank Scheck stated that the feature never came together , and that Hamm was unable to do much with his " underwritten role " .
Hamm had a voice cameo in the animated feature Shrek Forever After ( released in May 2010 ) , as an ogre leader named Brogan . Also that year , he appeared as an FBI agent in The Town ( 2010 ) , with Ben Affleck ; after receiving " about 40 scripts that were all set in the 60s , or had me playing advertising guys " , Hamm was pleased that the film offered a role " the opposite to Don Draper " . The feature received generally favorable reviews and earned $ 144 million worldwide .
His next acting role was as defense attorney Jake Ehrlich in the independent drama Howl , based on Allen Ginsberg 's eponymous 1956 poem . On December 12 , 2010 , Hamm made a guest appearance as an FBI supervisor on Fox 's animated series The Simpsons .
Returning to film , he appeared in Zack Snyder 's action @-@ fantasy movie Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , as the character High Roller , and the doctor . He also had a supporting role in the comedy Bridesmaids as Kristen Wiig 's " rude and arrogant sex buddy " . Hamm was next seen in the independent feature Friends with Kids ( 2011 ) , which he produced alongside his then @-@ partner Jennifer Westfeldt ; the story centers around a group of friends whose lives are changed as the couples in the group begin to have children .
He has a recurring role in the sitcom The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret , as the servant of sociopathic billionaire Dave Mountford ( Blake Harrison ) . The role is later revealed to , in fact , be a fictionalized version of Hamm complaining that being made into Dave 's servant has required him to be written out of four episodes of Mad Men .
Hamm hosted the 21st ESPYS Awards on July 17 , 2013 and played sports agent J.B. Bernstein in Disney 's sports drama Million Dollar Arm the following year .
Hamm starred alongside Daniel Radcliffe in the Ovation television dark comedy A Young Doctor 's Notebook , playing an older version of Radcliffe 's character , from December 2012 to December 2013 . He had a number of roles in 2015 , in the comedy shows Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp , as well as the animated comedy Minions , as the voice of Herb Overkill . Minions was a major box office success ; despite mixed reviews , it grossed a total of over $ 1 billion worldwide .
Hamm filmed the upcoming action comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses in the spring of 2015 , which also stars Zach Galifianakis and Gal Gadot and will be released in October 2016 after being pushed back seven months . His other upcoming film roles include the drama Aardvark , science fiction film Marjorie Prime ( both 2016 ) , and Edgar Wright 's comedy crime film Baby Driver in 2017 .
= = Personal life = =
In 1997 , Hamm began a relationship with actress and screenwriter Jennifer Westfeldt . They jointly own homes in Los Angeles and the Upper West Side in New York . In an interview discussion about his relationship with Westfeldt , Hamm said : " We may not have a piece of paper that says we 're husband and wife , but after 10 years , Jennifer is more than just a girlfriend . What we have is much deeper and we both know that . To me , people [ should ] get married when they 're ready to have kids , which I 'm not ruling out . " Along with Westfeldt , Hamm has appeared in Gap @-@ related campaign advertisements . In April 2009 , Hamm and Westfeldt formed their own production company , Points West Pictures . Hamm and Westfeldt are advocates of animal rescue and have adopted a mixed breed dog named Cora from the Much Love Animal Shelter in California . In September 2015 , Hamm and Westfeldt announced they were ending their relationship .
Although his role as Don Draper required Hamm to smoke , he gave up smoking when he was 24 . On set he does not smoke actual cigarettes , but rather herbal cigarettes that do not contain tobacco or nicotine .
In March 2015 , Hamm 's representative confirmed that Hamm had recently completed inpatient treatment for alcoholism . Additionally , Hamm reported developing vitiligo throughout the filming of Mad Men .
Hamm identifies as a Democrat .
= = = Sports and related endorsements = = =
Hamm is an avid golfer and tennis player , and a devoted fan of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) team the St. Louis Blues ' ; he 's even appeared in two television spots advertising for the team . He is also a fan of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team the St. Louis Cardinals ' , and narrated the official highlight film for the 2011 World Series , which the Cardinals won . He is a cricket fan , too , having been introduced to the sport by Daniel Radcliffe when filming A Young Doctor 's Notebook .
= = = Other product endorsements = = =
In March 2010 , Mercedes @-@ Benz hired Hamm ( replacing actor Richard Thomas ) as their new voice actor for the S400 Hybrid campaign . In 2013 , American Airlines debuted a commercial titled " Change is in the Air " , featuring Hamm 's voice @-@ over . Hamm is an American Airlines frequent flier , and his Mad Men character Don Draper often spoke of aspiring to win such accounts as American Airlines .
= = Reception = =
Internationally viewed as a sex symbol , Hamm was named one of Salon.com 's Sexiest Man Living in 2007 and one of People magazine 's Sexiest Men Alive in 2008 . In November 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named him one of their Entertainers of the Year . He again was named one of the magazine 's Entertainers of the Year in 2010 . Hamm also won GQ 's " International Man " award in September 2010 .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Music videos = = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= USS Yancey ( AKA @-@ 93 ) =
USS Yancey ( AKA @-@ 93 / LKA @-@ 93 ) was an Andromeda @-@ class attack cargo ship built by the Moore Dry Dock Company of Oakland , California for the United States Navy during World War II . The ship was named in honor of Yancey County , North Carolina .
Yancey 's keel was laid in May 1944 , and the ship was launched in July , and commissioned in October . The ship operated in the Pacific during the war and was a participant in the amphibious landings at Iwo Jima in February 1945 and Okinawa in April . After Japan 's surrender in August , Yancey was in Tokyo Bay during the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on 2 September . The ship made voyages delivering troops for the occupation of Japan before returning to the United States in January 1946 . After spending most of the next year on the east coast , Yancey was ordered back into the Pacific in November , and took part in Operation Highjump , a Navy expedition to Antarctica in January 1947 ; Yancey Glacier was named in the ship 's honor .
After spending most of the next decade in duties in the Western Pacific , Yancey was decommissioned in March 1958 and placed in reserve at Olympia , Washington . Yancey was reactivated in the aftermath of the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and recommissioned in November . During the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis she sailed in support of the U.S. blockade of Cuba , and during the April 1965 U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic she carried almost a quarter of all of the evacuees from Santo Domingo . In January 1970 , Yancey was blown by a storm into the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel which closed the structure for several weeks .
The ship was decommissioned for the final time in January 1971 , and struck from the Naval Vessel Register in January 1977 . After being stripped of salvageable materials , the ship was sunk as an artificial reef off the North Carolina coast in 1990 . The ship is intact and rests on her starboard side at a depth of 160 feet ( 49 m ) .
= = Design and construction = =
Yancey was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract ( MC hull 1193 ) on 22 May 1944 by the Moore Dry Dock Company at Oakland , California . The ship was launched on 8 July 1944 and was sponsored by Miss Beverly Bartlett . As built , Yancey was just over 459 feet ( 140 m ) long and 63 feet ( 19 m ) abeam . When fully loaded she had a displacement of 13 @,@ 910 long tons ( 14 @,@ 130 t ) and drew a little more than 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) . She was powered by a single steam turbine capable of generating 6 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 4 @,@ 500 kW ) , and attained a top speed of 16 @.@ 5 knots ( 30 @.@ 6 km / h ) during her trials .
Yancey was equipped to carry eight LCMs ( " Landing Craft Mechanized " ) , which were designed to land vehicles in amphibious landings ; one LCP ( L ) ( " Landing Craft , Personnel ( Large ) " ) ; and fifteen LCVPs ( " Landing Craft , Vehicle , Personnel " ) , or Higgins boats . Yancey was outfitted with primarily defensive weapons : one 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) / 38 caliber dual @-@ purpose gun mount , ; four twin 40 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun mounts ; and sixteen 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) AA gun mounts .
= = World War II = =
The ship was commissioned as USS Yancey ( AKA @-@ 93 ) on 11 October 1944 under the command of Commander Edward R. Rice , USNR . After fitting out at San Francisco , California , Yancey received her boat group of 26 landing craft and conducted a shakedown cruise out of San Pedro , California . After post @-@ shakedown alterations and repairs at San Diego , California , she sailed for San Francisco to load cargo from 18 to 24 November . Yancey sailed for Pearl Harbor the next day , and was assigned to Transport Division ( TransDiv ) 47 , Transport Squadron ( TransRon ) 16 upon her arrival on 2 December .
= = = Iwo Jima = = =
After remaining at Pearl Harbor until 27 January 1945 , Yancey departed for the Marianas with elements and cargo of the 5th Marine Division as part of Task Group ( TG ) 51 @.@ 12 in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima . After stops for fuel and supplies at Eniwetok and invasion rehearsals at Tinian , the ship arrived off Iwo Jima at 06 : 24 on 19 February , D @-@ day for the initial landing . During almost continuous operations for the first four days of the battle , Yancey only lost two landing craft ( LCVPs ) : one to enemy mortar fire , and another to heavy surf . Yancey received minor damage when she collided with Pensacola while transferring 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) ammunition to the heavy cruiser .
On 29 February , after the tactical situation ashore had improved sufficiently , Yancey anchored off " Red " beach to unload her general cargo . During this time the ship was hit by one long @-@ range mortar shell , but suffered no casualties among her crew . Slowed by nightly air raids , and high surf that required cargo to be offloaded to LSTs , LSMs , and LCTs , Yancey completed her unloading on 2 March . The cargo ship sailed with three other transports and a pair of screening destroyers to Saipan and then to Espiritu Santo , where she rejoined her TransRon 16 squadron mates in embarking the 27th Infantry Division .
= = = Okinawa = = =
Yancey sailed on 25 March as a part of TG 51 @.@ 3 , the designated " mobile reserve " for the invasion of Okinawa . As the group headed for a planned stop in the Carolines , Yancey took a disabled LSM under tow and delivered the vessel to Ulithi . TransDiv 47 was detached from TG 51 @.@ 3 and arrived off Kerama Retto on 9 April , eight days after the battle had commenced . After receiving her orders , Yancey anchored off the Hagushi beaches on the 12th . During her four days of unloading , the crew was hampered by Japanese air raids and delayed — according to the ship 's commander — over 15 hours because of the attacks . Yancey 's number four 40 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) mount claimed a " sure assist " on a Nakajima Ki @-@ 43 " Oscar " fighter that crashed 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) from the ship . Despite delays caused by the air attacks , Yancey was the first attack cargo ship of her group to finish unloading , and sailed independently for the Marianas on the 16th . During her stay off the Okinawa beaches , the ship lost none of her boats and suffered three casualties : two men were wounded by shrapnel , and another broke an arm .
After a short rest @-@ and @-@ recreation stop at Guam , Yancey rejoined her squadron at Ultihi and underwent boiler repairs and intensive antiaircraft training ; her crew won numerous five @-@ case " beer prizes " for shooting down target sleeves . Getting underway again on 8 May , Yancey spent the next two months shuttling men and materiel from rear area bases , calling at Manus in the Admiralty Islands ; Finschhafen , New Guinea ; Tulagi ; Hollandia , Dutch New Guinea ; and finally Guiuan , on the island of Samar , in the Philippines . She rejoined TransDiv 47 , TransRon 16 , at San Pedro Bay , Leyte Gulf , on 16 July and sailed with the rest of the division to Iloilo , on the island of Panay , to conduct amphibious training exercises with the United States Army 's 43rd Infantry Division .
Yancey was in the Philippines when word of the Japanese surrender came in on 15 August . TransDiv 47 took on provisions at Iloilo after training exercises for the planned invasion of Japan were cancelled ; after arriving at Batangas , Luzon , Philippines , she embarked elements of the 1st Cavalry Division slated for the occupation of Japan .
After completing the loading process on 23 August , Yancey weighed anchor on the 25th as a member of Task Force ( TF ) 33 . However , the ships had to turn back because of a tropical storm in the vicinity . The typhoon delayed the task force for only a day , as the ships weathered the fringes of the storm at Subic Bay before again getting underway soon thereafter . Yancey entered Tokyo Bay on the morning of 2 September , the day Japan signed the formal articles of surrender on the deck of the battleship Missouri anchored there . Shortly after the conclusion of those ceremonies , the attack cargo ship headed into Yokohama harbor , the third ship in her squadron to enter that port and the first to start unloading . The ship completed her unloading in 19 hours and then proceeded to an anchorage off Yokohama .
During her World War II service , Yancey was awarded two battle stars .
= = Post war = =
Yancey 's squadron departed on 4 September 1945 and steamed via Leyte Gulf to Zamboanga . There , they commenced loading elements of the Army 's 41st Infantry Division from 16 to 18 September . Yancey and her sisters shifted soon thereafter to Bugo , Mindanao , where she picked up Army LCMs . After TG 54 @.@ 28 had assembled in Leyte Gulf on 21 September , the group — which included Yancey — sailed for Japan 's Inland Sea .
Due to minesweeping difficulties , however , the landings scheduled for the Kure – Hiroshima area were postponed ; and the task group sailed instead for Buckner Bay , Okinawa . On 28 September , the ship put to sea to evade another typhoon . On 1 October , she returned and anchored in Buckner Bay . Two days later , Yancey again headed for Japanese waters and entered Bungo Suido on the 5th , beginning the long , difficult passage up the Inland Sea along the channel swept through the minefields . The next morning — after spending the night anchored in the cleared channel — Yancey headed for Hiro Wan , where the landings were made . The ship completed her unloading in 48 hours . On 9 October , she was detached from TransRon 16 and reported to CinCPac for assignment . The following day , Yancey rode out a third typhoon with 130 fathoms ( 240 m ) of chain on deck , a second anchor ready to go , and steam at the throttle .
The attack cargo ship , remaining behind when the rest of her squadron was sent back to the United States on 11 October , headed instead to Haiphong , French Indochina to embark Chinese troops . After an 11 @-@ day delay , 1 @,@ 027 officers and men of the 471st Regiment , 62nd Chinese Army — and one interpreter — boarded the American vessel for passage to Takao , Formosa . After arrival , the Chinese troops had all been offloaded by 17 : 00 on 17 November . After sailing to Manila , Yancey received orders to proceed to the United States on 25 November , one year to the day she had sailed from San Francisco . Yancey took on a capacity load of Army and Navy men returning to the United States for discharge and departed Manila harbor on 27 November . During the voyage , she flew a 310 @-@ foot ( 94 m ) " homeward @-@ bound pennant " adorned with 27 stars .
After a stop at Pearl Harbor for boiler repairs and to offload her Army passengers , Yancey sailed for Balboa , Panama Canal Zone , reaching there on the last day of the year ; she was the last ship to transit the Panama Canal in 1945 . On 6 January 1946 , Yancey cleared Cristobal , Canal Zone , bound for Louisiana . After a brief stop at New Orleans , the attack cargo ship proceeded on , via Jacksonville , Florida , to Norfolk , where she arrived on 29 January . Less than a month later , on 27 February , Yancey sailed farther north and reached the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard the following day .
Over the next few months , Yancey underwent a regular overhaul there and then operated off the eastern seaboard and into the western Atlantic . During that time , she called at Bayonne , New Jersey ; Bermuda ; San Juan , Puerto Rico ; Guantanamo Bay , Cuba ; Balboa , Canal Zone ; Jacksonville , Florida ; and made return calls at Norfolk , Bayonne , and Bermuda . In addition , the ship visited the New York Naval Shipyard and Davisville , Rhode Island , before being assigned tentatively to TF 68 effective on 9 November .
= = Operation Highjump = =
In compliance with her new orders , Yancey proceeded back to the west coast , sailing via Cristobal and the Panama Canal . After arriving at San Pedro , California , Yancey reported for duty with TF 68 and was reassigned to the Pacific Fleets Service Force and homeported at San Francisco , on 11 November . The next day , she shifted to Port Hueneme , California , where she began loading cargo for Operation Highjump , the U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica .
Departing Port Hueneme on 2 December , Yancey pressed southward , headed for Antarctica , and spent Christmas at sea . Two days later , she saw her first icebergs — visible evidence that she was entering the polar latitudes . She sighted the northern limit of the Antarctic pack ice on the 28th and spent the next two days investigating ice conditions . She fueled from USS Canisteo 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ) south of Scott Island , Antarctica , purportedly becoming the first ship to conduct an underway refueling below the Antarctic Circle .
After threading her way through the pack ice over the ensuing weeks , Yancey finally arrived at Bay of Whales , Antarctica , mooring at the shelf ice on 18 January 1947 . Subsequently departing that " port " on 6 February for the area to the north of the ice floes , the attack cargo ship entered the pack ice on the 9th . Over the next three days , she pressed through the floes that extended for a width of almost 275 nautical miles ( 509 km ) .
On 13 February , Yancey joined TU 68 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 which also included the Coast Guard icebreaker , Northwind , towing the attack cargo ship Merrick . Within a week , the ships were riding out a fierce storm that justified — at least to Yancey sailors — the Antarctic 's title as " The World 's Stormiest Sea " . Yancey reached Port Chalmers , New Zealand , on 22 February and departed that port on 5 March , bound for Samoa .
Subsequently departing Pago Pago on 27 March bound for Hawaii with YTL @-@ 153 in tow , the attack cargo ship arrived at Pearl Harbor on 14 April . She soon got underway for the west coast of the United States and reached Port Hueneme on 2 May 1947 . There , Yancey disembarked a unit of a construction battalion ( " Seabees " ) and discharged TF 68 cargo . Her duty with TF 68 thus completed on 15 May , Yancey reported for duty with Service Division ( ServDiv ) 12 . Shortly thereafter , Yancey shifted to San Pedro before heading to Terminal Island , California , for restricted availability on 20 May . After that period of repairs and alterations , Yancey returned to Port Hueneme to load cargo earmarked for shipment to Pearl Harbor and Guam .
= = Korean War = =
Over the next decade , Yancey operated between west coast ports and advanced bases in the Western Pacific ( WestPac ) , including ports in Japan , Korea , and the Philippines . During that period , she also supported United Nations ( UN ) actions in Korea , operating in support of the initial attempts to fight the North Korean advance ; in the first UN counteroffensives in early 1951 ; and in the final phases of activity that preceded the armistice in the summer of 1953 . Yancey was awarded three battle stars for her Korean War service .
In December 1957 , after having served continuously since 1944 , Yancey was deactivated at San Francisco . She was placed out of commission in March 1958 , and entered the Reserve Fleet at Olympia , Washington , on 11 October 1960 .
= = Recommissioning = =
In the aftermath of the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Yancey was reactivated as part of President John F. Kennedy 's bid to build up the U.S. Navy . On 17 November 1961 , Yancey was recommissioned at Portland , Oregon , with Captain Gordon R. Keating in command . The ship departed from San Diego on 12 January 1962 and reached Norfolk , her new assigned home port , on 2 February , there becoming the newest member of Amphibious Squadron ( PhibRon ) 12 . Over the next months , Yancey took part in a variety of exercises and maneuvers .
Yancey participated in Operation Phiblex in the spring of 1962 , operating off Roosevelt Roads and Vieques , Puerto Rico . She later paid a port call at Charlotte Amalie , St. Thomas , Virgin Islands , before she returned to Roosevelt Roads and reloaded equipment and embarked Marines slated to return to Morehead City , North Carolina . Subsequently returning to Norfolk on 2 May , Yancey touched briefly at Charleston , South Carolina , to take on additional landing craft before returning to the Tidewater region to spend the remainder of May .
Subsequently visiting Boston , and Rockland , Maine , Yancey participated in amphibious boat exercises at Provincetown , Massachusetts , before she got underway on 24 July for Davisville , Rhode Island . There , she loaded a Seabee unit and their equipment and headed eastward , bound for Rota , Spain . Offloading one Seabee unit and onloading another , Yancey then paused briefly at Gibraltar before touching at Lisbon on the return leg of her voyage to the United States . Disembarking the seabees and unloading their equipment at Davisville , Yancey headed back to Norfolk , reaching her homeport on 18 August 1962 .
On 17 October , Yancey again sailed from Norfolk and proceeded to Morehead City , to load marines and equipment for Operation PhiBrigLex ( Amphibious Brigade Exercises ) slated for Vieques , Puerto Rico . Upon arrival , the attack cargo ship loaded immediately and set out to join the rest of the ships in the squadron . She soon was fighting her way through Hurricane Ella which caused her to alter her course to avoid the most severe part of the storm .
= = Cuban Missile Crisis and Dominican Republic operations = =
On 23 October 1962 , President Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba in response to the presence of Soviet missiles on the soil of that island nation . Yancey sortied in support of the American operations in the Caribbean , and remained on station until the missiles were removed and tensions were relaxed . Over the next few years , Yancey made regular deployments to the Mediterranean to take part in joint exercises with NATO forces .
In April 1965 , Yancey was ordered to the Dominican Republic to support Operation Power Pack , the code name for the United States ' intervention in the Dominican Republic . The attack cargo ship arrived at Santo Domingo , the capital city , on 30 April . Yancey loaded nearly 600 evacuees from 21 nations . Among those on board the ship were the daughter of William Tapley Bennett Jr . , the United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic ; the Belgian Ambassador to the Dominican Republic ; sixteen nuns from the Dominican Order ; and several large families . Yancey 's officers and crew vacated their quarters to allow room for female passengers and children , and many slept on the decks of the ship during the passage to San Juan , Puerto Rico . One of the passengers gave birth during the short trip , and gave her son the middle name of Yancey in honor of the ship .
After debarking her passengers at San Juan on 1 May , the ship took on supplies needed by the American ground forces in Santo Domingo : gasoline , oil , and ammunition . She docked in Santo Domingo on 2 May and exchanged her cargo for 450 more evacuees to be taken to San Juan . In all , Yancey carried almost a quarter of those fleeing the Dominican Republic . She returned to Norfolk soon thereafter , and resumed her role of training and cruising off the eastern seaboard and into the Caribbean basin . On 1 January 1969 , Yancey was redesignated as LKA @-@ 93 .
= = Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel incident = =
Toward the end of her career , Yancey made headlines . Yancey was at anchor near one stretch of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel near Norfolk on 21 January 1970 . Driven by the winds in a snowy gale that gusted up to 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) , Yancey dragged her anchors and hit the bridge , knocking it out of service for several weeks . The Navy started a free shuttle service for commuters that normally used the route , using helicopters and LCUs . Fortunately , there were no vehicles on the bridge at the time of the collision , and no one was injured . Sources do not report on any damage to Yancey from the incident , but any damages suffered must have been easily repaired , because the ship deployed to the Mediterranean a few months later .
After a return to the United States in mid @-@ 1970 , Yancey entered inactive status at Norfolk on 1 October of that year . The ship was decommissioned at Norfolk on 20 January 1971 , and entered the James River berthing area of the National Defense Reserve Fleet . Yancey was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 January 1977 . The vessel remained in the James River fleet until 16 August 1984 when she was withdrawn to be stripped of useful equipment by the U.S. Navy . She re @-@ entered the fleet one year later , on 28 August 1985 , but was withdrawn for the final time on 15 December 1989 to be prepared for sinking as an artificial reef .
In 1990 , the former Yancey was sunk as an artificial reef off Morehead City , North Carolina , and rests on her starboard side at a depth of 160 feet ( 49 m ) .
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= Leopard 2E =
The Leopard 2E or Leopard 2A6E ( E stands for España , Spanish for Spain ) is a variant of the German Leopard 2 main battle tank , tailored to the requirements of the Spanish army , which acquired it as part of an armament modernization program named Programa Coraza , or Program Breastplate . The acquisition program for the Leopard 2E began in 1994 , five years after the cancellation of the Lince tank program that culminated in an agreement to transfer 108 Leopard 2A4s to the Spanish army in 1998 and started the local production of the Leopard 2E in December 2003 . Despite postponement of production owing to the 2003 merger between Santa Bárbara Sistemas and General Dynamics , and continued fabrication issues between 2006 and 2007 , 219 Leopard 2Es have been delivered to the Spanish army .
The Leopard 2E is a major improvement over the M60 Patton tank , which it replaced in Spain 's mechanized and armored units . Its development represented a total of 2 @.@ 6 million man @-@ hours worth of work , 9 @,@ 600 of them in Germany , at a total cost of 2 @.@ 4 billion euros . This makes it one of the most expensive Leopard 2s built . Indigenous production amounted to 60 % and the vehicles were assembled locally at Sevilla by Santa Bárbara Sistemas . It has thicker armor on the turret and glacis plate than the German Leopard 2A6 , and uses a Spanish @-@ designed tank command and control system , similar to the one fitted in German Leopard 2s . The Leopard 2E is expected to remain in service until 2025 .
= = Spanish armor programs 1987 – 93 = =
By 1987 , the Spanish army was equipped with 299 French @-@ designed AMX @-@ 30Es , assembled by Santa Bárbara Sistemas , and 552 American M47 and M48 Patton tanks . The AMX @-@ 30Es were put into service in 1970 , while the latter went into service in the mid @-@ 1950s . Although Spain 's M47s and M48s were modernized to M47Es and M48Es , bringing them to near equivalence with the M60 Patton tank , the Spanish army considered them antiquated . In 1984 , when deciding to replace its Patton tanks , the Spanish government declared its intention to produce a whole new main battle tank locally , since known as the Lince . Five companies expressed interest in bidding , including Krauss @-@ Maffei in a partnership with Santa Bárbara Sistemas , GIAT with what became the Leclerc , General Dynamics with the M1 Abrams and Vickers with the Valiant . While the M1 Abrams and Valiant bids were not accepted , the bidding continued until 1989 when it was officially canceled .
Instead , the Spanish government opted to replace its older Patton tanks with American M60 Patton tanks retired from Central Europe in accordance with the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . Although the Spanish army was originally to receive 532 M60 and M60A1 tanks , only 260 M60A3s were ultimately delivered , of which 244 were put into active service in the army . In the late 1980s the Spanish Ministry of Defense approved a modernization program for 150 of its AMX @-@ 30Es and a reconstruction program for the remaining 149 vehicles of this type , restoring them to their original condition . However , neither the M60s nor the AMX @-@ 30s were a considerable improvement over Spain 's fleet of M47 and M48 Patton tanks .
Since the existing tank fleet did not meet the Spanish army 's needs , Spain opened talks with Germany and Krauss @-@ Maffei over the possibility of future collaboration in regards to Spain 's future tank , and sent a military delegation to Germany in 1994 . Although the Germans offered Spain surplus Leopard 1 tanks and Soviet equipment incorporated into the German army after the reunification of Germany , the Spanish government declined these offers and pressed for the Leopard 2 .
= = Programa Coraza = =
In March 1994 , the Spanish Ministry of Defense created Programa Coraza 2000 ( Program Breastplate 2000 ) , which focused on the procurement and integration of new armament for the Spanish army 's modernization . The program included the Leopard 2E and the Pizarro infantry combat vehicle , as well as the Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopter . The program 's scope extended to the integration of 108 Leopard 2A4s , which were leased to Spain in late 1995 . Apart from procurement , Programa Coraza was meant to prepare the Spanish army logistically for the introduction of new matériel .
= = = Leopard 2A4 = = =
A memorandum of understanding was signed on 9 June 1995 between the German and Spanish governments , setting the foundations for an acquisition of up to 308 brand @-@ new Leopard 2Es . These were to be assembled in Spain by Santa Bárbara Sistemas , with 60 – 70 percent of the components manufactured by Spanish companies , and production taking place between 1998 and 2003 . Furthermore , the German government agreed to lend the Spanish army 108 Leopard 2A4s for training purposes for a period of five years . These vehicles were delivered between November 1995 and June 1996 . In 1998 , Spain agreed to procure the ceded Leopard 2A4s and reduce production of the brand @-@ new Leopard 2E to 219 vehicles . In 2005 it was declared that the 108 Leopard 2A4s were to cost Spain just € 16.9m , to be paid by 2016 .
The Leopard 2A4s equipped X and XI Mechanized Infantry Brigade , which at the time formed part of Eurocorps . As production of the Leopard 2E began and these units received Leopard 2Es , their Leopard 2A4s re @-@ equipped the Alcántara Armored Cavalry Regiment , based in Melilla .
Spain 's Leopard 2E is based on the Leopard 2A6 , and incorporates the add @-@ on wedge armor of the Leopard 2A5 on the turret . This armor maximizes the armor depth that a kinetic energy penetrator must travel through to enter the internal volume of the turret . Like the Swedish Leopard 2S ( Strv 122 ) , the Leopard 2E has increased armor thickness on the hull 's glacis plate , the turret frontal arc and the turret roof , bringing the vehicle 's weight close to 63 tonnes ( 69 @.@ 4 tons ) . The vehicle 's protection is augmented by the added armor that is built into the tank during the manufacturing process , as opposed to being added on after assembly as is the case for German Leopard 2A5s and 2A6s . As a consequence , the Leopard 2E is one of the best @-@ protected Leopard 2s in service .
The tank is armed with Rheinmetall 's 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) L / 55 tank @-@ gun , and is capable of adopting a 140 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) gun . Both the tank commander and gunner have identical second generation thermal viewers , derived from those of the TOW 2B Light Launcher System . These are integrated into the tank by Indra and Rheinmetall Defense Electronics . Indra provides the tank 's command and control system , called the Leopard Information and Command Equipment ( LINCE ) , based on the Swedish and German Integrierte Führungssysteme ( IFIS ) . Other differences between the Spanish Leopard 2E and other Leopard 2A6s include an auxiliary power unit , manufactured by SAPA , an air conditioning system and new rubber pads for the vehicle 's tracks to increase their lifespan on the irregular Spanish terrain . About 60 % of each Leopard 2E was manufactured in Spain , as opposed to 30 % for the Swedish Leopard 2S , for example .
Although the final contract for the production of Spanish Leopard 2Es was signed in 1998 , calling for a production rate of four tanks per month , the first Leopard 2Es were not manufactured until late 2003 . This was largely due to the merging of Santa Bárbara Sistemas with General Dynamics , and Krauss @-@ Maffei 's reservations regarding the sharing of the Leopard 2 's technology with a rival company manufacturer of the M1 Abrams . Krauss @-@ Maffei delivered 30 Leopard 2Es between 2003 and 2006 . Production by Santa Bárbara Sistemas was delayed after assembly had begun ; between January and November 2007 , for example , only three of the 43 Leopard 2Es to be delivered to the Spanish army were actually delivered — with 15 more being delivered before the end of the year to make up for the earlier production problems . By 1 July 2006 the Spanish army had received 48 Leopard 2Es and nine Büffel armored recovery vehicles , which was only a quarter of those contracted . Production of the Leopard 2E was planned to end by 2007 but was extended into 2008 .
The Leopard 2E replaced the Leopard 2A4 in Spanish mechanized units , which in turn replaced M60s in cavalry units . Both versions of the Leopard 2 are expected to remain in service with the Spanish army until 2025 . In terms of industrial scale , the production and development of the Leopard 2E represents a total of 2 @.@ 6 million man @-@ hours of work , including 9 @,@ 600 in Germany . It is one of the most expensive Leopard 2s built ; the original contract was worth € 1,910m but the final cost was € 2,399m .
= = = Comparison with other tanks in Spanish service = = =
The Spanish army replaced its M60 Patton tanks and AMX @-@ 30s with the Leopard 2 between 1995 and 2008 , a considerable improvement in capability . Previously , the Spanish army was equipped with M47 and M48 Patton tanks , which were upgraded to near M60 equivalency during the late 1970s and during the 1980s . Both the Leopard 2A4 and Leopard 2E sport a much more powerful gun than the AMX @-@ 30 and M60 tanks . The Leopard 2 's 1 @,@ 500 horsepower ( 1 @,@ 110 kW ) engine provides greater power than the M60A3 's 750 horsepower ( 559 @.@ 27 kW ) and the AMX @-@ 30EM2 's 850 horsepower ( 633 @.@ 84 kW ) engines . On the other hand , the Leopard 2 carries fewer , but larger rounds than the M60A3 .
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= Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) =
In March 1944 , a force of three Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) heavy cruisers raided Allied shipping in the Indian Ocean . The cruisers departed Japanese @-@ held territory on 1 March with the support of other IJN vessels and aircraft . On 9 March , they encountered and sank the British steamer Behar , with the heavy cruiser Tone picking up over 100 survivors . Fearing detection , the Japanese force subsequently returned to the Netherlands East Indies ( NEI ) , arriving on 16 March . Two days later , most of Behar 's crew and passengers were murdered on board Tone . Following the war the commander of the raid , Rear Admiral Naomasa Sakonju , was executed for this war crime and Tone 's captain Haruo Mayuzumi ( ja : 黛治夫 ) was sentenced to seven years imprisonment .
= = Background = =
In February 1944 , the Japanese Combined Fleet withdrew from its base at Truk in the Central Pacific to Palau and Singapore . The appearance of a powerful Japanese naval force at Singapore concerned the Allies , as it was feared that these ships could potentially conduct raids in the Indian Ocean and against Western Australia . In response , the Allies strengthened their naval and air forces in the area by transferring two British light cruisers from the Atlantic and Mediterranean as well as several U.S. Navy warships from the Pacific . The number of air units in Ceylon and the Bay of Bengal region was also increased . Admiral James Somerville , the commander of the British Eastern Fleet , feared that the Japanese would repeat their devastating Indian Ocean raid of early 1942 , and on 25 February requested permission to withdraw his fleet from its base at Trincomalee so that it was not at risk from the larger Japanese force . The Admiralty rejected this request , and directed that the fleet should remain at Trincomalee unless it was threatened by a superior Japanese force as its withdrawal would affect morale and harm Britain 's prestige in the region . It was agreed , however , that the Eastern Fleet should not engage superior Japanese forces and could withdraw if Somerville judged this necessary .
In late February , Vice @-@ Admiral Shiro Takasu — the Commander in Chief , Southwest Area Fleet — ordered the heavy cruisers Aoba , Chikuma , and Tone to raid Allied shipping on the main route between Aden and Fremantle . This force was commanded by Vice Admiral Naomasa Sakonju on board Aoba . In his instructions to Sakonju , Vice Admiral Takasu directed that if the force captured Allied merchant seamen all prisoners , other than radio operators and other personnel who might possess useful information , were to be killed . Sakonju did not question this order . The Japanese cruisers embarked specialised boarding parties for this operation as it was hoped that they could capture merchant ships to alleviate Japan 's shipping shortage .
= = Raid = =
The three Japanese heavy cruisers departed from the Combined Fleet 's anchorage in the Lingga Islands on 27 February . The light cruisers Kinu and Ōi and three destroyers escorted the force through the Sunda Strait on 1 March . The raiders were supported by 10 medium bombers and three or four seaplanes based in Sumatra and west Java which conducted patrols in the direction of Ceylon . Three or four submarines from the 8th Flotilla also monitored Allied shipping movements near Ceylon , the Maldive Islands and Chagos Archipelago . The Allies did not detect the Japanese force 's departure , but reinforced their forces in Western Australia after an American submarine encountered Kinu and Ōi operating near the Lombok Strait on 6 March . The presence of these ships was taken to indicate that a hostile force had possibly been dispatched into the Indian Ocean . On 8 March , Somerville directed all Allied ships travelling between 80 and 100 ° east to divert to the south or west .
After leaving the Sunda Strait , the Japanese heavy cruisers sailed south @-@ west for the main route between Aden and Fremantle . The ships were spread 50 km ( 27 nmi ; 50 km ) by day and 20 km ( 11 nmi ; 12 mi ) by night and maintained radio silence . On the morning of 9 March , they encountered the 6 @,@ 100 long tons ( 6 @,@ 200 t ) British steamer Behar at 20 ° 32 ′ S 87 ° 10 ′ E , about midway between Fremantle and Colombo . The ship was travelling from Fremantle to Bombay as part of a voyage between Newcastle , New South Wales and the United Kingdom carrying a cargo of zinc .
Upon sighting the Japanese ships , Behar 's master , Captain Maurice Symons , ordered that his radio operator transmit the " RRR " code in order to notify other ships and Allied bases that the merchant ship was being attacked by surface raiders . Tone 's signals room picked up this message , and the cruiser opened fire on Behar . The Japanese cruiser did not attempt to capture the steamer , as it was judged too risky to sail her back to Japanese territory . Tone 's gunners scored hits on Behar 's prow and stern which killed three of her crew . Five minutes after the sighting , Behar 's crew and passengers abandoned ship . The steamer sank shortly afterwards and either 104 or 108 survivors were rescued by Tone . ( I )
The Behar survivors were maltreated by members of Tone 's crew . Japanese sailors forced the survivors to hand over all their personal belongings of any value , and then used ropes to tie the survivors in painful positions which caused them to have difficultly breathing . The merchant ship 's chief officer was beaten after he complained that treating civilians in such a way violated the Geneva Convention . However , the female survivors later had their ropes removed . When the survivors were taken below decks to be imprisoned they were badly beaten by Japanese sailors .
Following the attack , Sakonju judged that it was too dangerous to continue the raid as Behar 's distress message may have alerted the Allies to his force 's presence . Accordingly , the Japanese turned back for the NEI that day . The heavy cruisers were again escorted through the Sunda Strait by Kinu , Ōi and five destroyers , and arrived back at the NEI on 15 March . During this time , the Behar survivors were held in a small and extremely hot store room on board Tone , and were given little access to food and water , sanitary facilities and exercise .
Despite Sakonju 's fears , the Allies were not immediately aware of the attack on Behar . Her distress signal had been picked up by only a single Allied merchant ship , which did not report it until she arrived at Fremantle on 17 March . In the meantime , Somerville had decided on 16 March that surface raiders no longer posed a threat to shipping in the Indian Ocean and allowed Allied vessels to resume their normal routing .
= = Massacre = =
Shortly after the Behar survivors were rescued , Sakonju sent a radio message to Tone 's commanding officer , Captain Haruo Mayuzumi , reprimanding him for taking non @-@ essential personnel prisoner and not capturing the merchant ship . In this message Sakonju ordered that the survivors be killed . Mayuzumi was unwilling to so , however , as he felt that this would violate his Christian religious beliefs . His executive officer , Commander Junsuke Mii , also opposed killing the prisoners . Mayuzumi radioed a request to Sakonju that the prisoners be put ashore , but this was rejected . The captain then visited Aoba to argue his case , but Sakonju remained unmoved and told Mayuzumi to " obey my orders " . Despite his misgivings , Mayuzumi decided to kill the prisoners .
On 15 March the three heavy cruisers anchored at Tanjung Priok near Java . Following this , either 15 or 36 survivors were transferred to Aoba . ( II ) The party sent to Aoba included Symonds , the Behar 's chief officer and several of the senior officers as well as both of the ship 's female passengers . All of this group were later landed at Tanjung Priok .
The three cruisers sailed from Tanjung Priok bound for Singapore on 18 March . That night , all the prisoners on board Tone were beheaded by several of the cruiser 's officers . Mayuzumi watched the killings from the ship 's bridge but Mii refused to take part .
= = Aftermath = =
Aoba , Chikuma and Tone arrived at Singapore on 25 March . The Indian Ocean raid was the last operation conducted by Axis surface raiders during World War II . As a result , Behar was the final Allied merchant ship to be sunk by surface raiders during the war . The raid is notable chiefly for the Behar massacre ; it achieved little militarily . The raid failed to disrupt Allied traffic in the region as the diversions ordered by Somerville on 8 March were rescinded by the 16th . The only tangible result was the sinking of one ship , the Behar ; by contrast Axis submarines sank three ships in the Indian Ocean during the same period . The raid was also less successful than comparable raids by surface ships in the region , such as that of the Admiral Scheer in 1941 . The Japanese made no attempt to capitalize on their numerical superiority in the region and by the end of the month it had vanished ; reinforcements to the Eastern Fleet enabled Somerville to start a series of carrier raids , commencing with the attack on Sabang on 19 April 1944 .
The party of Behar survivors who had been landed at Tanjung Priok were initially interred in prisoner of war camps in Java ; the male prisoners were sent to a camp near Batavia and the women were held in a female camp nearby . After all the members of the group had been interrogated , the survivors were separated and sent to other camps in Java or to work as slave labourers in Japan . All the survivors were freed after the end of the war in August 1945 .
Following the war , the Allies prosecuted the officers responsible for the murders on board Tone . Vice Admiral Takasu had died from disease in September 1944 , but Sakonju was tried by the British in 1947 at Hong Kong and sentenced to death . Mayuzumi was also convicted for his role in the killings and sentenced to seven years imprisonment .
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= Geneforge =
Geneforge is the first video game in the Geneforge series of role @-@ playing video games created by Spiderweb Software .
Players assume the role of an apprentice Shaper , a sect of mages who can create living creatures through force of will . The apprentice is cast away on Sucia , an island abandoned by the sect 200 years prior . The island contains groups of the Shapers ' creations , who have formed their own ideologies regarding their creators in the intervening years . The primary motivation of the player is to escape the island and , in the process , deal with the forces working to steal the Shaper secrets abandoned on Sucia Isle .
The game 's setting stemmed from the idea of players being able to create and control a group of obedient creatures . The Shapers and the world of Geneforge were the result of Vogel imagining how would a being possess such power and how would they use it . The game 's setting , a mixture of science fiction and fantasy , differs from the pure science fiction setting the game had been envisioned as . Vogel had difficulties balancing gameplay with the powerful directed @-@ energy weapons players would expect to use in a science fiction game . Sales exceeded the developer 's expectations , despite fears that the departure from Spiderweb 's Avernum series would deter players . Geneforge received a positive reception from reviewers , despite the quality of the graphics being rated as poor and the game containing one piece of music , the title theme . The plot and setting were praised by reviewers for uniqueness and detail .
= = Gameplay = =
Players create a character and travel around Sucia Island , a location Barred to the members of the player character 's sect . Whilst searching for a way off the island , the game 's ultimate goal , players can form alliances with the island 's inhabitants and complete quests through combat or other means . Geneforge is played in 45 ° axonometric perspective , movement through the game 's environs is real @-@ time but switches to turn @-@ based combat in the game 's playing field . The game world is divided up into 77 areas accessible through a world map . The first two areas serve as the game 's tutorial ; introducing players to navigation , controls and shaping creations . Clearing areas by defeating guardians or successfully traversing the terrain allows players to bypass those areas via the world map , reducing travelling time . The game has an always @-@ visible auto @-@ map , which begins each area completely darkened , and is revealed as the player explores . As the player 's party performs tasks or defeats enemies they receive experience , leading to increased levels and additional skill points . The player character 's skill points can be used to increase their statistics or to improve their aptitude in one of the fifteen available skills . Canisters which increase skills or add new abilities are scattered throughout the game .
Before starting the game , players choose from three basic character classes , each of which has a particular playing style . Guardians are fighters who excel in standard combat skills , especially hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting . They are capable of shaping creations , but have little affinity for magic . Agents excel in spell casting and are capable of hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , but have poor shaping skills . The Shaper is a summoner , capable of creating living creatures by using their own life essence . Shapers rely on their creations for protection . Every character class is referred to as " Shaper " in @-@ game . Most objectives in the game must be completed via combat or diplomacy , but players can also use subterfuge to pass obstacles . All three character classes can use different methods , depending on which skills they are adept in . Some areas are difficult to pass , and some tasks are difficult to complete , unless the player character is a certain class . Each character class has a different combat style , the combat skills they are associated with cost fewer skill points to increase .
Essence is used for both creating creatures and casting spells ; the number , type and strength of creations is limited by the player 's essence capacity . For instance , if a character with 70 maximum essence summons a creature which costs 20 essence , their maximum essence is reduced to 50 until the creation is destroyed , either through combat or being absorbed by the Shaper to regain essence . A total of 18 different creations are featured in the game , with larger and more powerful creatures costing more essence to create . The types and strengths of creations can be altered depending on the player 's combat style . Creations accompanying the player receive a percentage of the experience points received for completing quests or defeating foes , levelling up and receiving skill points in the same manner as the player character . These skill points can be spent to increase creations ' statistics , but every statistic increase costs more essence and reduces the amount of essence available to summon other creations or cast spells . Essence and health are regained from Shaper @-@ designed pools or by entering a friendly town .
Combat is turn @-@ based , with each character in the player 's party receiving action points at the beginning of the player 's turn . The number received is dependent on the items the player character has equipped and the skills the character or creations possess . Each action uses a specific number of points , for example , moving one square takes a single point and attacks or spells take five . Attacking or spellcasting with fewer than ten action points immediately ends the character 's turn , otherwise a character can continue to act until they run out of points . Most enemies will attack the player on sight , retreating in terror if they reach a certain threshold of damage without being killed . Other specialized behaviors are also present , including creatures which call for help , or creatures which act as sentries and retreat to an ambush location when threatened . Creations made by the player character can also be controlled by a similar artificial intelligence , or the player can invest more essence in the creation 's intelligence and control them manually .
Geneforge 's dialogue is delivered through on @-@ screen text . Encounters with intelligent creations or humans result in the player being given a series of pre @-@ determined questions or responses . Conversation options and the outcome of those conversations change according to the player 's previous interactions. as well as which quests have been completed ; which items the player has ; which group the player belongs to and the player 's leadership skill . The player can collect items from defeated enemies and the game environments to improve their own equipment . Non @-@ player characters can trade with the player , buying most items regardless of type . The shopkeeper has a fixed amount of gold at the start of the game which does not replenish itself . It is possible for the player to drain all shopkeepers of their gold reserves , making it impossible to sell further items .
= = Plot = =
The player begins as an initiate of a powerful sect of magicians , the Shapers . Members of the sect create living beings from the magical essence within themselves . Apprentices are sent to academies to learn the art of shaping and the player 's character has been accepted to do so . The player departs on a voyage to the academy aboard a specially modified Drayk , a dragon @-@ like Shaper Creation . During the journey , the Shaper passes a group of islands , one of which is recognized as the Barred Sucia Island . Locations Barred by the Shapers are closed to both the sect and outsiders alike , meaning a catastrophe has occurred or something very valuable is located there . As the Shaper examines Sucia , lost in thought , the craft is attacked and mortally wounded by an unidentified sailing ship . After igniting the vessel 's sails with a fireball , the craft deposits the Shaper on an abandoned dockside before dying . The player is now stranded on Sucia Island and must find a way to leave .
Exploration of the docks reveals a strange canister filled with swirling liquid . Thinking the canister contains healing or energizing properties , the Shaper breaks the seal and absorbs the contents . Instead the contents absorb into the Shaper 's body , strengthening and changing it . The changes become visibly apparent , the player character 's skin smoothens and glows slightly . The canisters also affect the user 's mental state , causing a more violent and arrogant temperament . Serviles remain on the island , having been abandoned when the island was Barred . They are intelligent creations of Shapers , designed to serve them without question or hesitation . These Serviles have had no contact with Shapers for two centuries , and have separated into three groups with differing philosophies regarding their creators . The Obeyers are still faithful to the Shapers , the Awakened believe that they should be treated as equals . The Takers have rejected Shapers completely and view the sect as oppressors to be fought .
After encountering the three servile groups , the player begins to learn of a group of foreigners known as Sholai , explorers who have been shipwrecked on the island . It was the Sholai , led by a man named Trajkov , who attacked the player with their last remaining ship . Trajkov controls a device called the Geneforge , created by the Shapers , which can rewrite the user 's DNA and make them incredibly powerful . This is the cause of the island 's Barred status , the device was deemed too dangerous in the wrong hands . Trajkov and his followers have allied themselves with the Takers , absorbing the contents of canisters and trying to claim Shaper powers as their own . The group have been unable to activate the Geneforge itself due to a Shaper being needed to activate the device . A Shaper named Goettsch was kidnapped for this purpose , in the same manner as the player @-@ character . Goettsch fled and stole the shaping gloves needed to safely use the Geneforge , causing Trajkov to attempt to kidnap the player as a replacement . During these events , some Sholai have escaped from their increasingly violent and unpredictable leader .
The player is free to join any one of the servile groups and share common goals , or remain unaligned . Geneforge can be completed without joining any group . Trajkov can be killed through combat or tricked into killing himself by using the Geneforge . He can also be aided in activating the device , if the player steals the shaper gloves from Goettsch . Goettsch offers the player fake shaper gauntlets , which do not protect Trajkov from the Geneforge 's energy should he be convinced they are genuine shaping gloves . The player can complete the game by using the last boat on Sucia Island . The small vessel is moored in a guarded dock on the far side of the island . Finishing the game unlocks one of more than a dozen game endings , dependent on the player 's actions during the game .
= = Development = =
Work on Geneforge began during the development of Avernum 2 , initially little information was revealed . In an interview published by RPGDot Vogel compared the game 's movement system to Fallout and revealed that a new game engine was being implemented . The project had initially been intended as pure science fiction but this was soon abandoned in favor of a mixed fantasy and science fiction setting . In an interview published on website RPG Codex , Vogel stated this was due difficulties maintaining game balance with futuristic weaponry which " should be devastating " . He added " I found it to be too difficult to model the weapons in a way that simultaneously felt sensible and maintained balance . "
Geneforge stemmed from the idea of creating a horde of creatures and the ability to care for those creatures or send them to their deaths . The choice was to be made by the player . From this point , Vogel considered who would be able to gain such powers , how they would control them and how these creatures would be treated . The game was developed with the intention of giving players choices ; which factions to side with , how non @-@ Shaper human outsiders are treated and whether to pursue goals through combat or diplomacy . Unlike most role @-@ playing games , Geneforge was designed so that it would be possible to complete the game without using violence . Vogel cited Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn , Planescape : Torment , Deus Ex and EverQuest as influences .
The game marked a departure from the Avernum series and its predecessor the Exile series , Vogel expressed a need to work on other projects - " every few years , I need to do something cool and weird . It keeps me interested . " He stated that the differences in Geneforge meant the game might struggle to find an audience , however sales exceeded his expectations .
= = Reception = =
Geneforge received positive reviews , the game 's story and lack of bugs received praise in particular . InsideMacGames ' Christopher Morin suggested that players interested in a " strong storyline and a unique take on magic " would be impressed , but not those who sought high quality graphics and sound . The game 's setting has been described as unique and fresh , the level of detail in Geneforge 's fictional world was praised by reviewers.Jeff Green of Computer Gaming World praised the game for its " story and gameplay " as something that high @-@ budget games often lack .
The quality of the game 's graphics was rated poorly by most reviewers , reviewers noted that the overall quality of the game made up for this deficiency . GameSpy 's Carla Harker described the graphics as " ... dated by about seven years " and the game as a " technological pariah " , despite calling it one of the best role @-@ playing games released in the past year . Green similarly described graphics as dated and something to put up with in favor of gameplay . Website Just RPG 's Eric Arevalo described them as simplistic but noted the game 's story and the ability to control " fascinating mutant creatures " made up for this . The Entertainment Depot 's Nick Stewart differed , praising the graphics as " Simplistic without being plain , lavish without being overdone " as well as the fluidity of character animation and detail of character designs .
The almost total lack of music , except for the title screen theme song , and complete lack of voice acting was noted by reviewers . This highlighted the game 's sound effects and environmental sounds , such as weapons clashing and the background noise of towns . Nick Stewart found " a fairly decent variety of effects and noises scattered throughout " , that they " added somewhat to the experience " , but became irritated by the amount of hissing and popping in the environmental sounds after extended play . Carla Harker described the sound as " Almost non @-@ existent " and Eric Arevalo found that there weren 't enough sound effects . RPGDot 's Val Sucher noted that the music player Winamp could be played in the background , due to the game 's small memory requirements .
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= Giant mouse lemur =
The giant mouse lemurs ( members of the genus Mirza ) are a genus of strepsirrhine primates . Two species have been formally described ; the northern giant mouse lemur ( Mirza zaza ) and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( Mirza coquereli ) . Like all other lemurs , they are native to Madagascar , where they are found in the western dry deciduous forests and further to the north in the Sambirano valley and Sahamalaza Peninsula . First described in 1867 as a single species , they were grouped with mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs . In 1870 , British zoologist John Edward Gray assigned them to their own genus , Mirza . The classification was not widely accepted until the 1990s , which followed the revival of the genus by American paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall in 1982 . In 2005 , the northern population was declared a new species , and in 2010 , the World Wide Fund for Nature announced that a southwestern population might also be a new species .
Giant mouse lemurs are about three times larger than mouse lemurs , weighing approximately 300 g ( 11 oz ) , and have a long , bushy tail . They are most closely related to mouse lemurs within Cheirogaleidae , a family of small , nocturnal lemurs . Giant mouse lemurs sleep in nests during the day and forage alone at night for fruit , tree gum , insects , and small vertebrates . Unlike many other cheirogaleids , they do not enter a state of torpor during the dry season . The northern species is generally more social than the southern species , particularly when nesting , though males and females may form pair bonds . The northern species also has the largest testicle size relative to its body size among all primates and is atypical among lemurs for breeding year @-@ round instead of seasonally . Home ranges often overlap , with related females living closely together while males disperse . Giant mouse lemurs are vocal , although they also scent mark using saliva , urine , and secretions from the anogenital scent gland .
Predators of giant mouse lemurs include the Madagascar buzzard , Madagascar owl , fossa , and the narrow @-@ striped mongoose . Giant mouse lemurs reproduce once a year , with two offspring born after a 90 @-@ day gestation . Babies are initially left in the nest while the mother forages , but are later carried by mouth and parked in vegetation while she forages nearby . In captivity , giant mouse lemurs will breed year @-@ round . Their lifespan in the wild is thought to be five to six years . Both species are listed as endangered due to habitat destruction and hunting . Like all lemurs , they are protected under CITES Appendix I , which prohibits commercial trade . Despite breeding easily , they are rarely kept in captivity . The Duke Lemur Center coordinated the captive breeding of an imported collection of the northern species , which rose from six individuals in 1982 to 62 individuals by 1989 , but the population fell to six by 2009 and was no longer considered a breeding population .
= = Taxonomy = =
The first species of giant mouse lemur was described by the French naturalist Alfred Grandidier in 1867 based on seven individuals he had collected near Morondava in southwestern Madagascar . Of these seven specimens , the lectotype was selected in 1939 as MNHN 1867 – 603 , an adult skull and skin . Naming the species after the French entomologist Charles Coquerel , Grandidier placed Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( M. coquereli ) with the dwarf lemurs in the genus Cheirogaleus ( which he spelled Cheirogalus ) as C. coquereli . He selected this generic assignment based on similarities with fork @-@ marked lemurs ( Phaner ) , which he considered to also be members of Cheirogaleus . The following year , the German naturalist Hermann Schlegel and Dutch naturalist François Pollen independently described the same species and coincidentally gave it the same specific name , coquereli , basing theirs on an individual from around the Bay of Ampasindava in northern Madagascar . Unlike Grandidier , they placed their specimen in the genus Microcebus ( mouse lemurs ) ; however , these authors also listed all Cheirogaleus under Microcebus and based the classification of their species on similarities with the greater dwarf lemur ( M. typicus , now C. major ) .
In 1870 , the British zoologist John Edward Gray placed Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur into its own genus , Mirza . This classification was widely ignored and later rejected in the early 1930s by zoologists Ernst Schwarz , Guillaume Grandidier , and others , who felt that its longer fur and bushy tail did not merit a separate genus and instead placed it in Microcebus . British anatomist William Charles Osman Hill also favored this view in 1953 , noting that despite its larger size ( comparable to Cheirogaleus ) , its first upper premolar was proportionally small as in Microcebus . In 1977 , French zoologist Jean @-@ Jacques Petter also favored the Microcebus classification , despite the threefold size difference between Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur and the other members of the genus .
The genus Mirza was resurrected in 1982 by American paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall to represent an intermediate branch between Microcebus and Cheirogaleus , citing the Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur 's significantly larger size than the largest Microcebus and locomotor behavior more closely aligned with Cheirogaleus . Adoption of Mirza was slow , though in 1994 it was used in the first edition of Lemurs of Madagascar by Conservation International . In 1993 , primatologist Colin Groves initially favored the Microcebus classification in the second edition of Mammal Species of the World , but began supporting the resurrection of Mirza in 2001 . In 1991 , prior to adopting Mirza , Groves was the first to use the common name " giant mouse lemur " . Prior to that , they were popularly referred to as " Coquerel 's mouse lemur " .
In 2005 , Peter M. Kappeler and Christian Roos described a new species of giant mouse lemur , the northern giant mouse lemur ( M. zaza ) . Their studies compared the morphology , behavioral ecology , and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of specimens from both Kirindy Forest in central @-@ western Madagascar and around Ambato in northwestern Madagascar , part of the Sambirano valley . Their study demonstrated distinct differences in size , sociality , and breeding , as well as sufficient genetic distance to merit specific distinction between the northern and central @-@ western populations . Because Grandidier 's description was based on a southern specimen , they named the northern population as a new species .
The World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) announced in 2010 that a biodiversity study from 2009 in the gallery forest of Ranobe near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar revealed a population of giant mouse lemurs previously unknown to science , and possibly a new species . They noted a significant difference in coloration between the two known species and the specimen they observed . However , further testing was required to confirm the discovery .
= = = Etymology = = =
The etymology of Mirza puzzled researchers for many years . Gray often created mysterious and unexplained taxonomic names — a trend not only continued with his description of Mirza in 1870 , but also with the genera Phaner ( fork @-@ marked lemurs ) and Azema ( for M. rufus , now a synonym for Microcebus ) , both of which were described in the same publication . In 1904 , American zoologist Theodore Sherman Palmer attempted to document the etymologies of all mammalian taxa , but could not definitively explain these three genera . For Mirza , Palmer only noted that it derived from the Persian title mîrzâ ( " prince " ) , a view tentatively supported by Alex Dunkel , Jelle Zijlstra , and Groves in 2012 . However , because the reference to Persian princes might have come from Arabian Nights , a popular piece of literature at the time , Dunkel et al. also searched the general literature published around 1870 . The origin of all three names was found in a British comedy The Palace of Truth by W. S. Gilbert , which premiered in London on 19 November 1870 , nearly one and a half weeks prior to the date written on the preface of Gray 's manuscript ( also published in London ) . The comedy featured characters bearing all three names : King Phanor ( sic ) , Mirza , and Azema . The authors concluded that Gray had seen the comedy and then based the names of three lemur genera on its characters .
= = = Evolution = = =
Based on studies using morphology , immunology , repetitive DNA , SINE analysis , multilocus phylogenetic tests , and mitochondrial genes ( mtDNA ) , giant mouse lemurs are most closely related to mouse lemurs within the family Cheirogaleidae , and together they form a clade with the hairy @-@ eared dwarf lemur ( Allocebus ) . Both dwarf lemurs and fork @-@ marked lemurs are more distantly related , with fork @-@ marked lemurs being either a sister group of all cheirogaleids , or more closely related to sportive lemurs ( Lepilemur ) .
Although Mirza , Microcebus , and Allocebus form a clade within Cheirogaleidae , the three lineages are thought to have diverged during a narrow window of time , so the relationships within this clade are difficult to determine and may change with further research . All three are thought to have diverged at least 20 mya ( million years ago ) , although another estimate using mtDNA places the divergence between Mirza and Microcebus at 24 @.@ 2 mya . Divergence between the two recognized species of giant mouse lemur is estimated at 2 @.@ 1 mya .
= = Description = =
Though giant mouse lemurs are relatively small cheirogaleids , they are more than three times larger than the smallest members of the family , the mouse lemurs . Their body weight averages 300 g ( 11 oz ) . At around 300 mm ( 12 in ) , their bushy and long tail is longer than their head @-@ body length , which averages 233 mm ( 9 @.@ 2 in ) . Their forelimbs are shorter than the hind limbs ( with an intermembral index of 70 ) , a trait shared with mouse lemurs . The skull is similar to that of dwarf and mouse lemurs , and the auditory bullae are small .
Like other cheirogaleids , the dental formula for giant mouse lemurs is 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 32 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 × 2 = 36 ; on each side of the mouth , top and bottom , there are two incisors , one canine , three premolars , and three molars — a total of 36 teeth . Their upper teeth converge towards the front of the mouth , but are straighter than those in mouse lemurs . The first upper premolar ( P2 ) is relatively small , but nearly as tall as the next premolar ( P3 ) . Unlike mouse lemurs and more like dwarf lemurs , giant mouse lemurs have a prominent anterior lower premolar ( P2 ) . Also more aligned with dwarf lemurs , the first two upper molars ( M1 – 2 ) have a more anterior hypocone that sits opposite the metacone , compared to the mouse lemurs ' more posterior hypocone , which is presumably a symplesiomorphic ( ancestral ) trait . Also on M1 and M2 , the cingulum ( a crest or ridge on the tongue side ) comprises two small cuspules . In all other dental characteristics , giant mouse lemurs are noticeably similar to both dwarf and mouse lemurs .
Giant mouse lemurs have two pairs of mammae , one on the chest ( pectoral ) and one on the abdomen ( abdominal ) . Their fur is typically grayish @-@ brown on the dorsal ( back ) side and more gray in color on the ventral ( front ) side . The tail is typically black @-@ tipped . The new population found by WWF in 2010 has an overall lighter color , along with reddish or rusty patches near the hands and feet on the dorsal side of the arms and legs . This population also has a red tail , which darkens at the end . Vibrissae are found above the eyes ( superciliary ) , above the mouth ( buccal ) , under the lower jaw ( genal ) , near the top of the jaw ( interramal ) , and on the wrist ( carpal ) . Like mouse lemurs , the ears are large and membranous .
Ear size is one differentiating factor between the northern giant mouse lemur and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , with the former having shorter , rounded ears , while the latter has relatively large ears . The northern giant mouse lemur is generally larger and also has a shorter tail and shorter canine teeth . This species also has the largest testicles relative to body size of any living primate , with an average volume of 15 @.@ 48 cm3 ( 0 @.@ 945 cu in ) , corresponding to 5 @.@ 5 % of its body weight . If human males had comparably sized testes , they would weigh 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 8 lb ) and be the size of a grapefruit .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur has a spotty distribution across western Madagascar 's dry deciduous forests due to the forest fragmentation throughout the region . The dry forests in this lowland region vary in elevation from sea level to 700 m ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) . The range of this species is divided into northern and southern subpopulations , which are separated by several hundred kilometers . Both historical and current populations between these ranges are uncertain . The southern region is bound by the Onilahy River in the south and the Tsiribihina River in the north , while the northern population is found in the northwestern corner of the island at Tsingy de Namoroka National Park . They are most commonly found in forests near rivers and ponds .
The northern giant mouse lemur is found in isolated forest patches along the northwest coast in both the more humid Sambirano valley and Sahamalaza Peninsula , as well as the Ampasindava Peninsula . Its range extends from the Maeverano River in the south to the Mahavavy River in the north . The new population reported by the WWF in 2010 is found in the gallery forests of Ranobe near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar .
= = Behavior = =
Giant mouse lemurs were first studied in the wild by Petter and colleagues in 1971 . His observations were secondary to his primary research interest , the fork @-@ marked lemurs north of Morondava . Both northern and southern populations were studied intermittently between 1978 and 1981 , and in 1993 , long @-@ term social and genetic studies began in Kirindy Forest . Behavioral studies of captive individuals have also been performed at the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in Durham , North Carolina during the 1990s .
= = = Population density and territory = = =
Before the recognition of more than one species , differences in population density were noted between southern forests like Kirindy and northern forests near Ambanja . Later , it was recognized that Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur was found in lower densities than the northern giant mouse lemur . The former range between 30 and 210 individuals per square kilometer ( 250 acres ) , with lower densities in open areas of the forest , while the latter has been recorded with 385 to 1 @,@ 086 individuals per km2 . However , in the case of the northern giant mouse lemur , populations were found in more isolated forest fragments and it is thought that their consumption of introduced cashew and mango help sustain these higher populations .
According to studies of Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , home ranges of both sexes vary from 1 to 4 hectares ( 2 to 10 acres ) with frequent overlap , particularly on the periphery of their range . Individuals most heavily use and aggressively defend a smaller core area within their range . Individuals can have up to eight neighbors . Home ranges of males tend to overlap with those of both females and other males , and typically expand to four times the size during the mating season . Female home ranges show no variability in size , and can remain stable for years . At Kirindy Forest , genetic studies showed that the home ranges of related females tend to clump closely together , while unrelated males may overlap their range , suggesting male dispersal and migration is responsible for gene flow .
= = = Activity patterns = = =
Both species are strictly nocturnal , leaving their nests around sunset to stretch and self @-@ groom for a few minutes . Both species typically forage between 5 and 10 m ( 16 and 33 ft ) above the forest floor , though Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur has been observed on the ground . They primarily move by quadrupedal running and occasionally leaping between branches , and use the same feeding postures as mouse lemurs , such as clinging to tree trunks . When moving through the trees , giant mouse lemurs scurry rapidly like mouse lemurs , unlike dwarf lemurs , which use more deliberate movement . Slow movements are usually seen in lower , denser foliage when hunting for insects , while more rapid motion and leaping is typically seen at moderate heights of 2 – 5 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 16 ft ) . Surveillance of the home range involves slower movements in lighter foliage near the tops of large trees , while movements along the border of a home range is more rapid and occurs at a lower height . Similar movement patterns have been observed in captivity as well .
Giant mouse lemurs begin foraging moments before the sun disappears , occasionally participate in social activities during the last half of the night , and return to one of their nests prior to sunrise . Cold temperatures cause them to leave the nest later and return early , sometime during the second half of the night . During the first half of the night , giant mouse lemurs are more likely to rest for an hour or more , usually at the expense of social activities , but not feeding time . Rest periods are longer when temperatures are low . Unlike many other cheirogaleids , they remain active all year and do not enter daily or seasonal torpor .
= = = Nesting = = =
Both species sleep in round nests up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) across made of interlaced lianas , branches , leaves , and twigs gathered from nearby trees and woven using the mouth and hands . Nests are typically between 2 and 10 m ( 6 @.@ 6 and 33 ft ) above the ground in the fork of large tree branches or surrounded by dense lianas . Trees covered in thick lianas as well as trees with year @-@ round leaf cover ( e.g. Euphorbiaceae ) are favored for nest construction , though large bare trees may be used by building the nest higher . In addition to nesting in dense lianas , individual giant mouse lemurs will rotate between 10 and 12 nests every few days to avoid predators . Only females have been observed building nests in the wild , though males , females , and young have been observed building nests in captivity . Multiple nests are sometimes built in the same tree or in nearby trees and are shared by neighboring giant mouse lemurs , fork @-@ marked lemurs , and the introduced black rat ( Rattus rattus ) . Unlike most other nocturnal lemurs , giant mouse lemurs do not appear to sleep in tree holes .
= = = Social structure = = =
Both species usually are solitary foragers , although the northern giant mouse lemur tends to be the most social , possibly due to its higher population density . Up to eight ( typically four ) adult males , adult females , and juveniles may be found in a northern giant mouse lemur nest , whereas Coquerel 's giant mouse lemurs do not nest communally , except when females share their nest with their offspring . Males do groom and call to females when they come into contact , and according to radio @-@ tracking and direct observations at Analabe near Kirindy , they form pair bonds , sometimes briefly traveling together during the dry season . However , most interactions between adults are infrequent and typically occur later at night and particularly during the dry season in overlapping core areas , often involving chases and other agonistic behavior , and only rarely social grooming . During the mating season , males act aggressively towards one another , pulling out fur around the head and shoulders and biting the head .
Giant mouse lemurs use at least eight vocalizations , the most common of which are contact calls , which sound like " hum " or a " hein " and are used when moving and when meeting familiar individuals . A " mother @-@ infant meeting call " used at dawn before returning to the nest consists of short , modulated whistles . Both males and females have distinct single note calls used in territorial behavior ; the female call sounds like " pfiou " and the male call is a short , loud whistle . Both sexes use an alarm call , which sounds like a " croak " , and an agonistic call , which consists of repeated " tisk @-@ tisk @-@ tisk " sounds . Females exhibit a " waking call sequence " , sometimes referred to as " loud calls " , which start when foraging commences and then switch to quieter " hon " calls possibly to indicate their position to their neighbors . A long " sexual call sequence " consisting of soft whistle and several modulated , hoarse " brroak " calls is used by both sexes during estrus . Studies of captive individuals have found other vocalizations , but their purpose has not been determined . The northern giant mouse lemur appears to be the most vocal of the two species . Although vocalizations are the primary form of social communication , they also scent mark using saliva , urine , and secretions from the anogenital scent gland on small branches and other objects .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Reproduction starts in November for Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur at Kirindy Forest ; the estrous cycle runs approximately 22 days , while estrus lasts only a day or less . The mating season in this southern population is limited to a few weeks , whereas the northern giant mouse lemur is thought to breed throughout the year , a trend seen in only two other species of lemur : the aye @-@ aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ) and the red @-@ bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) . The northern giant mouse lemur had been observed breeding year @-@ round in captivity if their litter did not survive or was removed , but at the time this population was thought to be Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur .
One to three offspring ( typically two ) are born after 90 days of gestation , weighing approximately 12 g ( 0 @.@ 42 oz ) . Because they are poorly developed , they initially remain in their mother 's nest for up to three weeks , being transported by mouth between nests . Once they have grown sufficiently , typically after three weeks , the mother will park her offspring in vegetation while she forages nearby . After a month , the young begin to participate in social play and grooming with their mother , and between the first and second month , young males begin to exhibit early sexual behaviors ( including mounting , neck biting , and pelvic thrusting ) . By the third month , the young forage independently , though they maintain vocal contact with their mother and use a small part of her range .
Females start reproducing after ten months , while males develop functional testicles by their second mating season . Testicle size in the northern giant mouse lemur does not appear to fluctuate by season , and is so large relative to the animal 's body mass that it is the highest among all primates . This emphasis on sperm production in males , as well as the use of copulatory plugs , suggests a mating system best described as polygynandrous where males use scramble competition ( roaming widely to find many females ) . In contrast , male Coquerel 's giant mouse lemurs appear to fight for access to females ( contest competition ) during their breeding season . Males disperse from their natal range , and the age at which they leave varies from two years to several . Females reproduce every year , although postpartum estrus has been observed in captivity . In the wild , the lifespan of giant mouse lemurs is thought to rarely exceed five or six years , though in captivity they can live up to 15 years .
= = Ecology = =
Both species are omnivorous , eating fruit , flowers , buds , insect excretions , tree gums , large insects , spiders , frogs , chameleons , snakes , small birds , and eggs . Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur is thought to opportunistically prey on mouse lemurs after an individual was found with a half @-@ eaten gray mouse lemur ( M. murinus ) in a trap . During June and July , at the peak of the dry season , this species relies on sugary excretions from the larvae of hemipteran and cochineal insects as well as tree gums . The sugary excretions are obtained by either licking them from the back of the insect or collecting the crystallized sugars that accumulate beneath the insect colony . During this time of year , feeding on insect secretions can account for 60 % of feeding activity . In contrast , the northern giant mouse lemur relies on cashew fruits during the dry season .
Giant mouse lemurs are often sympatric with mouse lemurs , such as M. murinus , though they are typically found higher in the canopy and favor thicker , taller gallery forests . At the Marosalaza forest ( north of Morondava ) , Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur is sympatric with four other nocturnal lemurs ( mouse lemurs , sportive lemurs , dwarf lemurs , and fork @-@ marked lemurs ) , but manages niche differentiation by feeding at different times and specializing on insect secretions during the dry season .
Diurnal birds of prey such as the Madagascar buzzard ( Buteo brachypterus ) are their most significant predators . Other documented predators of giant mouse lemurs include the fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) , Madagascar owl ( Asio madagascariensis ) , and the narrow @-@ striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) .
= = Conservation = =
In 2012 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) assessed both Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur and the northern giant mouse lemur as endangered . Prior to that , both species had been listed as vulnerable . Populations of both species are in decline due to habitat destruction , primarily for slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture and charcoal production . Also , they are both hunted for bushmeat . The population announced by the WWF in 2010 was found outside the limits of a nearby protected area , PK32 @-@ Ranobe , which was granted temporary protection status in December 2008 and is co @-@ managed by the WWF . Its forests were not included in the protected area due to existing concessions for mining activities .
As with all lemurs , giant mouse lemurs were first protected in 1969 when they were listed as " Class A " of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . This prohibited hunting and capture without authorization , which would only be given for scientific purposes or the national interest . In 1973 , they were also protected under CITES Appendix I , which strictly regulates their trade and forbids commercial trade . Although enforcement is patchy , they are also protected under Malagasy law .
Giant mouse lemurs are rarely kept in captivity , though they breed easily . In 1989 , the Duke Lemur Center held more than 70 % of the captive population ( 45 of 62 individuals ) . At the time , the DLC was coordinating a captive breeding program for Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , and all individuals kept at American facilities were descended from six individuals imported by the DLC in 1982 from the region around Ambanja . As of 2009 , the International Species Information System ( ISIS ) recorded only six remaining individuals registered in the United States and Europe , all reclassified as northern giant mouse lemurs and considered a non @-@ breeding population ; and in 2015 , only a single female remained on record .
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= Copper shark =
The copper shark , bronze whaler , or narrowtooth shark ( Carcharhinus brachyurus ) is a species of requiem shark , family Carcharhinidae , and the only member of its genus found mostly at temperate latitudes . It is distributed in a number of separate populations in the northeastern and southwestern Atlantic , off southern Africa , in the northwestern and eastern Pacific , and around Australia and New Zealand , with scattered reports from equatorial regions . This species can be found from brackish rivers and estuaries , to shallow bays and harbors , to offshore waters 100 m ( 330 ft ) deep or more . Females are found apart from males for most of the year , and conduct seasonal migrations . A large species reaching 3 @.@ 3 m ( 11 ft ) long , the copper shark is difficult to distinguish from other large requiem sharks . It is characterized by its narrow , hook @-@ shaped upper teeth , lack of a prominent ridge between the dorsal fins , and plain bronze coloration .
Feeding mainly on cephalopods , bony fishes , and other cartilaginous fishes , the copper shark is a fast @-@ swimming predator that has been known to hunt in large groups , utilizing their numbers to their advantage ; however for most of the time they remain solitary . Off South Africa , this species associates closely with the annual sardine run , involving millions of southern African pilchard ( Sardinops sagax ) . Like other requiem sharks , it is viviparous , with the developing embryos mainly nourished through a placental connection formed from the depleted yolk sac . Females bear litters of 7 to 24 pups every other year in coastal nursery areas , after a gestation period of 12 or perhaps as long as 21 months . It is extremely slow @-@ growing , with males and females not reaching maturity until 13 – 19 and 19 – 20 years of age respectively .
This species is valued by commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range , and utilized as food . The species population size is unknown , but the ICUN 's Red List assesses the species as Near Threatened because it is very susceptible to population depletion due to its low growth and reproductive rates and because its numbers are believed to have declined in some areas .
Copper sharks only attack humans infrequently , but the species places sixth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people .
= = Taxonomy = =
Because of its very patchy range , the copper shark has been scientifically described several times from different locales . The earliest valid description is presently considered to be British zoologist Albert Günther 's account of Carcharias brachyurus in the 1870 eighth volume of Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . The earliest name was once thought to be Auguste Duméril 's 1865 Carcharias remotus , until it was found that the type specimen associated with that name is actually a blacknose shark ( C. acronotus ) . Thus , this shark was often referred to as C. remotus in older literature . An even earlier name , Richard Owen 's 1853 Galeolamna greyi , is of questionable taxonomic status as it was based solely on a set of now @-@ destroyed jaws that may or may not have belonged to a copper shark . Modern authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus .
The specific epithet brachyurus is derived from the Greek brachys ( " short " ) and oura ( " tail " ) . The name " whaler " originated in the 19th century , applied by the crews of whaling vessels in the Pacific who saw large sharks of various species congregating around harpooned whale carcasses . This species may also be referred to as black @-@ tipped whaler , cocktail shark or cocktail whaler , or New Zealand whaler , as well as by the shortened " bronze " , " bronzie " , or " cocktail " . Günther originally referred to four syntypes : a stuffed specimen from Antarctica and another from New Zealand , which have since been lost , and two fetuses from Australia that were later discovered to be bull sharks ( C. leucas ) . In the interests of taxonomic stability , in 1982 Jack Garrick designated a 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long female caught off Whanganui , New Zealand as a new type specimen .
= = Phylogeny and evolution = =
The first efforts to determine the evolutionary relationships of the copper shark were based on morphology and returned inconclusive results : in 1982 Jack Garrick placed it by itself as a grouping within Carcharhinus , while in 1988 Leonard Compagno placed it in an informal " transitional group " that also contained the blacknose shark ( C. acronotus ) , the blacktip reef shark ( C. melanopterus ) , the nervous shark ( C. cautus ) , the silky shark ( C. falciformis ) , and the night shark ( C. signatus ) . Gavin Naylor 's 1992 allozyme study concluded that the closest relative of the copper shark is the spinner shark ( C. brevipinna ) , but could not resolve their wider relationships with the rest of the genus . Fossilized teeth from the copper shark have been recovered from the Pungo River in North Carolina , dating to the Miocene ( 23 – 5 @.@ 3 Ma ) , from Tuscany , dating to the Pliocene ( 5 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 6 Ma ) , and from Costa Mesa in California , dating to the Late Pleistocene ( 126 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 years ago ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The copper shark is the only member of its genus largely found in temperate rather than tropical waters , in temperatures above 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) . It is widely distributed but as disjunct regional populations with little to no interchange between them . In the Atlantic , this shark occurs from the Mediterranean Sea to Morocco and the Canary Islands , off Argentina , and off Namibia and South Africa ( where there may be two separate populations ) , with infrequent records from Mauritania , the Gulf of Guinea , and possibly the Gulf of Mexico . In the Indo @-@ Pacific , it is found from the East China Sea to Japan ( excluding Hokkaido ) and southern Russia , off southern Australia ( mostly between Sydney and Perth but occasionally further north ) , and around New Zealand but not as far as the Kermadec Islands ; there are also unconfirmed reports from the Seychelles and the Gulf of Thailand . In the eastern Pacific , it occurs from northern Chile to Peru , and from Mexico to Point Conception , California , including the Gulf of California . The copper shark is common off parts of Argentina , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand , and rare elsewhere ; in many areas its range is ill @-@ defined because of confusion with other species .
Copper sharks can be found from the surf zone to slightly beyond the continental shelf in the open ocean , diving to depths of 100 m ( 330 ft ) or more . This species commonly enters very shallow habitats , including bays , shoals , and harbors , and also inhabits rocky areas and offshore islands . It is tolerant of low and changing salinities , and has been reported from estuaries and the lower reaches of large rivers . Juveniles inhabit inshore waters less than 30 m ( 98 ft ) deep throughout the year , while adults tend to be found further offshore and regularly approach the coast only in spring and summer , when large aggregations can be readily observed in shallow water .
Populations of copper sharks in both hemispheres perform seasonal migrations , in response to temperature changes , reproductive events , and / or prey availability ; the movement patterns differ with sex and age . Adult females and juveniles spend winter in the subtropics and generally shift to higher latitudes as spring nears , with pregnant females also moving towards the coast to give birth in inshore nursery areas . Adult males remain in the subtropics for most of the year , except in late winter or spring when they also move into higher latitudes , in time to encounter and mate with post @-@ partum females dispersing from the nurseries . During migrations , individual sharks have been recorded traveling up to 1 @,@ 320 km ( 820 mi ) . It is philopatric , returning to the same areas year after year .
= = Description = =
The copper shark has a slender , streamlined body with a slightly arched profile just behind the head . The snout is rather long and pointed , with the nostrils preceded by low flaps of skin . The round , moderately large eyes are equipped with nictating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . The mouth has short , subtle furrows at the corners and contains 29 – 35 upper tooth rows and 29 – 33 lower tooth rows . The teeth are serrated with single narrow cusps ; the upper teeth have a distinctive hooked shape and become more angled towards the corners of the jaw , while the lower teeth are upright . The upper teeth of adult males are longer , narrower , more curved , and more finely serrated than those of adult females and juveniles . The five pairs of gill slits are fairly long .
The pectoral fins are large , pointed , and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) . The first dorsal fin is tall , with a pointed apex and a concave trailing margin ; its origin lies about even with the tips of the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin is small and low , and positioned about opposite to the anal fin . There is usually no ridge between the dorsal fins . The caudal fin has a well @-@ developed lower lobe and a deep ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . This species is bronze to olive @-@ gray above with a metallic sheen and sometimes a pink cast , darkening towards the fin tips and margins but not conspicuously so ; the color fades quickly to a dull gray @-@ brown after death . The underside is white , which extends onto the flanks as a prominent band . The copper shark is easily mistaken for other large Carcharhinus species , particularly the dusky shark ( C. obscurus ) , but can be identified by its upper tooth shape , absent or weak interdorsal ridge , and lack of obvious fin markings . It reportedly reaches a maximum length of 3 @.@ 3 m ( 11 ft ) and weight of 305 kilograms ( 672 lb ) .
= = Biology and ecology = =
Fast and active , the copper shark may be encountered alone , in pairs , or in loosely organized schools containing up to hundreds of individuals . Some aggregations seem to form for reproductive purposes , while others form in response to concentrations of food . This species may fall prey to larger sharks . Known parasites of the copper shark include the tapeworms Cathetocephalus australis , Dasyrhynchus pacificus and D. talismani , Floriceps minacanthus , Phoreiobothrium robertsoni , and Pseudogrillotia spratti , the leech Stibarobdella macrothela , and the fluke Otodistomum veliporum .
= = = Feeding = = =
The copper shark feeds more towards the bottom of the water column than the top , consuming cephalopods , including squid ( Loligo spp . ) , cuttlefishes , and octopus ; bony fishes , including gurnards , flatfishes , hakes , catfishes , jacks , Australian salmon , mullets , sea breams , smelts , tunas , sardines , and anchovies ; and cartilaginous fishes , including dogfish sharks ( Squalus spp . ) , stingrays , skates , electric rays , and sawfishes . Cephalopods and cartilaginous fishes become relatively more important food for sharks over 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) long . Young sharks also consume scyphozoan jellyfish and crustaceans , including mud shrimps ( Callianassa ) and penaeid prawns . It does not attack marine mammals , though has been known rarely to scavenge on dolphins that had succumbed to fishing nets . The predominant prey of this species off South Africa is the southern African pilchard ( Sardinops sagax ) , which comprise 69 – 95 % of its diet . Every winter , schools of copper sharks follow the " run " of the pilchard from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu @-@ Natal . The gathering of millions of forage fish attract a multitude of predators , including several species of sharks , of which copper sharks are the most numerous .
Large numbers of copper sharks have been observed hunting together in a seemingly cooperative fashion . Small schooling fish are " herded " into a tight ball , whereupon each shark swims through in turn with its mouth open to feed . For groups of tuna and larger prey , the pursuing sharks may adopt a " wing " formation to force their quarry closer together , with each shark targeting a particular fish and attacking in turn . In False Bay , South Africa , this species reportedly follows seine net fishing vessels .
= = = Life history = = =
Like other members of its family , the copper shark is viviparous , in which the yolk sac of the developing embryo , once depleted , is converted into a placental connection through which the mother delivers nourishment . Adult females have one functional ovary , on the right , and two functional uteruses . The male bites the female as a prelude to mating . In the Southern Hemisphere , mating takes place from October to December ( spring and early summer ) , when both sexes have migrated into offshore waters at higher latitudes . Birthing seems to occur from June to January , peaking in October and November .
Female copper sharks make use of shallow inshore habitats , varying from stretches of open coast to more sheltered bays and inlets , as nurseries . These nurseries provide abundant food and reduce the likelihood of predation by larger members of the species . Known and suspected nursery areas occur off northern North Island from Waimea Inlet to Hawke Bay for New Zealand sharks , off Albany , in and around Gulf St Vincent , and in Port Phillip Bay for Australian sharks , off Niigata ( Japan ) for northwestern Pacific sharks , off the Eastern Cape for South Africa sharks , off Rhodes ( Greece ) , Nice ( France ) , and Al Hoceima ( Morocco ) for Mediterranean sharks , off Río de Oro ( Western Sahara ) for northwest African sharks , off Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil ) and Buenos Aires and Bahía Blanca ( Argentina ) for southwestern Atlantic sharks , and off Paita and Guanape Cove ( Peru ) , in Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay ( Mexico ) , and in and around San Diego Bay for eastern Pacific sharks .
Most sources estimate a gestation period of 12 months , though some data support the interpretation of a 15 – 21 month long gestation period instead . Females produce litters every other year , with the number of pups ranging from 7 to 24 and averaging 15 or 16 . Females off California and the Baja Peninsula tend to bear fewer young relative to other parts of the world . The newborns measure 55 – 67 cm ( 22 – 26 in ) long . The copper shark is among the slowest @-@ growing Carcharhinus species : off South Africa , males reach sexual maturity at 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long and an age of 13 – 19 years , while females mature at 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 5 m ( 7 @.@ 5 – 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long and an age of 19 – 20 years . Females off Australia mature at a comparable length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) , while females off Argentina mature at a slightly smaller length of 2 @.@ 2 m ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) . The maximum lifespan is at least 30 years for males and 25 years for females .
= = Human interactions = =
= = = Attacks on Humans = = =
Copper sharks attack humans infrequently , but the species places sixth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people . During the tracking period through 2013 , the University of Florida attributed 20 attacks to the species . ( In comparison , great white sharks topped the list , with 279 attacks . ) Though large and powerful , the copper shark is not particularly aggressive towards humans unless in the presence of food . Copper Sharks have been known to harass and attack spear fishers in an attempt to steal catches . Copper sharks have bitten several swimmers in Australia and New Zealand , where the species is common . ( The species is commonly called bronze whalers in this part of the world . )
Fatal attacks attributed to the copper shark ( bronze whaler ) include the 2014 death of a swimmer in Tathra , New South Wales , Australia , and the 1976 death of a swimmer in Te Kaha , New Zealand . Three out of ten shark attacks in New Zealand are attributed to Copper sharks . Witnesses also attributed a fatal attack on September 2011 in Bunker Bay , Western Australia to a copper shark .
One problem with counting attacks on humans is that the copper shark is so similar to other requiem sharks . Victims and witnesses are unlikely to correctly identify which type of genus Carcharhinus shark is responsible for the attack . Experts trying to confirm shark attacks by species warn that their statistics undercount the number of attacks by requiem sharks like the copper .
= = = Captivity = = =
Like many large , active sharks , this species adapts poorly to captivity ; it tends to bump into the sides of its enclosure , and the resulting abrasions then become infected with often fatal consequences .
= = = Fishing = = =
Commercial fisheries for the copper shark exist off New Zealand , Australia ( though the " bronze whaler fishery " of Western Australia actually takes mostly dusky sharks ) , South Africa , Brazil , Uruguay , Argentina , Mexico , and China ; it also contributes to the bycatch of other commercial fisheries across its range . This species is caught in gillnets and on bottom longlines , and to a much lesser extent in bottom trawls and on pelagic longlines . The meat is sold for human consumption . The copper shark is also popular with recreational fishers in Namibia , New Zealand , Australia , South Africa , Argentina , Mexico and California , predominantly by anglers but also by bowfishers and gillnetters . In New Zealand , it is the Carcharhinus species most frequently caught by sport fishers and sustains a small , summer recreational fishery in northern North Island , that mainly captures pregnant and post @-@ partum females and for the most part practices tag and release . A tag and release program is also practiced in Namibia .
= = = Conservation = = =
The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the copper shark as Near Threatened worldwide . While the global population is unknown , the long maturation time and low reproductive rate of this species render it highly susceptible to overfishing . Regionally , the IUCN has listed this species under Least Concern off Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa , where fisheries are generally well @-@ managed ; the local copper shark population for each of those three countries is contained almost entirely within their respective Exclusive Economic Zones ( EEZ ) . Reported catches by New Zealand have steadily declined from a peak of 40 tons in 1995 / 96 to 20 tons 2001 / 02 , though it is uncertain whether this reflects a genuine decline or changing fishing habits .
In the eastern Pacific , the copper shark is rare and little fishery information is available , leading to an assessment of Data Deficient . However , catch declines across all shark and ray species have been documented in the heavily @-@ fished Gulf of California . Off East Asia , the copper shark has been assessed as Vulnerable ; though species @-@ specific data is unavailable , shark populations overall have been decimated in the region . The number of large adults have been too low to sustain targeted fisheries since the 1970s , and most of the current shark catch consists of small juveniles . Additional threats to this species include the degradation and destruction of its coastal nurseries from development , pollution , and aquaculture , mortality from shark nets used to protect beaches in South Africa and Australia , and persecution by fish farmers in southern Australia .
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= Fantastic ( magazine ) =
Fantastic was an American digest size fantasy and science fiction magazine , published from 1952 to 1980 . It was founded by Ziff Davis as a fantasy companion to Amazing Stories . Early sales were good , and Ziff Davis quickly decided to switch Amazing from pulp format to digest , and to cease publication of their other science fiction pulp , Fantastic Adventures . Within a few years sales fell , and Howard Browne , the editor , was forced to switch the focus to science fiction rather than fantasy . Browne lost interest in the magazine as a result and the magazine generally ran poor quality fiction in the mid @-@ 1950s , under Browne and his successor , Paul W. Fairman .
At the end of the 1950s Cele Goldsmith took over as editor of both Fantastic and Amazing , and quickly invigorated the magazines , bringing in many new writers and making them , in the words of one science fiction historian , the " best @-@ looking and brightest " magazines in the field . She helped to nurture the early careers of writers such as Roger Zelazny and Ursula K. Le Guin , but was unable to increase circulation , and in 1965 the magazines were sold to Sol Cohen , who hired Joseph Wrzos as editor and switched to a reprint @-@ only policy . This was financially successful , but brought Cohen into conflict with the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America . After a turbulent period at the end of the 1960s , Ted White became editor and the reprints were phased out .
White worked hard to make the magazine successful , introducing artwork from artists who had made their names in comics , and working with new authors such as Gordon Eklund . His budget for fiction was low , but he was occasionally able to find good stories from well @-@ known writers which had been rejected by the other markets . Circulation continued to decline and in 1978 Cohen sold out his half of the business to his partner , Arthur Bernhard . White resigned shortly afterwards , and was replaced by Elinor Mavor , but within two years Bernhard decided to close down Fantastic , merging it with Amazing , which had always had slightly higher circulation .
= = Publishing history = =
In 1938 , Ziff @-@ Davis , a Chicago @-@ based publisher looking to expand into the pulp magazine market , acquired Amazing Stories . The number of science fiction magazines grew quickly ; several new titles appeared over the next few years , including Fantastic Adventures , which was launched by Ziff @-@ Davis in 1939 as a companion to Amazing . Under the editorship of Raymond Palmer the magazines were reasonably successful but published poor quality work , and when Howard Browne took over as editor of Amazing in January 1950 he decided to try to move the magazine upmarket . Ziff @-@ Davis agreed to back the new magazine , and Browne put together a sample copy , but when the Korean War broke out Ziff @-@ Davis cut their budgets and the project was abandoned . Browne did not give up , and in 1952 received the go @-@ ahead to try a new magazine instead , focused on high @-@ quality fantasy , a genre which had recently become more popular . The first issue of Fantastic , dated Summer 1952 , appeared on March 21 of that year .
= = = Early years = = =
Sales were very good , and Ziff @-@ Davis was sufficiently impressed to move the magazine from a quarterly to a bimonthly schedule after only two issues , and to switch Amazing from pulp format to digest @-@ size to match Fantastic . Shortly afterwards the decision was taken to eliminate Fantastic Adventures : the March 1953 issue was the last , and the May – June 1953 issue of Fantastic added a mention of Fantastic Adventures to the masthead , though this disappeared with the following issue . Payment started at two cents per word for all rights , but could go up to ten cents at the editor 's discretion ; this put Fantastic in the second echelon of magazines , behind markets such as Astounding and Galaxy . The experiment with quality fiction did not last ; circulation dropped , which led to budget cuts , and in turn the quality of the fiction fell . Browne had wanted to separate Fantastic from Amazing 's pulp roots , but now found he had to print more science fiction ( sf ) and less fantasy in order to attract Amazing 's readers to its sister magazine . Fantastic 's poor results were probably a consequence of the overloaded sf magazine market ; far more magazines appeared in the early 1950s than the market was able to support . Ziff @-@ Davis sales staff were able to help sell Fantastic and Amazing along with the technical magazines that it published , and the availability of a national sales network , even though it was not focused solely on Fantastic , undoubtedly helped the magazine to survive .
In May 1956 Browne left Ziff @-@ Davis to become a screenwriter . Paul W. Fairman took over as editor of both Fantastic and Amazing . In 1957 Bernard Davis left Ziff @-@ Davis ; it had been Davis who had suggested the acquisition of Amazing in 1939 , and he had stayed involved with the sf magazines throughout the time he spent there . With his departure Amazing and Fantastic stagnated ; they remained monthly but drew no attention from Ziff @-@ Davis 's management .
= = = Mid @-@ 1950s to late 1960s = = =
In November 1955 , Ziff @-@ Davis hired an assistant , Cele Goldsmith , who began by helping with two new magazines under development , Dream World and Pen Pals . She also read the slush piles for all the magazines , and was quickly given more responsibility . In 1957 she was made managing editor of both Amazing and Fantastic , doing the administrative chores and reading unsolicited manuscripts ; and at the end of 1958 she became editor , replacing Fairman , who left to edit Ellery Queen 's Mystery Magazine . Goldsmith ( who became Cele Lalli when she married in 1964 ) stayed as editor for six and a half years .
Circulation dropped for both Amazing and Fantastic ; in 1964 Fantastic had a paid circulation of only 27 @,@ 000 . In 1965 Sol Cohen , who at that time was Galaxy 's publisher , set up his own publishing company , Ultimate Publishing , and bought both Amazing and Fantastic from Ziff @-@ Davis . Cohen had decided to make the magazines as profitable as possible by filling them only with reprints . This was possible because Ziff @-@ Davis had acquired second serial rights for all stories they had published , and since Cohen had bought the backfile of stories he was able to reprint them using these rights . Using reprints in this way saved Cohen about $ 8 @,@ 000 a year between the two magazines . Lalli decided that she did not want to work for Cohen , and stayed with Ziff @-@ Davis . Her last issue was June 1965 . Cohen replaced Lalli with Joseph Wrzos , who used the name " Joseph Ross " on the magazines . Cohen had met Wrzos at the Galaxy offices not long before ; Wrzos was teaching English full @-@ time , but had worked for Gnome Press as an assistant editor in 1953 – 1954 .
Cohen also launched a series of reprint magazines , drawing from the backfile of both Amazing and Fantastic , again using the second serial rights he had acquired from Ziff @-@ Davis . The first reprint magazine was Great Science Fiction ; the first issue , titled Great Science Fiction from Amazing , appeared in August 1965 . By early 1967 this had been joined by The Most Thrilling Science Fiction Ever Told and Science Fiction Classics . These increased the workload on Wrzos , though Cohen made the selection of stories , and Wrzos found himself able to work on Fantastic and Amazing only part @-@ time . Cohen hired Herb Lehrman to help with the other magazines .
Although Cohen felt that his deal with Ziff @-@ Davis gave him the reprint rights he needed , the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America ( SFWA ) received complaints about Cohen 's refusal to pay anything for the reprints . He was also reportedly not responding to requests for reassignment of copyright . SFWA organized a boycott of Cohen 's magazines ; after a year Cohen agreed to pay a flat fee for the reprints , and in August 1967 he agreed to a graduated scale of payments , and the boycott was withdrawn .
Harry Harrison had been involved in the negotiations between SFWA and Cohen , and when the agreement was reached in 1967 Cohen asked Harrison if he would take over as editor of both magazines . Harrison was available because SF Impulse , which he had been editing , had ceased publication in early 1967 . Cohen agreed to phase out the reprints by the end of the year , and Harrison took the job . Cohen added Harrison 's name to the masthead of two issues of Great Science Fiction , although Harrison had had nothing to do with that magazine , but the reprints in Fantastic and Amazing continued and Harrison decided to quit in February 1968 . He recommended Barry Malzberg as his replacement . Cohen had worked with Malzberg at the Scott Meredith Literary Agency , and felt Malzberg would be more cooperative than Harrison . Malzberg , however , turned out to be just as unwilling as Harrison to work with Cohen if the reprints continued , and soon regretted taking the job . In October 1968 Cohen refused to pay for a cover that Malzberg had commissioned ; Malzberg insisted , threatening to resign if Cohen did not agree . Cohen contacted Robert Silverberg , then the president of SFWA , and told him ( falsely ) that Malzberg had actually resigned . Silverberg recommended Ted White as a replacement . Cohen secured White 's agreement and then fired Malzberg ; White took over in October 1968 , but because there was a backlog of stories Malzberg had acquired , the first issue on which he was credited as editor was the June 1969 issue .
= = = 1970s to Present = = =
Like his immediate predecessors , White took the job on condition that the reprints would be phased out . It was some time before this was achieved : there was at least one reprinted story in every issue until the end of 1971 . The February 1972 issue contained some artwork reprinted from 1939 , and after that the reprints ceased .
Fantastic 's circulation was about 37 @,@ 000 when White took over ; only about 4 percent of this was subscription sales . Cohen 's wife filled the subscriptions from their garage , and according to White , Cohen regarded this as a burden , and never tried to increase the subscription base . Despite White 's efforts , Fantastic 's circulation fell , from almost 37 @,@ 000 when he took over as editor to less than 24 @,@ 000 in the summer of 1975 . Cohen was rumored to be interested in selling both Fantastic and Amazing ; among other possibilities , both Roger Elwood , at that time an active science fiction anthology editor , and Edward Ferman , the editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , approached Cohen with a view to acquiring the titles . Nothing came of it , however , and White was not aware of the possible sales . He was working at a low salary , with unpaid help from friends to read unsolicited submissions — at one point he introduced a 25 @-@ cent reading fee for manuscripts from unpublished writers ; the fee would be refunded if White bought the story . White sometimes found himself at odds with Cohen 's business partner , Arthur Bernhard , due to their different political views . White 's unhappiness with his working conditions culminated in his resignation after Cohen refused his proposal to publish Fantastic as a slick magazine , with larger pages and higher quality paper . White commented in an article in Science Fiction Review that he had brought to the magazines " a lot of energy and enthusiasm and a great many ideas for their improvement ... Well , I have put into effect nearly every idea which I was allowed to follow through on ... and have spent most of my energy and enthusiasm . " Cohen was able to persuade him to stay for another year ; in the event White stayed for another three .
White was unable to completely halt the slide in circulation , though it rose a little in 1977 . That year Cohen lost $ 15 @,@ 000 dollars on the magazines , and decided to sell . He spent some time looking for a new publisher — editor Roy Torgeson was one of those interested — but on September 15 , 1978 , he sold his half of the business to Arthur Bernhard , his partner . White renewed his suggestions for improving the format of the magazine : he wanted to make Fantastic the same size as Time , and believed he could avoid the mistakes that had been made by other sf magazines that had tried that approach . White also proposed an increase in the budget and asked for a raise . Bernhard not only turned down White 's ideas , but also stopped paying him : White responded by resigning . His last official day as editor was November 9 ; the last issue of Fantastic under his control was the January 1979 issue . He returned all submissions to their authors , saying that he had been told to do so by Bernhard ; Bernhard denied this .
Bernhard brought in Elinor Mavor to edit both Amazing and Fantastic . Mavor had previously edited Bill of Fare , a restaurant trade journal , and was a long @-@ time science fiction reader , but she had little knowledge of the history of the magazines . She was unaware , for example , that she was not the first woman to edit them , and so adopted a male pseudonym — " Omar Gohagen " — for a while . She suggested a campaign to increase circulation , and went so far as to gather information about costs while on a trip to New York in 1979 . Bernhard decided instead to merge the two magazines . Circulation was continuing to drop ; the figures for the last two years are not available , but sf historian Mike Ashley estimates that Fantastic paid circulation may have been as low as 13 @,@ 000 . Bernhard felt that since Fantastic had never been profitable , whereas Amazing had made money , it was best to keep Amazing . Until the March 1985 issue , Amazing included a mention of Fantastic on the spine and on the contents page . In 1999 , the fiction magazine formerly known as Pirate Writings revived the Fantastic title and Cele Goldsmith @-@ era logotype for several issues , ultimately unsuccessfully , though this was not intended as a continuation of the original magazine .
In August 2014 , Warren Lapine , former editor of Absolute Magnitude , Realms of Fantasy , and Weird Tales , revived the Fantastic logotype of Fantastic Stories of the Imagination as a free webzine .
= = Contents and reception = =
= = = Browne and Fairman = = =
The first issue of Fantastic was impressive , with a cover that sf historian Mike Ashley has described as " one of the most captivating of all first issues " ; the painting , by Barye Phillips and Leo Summers , illustrated Kris Neville 's " The Opal Necklace " . The fiction included some stories by well known names ; in particular , Raymond Chandler 's " Professor Bingo 's Snuff " would have caught readers ' eyes — the story had appeared the year before in Park East magazine , but would have been new to most readers . It was a short mystery in which the fantasy element was invisibility , achieved by magical snuff . Isaac Asimov and Ray Bradbury also contributed stories , and the issue led with " Six and Ten Are Johnny " , by Walter M. Miller . The rear cover reprinted Pierre Roy 's painting " Danger on the Stairs " , which depicted a snake on a staircase ; it was an odd choice , but subsequent back covers were more natural fits for a fantasy magazine . The quality of the fiction continued to be high for the first year ; sf historian Mike Ashley comments that almost every story in the first seven issues was of high quality , and historian David Kyle regards it as an " outstandingly successful experiment " . Science fiction bibliographer Donald Tuck dissents , however , regarding the first few years as containing " little of note " , and James Blish wrote a contemporary review of the second issue which found it lacking : Blish dismissed three of the seven stories in the Fall 1952 issue as being essentially crime stories written for the sf market , and commented that of the remaining four , only two were " reasonably competent and craftsmanlike " .
Other well @-@ known writers appeared in the early issues , including Shirley Jackson , B. Traven , Truman Capote and Evelyn Waugh . Mickey Spillane had written a story called " The Woman With Green Skin " , but had been unable to sell it ; Browne offered to buy it on condition that he had permission to rewrite it as he wished . This was agreed and Browne scrapped Spillane 's text completely , writing a new story called " The Veiled Woman " and publishing it as by Spillane in the November – December 1952 issue . The issue sold so well it was reprinted , with over 300 @,@ 000 copies sold .
The emphasis was on fantasy , and much of it was " slick " fantasy — the sort of genre fiction that the upmarket slick magazines , such as The Saturday Evening Post , were willing to buy . Some science fiction appeared as well in the first couple of years , including Isaac Asimov 's " Sally " , which portrays a world in which cars have been given robotic brains and are intelligent . In 1955 it was decided to move the focus from fantasy to sf : in Browne 's words , " Stories of straight fantasy were largely eliminated and straight science @-@ fiction substituted , cover subject matter became of a scientific nature , the words " science fiction " appeared under the title , interior artwork was tightened up to replace the loose , ' arty ' kind of drawing we had been using . " Sales rose 17 % within two issues . Browne was uninterested in science fiction , however , and the quality of the fiction soon dropped , with a small stable of writers producing much of Fantastic 's fiction under house names over the next couple of years . By the start of 1956 the fiction in Fantastic was , in the opinion of sf historian Mike Ashley , " [ in ] a trough of hack predictability " , but there was some inventiveness evident from newer writers such as Robert Silverberg , Harlan Ellison and Randall Garrett .
Although Browne had been unable to make Fantastic successful by specializing in fantasy , he was still interested in the fantasy genre , and experimented in the December 1955 issue with the theme of wish fulfilment . He dropped the words " Science Fiction " from the cover , and published five stories , all of which dealt with male fantasies in one form or another . The cover showed a man walking through a wall to find a woman undressing ; the art was by Ed Valigursky and illustrated Paul Fairman 's " All Walls Were Mist " . Reader reaction , according to Browne , was almost entirely favorable , and he continued to publish occasional stories on the wish @-@ fulfilment theme . The experiment was repeated with the October 1956 issue , which again ran without " Science Fiction " on the cover , and contained stories on the theme of " Incredible Powers " . Once again the cover illustrated a male fantasy : this time it showed a man materializing in a bath house where women were showering . Browne had left Ziff @-@ Davis by the time this issue appeared , but Browne 's plans for a magazine around these themes were well advanced , and Fairman , who by this time was editing both Fantastic and Amazing , was given Dream World to edit as well . It ran for three quarterly issues , starting in February 1957 , but proved too narrow a market to succeed .
Fairman devoted the July 1958 issue of Fantastic to the Shaver Mystery — a lurid set of beliefs propounded by Richard Shaver in the late 1940s that told of " detrimental robots " , or " deros " , who were behind many of the disasters that befell humanity . Most of these stories had run in Amazing , though the editor at that time , Ray Palmer , had been forced to drop Shaver by Ziff @-@ Davis when the stories began to attract ridicule in the press . Fantastic 's readers were no kinder , complaining vigorously .
= = = Goldsmith = = =
When Goldsmith took over as editor , there was some concern at Ziff @-@ Davis that she might not be able to handle the job . A consultant , Norman Lobsenz , was brought in to help her ; Lobsenz 's title was " editorial director " , but in fact Goldsmith made the story selections . Lobsenz provided blurbs and editorials , read the stories Goldsmith bought , and met with Goldsmith every week or so . Goldsmith was not a long @-@ time sf reader , and knew little about the field ; she simply looked for good quality fiction and bought what she liked . In Mike Ashley 's words , " the result , between 1961 and 1964 , was the two most exciting and original magazines in the field " . New writers whose first story appeared in Fantastic during this period included Phyllis Gotlieb , Larry Eisenberg , Ursula K. Le Guin , Thomas M. Disch , and Piers Anthony . The November 1959 issue was dedicated to Fritz Leiber ; it included " Lean Times in Lankhmar " , one of Leiber 's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories . Goldsmith published another half @-@ dozen stories in the series over the next six years , along with other similar ( and sometimes imitative ) fiction such as early work by Michael Moorcock , and John Jakes ' early stories of Brak the Barbarian . This helped to invigorate the nascent sword and sorcery subgenre . Goldsmith obtained an early story by Cordwainer Smith , " The Fife of Bodidharma " , which ran in the June 1959 issue , but shortly thereafter Pohl at Galaxy reached an agreement to get first refusal on all Smith 's work .
During the early 1960s Goldsmith managed to make Fantastic and Amazing , in the words of Mike Ashley , " the best @-@ looking and brightest " magazines around . This applied both to the covers , where Goldsmith used artists such as Alex Schomburg and Leo Summers , and the content . Ashley also describes Fantastic as the " premier fantasy magazine " during Goldsmith 's tenure — at that time the only other magazine focused specifically on fantasy fiction was the British Science Fantasy .
Goldsmith 's tastes were too diverse for Fantastic to be limited to genre fantasy , however , and her willingness to buy fiction she liked , regardless of genre expectations , allowed many new writers to flourish on the pages of both Amazing and Fantastic . Writers such as Ursula K. Le Guin , Roger Zelazny and Thomas M. Disch sold regularly to her at the start of their careers Le Guin later commented that Goldsmith was " as enterprising and perceptive an editor as the science fiction magazines ever had " . Not all Goldsmith 's choices were universally popular with the magazine 's subscribers : she regularly published fiction by David R. Bunch , for example , to mixed reviews from the readership .
= = = Reprint era = = =
Wrzos persuaded Cohen that both Amazing and Fantastic should carry a new story in every issue , rather than running nothing but reprints ; Goldsmith had left a backlog of unpublished stories , and Wrzos was able to stretch these out for some time . One such story was Fritz Leiber 's " Stardock " , another Fafhrd and Gray Mouser story , which appeared in the September 1965 issue ; it was subsequently nominated for a Hugo Award . The reprints were well received by the fans , because Wrzos was able to find good quality stories that were unavailable except in the original magazines , meaning that to many of Fantastic 's readers they were fresh material . Wrzos also reprinted " The People of the Black Circle " , a Robert E. Howard story from Weird Tales , in 1967 , when Howard 's Conan stories were becoming popular .
In addition to the backlog of new stories from the Ziff @-@ Davis era , Wrzos was able to acquire some new material . He was especially glad to acquire " For a Breath I Tarry " , by Roger Zelazny ; however , he had to wait for Cohen 's approval for his acquisitions . Cohen , perhaps uncertain because of the story 's originality , delayed until it appeared in the British magazine New Worlds before agreeing to publish it . Wrzos commented years later that he would " never forgive him [ Cohen ] his timidity at that time " . Wrzos bought Doris Piserchia 's first story , " Rocket to Gehenna " , and was the first editor to acquire a story by Dean Koontz . He had to work with Koontz to improve it , and the delay this caused , in addition to the slow publishing schedule for new material , meant that Koontz appeared in print with " Soft Come the Dragons " , in the August 1967 Fantasy & Science Fiction , before " A Darkness in My Soul " appeared in the January 1968 Fantastic .
After Wrzos 's departure , Harrison and Malzberg had little opportunity to reshape the magazine as between them they only took responsibility for a handful of issues before Ted White took over . However , Harrison did print James Tiptree 's first sale , " Fault " , in the August 1968 issue ; again the slow schedule meant that this was not Tiptree 's first appearance in print . Harrison added a science column by Leon Stover , but was unable to change Cohen 's position on the reprints , and so could not print much new fiction . When Malzberg took over from Harrison he published John Sladek , Thomas M. Disch , and James Sallis , all of whom were associated with New Wave science fiction , but his tenure was too short for him to have a significant impact on the magazine .
= = = White and Mavor = = =
White was only able to offer his writers one cent per word , which was substantially lower than the leading magazines in the field — Analog Science Fiction and Fact paid five cents , and Galaxy and Fantasy & Science Fiction paid three . Most stories would only be submitted to White once the higher @-@ paying markets had rejected them , but among the rejects White was sometimes able to find experimental material that he liked . For example , Piers Anthony had been unable to sell an early fantasy novel , Hasan ; White saw a review of the manuscript and promptly acquired it for Fantastic , where it was serialized starting in the December 1969 issue . White also took care to establish relationships with newer writers . White bought Gordon Eklund 's first story , " Dear Aunt Annie " , it appeared in the April 1970 issue and was nominated for a Nebula award . Eklund was unwilling to become a full @-@ time writer , despite this success , because of the financial risks , so White agreed to buy anything Eklund wrote , on condition that Eklund himself believed it was a good story . The result was that much of Eklund 's fiction appeared in Amazing and Fantastic over the next few years . In addition to experimental work , White was able to obtain material by some of the leading sf writers of the day , including Brian Aldiss and John Brunner . White also acquired some early work by writers who became better known in other fields : Roger Ebert sold two stories in the early 1970s to Fantastic ; the first , " After the Last Mass " , appeared in the February 1972 issue ; and in 1975 White bought Ian McEwan 's second story , " Solid Geometry " . It was included in First Love , Last Rites , McEwan 's first short story collection , which won the Somerset Maugham Award in 1976 .
White had been an active science fiction fan before he became professionally involved in the field , and although he estimated that only 1 in 30 readers were active sf fans , he tried to use this fan base to help by urging the readership to give him feedback and to help with distribution by checking local newsstands for the magazines . White wanted to introduce established artists from outside the sf field , such as Jeff Jones , Vaughn Bodé , and Steve Hickman ; however , the company was saddled with cheap artwork acquired from European magazines to be used for the cover and he was instructed to make use of them . He commissioned a comic strip from Vaughn Bodé , but was outbid by Judy @-@ Lynn Benjamin at Galaxy ; he subsequently told his readers that he 'd signed up Bodé again for interior artwork , but this never materialized . Instead a four @-@ page comic strip by Jay Kinney appeared in December 1970 ; a second strip , by Art Spiegelman , was planned , but never published . Eventually White was allowed to commission original cover art ; he published early work by Mike Hinge , and Mike Kaluta made his first professional sale to Fantastic . He tried to hire Hinge as art director , but this fell through and White filled the role himself , sometimes using the pseudonym " J. Edwards " .
Because of poor distribution , Fantastic was never able to benefit from the increasing popularity of the fantasy genre , though White was able to publish several stories by well @-@ known writers in the field , including a sword and sorcery novella by Dean R. Koontz , which appeared in the October 1970 issue , and an Elric story by Michael Moorcock in February 1972 . A revival of Robert E. Howard 's character Conan , in stories by L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter , was successful at increasing sales ; the first of these stories appeared in August 1972 , and White reported that sales of that issue were higher than for any other issue of Amazing or Fantastic that year . Each Conan story , according to White , increased sales of that issue by 10 @,@ 000 copies . White also published several of Fritz Leiber 's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories , and added " Sword and Sorcery " to the cover in 1975 . In the same year a companion magazine , Sword & Sorcery Annual , was launched , but the first issue was the only one to appear .
The quality of the magazine remained high even as the financial stress was mounting in the late 1970s . White acquired cover artwork by Stephen Fabian and Douglas Beekman , and stories by some of the new generation of sf writers , such as George R. R. Martin and Charles Sheffield . White departed in November 1978 , but the first issue of Fantastic under Elinor Mavor 's editorial control was April 1979 . Because White had returned unsold stories she had very little to work with and was forced to fill the magazine with reprints . This led to renewed conflict with the sf community , which she did her best to defuse . At a convention in 1979 she met Harlan Ellison , who complained about the reprint policy ; she explained that it was temporary and was able to get him to agree to contribute stories , publishing two pieces by him in Amazing over the next three years . The January 1980 issue of Fantastic ( Mavor 's fourth issue ) was the last to contain reprinted stories . Once the reprints had been phased out , Mavor was able to find new writers to work with , including Brad Linaweaver and John E. Stith , both of whom sold their first stories to Fantastic . The last year of Fantastic showed " a steady improvement in content " , according to Mike Ashley , who cites in particular Daemon , a serialized graphic story , illustrated by Stephen Fabian . However , at the end of 1980 Fantastic 's independent existence ceased , and it was merged with Amazing .
= = Publication details = =
= = = Editors = = =
The list below gives the person who was acting as editor . In some cases , such as at the start of Cele Goldsmith 's stint , the official editor was not the same person ; details are given above .
Howard Browne ( Summer 1952 – August 1956 ) .
Paul Fairman ( October 1956 – November 1958 ) .
Cele Goldsmith ( December 1958 – June 1965 ) . Goldsmith used her married name , Cele G. Lalli , from July 1964 .
Joseph Ross ( September 1965 – November 1967 ) .
Harry Harrison ( January 1968 – October 1968 ) .
Barry N. Malzberg ( December 1968 – April 1969 ) .
Ted White ( June 1969 – January 1979 )
Elinor Mavor ( April 1979 – October 1980 )
= = = Other bibliographic details = = =
The title changed multiple times , and was frequently inconsistently given between the cover , spine , indicia , and masthead .
The following table shows which issues appeared from which publisher .
A British edition published by Thorpe & Porter ran for eight bimonthly issues from December 1953 to February 1955 ; the issues were not dated on the cover . These correspond to the US issues from September / October 1953 to December 1954 , and were numbered volume 1 , numbers 1 through 8 .
Fantastic was digest @-@ sized throughout its life . The page count began at 160 but dropped to 144 with the September / October 1953 issue , and then again to 128 pages with the very next issue , November / December 1953 . The July 1960 issue had 144 pages , but apart from that one issue the page count stayed at 128 until September 1965 , when it increased to 160 . In January 1968 it went back down to 144 pages , and it dropped to 128 pages from February 1971 through the end of its run . The first issue was priced at 35 cents ; thereafter the price went up as follows : 50 cents in May 1963 , 60 cents in December 1969 , 75 cents in July 1974 , $ 1 @.@ 00 in October 1975 , $ 1 @.@ 25 in April 1978 , and finally $ 1 @.@ 50 from April 1979 until the last issue .
= = = Derivative anthologies = = =
Three anthologies of stories from Fantastic have been published . Note that Time Untamed contains stories that were published in Fantastic during its reprint years , but which did not necessarily first appear there .
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= Mountain of Madness =
" Mountain of Madness " is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 2 , 1997 . In the episode , Mr. Burns tries to encourage more cooperation among his employees and forces the workers of Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to go for a team @-@ building hike in the mountains . Burns and Homer are paired together and trapped in a cabin that gets buried by multiple avalanches .
" Mountain of Madness " was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by John Swartzwelder . The script underwent many rewrites and the story was completely rewritten . Several new designs and backgrounds had to be created for the wilderness scenes . The episode received mostly positive reviews .
= = Plot = =
Mr. Burns decides to hold a good old @-@ fashioned fire drill in order to excite things up around the plant . Upon hearing the bells ring , the employees panic and fail to clear the plant within 15 minutes . Outraged , Burns declares that everyone will be subjected to a teamwork competition at Mt . Useful . Homer brings his family to the mountain , not realizing it was only for employees , so he leaves them in the visitor center . Homer ends up being partnered with Burns while Smithers has to journey on his own , fuming that he was not paired with his boss . The object of this competition is to reach a cabin at the top of the mountain ; the last team to arrive will be fired .
Along the way , Burns talks Homer into cheating and they use a snowmobile ( which Burns refers to as a " horseless sleigh " ) to reach the cabin . Arriving several hours early , they settle down in the comfortable surroundings . Burns and Homer quickly become friends . However , while clinking their champagne glasses , they inadvertently cause an avalanche that buries the entire cabin . Despite Burns 's attempt to operate a telegraph machine or Homer 's attempt to dig a tunnel through the snow , they remain trapped . The pair attempt further tunneling escapes , but each time they speak , they cause more avalanches that place even more snow between them and freedom . Meanwhile , Bart and Lisa meet Smithers and offer to help him proceed to the cabin , though they cause more stalling than helping .
Back in the cabin , Burns and Homer are beset by cabin fever . They build snowmen to pass the time ( though Burns insists they build real men out of snow ) and clothe them at the expense of their own warmth . The other employees reach what appears to be their destination ; however , it is actually a ranger station and they begin to realize that something bad has happened to their colleagues . In the cabin , Homer and Burns stare at each other 's eyes , filling their minds with paranoia . They are both driven mad and attempt to kill each other . After a vicious struggle , Burns ignites the cabin 's propane tank , launching the building out of the snow and propelling it toward the horrified onlookers . Once it comes to a halt , Mr. Burns reminds everyone of the contest , and all the workers hurry inside .
Lenny is the last person in the cabin , and is told he is fired . Burns is informed the completion time of the competition has set a new record , and then decides that no one will be fired after all ( although Lenny , who is outside and falls into a crevasse , does not know that ) . The episode ends with Mr. Burns and Homer alternately laughing and glaring at each other .
= = Production = =
" Mountain of Madness " was written by John Swartzwelder , although the script underwent many rewrites . According to Josh Weinstein , " a Swartzwelder script is like a finely tooled crazy German machine and if you have the wrong engineers try to fix it , it blows up . And that 's the thing , ' cause it had great jokes but we sort of changed the story and went through a bunch of drafts . " The story was completely rewritten and as a result , the plot became odder and quirkier with the scenes of paranoia deriving from this . The original script was " really crazy " but a lot of the more insane material was cut . However , most of the rewrites were done during the script @-@ writing and did not require any major animation changes . One change was the ending , which was added after the animatic . The episode features several pairings of established characters who had previously interacted little , such as Smithers with Bart and Lisa . Weinstein feels that this was one of the first episodes to really feature the duo of Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson and developed them more .
The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and a lot of new designs and backgrounds had to be created for the wilderness scenes . The backgrounds were designed by animator Debbie Silver . The design of the forest ranger was based on then @-@ Vice President Al Gore . In the episode , Marge watches an old film which includes a comment from naturalist John Muir . The impression of Muir was done by Dan Castellaneta , who originally based the voice on an impersonator he met at Yosemite National Park . However , the producers asked him to make the voice older and crazier .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Mountain of Madness " finished 38 in ratings for the week of February 2 – 9 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the second @-@ highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following King of the Hill . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " an inventive episode , with several memorable moments " . Tim Raynor of DVDTown.com said there are some " good , sidesplitting moments to say the least for this witty episode " . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson called the episode " a good show " and praised it for the " snowy setting [ that ] allows the other characters to expand as well " .
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= Descent : FreeSpace – The Great War =
Descent : FreeSpace – The Great War is a 1998 space combat simulation IBM PC compatible computer game developed by Volition , Inc. when it was split off from Parallax Software . Published by Interplay Entertainment , it is also known as Conflict : FreeSpace – The Great War in Europe . In 2001 , it was ported to the Amiga platform as FreeSpace : The Great War by Hyperion Entertainment .
The story places the player in the role of a human pilot in the Galactic Terran Alliance , as it engages in war with the alien Parliamentary Vasudan Empire . This war is interrupted by the appearance of the enigmatic and militant Shivans , who begin slaughtering Terrans and Vasudans alike . Putting aside their differences , the Terrans and Vasudans form an alliance , and the player is assigned to missions to stop the Shivans ' genocidal advance . The player pilots a starfighter , and alongside competent AI wingmen , completes these missions to determine the fate of two races . Important battles in the story feature capital ships , which dwarf the fighters piloted by the player , and explode spectacularly when destroyed .
Descent : FreeSpace was well received as a single @-@ player space simulation that integrated all the desired features of its genre , but its multiplayer mode was plagued by lag and inaccurate tracking of statistics . Its expansion , Silent Threat , which comprised additional missions , was also released in 1998 . Its sequel , FreeSpace 2 , was released to critical acclaim a year later in 1999 .
= = Gameplay = =
Descent : FreeSpace – The Great War puts the player in a starfighter flying out on missions to investigate , protect , or destroy certain targets . Some have categorized it as a flight simulator , since it has more controls and commands than a typical arcade game . However , its flight model is simple , akin to that of the game TIE Fighter , though it incorporates some elements of Newtonian physics such as precise collision physics . In the single @-@ player mode , the player flies through a series of missions in a campaign .
Before flying a mission , the player goes through a briefing , which details relevant information and objectives . Ships and weapons are selected following the briefing , adding an element of strategy to the missions . When flying , the game 's perspective is a first @-@ person view from within the cockpit , but the only visible interface is that of the head @-@ up display ( HUD ) . The player can customize the HUD by changing its color , or by toggling the information displays .
Missions must be successfully completed for the campaign to advance . However , not all objectives must be met for a mission to be considered successful . Results of a mission can affect later missions ; for example , an enemy capital ship allowed to flee in a particular mission may return in a later mission . Completed missions can be replayed on the in @-@ game mission simulator . Training missions are mixed in with the regular missions ( and can be skipped ) , gradually introducing players to advanced commands and techniques as the missions become more sophisticated . The game has been said to be easily playable with the keyboard alone , or together with a mouse or joystick .
The game features multiplayer matches online or over a local area network ( LAN ) . Players can either band together to complete cooperative missions , or split up into teams to battle against one another . Voice chat is available , although reviewers advised it to be used only on broadband or LAN . Online gameplay was free over the services offered by Parallax Online , which also kept track of players ' statistics and rankings .
= = Setting = =
FreeSpace takes place in the 24th century when humanity has discovered interstellar travel by using interstellar subspace jump nodes which function the same way as wormholes , and have spread among the stars as the Galactic Terran Alliance ( GTA ) . The player character , a pilot in the GTA navy , is thrust into the game during the fourteenth year of war ( 2335 ) between the GTA and the alien Parliamentary Vasudan Empire ( PVE ) .
= = Plot = =
The story begins in 2335 , 14 years after the start of the Terran – Vasudan war . A lone GTA pilot , Lt. Ash , calls out for aid while being chased by ships belonging to an unknown race of aliens , who attacked both the GTA and PVE without warning , yet despite his best efforts to alert anyone in the GTA , the unknown ships jump in and promptly destroy his fighter and the nearby GTA space station , Riviera .
GTA command tries to cover up the incident as nothing more than an unsubstantiated rumor , as the player character is assigned as a fighter pilot to the Terran Orion @-@ class destroyer Galatea . The player is tasked with engaging Vasudan forces in the contested Antares , Ribos , Beta Cygni and Betelgeuse systems . During these engagements between the GTA and PVE , the prototype of the Terran " Avenger " cannon is stolen by a rogue Terran officer , Lt. Alexander McCarthy , who promptly attempts to defect to the Vasudans . The player subdues McCarthy but as they attempt to return the prototypes to the GTA , the same unknown ships attack again . The unknowns ' attacks intensify and with their energy shielding technology making their fighters virtually invincible , the GTA and PVE are forced into a ceasefire , as the two sides attempt to reverse @-@ engineer the shield technology for their own purposes as well as adapting their pre @-@ existing weapons to be more effective against the shields .
This new species is dubbed " Shivans " , and the GTA has squadrons embark on several missions , alongside the Vasudans as allies , to catch up with the Shivans ' technological superiority by capturing Shivan supply depots , acquiring Shivan shield generator technology in the process , while fending off a Vasudan death cult , the Hammer of Light , who worship the Shivans and refuses to accept the peace between the GTA and PVE . During operations , the GTA @-@ PVE alliance manage to capture a Shivan cruiser , the SC Taranis . But its capture is only celebrated for a short time , as a Shivan warship , a super @-@ destroyer dubbed the Lucifer , suddenly appears , destroying the captured Taranis and many other allied ships , while spearheading an invasion into the Vasudan systems and Terran outer colonies . To the shock of the alliance , they find that the Lucifer utilizes a powerful shield that makes it immune to all conventional weaponry . While continuing to do what is possible to stop the Shivans and eliminate the Hammer of Light , a Shivan fighter , dubbed a Dragon , is captured , and used to scan vessels entering a Vasudan controlled system , providing much intel on the super @-@ destroyer . Yet despite all efforts , the GTA fail to stop the Lucifer 's journey to the Vasudan 's homeworld , losing the GTD Galatea in the process . The Lucifer enters the Vasudan home system and soon bombards the species ' homeworld into oblivion , killing 4 billion Vasudans .
However a small Vasudan refugee fleet that managed to escape , sends out a transmission revealing that they were forced to land on an uncharted planet in the Altair system where they had discover the remnants of an extinct alien civilization dubbed " the Ancients " which were destroyed by the Shivans long ago ; their backstory is told through cutscenes at various points in the game . The Vasudans discover that the Ancients knew how to penetrate the Lucifer 's shields as well as how to track ships travelling through subspace . Learning that shield systems do not work in subspace , but that the Ancients could not capitalize on this and were wiped out , the GTA and PVE launch a desperate assault on the Lucifer .
As the Lucifer begins heading for Earth through a jump node between the Sol and Delta Serpentis systems , squadrons of fighters and bombers follow it into subspace and manage to destroy the super @-@ destroyer while its shields are offline , by hitting its reactors . While the plan works , the destruction of the Lucifer in the jump node causes it to collapse , along with the other jump nodes in the system , cutting Sol off from the rest of the Terran colonies .
The expansion Silent Threat continues the story in a straightforward manner . The player joins the Galactic Terran Intelligence ( GTI ) while the Terran – Vasudan alliance is in a fragile state , and is told to preserve the alliance by ruthlessly pacifying rebellious elements and fending off remnants of the Shivan forces . However , it all turns out to be a cover @-@ up , as the GTI is plotting a coup , and has constructed a Terran – Shivan hybrid superdestroyer of their own , the GTD Hades , which the player must destroy .
= = Development = =
FreeSpace was Volition 's first project after the split from Parallax Software , which also spawned Outrage Entertainment . It is not part of the canon of the Descent computer game series , and contained none of its ideas and only small portions of its code . It was only prefixed with Descent to avoid trademark issues with Mijenix Corporation 's " FreeSpace " , a disk compression utility . Volition also used the term " FreeSpace " in the game to initially describe what became later known as subspace . The game was conceived by Adam Pletcher , with all the features of space simulator games his team had found to be fun . The games TIE Fighter and Wing Commander were their primary inspirations , and those influences made their way into the game 's flight model , along with the influence of historical WWII dogfights . Themes from the fiction of Star Wars , Space : Above and Beyond , and Ender 's Game form a part in shaping the background and story of the FreeSpace world . The chaotic battles between masses of ships commonly found in science @-@ fiction anime became one of the features of FreeSpace .
Begun with a crew of five , the project grew to a staff of 17 . The game 's code was built from scratch . Most of the software modules were interlinked with each other , increasing the job 's complexity and difficulty . The code incorporated small portions of Descent 's code for specific functions . Kulas , who had worked on several versions of Flight Simulator and Descent , brought his experience into the game 's artificial intelligence ( AI ) . The game 's difficulty levels are based on advancing the enemy AI , rather than simply increasing damage and " hit points " of enemies . Some realism was incorporated into the game 's physics , such that an impact on one part of a starfighter 's body will send it spinning appropriately , unlike sphere @-@ based collision detection , in which an impact would simply ' push ' the starfighter in a particular direction . Due to time and budget constraints , many of the initially planned cutscenes and stories were cut from the final product . Examples of such cuts include a campaign path where the Terran @-@ Vasudan alliance goes on a retreat , and scenes of racial tension within the alliance . Despite the promise of a deathmatch mode for multiplayer , it was cut from the final product . The expansion Silent Threat also suffered the same fate of cuts due to budgetary and time concerns .
Apogee Software announced on December 12 , 1997 that they would be exclusively publishing FreeSpace for the first three months before handing the publishing rights back to Interplay Entertainment . This was part of their agreement with Interplay for the latter 's purchase of the rights to Descent , and Apogee decided to release FreeSpace as shareware , with themselves as the merchant of the registered version . Interplay , however , bought the full rights to FreeSpace from Apogee in late April , 1998 , keeping the ownership of the game solely to themselves .
Volition aimed for a quality release , and promised to deliver a product without major bugs . Minor bugs would be fixed in a prompt manner . The shipped game , however , had deficiencies admitted by the team , such as problems with the multiplayer code , and a few design issues . The game underwent four patches , which resolved most of the bugs , and improved the multiplayer performance . Complaints about an online mission giving unfair scores led to Volition removing the mission from scoring play . Another patch allowed EAX capability to be enabled for Creative Sound Blaster sound cards . Interplay played its part in drumming up the community 's interest by holding contests , and expanding material for the FreeSpace universe . Meanwhile , Volition created official star maps , and released Vasudan voice clips and story development notes . Interplay hired science @-@ fiction writers such as Fred Saberhagen , Simon Hawke , and Jeff Grubb to write weekly FreeSpace stories for two months . Preparing for Silent Threat 's release , Interplay held a contest from July 28 to August 25 , 1998 , in which the submitted fan @-@ designed missions could win their authors prizes such as free copies of Silent Threat , FreeSpace apparel , and gaming hardware . Entries were judged by a panel from PC Gamer , and qualified entries constituted half of the missions in Silent Threat .
On December 14 , 1999 , Hyperion Entertainment announced their acquisition of the license to port FreeSpace to the Amiga system . The publisher was changed to Haage & Partner Computer on October 18 , 2001 . Despite the game 's official release being announced for December 2001 , the approval to do so could only be gotten on January 7 , 2002 . The game was shipped without a printed manual , but had additional German and French language support . Hyperion had stated they would port over Silent Threat if the FreeSpace port sold well . To date , Silent Threat has yet to be ported over to the Amiga platform .
= = Reception = =
FreeSpace — which was placed 20th in PC Gamer UK 's 1999 Top 100 Awards — was frequently compared to Wing Commander : Prophecy and X @-@ Wing vs. TIE Fighter in its reviews , and stood up well against them . It has been said to be a combination of the two games , possessing the better qualities of each ; the plot is fairly epic , but the player is still just a pilot caught up in it all , fighting amongst fleets of starships . As the game took inspiration from space simulation classics and offered comparatively little of its own innovation , it was called unoriginal by a few reviewers .
Most reviewers glossed over the game 's story , but a few found it lacking the depth needed to captivate the player . Some suggested that the game would have been better if the player had a greater role in controlling the outcome of the story . Without this impetus , these reviewers found themselves simply playing a " very sweet looking arcade title " , and felt detached from their wingmen and environment . This feeling was made worse in Silent Threat with its " cold and inhuman " briefings and non @-@ player characters .
Several reviewers praised FreeSpace 's graphics , claiming asteroids are realistically rendered against softly glowing nebulae , while galaxies and stars of varying colors lay in the background . Others felt differently , stating the 3D effects were less spectacular than those of the software rendered version , the nebulae were unconvincing , and the ships ' textures were blurry and lacking detail . However , reviewers unanimously agreed the explosions in FreeSpace were the most spectacular they had ever seen , and were impressed with the many small details of capital ships breaking up . Sharky Extreme was dismayed by the game 's inability to go beyond 640x480 screen size . The game 's AI also received praise from reviewers , as the player 's wingmen were competent on their own and could be trusted with orders , even to the extent of co @-@ ordinating attacks on capital ships . Likewise , the player 's enemies acted in concert with each other to achieve their squadron 's objectives .
Despite one reviewer 's glowing praise for the FreeSpace 's online multiplayer over cable modems , the majority at that time were on dial @-@ up access and roundly condemned the online multiplayer mode . The chief complaint was lag . GameSpot 's Desslock was amazed the game dared to advertise as being able to support 16 players online when it could not even support two players on 56k modems . Combatsim.com 's Fitzgerald called the multiplayer " bug ridden " after experiencing many of his shots not registering hits or kills on enemy ships after over 40 minutes of play ; all of it due to lag . Other reviewers found their situations similar with their guns only firing seconds after depressing the trigger , and their ships randomly jumping over the playing area .
Silent Threat was judged to be a decent but uninspired add @-@ on . The campaign missions were either standard escort or destroy missions , and offered no new equipment which were unable to compete against the older equipment . The stand @-@ alone missions , however , were toasted for the way they were conceived . The contest @-@ winning entries gave breadth to the game 's variety of missions . This was made possible with the free editor FreeSpace Editor , or FRED for short . With the ability to import personal audio and 3D animation files , the editor allows users the same capability as Volition to create their own missions . The possibilities offered by the editor resulted in a call to the community to stop the flood of " Battle of Endor " -type missions , and to design missions following Volition 's Jason Hoffoss ' Zen philosophy of accomplishing more with less .
= = See Also = =
Freespace 2
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= Ontario Highway 72 =
King 's Highway 72 , commonly referred to as Highway 72 , is a provincially maintained highway in the northern half of the Canadian province of Ontario . The highway connects Highway 17 in Dinorwic with the town of Sioux Lookout , where there are connections with Highway 516 towards Savant Lake and Highway 642 towards Silver Dollar .
Highway 72 was built as a trunk route by 1920 , and became a provincial highway in 1937 . It has remained largely unchanged since then , aside from the reconstruction and realignment of the Frog Rapids bridge , and the renumbering of the fork towards Hudson as Highway 664 . The length of the highway is 68 @.@ 5 km ( 42 @.@ 6 mi ) , the entirety of which is situated in Kenora District . There are no significant settlements between its endpoints .
= = Route description = =
Highway 72 is a 68 @.@ 5 km ( 42 @.@ 6 mi ) route which serves to connect Sioux Lookout with the Trans @-@ Canada Highway . The route begins at Highway 17 , on the western edge of Dinorwic . From there it follows an old routing of Highway 17 along the northern edge of the village , but eventually turns to the north into the wilderness . Between this point and south of the Frog Rapids Narrows , where Highway 664 intersects the route , the highways passes through a remote forested region dotted with lakes and muskeg ; there is almost no human habitation . After crossing the Frog Rapids Narrows , the highway enters Sioux Lookout . It zig @-@ zags through the town , crossing the old Grand Trunk Railroad , now a Canadian National Railway line , next to a large rail depot . It exits Sioux Narrows , ending at an intersection with the Ed Arlano Bypass , Highway 516 and Highway 642 just east of the town .
= = History = =
Sioux Lookout and Hudson were both originally accessible only by rail and water when they were established as stops on the Grand Trunk Railway shortly after 1900 ; roads would not reach the remote area until 1920 . The road connecting Sioux Lookout and Hudson with the Ignace – Dryden Road was initially under the upkeep of the Department of Northern Development . On April 1 , 1937 , that department was merged into the Department of Highways ( DHO ) , after which the provincial highway network was expanded into northern Ontario .
Shortly after the merger , the DHO began to assume highways throughout northern Ontario . On October 6 , 1937 , Highway 72 was established , connecting Highway 17 with both Sioux Lookout and Hudson . On the 1938 – 39 Official Ontario Road Map , the distance from Dinorwic to Sioux Lookout is listed as 48 @.@ 0 miles ( 77 @.@ 2 km ) , and from Dinorwic to Hudson as 53 @.@ 0 miles ( 85 @.@ 3 km ) . This routing remained in place until at least 1953 . By 1954 , however , the branch leading to Hudson was renumbered as Highway 116 . Highway 72 has , aside from minor realignments , remained unchanged since then .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 72 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in Kenora District .
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= Croatia – Serbia border dispute =
The Croatia – Serbia border dispute refers to differing views held by Croatia and Serbia regarding their border in the area of the Danube River . While Serbia holds the opinion that the thalweg of the Danube valley and the centerline of the river represents the international border between the two countries , Croatia disagrees and claims that the international border lies along the boundaries of the cadastral municipalities located along the river — departing from the course at several points along a 140 @-@ kilometre ( 87 mi ) section . The cadastre @-@ based boundary reflects the course of the Danube which existed in the 19th century , before meandering and hydraulic engineering works altered its course . The area size of the territory in dispute is reported variously , up to 140 square kilometres ( 54 square miles ) .
The dispute first arose in 1947 , but was left unresolved during the existence of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It became a contentious issue after the breakup of Yugoslavia . Particular prominence was given to the dispute at the time of Croatia 's accession to the European Union . As of September 2014 the dispute remains unresolved , and the line of control mostly corresponds to Serbia 's claim .
= = Territorial claims = =
The Croatia – Serbia border dispute entails competing claims regarding the border at several points along the Danube River valley shared by the two countries . The disputed areas are located along a 140 @-@ kilometre ( 87 mi ) portion of the course , out of 188 @-@ kilometre ( 117 mi ) of the river course in the area . In that area , the border is defined differently by the neighbouring countries — either as following the course of the Danube , as claimed by Serbia , or following a line tracing the borders of cadastral municipalities having seat in either of the two countries , as claimed by Croatia . The cadastre @-@ based boundary also traces the former riverbed of the Danube , which was changed by meandering and hydraulic engineering works in the 19th century , after the cadastre was established . The border dispute involves up to 140 square kilometres ( 54 square miles ) of territory . Other sources specify somewhat different figures , indicating a Croatian claim over 100 square kilometres ( 39 square miles ) on the eastern bank of the river , in Bačka , while saying that the cadastre @-@ based boundary leaves 10 to 30 square kilometres ( 3 @.@ 9 to 11 @.@ 6 square miles ) of territory on the western bank of the Danube , in Baranja to Serbia . Yet another estimate cites a total area of 100 square kilometres ( 39 square miles ) in dispute , 90 % of which is located on the eastern bank of the Danube , controlled by Serbia .
The bulk of the territory in dispute is in the vicinity of the town of Apatin , while the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar are cited as particularly contentious parts of the dispute . Further disputed areas are located near the town of Bačka Palanka , and in the municipality of Sombor , at the tripoint of Croatia , Hungary and Serbia . Croatia claims that the cadastre @-@ based boundary was adopted by the Đilas Commission , set up in 1945 to determine the borders between federal constituents of Yugoslavia , while Serbia claims that the same commission identified the boundary as the course of the Danube in 1945 . In 1991 , the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the border between federal units of Yugoslavia became inviolable international borders , without referring to locations of any specific claim or line . The opinion was rendered at the request of Serbia . Prior to the ruling , Serbia asserted that the borders were subject to change following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia . Since the Croatian War of Independence , the line of control coincides with the Serbian claim .
On 28 July 2002 , warning shots were fired by a patrol boat of the Yugoslav Army at four boats carrying the prefect of Vukovar @-@ Srijem County and the mayors of Vukovar and Bačka Palanka , as well as several other civilians to Bačka Palanka . The incident took place approximately 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 feet ) away from Šarengrad Island . Shots were also fired at a Croatian patrol boat after it attempted to approach the vessel carrying the prefect and the mayor . There were no casualties , but the passengers and crew of the civilian boat were arrested . Four elderly individuals and four children were released immediately , while the rest were interviewed at a Yugoslav military barracks for two hours before being set free . Yugoslav foreign minister Goran Svilanović expressed regret over the incident , but Croatian Prime Minister Ivica Račan stated that Croatia was not satisfied with the gesture . The Serbian Army withdrew from the border in October 2006 , turning control over to the Serbian police .
= = = Recent developments = = =
In early 2000 , Croatia and Serbia set up a commission tasked with determining the border , but in its first ten years it convened only once or twice . Since 2010 , the issue has gained increasing prominence in the disputing countries . Plans for construction of a port in Apatin , on a piece of territory claimed by Croatia , added fuel to the dispute . After years of inactivity the inter @-@ governmental commission established to identify and determine the border between Croatia and Serbia met in Zagreb in April 2010 , only to conclude that there was a difference of opinions on the matter . Later that month , the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) proposed a National Assembly resolution which would require that Serbian officials resolve the dispute in compliance with the Serbian claim . Months later , Radoslav Stojanović , a former legal representative of Serbia and Montenegro in the Bosnian Genocide Case and former ambassador to the Netherlands , likened the dispute to the Croatia – Slovenia border dispute in the Gulf of Piran . Stojanović said that the position held by Croatia in its dispute with Slovenia was favourable for Serbia and warned that Serbia might be in a disadvantageous position if Croatia joined the European Union ( EU ) before Serbia — which would allow it to impose its conditions to the process of accession of Serbia to the EU .
By 2011 , Serbian diplomats made several requests to the EU , asking it to pressure Croatia to resolve the dispute before Croatia 's accession to the union out of fear that it might follow the Slovene example and stall Serbian accession similar to the impasse between Croatia and Slovenia over their border disputes and the subsequent blockade of the Croatian EU accession negotiation process . The request was denied by the EU . Croatian President Ivo Josipović said that the dispute was the most contentious issue of Croatia – Serbia relations but added that it should not be difficult to resolve . In 2012 , Josipović stated that Croatia should not block Serbia 's EU accession over the issue and suggested that the dispute should be resolved through arbitration , which is considered to be an acceptable solution by both countries . In 2014 , the Croatian ambassador to Serbia reiterated Josipović 's stance from 2012 . On the other hand , Zoran Milanović , the Prime Minister of Croatia , said that the resolution of the border dispute would be Croatia 's condition placed before Serbia in its EU accession negotiations .
= = = = Vukovar Island Agreement = = = =
In 2006 , representatives of the city of Vukovar and the municipality of Bač , located on the bank opposite Vukovar , reached an agreement on use of the Vukovar Island as a recreational facility and beach . The island is accessible to organised transport by boats sailing from Vukovar . No border controls are involved in the process . By 2012 , visits to the island reached 150 @,@ 000 persons per year .
= = = = Liberland and other claims = = = =
In 2015 , Vít Jedlička from the Czech Party of Free Citizens proclaimed the micronation Liberland on what he said is land left unclaimed by both Croatia and Serbia .
Shortly after Liberland , another micronation project , the Kingdom of Enclava , was declared , eventually claiming the second largest pocket as their territory , founded in November 2014 Principality of Ongal claimed the all others pockets . The Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs has rejected these claims , stating that the differing border claims between Serbia and Croatia do not involve terra nullius , and are not subject to occupation by a third party . However , the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on 24 April 2015 that while Serbia does not consider " Liberland " to be an important matter , the " new state " does not impinge upon the Serbian border , which is delineated by the Danube River .
= = Evolution of the border = =
= = = Until 1922 = = =
The evolution of the Croatia – Serbia border began in 1699 with the Treaty of Karlowitz , transferring Slavonia and a portion of Syrmia from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Monarchy at the conclusion of the Great Turkish War . The rest of Syrmia was transferred to the Habsburg Monarchy through the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 . The transferred territories were organised within the monarchy into the Kingdom of Slavonia , with its eastern border established at the Danube , and the defensive belt of Military Frontier stretching along the Sava River , governed directly from Vienna .
Subsequent territorial changes in the region included the proclamation of the short @-@ lived Serbian Vojvodina during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , which included Syrmia as its territory . A year later Serbian Vojvodina was abolished and replaced by the crown land of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat , which ceded Syrmia back to the Kingdom of Slavonia . In 1868 , following the Croatian – Hungarian Settlement , the Kingdom of Slavonia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia , before the Slavonian Military Frontier was fully annexed to Croatia @-@ Slavonia in 1881 . At the end of World War I in 1918 , Croatia @-@ Slavonia became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed Yugoslavia in 1929 ) , as did Bačka and Baranja , which were formed after the division of Hungarian Baranya and Bács @-@ Bodrog Counties along the " Clemenceau line " established through the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 . The territory of southern Baranja was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes on the premise that it formed a natural hinterland of the city of Osijek . The territory south of the " Clemenceau line " was not distributed to any administrative divisions in existence before the whole of the country was reorganised administratively in 1922 .
= = = After 1945 = = =
The first general outline of the post @-@ 1945 borders of Croatia was made by the Anti @-@ Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia on 24 February 1945 . Some issues regarding the border , such as Baranja , were left unresolved . The newly established Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , a part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia since April 1945 , sought to establish its border with the Socialist Republic of Croatia along the Drava River , thus including Baranja , the Danube and along the Vukovar – Županja line . To counter the claims made by Vojvodina , Croatian authorities staked counterclaims in the areas of Vukovar , Vinkovci , Baranja and in the area of Sombor .
In order to settle the matter , the federal authorities set up a five @-@ member commission presided over by Milovan Đilas in June 1945 . The commission identified three sets of disputed territories . Those were the districts of Subotica , Sombor , Apatin and Odžaci in Bačka , districts of Batina and Darda in Baranja , and districts of Vukovar , Šid and Ilok in Syrmia . The districts in Bačka were awarded to Vojvodina , while those in Baranja were awarded to Croatia , both primarily along ethnic lines . The commission also noted that if Yugoslavia managed to acquire the region of Baja from Hungary , the decision regarding Bačka would be reviewed . The district of Vukovar was also awarded to Croatia , while Ilok and Šid were assigned to Vojvodina . In case of Ilok , the decision was specified to be provisional until authorities are consolidated on either side of the boundary , when the issue would be reexamined .
Subsequently , the Serbian Parliament enacted a law establishing Vojvodina 's borders . It referred to the boundary proposed by the Đilas commission explicitly noting that it was temporary . The law noted that the border follows the Danube from the Hungarian border to Ilok , crosses the Danube leaving Ilok , Šarengrad and Mohovo in Croatia then moves south and leaves the cadastral municipalities of Opatovac , Lovas , Tovarnik , Podgrađe , Apševci , Lipovac , Strošinci and Jamena in Croatia , and everything east of the line in Vojvodina . The awarding of Ilok to Croatia was a departure from the findings of Đilas commission and it was based on a referendum held in the town on the matter in 1945 or 1946 , when its population voted to be added to Croatia .
= = = Start of the dispute = = =
In 1947 , Vojvodina 's Ministry of Agriculture complained to Serbia 's Ministry of Forestry that the authorities in Vukovar refused to hand over four river islands , and then to Croatia 's Ministry of Forestry regarding the same matter , asking for assistance . After Croatia refused the request , the Serbian authorities turned to the federal government . The federal authorities advised resolving the matter through mutual agreement and said that Vojvodina 's interpretation of the law on its borders — that the border runs along thalweg of the Danube valley , i.e. along the river 's midpoint — is erroneous because the law does not apply such wording . In a letter dated 18 April 1947 , Yugoslav authorities said that the disputed river islands were the territory of Vukovar district and that the territory could not be transferred to Vojvodina before the border was defined otherwise .
By May 1947 , authorities in Vojvodina noted that there was a dispute between them and the authorities in Croatia regarding the interpretation of the position of the border along the Danube , and that the federal authorities , who were asked to mediate in the dispute , supported the position of Croatia . At the same time , Vojvodina requested that Croatia return the territories on the right bank of the Danube that had previously been ceded to it ( Varoš @-@ Viza and Mala Siga ) . While in the Yugoslav framework , the issue received little further attention as its resolution was discouraged by the federal authorities , and because the area involved had limited economic value , was uninhabited and frequently flooded .
By 1948 , Croatia and Serbia agreed on two modifications of the border — the village of Bapska was transferred to Croatia , while Jamena was turned over to Vojvodina . No further changes to the border were agreed upon . A map of the area issued by the Yugoslav People 's Army Military @-@ Geographic Institute in 1967 depicts the border along the cadastre @-@ based boundary , corresponding to the Croatian claim in the dispute .
= = External link = =
Media related to Principality of Ongal at Wikimedia Commons
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= The Boat Race 1958 =
The 104th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1958 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower Kenneth Payne and featured the first cox to follow his father in steering one of the boats . The reigning champions Cambridge won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 18 minutes 15 seconds , the third @-@ fastest winning time in history , and took the overall record to 58 – 45 in their favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1957 race by two lengths , and led overall with 57 victories to Oxford 's 45 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge were coached by J. R. F. Best , James Crowden ( who rowed twice for Cambridge , in the 1951 and 1952 races ) , Charles Lloyd ( a three @-@ time Blue , rowing in the 1949 , 1950 and 1951 races ) , J. R. Owen ( who rowed in the 1959 and 1960 races ) and Harold Rickett ( three @-@ time Blue between 1930 and 1932 ) . Oxford 's coaches were Hugh " Jumbo " Edwards ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1926 and 1930 races ) , J. H. Page , C. F. Porter and L. A. F. Stokes ( who rowed in the 1951 and 1952 races . The race was umpired for the sixth time by the former British Olympian Kenneth Payne , who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races .
In the buildup to the race , Cambridge 's P. D. Rickett was struck down by influenza for a week and was unable to train .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 3 lb ( 83 @.@ 7 kg ) , 3 pounds ( 1 @.@ 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew had two rowers with Boat Race experience , including stroke G. Sorrell ( who was rowing in his third race ) and number four S. F. A. Miskin . Cambridge saw a single participant return in number three J. A. Pitchford . Two of the participants in the race were registered as non @-@ British . Oxford 's number six , Rodd Rubin , hailed from America while Cambridge 's number five R. B. Ritchie was Australian .
Cambridge 's James Sulley became the first cox to follow in his father 's footsteps : A. L. " Jimmy " Sulley steered the Light Blues in the 1928 race . Peter Rickett , the Light Blues ' number six , also followed his father ( and coach for this year ) Harold , while R. B. Ritchie 's father A. B. Ritchie and R. D. Carver 's father H. R. Carver also rowed for Cambridge , in the 1922 and 1925 races respectively . Oxford 's stroke , David Edwards was the son of Hugh " Jumbo " Edwards who rowed in the 1930 race while P. D. Rickett 's father and coach Harold rowed in three races for Cambridge , from 1930 to 1932 .
= = Race = =
Cambridge , who went into the race as favourites , won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . In conditions described in The Times as " wretched " with fog and rain , the race started at 1 : 30 p.m. Although Oxford out @-@ rated Cambridge , the Light Blues ' length of stroke saw them hold a three @-@ quarter length lead after the first minute . Continuing to pull away , Cambridge were clear by Beverley Brook , half a length clear by the time the crews passed Craven Steps and increased this to a length @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half by the Mile Post .
A spurt from Oxford at the Crab Tree pub made no impression on the lead . Oxford were still out @-@ rating by Cambridge three strokes per minute as they passed below Hammersmith Bridge , two lengths adrift of the Light Blues . By Chiswick Steps , the lead was three lengths where Cambridge saw off another spurt , with Oxford now rowing six strokes per minute faster than their opponents . Able to relax , Cambridge passed the finishing post three and a half lengths clear of Oxford in a time of 18 minutes 15 seconds , the third fastest winning time in the event 's history . It was Cambridge 's fourth consecutive victory and the fastest winning time since the 1948 race . A correspondent writing in The Times described the victory as a " great success " and attributed the win to Cambridge 's " uniformity , precision , and properly covered blades ... not to the brilliance of any individuals in the boat . " Jack Beresford , writing in The Observer , suggested that Cambridge 's crew was " as good as any since the war " but that while Oxford " rowed gallantly and never gave up " , their technique was inadequate .
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= She : A History of Adventure =
She — subtitled A History of Adventure — is a novel by H. Rider Haggard ( 1856 – 1925 ) , first serialised in The Graphic magazine from October 1886 to January 1887 . She is one of the classics of imaginative literature , and one of the best @-@ selling books of all time , with over 100 million copies sold in 44 different languages as of 2013 . She was extraordinarily popular upon its release and has never been out of print . According to literary historian Andrew M. Stauffer , " She has always been Rider Haggard 's most popular and influential novel , challenged only by King Solomon 's Mines in this regard " .
The story is a first @-@ person narrative that follows the journey of Horace Holly and his ward Leo Vincey to a lost kingdom in the African interior . There they encounter a primitive race of natives and a mysterious white queen named Ayesha who reigns as the all @-@ powerful " She " , or " She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " . In this work , Rider Haggard developed the conventions of the Lost World subgenre , which many later authors emulated .
She is placed firmly in the imperialist literature of nineteenth @-@ century England , and inspired by Rider Haggard 's experiences of South Africa and British colonialism . The story expresses numerous racial and evolutionary conceptions of the late Victorians , especially notions of degeneration and racial decline prominent during the fin de siècle . In the figure of She , the novel notably explored themes of female authority and feminine behaviour . It has received praise and criticism alike for its representation of womanhood .
= = Synopsis = =
A young Cambridge University professor , Horace Holly , is visited by a colleague , Vincey , who reveals that he will soon die . Vincey proceeds to tell Holly a fantastical tale of his family heritage . He charges Holly with the task of raising his young son , Leo ( whom he has never seen ) and gives Holly a locked iron box , with instructions that it is not to be opened until Leo turns 25 . Holly agrees , and indeed Vincey is found dead the next day . Holly raises the boy as his own ; when the box is opened on Leo 's 25th birthday they discover the ancient and mysterious " Sherd of Amenartas " , which seems to corroborate Leo 's father 's story . Holly , Leo and their servant , Job , follow instructions on the Sherd and travel to eastern Africa but are shipwrecked . They alone survive , together with their Arab captain , Mahomed ; after a perilous journey into an uncharted region of the African interior , they are captured by the savage Amahagger people . The adventurers learn that the natives are ruled by a fearsome white queen , who is worshiped as Hiya or " She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " . The Amahagger are curious about the white @-@ skinned interlopers , having been warned of their coming by the mysterious queen .
Billali , the chief elder of one of the Amahagger tribes , takes charge of the three men , introducing them to the ways of his people . One of the Amahagger maidens , Ustane , takes a liking to Leo and , by kissing him and embracing him publicly , weds him according to Amahagger customs . Leo , likewise , grows very fond of her .
Billali tells Holly that he needs to go and report the white men 's arrival to She . In his absence , some of the Amahagger become restless and seize Mahomed , intending to eat him as part of a ritual " hotpot " . Realising what is about to happen , Holly shoots several of the Amahagger , killing Mahomed in the process ; in the ensuing struggle Leo is gravely wounded , but Ustane saves his life by throwing herself onto his prostrate body to shield him from spears . All seems lost as the Amahagger resolve to kill Ustane along with the white men but Billali returns in the nick of time and declares that the three men are under the protection of She . Leo 's condition , however , worsens and he nears death as Ustane faithfully tends to him .
They are taken to the home of the queen , which lies near the ruins of the lost city of Kôr , a once mighty civilisation that predated the Egyptians . The queen and her retinue live under a dormant volcano in a series of catacombs built as tombs for the people of Kôr . There , Holly is presented to the queen , a white sorceress named Ayesha . Her beauty is so great that it enchants any man who beholds it . She , who is veiled and lies behind a partition , warns Holly that the power of her splendour arouses both desire and fear , but he is dubious . When she shows herself , however , Holly is enraptured and prostrates himself before her . Ayesha reveals that she has learned the secret of immortality and that she possesses other supernatural powers including the ability to read the minds of others , a form of telegnosis and the ability to heal wounds and cure illness ; she is also revealed to have a tremendous knowledge of chemistry , but is notably unable to see into the future . She tells Holly that she has lived in the realm of Kôr for more than two millennia , awaiting the reincarnated return of her lover , Kallikrates ( whom she had slain in a fit of jealous rage ) . Later , when Holly inadvertently and secretly discovers Ayesha in her hidden chamber , he learns that she may have some degree of power to reanimate the dead .
The next evening She visits Leo to heal him . But upon seeing his face , she is stunned and declares him to be the reincarnation of Kallikrates . She saves him and becomes jealous of Ustane . The latter is ordered to leave Leo and never to set her eyes on him again . Ustane refuses , however , and Ayesha eventually strikes her dead with magic . Despite the murder of their friend , Holly and Leo cannot free themselves from the power of Ayesha 's beauty and Leo becomes bewitched . In explaining her history , Ayesha shows Leo the perfectly preserved body of Kallikrates , which she has kept with her , but she then dissolves the remains with a powerful acid , confident that Leo is indeed the reincarnation of her former lover .
In the climax of the novel , Ayesha takes the two men to see the Pillar of Fire , passing through the ruined city of Kôr into the heart of the ancient volcano . She is determined that Leo should bathe in the fire to become immortal and remain with her forever , and that together they can become the immortal and all @-@ powerful rulers of the world . After a perilous journey , they come to a great cavern , but at the last Leo doubts the safety of entering the flame . To allay his fears , Ayesha steps into the Spirit of Life , but with this second immersion , the life @-@ preserving power is lost and Ayesha begins to revert to her true age . Holly speculates that it may be that a second exposure undoes the effects of the previous or the Spirit of Life spews death on occasion . Before their eyes , Ayesha withers away in the fire , and her body shrinks . The sight is so shocking that Job dies in fright . Before dying , She tells Leo , " Forget me not . I shall come again ! "
= = = Characters = = =
Horace Holly – protagonist and narrator , Holly is a Cambridge man whose keen intellect and knowledge was developed to compensate for his ape @-@ like appearance . Holly knows a number of ancient languages , including Greek , Arabic , and Hebrew , which allow him to communicate with the Amahagger ( who speak a form of Arabic ) and She ( who knows all three languages ) . Holly 's interest in archaeology and the origins of civilisation lead him to explore the ruins of Kôr .
Leo Vincey – ward of Horace Holly , Leo is an attractive , physically active young English gentleman with a thick head of blond hair . He is the confidant of Holly and befriends Ustane . According to She , Leo resembles Kallikrates in appearance and is his reincarnation .
Ayesha – the title character of the novel , called Hiya by the native Amahagger , or " She " ( She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed ) . Ayesha was born over 2 @,@ 000 years ago amongst the Arabs , mastering the lore of the ancients and becoming a great sorceress . Learning of the Pillar of Life in the African interior , she journeyed to the ruined kingdom of Kôr , feigning friendship with a hermit who was the keeper of the Flame that granted immortality . She bathed in the Pillar of Life 's fire .
Job – Holly 's trusted servant . Job is a working @-@ class man and highly suspicious and judgmental of non @-@ English peoples . He is also a devout Protestant . Of all the travellers , he is especially disgusted by the Amahagger and fearful of She .
Billali – an elder of one of the Amahagger tribes .
Ustane – an Amahagger maiden . She becomes romantically attached to Leo , caring for him when he is injured , acting as his protector , and defying She to stay with him .
Kallikrates – an ancient Greek , the husband of Amenartas , and ancestor of Leo . Two thousand years ago , he and Amenartas fled Egypt , seeking a haven in the African interior where they met Ayesha . There , She fell in love with him , promising to give him the secret of immortality if he would kill Amenartas . He refused , and , enraged , She struck him down .
Amenartas – an ancient Egyptian priestess and ancestress of the Vincey family . As a priestess of Isis , she was protected from the power of She . When Ayesha slew Kallikrates , she expelled Amenartas from her realm . Amenartas gave birth to Kallikrates ' son , beginning the line of the Vinceys ( Leo 's ancestors ) .
= = Background = =
= = = South Africa = = =
In 1875 , Haggard was sent to Cape Town , South Africa as secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer , the lieutenant @-@ governor of Natal . Haggard wrote in his memoirs of his aspirations to become a colonial governor himself , and of his youthful excitement at the prospects . The major event during his time in Africa was Britain 's annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 . Haggard was part of the expedition that established British control over the Boer republic , and which helped raise the Union flag over the capital of Pretoria on 24 May 1877 . Writing of the moment , Haggard declared :
Haggard had advocated the British annexation of the Boer republic in a journal article entitled " The Transvaal " , published in the May 1877 issue of Macmillan 's Magazine . He maintained that it was Britain 's " mission to conquer and hold in subjection " lesser races , " not from thirst of conquest but for the sake of law , justice , and order " . However , Boer resistance to British rule and the resulting Anglo @-@ Zulu war caused the imperial government in London to withdraw from pursuing British sovereignty over the South African interior . Haggard considered this to be a " great betrayal " by Prime Minister Gladstone and the Liberal Party , which " no lapse of time ever can solace or even alleviate " . He became increasingly disillusioned with the realities of colonial Africa . Victorian scholar Patrick Brantlinger notes in his introduction to She : " Little that Haggard witnessed matched the romantic depictions of ' the dark continent ' in boys ' adventure novels , in the press , and even in such bestselling explorers ' journals as David Livingstone 's Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa ( 1857 ) . "
During his time in South Africa , Haggard developed an intense hatred for the Boers , but also came to admire the Zulus . However , his admiration of the Zulus did not extend to other African peoples ; rather , he shared many of the assumptions that underlay contemporary Victorian politics and philosophy , such as those expressed by James Hunt , the President of the Anthropological Society of London : " the Negro is inferior intellectually to the European ... [ and ] can only be humanised and civilised by Europeans . The analogies are far more numerous between the Negro and apes , than between the European and apes . " The Victorian belief in the inherent inferiority of the ' darker races ' made them the object of a civilising impulse in the European Scramble for Africa . Although disenchanted with the colonial effort , Haggard remained committed to this ideology . He believed that the British " alone of all the nations in the world appear to be able to control coloured races without the exercise of cruelty " .
= = = Return to Britain = = =
Rider Haggard returned to Britain in 1881 . At the time , England was increasingly beset by the social and cultural anxieties that marked the fin de siècle . One of the most prominent concerns was the fear of political and racial decline , encapsulated in Max Nordau 's Degeneration ( 1895 ) . Barely half a century earlier , Thomas Babington Macaulay had declared " the history of England " to be " emphatically the history of progress " , but late @-@ Victorians living in the wake of Darwinian evolution had lost the earlier positivism of their age . Uncertainty over the immutability of Britain 's historical identity , what historian Tim Murray has called the " threat of the past " , was manifested in the Victorian obsession with ancient times and archaeology . Haggard was greatly interested in the ruins discovered at Zimbabwe in the 1870s . In 1896 , he provided the preface to a monograph that detailed a history of the site , declaring :
Haggard was strongly influenced by archaeology and evolutionary theories , especially ideas about the " racialisation " of historical decline prevalent during the fin de siècle . His distaste for the Boers stemmed in part from their depiction as a ' mixed ' race , descended from various European stock and intermarried with African locals . Lack of racial purity was seen as leading to evolutionary degeneration and national decline , a concept which he embodied in the Amahagger people .
By the time that Haggard began writing She , society had more anxiety about the role of women . Debates regarding " The Woman Question " dominated Britain during the fin de siècle , as well as anxieties over the increasing position and independence of the " New Woman " . Alarm over social degeneration and societal decadence further fanned concerns over the woman 's movement and female liberalisation , which challenged the traditional conception of Victorian womanhood . The role and rights of women had changed dramatically since the early part of the century , as they entered the workforce , received better education , and gained more political and legal independence . Writing in 1894 , Haggard believed that marriage was the natural state for women : " Notwithstanding the energetic repudiations of the fact that confront us at every turn , it may be taken for granted that in most cases it is the natural mission of women to marry ; that – always in most cases – if they do not marry they become narrowed , live a half life only , and suffer in health of body and of mind . " He created the character of She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " who provided a touchstone for many of the anxieties surrounding the New Woman in late @-@ Victorian England " .
= = Concept and creation = =
According to Haggard 's daughter Lilias , the phrase " She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " originated from his childhood and " the particularly hideous aspect " of one rag @-@ doll : " This doll was something of a fetish , and Rider , as a small child , was terrified of her , a fact soon discovered by an unscrupulous nurse who made full use of it to frighten him into obedience . Why or how it came to be called She @-@ Who @-@ Must @-@ Be @-@ Obeyed he could not remember " . Haggard wrote that " the title She " was taken " from a certain rag doll , so named , which a nurse at Bradenham used to bring out of some dark recess in order to terrify those of my brothers and sisters who were in her charge . "
In his autobiography , Haggard spoke of how he composed She within a six @-@ week period of February and March 1886 , having just completed Jess , which was published in 1887 . Haggard claimed that this period was an intensely creative moment : the text " was never rewritten , and the manuscript carries but few corrections " . Haggard went on to declare : " The fact is that it was written at white heat , almost without rest , and that is the best way to compose . " He admitted to having had no clear story in mind when he began writing :
Various scholars have detected a number of analogues to She in earlier literature . According to Brantlinger , Haggard certainly read and was aware of the stories of Edward Bulwer @-@ Lytton , in particular A Strange Story ( 1862 ) which includes a mysterious , veiled woman called " Ayesha " , and The Coming Race ( 1871 ) about the discovery of a subterranean civilisation . Similarly , the name of the underground civilisation in She , known as Kôr , is derived from Norse mythological romance , where the " deathbed " of the goddess Hel is called Kör and means " disease " in Old Norse . In She , a plague destroyed the original inhabitants of Kôr .
According to Haggard , he wrote the final scene of Ayesha 's demise while waiting for his literary agent , A. P. Watt , to return to his offices . Upon completion , he entered Watt 's office and threw the manuscript " ... on the table with the remark : ' There is what I shall be remembered by ' " .
An interesting and obscure reference to She appears in Lieut . George Witton 's 1907 Book , Scapegoats of the Empire ; The True Story of the Bushveldt Carbineers :
" By midday we reached the Letaba Valley , in the Majajes Mountains , inhabited by a powerful tribe of natives once ruled by a princess said to be the prototype of Rider Haggard 's ' She ' . "
= = = Publication = = =
She was first published as a serial story in the Graphic , a large folio magazine printed weekly in London , between October 1886 and January 1887 . The serialisation was accompanied with illustrations by E. K. Johnson . An American edition was published by Harper and Bros. in New York on 24 December 1886 ; this included the Johnson illustrations . On 1 January 1887 , an English edition was published by Longmans , Green , and Co . , but without any images . It was the first publication of She in book format , and featured significant textual revisions from the Graphic serial made by Haggard . He made further revisions for an 1888 edition , which included illustrations by Maurice Greiffenhagen and C. H. M. Kerr . In 2006 a Broadview publication of She became the first edition to reproduce the Graphic serial text since 1887 .
= = = Narrative revisions = = =
Haggard contended that romances such as She or King Solomon 's Mines were best left unrevised , because " wine of this character loses its bouquet when it is poured from glass to glass . " However , he made a number of alterations to the original Graphic version of She before its publication as a novel in 1887 . One of the most significant was to the third chapter concerning the sherd , which was substantially expanded from the original to include the tale of Amenartas in uncial and cursive Greek scripts . Facsimile illustrations were also included of an antique vase , made @-@ up by Haggard 's sister @-@ in @-@ law Agnes Barber to resemble the sherd of Amenartas . A number of footnotes were also included containing historical references from the narrator . Haggard was keen to stress the historicity of the narrative , improving some of the information about geography and the history of ancient civilisations in chapters 4 , 13 , and 17 .
The 1887 novel also featured a substantial rewrite of the " hotpot " scene in chapter eight , when Mahomed is killed . In the original serialisation of She , the cannibal Amahagger grow restless and hungry and place a large heated pot over the head of Mahomed , enacting the hotpotting ritual before eating him . Haggard 's stories were criticised at the time for their violence , and he toned down this scene for the novel publication . The novel revised the hotpotting incident , with Mahomed dying instead when Holly shoots him accidentally in the scuffle with the Amahagger . Comparing the serial and novel editions of She , Stauffer describes the more compact narrative of the original as a reflection of the intense but short burst of creativity in which Haggard composed the story , arguing that " the style and grammar of the Graphic [ edition ] is more energetic and immediate " , although as he noted , " sometimes more flawed " .
Haggard continued to revise She for later publications , with the " New Edition " of 1888 containing over 400 minor alterations . The last revision by Haggard to be published was in 1896 .
= = Genre = =
= = = Fantasy and science fiction = = =
She is one of the foundational works of fantasy literature , coming around the time of The Princess and the Goblin ( 1858 ) by George MacDonald , William Morris ' The Wood Beyond the World and The Well at the World 's End , and the short stories of Lord Dunsany . It is marked by a strong element of " the marvelous " in the figure of Ayesha , a two @-@ thousand @-@ year @-@ old sorceress , and the ' Spirit of the World ' , an undying fire that confers immortality . Indeed , Haggard 's story is one of the first in modern literature to feature " a slight intrusion of something unreal " into a very real world – a hallmark of the fantasy genre . Similarly , the carefully constructed " fantasy history " of She foreshadows the use of this technique that characterises later fantasies such as The Lord of the Rings and The Wheel of Time series , and which imparts a " degree of security " to the secondary world . However , the story of She is firmly ensconced in what fantasy theorists call ' primary world reality ' , with the lost kingdom of Kôr , the realm ruled by the supernatural She , a fantastic " Tertiary World " at once directly part of and at the same time indirectly set apart from normative " primary " reality . Along with Haggard 's prior novel , King Solomon 's Mines , She laid the blueprints for the " Lost World " subgenre in fantasy literature , as well as the convention of the " lost race " . As Brantlinger has noted of the novel 's importance to the development of the " secondary world " in fantasy literature : " Haggard may seem peripheral to the development of science fiction , and yet his African quest romances could easily be transposed to other planets and galaxies " . In his history of science fiction , Billion Year Spree , Brian Aldiss notes the frequency with which Ayesha 's death in the Pillar of Fire has been imitated by later science fiction and fantasy writers : " From Haggard on , crumbling women , priestesses , or empresses – all symbols of women as Untouchable and Unmakeable – fill the pages of many a scientific romance " .
= = = Adventure romance = = =
She is part of the adventure subgenre of literature which was especially popular at the end of the 19th century , but which remains an important form of fiction to the present day . Along with works such as Treasure Island ( 1883 ) and Prince Otto ( 1885 ) by Robert Louis Stevenson , and Jules Verne 's A Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( 1871 ) and Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1875 ) , She had an important formative effect on the development of the adventure novel . Indeed , Rider Haggard is credited with inventing the romance of archaeological exploration which began in King Solomon 's Mines and crystallised in She . One of the most notable modern forms of this genre is the Indiana Jones movie series , as well as the Tarzan novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs and recently Alan Moore 's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2000 ) . In such fictional narratives the explorer is the hero , with the drama unfolding as they are cast into " the nostrum of the living past " . Holly and Leo are prototypes of the adventurer , who has become a critical figure in modern fiction .
= = = Imperial Gothic = = =
She is also one of the central texts in the development of Imperial Gothic . Many late @-@ Victorian authors during the fin de siècle employed Gothic conventions and motifs in their writing , stressing and alluding to the supernatural , the ghostly , and the demonic . As Brantlinger has noted , " Connected to imperialist adventure fiction , these interests often imply anxieties about the stability of Britain , of the British Empire , or , more generally , of Western civilisation " . Novels like Dracula and the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde present depictions of repressed , foreign , and demonic forces at the heart of the imperial polity . In She the danger is raised in the form of Ayesha herself :
She 's threat to replace Queen Victoria with herself echoes the underlying anxiety over imperialism and European colonialism emblematic of the Imperial Gothic genre . Indeed , Judith Wilt characterises the narrative of She , in which British imperialist penetration of Africa ( represented by Holly , Leo , and Job ) suddenly suffers a potential " counter @-@ attack " ( from Ayesha ) , as one of the archetypal illustrations of the " reverse colonalism " motif in Victorian Gothic . Similarly , She marks one of the first fictional examples to raise the spectre of the natural decline of civilisation , and by extension , British imperial power , which would become an increasingly frequent theme in Gothic and invasion literature until the onset of World War I.
= = Style = =
Rider Haggard 's writing style was the source of much criticism in reviews of She and his other works . His harshest critic was Augustus Moore , who wrote " God help English literature when English people lay aside their Waverley novels , and the works of Defoe , Swift , Thackeray , Charlotte Brontë , George Eliot , and even Charles Reade for the penny dreadfuls of Mr Haggard " ; adding , " The man who could write ' he spoke to She ' can have no ear at all " . A more common sentiment was expressed by the review of She in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine : " Mr. Rider Haggard is not an exquisite workman like Mr. [ Robert Louis ] Stevenson , but he has a great deal of power in his way , and rougher qualities which are more likely , perhaps , to ' take the town ' than skill more delicate " .
Modern literary criticism has tended to be more circumspect . As Victorian scholar Daniel Karlin has noted , " That Haggard 's style is frequently bathetic or clumsy cannot be denied ; but the matter is not so easily settled " . Stauffer cites the passage where Holly is meditating as he tries to fall asleep as emblematic of " the charges against " Haggard 's writing . In this scene , Holly lays down ,
The passage concludes with a wry remark from Holly , " I at last managed to get to sleep , a fact for which anybody who reads this narrative , if anybody ever does , may very probably be thankful " . According to Stauffer , " the disarming deflation of the passage goes a long way toward redeeming it , and is typical of the winning contradictions of the narrator 's style " . Tom Pocock in Rider Haggard and the Lost Empire has also highlighted the " literary framework " that Haggard constructs throughout much of the narrative , referencing Keats , Shakespeare , and Classical literature to imbue the story with a " Gothic sensibility " . Yet as Stauffer notes , " Ultimately , however , one thinks of Haggard 's plots , episodes , and images as the source of his lasting reputation and influence .
= = Themes = =
= = = Imperialism = = =
She is set firmly in the imperialist literature of the late @-@ Victorian period . The so @-@ called " New Imperialism " marking the last quarter of the 19th century witnessed a further expansion of British power , particularly on the African continent , and was characterised by a seemingly confident sentiment in the merits of empire and English civilisation . Thus She " invokes a particularly British view of the world " as Rider Haggard projects concepts of the English self against the foreign otherness of Africa . One such example occurs when Holly is first ushered into the presence of Ayesha , walking into the chamber behind a grovelling Billali who warns Holly to follow his example , or " a surety she will blast thee where thou standest " . Indeed , She is preoccupied with stressing quintessential British qualities through the " adventure " of empire , usually in contrast to foreign barbarism . However , the notion of imperialism is further compounded by the figure of She , who is herself a foreign colonising force . " In a sense then " , writes Stauffer , " a single property line divides the realm of Queen Victoria and that of She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed , two white queens who rule dark @-@ skinned natives of the African continent " .
= = = Race and evolution = = =
Like many of his Victorian contemporaries , Rider Haggard " proceeds on the assumption that whites are naturally superior to blacks , and that Britain 's imperial extensions into Africa are a noble , civilising enterprise " . Although Haggard penned a number of novels that portrayed Africans in a comparatively realistic light , She was not among their number . Even in King Solomon 's Mines , the representation of Umbopa ( who was based on an actual warrior ) and the Kukuanas , drew upon Haggard 's knowledge and understanding of the Zulus . In contrast , She makes no such distinctions . Ayesha , the English travellers , and the ancient inhabitants of Kôr are all white embodiments of civilisation , while the darker Amahagger , as a people , illustrate notions of savagery , barbarity , and superstition . Nonetheless , the " racial politics of the novel are more complex than they first appear " , given that Ayesha is in origin an ancient Arabian , Leo is descended from , and physically resembles a blond Hellenistic Greek , while Holly is said to resemble a baboon in facial appearance – an animal Victorians typically associated with black Africans . Whilst critics like Wendy Katz , Patricia Murphy , and Susan Gubar have analysed the strong racist undercurrent in She , Andrew Stauffer has taken note of the qualifications through which " the novel suggests deeper connections among the races , an ancient genealogy of ethnicities and civilizations in which every character is a hybrid " .
Indeed , there is a strong Darwinian undercurrent framing the representation of race in She , stemming from Haggard 's own interest in evolutionary theory and archaeological history . In particular the theme of racial degeneration is a prominent aspect in the novel . Moving into the fin de siècle , late @-@ Victorians were increasingly concerned about cultural and national decline resulting from racial decay . In She , this evolutionary concept of degeneration is manifested in Ayesha and the Amahagger . Haggard represents the Amahagger as a debased mixture of ethnicities , " a curious mingling of races " , originally descended from the inhabitants of Kôr but having intermarried with Arabs and Africans . Racial hybridisation of any kind " entailed degeneration " to Victorians , a " decline from the pure blood " of the initial races , and thus " an aspect of their degeneration is the idea that the Amahagger have lost whatever elements of civilization their Kôr ancestors may have imparted to them " . Thus , Ayesha proudly proclaims her own racial purity as a quality to be admired : " for Arabian am I by birth , even ' al Arab al Ariba ' ( an Arab of the Arabs ) , and of the race of our father Yárab , the son of Khâtan [ ... ] of the true Arab blood " . However , the novel 's starkest evocation of the evolutionary principle occurs in the regressive demise of Ayesha . Stepping into the Pillar of Fire , the immortal She begins to wither and decay , undergoing as death what Judith Wilt describes as the " ultimate Darwinian nightmare " , evolution in reverse .
= = = Female authority and sexuality = = =
When Rider Haggard first conceived of She he began with the theme of " an immortal woman inspired by an immortal love " . Although ostensibly a romance , the novel is part of the wider discourse regarding women and womanhood in late @-@ Victorian Britain . Many scholars have noted how She was published as a book in 1887 , the year of Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee , and Adrienne Munich argues that Haggard 's story " could fittingly be considered an ominous literary monument to Victoria after fifty years of her reign " . Indeed , in her devotion to Kallikrates ( two thousand years after his death ) , Ayesha echoes the long @-@ lasting fidelity of Victoria to her husband , Albert . However , unlike the " benign " Victoria , the question of female authority is realised to the extreme in the figure of She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed , whose autonomous will seemingly embodies Victorian anti @-@ feminist fears of New Women desiring ' absolute personal independence coupled with supreme power over men ' . Haggard constantly emphasises this anxiety over female authority in She , so that even the rationally minded and misogynistic Holly , who has put his " heart away from such vanity as woman 's loveliness " , ultimately falls upon his knees and worships Ayesha " as never woman was worshipped " . Similarly , although the masculine and chivalric Leo is determined to reject Ayesha for killing the devoted native girl Ustane , he too quickly falls under her will . In fact , Ayesha 's absolute command over the male sex is one of the most startling and unnerving aspects of the story .
In her role as the seductive femme fatale , Ayesha is part of " a long tradition of male fantasy that includes Homer 's Circe , Shakespeare 's Cleopatra , and Keats 's ' La Belle Dame sans Merci ' " . Brantlinger identifies the theme of " the white ( or at least light @-@ skinned ) queen ruling a black or brown @-@ skinned savage race " as " a powerfully erotic one " with its opposite being " the image of the helpless white woman captured by savages and threatened , at least , with rape " . The figure of She both inspires male desire and dominates male sovereignty , represented in her conquest of the enlightened Victorians Holly and Leo . The two Englishmen embody the powers of manhood , with Leo a reflection of masculine physicality and Holly a representation of man 's intellectual strength ; but both are conquered by the feminine powers of She , who rules as much through sex @-@ appeal as through sorcery , immortality , and will . Thus Steven Arata describes her as " the veiled woman , that ubiquitous nineteenth @-@ century figure of male desire and anxiety , whose body is Truth but a Truth that blasts " . Similarly , Sarah Gilbert sees the theme of feminine sexuality and authority realised in Ayesha as critical to the novel 's success : " Unlike the women earlier Victorian writers had idealised or excoriated , She was neither an angel nor a monster . Rather , She was an odd but significant blend of the two types – an angelically chaste woman with monstrous powers , a monstrously passionate woman with angelic charms " .
= = Reception = =
After its publication in 1887 She became an immediate success . According to The Literary World " Mr. Rider Haggard has made for himself a new field in fiction " . Comparing the novel to King Solomon 's Mines the review declared : " The book before us displays all the same qualities , and we anticipate for it a similar popularity . There is even more imagination in the later than in the earlier story ; it contains scenes of greater sensuous beauty and also of more gruesome horror " . The Public Opinion was equally rapturous in its praise :
The fantasy of She received particular acclaim from Victorian readers and critics . The review appearing in The Academy on 15 January was impressed by the " grown @-@ up " vision of the novel , declaring " the more impossible it gets the better Mr. Haggard does it ... his astonishing imagination , and a certain vraisemblance [ " verisimilitude " ( French ) ] makes the most impossible adventures appear true " . This sentiment was echoed in The Queen : The Lady 's Newspaper , with the reviewer pronouncing that " this is a tale in the hands of a writer not so able as Mr. Haggard might easily have become absurd ; but he has treated it with so much vividness and picturesque power as to invest it with unflagging interest , and given to the mystery a port of philosophic possibility that makes us quite willing to submit to the illusion .
The Spectator was more equivocal in its appraisal of She . The review described the narrative as " very stirring " and " exciting " and of " remarkable imaginative power " , adding : " The ingenuity of the story ... is as subtle as ever romancer invented , and from the day when Leo and Holly land on the coast of Africa , to the day when the Pillar of Fire is revealed to them by the all but immortal ' She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed ' , the interest of the tale rises higher and higher with every new turn in its course " . However , the review took issue with the characterisation of She and the manner of her demise : " To the present writer there is a sense of the ludicrous in the end of She that spoiled , instead of concluding with imaginative fitness , the thread of the impossible worked into the substance of this vivid and brilliantly told story " . Haggard was moved to respond to the criticism of Ayesha 's death , writing that " in the insolence of her strength and loveliness , she lifts herself up against the Omnipotent . Therefore , at the appointed time she is swept away by It ... Vengeance , more heavy because more long delayed , strikes her in her proudest part – her beauty " .
A number of reviews were more critical of Haggard 's work . Although the reviewer of She in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine considered it better than King Solomon 's Mines , he opined , " Mr. Rider Haggard has not proved as yet that he has anything that can be called imagination at all ... It might be wrought up into an unparalleled stage effect : but it is rather a failure in pen and ink . The more fearful and wonderful such circumstances are intended to be , the more absurd is the failure of them " . Even more scathing was Augustus Moore in the May edition of Time : A Monthly Miscellany , who declared : " In Mr Haggard 's book I find none of the powerful imagination , the elaborate detail , the vivid English which would entitle his work to be described as a romance ... [ rather ] it seems to me to be the method of the modern melodrama " . Moore was particularly dismissive of the novel 's style and prose : " Mr Haggard cannot write English at all . I do not merely refer to his bad grammar , which a boy at a Boarding School would deserve to be birched for ... It can only have been written by a man who not only knew nothing , but cared nothing for ' English undefiled ' . " Haggard 's English was a common source of criticisms , but Moore was even dismissive of the character of She who widely garnered universal praise . " Ayesha " , Moore declares , " is about as impressive as the singing chambermaid who represents the naughty fairy of a pantomime in tights and a tow wig " . Concluding his review , Moore wondered at the success that had greeted She :
Despite such criticism , the reception that met She was overwhelmingly positive and echoed the sentiments expressed by anthropologist and literary critic Andrew Lang before the story 's first publication : " I think She is one of the most astonishing romances I ever read . The more impossible it is , the better you do it , till it seems like a story from the literature of another planet " .
= = Modern interpretations = =
= = = Feminist = = =
Feminist literary historians have tended to define the figure of She as a literary manifestation of male alarm over the " learned and crusading new woman " . In this view , Ayesha is a terrifying and dominant figure , a prominent and influential rendering of the misogynistic " fictive explorations of female authority " undertaken by male writers that ushered in literary modernism . Ann Ardis , for instance , views the fears Holly harbours over Ayesha 's plan to return to England as being " exactly those voiced about the New Woman 's entrance in the public arena " . According to the feminist interpretation of the narrative , the death of She acts as a kind of teleological " judgement " of her transgression of Victorian gender boundaries , with Ardis likening it to a " witch @-@ burning " . However , to Rider Haggard , She was an investigation into love and immortality and the demise of Ayesha the moral end of this exploration :
Indeed , far from being a radical or threatening manifestation of womanhood , recent academics have noted the extent to which the character of She conforms to traditional conceptions of Victorian femininity ; in particular her deferring devotion to Kallikrates / Leo , whom she swears wifely obedience to at the story 's climax : " ' Behold ! ' and she took his [ Leo 's ] hand and placed it upon her shapely head , and then bent herself slowly down till one knee for an instant touched the ground – ' Behold ! in token of submission do I bow me to my lord ! Behold ! ' and she kissed him on the lips , ' in token of my wifely love do I kiss my lord ' . " Ayesha declares this to be the " first most holy hour of completed womanhood " .
= = Legacy = =
She is one of the most influential novels in modern literature , with authors like Rudyard Kipling , Henry Miller , Graham Greene , J.R.R. Tolkien , and Margaret Atwood all acknowledging the importance of the work to their own and others ' writing . With over 83 million copies sold , the work is one of the biggest selling fictional titles of all time and has been translated into 44 languages . According to Stauffer , " She has always been Rider Haggard 's most popular and influential novel , challenged only by King Solomon 's Mines in this regard " . Such was the popularity and influence of the novel that it was cited in the psychoanalytical theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung , the latter describing the character of She as a manifestation of the anima figure .
The story is one of the most important texts of imaginative literature and had a lasting impact on the fantasy genre , directly giving rise to the ' lost civilisation ' tales of Edgar Rice Burroughs and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , and the creation of mythologised locations such as Shangri @-@ la . Tolkien recognised the importance of She to his own fantasy works , especially in its foregrounding of a fictional history and narrative . The figure of She is also considered by many scholars to be a formative influence on Galadriel - Ayesha 's reflecting pool seems to be a direct precursor of Galadriel 's mirror . Other characters in Tolkien 's Legendarium also seem to have been influenced , including Shelob ( who is referred to as " She " and " Her " in the text ) , and the escape across the chasm is highly reminiscent of the escape of the Fellowship across the chasm in Moria . Indeed , Haggard 's characterisation of Ayesha became the prototype of the female antagonist in modern fantasy literature , most famously realised in the figure of the White Witch , Jadis , from C. S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia . Kor and Ayesha appear in Alan Moore 's Nemo : Heart of Ice
= = = Adaptations = = =
She has been adapted for the cinema at least ten times , and was one of the earliest films to be made in 1899 as La Colonne de feu ( The Pillar of Fire ) , by Georges Méliès . A 1911 version starred Marguerite Snow , a British @-@ produced version appeared in 1916 and in 1917 Valeska Suratt appeared in a production for Fox which is lost . In 1925 a silent film of She , starring Betty Blythe , was produced with the active participation of Rider Haggard , who wrote the intertitles . The film combines elements from all the books in the series .
A decade later another cinematic version of the novel was released , featuring Helen Gahagan , Randolph Scott and Nigel Bruce . This 1935 adaptation was set in the Arctic , rather than Africa , and depicts the ancient civilisation of the story in an Art Deco style , with music by Max Steiner .
The 1965 film , She , was produced by Hammer Film Productions and starred Ursula Andress as Ayesha and John Richardson as her reincarnated love , with Peter Cushing and Bernard Cribbins as other members of the expedition .
In 2001 another adaption was released direct @-@ to @-@ video with Ian Duncan as Leo Vincey , Ophélie Winter as Ayesha and Marie Bäumer as Roxane .
Tim McInnerny starred as Holly with Mia Soteriou as Ayesha and Oliver Chris as Leo in a two @-@ part adaptation on BBC Radio 4 's Classic Serial , originally broadcast on 2 July and 9 July 2006 .
In 2007 a rock @-@ opera / musical version of She was recorded live at the Wyspianski Theatre , Katowice , Poland by Clive Nolan and was released on DVD . In February 2012 the Nolan version of She had its first UK performance at the Playhouse in Cheltenham .
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= Lynn Bomar =
Robert Lynn Bomar ( January 21 , 1901 – June 11 , 1964 ) was an American football end in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Bomar played college football , basketball and baseball for Vanderbilt University , following coach Wallace Wade and classmate Hek Wakefield there from prep school , and was a unanimous 1922 All @-@ Southern selection and a consensus 1923 All @-@ American selection in football . The latter season included a first @-@ team All @-@ American selection by Walter Camp , rare for a player in the South . A paralyzing injury ended Bomar 's college career , but he quickly recovered and sat on the bench for all of his team 's games . He played for the New York Giants in 1925 and 1926 , retiring abruptly after a separate injury . Bomar was nicknamed " the Blonde Bear " .
He had a later career in law enforcement . In his position as Tennessee 's Commissioner of Public Safety and Patrol chief , Bomar supervised the ransacking of black households during the 1946 Columbia race riot . He was the warden of Tennessee State Prison from 1955 until his death , and oversaw several executions . In 1956 , Bomar was the first Vanderbilt football player elected to the College Football Hall of Fame .
= = Early life and education = =
Bomar was born on January 21 , 1901 , in Bell Buckle , Tennessee to Oliver Eugene Bomar , a blacksmith , and Elizabeth May McAdams . Vanderbilt records indicate that he spent part of his youth in Gallatin . Bomar attended Webb School in his native Bell Buckle , and spent a year at Castle Heights Military Academy .
= = = Fitzgerald and Clarke = = =
Bomar then attended preparatory school at the Fitzgerald and Clarke Military Academy in Tullahoma , Tennessee . In 1920 , he was a member of teams which won the state prep @-@ school football and basketball championships . In both sports Bomar played under head coach Wallace Wade . While Wade coached at Fitzgerald and Clarke , the school 's overall football record was 15 – 2 . With him on the football team was future college teammate and All @-@ American Hek Wakefield . On March 14 , 1922 , while Bomar was in college , the school burned to the ground and was never rebuilt .
= = Vanderbilt University = =
= = = Football = = =
Bomar played for head coach Dan McGugin 's Vanderbilt Commodores football team at Vanderbilt University from 1921 to 1924 . Wallace Wade was hired as Vanderbilt football 's assistant and line coach for 1921 and head coach of the basketball and baseball teams for 1922 . Bomar and Wakefield enrolled at the school in the same class .
He was prominent on Commodore teams which compiled a win – loss – tie record of 26 – 5 – 4 ( .800 ) and three straight conference titles during his four seasons . Bomar was an All @-@ Southern and All @-@ American selection in 1922 and 1923 . In addition to playing end and tackle ( offense and defense ) , he made the kickoffs . Bomar 's play was described :
The Blonde Bear was one of the world 's greatest football players , who never missed an open field block . When one considers he made Walter Camp 's All @-@ America team when he was backing up the line on defense and blocking and catching passes on offense , his greatness is realized .
[ Bomar ] plucked passes out of the ozone that seemed impossible to get , and then raced through the enemy like they were tied . " Often he started games at fullback , shifted to halfback or end , and finished at tackle . In backing up the line , [ he ] hurled back all comers with the same savage vigor .
His favorite refrain to opponents was , " I hope you don 't like it . "
= = = = 1921 = = = =
During Bomar 's freshman season at Vanderbilt , he was already a standout player as a starting fullback . In a game against the Longhorns at the Texas State Fair in Dallas , the Commodores won 20 – 0 after they were expected to lose by two touchdowns . Texas had been undefeated in 1920 , winning the Southwest Conference . The 1921 squad was considered possibly the best in Longhorns history , and Vanderbilt football seemed to be in decline when Georgia Tech defeated the Commodores 44 – 0 the previous year . Dan McGugin gave a speech invoking late former Vanderbilt quarterback Irby Curry before the game . According to Edwin Pope 's Football 's Greatest Coaches , " The Texas game , sparked by McGugin 's unforgettable oratory , was the big one ; and Vandy got out of the year without a loss . " Bomar scored on a 40 @-@ yard interception return for a touchdown in the fourth quarter , increasing the Commodore lead to two touchdowns . In the sixth game of the season , Vanderbilt defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide 14 – 0 at Birmingham . The victory was expected by insiders ( then often called the " dope " ) , with Vanderbilt favored by two touchdowns . Early in the first quarter several runs by Jess Neely , a long pass from Neely to Tot McCullough and a 17 @-@ yard run by Neely brought the ball to the nine @-@ yard line . After a run by Frank Godchaux , Bomar bucked over the line for a touchdown . The game against the Georgia Bulldogs decided the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) championship that season , with Bomar excelling at linebacker . " Georgia would have trampled Vanderbilt to atoms but for Lynn Bomar , " wrote Nashville Tennessean sportswriter Blinkey Horn . " Lynn Bomar was the stellar performer of the game . In the first @-@ half he made two @-@ thirds of the tackles " , and reportedly prevented five Georgia touchdowns that day . The Commodores tied the Bulldogs 7 – 7 on a fourth @-@ quarter onside kick for a share of the SIAA title , finishing the season with a 7 – 0 – 1 record .
= = = = 1922 = = = =
Vanderbilt had its second straight undefeated season in 1922 , with Bomar playing his preferred position at end . He was a starter in the scoreless tie with Michigan at the dedication of Dudley Field , spending much of the game tackling Michigan runners . According to the school yearbook , Bomar " tore through the Wolverine line constantly , and always emerged after a play on the far side of the defense " and the game included a goal line stand . Another account read , " Thousands of cheering Vanderbilt fans inspired the surge of center Alf Sharp , guard Gus Morrow , tackle Tex Bradford , and end Lynn Bomar , who stopped Michigan cold in four attempts . " The next week against Texas at the Dallas State Fair , Vanderbilt won 20 – 10 . Bomar made an interception and caught a 23 @-@ yard pass from Jess Neely , running 20 yards to set up a Gil Reese touchdown . Against the Tennessee Volunteers , he scored the second of two touchdowns on a short pass from Neely in a 14 – 6 victory .
Bomar 's best offensive performance that year was against Georgia . Neely made a long pass from a few yards behind the line of scrimmage at the 45 @-@ yard line ; Bomar caught it near the seven @-@ yard line , and was tackled by Georgia halfback Loren Chester ( Teany ) Randall at around the three @-@ yard line before Reese scored the touchdown . Neely and Bomar were among the best pass @-@ receiver combinations in Vanderbilt history : " Bomar , unquestionably , was Vanderbilt 's best receiver , snatching everything thrown at him . "
A similar play in the game 's second half scored another touchdown . Quarterback Doc Kuhn dropped back for a more than 40 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bomar . The pass went 28 yards in the air , with Bomar running the rest of the way . Georgia running back Dave Collings tackled him as he crossed the goal line ( injuring himself ) , and Bomar also made an interception in the 12 – 0 Vanderbilt victory . The season 's final game , against Vanderbilt 's oldest rival Sewanee , had a trick play by the Commodores . A fake run ended with Kuhn tossing the ball to Bomar , who was left open behind the defense and easily ran it in ; Vanderbilt won , 26 – 0 .
After the season , Bomar received first @-@ team All @-@ American honors from Frank G. Menke . He was also chosen a second @-@ team All @-@ American by Walter Camp , a third @-@ team All @-@ American by Walter Eckersall and appeared on Billy Evans ' National Honor Roll . Bomar and Red Barron of Georgia Tech were the two unanimous All @-@ Southern selections . Grantland Rice wrote the next year , " There was no better end in the country last fall " and Camp described Bomar :
Bomar , of Vanderbilt , is only shaded a little by two other ends , largely through the experienced gained by his rivals against stronger opposition . He weighs 200 pounds , is tremendously fast , and a hardy , defensive player . On attack he is able to pick the forward pass out of the air on the full run , and , running with a high @-@ knee action quite like that of the redoubtable Ted Coy , if he cannot get by his man , runs him down and goes on over him , still on his feet .
= = = = 1923 = = = =
In 1923 , assistant coach Wallace Wade was hired as head coach at Alabama and was replaced by former star tackle Josh Cody . A rematch against the Michigan Wolverines at Ferry Field was a 3 – 0 Vanderbilt loss , with consensus All @-@ American center Jack Blott scoring Michigan 's field goal . According to the Michigan Alumnus , Harry Kipke could not return punts for fear of fumbling ; when he received the ball , Vanderbilt ends Hek Wakefield or Bomar would tackle him . In a diagram of the game 's plays , Vanderbilt 's only completed pass was from Bomar to Kuhn . Bomar excelled against Tulane , blocking a number of punts in a 17 – 0 victory . Times @-@ Picayune sportswriter Ed Hebert wrote , " Take Bomar out of the Vandy lineup and Tulane would have won the game by three touchdowns . " A postseason charity game was played against former and contemporary Princeton Tigers all @-@ stars . The game was a 7 – 7 tie , with Vanderbilt 's touchdown scored on an 18 @-@ yard pass from Kuhn to Bomar .
Vanderbilt and Washington and Lee finished the season as Southern Conference co @-@ champions . A sportswriters ' poll chose the Commodores as best team in the South , awarding them the Pickens Trophy ( awarded from 1923 to 1926 ) . Bomar was a consensus All @-@ American , receiving first @-@ team honors from Collier 's Weekly ( Walter Camp ) and second @-@ team honors from Athletic World magazine . He was one of the first players from the South to receive first @-@ team honors from Camp , who described the player :
Bomar of Vanderbilt is an experienced end of 200 pounds in weight , with speed , initiative , and an uncanny perception in diagnosing plays . Bomar can back up a line when needed , can not be swept out by swinging interference and is powerful enough to hold his own even when big guards and tackles come at him .
As a receiver of a forward pass , he has , besides the skill , the excellent quality of being very hard to knock off his feet , and when he and the defense both try for the pass at the same time , Bomar is far more likely to get the ball on account of the fact that he outweighs the majority of defensive players . He has been used in all sorts of positions this year , both in attack and defense and this had broadened his scope and increased his value .
= = = = 1924 = = = =
During Bomar 's senior season ( when he moved to halfback ) , the Commodores tied the Quantico Marines 13 – 13 . Bomar , picking up a fumble , ran 84 yards for a touchdown . According to a newspaper account , " It was Lynn Bomar 's gigantic figure that broke up what looked like a Marine cakewalk . After receiving the kickoff , the Marines drove steadily to Vanderbilt 's 10 @-@ yard line as Goettge repeatedly completed short passes . At the 10 , Groves dropped back . The pass from center was low . He missed it . He reached for the ball . It trickled off his fingers . The Commodores were boring in . Wakefield was in there . Then Bomar came charging through . He picked up the ball and with a twist was out of Groves ' grasp . He came out of the bunch with a long , charging run . Then he seemed a little undecided . One fleeting glance behind him and he struck out . Up came his free arm to brush off his headgear . His thin , yellow hair stood out . On he swept like a thundercloud of vengeance across the goal . Bedlam broke loose . " Captain and guard Tuck Kelly was injured during the game , making Bomar the interim captain two weeks later against the Georgia Bulldogs .
In the Georgia game Bomar had a brain hemorrhage after he was kicked in the chin , and half his body was paralyzed for two days . It was thought that he would never play football again : " Not a player on the team could talk of Bomar 's injury without tears coming to his eyes " , and Bomar sat on the bench for the rest of the season 's games . Known as a devastating blocker and " lightning fast , " he was the first Commodore football player elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956 . At his induction Bomar said , " I just wish all the men who played with me at Vanderbilt between 1921 and 1924 could also receive this coveted award . They deserve it more than I do . After all , they made it possible for me to be chosen . "
He was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity . Nashville sportswriter Fred Russell , who entered Vanderbilt in 1924 , told a story about Bomar in his autobiography Bury Me In An Old Press Box : " As a freshman I had pledged Kappa Sigma fraternity , which at that time had many varsity athletes . Among them was Lynn Bomar , selected All @-@ American end in 1923 ... I also had the responsibility , as a freshman , of awakening Bomar in time for him to get to classes , and at the end of the school year I did this one morning by rolling the biggest lighted firecracker I ever saw under his bed . When it exploded I feared the whole corner of the fraternity house had been blown off , and I was so scared that even Bomar in his BVD 's chasing me across the street and deep into the campus couldn 't catch me . "
According to Vanderbilt 's All @-@ Southern halfback and 1924 captain @-@ elect Gil Reese , " He would never let them jump on me . Whenever anyone would threaten me , Bomar was always right there to say ' Keep your hands off that boy ' . They always did , too . Bomar always looked after me , and he always called back to me when we started on end runs . No one could run interference like Bomar . " Bomar and Reese were on an all @-@ time Vanderbilt team in the school 's 1934 yearbook , and Bomar was chosen for an Associated Press Southeast Area all @-@ time football team for the era from 1920 to 1969 .
= = = Basketball = = =
Bomar also played baseball and basketball at Vanderbilt , and was a forward on the basketball team . He attracted large crowds at basketball games because of his football prowess .
= = = = 1922 – 23 = = = =
The 1922 – 23 team had a 16 – 8 record , beating the LSU Tigers but losing to the Virginia Tech Hokies in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association tournament . An account of the LSU game read , " Either Vanderbilt was in rare form or L.S.U. has a good fighting team with no shooting ability . Fans were treated to the most one @-@ sided contest of opening day when these two clubs met , the Commodores scoring 13 points before the Louisianans had counted once , winning 36 to 10 . " Bomar scored two points in the game .
= = = = 1923 – 24 = = = =
The team , coached by Josh Cody , had a 7 – 15 record . In the SoCon tournament , Vanderbilt defeated Clemson 42 – 13 and Bomar scored seven points . According to one account , " Reese and Bomar used to be famous for their forward pass work . They are still using it in basketball . Most of Bomar 's passes to Reese are caught over the right shoulder with the recipient facing away from the passer . " Along with Reese , All @-@ Southern forward Alvin Bell was also a teammate . Vanderbilt lost the next game to the eventual tournament champions , Jack Cobb and Cartwright Carmichael @-@ led North Carolina , 37 – 20 . When Bomar was sidelined by a football injury in 1924 , Gil Reese became the basketball team captain .
= = = Baseball = = =
He was a catcher on the baseball team . Cliff Wheatley spoke of the many good catchers from which to choose for his 1922 All @-@ Southern baseball team , " And up at Vanderbilt , Lynn Bomar made a splendid record . "
= = New York Giants = =
= = = 1925 = = =
Bomar fully recovered from his injury and played professional football as an end for the inaugural 1925 New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) with Jim Thorpe , Century Milstead , and Owen Reynolds . He was signed to the Giants by Harry March .
The first noteworthy game for Bomar was a 14 – 0 loss to the Frankford Yellow Jackets . After the Giants ' poor first half , the Yellow Jackets led by 14 points . During the second half the Giants recovered somewhat , with good passes from Jack McBride to Bomar but no chance of a comeback . In a 13 – 0 victory over the Rochester Jeffersons , McBride threw a 27 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bomar . A 13 – 12 win over the Providence Steam Roller had a 24 @-@ yard touchdown pass from McBride to Bomar and an interesting ending . The Giants were backed up near their end zone , faced with a fourth down and leading 13 – 10 . Providence was set for a blitz on the punter , but when he caught the ball he knelt in the end zone for a safety ( not enough for Providence to win ) . Against the Kansas City Cowboys , several passes from McBride to Bomar netted 24 yards in a 67 @-@ yard touchdown drive for a 9 – 3 victory . Bomar had possibly his best day in a 23 – 0 victory over the Dayton Triangles before a crowd of 18 @,@ 000 . Six of McBride 's completed passes that day were to Bomar , including a 45 @-@ yarder for the Giants ' first touchdown . Bomar was selected to NFL president Joseph Carr 's all @-@ star team .
Although the Giants played well , the team experienced financial hardship during its first year . Player salaries were so low that most had to take additional jobs to support themselves . The team 's brief practices , held at 4 : 30 pm each day to accommodate outside @-@ work schedules , enabled little in @-@ season improvement . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 and owner Tim Mara spent $ 25 @,@ 000 of his own money during the season to keep the team going . The financial struggle continued until the 11th game of the season , when the visiting Red Grange and the Chicago Bears drew more than 73 @,@ 000 fans ( a pro @-@ football record ) and an additional 20 @,@ 000 were turned away . This gave the Giants much @-@ needed revenue , possibly altering the team 's history . In the 19 – 7 Bears victory , Grange intercepted a pass intended for Bomar and returned it for a touchdown .
= = = 1926 = = =
In the season 's second week Bomar scored against Providence on a 15 @-@ yard pass from McBride , and he scored on a 37 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Walt Koppisch against Kansas City . However , his football career ended abruptly when he dislocated his knee in a game against the Brooklyn Lions .
= = = = Longest pass = = = =
From the top of the American Radiator Building to the ground in Bryant Park , a drop of 324 feet ( 98 @.@ 75 m ) , Bomar completed a pass to Hinkey Haines for a record on November 12 . Haines caught the ball on the fifth attempt . On Bomar 's first attempt , the New York Times reported that the ball " hit the sidewalk and burst " and the third pass knocked Haines over . The stunt took place two days before a game with the Los Angeles Buccaneers . " It was as much as anything a playful jab at Brick Muller " ( the Buccaneers ' end ) , who caught a pass thrown from atop the Telephone Building — a drop of 320 feet ( 97 @.@ 5 m ) — in San Francisco the year before to advertise the first East @-@ West Shrine Game .
= = Personal life = =
Bomar married Veturia Edna Hicks on November 20 , 1927 in Williamson County , Tennessee . Their only son , Robert , was a resident surgeon at Vanderbilt Hospital . Bomar was a Baptist .
= = Law @-@ enforcement career = =
After football and marriage , Bomar was assistant manager of the Colonial Hotel in Springfield , Tennessee for seven years . He sold life insurance , but found it dull . Bomar then began a long career in law enforcement , beginning in the United States Marshals Service office from 1934 to 1939 . In 1939 he became a division chief with the Knoxville Highway Patrol and a year later became director of public safety , overseeing the city 's police and fire departments . For a few months the public @-@ safety position was eliminated , and Bomar was again the Highway Patrol division chief . Governor Prentice Cooper promoted him to chief on a trial basis in 1942 , when the incumbent went on active duty in World War II .
= = = Commissioner of Public Safety = = =
In 1945 , Bomar was appointed as both state commissioner of public safety and patrol chief . In this capacity he worked for the Tennessee Motor Transportation Association , Universal Tire and Appliance Company and the Tennessee Superintendent of Public Works .
= = = = Columbia Race Riots = = = =
In 1946 , Bomar supervised the ransacking of African @-@ American households in the Columbia Race Riot . A February 25 fight between James Stephenson , an African @-@ American Navy veteran , and a white shopkeeper reportedly ignited the unrest . Later that day there was gunfire , fighting and rioting between whites and African Americans in Mink Slide , Columbia 's African @-@ American business district . When black citizens shot out the street lights , three officers and a chief responded to the gunfire ; all four were shot . Bomar , described by one writer as commanding " the firing line of the State Highway Police , " led the team sent in after the shootings with permission from the state attorney general to search homes and businesses for weapons . None of the accused were granted bail or allowed legal counsel , and 12 were charged with attempted murder .
Under oath in court , Bomar said that he had no search warrant and anticipated that he would not have a warrant the next time he searched similar properties . He called journalist Vincent Sheean a " lying Communistic yellow — — . " According to a contemporary account , " In this situation , even though it ’ s fair to say [ Bomar ] was just doing his job , it ’ s equally clear that he was a loose cannon . His personality dominated the scene , and it was the personality of a bully . "
= = = Warden = = =
Bomar was warden of Tennessee State Prison from 1955 until his death . He oversaw the execution of several men including William Tines , an African American convicted of raping a 45 @-@ year @-@ old white woman , who was executed in the electric chair . Tines was the last man executed by electrocution in Tennessee , and the last person executed until Robert Glen Coe in 2000 .
= = = = The Prisonaires = = = =
Bomar supported the Prisonaires , a doo @-@ wop quintet of inmates who received a BMI award for their hit " Just Walkin ' in the Rain " in his office . A spoken @-@ word track on their album , Only Believe ... , was " Message from Prison Warden Lynn Bomar " .
= = Death = =
On June 11 , 1964 , Bomar died a few hours after a heart attack . In 1966 , he was posthumously inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame .
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= Sitting Bull =
Sitting Bull ( Lakota : Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake in Standard Lakota Orthography , also nicknamed Húŋkešni or " Slow " ; c . 1831 – December 15 , 1890 ) was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies . He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him , at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement .
Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw many soldiers , " as thick as grasshoppers , " falling upside down into the Lakota camp , which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory in which a large number of soldiers would be killed . About three weeks later , the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25 , 1876 , annihilating Custer 's battalion and seeming to bear out Sitting Bull 's prophetic vision . Sitting Bull 's leadership inspired his people to a major victory . Months after their victory at the battle , Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain , North @-@ West Territories ( now Saskatchewan ) , where he remained until 1881 , at which time he and most of his band returned to US territory and surrendered to U.S. forces . A small remnant of his band under Waŋblí Ǧi decided to stay at Wood Mountain .
After working as a performer with Buffalo Bill 's Wild West show , Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota . Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement , Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest . During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull 's followers and the agency police , Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head ( Tatankapah Lakota : Tȟatȟáŋka Pȟá ) and Red Tomahawk ( Marcelus Chankpidutah Lakota : " Čhaŋȟpí Dúta " ) after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull 's supporters . His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial . In 1953 , his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains , reburying them near Mobridge , South Dakota , near his birthplace .
= = Early life = =
Sitting Bull was born in Dakota Territory . In 2007 , Sitting Bull 's great @-@ grandson asserted from family oral tradition that Sitting Bull was born along the Yellowstone River , south of present @-@ day Miles City , Montana . He was named Jumping Badger at birth , and nicknamed Hunkesi , or " Slow , " said to describe his careful and unhurried nature . When the boy was fourteen years old he accompanied a group of Lakota warriors ( which included his father and his uncle Four Horns ) in a raiding party to take horses from a camp of Crow warriors . Jumping Badger displayed bravery by riding forward and counting coup on one of the surprised Crow , which was witnessed by the other mounted Lakota . Upon returning to camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his own name upon his son . The name , Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka ( Tatanka Iyotaka ) , which in the Lakota language means " Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down " , would later be abbreviated to " Sitting Bull " . Thereafter , Sitting Bull 's father was known as Jumping Bull . At this ceremony before the entire band , Sitting Bull 's father presented his son with an eagle feather to wear in his hair , a warrior 's horse , and a hardened buffalo hide shield to mark his son 's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior .
During the Dakota War of 1862 , in which Sitting Bull 's people were not involved , several bands of eastern Dakota people killed an estimated 300 to 800 settlers and soldiers in south @-@ central Minnesota in response to poor treatment by the government and in an effort to drive the whites away . Despite being embroiled in the American Civil War , the United States Army retaliated in 1863 and 1864 , even against bands which had not been involved in the hostilities . In 1864 , two brigades of about 2200 soldiers under Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village . The defenders were led by Sitting Bull , Gall and Inkpaduta . The Lakota and Dakota were driven out , but skirmishing continued into August .
In September , Sitting Bull and about one hundred Hunkpapa Lakota encountered a small party near what is now Marmarth , North Dakota . They had been left behind by a wagon train commanded by Captain James L. Fisk to effect some repairs to an overturned wagon . When he led an attack , Sitting Bull was shot in the left hip by a soldier . The bullet exited out through the small of his back , and the wound was not serious .
= = Red Cloud 's War = =
From 1866 to 1868 , Red Cloud as a leader of the Oglala Lakota fought against US forces , attacking their forts in an effort to keep control of the Powder River Country of Montana . In support of him , Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against Fort Berthold , Fort Stevenson , and Fort Buford and their environs from 1865 through 1868 . Sitting Bull also made guerrilla attacks on emigrant parties and smaller forts throughout the upper Missouri River region .
By early 1868 , the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to Red Cloud 's War . It agreed to Red Cloud 's demands that the US abandon forts Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith . Gall of the Hunkpapa ( among other representatives of the Hunkpapa , Blackfeet , and Yankton Dakota ) signed a form of the Treaty of Fort Laramie on July 2 , 1868 at Fort Rice ( near Bismarck , North Dakota ) . Sitting Bull did not agree to the treaty . He told the Jesuit missionary , Pierre Jean De Smet , who sought him out on behalf of the government : “ I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of part of my country . ” He continued his hit @-@ and @-@ run attacks on forts in the upper Missouri area throughout the late 1860s and early 1870s .
The events of 1866 @-@ 1868 mark a historically debated period of Sitting Bull 's life . According to historian Stanley Vestal , who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930 , Sitting Bull was made " Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation " at this time . Later historians and ethnologists have refuted this concept of authority , as the Lakota society was highly decentralized . Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions , including whether to wage war .
= = The Great Sioux War of 1876 = =
Sitting Bull 's band of Hunkpapa continued to attack migrating parties and forts in the late 1860s . When in 1871 the Northern Pacific Railway conducted a survey for a route across the northern plains directly through Hunkpapa lands , it encountered stiff Lakota resistance . The same railway people returned the following year accompanied by federal troops . Sitting Bull and the Hunkpapa attacked the survey party , which was forced to turn back . In 1873 , the military accompaniment for the surveyors was increased again , but Sitting Bull 's forces resisted the survey " most vigorously . " The Panic of 1873 forced the Northern Pacific Railway 's backers ( such as Jay Cooke ) into bankruptcy . This halted construction of the railroad through Lakota , Dakota , and Nakota territory .
After the 1848 finding of gold in the Sierra Nevada and dramatic gains in new wealth from it , other men became interested in the potential for gold mining in the Black Hills . In 1874 , Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarck , to explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills . Custer 's announcement of gold in the Black Hills triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush . Tensions increased between the Lakota and whites seeking to move into the Black Hills .
Although Sitting Bull did not attack Custer 's expedition in 1874 , the US government was increasingly pressured by citizens to open the Black Hills to mining and settlement . Failing in an attempt to negotiate a purchase or lease of the Hills , the government in Washington had to find a way around the promise to protect the Sioux in their land , as specified in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.It was alarmed at reports of Sioux depredations ( encouraged by Sitting Bull ) . In November 1875 , President Grant ordered all Sioux bands outside the Great Sioux Reservation to move onto the reservation , knowing full well that not all would comply . As of February 1 , 1876 , the Interior Department certified as " hostile " those bands who continued to live off the reservation . This certification allowed the military to pursue Sitting Bull and other Lakota bands as " hostiles " .
Based on tribal oral histories , historian Margot Liberty theorizes many Lakota bands allied with the Cheyenne during the Plains Wars because they thought the other nation was under attack by the US . Given this connection , she suggests the major war should have been called " The Great Cheyenne War " . Since 1860 , the Northern Cheyenne had led several battles among the Plains Indians . Before 1876 , the U.S. Army had destroyed seven Cheyenne camps , more than those of any other nation .
Other historians , such as Robert M. Utley and Jerome Greene , also use Lakota oral testimony , but they have concluded that the Lakota coalition , of which Sitting Bull was the ostensible head , was the primary target of the federal government 's pacification campaign .
= = = Battle of the Little Bighorn = = =
During the period 1868 – 1876 , Sitting Bull developed into the most important of Native American political leaders . After the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation , many traditional Sioux warriors , such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and Spotted Tail of the Brulé , moved to reside permanently on the reservations . They were largely dependent for subsistence on the US Indian agencies . Many other chiefs , including members of Sitting Bull 's Hunkpapa band such as Gall , at times lived temporarily at the agencies . They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence .
In 1875 the Northern Cheyenne , Hunkpapa , Oglala , Sans Arc , and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance , with both the Cheyenne medicine man White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association . This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876 . Sitting Bull had a major revelation .
At the climactic moment , " Sitting Bull intoned , ' The Great Spirit has given our enemies to us . We are to destroy them . We do not know who they are . They may be soldiers . ' Ice too observed , ' No one then knew who the enemy were – of what tribe . ' ... They were soon to find out . " ( Utley 1992 : 122 – 24 )
Sitting Bull 's refusal to adopt any dependence on the US government meant that at times he and his small band of warriors lived isolated on the Plains . When Native Americans were threatened by the United States , numerous members from various Sioux bands and other tribes , such as the North Cheyenne , came to Sitting Bull 's camp . His reputation for " strong medicine " developed as he continued to evade the European Americans .
After the January 1st ultimatum of 1876 , when the US Army began to track down as hostiles those Sioux and others living off the reservation , Native Americans gathered at Sitting Bull 's camp . He took an active role in encouraging this " unity camp " . He sent scouts to the reservations to recruit warriors , and told the Hunkpapa to share supplies with those Native Americans who joined them . An example of his generosity was Sitting Bull 's taking care of Wooden Leg 's Northern Cheyenne tribe . They had been impoverished by Captain Reynold 's March 17 , 1876 attack and fled to Sitting Bull 's camp for safety .
Over the course of the first half of 1876 , Sitting Bull 's camp continually expanded , as natives joined him for safety in numbers . His leadership had attracted warriors and families , creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10 @,@ 000 people . Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25 , 1876 . Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle ; instead he acted as a spiritual leader . A week prior to the attack , he had performed the Sun Dance , in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms .
Custer ’ s 7th Cavalry advance party attacked Cheyenne and Lakota tribes at their camp on the Little Big Horn River ( known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota ) on June 25 , 1876 . The U.S. Army did not realize how large the camp was . More than 2 @,@ 000 Native American warriors had left their reservations to follow Sitting Bull . Inspired by a vision of Sitting Bull ’ s , in which he saw U.S. soldiers being killed as they entered the tribe ’ s camp , the Cheyenne and Lakota fought back . Custer 's badly outnumbered troops lost ground quickly and were forced to retreat . The tribes led a counter @-@ attack against the soldiers on a nearby ridge , ultimately annihilating them .
The Native Americans ' victory celebrations were short @-@ lived . Public shock and outrage at Custer 's death and defeat , and the government 's knowledge about the remaining Sioux , led them to assign thousands more soldiers to the area . Over the next year , the new American military forces pursued the Lakota , forcing many of the Native Americans to surrender . Sitting Bull refused to surrender and in May 1877 led his band across the border into the North @-@ West Territories , Canada . He remained in exile for four years near Wood Mountain , refusing a pardon and the chance to return . When crossing the border into Canadian territory , Sitting Bull was met by the Mounties of the region . During this meeting , James Morrow Walsh , commander of the North @-@ West Mounted Police , explained to Sitting Bull that the Lakota were now on British soil and must obey British law . Walsh emphasized that he enforced the law equally and that every person in the territory had a right to justice . Walsh became an advocate for Sitting Bull and the two became good friends for the remainder of their lives .
While in Canada , Sitting Bull also met with Crowfoot , who was a leader of the Blackfeet , long @-@ time powerful enemies of the Lakota and Cheyenne . Sitting Bull wished to make peace with the Blackfeet Nation and Crowfoot . As an advocate for peace himself , Crowfoot eagerly accepted the tobacco peace offering . Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him . Sitting Bull and his people stayed in Canada for 4 years . Due to the smaller size of the buffalo herds in Canada , Sitting Bull and his men found it difficult to find enough food to feed his people , who were starving and exhausted . Sitting Bull ’ s presence in the country led to increased tensions between the Canadian and the United States governments . Before Sitting Bull left Canada , he may have visited Walsh for a final time and left a ceremonial headdress as a memento .
= = = Surrender = = =
Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull , and 186 of his family and followers , to return to the United States and surrender on July 19 , 1881 . Sitting Bull had his young son Crow Foot surrender his Winchester lever @-@ action carbine to Major David H. Brotherton , commanding officer of Fort Buford , Sitting Bull said to Major David H. Brotherton , " I , Takanka Iyotanka , wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle . " To the Oglala Lakotas , Dakotas and Nakota , " to surrender my rifle " in this context meant " We have killed enough white men with your own rifles so I give this rifle back to you , for Tunkasila Wakantanka ( Grandfather Great Mystery ) will use a different way to help us overcome the white man . " In the parlor of the Commanding Officer 's Quarters in a ceremony the next day , he told the four soldiers , 20 warriors and other guests in the small room that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world . Two weeks later , after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada , the Army transferred Sitting Bull and his band to Fort Yates , the military post located adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency . This reservation straddles the present @-@ day boundary between North and South Dakota .
Sitting Bull and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other Hunkpapa gathered at the agency . Army officials were concerned that he would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands . On August 26 , 1881 , he was visited by census taker William T. Selwyn , who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader 's immediate family . Forty @-@ one families , totaling 195 people , were recorded in Sitting Bull 's band .
The military decided to transfer Sitting Bull and his band to Fort Randall , to be held as prisoners of war . Loaded onto a steamboat , the band of 172 people was sent down the Missouri River to Fort Randall ( near present @-@ day Pickstown , South Dakota ) on the southern border of the state . There they spent the next 20 months . They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883 .
In 1883 , rumors were reported that Sitting Bull had been baptized into the Catholic Church . James McLaughlin , Indian agent at Standing Rock Agency , dismissed these reports , saying that " The reported baptism of Sitting @-@ Bull is erroneous . There is no immediate prospect of such ceremony so far as I am aware . "
= = Meets Annie Oakley = =
In 1884 show promoter Alvaren Allen asked Agent James McLaughlin to allow Sitting Bull to tour parts of Canada and the northern United States . The show was called the " Sitting Bull Connection . " It was during this tour that Sitting Bull met Annie Oakley in Minnesota . He was so impressed with Oakley 's skills with firearms that he offered $ 65 for a photographer to take a photo of the two together . The admiration and respect was mutual . Oakley stated that Sitting Bull made a " great pet " of her . In observing Oakley , Sitting Bull 's respect for the young sharpshooter grew . Oakley was quite modest in her attire , deeply respectful of others , and had a remarkable stage persona despite being a woman who stood only five feet in height . Sitting Bull felt that she was " gifted " by supernatural means in order to shoot so accurately with both hands . As a result of his esteem , he symbolically " adopted " her as a daughter in 1884 . He named her " Little Sure Shot " — a name that Oakley used throughout her career .
= = Wild West Show = =
In 1885 , Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to go Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody ’ s Buffalo Bill 's Wild West . He earned about $ 50 a week for riding once around the arena , where he was a popular attraction . Although it is rumored that he cursed his audiences in his native tongue during the show , the historian Utley contends that he did not . Historians have reported that Sitting Bull gave speeches about his desire for education for the young , and reconciling relations between the Sioux and whites . The historian Edward Lazarus wrote that Sitting Bull reportedly cursed his audience in Lakota in 1884 , during an opening address celebrating the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway .
Sitting Bull stayed with the show for four months before returning home . During that time , audiences considered him a celebrity and romanticized him as a warrior . He earned a small fortune by charging for his autograph and picture , although he often gave his money away to the homeless and beggars .
= = Ghost Dance Movement = =
Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency after working in Buffalo Bill 's Wild West show . Tension between Sitting Bull and Agent McLaughlin increased and each became more wary of the other over several issues including division and sale of parts of the Great Sioux Reservation . During that period , in 1889 Indian Rights Activist Caroline Weldon from Brooklyn , New York , a member of the National Indian Defense Association " NIDA " , reached out to Sitting Bull , acting to be his voice , secretary , interpreter and advocate . She joined him , together with her young son Christy at his compound on the Grand River , sharing with him and his family home and hearth . A Paiute Indian , named Wovoka , spread a religious movement from Nevada eastward to the Plains in 1889 that preached a resurrection of the Native . This was a time of severe conditions of harsh winters and long droughts impacting the Sioux Reservation . It was known as the “ Ghost Dance Movement ” , because it called on the Indians to dance and chant for the rising up of deceased relatives and return of the buffalo . When the movement reached Standing Rock , Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp . Although he did not appear to participate in the dancing , he was viewed as a key instigator . Alarm spread to nearby white settlements as the Sioux added a new feature to the dance – shirts that were said to stop bullets .
= = Death and burial = =
In 1890 , James McLaughlin , the U.S. Indian Agent at Fort Yates on Standing Rock Agency , feared that the Lakota leader was about to flee the reservation with the Ghost Dancers , so he ordered the police to arrest him . On December 14 , 1890 , McLaughlin drafted a letter to Lt. Henry Bullhead ( noted as Bull Head in lead ) , an Indian agency policeman , that included instructions and a plan to capture Sitting Bull . The plan called for the arrest to take place at dawn on December 15 , and advised the use of a light spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could rally . Bullhead decided against using the wagon . He intended to have the police officers force Sitting Bull to mount a horse immediately after the arrest .
Around 5 : 30 a.m. on December 15 , 39 police officers and four volunteers approached Sitting Bull 's house . They surrounded the house , knocked and entered . Lt. Bull Head told Sitting Bull that he was under arrest and led him outside . Sitting Bull and his wife noisily stalled for time , the camp awakened and men converged at the house . As Lt. Bullhead ordered Sitting Bull to mount a horse , he said the Indian Affairs agent needed to see the chief , and then he could return to his house . When Sitting Bull refused to comply , the police used force on him . The Sioux in the village were enraged . Catch @-@ the @-@ Bear , a Lakota , shouldered his rifle and shot Lt. Bullhead , who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull . Another police officer , Red Tomahawk , shot Sitting Bull in the head , and he dropped to the ground . He died between 12 and 1 p.m.
A close @-@ quarters fight erupted , and within minutes several men were dead . The Lakota killed six policemen immediately and two more died shortly after the fight , including Lt. Bullhead . The police killed Sitting Bull and seven of his supporters at the site , along with two horses .
Sitting Bull 's body was taken to Fort Yates , where it was placed in a coffin ( made by the Army carpenter ) and buried . A monument was installed to mark his burial site after his remains were reportedly taken to South Dakota .
In 1953 Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be Sitting Bull 's remains , transporting them for reinterment near Mobridge , South Dakota , his birthplace . A monument to him was erected there .
= = Legacy = =
Following Sitting Bull 's death , his cabin on the Grand River was taken to Chicago for use as an exhibit at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . Native American dancers also performed at the Exposition .
On September 14 , 1989 , the United States Postal Service released a Great Americans series 28 ¢ postage stamp featuring a likeness of Sitting Bull .
On March 6 , 1996 , Standing Rock College was renamed Sitting Bull College in his honor . Sitting Bull College serves as an institution of higher education on Sitting Bull 's home of Standing Rock in North Dakota and South Dakota .
The American historian Gary Clayton Anderson of the University of Oklahoma published Sitting Bull and the Paradox of Lakota Nationhood ( 2010 ) , a revisionist examination of the Lakota medicine man . Anderson stresses the Little Big Horn in light of past successes of the Lakota Nation and the merits of Sitting Bull himself , rather than simply a mishap by Custer .
In August 2010 , a research team led by Eske Willerslev , an ancient DNA expert at the University of Copenhagen , announced their intention to sequence the genome of Sitting Bull , with the approval of his descendants , using a hair sample obtained during his lifetime .
= = Representation in popular culture = =
Sitting Bull was the subject of , or a featured character in , several Hollywood motion pictures and documentaries , which have reflected changing ideas about him and Lakota culture in relation to the United States . Among them are :
Sitting Bull : The Hostile Sioux Indian Chief ( 1914 )
Sitting Bull at the Spirit Lake Massacre ( 1927 )
Annie Oakley ( 1935 )
Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 )
Sitting Bull ( 1954 ) , with J. Carrol Naish in the title role , Iron Eyes Cody as Crazy Horse ; with Dale Robertson and William Tannen .
Cheyenne ( 1957 ) , with Clint Walker in the title role of the episode " The Broken Pledge " ; Frank DeKova plays Sitting Bull , and Whit Bissell , George Custer
Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson ( 1976 )
Buffalo Girls ( 1995 TV film )
Into the West ( 2005 )
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee ( 2007 )
Sitting Bull : A Stone in My Heart ( 2008 ) Documentary
As time passed , Sitting Bull has become a symbol and archetype of Native American resistance movements as well as a figure celebrated by descendants of his former enemies :
Legoland Billund , the first Legoland park , contains a Lego sculpture of Sitting Bull , the largest sculpture in the park .
Sitting Bull is featured as the leader for the Native American Civilization in the computer game Civilization IV .
Sitting Bull is lionized as one of 13 great Americans in President Barack Obama 's children 's book , Of Thee I Sing : A Letter to My Daughters .
Sitting Bull is a major character in Sharon Pollock 's play " Walsh " ( 1973 ) , in which he is depicted as a wise and tragic figure during the Lakota nation 's time at Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan . The play is sympathetic to the character of Sitting Bull and hostile to the legend of George Armstrong Custer , re @-@ presenting the General from the perspective of Native Americans as a butcher of women and children .
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= The Boat Race 1905 =
The 62nd Boat Race took place on 1 April 1905 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race . In this year 's race , umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 20 minutes 35 seconds . The victory took the overall record to 34 – 27 in their favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1904 race by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , while Oxford led overall with 33 victories to Cambridge 's 27 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge were coached by John Edwards @-@ Moss who had rowed in the 1902 and 1903 races , Francis Escombe and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were William Fletcher , who rowed for them in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and C. K. Philips who had represented the Dark Blues four times between 1895 and 1898 . The umpire for the third year was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 0 lb ( 76 @.@ 0 kg ) , 1 @.@ 375 pounds ( 0 @.@ 6 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained five rowers with Boat Race experience , including A. K. Graham who was rowing in his third consecutive race . Cambridge saw four rowers return to their crew , including P. H. Thomas who was making his fourth appearance in the event . All of the participants in the race were registered as British .
According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Dark Blues , while they " had no great difficulties in training ... never got really together or attained any great place " . Conversely , the Cambridge crew " suffered many misfortunes . " Old Etonian W. P. Wormald was forbidden from joining the crew by doctors , his replacement Stanley Bruce had to stand down soon after the Light Blues arrived at Putney , and he was replaced by novice P. H. Thomas who was unfit having recently returned from Africa .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Oxford . The race started at 11 : 30 a.m. under the command of umpire Pitman , and the Dark Blues took the lead . According to Drinkwater , they " had the race well in hand at the Mile " and " won as they liked it . " Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 20 minutes 35 seconds . It was their first victory in four years and the narrowest winning margin since the 1901 race .
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= Tropical Storm Elena ( 1979 ) =
Tropical Storm Elena was a weak tropical storm that moved ashore along Texas in the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season . The sixth tropical storm of the season , Elena developed from a tropical wave to the south of Louisiana on August 29 . It tracked generally west @-@ northwest , strengthening little before making landfall on Matagorda Island on September 1 as a minimal tropical storm ; the storm quickly dissipated over land . Elena dropped moderate rainfall along its path , causing two direct deaths in Houston from drowning ; storm damage was minor , amounting to less than $ 10 million ( 1979 USD , $ 28 million 2007 USD ) . Lightning from the storm set fire to an oil supertanker in Houston , causing three indirect deaths and 13 injuries .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 17 . It tracked westward , passing through the Lesser Antilles on August 22 , and on August 27 the weak wave axis crossed through Florida . A tropical disturbance organized along the wave axis , with ship and buoy reports indicating the development of a low @-@ level circulation by August 29 . At 2308 GMT later that day , a Hurricane Hunters flight reported the existence of a tropical depression ; it was classified as Tropical Depression Thirteen , while located about 240 miles ( 390 km ) south of the mouth of the Mississippi River . With a ridge of high pressure located over the southeastern United States , the depression continued tracking generally westward and intensified into Tropical Storm Elena late on August 30 . Elena was the sixth tropical storm of the season , as Hurricane Frederic attained tropical storm status six hours prior to Elena .
Unfavorable northerly vertical wind shear persisted through much of Elena 's duration , which prohibited the development of convection . An approaching frontal trough weakened the high pressure system to its north , which resulted in Elena turning northwestward toward the Texas coastline . The storm remained poorly organized , failing to strengthen further , and on September 1 it made landfall on Matagorda Island as a minimal tropical storm . The cyclone rapidly weakened after moving ashore , and early on September 2 Elena degenerated into a remnant low pressure area over southeastern Texas . Trapped between two high pressure systems , the remnant mid @-@ level circulation drifted southwestward just inland for several days before dissipating on September 6 .
= = Impact = =
As Elena was upgraded to a tropical storm , the National Hurricane Center issued a gale warning from Port O 'Connor , Texas to Morgan City , Louisiana ; these remained in effect until the storm moved ashore . Winds were fairly minor in association with the storm ; a station in Galveston , Texas recorded a peak wind gust of 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) . As Elena moved ashore , it produced a 3 foot ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) storm tide at Galveston and Baytown . Rainfall from the storm was generally limited to the coastline , and peaked at 10 @.@ 3 inches ( 261 mm ) at Palacios ; light rainfall also extended along the coastline of Louisiana . Near Houston , 4 @.@ 6 inches ( 117 mm ) of precipitation was reported , which caused two drownings from flooding . Overall storm damage was fairly minor , totaling to less than $ 10 million ( 1979 USD , $ 28 million 2007 USD ) .
At a dock owned by Shell Oil Company in Deer Park near Houston , a lightning bolt from thunderstorms of Elena struck the oil supertanker SS Chevron Hawaii . The lightning started a fire on the ship , which expanded and wrecked one adjacent barge and burned nearby docks . The ship was nearly split in half from the lightning strike , and oil seeped into Houston Ship Channel for several hours . Firefighters combated the fire on the tanker in boats , but their efforts were hindered due to unsettled weather from Elena , as well as unsafe water to travel through . The fire caused three deaths and 13 injuries , and damage related to the incident totaled $ 27 million ( 1979 USD , $ 76 million 2007 USD ) .
Two Sperry Technicians that were dispatched to repair the radar on the ship were crossing the gangplank at the time of the explosion and were killed . Their names are David Strout and Don Wampler .
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= Michigan State University =
Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan , United States . MSU was founded in 1855 and became the nation 's first land @-@ grant institution under the Morrill Act of 1862 , serving as a model for future land @-@ grant universities . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is the eighth @-@ largest university in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 540 @,@ 000 living alumni worldwide .
MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , botany , supply chain management , criminal justice , music therapy , and communication sciences . Michigan State frequently ranks among the top 30 public universities in the United States and the top 100 research universities in the world . U.S. News & World Report ranks many of its graduate programs among the best in the nation , including African history , criminology , industrial and organizational psychology , educational psychology , elementary and secondary education , osteopathic medicine , nuclear physics , rehabilitation counseling , supply chain / logistics , and veterinary medicine . MSU is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system .
The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 , and has enjoyed a streak of seven Final Four appearances since the 1998 @-@ 1999 season . Spartans ice hockey won NCAA national titles in 1966 , 1986 and 2007 .
= = History = =
= = = Agriculture school = = =
The Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an " agricultural school , " though it was not until February 12 , 1855 , that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed a bill establishing the United States ' first agriculture college , the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan . Classes began on May 13 , 1857 , with three buildings , five faculty members , and 63 male students .
The first president , Joseph R. Williams , designed a curriculum that required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era . It balanced science , liberal arts , and practical training . The curriculum excluded Latin and Greek studies , since most applicants did not study any classical languages in their rural high schools . However , it did require three hours of daily manual labor , which kept costs down for both the students and the College . Despite Williams ' innovations and his defense of education for the masses , the State Board of Education saw Williams ' curriculum as elitist . They forced him to resign in 1859 and reduced the curriculum to a two @-@ year vocational program .
= = = Land Grant pioneer = = =
In 1860 , Williams became acting lieutenant governor and helped pass the Reorganization Act of 1861 . This gave the College a four @-@ year curriculum and the power to grant master 's degrees . Under the act , a newly created body , known as the State Board of Agriculture , took over from the State Board of Education in running the institution . The College changed its name to State Agricultural College , and its first class graduated in the same year . As the Civil War had just begun , there was no time for an elaborate graduation ceremony . The first alumni enlisted to the Union Army . Williams died , and the following year , Abraham Lincoln signed the First Morrill Act of 1862 to support similar colleges , making the Michigan school a national model .
= = = Co @-@ ed college = = =
The college first admitted women in 1870 , although at that time there were no female residence halls . The few women who enrolled boarded with faculty families or made the arduous stagecoach trek from Lansing . From the early days , female students took the same rigorous scientific agriculture courses as male students . In 1896 , the faculty created a " Women Course " that melded a home economics curriculum with liberal arts and sciences . That same year , the College turned the old Abbot Hall male dorm into a women 's dormitory . It was not until 1899 that the State Agricultural College admitted its first African American student , William O. Thompson . After graduation , he taught at what is now Tuskegee University . President Jonathan L. Snyder invited its president Booker T. Washington to be the Class of 1900 commencement speaker . A few years later , Myrtle Craig became the first woman African @-@ American student to enroll at the College . Along with the Class of 1907 , she received her degree from U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt , commencement speaker for the Semi @-@ Centennial celebration . The City of East Lansing was incorporated that same year , and two years later the college officially changed its name to Michigan Agricultural College ( M.A.C. ) .
= = = Big Ten university = = =
During the early 20th century , M.A.C. expanded its curriculum well beyond agriculture . By 1925 it had expanded enough that it changed its name to Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science ( M.S.C. ) . In 1941 the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture , John A. Hannah , became president of the College . He began the largest expansion in the institution 's history , with the help of the 1945 G.I. Bill , which helped World War II veterans to receive an education . One of Hannah 's strategies was to build a new dormitory building , enroll enough students to fill it , and use the income to start construction on a new dormitory . Under his plan , enrollment increased from 15 @,@ 000 in 1950 to 38 @,@ 000 in 1965 .
In 1957 , Hannah continued MSU 's expansion by co @-@ founding Michigan State University – Oakland , now Oakland University , with Matilda Dodge Wilson . Hannah also got the chance to improve the athletic reputation of M.S.C. when the University of Chicago resigned from the Big Ten Conference in 1946 . Hannah lobbied to take its place , gaining admission in 1949 .
Six years later , in its Centennial year of 1955 , the State of Michigan renamed the College as Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science . Nine years after that , the University governing body changed its name from the State Board of Agriculture to the MSU Board of Trustees . The State of Michigan allowed the University to drop the words " Agriculture and Applied Science " from its name . Since 1964 the institution has gone by the name of Michigan State University .
= = = Oakland University = = =
In 1957 , the donation of 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 km2 ) in Pontiac Township , Oakland County , Michigan prompted creation of Michigan State University – Oakland . That campus became the independent school , Oakland University , in 1970 .
= = = Global leader by 2012 = = =
Since the end of the Hannah era in 1969 , Michigan State has shifted its focus from increasing the size of its student body to advancing its national and global reputation . In September 2005 , president Lou Anna Simon called for MSU , one of the public ivy institutions , to become the global model leader for Land Grant institutions by the year 2012 . Her plans include creating a new residential college and increasing grants awarded from the National Institutes of Health past the US $ 100 million mark . While there are over 100 Land @-@ grant universities in the United States , she has stated she would like Michigan State University to be the leader .
Michigan State , the University of Michigan and Wayne State University created the University Research Corridor in 2006 . This alliance was formed to transform and strengthen Michigan 's economy by reaching out to businesses , policymakers , innovators , investors and the public to speed up technology transfer , make resources more accessible and attract new jobs to the state .
= = = Sexual assault investigation = = =
On May 1 , 2014 , Michigan State University was named one of fifty @-@ five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights “ for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints ” by Barack Obama 's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault . " The investigation at Michigan State involves its response to sexual harassment and sexual assault complaints involving students , " according to one reporter . It was later reported in the same paper that " An investigation by the U.S. Department of Education into how Michigan State University handles sexual assault complaints was spurred by an incident in Wonders Hall in August 2010 , a spokesman said . "
= = Campus = =
MSU 's sprawling campus is in East Lansing , Michigan . The campus is perched on the banks of the Red Cedar River . Development of the campus started in 1856 with three buildings : a multipurpose building called College Hall , a dormitory later called " Saints ' Rest " , and a barn . Today , MSU 's contiguous campus consists of 5 @,@ 200 acres ( 21 km2 ) , 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 km2 ) of which are developed . There are 556 buildings : 100 for academics , 131 for agriculture , 166 for housing and food service , and 42 for athletics . Overall , the university has 22 @,@ 763 @,@ 025 square feet ( 2 @,@ 114 @,@ 754 @.@ 2 m2 ) of indoor space . Connecting it all is 26 miles ( 42 km ) of roads and 100 miles ( 160 km ) of sidewalks . MSU also owns 44 non @-@ campus properties , totaling 22 @,@ 000 acres ( 89 km2 ) in 28 different counties .
= = = North campus = = =
The oldest part of campus lies on the north bank of the Red Cedar . It includes Collegiate Gothic architecture , plentiful trees , and curving roads with few straight lines . The College built its first three buildings here , of which none survive . Other historic buildings north of the river include the president 's official residence , Cowles House , and Beaumont Tower , a carillon clock tower marking the site of College Hall , the original classroom building . To the east lies Eustace – Cole Hall , America 's first freestanding horticulture laboratory . Other landmarks include the bronze statue of former president John A. Hannah , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , and the painted boulder known as " The Rock " , a popular spot for theatre , tailgating , and candlelight vigils . On the campus 's northwest corner is the University 's hotel , the Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center . The university also has a museum , initiated in 1857 . MSU Museum is one of the Midwest 's oldest museums and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums .
= = = South campus = = =
The campus south of the river consists mostly of post @-@ World War II International Style buildings , and is characterized by sparser foliage , relatively straight roadways , and many parking lots . The " 2020 Vision " Master Plan proposes replacing these parking lots with parking ramps and green space , but these plans will take many years to reach fruition . As part of the master plan , the University erected a new bronze statue of The Spartan in 2005 to be placed at the intersection of Chestnut and Kalamazoo , just south of the Red Cedar River . This replica replaced the original modernist terra cotta statue , which can still be seen inside Spartan Stadium . Notable academic and research buildings on the South Campus include the Cyclotron and the College of Law .
This part of campus is home to the MSU Horticulture Gardens and the adjoining 4 @-@ H Children 's Garden . South of the gardens lie the Canadian National and CSX railroads , which divide the main campus from thousands of acres of university @-@ owned farmland . The university 's agricultural facilities include the Horse , Dairy Cattle , Beef Cattle , Sheep , and Poultry Teaching and Research Farms , as well as the Air Quality Control Lab and the Diagnostics Center for Population and Animal Health .
= = = Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center = = =
The Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center doubles as a 4 @-@ star hotel and a business @-@ friendly conference center . It is on the northwest corner of Michigan State University 's campus , across from the Brody Complex , on Harrison Road just south of Michigan Avenue . The hotel 's 160 rooms and suites can accommodate anyone staying in East Lansing for a business conference , sporting event or an on @-@ campus visit , but it originally was a dormitory . Besides a lodging facility , the Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center is a " learning laboratory for the 300 – 400 students each year that are enrolled in The School of Hospitality Business and other majors . " The Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center strives to facilitate education by hosting conferences and seminars .
= = = Dubai Campus = = =
MSU runs a small campus at Dubai Knowledge Village , Dubai , United Arab Emirates . It first offered only one program , a master 's program in human resources and labor relations . In 2011 , it added a master 's program in Public Health . In April 2012 , MSU Dubai announced it hopes to begin in 2013 two programs in law : a LL.M program as well as a Master of Jurisprudence program .
Previously , MSU established an education center in Dubai offering six undergraduate programs , thereby becoming the first American university with a presence in Dubai International Academic City . The University attracted 100 students in 2007 , its first year , but the school was unable to achieve the 100 @-@ 150 new students per year needed for the program to be viable , and in 2010 MSU closed the program and the campus .
= = Academics = =
= = = Admissions = = =
Michigan State offers a rolling admissions system , with an early admission deadline in October . MSU is considered " more selective " by the U.S. News & World Report . Its admissions are difficult ; for 2009 's entering class , the 25th / 75th percentiles for the SAT were 1030 and 1240 / 1600 , and its 25th / 75th percentiles on the ACT were 23 and 27 / 36 .
For Fall 2014 , MSU received over 33 @,@ 000 freshman applications , which is a record for the school , and admitted 66 @.@ 1 % applicants . Incoming freshman had an average high school GPA of 3 @.@ 66 .
MSU has the seventh largest student body in the U.S. For the fiscal year of 2009 – 10 , the Office of the Registrar conferred 11 @,@ 140 degrees . The student body is 55 % female and 45 % male . While 89 % of students come from all 83 counties in the State of Michigan , also represented are all 50 states in the U.S. and about 130 other countries .
In 2011 – 2012 , 5 @,@ 898 international students enrolled at MSU . The top five countries represented : China , Korea , India , Taiwan and Canada . According to a Brookings Institution report analyzing foreign student visa approvals from 2008 @-@ 2012 , MSU has the third @-@ highest enrollment of Chinese international students in the United States , with roughly 4 @,@ 700 Chinese citizens enrolled during the period of the study .
MSU has about 4 @,@ 500 faculty and 6 @,@ 000 staff members , and a student / faculty ratio of 19 : 1 . Listed as a Public Ivy , Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities . Michigan State University Ombudsman is the longest continually operating ombudsman office at a college or university in the country . MSU 's study abroad program is the largest of any single @-@ campus university in the United States with 2 @,@ 461 students studying abroad in 2004 – 2005 in over 60 countries on all continents , including Antarctica .
MSU has six faculty members elected to the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) ; Martin Bukovac ( 1983 ) , James Dye ( 1989 ) , Pamela Fraker ( 2007 ) , Richard Lenski ( 2006 ) , Michael Thomashow ( 2003 ) , and James Tiedje ( 2003 ) .
= = = Rankings = = =
Michigan State ranks 99th in the world in 2015 , according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities . In its 2015 @-@ 16 rankings , Times Higher Education World University Rankings also ranked it 99th in the world . The 2015 QS World University Rankings placed Michigan State University at 164th internationally . In its 2016 edition , U.S. News & World Report ranked it as tied for the 29th @-@ best public university in the United States , tied for 75th nationally and tied for 82nd globally .
The university has over 200 academic programs . U.S. News ranked MSU 's graduate @-@ level programs in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , and nuclear physics first in the nation for 2016 . U.S. News also ranks MSU third nationally for graduate education in African history and fourth nationally for graduate education in Educational Psychology .
The Eli Broad College of Business was ranked No. 42nd among undergraduate institutions nationally by Businessweek . Ninety @-@ four percent of the school 's graduates received job offers in 2014 . The 2016 U.S. News ranked Michigan State 's undergraduate supply chain management / logistics program in the Eli Broad College of Business 1st in the nation . In addition , the Eli Broad College of Business undergraduate accounting program is ranked 13th , the master 's accounting program is ranked 15th , and the doctoral program is ranked 11th , according to the 2013 Public Accounting Report 's Annual Survey of Accounting Professors . The MBA program is ranked 19th in the U.S. by Forbes magazine .
The College of Communication Arts and Sciences was established in 1955 and was the first of its kind in the United States . The college 's Media and Information Studies doctoral program was ranked No. 2 in 2007 by The Chronicle of Higher Education in the category of mass communication . The communication doctoral program was ranked No. 4 in a separate category of communication in The Chronicle of Higher Education 's 2005 Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index , published in 2007 . The college 's faculty and alumni include eight Pulitzer Prize winners and a two @-@ time Emmy Award winning recording mixer .
Other programs of note include criminal justice , hospitality business , packaging , political science , dietetics and communications . The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Michigan State with an overall grade of " B " on the 2009 Campus Sustainability Survey , including " A " s in the categories of Administration , Transportation , Endowment Transparency , and Investment Policies .
= = = Collections and Museum = = =
The Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum is the university 's contemporary art museum . Michigan State University Libraries comprise North America 's 29th largest academic library system with over 4 @.@ 9 million volumes and 6 @.@ 7 million microforms .
= = = Research = = =
The university has a long history of academic research , and in 2013 – 14 spent $ 528 million toward it . In 1877 , botany professor William J. Beal performed the first documented genetic crosses to produce hybrid corn , which led to increased yields . MSU dairy professor G. Malcolm Trout invented the process for the homogenization of milk in the 1930s . In the 1960s , MSU scientists developed cisplatin , a leading cancer fighting drug . Albert Fert , an Adjunct professor at MSU , was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Peter Grünberg .
Today , Michigan State continues its research with facilities such as the U.S. Department of Energy @-@ sponsored MSU @-@ DOE Plant Research Laboratory and a particle accelerator called the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory . The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science named Michigan State University as the site for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams ( FRIB ) . The $ 730 million facility will attract top researchers from around the world to conduct experiments in basic nuclear science , astrophysics , and applications of isotopes to other fields .
In 2004 , scientists at the Cyclotron produced and observed a new isotope of the element germanium , called Ge @-@ 60 In that same year , Michigan State , in consortium with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the government of Brazil , broke ground on the 4 @.@ 1 @-@ meter Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope ( SOAR ) in the Andes Mountains of Chile . The consortium telescope will allow the Physics & Astronomy department to study galaxy formation and origins . Since 1999 , MSU has been part of a consortium called the Michigan Life Sciences Corridor , which aims to develop biotechnology research in the State of Michigan . Finally , the College of Communication Arts and Sciences ' Quello Center researches issues of information and communication management .
= = = = Big Ten Academic Alliance = = = =
Michigan State University is a participant in the Big Ten Academic Alliance . The Big Ten Academic Alliance ( BTAA ) is the academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference . Engaging in $ 10 billion in research in 2014 @-@ 2015 , BTAA universities provide powerful insight into important issues in medicine , technology , agriculture , and communities . Students at participating schools are also allowed " in @-@ house " borrowing privileges at other schools ' libraries . The BTAA uses collective purchasing and licensing , and has saved member institutions $ 19 million to date . Course sharing , professional development programs , study abroad and international collaborations , and other initiatives are also part of the BTAA .
= = = Endowment = = =
MSU 's ( private , non @-@ Morrill Act ) endowment started in 1916 when the Engineering Building burned down . Automobile magnate R.E. Olds helped the program stay afloat with a gift of $ 100 @,@ 000 . There was a time when MSU lagged behind peer institutions in terms of endowments . As recently as the early 1990s , MSU was last among the eleven Big Ten schools , with barely over $ 100 million in endowment funds .
This changed dramatically in the 2000s ( decade ) , when the University started a campaign to increase the size of the endowment . At the close of fiscal year 2004 – 2005 , the endowment had risen to $ 1 @.@ 325 billion , raising the University to sixth of the 11 Big Ten schools in terms of endowment ; within $ 2 million of the fifth @-@ rated school . The rapid increase in the size of the endowment will help to improve outdated facilities , such as the Music Building , which the College of Music hopes to soon replace with money from its alumni fundraising program .
= = Colleges = =
MSU has over 200 academic programs offered by 17 @-@ degree @-@ granting colleges .
= = = Residential colleges = = =
MSU has several residential colleges , based on the Oxbridge " living @-@ learning " model . By putting classes in student dormitories , these colleges improve student access to faculty and facilities . MSU 's first residential college , Justin Morrill College started in 1965 with an interdisciplinary curriculum . MSU closed Morrill College in 1979 , but today the university has three residential colleges , including the recent opening of the Residential College in Arts & Humanities ( RCAH ) located in Snyder and Phillips halls .
Established in 1967 , James Madison College is a smaller component residential college featuring multidisciplinary programs in the social sciences , founded on a model of liberal education . James Madison College is housed in Case Hall . Classes in the college are small , with an average of 25 students , and most instructors are tenure track faculty . James Madison College has about 1150 students total , with each freshman class containing about 320 students . Each of Madison 's four majors — Social Relations and Policy , International Relations , Political Theory and Constitutional Democracy , and Comparative Cultures and Politics — requires two years of foreign language and one semester of " field experience " in an internship or study abroad program . Although Madison students make up about 4 % of MSU graduates , they represent around 35 % of the MSU 's Phi Beta Kappa members .
Also established in 1967 , Lyman Briggs College teaches math and science within social , historical and philosophical contexts . Many Lyman Briggs students intend to pursue careers in medicine , but the school supports over 30 coordinate majors , from human biology to computer sciences . Lyman Briggs is one of the few colleges that lets undergraduates teach as " Learning Assistants . "
MSU 's newest residential college is the Residential College in Arts & Humanities . Founded October 21 , 2005 , the college provides around 600 undergraduates with an individualized curriculum in the liberal , visual and performing arts . Though all the students will graduate with the same degree , MSU encourages students in the college to get a second degree or specialization . The university houses the new college in a newly renovated Snyder @-@ Phillips Hall , the location of MSU 's first residential college , Justin Morrill College .
= = = Professional schools = = =
The Michigan State University College of Law is an independent , non @-@ profit corporation affiliated with the public institution . Founded in Detroit in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law , the law school moved to East Lansing in 1995 becoming an integral part of the university . Students attending MSU College of Law come from 42 states and 13 countries . The law school publishes the Michigan State Law Review , the Michigan State Journal of International Law , the Journal of Medicine Law , and the Journal of Business & Securities Law . The College of Law is the home of the Geoffrey Fieger Trial Practice Institute , the first trial practice institute in the United States . The Intellectual Property and Communications Law program was ranked seventeenth nationally , in 2006 .
The Eli Broad College of Business has programs in accounting , information systems , finance , general management , human resource management , marketing , supply chain management , and hospitality business . The school has 2 @,@ 066 admitted undergraduate students and 817 graduate students . The Eli Broad Graduate School of Management , which Businessweek magazine in 2012 ranked 35th in the nation and 14th among public institutions , offers three MBA programs , as well as joint degrees with the College of Law . The opening of the Eugene C. Eppley Center for Graduate Studies in Hotel , Restaurant and Institutional Management brought the first program in the United States to offer a Master of Business Administration degree in Hotel , Restaurant and Institutional Management to MSU .
The Michigan State University College of Nursing grants B.S.N. , M.S.N. , and PhD degrees .
The Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine was the world 's first publicly funded college of osteopathic medicine . It has a long @-@ standing tradition of retaining its alumni in Michigan to practice – more than two @-@ thirds of the college 's graduates remain to practice in Michigan . In 2008 , the Michigan State University Board of Trustees approved a resolution endorsing the expansion of the College of Osteopathic Medicine to two sites in southeast Michigan , a move board members and college officials say will not only improve medical education in the state , but also address a projected physician shortage .
According to U.S. News & World Report 's 2016 rankings , the College of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. degree ) ranked tied for 12th among U.S. medical schools for primary care , and the College of Human Medicine ( MD degree ) was ranked 70th among the U.S. medical schools for primary care .
The College of Human Medicine graduates students with a Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. degree ) and is split into seven distinct campuses located in East Lansing , Kalamazoo , Flint , Saginaw , Marquette , Traverse City and Grand Rapids . Each campus is affiliated with local hospitals and other medical facilities professionals in the area . For example , the Lansing campus includes Sparrow Hospital and McLaren – Greater Lansing Hospital . The College of Human Medicine has recently gained attention for its expansion into the Grand Rapids area , with the new Secchia Center completed in the Fall of 2010 , that is expected to fuel the growing medical industry in that region .
Though Michigan State has offered courses in veterinary science since its founding , the College of Veterinary Medicine was not formally established as a four @-@ year , degree @-@ granting program until 1910 . In 2011 , the Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine was ranked No. 9 in the nation . The college has over 170 @,@ 000 square feet ( 16 @,@ 000 m2 ) of office , teaching , and research space , as well as a veterinary teaching hospital .
= = = Other academic units = = =
In recent years , MSU 's music program has grown substantially . Music major enrollment increased more than 97 % between 1991 and 2004 . In early 2007 , this growth led the university board of trustees to spin the music program off into its own college unit : The MSU College of Music . The new college faces many new challenges , such as working with limited space and funding . Nevertheless , MSU 's music college plans on continued success , placing an annual average of 25 graduate students in tenure stream university positions .
The College of Education at Michigan State University offers graduate and undergraduate degrees in several fields , including counseling , educational psychology , special education , teacher education and kinesiology . The graduate school has several programs ranked in the top five in the country by U.S. News & World Report for 2016 : elementary teacher education ( 1st ) , secondary teacher education ( 1st ) , curriculum and instruction ( 3rd ) , educational psychology ( 4th ) , and higher education administration ( 4th ) . The College of Education is housed in Erickson Hall .
Founded in 1956 , the MSU Honors College provides individualized curricula to MSU 's top undergraduate students . Though the college offers no majors of its own , it has its own dean and academic advisers to help Honors students with their educational pursuits . High school students starting at MSU may join the Honors College if they are in the top 5 % of their high school graduating class and have an ACT score of at least 30 or an SAT total score of at least 1360 . Students can also be admitted after their first semester , generally if they 're in the top 10 % of their College in GPA . Once admitted , students must maintain a 3 @.@ 20 GPA and complete eight approved honors courses to graduate with Honors College designation on their degree . If membership is relinquished , it cannot be reclaimed .
After three years of planning , The College of Engineering launched the first stages of its Residential Experience for Spartan Engineering , formally known as the Residential Option for Scientists and Engineers ( ROSES ) , the new program is in Wilson Hall after being housed in Bailey Hall for a number of years . The Residential program essentially combines with a brand new academic component , Cornerstone Engineering , where freshman engineering students not only get an overview of the engineering field ( s ) but get a hands @-@ on experience along with it . Global Engineering is a new subject that is of interest for not only the Cornerstone Engineering and Residential Experience programs but the entire College of Engineering at MSU . Engineering in today 's society has shown to have a monumental impact on the global economy due to advancements in education , interdependence on economics with infrastructure , computers , transportation , technology and other manufactured goods as well as Michigan State University 's study @-@ abroad program being ranked No. 1 in the nation , allowing for students to experience education and learn cultures in hundreds of countries . The newly established Cornerstone Engineering and Residential Experience programs for College of Engineering have started programs abroad for more courses in engineering including Study abroad seminars .
MSU offers a 30 credit graduate program for Masters in Educational Technology in 3 different formats ; completely online , hybrid in East Lansing , Michigan , or overseas .
= = Athletics = =
Michigan State 's NCAA Division I @-@ A program offers 12 varsity sports for men and 13 for women . Since their teams are called the Spartans , MSU 's mascot is a Spartan warrior named Sparty . The university participates in the Big Ten Conference in all varsity sports , including the new Big Ten hockey conference , featuring 6 teams . The current athletic director is Mark Hollis , who was promoted to the position on January 1 , 2008 . Hollis replaced Ron Mason , who served as head hockey coach from 1979 to 2002 , retiring with a record total of 924 wins , and a 635 – 270 – 69 record at MSU .
In 1888 Michigan State University ( then as known as Michigan Agricultural College ) along with Olivet , Albion and Hillsdale Colleges was a founding member of the nation 's oldest athletic conference , the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MIAA ) . MAC left the conference in 1907 .
= = = Football = = =
Football has a long tradition at Michigan State . Starting as a club sport in 1884 , football gained varsity status in 1896 . MSU football teams won the Rose Bowl in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 , and 2014 . They won national championships in 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 and 1966 . The Spartans accounted for four of the top eight selections in the 1967 NFL Draft , the only time a college football program has accomplished such a feat .
Today , the football team competes in Spartan Stadium , a renovated 75 @,@ 005 seat football stadium near the center of campus . The current coach is Mark Dantonio , who was hired on November 27 , 2006 . He led the team in its first season to a 7 – 6 record . In 2010 , the Spartans finished 11 – 2 ( 7 @-@ 1 in conference play ) and were Co @-@ Big Ten Champion along with Wisconsin and Ohio State . In 2011 , the Spartans finished 1st in the Legends Division of the Big Ten with a 7 – 1 ( 11 – 3 ) conference record , logging back @-@ to @-@ back 11 win seasons for the first time in Spartan history . In 2014 , MSU achieved an 11 @-@ 2 overall record with losses only to the University of Oregon Ducks and The Ohio State Buckeyes , and ended the season ranked # 5 .
MSU 's traditional archrival is the University of Michigan , against whom they compete annually for the Paul Bunyan Trophy . Their overall record against the Wolverines currently stands at 32 – 67 – 5 and 23 – 34 – 2 since 1953 when the Paul Bunyan Trophy was established and MSU joined the Big Ten Conference .
= = = Men 's basketball = = =
MSU 's men 's basketball team has won the National Championship twice : in 1979 and again in 2000 . In 1979 , Earvin " Magic " Johnson , along with Greg Kelser , Jay Vincent and Mike Brkovich , led the MSU team to a 75 – 64 win against the Larry Bird @-@ led Indiana State Sycamores . In 2000 , three players from Flint , Morris Peterson , Charlie Bell and Mateen Cleaves , led the team to its second national title . Dubbed the " Flintstones " , they were the key to the Spartans ' win against the University of Florida . On December 13 , 2003 , Michigan State and Kentucky played in the Basketbowl , in which a record crowd of 78 @,@ 129 watched the game in Detroit 's Ford Field . Kentucky won 79 – 74 . The basketball team plays at the Jack Breslin Student Events Center under head coach Tom Izzo , who has a 403 – 166 record as of February 2012 ( 70 @.@ 8 % winning percentage ) . The student spirit section at Breslin is called the Izzone . Izzo 's coaching has helped the team make seven Final Fours since 1999 , winning the title in 2000 , and eighteen consecutive NCAA tournament appearances ( beginning in 1998 ) . In 2009 the Spartans made it to the National Championship game and lost 89 – 72 to North Carolina .
= = = Men 's ice hockey = = =
The Michigan State University men 's ice hockey team started in 1924 , though it has only been a varsity sport since 1950 . The team has since won national titles in 1966 , 1986 and 2007 . The Spartans came close to repeating the national title in 1987 , but lost the championship game to the University of North Dakota . They play at MSU 's Munn Ice Arena . Former head coach Ron Mason is college hockey 's winningest coach with 924 wins total and 635 at MSU . The current head coach is Tom Anastos . The MSU men 's ice hockey team competes in the Big Ten conference . They formerly competed in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association . Michigan State leads the CCHA in all @-@ time wins , is second in CCHA Conference championships with 7 , and is first in CCHA Tournament Championships with 11 . Along with the University of Michigan ( U @-@ M ) and the Ohio State University , it was one of three Big Ten schools in the CCHA . As with other sports , the hockey rivalry between MSU and U @-@ M is a fierce one , and on October 6 , 2001 , MSU faced U @-@ M in the Cold War , during which a world record crowd of 74 @,@ 554 packed Spartan Stadium to watch the game end in a 3 – 3 tie . In the 2006 – 2007 season , the Men 's Ice Hockey team defeated Boston College for its third NCAA hockey championship .
= = = Men 's cross country = = =
Between World War I and World War II , Michigan State College competed in the Central Collegiate Conference , winning titles in 1926 – 1929 , 1932 , 1933 and 1935 . Michigan State also experienced success in the IC4A , at New York 's Van Cortlandt Park , winning 15 team titles ( 1933 – 1937 , 1949 , 1953 , 1956 – 1960 , 1962 , 1963 and 1968 ) . Since entering the Big Ten in 1950 , Michigan State has won 14 men 's team titles ( 1951 – 1953 , 1955 – 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 and 1971 ) . Michigan State hosted the inaugural NCAA cross country championships in 1938 and every year thereafter through 1964 ( there was no championship in 1943 ) . The Spartans won NCAA championships in 1939 , 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 and 1959 .
= = = Wrestling = = =
MSU Spartan Wrestling won their only team NCAA Championship in 1967 . The current Spartans Head coach is Tom Minkel in his 25th season . The team competes on campus at the Jenison Field House . Spartan Wrestling has over 50 Big Ten Conference Champions , over 100 All @-@ Americans , and 11 individual wrestlers have NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships . Notable former Spartan wrestlers include Rashad Evans and Gray Maynard .
= = Student life = =
East Lansing is very much a college town , with 60 @.@ 2 % of the population between the ages of 15 and 24 . President John A. Hannah 's push to expand in the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the largest residence hall system in the United States . Around 16 @,@ 000 students live in MSU 's 23 undergraduate halls , one graduate hall , and three apartment villages . Each residence hall has its own hall government , with representatives in the Residence Halls Association . Yet despite the size and extent of on @-@ campus housing , the residence halls are complemented by a variety of housing options . 58 % of students live off @-@ campus , mostly in the areas closest to campus , in either apartment buildings , former single @-@ family homes , fraternity and sorority houses , or in a co @-@ op .
In 2014 there were approximately 50 @,@ 085 students , 38 @,@ 786 undergraduate and 11 @,@ 299 graduate and professional . The students are from all 50 states and 130 countries around the world .
= = = Greek life = = =
With over 3 @,@ 000 members , Michigan State University 's Greek Community is one of the largest in the US . Started in 1872 and re @-@ established in 1922 by Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity , Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity , and Alpha Phi Sorority ; the MSU Greek system now consists of 55 Greek lettered student societies . These chapters are in turn under the jurisdiction of one of MSU 's four Greek governing councils : National Panhellenic Conference , North American Interfraternity Council , National Pan @-@ Hellenic Council , and Independent Greek Council . National Pan @-@ Hellenic Council is made up of 9 organizations , 5 Fraternities and 4 Sororities , that were founded on Historically Black College and Universities ( HBCU 's ) . The Interfraternity Council and the Women 's Panhellenic Council are each entirely responsible for their own budgets , giving them the freedom to hold large fundraising and recruitment events . MSU 's fraternities and sororities hold many philanthropy events and community fundraisers . For example , in April 2011 the Greek Community held Greek Week to raise over $ 260 @,@ 000 for the American Cancer Society , and $ 5 @,@ 000 for each of these charities : Big Brothers Big Sisters , The Listening Ear and previous charities include : the Make @-@ a @-@ Wish Foundation ( MSU Chapter ) , Share Laura 's Hope , The Mary Beth Knox Scholarship , and the Special Olympics , in which fraternity and sorority members get to help each other participate .
= = = Student organizations = = =
The Associated Students of Michigan State University ( ASMSU ) is the all @-@ university undergraduate student government of Michigan State University . It is unusual amongst university student governments for its decentralized bicameral structure , and the relatively non @-@ existent influence of the Greek system . The structure has since changed to a single General Assembly as part of reorganization in the late 2000s . ASMSU representatives are nonpartisan and many are elected in noncompetitive races . Their mission is to enhance the individual and collective student experience through education , empowerment , and advocacy by education to the needs and interest of students . Some services they offer include : free blue books , low cost copies and printing , free yearbooks , interest free loans , funding for student organizations , free legal consultation , and iClicker and graphing calculator rentals .
Students pay $ 18 per semester to fund the functions of the ASMSU , including stipends for the organization 's officers and activities throughout the year . Some students have criticized ASMSU for not having enough electoral participation to gain a student mandate . Turnout since 2001 has hovered between 3 and 17 percent , with the 2006 election bringing out 8 % of the undergraduate student body .
Student @-@ run organizations beyond student government also have a large impact on the East Lansing / Michigan State University community . Student Organizations are registered through the Department of Student Life , which currently has a registry of over 800 student organizations . The Eli Broad College of Business includes 27 student organizations . The three largest organizations are the Finance Association ( FA ) , the Accounting Student Association ( ASA ) , and the Supply Chain Management Association ( SCMA ) . The SCMA is the host of the university 's largest major specific career fair . The fair attracts over 100 companies and over 400 students each year .
= = = Activism = = =
Activists have played a significant role in MSU history . During the height of the Vietnam War , student protests helped create co @-@ ed residence halls , and blocked the routing of Interstate 496 through campus . In the 1980s , Michigan State students convinced the University to divest the stocks of companies doing business in apartheid South Africa from its endowment portfolio , such as Coca @-@ Cola . MSU has many student groups focused on political change . Graduate campus groups include the Graduate Employees Union and the Council of Graduate Students . Michigan State also has a variety of partisan groups ranging from liberal to conservative , including the College Republicans , the College Democrats and several third party organizations . Other partisan activist groups include Young Americans for Freedom and Young Americans for Liberty on the right ; Young Democratic Socialists , Students for Economic Justice , Young Communist League and MEChA on the left . Given MSU 's proximity to the Michigan state capital of Lansing , many politically inclined Spartans intern for state representatives .
= = = Sustainability = = =
The MSU Office of Sustainability works with the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus to " foster a collaborative learning culture that leads the community to heightened awareness of its environmental impact . " The University is a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange , the world 's first greenhouse gas emission registry , and boasts the lowest electrical consumption per square foot among Big Ten universities . The University has set a goal of reducing energy use by 15 % , reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15 % , reducing landfill waste by 30 % by 2015 .
The university has also pledged to meet LEED @-@ certification standards for all new construction . In July 2009 , the University completed construction of a $ 13 @.@ 3 million recycling center , and hopes to double their 2008 recycling rate of 14 % by 2010 . The construction of Brody Hall , a residence hall of Michigan State University Housing , was completed in August 2011 and qualified for LEED Silver certification because the facility includes a rain water collection tank used for restroom fixtures , a white PVC roof , meters that will monitor utilities to make sure they are used efficiently , and the use of recycled matter and local sources for building materials .
The Environmental Steward 's program support 's president Simon 's " Boldness by Design " strategic vision to transform environmental stewardship on campus within the seven @-@ year time frame . Environmental stewards promote environmental changes among co @-@ workers and peers , be points of contact for their department for environment @-@ related concerns , and be liaisons between the Be Spartan Green Team and buildings .
The Student Organic Farm is a student @-@ run , four @-@ season farm , which teaches the principals of organic farming and through a certificate program and community supported agriculture ( CSA ) on ten acres on the MSU campus . The certificate program consists of year round crop production , course work in organic farming , practical training and management , and an off @-@ site internship requirement .
= = = Media = = =
MSU has a variety of campus media outlets . The student @-@ run newspaper is the The State News and free copies are available online or at East Lansing newsstands . The paper prints 28 @,@ 500 copies from Monday through Friday during the fall and spring semesters , and 15 @,@ 000 copies Monday through Friday during the summer . The paper is not published on weekends , holidays , or semester breaks , but is continually updated online at statenews.com. The campus yearbook is called the Red Cedar Log . Red Cedar Review , Michigan State University 's premier literary digest for over forty years , is the longest running undergraduate @-@ run literary journal in the United States . It is published annually by the Michigan State University Press .
MSU also publishes a student @-@ run magazine during the academic year called Ing Magazine . Created in 2007 by MSU alumnus Adam Grant , the publication is released at the beginning of each month and publishes 7 issues each school year . MSU also publishes a student @-@ run fashion and lifestyle magazine called VIM Magazine once a semester .
Electronic media include three radio stations and one public television station , as well as student @-@ produced television shows . MSU 's Public Broadcasting Service affiliate , WKAR @-@ TV , the station is the second @-@ oldest educational television station in the United States , and the oldest east of the Mississippi River . Besides broadcasting PBS shows , WKAR @-@ TV produces its own local programming , such as a high school quiz bowl show called " QuizBusters " . In addition , MSU has three radio stations ; WKAR @-@ AM plays National Public Radio 's talk radio programming , whereas WKAR @-@ FM focuses mostly on classical music programming . Michigan State 's student @-@ run radio station , WDBM , broadcasts mostly alternative music during weekdays and electric music programming nights and weekends .
= = People = =
The current president of the University is Lou Anna Simon who took over on January 1 , 2005 , after being appointed by MSU 's governing board , the Board of Trustees . The Board receives its mandate from the Michigan Constitution as MSU is a state @-@ owned school . The constitution allows for eight trustees who are elected by statewide referendum every two years . Trustees have eight @-@ year terms , with two of the eight elected every other year . As of 2007 , the Board is made up of three Republicans and five Democrats .
= = = 19th century = = =
Important College leaders in the 19th century include John C. Holmes , who kept the Agriculture School from being a part of the University of Michigan and is widely credited with being the prime mover for the school 's founding ; Joseph R. Williams , the first president ; and Theophilus C. Abbot , the third president who stabilized the College after the Civil War . Also of importance was botany professor William J. Beal , an early plant ( hybrid corn ) geneticist who championed the laboratory teaching method . Another distinguished faculty member of the era was the alumnus / professor Liberty Hyde Bailey . Bailey was the first to raise the study of horticulture to a science , paralleling botany , which earned him the title of " Father of American Horticulture " . William L. Carpenter , a jurist who was elected to the Third Judicial Circuit of Michigan in 1894 , and member of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1902 until 1904 . Other famous 19th @-@ century graduates include Ray Stannard Baker , a famed " muckraker " journalist and Pulitzer Prize winning biographer ; Minakata Kumagusu , a renowned environmental scientist ; and William Chandler Bagley , a pioneering education reformer .
= = = 20th and 21st centuries = = =
There are currently around 442 @,@ 000 living MSU alumni worldwide giving the school one of the largest number of alumni of any institution of higher learning . Famous MSU alumni include former Michigan governors James Blanchard and John Engler , U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow and Tim Johnson , U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Donna Hrinak , Prime Minister of South Korea Lee Wan @-@ koo , Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Richard Cordray , former Jordan prime minister Adnan Badran , billionaire philanthropists Tom Gores , Andrew Beal and Eli Broad , Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court Wallace B. Jefferson , trial lawyer Geoffrey Feiger , former Food and Drug Administration official Peter Rheinstein , Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novelist Richard Ford , Teamsters president James P. Hoffa , Quicken Loans founder and billionaire Cleveland Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert , Sergeant at Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives Wilson Livingood , former Michigan U.S. Senator and Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham , former Vice President of the Republic of Liberia Harry Moniba , and former U.S. Ambassador to Italy Peter Secchia .
Alumni in Hollywood include actors such as James Caan , Anthony Heald , Robert Urich and William Fawcett ; comedian Dick Martin , comedian Jackie Martling , film directors Michael Cimino and Sam Raimi , and film editor Bob Murawski , as well as screenwriter David Magee Puerto Rican comedian Sunshine Logroño ( who has played the occasional Hollywood movie ) was a graduate student at MSU .
Composer Dika Newlin received her undergraduate degree from MSU , while lyricist , theatrical director and clinical psychologist Jacques Levy earned a doctorate in psychology . The university has also produced such jazz luminaries as pianist Henry Butler , vibraphonist Milt Jackson , and keyboardist / composer @-@ arranger Clare Fischer .
Journalists include NBC reporter Chris Hansen , AP White House correspondent Nedra Pickler , NPR Washington correspondent Don Gonyea , and veteran Michigan Capitol correspondent and PBS 's Off the Record host Tim Skubick . Novelist Michael Kimball graduated in 1990 . Novelist and true crime author R. Barri Flowers , who in 1977 a bachelors and in 1980 a masters in criminal justice , was inducted in 2006 into the MSU Criminal Justice Wall of Fame . Author Erik Qualman graduated with honors in 1994 and was also Academic Big @-@ Ten in basketball . Susan K. Avery , the first woman president and director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , received an MSU bachelor 's degree in physics . In addition , two of the Little Rock Nine attended Michigan State , including Ernest Green , the first black student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School , and Carlotta Walls LaNier . The University awarded an honorary degree to Robert Mugabe in 1990 , but revoked it in 2008 .
Spartans formerly or currently in the NBA include Earvin " Magic " Johnson , Greg Kelser , Jay Vincent , Steve Smith , Scott Skiles , Jason Richardson , Mateen Cleaves , Alan Anderson , Zach Randolph , Morris Peterson , Charlie Bell , Johnny Green , Maurice Ager , Shannon Brown , Draymond Green , Denzel Valentine and Deyonta Davis .
On the American Football League 's All @-@ Time Team are tight @-@ end Fred Arbanas and safety George Saimes .
In the National Football League , MSU alumni include Carl Banks , who was a member of the Giants teams that won Super Bowls XXI and XXV . Banks was a standout in their Super Bowl XXI victory in which he recorded 14 total tackles , including ten solo tackles , as well as being part of the NFL 's 1980 's All @-@ Decade Team Morten Andersen , Plaxico Burress , Andre Rison , Derrick Mason , Muhsin Muhammad , T. J. Duckett , Flozell Adams , Julian Peterson , Charles Rogers , Jim Miller , Earl Morrall , Wayne Fontes , Bubba Smith and Drew Stanton . Former MSU quarterback Jeff Smoker now plays in the Arena Football League .
Former Michigan State players in the National Hockey League include All Star Defensemen Duncan Keith , Rod Brind 'Amour , Anson Carter , Donald McSween , Adam Hall , John @-@ Michael Liles , Justin Abdelkader , Corey Tropp , brothers Kelly Miller and Kip Miller , as well as their cousins , brothers Ryan Miller and Drew Miller .
Former Michigan State players in Major League Baseball include Hall of Fame inductee Robin Roberts , Kirk Gibson , Steve Garvey and Mark Mulder . Olympic gold medalists include Savatheda Fynes and Fred Alderman . The Spartans are also contributing athletes to Major League Soccer , as Kevin Reiman , Doug DeMartin , Dave Hertel , Greg Janicki , Kenzo Webster , Rauwshan McKenzie , John Minagawa @-@ Webster and Ryan McMahen have all played in Major League Soccer . In addition , Alex Skotarek , Steve Twellman and Buzz Demling played in the North American Soccer League , with Demling playing in the 1972 Summer Olympics and the United States Men 's National Soccer Team in the 1970s .
Ryan Riess , 2013 World Series of Poker Main Event Champion , is a 2012 graduate of MSU .
Miss Michigan 2015 , Emily Kieliszewski , is a 2013 graduate of MSU . Miss America 1961 , Nancy Fleming , is also a graduate of Michigan State .
NCAA Gymnastics Champion and former Sesame Street Muppet performer Toby Towson is an MSU graduate .
Verghese Kurien was an Indian social entrepreneur known as the " Father of the White Revolution " for his Operation Flood , the world 's largest agricultural development programme . He earned a Master of Science in Metallurgical Engineering from Michigan State University in 1948 .
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= Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Justice for All =
Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Justice for All , known in Japan as Gyakuten Saiban 2 ( Japanese : 逆転裁判2 , " Turnabout Trial 2 " ) , is a visual novel adventure video game developed and published by Capcom . It was originally released for the Game Boy Advance in 2002 in Japan , and has since been released on multiple platforms . The Nintendo DS version , initially released in 2006 in Japan , was released in English in the West in 2007 . The game is the second entry in the Ace Attorney series , following Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney .
The story follows Phoenix Wright , a defense attorney who defends his clients in four episodes . Among other characters are his partner Maya Fey , her cousin Pearl , and the rival prosecutor Franziska von Karma . The game is divided into two types of sections : courtroom sessions , where the player cross @-@ examines witnesses and tries to uncover contradictions in their testimonies , and investigations , where the player gathers evidence and talks to witnesses .
The game was directed and written by Shu Takumi , as the second entry in a planned Ace Attorney trilogy . It was originally intended to feature the first game 's prosecutor , Miles Edgeworth , in all episodes ; Franziska was created when the development team learned that Edgeworth had become popular among players , and Takumi wanted to use the character more carefully and sparingly . They only introduced one new gameplay mechanic in the game ; Takumi wanted to keep the game focused on the core concept of finding lies , and to keep it simple enough for his mother to play . The game was positively received by critics , who generally liked the writing , but criticized the game 's short length and the lack of the Nintendo DS @-@ exclusive gameplay mechanics that appeared in the previous game .
= = Gameplay = =
Justice for All is a visual novel adventure game in which the player takes the role of Phoenix Wright , a defense attorney who defends people accused of murder in four different episodes . At first , only one episode is available ; as the player solves a case , a new episode is unlocked to play . The episodes are all divided into chapters , consisting of courtroom sections and investigation sections .
During the investigation sections , the player investigates the case to gather evidence needed for the trial ; once enough evidence has been collected , the game moves on to the next chapter of the episode . During these sections , the player has access to a menu with four options : examine , move , present , and talk . By choosing " examine " , the player can move a cursor around the screen and look at various things in the environment ; by choosing " move " , the player reaches a sub @-@ menu with all locations they can choose to move to ; by choosing " present " , the player can choose to show a piece of evidence or a character profile to a character at the location ; and by choosing " talk " , the player is able to pick a topic to discuss with a character who is present at the location . As the player talks to a character , the topics they have already discussed get marked with a checkmark .
If the player chooses a topic the witnesses does not want to discuss , the player is shown locks and chains on top of the character , referred to as " psyche @-@ locks " ; additionally , a lock symbol is added to that topic in the talk menu . By presenting a magatama to the character , the player is able to start breaking the psyche @-@ locks and unlock the topics ; this is done by showing the character evidence or character profiles that proves they are hiding something . The deeper the secret is that the character is hiding , the more psyche @-@ locks appear ; by breaking all the locks , the topic gets unlocked and the player is given access to new information .
During the courtroom sections , the player attempts to get the defendant declared innocent by questioning witnesses and presenting evidence to the judge and the prosecutor . Many witnesses lie during their testimonies ; the player is able to move back and forth through the testimony to try to find any inconsistencies . There are two options available during cross @-@ examinations : " press " , which makes the player question a particular statement , which sometimes makes the witnesses change their testimony ; and " present " , which is used to show a piece of evidence or a character profile that the player thinks shows a contradiction in the witness 's currently shown statement . In the upper right corner of the screen , the player 's health bar is shown , representing the judge 's patience . The bar decreases if the player makes mistakes , such as presenting the wrong piece of evidence ; if it reaches zero , the defendant is declared guilty , and the player loses the game . While the player cannot lose the game while trying to break a psyche @-@ lock , the bar will still decrease if the player presents the wrong evidence while trying to break psyche @-@ locks . 50 % of the bar is restored when the player manages to break a psyche @-@ lock , and 100 % is restored when an episode is completed .
= = Plot = =
The game 's first episode involves defense attorney Phoenix Wright getting amnesia after being hit on the head by Richard Wellington , a witness in the case . Phoenix is forced to defend Maggey Byrde , a policewoman who has been accused of murdering her boyfriend , with no memory of the case . Phoenix regains his memory with help from Byrde and his partner , the spirit medium Maya Fey , and deduces that Wellington is the true killer . The second episode takes place before the first , and involves Dr. Turner Grey requesting a spirit channeling from Maya Fey at the Kurain Village . During the channeling , Grey is killed , and Maya is arrested on suspicion of murder . When defending her , Phoenix faces prosecutor Franziska von Karma , who has never lost a case and has come to America to defeat Phoenix in court . Phoenix discovers that Grey 's death was plotted by a nurse who once worked under him and Maya 's aunt , Morgan Fey , who sought to displace Maya as the master of Kurain Village to allow her own 8 @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Pearl Fey , to take the title instead . After the case , Morgan is arrested and placed into solitary confinement , and Maya and Phoenix step in to take care of Pearl . In the third episode , Maximillion Galactica , a magician at the Berry Big Circus , is charged with the ringmaster 's murder . Phoenix successfully defends him against Franziska von Karma , and the real killer is revealed to be one of the circus 's trapeze artists , who accidentally killed the ringmaster while trying to murder the ringmaster 's daughter as revenge for his brother .
In the fourth episode , Maya is kidnapped after the actor Matt Engarde has been suspected of murdering his media rival Juan Corrida . The kidnapper , the infamous assassin Shelly de Killer , promises to let Maya go if Phoenix can get a complete acquittal for Engarde . Phoenix learns that Engarde , Corrida , and their managers had a complicated romantic relationship , and that Engarde had hired de Killer to force Phoenix to defend him in court . During the case , de Killer shoots Franziska , wounding her and forcing a new prosecutor in the case to step in : Miles Edgeworth , who had just returned to the country in time . Edgeworth picks up on Phoenix 's unusual behavior in court and recognizes that Maya is in trouble , and helps extend the case to give the police more time to rescue Maya . When Phoenix reveals to de Killer that Engarde has blackmail evidence on de Killer 's actions , de Killer reneges his loyalty to Engarde , promising to kill him next . Engarde , terrified by de Killer 's promise , pleads guilty in order to escape his wrath . Maya is freed and reunited with Phoenix and Pearl , while Franziska , recovering from her wounds , decides to return home . If the player presents the wrong evidence towards the end of the trial , an alternate ending ensues , in which Engarde is freed and his manager is tried and convicted of Juan 's murder , causing Phoenix to be shunned forever by Maya and abandon his profession . In the regular ending following Engarde 's conviction , Edgeworth follows Franziska to the airport . Franziska says that she had planned to take revenge on Phoenix after he had proved her father 's guilt in a trial in the first game , but that she has failed . With Edgeworth 's encouragement , she vows to return as a better prosecutor .
= = Development = =
After development of the original Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney was finished , the writer and director Shu Takumi 's boss , Shinji Mikami , told him that they should make an Ace Attorney trilogy , with a grand finale in the third game 's last case . Development of the game began immediately when Takumi returned to work from his vacation : the producer , Atsushi Inaba , called him in to a meeting , and told Takumi that he wanted him to write the script for five episodes before the game went into full production , with a deadline of three and a half months . Takumi thought that this was " completely insane " , as it had taken him an average of more than a month to write each of the four episodes for the first Ace Attorney ; additionally , he felt that he did not have any " tricks " left to use for mysteries or any story threads to work off of . He wanted to protest , but still ended up having to do it . As soon as he returned to his desk , he drafted a work schedule : he scheduled two and a half month to write the dialogue , with half a month per episode , leaving him with a month to create the first prototype and figure out the " tricks " to be used in the mysteries . He doubted that he would be able to do it in time , but managed to write the whole script by the deadline . However , due to issues with memory on the game 's cartridge , one episode ended up having to be cut from the game ; it was later used as the third episode of the third game .
After finishing writing the dialogue , Takumi was called into another meeting with Inaba , and was told to add a new gameplay mechanic to the investigations . Takumi wanted to keep the gameplay simple enough for his mother to be able to play it , and keep it focused on the core concept of finding lies ; according to him , he immediately had a vision of the psyche lock system during the meeting with Inaba , but still asked for three days to come up with an idea . He found it easy to formulate the idea , but it took over a month to create the system ; the biggest problem was how to visually represent the psyche locks . Takumi also drew storyboards for the episodes ' openings , which consisted of series of detailed drawings that show what is happening . He also drew rough sketches of cut @-@ in illustrations ; it was only decided after all the text had been written what scenes would have illustrations made for them . While the game 's opening features the judge , it was originally supposed to have featured a demon instead ; this was because Takumi was playing Devil May Cry at the time , and had liked its opening . As Takumi wanted the first three Ace Attorney games to be part of one larger work , he did not want the first game to look outdated in comparison to later ones , so it was decided to keep the same graphics for main characters such as Phoenix , Maya and Edgeworth throughout all their appearances , and not make updates to them . The game 's music was composed by Naoto Tanaka under the pseudonym Akemi Kimura .
As the dialogue @-@ integrated " tutorial " in the first Ace Attorney was well received , the inclusion of one in Justice for All was considered a " major point " . While the first game 's tutorial involved Phoenix being helped through his first trial by his mentor Mia and the judge , this could not be used twice , which led to the idea of giving Phoenix a temporary amnesia from a blow to the head . Takumi included a circus and magic in the game 's third episode ; he really wanted to do this , as performing magic is a hobby of his . The episode includes two themes that he wanted to explore : the difficulties in forming a cohesive team with different people , and a person who against the odds tries to make something whole . The former was reflected in how the circus members come together at the end , while the latter was reflected in the character Moe . Several different versions of the fourth episode were created , partially because of them running out of memory on the game 's cartridge , but also because of the popularity of the character of Miles Edgeworth : Takumi had originally planned to let Edgeworth be the prosecutor in all episodes , but when they were in full production the development team learned that the character had become popular , which led to Takumi feeling that he had to use the character more carefully and sparingly . Because of this , he created the character Franziska von Karma , to save Edgeworth for the game 's last case , and avoid a situation where he – a supposed prodigy – loses every case . The character Pearl Fey was originally intended to be a rival character around the same age as Maya , only appearing in the game 's second episode ; one of the game 's designers suggested that it would be more dramatic if she were much younger , so Takumi wrote her as an eight @-@ year @-@ old . As he ended up liking her , he included her in other episodes as well .
= = Release = =
The game was originally released by Capcom for the Game Boy Advance on October 18 , 2002 in Japan ; a Nintendo DS version followed on October 26 , 2006 in Japan , on January 16 , 2007 in North America , and on March 16 , 2007 in Europe . A PC port of the Game Boy Advance version , developed by a company called Daletto , was released in Japan in an episodic format , starting on April 15 , 2008 . A Wii version was released through WiiWare on January 26 , 2010 in Japan , on February 15 , 2010 in North America , and on February 19 , 2010 in Europe .
A high @-@ definition iOS version of the first three Ace Attorney games , Ace Attorney : Phoenix Wright Trilogy HD , was released in Japan on February 7 , 2012 , and in the West on May 30 , 2013 . Another collection of the first three games , Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney Trilogy , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on April 17 , 2014 , in North America on December 9 , 2014 , and in Europe on December 11 , 2014 .
= = = Localization = = =
Starting with Justice for All , the series localization direction has been handled by Janet Hsu ; by the time she joined Capcom 's localization team in 2005 , the first Ace Attorney had already been localized , with the original localization team having decided to do a full localization , changing the setting from Japan to Los Angeles . While Hsu thought that this was the right choice to make , as it made the characters and dialogue more relatable and made for an emotional experience closer to what players of the Japanese version experience , it resulted in issues with each following game . According to the localization editor , Brandon Gay , Justice for All was one of their largest games to localize due to its focus on the story , and how it needs to convey the whole game world and its characters through just text ; this made it a challenge to make the characters relatable for an American audience . Another thing the localization team had to keep in mind was to ensure that recurring characters were consistent with how they behave in the first Ace Attorney . According to JP Kellams , another staff member working on the localization , there was a lot of pressure on them to make a good localization , as the first game 's localization had been well received ; he also felt that there was room for creativity due to the game 's style and subject , with room for humor that might not fit in other localizations . A lot of the humor in the original was based on Japanese wordplay ; these jokes had to be redone entirely for the English release . Hsu felt that the game was more demanding than previous projects she had worked on , as the localizers " almost have to become [ the characters ] " in order to get the nuance and motivations right due to their complexity .
One of the first decisions Hsu had to make was how to localize Maya 's hometown and the mysticism of the Fey clan . She came up with the idea that the localized versions of the Ace Attorney games take place in Los Angeles in an alternative universe where anti @-@ Japanese laws like the California Alien Land Law of 1913 were not passed , anti @-@ Japanese sentiments were not powerful , and where Japanese culture flourished . This dictated what should be localized and what should be kept Japanese ; things relating to the Fey clan and the Kurain channeling technique were kept Japanese , as that was Maya 's heritage , while Japanese foods that were not widely known in the West were changed . Despite the setting in the United States in the localized version , the Japanese justice system of the original remained intact in the localization , as changing it would have altered the entire game structure . As the localization team wanted to keep the humor in the Japanese names for the characters , it was decided to make the English names contain the same kinds of double meanings : character name puns were based on their personalities or backgrounds , or were visual gags . A lot of the names were determined with the original Japanese name in mind ; for the game 's third episode , several Japanese names were used without changes , since they were English puns to begin with . For some other characters , the names had to be altered heavily from the Japanese originals . Due to the dramatic feeling of the last episode , the characters in it were given names that sounded more like real names , while still making use of deeper meanings . Takumi personally approved all the English names ; for one of the names , Takumi and the localization team had a discussion for days , as Takumi did not think the English name conveyed the same feeling as the Japanese one .
According to Gay , characters with " extreme personality quirks " were both fun and stressful to write : for the clown Moe , he found it challenging to get the balance right between his silly jokes and the seriousness of his dialogue . Among other challenging characters to write for were Acro , who led to " heated arguments " about how to get his personality and tone right ; and Morgan Fey , whose " very old style " of speaking in the Japanese version was difficult to translate to English . One aspect they had to change due to cultural differences was a conversation with the lecherous character Director Hotti , where an animation of him grabbing in the air with his hands is played while he talks about Pearl . According to Hsu , the Japanese version is considered funny to Japanese people , as Hotti is set up as the " butt of the joke " , and Phoenix reacts negatively to him , while it would have been considered sickening to an American audience . They were unable to change the animation , so the dialogue was rewritten to instead be directed at an adult nurse .
= = Reception = =
Justice for All holds a score of 76 / 100 at the review aggregator Metacritic based on 51 critics , indicating generally favorable reviews .
Writers for Famitsu praised the mix of seriousness and comedy , and liked the characters ' quirkiness and the pacing of the conversations . John Walker at Eurogamer called the game " splendidly crazy as ever " and " the most joyfully daft fun imaginable " . Tom East at Official Nintendo Magazine called the script fantastic . Joe Juba at Game Informer found the game entertaining , calling the writing hilarious and the problem @-@ solving clever , with the two aspects complimenting each other well . Aaron Thomas at GameSpot liked the game , praising the game 's story and calling the characters its greatest strength . He thought that the pacing was better than the first Ace Attorney 's , but still found the game to be a step back : he felt that the game often reuses the same kinds of twists from the first . Gerald Villoria at GameSpy called the episodes well structured and stronger than the ones in first game , and called the dialogue sharp . Mikel Reparaz at GamesRadar said that the script , while entertaining , contains " long stretches of meaningless dialogue " and tends to leave the player knowing what happened and how to prove it before Phoenix does . He initially liked the new rival character Franziska , but thought that she only becomes increasingly obnoxious . Craig Harris at IGN said that the episodes are well @-@ written , with enthusiasm and personality , making them hard to put down .
Walker found the court sections " maddening " due to how the game sometimes requires very specific evidence to be presented , with evidence that he found reasonable being rejected , forcing him to resort to guessing ; he wished that the health meter would have been replenished through correct answers , or that it had been removed from the game entirely . Bryan Vore at Game Informer found the investigation sections tedious at times , but found them to be helped by how the psyche @-@ locks add " courtroom drama " to the investigations . Juba thought that the game 's reliance on text made the investigations move slowly , but that the game becomes an " irresistible adventure " when the text is mixed with gameplay in the trials . Thomas found the psyche @-@ locks interesting , but underwhelming as the only new feature . East said that the psyche @-@ locks were what made the investigations fun . Reparaz liked how the psyche @-@ lock mechanic adds " a new dimension of weirdness " to the game . Both Harris and Thomas wished that the game had been less linear , with more possible wrong paths to take or more endings . Thomas , Reparaz and East wished that the Nintendo DS @-@ exclusive gameplay features introduced in the first game 's final episode had been used in Justice for All , with Reparaz calling it disappointing but " not a huge deal " . Villoria and East said that the game does not last very long ; Walker did not consider it short , but found it to not last as long as the first game .
Vore said that the game is lacking in " advanced graphics and interface " , but felt that it makes up for it through its charm and intrigue . Thomas called the character designs outstanding , but thought that the reused art assets for returning characters and locations from the first game made it feel like Capcom had " cut some corners " . He called the music " uniformly outstanding and used masterfully " , both for conveying various moods throughout the story , and for characters ' personalities . Harris found the music " moody and appropriate " , but wished that there had been a full voice @-@ over as an option . He said that the game 's art was nice , but not more than that . Thomas called the localization outstanding despite finding some errors , finding it impressive how smoothly Capcom was able to localize such a text @-@ heavy game . Harris liked the game 's localization , saying that the localization team 's writing was what made the game design work so well . Walker called the localization incredible , and said that while there are a few spelling errors and grammatical errors in the text , it did not bother him much as the localization was included in the Japanese Nintendo DS release .
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= Bjorøy Tunnel =
The Bjorøy Tunnel ( Norwegian : Bjorøytunnelen ) is a 2 @,@ 012 @-@ metre ( 6 @,@ 601 ft ) long subsea road tunnel in Hordaland county , Norway . The tunnel is part of the Norwegian County Road 207 which connects the island of Bjorøy in the municipality of Fjell to the mainland near Håkonshella and Hilleren in the city @-@ municipality of Bergen . It crosses underneath the Vatlestraumen strait , reaching 88 metres ( 289 ft ) below mean sea level . It serves as a fixed link for the 900 residents of the islands of Bjorøy and Tyssøy as well as a large number of cottage owners who vacation on the islands . The first proposal was launched in 1980 , and construction started on 29 September 1993 . There were severe problems because the tunneling encountered an area of sandstone , causing a year 's delay . The total construction cost was NOK 59 million . It opened on 7 May 1996 and remained a toll road until 29 January 2005 .
= = Specifications = =
The Bjorøy Tunnel is a subsea tunnel which runs below the Vatlestraumen strait between the island of Bjorøy and the mainland of Bergen . It carries two lanes of Hordaland County Road 207 . It is the only fixed link for the islands of Bjorøy and Tyssøy ( Tyssøy is connected to Bjorøy by a bridge ) . The tunnel is 2 @,@ 012 metres ( 6 @,@ 601 ft ) long and reaches 88 m ( 289 ft ) below mean sea level . The maximum gradient is 10 degrees ( about 18 % grade ) . It is one of few tunnels in Norway without mobile telephone coverage , although there are emergency telephones that connect to the operation center of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration , and the tunnel will receive coverage with the future Norwegian Public Safety Radio .
Before the construction of the Bjorøy Tunnel , the geology of the area was thought to consist entirely of metamorphic basement rocks similar to those exposed on the surrounding islands . The Jurassic sediments encountered in the tunnel included breccia and conglomerate in contact with the underlying gneisses and a sandstone with coal fragments , some of which was quite unconsolidated . Spore and pollen samples gave an Oxfordian age ( Late Jurassic ) for the sequence . The sedimentary rocks appear to have been deposited into an eroded depression caused by a fault zone , which later reactivated , disrupting the bedding and causing steep dips .
= = History = =
= = = Planning = = =
Since 1966 , Bjorøy had been served by the Alvøen – Bjorøyhamn Ferry . The plans for a tunnel to Bjorøy were first launched by the engineer Jack Jahnsen in 1980 . These were based on the then under construction Vardø Tunnel , which became the first subsea tunnel in Norway when it opened in 1982 . He had a meeting at his place on 18 December 1980 , to which the three municipal councilors from Bjorøy also were invited , where he tried to get support for the tunnel , which would be the topic of a municipal council meeting on 20 December . The council unanimously voted in favour of establishing a committee to look into the tunnel . The committee was established on 6 January 1981 and concluded with that there were three alternative possibilities to build a fixed link to Bjorøy : a bridge from the island over Søre Steinsundet via Vestre Steinsundholmen , Kjerringholmen and Kaggen to Søre Snekkevik on Litlesotra ; a tunnel under Vatlestraumen to Håkonshella ; or a bridge over Vatlestraumen to Håkonshella or Kongshaug .
At the time , a bridge to Litlesotra was estimated to cost NOK 111 million , a tunnel was estimated to cost NOK 36 million , while a bridge over Vatlestraumen was estimated to cost NOK 74 million . All three included a road connection to Tyssøy , with the bridge proposals costing NOK 16 million for the Tyssøy connection , and the tunnel having a cost of NOK 4 million , in part because the earthworks volume from the tunnel could be used to build a mole with a short bridge . Seismology tests were done in August 1983 , and they concluded that the ground had good conditions : the uncompacted material laid mostly only 1 @-@ meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) deep , albeit at times as deep as 7 meters ( 23 ft ) . The proposed tunnel crossing followed a mountain ridge , and the maximum depth was between 40 and 45 metres ( 131 and 148 ft ) , although the topography went steep down to those depths .
The plans were presented to Johan J. Jakobsen , Minister of Transport and Communications , and cooperation was started with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration to find a suitable connection to Tyssøy , so that they could also take advantage of the tunnel . To connect the two islands , it was chosen to build across Nautasundet , which was shallow and 175 metres ( 574 ft ) wide . In 1987 , Kaare Hartman joined the committee and proposed that the tunnel be built with borrowed money , guaranteed by land @-@ owners on the islands , and repaid using tolls . At the time the project was not on any prioritized investment list , and this way the project was not dependent on public grants . On 7 September 1987 , Hartmann reached agreement with Norges Skibshypotek to borrow the estimated NOK 50 million . The bank had a guarantee in the income from the tunnel .
However , Norges Skibshypotek had to withdraw , as it was not permitted to invest in non @-@ shipping investments . Instead , a loan was taken in Bergens Skillingsbank . Four land @-@ owners made a guarantee for NOK 9 million , with a judicial registration covering an area of 347 hectares ( 860 acres ) . They hoped that the value of their land would increase after the tunnel had been built . The same amount was also guaranteed by Fjell Municipality . Public grants were also secured , so the debt would be NOK 27 to 30 million . The planning was done by Chr . F. Grøner , for which the municipality paid the costs . Statistics from the ferry showed that 26 @,@ 400 cars and 93 @,@ 902 people had taken it in 1986 , which had grown to 40 @,@ 400 and 121 @,@ 000 in 1989 . The estimates were for a 90 % increase until 2000 , given an opening in 2002 . A bid for the project was gathered from Selmer – Furuholmen , which gave a maximum price of NOK 55 million , given that construction started in 1989 .
On 12 December 1989 , the committee sent an official offer to Hordaland Public Roads Administration whereby they , as a company under establishment , offered to fully finance the tunnel . The plans called for tolls of NOK 51 for a car and an investment cost of NOK 47 million . The plans were at first nearly discarded by the administration , as they felt it was impossible for a community of 400 people to finance such a large project without other grants . However , it became evident that the administration was spending NOK 2 million per year on the ferry service , and as the ferry soon would have to be replaced , this would increase to NOK 3 to 5 million per year . On 1 October 1990 , the issue was considered by Hordaland Transport Board , which approved the plans . This was followed up by Hordaland County Council on 19 June 1991 , which involved NOK 27 million being financed by debt and NOK 28 to 33 million being financed through reduced subsidies to the ferry .
The plans were met with criticism from locals on the Bergen side where the tunnel would emerge . They stated that the plans had " cheap solutions " and had unnecessary negative impact on their local environment . This included the demolishing of a football field and lack of noise barriers . Bergen Municipality demanded that the costs of a new field be paid for by the project , and that the tunnel be slightly extended . A new estimate was made , which increased the price by NOK 10 @.@ 3 million ; however , Hordaland Public Roads Administration protested , stating that it would give an inferior road technically , that the existing development plans permitted the construction , and that the noise would not exceed the permitted limits . They concluded that should these demands remain , the increased costs would terminate the project . On 16 November 1992 , Bergen City Council voted to allow the tunnel , under the condition that the tunnel project financed a new football field . The decision was appealed by lawyers representing the local community , but this was rejected by Hordaland County Governor on 30 August 1993 .
Originally the unlimited company Bjorøy og Tyssøy ANS had been attempted established with capital from locals , but instead the company Fastlandssambandet Bjorøy – Tyssøy AS was established on 29 September 1993 . Capital for NOK 40 @,@ 000 was paid by Fjell Municipality , NOK 20 @,@ 000 by Sund Municipality and NOK 10 @,@ 000 by Jack Jahnsen . The plans were sent to the Ministry of Transport and Communications in October 1992 , who started working on a proposal for parliament in January 1993 . Issues raised by the ministry were that the loans had been issued in 1987 , and whether the land estimated value of the guaranteed real estate was real . The project was presented to the Parliament of Norway , who must approve all toll roads . By then the costs were estimated at NOK 61 @.@ 5 million , including NOK 4 @.@ 5 million in ordinary county grants and NOK 30 million in extraordinary county grants . The proposal estimated annual toll collection costs to NOK 825 @,@ 000 , with the collection taking place on Bjorøy . It was originally planned that the toll plaza would be manned between 06 : 00 and 22 : 00 , meaning passing would be free at night .
An agreement was made between the ministry , the tunnel company and the county municipality on 6 January 1994 to build the tunnel . The company had the right to collect tolls for up to 15 years on fees dictated by the county municipality , and would have to pay NOK 27 million for the tunnel , with the county paying for the rest of the costs . The construction would be the responsibility of Hordaland Public Roads Administration , with the tunnel company only responsible for their part of the financing and the collection of tolls . An agreement was made with Selmer , whereby they would charge NOK 59 @,@ 422 @,@ 500 and take the risk of the project , including any expenditures for unknown geological conditions or similar costs increases . They were also responsible for an insurance to reclaim the investments should it be proven impossible to build the tunnel .
= = = Construction = = =
The construction of the tunnel started on 29 September 1993 , with the original plans calling for the tunnel to open on 15 June 1995 . The original construction consisted of blasting from Bjorøy , but by January 1994 there were problems with water leaks through cracks . The contractor described these as " common problems " when building tunnels , but that construction would be delayed by up to two weeks . To keep up with the schedule , the company started also blasting from the mainland . However , the problems increased , and by September the tunnel was leaking 600 liters ( 130 imp gal ; 160 U.S. gal ) per minute , which was 50 % more than estimated . This caused extra work to be done on the exterior to the tunnel , and costs had increased by several tens of millions of kroner . In particular , a different type of rock had been struck , and 60 tonnes ( 59 long tons ; 66 short tons ) of concrete had been injected without this giving the desired effects .
On 30 September , Selmer stopped construction from the Bjorøy side , although it continued from the mainland . About 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) from the Bjorøy side , the construction found a section of sandstone , the upper Jurassic Bjorøy formation , a condition that had never been encountered during subsea tunnel construction before . Geological engineers stated that there was no known solution to overcoming the problem , and that if the contractor had blasted into the area , the tunnel would have been filled with sand and water within minutes .
On a meeting on 10 October , O. T. Blindheim , a geological consulting company , and Selmer presented three alternatives : continued injection of cement , recommended by Blindheim ; freezing , recommended by Selmer because it was the cheapest , but would take more time ; and use of a water @-@ tight shield . A technical committee was established , and on 16 December they recommended the use of cement injection combined with a ring of drainage holes around the tunnel before blasting . The method was to be continually tested , and if it was insufficient , freezing could be used . As the tunnel advanced , the hole was to be continuously secured using carbon fibre @-@ reinforced carbon gunite , self @-@ boring bolts , steel ribs and full pouring . Work was taken up after a meeting on 27 March 1995 , and on 16 August the final blast was made . Representatives from Selmer stated that the method they had chosen had resulted in international interest for the tunnel , and they had demonstrated it to several international delegations .
= = = Tolls and auxiliary roads = = =
The grants were only given for the tunnel to Bjorøy , and not for the necessary roads that would connect Tyssøy to Bjorøy . This caused local controversy , as some people on Bjorøy disagreed that the tolls on the Bjorøy Tunnel should pay for the Tyssøy Bridge . On 13 May 1993 , the costs of the connection to Tyssøy were estimated at NOK 5 million . The issue was not resolved when the construction of the tunnel started . The original costs for the bridge were for NOK 11 @.@ 4 million , including a 20 metres ( 66 ft ) long bridge with a clearance of 10 meters ( 33 ft ) . This was later reduced to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) length and 5 meters ( 16 ft ) , which reduced the costs to NOK 9 @.@ 4 million . Of this , the county paid NOK 4 million , while the two municipalities had advanced the transporting earthwork from the tunnel to the sound . On 22 January 1996 , the tunnel company agreed to advance the construction costs and collect it from the tolls , with Sund Municipality guaranteeing for the debt .
On 2 February 1996 , the tunnel company had an agreement with Bru og Tunnelskelskapet , which operates the Bergen Toll Ring , to collect the tolls in the tunnel using the Autopass automatic toll collection system . A manual collection system was estimated to cost NOK 1 @.@ 4 million per year , while an automated system was estimated at NOK 0 @.@ 4 million . The tunnel opened on 7 May 1996 , the same day the last ferry ran . Originally the plan was to charge tolls similar to the ferry . With a manual system , it would not be possible to charge for two @-@ wheeled vehicles and passengers , so the fares for other vehicles were raised slightly . In 1995 , it had cost NOK 44 for a single passing with a car on the ferry . The tolls were set to NOK 120 for all types of vehicles , except two @-@ wheelers , and NOK 72 was charged per travel with pre @-@ paid ticket books . Bus riders had to pay for two extra zones . The toll plaza was open a few hour each week to allow people to purchase discounted tickets .
The contract for the construction of the bridge to Tyssøy was announced on 20 August 1996 , and was won by NCC Eeg @-@ Henriksen Anlegg , who wanted NOK 8 @.@ 5 million for the job . The link opened on 27 September 1997 . In 2000 , a public meeting was held in which it was proposed to reduce the rates and instead prolong the collection time , but this was rejected . In 1999 , the Norwegian Public Roads Administration reported that the Bjorøy Tunnel had the cheapest administration costs per passing , at NOK 7 @.@ 32 , of all small toll companies . The tolls were removed on 29 January 2005 , after eight years and eight months , almost half the stipulated time .
On 19 January 2004 , the freight ship Rocknes ran aground on the unmarked underwater bank of Revskolt in Vatlestraumen , located above the tunnel . The accident cost 18 people their lives and was the most extensive and costly oil spill in Norwegian history . In an attempt to avoid similar incidents occurring again , the Norwegian Coastal Administration started in May 2012 to blast away the bank , increasing the depth from 9 to 14 meters ( 30 to 46 ft ) . This allows the sailing width though Vatlestraumen to increase by 250 meters ( 820 ft ) . The work required the tarp covering the tunnel to be removed , causing increased leaks in the tunnel during the work period . The project was highly controversial amongst the islanders and the plans were approved by only a single decisive vote in the municipal council . Islanders were especially concerned that the work might damage the tunnel . Calculations conducted by the Coastal Administration conclude that there is no chance of this occurring , as the blasting is taking place 65 meters ( 213 ft ) above the tunnel .
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= Smedley Butler =
Smedley Darlington Butler ( July 30 , 1881 – June 21 , 1940 ) was a United States Marine Corps major general , the highest rank authorized at that time , and at the time of his death the most decorated Marine in U.S. history . During his 34 @-@ year career as a Marine , he participated in military actions in the Philippines , China , in Central America and the Caribbean during the Banana Wars , and France in World War I. Butler is well known for having later become an outspoken critic of U.S. wars and their consequences , as well as exposing the Business Plot , an alleged plan to overthrow the U.S. government .
By the end of his career , Butler had received 16 medals , five for heroism . He is one of 19 men to receive the Medal of Honor twice , one of three to be awarded both the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor , and the only Marine to be awarded the Brevet Medal and two Medals of Honor , all for separate actions .
In 1933 , he became involved in a controversy known as the Business Plot , when he told a congressional committee that a group of wealthy industrialists were planning a military coup to overthrow Franklin D. Roosevelt , with Butler selected to lead a march of veterans to become dictator , similar to other Fascist regimes at that time . The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot and the media ridiculed the allegations . A final report by a special House of Representatives Committee confirmed some of Butler 's testimony .
In 1935 , Butler wrote a book entitled War Is a Racket , where he described and criticized the workings of the United States in its foreign actions and wars , such as those he was a part of , including the American corporations and other imperialist motivations behind them . After retiring from service , he became a popular activist , speaking at meetings organized by veterans , pacifists , and church groups in the 1930s .
= = Early life = =
Smedley Butler was born July 30 , 1881 , in West Chester , Pennsylvania , the eldest of three sons . His parents , Thomas and Maud ( née Darlington ) Butler , were descended from local Quaker families . Both of his parents were of entirely English ancestry , all of which had been in what is now the United States since the 1600s . His father was a lawyer , a judge and , for 31 years , a Congressman and chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee during the Harding and Coolidge administrations . His maternal grandfather was Smedley Darlington , a Republican Congressman from 1887 to 1891 .
Butler attended the West Chester Friends Graded High School , followed by The Haverford School , a secondary school popular with sons of upper @-@ class Philadelphia families . A Haverford athlete , he became captain of its baseball team and quarterback of its football team . Against the wishes of his father , he left school 38 days before his seventeenth birthday to enlist in the Marine Corps during the Spanish – American War . Nevertheless , Haverford awarded him his high school diploma on June 6 , 1898 , before the end of his final year ; his transcript stated he completed the Scientific Course " with Credit " .
= = Military career = =
= = = Spanish – American War = = =
In the anti @-@ Spanish war fervor of 1898 , Butler lied about his age to receive a direct commission as a Marine second lieutenant . He trained in Washington D.C. at the Marine Barracks on the corner of 8th and I Streets . In July 1898 , he went to Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , arriving shortly after its invasion and capture . His company soon returned to the U.S. and after a short break , he was assigned to the armored cruiser USS New York for four months . He came home to be mustered out of service in February 1899 , but on 8 April 1899 , he accepted a commission as a first lieutenant in the Marine Corps .
= = = Philippine – American War = = =
The Marine Corps sent him to Manila , Philippines . On garrison duty with little to do , Butler turned to alcohol to relieve the boredom . He once became drunk and was temporarily relieved of command after an unspecified incident in his room .
In October 1899 , he saw his first combat action when he led 300 Marines to take the town of Noveleta , from Filipino rebels known as Insurrectos . In the initial moments of the assault , his first sergeant was wounded . Butler briefly panicked , but quickly regained his composure and led his Marines in pursuit of the fleeing enemy . By noon the Marines had dispersed the rebels and taken the town . One Marine had been killed and ten were wounded . Another 50 Marines had been incapacitated by the humid tropical heat .
After the excitement of this combat , garrison duty again became routine . Butler had a very large Eagle , Globe , and Anchor tattoo made which started at his throat and extended to his waist . He also met Littleton Waller , a fellow Marine with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship . When Waller received command of a company in Guam , he was allowed to select five officers to take with him ; he chose Butler . Before they had departed , their orders were changed and they were sent to China aboard the USS Solace to help put down the Boxer Rebellion .
= = = Boxer Rebellion = = =
Once in China , Butler was initially deployed at Tientsin . He took part in the Battle of Tientsin on July 13 , 1900 and in the subsequent Gaselee Expedition , during which he saw the mutilated remains of Japanese soldiers . When he saw another Marine officer fall wounded , he climbed out of a trench to rescue him . Butler was then himself shot in the thigh . Another Marine helped him get to safety , but also was shot . Despite his leg wound , Butler assisted the wounded officer to the rear . Four enlisted men would receive the Medal of Honor in the battle . Butler 's commanding officer , Major Littleton W. T. Waller , personally commended him and wrote that " for such reward as you may deem proper the following officers : Lieutenant Smedley D. Butler , for the admirable control of his men in all the fights of the week , for saving a wounded man at the risk of his own life , and under a very severe fire . " Commissioned officers were not then eligible to receive the Medal of Honor , and Butler instead received a promotion to captain by brevet while he recovered in the hospital , two weeks before his nineteenth birthday .
He was eligible for the Marine Corps Brevet Medal when it was created in 1921 , and was one of only 20 Marines to receive it . His citation reads :
The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in transmitting to First Lieutenant Smedley Darlington Butler , United States Marine Corps , the Brevet Medal which is awarded in accordance with Marine Corps Order No. 26 ( 1921 ) , for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy while serving with the Second Battalion of Marines , near Tientsin , China , on 13 July 1900 . On 28 March 1901 , First Lieutenant Butler is appointed Captain by brevet , to take rank from 13 July 1900 .
= = = The Banana Wars = = =
Butler participated in a series of occupations , police actions , and interventions by the United States in Central America and the Caribbean , commonly called the Banana Wars because their goal was to protect American commercial interests in the region , particularly those of the United Fruit Company . This company had significant financial stakes in the production of bananas , tobacco , sugar cane , and other products throughout the Caribbean , Central America and the northern portions of South America . The U.S. was also trying to advance its own political interests by maintaining its influence in the region and especially its control of the Panama Canal . These interventions started with the Spanish – American War in 1898 and ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti and President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor Policy in 1934 . After his retirement , Butler became an outspoken critic of the business interests in the Caribbean , criticizing the ways in which U.S. businesses and Wall Street bankers imposed their agenda on United States foreign policy during this period .
= = = = Honduras = = = =
In 1903 , Butler was stationed in Puerto Rico on Culebra Island . Hearing rumors of a Honduran revolt , the United States government ordered his unit and a supporting naval detachment to sail to Honduras , 1 @,@ 500 miles ( 2 @,@ 414 km ) to the west , to defend the U.S. Consulate in Honduras . Using a converted banana boat renamed the Panther , Butler and several hundred Marines landed at the port town of Puerto Cortés . In a letter home , he described the action : they were " prepared to land and shoot everybody and everything that was breaking the peace " , but instead found a quiet town . The Marines re @-@ boarded the Panther and continued up the coast line looking for rebels at several towns , but found none .
When they arrived at Trujillo , however , they heard gunfire , and came upon a battle in progress that had been waged for 55 hours between rebels called Bonillista and Honduran government soldiers at a local fort . At the sight of the Marines , the fighting ceased and Butler led a detachment of Marines to the American consulate , where he found the consul , wrapped in an American flag , hiding among the floor beams . As soon as the Marines left the area with the shaken consul , the battle resumed and the Bonillistas soon controlled the government . During this expedition Butler earned the first of his nicknames , " Old Gimlet Eye " . It was attributed to his feverish , bloodshot eyes — he was suffering from some unnamed tropic fever at the time — which enhanced his penetrating and bellicose stare .
= = = = Marriage and business = = = =
After the Honduran campaign , Butler returned to Philadelphia . He married Ethel Conway Peters of Philadelphia in Bay Head , New Jersey , on June 30 , 1905 . His best man at the wedding was his former commanding officer in China , Lieutenant Colonel Littleton W. T. Waller . The couple eventually had three children : a daughter , Ethel Peters Butler ( Mrs. John Wehle ) , and two sons , Smedley Darlington , Jr. and Thomas Richard .
Butler was next assigned to garrison duty in the Philippines , where he once launched a resupply mission across the stormy waters of Subic Bay after his isolated outpost ran out of rations . In 1908 , he was diagnosed as having a nervous breakdown and received nine months sick leave which he spent at home . He successfully managed a coal mine in West Virginia , but returned to active duty in the Marine Corps at the first opportunity .
= = = = Central America = = = =
From 1909 to 1912 , Butler served in Nicaragua , enforcing U.S. policy , and once again led his battalion to the relief of a rebel @-@ besieged city , this time Granada , and again , with a 104 @-@ degree fever . In December 1909 , he commanded the 3d Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment , on the Isthmus of Panama . On August 11 , 1912 , he was temporarily detached to command an expeditionary battalion with which he participated in the Battle of Masaya on September 19 , 1912 and the bombardment , assault and capture of Coyotepe Hill , Nicaragua in October 1912 . He remained in Nicaragua until November 1912 , when he rejoined the Marines of 3d Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment , at Camp Elliott , Panama .
= = = = Veracruz , Mexico , and first Medal of Honor = = = =
Butler and his family were living in Panama in January 1914 when he was ordered to report as the Marine officer of a battleship squadron massing off the coast of Mexico , near Veracruz , to monitor a revolutionary movement . He did not like leaving his family and the home they had established in Panama and he intended to request orders home as soon as he determined he was not needed .
On March 1 , 1914 , Butler and Navy Lieutenant ( later Admiral ) Frank Fletcher went ashore in Veracruz and made their way to Jalapa , Mexico and back . A purpose of the trip was to allow Butler and Fletcher to discuss the details of a future expedition into Mexico . Fletcher 's plan required Butler to make his way into the country and develop a more detailed invasion plan while inside its borders . It was a spy mission and Butler was enthusiastic to get started . When Admiral Fletcher explained the plan to the commanders in Washington , D.C. , they agreed to it . Butler was given the go @-@ ahead . He entered Mexico and made his way to the U.S. Consulate in Mexico City , posing as a railroad official named " Mr. Johnson " . He and the chief railroad inspector scoured the city , saying they were searching for a lost railroad employee ; there was no lost employee , and in fact the employee they said was lost never existed . The ruse gave Butler access to various areas of the city . In the process of the so @-@ called search , they located weapons in use by the Mexican army , and determined the sizes of units and states of readiness . They updated maps and verified the railroad lines for use in an impending US invasion . On March 7 , 1914 , he returned to Veracruz with the information he had gathered and presented it to his commanders . The invasion plan was eventually scrapped when authorities loyal to Victoriano Huerta detained a small American naval landing party in Tampico , Mexico , which became known as the Tampico Affair .
When President Woodrow Wilson discovered that an arms shipment was about to arrive in Mexico , he sent a contingent of Marines and sailors to Veracruz to intercept it on April 21 , 1914 . Over the next few days , street fighting and sniper fire posed a threat to Butler 's force , but a door @-@ to @-@ door search rooted out most of the resistance . By April 26 , the landing force of 5 @,@ 800 Marines and sailors secured the city , which they held for the next six months . By the end of the conflict , the Americans reported 17 dead and 63 wounded and the Mexican forces had 126 dead and 195 wounded . After the actions at Veracruz , the United States decided to minimize the bloodshed and changed their plans from a full invasion of Mexico to simply maintaining the city of Veracruz . For his actions on April 22 , Butler was awarded his first Medal of Honor . The citation reads :
For distinguished conduct in battle , engagement of Vera Cruz , 22 April 1914 . Major Butler was eminent and conspicuous in command of his battalion . He exhibited courage and skill in leading his men through the action of the 22d and in the final occupation of the city .
After the occupation of Veracruz , many military personnel received the Medal of Honor , an unusually high number that diminished somewhat the prestige of the award . The Army presented one , nine went to Marines and 46 were bestowed upon Navy personnel . During World War I , Butler , then a major , attempted to return his Medal , explaining he had done nothing to deserve it . The medal was returned with orders to keep it and to wear it as well .
= = = = Haiti and second Medal of Honor = = = =
In 1915 , members of the populace killed the Haitian president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam . In response , the United States ordered the USS Connecticut to Haiti with Major Butler and a group of Marines on board . On October 24 , 1915 , an estimated 400 Cacos ambushed Butler 's patrol of 44 mounted Marines when they approached Fort Dipitie . Surrounded by Cacos the Marines maintained their perimeter throughout the night . The next morning , they charged the much larger enemy force by breaking out in three directions . The startled Haitians fled . In early November Butler and a force of 700 Marines and sailors returned to the mountains to clear the area . At their temporary headquarters base at Le Trou they fought off an attack by about 100 Cacos . After the Americans took several other forts and ramparts during the following days , only Fort Rivière , an old French @-@ built stronghold atop Montagne Noire , was left .
For the operation , Butler was given three companies of Marines and some sailors from the USS Connecticut , about 100 men . They encircled the fort , and gradually closed in on it . Butler reached the fort from the southern side with the 15th Company and found a small opening in the wall . The Marines entered through the opening and engaged the Cacos in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . Butler and the Marines took the rebel stronghold on November 17 , 1915 , an action for which he received his second Medal of Honor , as well as the Haitian Medal of Honor . The entire battle lasted less than twenty minutes . Only one Marine was injured in the assault when he was struck by a rock and lost two teeth . All 51 Haitians in the Fort were killed . Butler 's exploits impressed Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt , who recommended the award based upon Butler 's performance during the engagement . Once the medal was approved and presented in 1917 , Butler achieved the distinction , shared with Dan Daly , of being the only Marines to receive the Medal of Honor twice for separate actions . The citation reads :
For extraordinary heroism in action as Commanding Officer of detachments from the 5th , 13th , 23d Companies and the Marine and sailor detachment from the U.S.S. Connecticut , Major Butler led the attack on Fort Rivière , Haiti , 17 November 1915 . Following a concentrated drive , several different detachments of Marines gradually closed in on the old French bastion fort in an effort to cut off all avenues of retreat for the Caco bandits . Reaching the fort on the southern side where there was a small opening in the wall , Major Butler gave the signal to attack and Marines from the 15th Company poured through the breach , engaged the Cacos in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , took the bastion and crushed the Caco resistance . Throughout this perilous action , Major Butler was conspicuous for his bravery and forceful leadership .
Subsequently , as the initial organizer and commanding officer of the Gendarmerie d 'Haïti , the native police force , Butler established a record as a capable administrator . Under his supervision , social order , administered by the dictatorship , was largely restored and many vital public works projects were successfully completed . He recalled later that , during his time in Haiti , he and his troops " hunted the Cacos like pigs . "
= = = World War I = = =
During World War I Butler was , to his disappointment , not assigned to a combat command on the Western Front . He made several requests for a posting in France , writing letters to his personal friend , Wendell Cushing Neville . While Butler 's superiors considered him brave and brilliant , they described him as " unreliable . "
In October 1918 , he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general at the age of 37 and placed in command of Camp Pontanezen at Brest , France , a debarkation depot that funneled troops of the American Expeditionary Force to the battlefields . The camp had been unsanitary , overcrowded and disorganized . U.S. Secretary of War Newton Baker sent novelist Mary Roberts Rinehart to report on the camp . She later described how Butler tackled the sanitation problems . Butler began by solving the problem of mud : " [ T ] he ground under the tents was nothing but mud , [ so ] he had raided the wharf at Brest of the duckboards no longer needed for the trenches , carted the first one himself up that four @-@ mile hill to the camp , and thus provided something in the way of protection for the men to sleep on . " General John J. Pershing authorized a duckboard shoulder patch for the units . This earned Butler another nickname , " Old Duckboard . " For his exemplary service he was awarded both the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Navy Distinguished Service Medal and the French Order of the Black Star . The citation for the Army Distinguished Service Medal states :
The President of the United States of America , authorized by Act of Congress , July 9 , 1918 , takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Smedley Darlington Butler , United States Marine Corps , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States , in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Brigadier General Butler commanded with ability and energy Pontanezen Camp at Brest during the time in which it has developed into the largest embarkation camp in the world . Confronted with problems of extraordinary magnitude in supervising the reception , entertainment and departure of the large numbers of officers and soldiers passing through this camp , he has solved all with conspicuous success , performing services of the highest character for the American Expeditionary Forces .
The citation for the Navy Distinguished Service Medal states :
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Smedley Darlington Butler , United States Marine Corps , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services in France , during World War I. Brigadier General Butler organized , trained and commanded the 13th Regiment Marines ; also the 5th Brigade of Marines . He commanded with ability and energy Camp Pontanezen at Brest during the time in which it has developed into the largest embarkation camp in the world . Confronted with problems of extraordinary magnitude in supervising the reception , entertainment and departure of large numbers of officers and soldiers passing through the camp , he has solved all with conspicuous success , performing services of the highest character for the American Expeditionary Forces .
Following the war , he became Commanding General of the Marine Barracks at Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia . At Quantico , he transformed the wartime training camp into a permanent Marine post . During a training exercise in western Virginia in 1921 , he was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson 's arm was buried nearby , to which he replied , " Bosh ! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong ! " Butler found the arm in a box . He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one , and reburied the arm . He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson 's arm ; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield visitor 's center .
= = = China and stateside service = = =
From 1927 to 1929 , Butler was commander of the Marine Expeditionary Force in China and , while there , cleverly parlayed his influence among various generals and warlords to the protection of U.S. interests , ultimately winning the public acclaim of contending Chinese leaders . When Butler returned to the United States in 1929 he was promoted to major general , becoming , at age 48 , the youngest major general of the Marine Corps . He directed the Quantico camp 's growth until it became the " showplace " of the Corps . Butler won national attention by taking thousands of his men on long field marches , many of which he led from the front , to Gettysburg and other Civil War battle sites , where they conducted large @-@ scale re @-@ enactments before crowds of distinguished spectators .
In 1931 , Butler violated diplomatic norms by publicly recounting gossip about Benito Mussolini in which the dictator allegedly struck and killed a child with his speeding automobile in a hit @-@ and @-@ run accident . The Italian government protested and President Hoover , who strongly disliked Butler , forced Secretary of the Navy Charles Francis Adams III to court @-@ martial him . Butler became the first general officer to be placed under arrest since the Civil War . He apologized to Secretary Adams and the court @-@ martial was canceled with only a reprimand .
= = Director of Public Safety = =
At the urging of Butler 's father , in 1924 , the newly elected mayor of Philadelphia W. Freeland Kendrick asked him to leave the Marines to become the Director of Public Safety , the official in charge of running the city 's police and fire departments . Philadelphia 's municipal government was notoriously corrupt and Butler initially refused . Kendrick asked President Calvin Coolidge to intervene . Coolidge contacted Butler and authorized him to take the necessary leave from the Corps . At the request of the President , Butler served in the post from January 1924 until December 1925 . He began his new job by assembling all 4 @,@ 000 of the city police into the Metropolitan Opera House in shifts to introduce himself and inform them that things would change while he was in charge . He replaced corrupt police officers and , in some cases , switched entire units from one part of the city to another , undermining local protection rackets and profiteering .
Within 48 hours of taking over , Butler organized raids on more than 900 speakeasies , ordering them padlocked and , in many cases , destroyed . In addition to raiding the speakeasies , he also attempted to eliminate other illegal activities : bootlegging , prostitution , gambling and police corruption . More zealous than he was political , he ordered crackdowns on the social elite 's favorite hangouts , such as the Ritz @-@ Carlton and the Union League , as well as on drinking establishments that served the working class . Although he was effective in reducing crime and police corruption , he was a controversial leader . In one instance he made a statement that he would promote the first officer to kill a bandit and stated , " I don 't believe there is a single bandit notch on a policeman 's guns [ sic ] in this city , go out and get some . " Although many of the local citizens and police felt that the raids were just a show , the raids continued for several weeks .
He implemented programs to improve city safety and security . He established policies and guidelines of administration , and developed a Philadelphia police uniform that resembled that of the Marine Corps . Other changes included military @-@ style checkpoints into the city , bandit chasing squads armed with sawed @-@ off shotguns , and armored police cars . The press began reporting on the good and the bad aspects of Butler 's personal war on crime . The reports praised the new uniforms , the new programs and the reductions in crime but they also reflected the public 's negative opinion of their new Public Safety director . Many felt that he was being too aggressive in his tactics and resented the reductions in their civil rights , such as the stopping of citizens at the city checkpoints . Butler frequently swore in his radio addresses , causing many citizens to suggest his behavior , particularly his language , was inappropriate for someone of his rank and stature . Some even suggested Butler acted like a military dictator , even charging that he wrongfully used active @-@ duty Marines in some of his raids . Major R. A. Haynes , the federal Prohibition commissioner , visited the city in 1924 , six months after Butler was appointed . He announced that " great progress " had been made in the city and attributed that success to Butler .
Eventually Butler 's leadership style and the directness of actions undermined his support within the community . His departure seemed imminent . Mayor Kendrick reported to the press , " I had the guts to bring General Butler to Philadelphia and I have the guts to fire him . " Feeling that his duties in Philadelphia were coming to an end , Butler contacted General Lejeune to prepare for his return to the Marine Corps . Not all of the city felt he was doing a bad job , though , and when the news started to break that he would be leaving , people began to gather at the Academy of Music . A group of 4 @,@ 000 supporters assembled and negotiated a truce between him and the mayor to keep him in Philadelphia for a while longer , and the President authorized a one @-@ year extension for him .
Butler devoted much of his second year to executing arrest warrants , cracking down on crooked police and enforcing prohibition . On January 1 , 1926 , his leave from the Marine Corps ended and the President declined a request for a second extension . Butler received orders to report to San Diego and he prepared his family and his belongings for the new assignment . In light of his pending departure , Butler began to defy the Mayor and other key city officials . On the eve of his departure , he had an article printed in the paper stating his intention to stay and " finish the job " . The mayor was surprised and furious when he read the press release the next morning and demanded his resignation . After almost two years in office , Butler resigned under pressure , stating later that " cleaning up Philadelphia was worse than any battle I was ever in . "
= = Military retirement = =
When Commandant of the Marine Corps Major General Wendell C. Neville died July 8 , 1930 , Butler , at that time the senior major general in the Corps , was a candidate for the position . Although he had significant support from many inside and outside the Corps , including John Lejeune and Josephus Daniels , two other Marine Corps generals were seriously considered , Ben H. Fuller and John H. Russell . Lejeune and others petitioned President Hoover , garnered support in the Senate and flooded Secretary of the Navy Charles Adams 's desk with more than 2 @,@ 500 letters of support . With the recent death of his influential father , however , Butler had lost much of his protection from his civilian superiors . The outspokenness that characterized his run @-@ ins with the Mayor of Philadelphia , the " unreliability " mentioned by his superiors when opposing a posting to the Western Front , and his comments about Benito Mussolini resurfaced . In the end , the position of Commandant went to Fuller , who had more years of commissioned service than Butler and was considered less controversial . Butler requested retirement and left active duty on October 1 , 1931 .
= = Later years = =
Even before retiring from the Corps , Butler began developing his post @-@ Corps career . In May 1931 , he took part in a commission established by Oregon Governor Julius L. Meier . The commission laid the foundations for the Oregon State Police . He began lecturing at events and conferences and after his retirement from the Marines in 1931 , he took this up full @-@ time . He donated much of his earnings from his lucrative lecture circuits to the Philadelphia unemployment relief . He toured the western United States , making 60 speeches before returning for his daughter 's marriage to Marine aviator Lieutenant John Wehle . Her wedding was the only time that he wore his dress blue uniform after he left the Marines .
= = = Senate campaign = = =
Butler announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in the Republican primary in Pennsylvania in March 1932 as a proponent of Prohibition , known as a " dry " . Butler allied with Gifford Pinchot , but was defeated in the April 26 , 1932 primary election with only 37 @.@ 5 % of the vote to incumbent Senator James J. Davis 's 60 % . A third candidate received the remainder of the votes . According to biographer Mark Strecker , Butler then moved politically to the far left , voting for Norman Thomas of the Socialist Party for president in 1936 .
= = = Bonus Army = = =
During his Senate campaign , Butler spoke out forcefully about the veterans bonus . Veterans of World War I , many of whom had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression , sought immediate cash payment of Service Certificates granted to them eight years earlier via the World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 . Each Service Certificate , issued to a qualified veteran soldier , bore a face value equal to the soldier 's promised payment , plus compound interest . The problem was that the certificates ( like bonds ) , matured 20 years from the date of original issuance , thus , under extant law , the Service Certificates could not be redeemed until 1945 . In June 1932 , approximately 43 @,@ 000 marchers — 17 @,@ 000 of whom were World War I veterans , their families , and affiliated groups — protested in Washington , D.C. The Bonus Expeditionary Force , also known as the " Bonus Army " , marched on Washington to advocate the passage of the " soldier 's bonus " for service during World War I. After Congress adjourned , bonus marchers remained in the city and became unruly . On July 28 , 1932 , two bonus marchers were shot by police , causing the entire mob to become hostile and riotous . The FBI , then known as the United States Bureau of Investigation , checked its fingerprint records to obtain the police records of individuals who had been arrested during the riots or who had participated in the bonus march .
The veterans made camp in the Anacostia flats while they awaited the congressional decision on whether or not to pay the bonus . The motion , known as the Patman bill , was decisively defeated , but the veterans stayed in their camp . Butler arrived with his young son Thomas , in mid @-@ July the day before the official eviction by the Hoover administration . He walked through the camp and spoke to the veterans ; he told them that they were fine soldiers and they had a right to lobby Congress just as much as any corporation . He and his son spent the night and ate with the men , and in the morning Butler gave a speech to the camping veterans . He instructed them to keep their sense of humor and cautioned them not to do anything that would cost public sympathy . On July 28 , army cavalry units led by General Douglas MacArthur dispersed the Bonus Army by riding through it and using gas . During the conflict several veterans were killed or injured and Butler declared himself a " Hoover @-@ for @-@ Ex @-@ President @-@ Republican " .
= = = Lectures = = =
He became widely known for his outspoken lectures against war profiteering , U.S. military adventurism , and what he viewed as nascent fascism in the United States .
In December 1933 , Butler toured the country with James E. Van Zandt to recruit members for the Veterans of Foreign Wars ( VFW ) . He described their effort as " trying to educate the soldiers out of the sucker class . " In his speeches he denounced the Economy Act of 1933 , called on veterans to organize politically to win their benefits , and condemned the FDR administration for its ties to big business . The VFW reprinted one of his speeches with the title " You Got to Get Mad " in its magazine Foreign Service . He said : " I believe in ... taking Wall St. by the throat and shaking it up . " He believed the rival veterans ' group the American Legion was controlled by banking interests . On December 8 , 1933 , he said : " I have never known one leader of the American Legion who had never sold them out — and I mean it . "
In addition to his speeches to pacifist groups , he served from 1935 to 1937 as a spokesman for the American League Against War and Fascism . In 1935 , he wrote the exposé War Is a Racket , a trenchant condemnation of the profit motive behind warfare . His views on the subject are summarized in the following passage from the November 1935 issue of the socialist magazine Common Sense :
I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class muscle man for Big Business , for Wall Street and the bankers . In short , I was a racketeer , a gangster for capitalism . I helped make Mexico and especially Tampico safe for American oil interests in 1914 . I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in . I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street . I helped purify Nicaragua for the International Banking House of Brown Brothers in 1902 – 1912 . I brought light to the Dominican Republic for the American sugar interests in 1916 . I helped make Honduras right for the American fruit companies in 1903 . In China in 1927 I helped see to it that Standard Oil went on its way unmolested . Looking back on it , I might have given Al Capone a few hints . The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . I operated on three continents .
= = = Business Plot = = =
In November 1934 , Butler claimed the existence of a political conspiracy by business leaders to overthrow President Roosevelt , a series of allegations that came to be known in the media as the Business Plot . A special committee of the House of Representatives headed by Representatives John W. McCormack of Massachusetts and Samuel Dickstein of New York , who was later alleged to have been a paid agent of the NKVD , heard his testimony in secret . The McCormack @-@ Dickstein committee was a precursor to the House Committee on Un @-@ American Activities .
In November 1934 , Butler told the committee that one Gerald P. MacGuire told him that a group of businessmen , supposedly backed by a private army of 500 @,@ 000 ex @-@ soldiers and others , intended to establish a fascist dictatorship . Butler had been asked to lead it , he said , by MacGuire , who was a bond salesman with Grayson M – P Murphy & Co . The New York Times reported that Butler had told friends that General Hugh S. Johnson , former head of the National Recovery Administration , was to be installed as dictator , and that the J.P. Morgan banking firm was behind the plot . Butler told Congress that MacGuire had told him the attempted coup was backed by three million dollars , and that the 500 @,@ 000 men were probably to be assembled in Washington , D.C. the following year . All the parties alleged to be involved publicly said there was no truth in the story , calling it a joke and a fantasy .
In its report , the committee stated that it was unable to confirm Butler 's statements other than the conversations with MacGuire . No prosecutions or further investigations followed , and historians have questioned whether or not a coup was actually contemplated . Historians have not reported any independent evidence apart from Butler 's report on what MacGuire told him . Schmidt says Maguire was an " inconsequential trickster . " The news media dismissed the plot , with a New York Times editorial characterizing it as a " gigantic hoax " . When the committee 's final report was released , the Times said the committee " purported to report that a two @-@ month investigation had convinced it that General Butler 's story of a Fascist march on Washington was alarmingly true " and " ... also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington , which was to have been led by Major . Gen. Smedley D. Butler , retired , according to testimony at a hearing , was actually contemplated " . The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot , despite evidence to the contrary . The media ridiculed the allegations , although a final report by a special House of Representatives Committee confirmed some of Butler 's accusations
The McCormack @-@ Dickstein Committee confirmed some of Butler 's testimony in its final report . " In the last few weeks of the committee 's official life it received evidence showing that certain persons had made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country ... There is no question that these attempts were discussed , were planned , and might have been placed in execution when and if the financial backers deemed it expedient . "
= = Death = =
Upon his retirement , Butler bought a home in Newtown Square , Pennsylvania , where he lived with his wife . In June 1940 , he checked himself into the hospital after becoming sick a few weeks earlier . His doctor described his illness as an incurable condition of the upper gastro @-@ intestinal tract that was probably cancer . His family remained by his side , even bringing his new car so he could see it from the window . He never had a chance to drive it . On June 21 , 1940 , Smedley Butler died in the Naval Hospital in Philadelphia .
The funeral was held at his home , attended by friends and family as well as several politicians , members of the Philadelphia police force and officers of the Marine Corps . He was buried at Oaklands Cemetery near West Chester , Pennsylvania . Since his death in 1940 , his family has maintained his home as it was when he died , including a large quantity of memorabilia he had collected throughout his varied career .
= = Honors and awards = =
= = = Military awards = = =
In addition to the Medal of Honor and his other American military decorations , Butler received several awards from other countries including the Haitian National Order of Honour and Merit and the French Order of the Black Star .
= = = Other honors and recognition = = =
The USS Butler ( DD @-@ 636 ) , a Gleaves @-@ class destroyer , was named in his honor in 1942 . This vessel participated in the European and Pacific theaters of operations during the Second World War . She was later converted to a high speed minesweeper .
The Boston , Massachusetts , chapter of Veterans for Peace is called the Smedley D. Butler Brigade in his honor .
Butler was featured in the 2003 Canadian documentary film The Corporation .
In his book My First Days in the White House , Senator Huey Long of Louisiana stated that , if elected to the presidency , he would name Butler as his Secretary of War .
His childhood home at West Chester , The Butler House , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .
= = Published works = =
Butler , Smedley ; Burks , Arthur J. ( 1927 ) . Walter Garvin in Mexico . Philadelphia : Dorrance . OCLC 3595275 .
— — ; de Ronde , Philip ( 1935 ) . Paraguay : A Gallant Little Nation : The Story of Paraguay 's War with Bolivia . OCLC 480786605 .
— — ( 1934 ) . Speech . Smedley Butler Talks on Black Shirts in America , Philadelphia . Hearst Vault Material , HVMc71r2 , 1447 .
— — ; Venzon , Anne Cipriano . The Papers of General Smedley Darlington Butler , USMC , 1915 – 1918 . OCLC 10958085 .
— — ; Murphy , William R. Letter to William R. Murphy , 1925 April 25 . OCLC 53437731 .
— — ; Venzon , Anne Cipriano ( 1992 ) . General Smedley Darlington Butler : The Letters of a Leatherneck , 1898 – 1931 . Praeger . ISBN 0 @-@ 275 @-@ 94141 @-@ 8 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 .
— — ( July 1929 ) . " The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science " . American Marines in China . OCLC 479642987 .
— — ( 1933 ) . Old Gimlet Eye . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . ISBN 0 @-@ 940328 @-@ 01 @-@ 1 . OCLC 219896546 .
— — ; Lejeune , John Archer ; Miller , J. Michael ( 2002 ) . My Dear Smedley : Personal Correspondence of John A. LeJeune and Smedley D. Butler , 1927 – 1928 . Marine Corps Research Center .
— — ( 2003 ) [ 1935 ] . War Is a Racket . Los Angeles : Feral House . ISBN 0 @-@ 922915 @-@ 86 @-@ 5 .
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= King vulture =
The king vulture ( Sarcoramphus papa ) is a large bird found in Central and South America . It is a member of the New World vulture family Cathartidae . This vulture lives predominantly in tropical lowland forests stretching from southern Mexico to northern Argentina . It is the only surviving member of the genus Sarcoramphus , although fossil members are known .
Large and predominantly white , the king vulture has gray to black ruff , flight , and tail feathers . The head and neck are bald , with the skin color varying , including yellow , orange , blue , purple , and red . The king vulture has a very noticeable yellow fleshy caruncle on its beak . This vulture is a scavenger and it often makes the initial cut into a fresh carcass . It also displaces smaller New World vulture species from a carcass . King vultures have been known to live for up to 30 years in captivity .
King vultures were popular figures in the Mayan codices as well as in local folklore and medicine . Although currently listed as least concern by the IUCN , they are decreasing in number , due primarily to habitat loss .
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
The king vulture was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae as Vultur papa , the type specimen originally collected in Suriname . It was reassigned to the genus Sarcoramphus in 1805 by French zoologist André Marie Constant Duméril . The generic name is a New Latin compound formed from the Greek words σάρξ ( sarx , " flesh " , the combining form of which is σαρκο- ) and ῥάμφος ( rhamphos , " crooked beak of bird of prey " ) . The genus name is often misspelled as Sarcorhamphus , improperly retaining the Greek rough breathing despite agglutination with the previous word @-@ element . The bird was also assigned to the genus Gyparchus by Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger in 1841 , but this classification is not used in modern literature since Sarcoramphus has priority as the earlier name . The species name is derived from Latin word papa " bishop " , alluding the bird 's plumage resembling the clothing of one . The king vulture 's closest living relative is the Andean condor , Vultur gryphus . Some authors have even put these species in a separate subfamily from the other New World vultures , though most authors consider this subdivision unnecessary .
There are two theories on how the king vulture earned the " king " part of its common name . The first is that the name is a reference to its habit of displacing smaller vultures from a carcass and eating its fill while they wait . An alternative theory reports that the name is derived from Mayan legends , in which the bird was a king who served as a messenger between humans and the gods . This bird was also known as the " white crow " by the Spanish in Paraguay . It was called cozcacuauhtli in Nahuatl , derived from cozcatl " collar " and cuauhtli " bird of prey " .
The exact systematic placement of the king vulture and the remaining six species of New World vultures remains unclear . Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles , the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world . Just how different the two are is currently under debate , with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures are more closely related to storks . More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures or place them in their own order , Cathartiformes . The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis , but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible . Like other New World vultures , the king vulture has a diploid chromosome number of 80 .
= = = Fossil record and evolution = = =
The genus Sarcoramphus , which today contains only the king vulture , had a wider distribution in the past . The Kern vulture ( Sarcoramphus kernense ) , lived in southwestern North America during the mid @-@ Pliocene ( Piacenzian ) , some 3 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 million years ago ) . It was a little @-@ known component of the Blancan / Delmontian faunal stages . The only material is a broken distal humerus fossil , found at Pozo Creek , Kern County , California . As per Loye H. Miller 's original description , " [ c ] ompared with [ S. papa ] the type conforms in general form and curvature except for its greater size and robustness . " The large span in time between the existence of the two species suggests that the Kern vulture might be distinct , but as the fossil is somewhat damaged and rather non @-@ diagnostic , even assignment to this genus is not completely certain . During the Late Pleistocene , another species probably assignable to the genus , Sarcoramphus fisheri , occurred in Peru . A supposed king vulture relative from Quaternary cave deposits on Cuba turned out to be bones of the eagle @-@ sized hawk Buteogallus borrasi ( formerly in Titanohierax ) .
Little can be said of the evolutionary history of the genus , mainly because remains of other Neogene New World vultures are usually younger or even more fragmentary . The teratorns held sway over the ecological niche of the extant group especially in North America . The Kern vulture seems to slightly precede the main bout of the Great American Interchange , and it is notable that the living diversity of New World vultures seems to have originated in Central America . The Kern vulture would therefore represent a northwards divergence possibly sister to the S. fisheri – S. papa lineage . The fossil record , though scant , supports the theory that the ancestral king vultures and South American condors separated at least some 5 mya .
= = = Bartram 's " painted vulture " = = =
A " painted vulture " ( " Sarcoramphus sacra " or " S. papa sacra " ) is described in William Bartram 's notes of his travels in Florida during the 1770s . This bird 's description matches the appearance of the king vulture except that it had a white , not black , tail . Bartram describes the bird as being relatively common and even claimed to have collected one . However , no other naturalists record the painted vulture in Florida and sixty years after the sighting its validity began to be questioned , leading to what John Cassin described as the most inviting problem in North American ornithology . An independent account and painting was made of a similar bird by Eleazar Albin in 1734 .
While most early ornithologists defended Bartram 's honesty , Joel Asaph Allen argued that the painted vulture was mythical and that Bartram mixed elements of different species to create this bird . Allen pointed out that the birds ' behavior , as recorded by Bartram , is in complete agreement with the caracara 's . For example , Bartram observed the birds following wildfires to scavenge for burned insects and box turtles . Such behavior is typical of caracaras , but the larger and shorter @-@ legged king vultures are not well adapted for walking . The northern crested caracara ( Caracara cheriway ) was believed to be common and conspicuous in Bartram 's days , but it is notably absent from Bartram 's notes if the painted vulture is accepted as a Sarcoramphus . However , Francis Harper argued that the bird could , as in the 1930s , have been rare in the area Bartram visited and could have been missed .
Harper noticed that Bartram 's notes were considerably altered and expanded in the printed edition , and the detail of the white tail appeared in print for the first time in this revised account . Harper believed that Bartram could have tried to fill in details of the bird from memory and got the tail coloration wrong . Harper and several other researchers have attempted to prove the former existence of a king vulture relative in Florida at this late date , suggesting that the population was in the process of extinction and finally disappeared during a cold spell . Additionally , William McAtee , noting the tendency of birds to form Floridian subspecies , suggested that the white tail could be a sign that the painted vulture was a subspecies of the king vulture .
= = Description = =
Excluding the two species of condors , the king vulture is the largest of the New World vultures . Its overall length ranges from 67 – 81 centimeters ( 27 – 32 in ) and its wingspan is 1 @.@ 2 – 2 meters ( 4 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) . Its weight ranges from 2 @.@ 7 – 4 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 6 – 10 lb ) . An imposing bird , the adult king vulture has predominantly white plumage , which has a slight rose @-@ yellow tinge to it . In stark contrast , the wing coverts , flight feathers and tail are dark grey to black , as is the prominent thick neck ruff . The head and neck are devoid of feathers , the skin shades of red and purple on the head , vivid orange on the neck and yellow on the throat . On the head , the skin is wrinkled and folded , and there is a highly noticeable irregular golden crest attached on the cere above its orange and black bill ; this caruncle does not fully form until the bird ’ s fourth year .
The king vulture has the largest skull and braincase , and strongest bill of the New World vultures . This bill has a hooked tip and a sharp cutting edge . The bird has broad wings and a short , broad , and square tail . The irises of its eyes are white and bordered by bright red sclera . Unlike some New World vultures , the king vulture lacks eyelashes . It also has gray legs and long , thick claws .
The vulture is minimally sexually dimorphic , with no difference in plumage and little in size between males and females . The juvenile vulture has a dark bill and eyes , and a downy , gray neck that soon begins to turn the orange of an adult . Younger vultures are a slate gray overall , and , while they look similar to the adult by the third year , they do not completely molt into adult plumage until they are around five or six years of age . Jack Eitniear of the Center for the Study of Tropical Birds in San Antonio , Texas reviewed the plumage of birds in captivity of various ages and found that ventral feathers were the first to begin turning white from two years of age onwards , followed by wing feathers , until the full adult plumage was achieved . The final immature stages being a scattered black feathers in the otherwise white lesser wing coverts .
The vulture 's head and neck are featherless as an adaptation for hygiene , though there are black bristles on parts of the head ; this lack of feathers prevents bacteria from the carrion it eats from ruining its feathers and exposes the skin to the sterilizing effects of the sun .
Dark @-@ plumaged immature birds may be confused with turkey vultures , but soar with flat wings , while the pale plumaged adults could feasibly be confused with the wood stork , although the latter 's long neck and legs allow for easy recognition from afar .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The king vulture inhabits an estimated 14 million km2 ( 5 @.@ 4 million mi2 ) between southern Mexico and northern Argentina . In South America , it does not live west of the Andes , except in western Ecuador , north @-@ western Colombia and far north @-@ western Venezuela . It primarily inhabits undisturbed tropical lowland forests as well as savannas and grasslands with these forests nearby . It is often seen near swamps or marshy places in the forests . This bird is often the most numerous or only vulture present in primary lowland forests in its range , but in the Amazon rainforest it is typically outnumbered by the greater yellow @-@ headed vulture , while typically outnumbered by the lesser yellow @-@ headed , turkey and American black vulture in more open habitats . King vultures generally do not live above 1500 m ( 5000 ft ) , although are found in places at 2500 m ( 8000 ft ) altitude east of the Andes , and have been rarely recorded up to 3300 m ( 10000 ft ) They inhabit the emergent forest level , or above the canopy . Pleistocene remains have been recovered from Buenos Aires Province in central Argentina , over 700 km ( 450 mi ) south of its current range , giving rise to speculation on the habitat there at the time which had not been thought to be suitable .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
The king vulture soars for hours effortlessly , only flapping its wings infrequently . While in flight , its wings are held flat with slightly raised tips , and from a distance the vulture can appear to be headless while in flight . Its wing beats are deep and strong . Birds have been observed engaging in tandem flight on two occasions in Venezuela by naturalist Marsha Schlee , who has proposed it could be a part of courtship behaviour .
Despite its size and gaudy coloration , this vulture is quite inconspicuous when it is perched in trees . While perched , it holds its head lowered and thrust forward . It is non @-@ migratory and , unlike the turkey , lesser yellow @-@ headed and American black vulture , it generally lives alone or in small family groups . Groups of up to 12 birds have been observed bathing and drinking in a pool above a waterfall in Belize . One or two birds generally descend to feed at a carcass , although occasionally up to ten or so may gather if there is significant amount of food . King vultures have lived up to 30 years in captivity , though their lifespan in the wild is unknown . This vulture uses urohidrosis , defecating on its legs , to lower its body temperature . Despite its bill and large size , it is relatively unaggressive at a kill . The king vulture lacks a voice box , although it can make low croaking noises and wheezing sounds in courtship , and bill @-@ snapping noises when threatened . Its only natural predators are snakes , which will prey upon the vulture 's eggs and young , and large cats such as jaguars , which may surprise and kill an adult vulture at a carcass .
= = = Diet = = =
The king vulture eats anything from cattle carcasses to beached fish and dead lizards . Principally a carrion eater , there are isolated reports of it killing and eating injured animals , newborn calves and small lizards .
Although it locates food by vision , the role smell has in how it specifically finds carrion has been debated . Consensus has been that it does not detect odours , and instead follows the smaller turkey and greater yellow @-@ headed vultures , which do have a sense of smell , to a carcass , but a 1991 study demonstrated that the king vulture could find carrion in the forest without the aid of other vultures , suggesting that it locates food using an olfactory sense . The king vulture primarily eats carrion found in the forest , though it is known to venture onto nearby savannas in search of food . Once it has found a carcass , the king vulture displaces the other vultures because of its large size and strong bill . However , when it is at the same kill as the larger Andean condor , the king vulture always defers to it . Using its bill to tear , it makes the initial cut in a fresh carcass . This allows the smaller , weaker @-@ beaked vultures , which can not open the hide of a carcass , access to the carcass after the king vulture has fed . The vulture ’ s tongue is rasp @-@ like , which allows it to pull flesh off of the carcass ’ s bones . Generally , it only eats the skin and harder parts of the tissue of its meal . The king vulture has also been recorded eating fallen fruit of the moriche palm when carrion is scarce in Bolívar state , Venezuela .
= = = Breeding = = =
The reproductive behaviour of the king vulture in the wild is poorly known , and much knowledge has been gained from observing birds in captivity , particularly at the Paris Menagerie . An adult king vulture sexually matures when it is about four or five years old , with females maturing slightly earlier than males . The birds mainly breed during the dry season . King vultures mate for life and generally lay a single unmarked white egg in its nest in a hollow in a tree . To ward off potential predators , the vultures keep their nests foul @-@ smelling . Both parents incubate the egg for the 52 to 58 days before it hatches . If the egg is lost , it will often be replaced after about six weeks . The parents share incubating and brooding duties until the chick is about a week old , after which they often stand guard rather than brood . The young are semi @-@ altricial — they are helpless when born but are covered in downy feathers ( truly altricial birds are born naked ) , and their eyes are open at birth . Developing quickly , the chicks are fully alert by their second day , and able to beg and wriggle around the nest , and preen themselves and peck by their third day . They start growing their second coat of white down by day 10 , and stand on their toes by day 20 . From one to three months of age , chicks walk around and explore the vicinity of the nest , and take their first flights at about three months of age .
= = Conservation = =
This bird is a species of least concern to the IUCN , with an estimated range of 14 million km2 ( 5 @.@ 4 million mi2 ) and between 10 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 wild individuals . However , there is evidence that suggests a decline in population , though it is not significant enough to cause it to be listed . This decline is due primarily to habitat destruction and poaching . Although distinctive , its habit of perching in tall trees and flying at altitude render it difficult to monitor .
= = Relationship with humans = =
The king vulture is one of the most common species of birds represented in the Mayan codices . Its glyph is easily distinguishable by the knob on the bird ’ s beak and by the concentric circles that make up the bird ’ s eyes . Sometimes the bird is portrayed as a god with a human body and a bird head . According to Mayan mythology , this god often carried messages between humans and the other gods . It is also used to represent Cozcacuauhtli , the thirteenth day of the month in the Mayan calendar ( 13 Reed ) . An ocellated turkey ( Meleagris ocellata ) was also considered to be the bird depicted , but the hooked bill and wattle point to the raptor .
The bird ’ s blood and feathers were also used to cure diseases . The king vulture is also a popular subject on the stamps of the countries within its range . It appeared on a stamp for El Salvador in 1963 , Belize in 1978 , Guatemala in 1979 , Honduras in 1997 , Bolivia in 1998 , and Nicaragua in 1999 .
Because of its large size and beauty , the king vulture is an attraction at zoos around the world . The king vulture is one of several bird species with an AZA studbook , which is kept by Shelly Collinsworth of the Fort Worth Zoo .
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= William R. Purnell =
Rear Admiral William Reynolds Purnell ( 6 September 1886 – 3 March 1955 ) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in World War I and World War II . A 1908 graduate of the United States Naval Academy , he captained destroyers during World War I. He was awarded the Navy Cross for his role in protecting convoys against German submarines as commander of the USS Lamson .
He was promoted to rear admiral in November 1941 . During World War II , he was Chief of Staff of the ill @-@ fated Asiatic Fleet at the start of the Pacific War . He later served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Materiel . He was the Navy representative on the Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment , and , from September 1942 , the Navy representative on the Military Policy Committee , the three @-@ man committee that oversaw the Manhattan Project . Purnell helped coordinate its activities with those of the Navy . In 1945 , he travelled to Tinian as the representative of the Military Policy Committee , and coordinated preparations for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with senior Army and Navy commanders in the Pacific . He retired from the Navy in 1946 and died in 1955 .
= = Early life = =
William Reynolds Purnell was born in Bowling Green , Missouri , on 6 September 1886 . In 1908 , he graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . He was commissioned as an ensign in 1910 . During World War I , he commanded the destroyers USS Lamson , USS Patterson , USS Rowan , and USS Montgomery . For his services , he was awarded the Navy Cross . His citation read :
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Commander William Reynolds Purnell , United States Navy , for distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the USS Lamson , engaged in the important , exacting and hazardous duty of patrolling the waters infested with enemy submarines and mines , in escorting and protecting vitally important convoys of troops and supplies through these waters , and in offensive and defensive action , vigorously and unremittingly prosecuted against all forms of enemy naval activity during World War I.
In January 1917 , while he was serving on the Rowan , he married Ada Dodge Curtiss , the daughter of Walter Phelps Dodge and the ex @-@ wife of Gerald S. Curtiss . They had one son , William Reynolds Purnell , Jr .
After the war , he commanded the tanker USS Cuyama from 1934 to 1936 . Alternating duty afloat with service ashore , he then became secretary to the General Board . He commanded the cruiser USS New Orleans from January to December 1939 .
= = World War II = =
Purnell became Chief of Staff of Admiral Thomas C. Hart 's Asiatic Fleet . Purnell represented the United States at a planning conference in Singapore in April 1941 at which American , British , Dutch , Australian , and New Zealand commanders attempted to coordinate their plans for an increasingly likely war with Japan . He was promoted to rear admiral in November 1941 . On 7 December , Purnell played golf with Hart . War broke out the next morning . The Japanese advanced quickly and the Asiatic Fleet moved from the Philippines to Java in January . As the Japanese closed in on Java , Purnell flew to Broome on 25 February .
In Australia , Purnell became Chief of Staff to Vice Admiral William A. Glassford , the Commander , US Naval Forces , Southwest Pacific . When Glassford departed in May 1942 , Purnell took his place . He too left Australia in June 1942 , for duty in Washington , DC , in the Office of the Commander in Chief , United States Fleet , Admiral Ernest J. King . For his services , he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read :
The President of the United States of America , authorized by Act of Congress , July 9 , 1918 , takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral William Reynolds Purnell , United States Navy , for especially meritorious service as Chief of Staff to Commander in Chief , Asiatic Fleet , and Commander U.S. Forces , Southwest , Pacific , since the outbreak of war for duties involving great responsibility connected with formulation plans , counseling their application and aid in directing execution , especially of offensive missions of forces of this command which have resulted in substantial damage to the enemy together with skill and tact displayed in negotiating , conferring and dealing with Commanders of the Allied Forces during World War II .
Purnell became Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Materiel . He was also the Navy representative on the Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment , and , from September 1942 , the Navy representative on the Military Policy Committee , the three @-@ man committee that oversaw the Manhattan Project . Purnell helped coordinate the activities of the Manhattan Project with those of the Navy , particularly the navy 's thermal diffusion research , and he helped provide scientists and technicians from the Navy for the project .
In February 1945 , Purnell arranged for Commander Frederick Ashworth to go to Guam to brief Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz on the project . He provided Ashworth with a letter from King stressing the project 's importance and the need for secrecy . Ashworth selected a base site for the Manhattan Project 's operations . He inspected facilities on Guam and Tinian , and chose the latter .
Tinian 's harbor suffered from congestion due to extensive base development work , and ships sometimes took months to unload . The director of the Manhattan Project , Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , went to Purnell , who arranged for an order from King to Nimitz stating that all shipments related to the Manhattan Project and the 509th Composite Group had to be unloaded immediately on arrival , regardless of the consequent disruption to the port 's operations .
Problems like this underlined the value of having high @-@ ranking officers on hand to deal with local commanders to make decisions on the spot if necessary . In drawing up an organization for command of the Manhattan Project 's operations , Groves and Purnell agreed that Purnell should to be present on Tinian as both the representative of the Military Policy Committee and the personal representative of Admiral King . He was joined by Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell , the Manhattan Project 's Deputy for Operations , and the two shared responsibility for coordinating the Manhattan Project 's activities with the senior Army and Navy commanders in the Pacific . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the director of Project Alberta , they formed what became informally known as the " Tinian Joint Chiefs " .
Purnell was the first proponent of the idea that two atomic attacks , one following quickly after the other , would be required to end the war . This was something that Groves and Purnell discussed a number of times . " I knew that with him and Farrell on the ground at Tinian , " Groves wrote . " There would be no unnecessary delay in exploiting our success " after the bombing of Hiroshima . The main difficulty with the second mission , then scheduled for 11 August , was the weather , which was predicted to be good until 9 August but bad for at least five days starting on 10 August . Parsons agreed to work the assembly team around the clock to get the Fat Man bomb ready by the evening of 8 August .
Before Major Charles Sweeney took off on the mission , Purnell took him aside and asked him if he knew how much the bomb cost . Sweeney did not know ; Purnell told him it was about $ 2 billion . He then asked if Sweeney knew how much his aircraft was worth . This Sweeney did know ; over half a million dollars . Purnell then told him : " I 'd suggest you keep those relative values in mind for this mission . "
= = Later life = =
After the war , Purnell served as a member of the Army @-@ Navy Evaluation Board during Operation Crossroads . He retired from the Navy in October 1946 , and moved to Palo Alto , California , where he died on 5 March 1955 . He was buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery . He was survived by his wife , Ada Dodge Purnell , and his son , William R. Purnell , Jr .
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= Adam Air Flight 172 =
Adam Air Flight 172 refers to an accident suffered by a Boeing 737 @-@ 300 , when it landed in Surabaya at the end of a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Ngurah Rai Airport to Juanda Airport . On 21 February 2007 , the plane bent on landing , with the fuselage cracking in the middle of the passenger section . All six of Adam Air 's remaining 737s were immediately grounded , and five of them were back in regular service later that year . This incident caused further concerns regarding the safety of flights operated by Adam Air , which had received much criticism after the 1 January 2007 crash of Flight 574 .
= = Aircraft = =
The aircraft , a Boeing 737 @-@ 33A , registration PK @-@ KKV , was acquired by Adam Air in January 2007 , having previously been operated by Brazilian operator Varig . The aircraft was manufactured in 1994 .
= = Accident = =
The plane bent upon landing at Juanda International Airport , with the fuselage breaking in the middle of the passenger section . The landing was particularly hard , with baggage being ejected from cabin lockers into the cabin space . The tail section of the plane was bent down compared to the rest of the plane . Subsequent flights to the airport were diverted to alternate airports . Adam Air 's fleet of Boeing 737 @-@ 300s were grounded for safety inspections in the interim . Immediately after the accident , Adam Air repainted the aircraft , covering the original orange livery with a plain white exterior . This is legally permissible , so long as no evidence is destroyed . Also in the immediate aftermath , a large number of passengers cancelled their flights with Adam Air , saying they had " lost faith " in the airline . They were all refunded in full .
= = Grounding of Adam Air 's 737s = =
As a result of the incident , all six remaining Adam Air 737s were immediately grounded awaiting safety checks . Vice @-@ President of Indonesia , Jusuf Kalla , said that all Boeing 737 @-@ 300s should be checked . He eventually decided the entire Indonesian fleet of 737s should be checked , but did not ground any more aircraft . There were also suggestions that Adam Air should be suspended from all operations until the entire fleet could be checked , with MP Abdul Hakim saying " It will be good for the company and the government ... until the flight authorities can determine if Adam Air is still worthy as national aircraft company " .
The Indonesian Transport Ministry said that if the aircraft showed signs of problems , the checks would be expanded to cover all 737s operating in Indonesia . On 5 March , it was reported that five of the six aircraft had returned to normal operations , but the sixth was still undergoing a full maintenance overhaul at maintenance , repair and overhaul firm , GMF AeroAsia facility . Adam Air had resumed its normal schedule by 9 March 2007 .
= = Investigation = =
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Committee ( INTSC ) . Investigators compiled data from the Indonesian weather agency and from the air traffic control center in Surabaya in an attempt to determine the cause . Officials state the aircraft did pass safety checks prior to its departure . Boeing announced that they would also provide technical assistance to both the authorities and the airline during the course of the investigation .
The final report from the NTSC stated that the probable cause of the accident was an excessive sink rate upon touchdown , following an unstabilised approach . In the report , the INTSC noted that the approach was unstable below 200 feet ( 61 m ) , with a vertical speed occasionally greater than 2500 fpm . The vertical acceleration on landing was measured at 5 g . Additionally , the aircraft initially touched down with the right main gear approximately 4 metres ( 13 ft ) outside of the runway edge .
The investigation further revealed that there was no technical malfunction on the aircraft prior to touchdown .
The flight crew was criticised for not maintaining a sterile cockpit during the landing , with excessive non @-@ flight related discussion going on throughout the flight .
Unusually for an aircraft accident investigation , the investigative committee was not provided information as to the identities of the flight crew of the aircraft .
= = Maintenance concerns = =
The safety record of Adam Air was heavily criticised , especially in the aftermath of Flight 574 . Pilots reported repeated and deliberate breaches of international safety regulations , with aircraft being flown in non @-@ airworthy states for months at a time . They claimed that there had been such incidents as requests to sign documents to allow an aircraft to fly while not having the authority to and while knowing the plane to be not airworthy , flying a plane for several months with a damaged door handle , swapping parts between aircraft to avoid mandatory replacement deadlines , being ordered to fly aircraft after exceeding the take @-@ off limit of five times per pilot per day , flying an aircraft with a damaged window , using spare parts from other aircraft to keep planes in the air , and the ignoring of pilots ' requests not to take off due to unsafe aircraft . The Associated Press quoted one pilot as saying that " Every time you flew , you had to fight with the ground staff and the management about all the regulations you had to violate . " They also claim that if pilots confronted their seniors in the airline , they were grounded or docked pay .
= = Aftermath = =
The Indonesian government announced plans immediately after the accident to ban jets over ten years of age for any commercial purpose . The age limit had been 35 years or 70 @,@ 000 landings . Indonesia also announced plans to reshuffle the Transportation Ministry in response to this incident , Flight 574 and the loss of the ferries MV Senopati Nusantara and MV Levina 1 . Among those to be replaced were the directors of air and sea transports and the chairman of the National Committee for Transportation Safety . Indonesia also intended to introduce a new system of ranking airlines according to their safety record , with a level one ranking meaning the airline has no serious issues , a level two ranking meaning the airline must fix problems , and a level three rating forcing the airline to be shut down .
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= Aonchotheca forresteri =
Aonchotheca forresteri is a parasitic nematode that infects the marsh rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris ) in Florida . Occurring mainly in adults , it inhabits the stomach . It is much more common during the wet season , perhaps because its unknown intermediate host is an earthworm that only emerges when it rains . The worm was discovered in 1970 and formally described in 1987 . Originally classified in the genus Capillaria , it was reclassified in Aonchotheca in 1999 . A. forresteri is small and narrow @-@ bodied , with a length of 13 @.@ 8 to 19 @.@ 4 mm in females and 6 @.@ 8 to 9 @.@ 2 mm in males . Similar species such as A. putorii differ in features of the alae and spicule ( organs in the male ) , the size of the female , and the texture of the eggs .
= = Taxonomy = =
Aonchotheca forresteri was discovered during a survey of the endoparasites of Florida marsh rice rats ( Oryzomys palustris ) by John Kinsella from 1970 to 1972 , and is one of several new parasite species in this study , which was done because there were no previous comprehensive studies of the endoparasites of the species . Together with Danny Pence , Kinsella described the worm in a 1987 paper as Capillaria forresteri ; the specific name honors Donald J. Forrester of the College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Florida . Kinsella and Pence described it as one of many species of Capillaria , a large and taxonomically difficult genus . They suggested that it may be closest to some other small species that live in the digestive systems of mammals , such as the very similar C. putorii , which is found in a variety of carnivorans in North America and Europe . In 1982 , Moravec had placed Capillaria putorii and a number of related species in a separate genus , Aonchotheca , and in 1999 Pisanu and Bain transferred Capillaria forresteri and various other species to that genus from Capillaria . Thus , the species is now known as Aonchotheca forresteri .
= = Description = =
Aonchotheca forresteri is a small , narrow @-@ bodied worm . It is narrowest at the front and increases in width to about three fourths of its length . The cuticle , the surface layer , is smooth . Females are 13 @.@ 8 to 19 @.@ 4 mm long , averaging 16 @.@ 9 mm , which makes them substantially longer than female A. putorii , and 55 to 70 ( average 62 ) μm wide . The eggs are smooth , lacking the elaborate pattern on the surface seen in A. putorii , and are 53 to 58 ( 54 ) μm long and 21 to 24 ( 21 ) μm broad . The esophagus , the frontmost part of the digestive system , is 2 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 9 ( 3 @.@ 6 ) mm long and is lined by 36 to 45 ( 40 ) cells known as stichocytes . The vulva is located 66 to 105 ( 83 ) μm behind the end of the esophagus and the anus is near the end of the worm , which is rounded .
At 6 @.@ 8 to 9 @.@ 2 ( 7 @.@ 7 ) mm , males are only about half as long as females . Their maximum width is 34 to 42 ( 37 ) μm . The length of the esophagus is 2 @.@ 3 to 3 @.@ 0 ( 2 @.@ 6 ) mm , of which the muscular pharynx makes up 260 to 315 ( 273 ) μm , and is lined by 35 to 42 ( 37 ) stichocytes . The back region of the worm is 4 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 2 ( 5 @.@ 1 ) mm long . The back , or rectal , opening of the digestive tube is located near the end of the worm , and the length of the cloaca is 530 to 576 ( 550 ) μm . Near the back end , there are two alae ( ridges ) at the sides ( laterally ) , which are 40 to 55 ( 46 ) μm long ; these are located at 10 to 15 μm from another , small ala at the tip . In A. putorii , the lateral alae are much longer and reach the ala at the tip . The spicule , a spikelike structure that functions in reproduction , is curved at the tip and hardened and has a length of 380 to 426 ( 406 ) μm . It is smaller than that of the similar A. tamiasstriati from North American chipmunks and larger than that of A. murissylvatici from various North American and European small rodents , but about as long as that of A. putorii , which however lacks the curved tip .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
Marsh rice rats from Paynes Prairie , Alachua County ; Cedar Key , Levy County ; and Lake Istokpoga , Highlands County , all in Florida , have yielded A. forresteri . In Paynes Prairie , the type locality , 82 of 178 animals examined were infected with 1 to 50 ( average 10 ) worms , but in Cedar Key only a single rat contained one worm . The worms were found in the front part , or fundus , of the stomach , with their front ends in the fundal tissue and their back ends projecting into the inside .
In Paynes Prairie , there was no significant difference in rate of infection between males and females , but only 4 % of juveniles were infected , compared to 52 % of adults . Most species of Capillaria occur in multiple hosts , but A. forresteri has been found only in the marsh rice rat , even though several other small mammals ( the round @-@ tailed muskrat , Neofiber alleni ; cotton mouse , Peromyscus gossypinus ; hispid cotton rat , Sigmodon hispidus ; and marsh rabbit , Sylvilagus palustris ) occur in Paynes Prairie . The rice rat eats more animal food than any of those , and perhaps A. forresteri has an intermediate host that is not eaten by the other species . A. forresteri is markedly more prevalent in the wet season ( spring ) than the dry season ( autumn ) , perhaps because rainfall patterns influence the habits of the rice rat in some way . One possibility is that the intermediate host is an earthworm or other oligochaete worm that moves to the surface when it rains .
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= Killswitch Engage =
Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Westfield , Massachusetts , formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock . Killswitch Engage 's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach , guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz , bassist Mike D 'Antonio , and drummer Justin Foley . The band has released seven studio albums and one DVD . Their latest album , Incarnate , was released on March 11 , 2016 .
Killswitch Engage rose to fame with its 2004 release The End of Heartache , which peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 , and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2007 for over 500 @,@ 000 shipments in the United States . The title track , " The End of Heartache " , was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2005 for Best Metal Performance , and a live DVD titled ( Set This ) World Ablaze was released in 2005 . Killswitch Engage has performed at festivals such as Soundwave Festival , Wacken Open Air , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Ozzfest , Download Festival , Rock on the Range , Rock Am Ring , Mayhem Festival , Monsters of Rock , Pointfest , Knotfest and Heavy MTL . The band has sold over four million records in the U.S. and has been considered notable within the New Wave of American Heavy Metal .
= = History = =
= = = Early years and debut album ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =
Killswitch Engage formed following the disbandment of metalcore bands Overcast and Aftershock in 1999 . After Overcast broke up in 1998 , bassist Mike D 'Antonio jammed with Aftershock guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz . Dutkiewicz , now playing drums , recruited guitarist Joel Stroetzel from Aftershock and vocalist Jesse Leach of the band Nothing Stays Gold ( who were signed to a record label owned by Dutkiewicz 's brother Tobias , who was also the vocalist in Aftershock ) to form a new band , Killswitch Engage . The band 's name is derived from an episode of the television series The X @-@ Files entitled " Kill Switch " , written by William Gibson , who gave the episode this title after meeting the industrial band Kill Switch ... Klick .
In 1999 , Killswitch Engage recorded a demo containing four tracks , including " Soilborn " , the first song written by the band . The demo was first released at the band 's first show , opening for melodic death metal act In Flames , in November 1999 . They released their self @-@ titled debut album the following year . Although initially the album was not a financial success and did not land on any charts , it attracted the interest of Carl Severson , who worked at Roadrunner Records at the time . Severson handed Killswitch Engage to several Roadrunner representatives . Mike Gitter , a talent agent of the company , contacted D 'Antonio , attended several of the band 's shows , and offered the band a recording contract with Roadrunner . Realizing that Roadrunner had the resources to promote and distribute Killswitch Engage releases , the band accepted his offer , declining several offers from smaller labels .
= = = Alive or Just Breathing ( 2001 – 2004 ) = = =
For a brief time in 2000 and 2001 , ex @-@ Overcast guitarist Pete Cortese joined Killswitch Engage , but left when he became a father . Killswitch Engage began writing new material for their second album in November 2001 . Mixed in January at Backstage Studios by producer Andy Sneap , the album was titled Alive or Just Breathing for lyrics in the song " Just Barely Breathing " . A music video for the single " My Last Serenade " increased the band 's exposure , and the album peaked at number 37 on the Top Heatseekers chart .
Following Alive or Just Breathing 's release , the album having been written and recorded for two guitarists , the band decided to expand and become a fivesome ; Dutkiewicz moved to guitar and former Aftershock drummer Tom Gomes filled in the vacant drummer position . After Leach was married on April 20 , 2002 and began touring again he fell into a depression . Leach left the band a few days before the band was meant to play a show and sent the band members an e @-@ mail telling them he had quit . D 'Antonio said in an interview that " after three years of hanging out with the dude , and considering him a brother , to just get an email was a little bit harsh . "
The band immediately started to search for a replacement vocalist and found Howard Jones of Blood Has Been Shed . Jones disliked the band 's sound when he first heard it . He commented , " I was like , ' Meh . ' I come from hardcore and dirtier metal , and Killswitch sounded so clean . But the more I listened to it , I realized there 's some really good songs here " . After hearing about Leach 's vocal problems , Jones contacted the band and was accepted as the replacement . Philip Labonte of All That Remains tried out for lead vocals but lost to Jones , who had to quickly memorize seven songs for his debut at the 2002 Hellfest .
The new lineup played on the Road Rage tour in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in 2002 with 36 Crazyfists and Five Pointe O. Touring continued through the New Year 's Day , and in 2003 the first song to feature Jones , " When Darkness Falls " , appeared on the soundtrack of the 2003 horror film Freddy vs. Jason . Following the 2003 Ozzfest , drummer Gomes left the band because he wished to spend more time with his wife , to pursue his band Something of a Silhouette , and because he was tired of touring . He was replaced by Justin Foley of Blood Has Been Shed , and Foley 's first tour with the band was the MTV2 Headbangers Ball in 2003 .
= = = The End of Heartache ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = =
The End of Heartache was released on May 11 , 2004 , and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 with 38 @,@ 000 sales in its first week , and it also peaked at number 39 on the Australian Albums Chart . The album went on to sell more than 500 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S and was certified gold on December 7 , 2007 . The album received mostly positive reviews , with Jon Caramanica of Rolling Stone calling the album a " stunning collection , retaining much of their signature musical brutality " . Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic commented " riffs upon riffs are piled sky @-@ high into each number that follows , it 's the unpredictable rhythmic shifts used to build and then relieve internal pressure that fuel the Killswitch Engage power source " .
" The End of Heartache " became the main single for the movie Resident Evil : Apocalypse , and in 2005 the song was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 47th Grammy Awards . In late 2004 , The End of Heartache was re @-@ released as a special edition album , with a second disc featuring various live performances , a Japanese bonus track , and a re @-@ recorded version of " Irreversal " . During the summer of 2005 , the band returned for Ozzfest , and on November 1 , 2005 , Alive or Just Breathing was re @-@ released as part of Roadrunner Records ' 25th anniversary . On November 22 , 2005 , the live DVD ( Set This ) World Ablaze was released , which contained a live concert at the Palladium in Worcester , Massachusetts , an hour @-@ long documentary , and all the band 's music videos . The DVD was certified gold in the US on April 8 , 2006 .
= = = As Daylight Dies ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = =
Killswitch Engage played the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2006 , having already played Australian dates without Dutkiewicz , who was suffering from back problems and needed corrective surgery . On May 23 , 2006 , the song " This Fire Burns " was released on the WWE Wreckless Intent album . The track was intended to be the new theme song for WWE wrestler Randy Orton ; however , it was scrapped and later became the theme song for the WWE Judgment Day 2006 pay @-@ per @-@ view . " This Fire Burns " was used as the entrance theme for WWE wrestler CM Punk ( along with his stables the Straight Edge Society and The New Nexus ) from 2006 until 2011 and was later re @-@ released as " This Fire " on the As Daylight Dies Special Edition .
Recorded in three months , As Daylight Dies was released on November 21 , 2006 and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart with 60 @,@ 000 sales in its first week . " As Daylight Dies " proved to be one of their biggest albums yet . It also entered the Australian Albums Chart at number 29 . Mixed by Dutkiewicz , the album received mostly positive reviews — Thom Jurek of Allmusic called it " a Top Five metal candidate for 2006 for sure " . Decibel Magazine contributor Nick Terry said " To call As Daylight Dies addictive would be an understatement . That it outdoes its already impressive enough predecessor could almost go without saying " . Cosmo Lee of Stylus Magazine commented " the album is astonishingly badly sequenced " , though he praised the album as being " less emotionally heavy @-@ handed , and a lot more fun " . As of November 27 , 2007 , As Daylight Dies has sold more than 500 @,@ 000 units in the US .
The album 's first single , " My Curse " , peaked at number 21 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and is featured in the video games Sleeping Dogs , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , Burnout Dominator and Burnout Paradise and is available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series . " The Arms of Sorrow " peaked at number 31 on the same chart . The band 's cover of Dio 's " Holy Diver " , originally recorded for a Kerrang ! compilation album titled High Voltage , peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock charts . Early in 2007 , the band had to cancel three of its European tour dates with The Haunted due to Dutkiewicz 's back problems . He required emergency back surgery and was replaced on the tour by Soilwork guitarist Peter Wichers .
Due to Dutkiewicz 's back problems in early 2007 , he was replaced by Damageplan and The Mercy Clinic frontman Patrick Lachman during the No Fear Tour . Dutkiewicz recovered and was able to finish the No Fear tour , and the band began filming its video for As Daylight Dies 's second single , " The Arms of Sorrow " . On August 6 , 2007 , Dutkiewicz was forced to leave the Warped Tour so he could fully recover from his back surgery and continue daily physical therapy . He was replaced by Killswitch 's guitar technician Josh Mihlek for select songs , until his return on August 14 , 2007 .
= = = Second self @-@ titled album ( 2007 – 2011 ) = = =
Killswitch Engage entered the studio in October 2008 to start recording their next album with Dutkiewicz and Brendan O 'Brien co @-@ producing the album . In mid @-@ February , bassist Mike D 'Antonio confirmed in an interview with Metal Hammer that " drums were finished " , and that he had " finished up the last few bass fixes " . He also stated that Howard [ Jones ] was in Atlanta finishing vocals , and that " it shouldn 't be too much longer now . " From March to May , Killswitch Engage was a part of Disturbed 's Music as a Weapon IV festival along with Lacuna Coil , Chimaira , Suicide Silence , Bury Your Dead and more . On April 14 , the band announced the name of their album as Killswitch Engage , the second time the band has self @-@ titled an album . The album was released on June 30 , 2009 , debuting at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 , marking the band 's highest chart position for an album . In July and August , Killswitch Engage took part in Mayhem Festival with headliners Marilyn Manson , Slayer , Bullet for My Valentine and others . In February 2010 , Killswitch Engage announced that vocalist Howard Jones would not be performing with Killswitch Engage during their winter tour with The Devil Wears Prada and Dark Tranquillity ; during the time , All That Remains vocalist Philip Labonte was substituting for Jones until he could return . At least one source speculated that Jones ' hiatus was due to back pain . On March 18 , 2010 , original vocalist Jesse Leach returned to the band for a series of songs . From then on , Leach and Labonte performed as substitute vocalists for the remainder of the tour .
In 2010 , the band contributed the track " My Obsession " to the God of War : Blood & Metal soundtrack . The band was later added as late replacement to 2010 's Download Festival in June , after original sub @-@ headliner , Wolfmother could not attend as scheduled . Afterward , Killswitch Engage took a break from the road , and its members pursued other interests . Adam Dutkiewicz formed the band Times of Grace with Leach and released the debut album " The Hymn of a Broken Man " on January 18 , 2011 . Along with Dutkiewicz and Leach , Times of Grace added Joel Stroetzel to their tour lineup . Justin Foley provided the drum tracking for the band Unearth on their album " Darkness in the Light " , released on July 5 , 2011 . Foley also traveled with the band for their 2011 summer tour . D 'Antonio started the hardcore band Death Ray Vision , with Shadows Fall vocalist Brian Fair and former Killswitch Engage guitarist Pete Cortese .
= = = Jones ' departure and Disarm the Descent ( 2011 – 2015 ) = = =
In an interview with FTC , Gun Shy Assassin , Mike D 'Antonio had stated that the band was currently in the works for a sixth studio album . D 'Antonio stated , " Currently , everyone is individually writing demos for the next Killswitch Engage record . There is no release date yet , but I would assume it will be out early 2012 . " Adam Dutkiewicz followed that up with a statement on the Killswitch Engage Facebook , saying " YO ! Its Adam D ! We 're about to begin writing our new record . Thanks to all of our fans for waiting so friggin ' patiently ... now let 's turn on the " riff faucet " and RAGE ! " On December 1 , 2011 , Mike D 'Antonio posted online that Killswitch Engage should be entering the studio around February / March 2012 to record their sixth album expected around summer 2012 . He also stated that the band had eight demos finished for the new record .
On January 4 , 2012 , the band announced via the band 's official website , along with their other official sources , that Howard Jones had left the band after his nine @-@ year membership with them . In the statement , the band did not disclose the reason for this decision out of respect for Jones , but simply thanked him for his nine years with the band and wished him well , as well as thanking the fans for their support as they began the search for a new lead singer . Soon after the announcement of Jones 's departure , rumors began that Phil Labonte of All That Remains would officially take over lead vocals due to his previous history with the band , although Labonte quickly dispelled the rumor . Many vocalists were considered in the search for a new one for the band . The band 's search for a new singer concluded in February with the announcement that original lead vocalist Jesse Leach would return to the band , as the band felt that Leach 's energy , as well as his overall comfort and command of both the old and new material , made him the clear choice during auditions . Following Leach 's return , the band continued to the process of recording their new album and touring . On April 22 , 2012 , the band performed Leach 's first show since 2002 at the New England Metal and Hardcore Fest .
On June 20 , 2012 , the demo version of a new song titled " This Is Confrontation " was leaked on YouTube . Not long after the song was leaked , the videos were soon deleted . Later , the band took part in Metal Hammer 's " Trespass America Festival " headlined by Five Finger Death Punch with additional support from God Forbid , Emmure , Pop Evil , Trivium and Battlecross . The band performed this song live , confirming the song 's title " No End in Sight " . Not long after the album was confirmed , the song was streamed publicly again . In October 2012 , with Jesse back at the helm , Killswitch Engage announced they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of their seminal album , " Alive or Just Breathing " with a US Tour through November / December 2012 , in which they would be playing the album live , in its entirety . Support on the tour came from fellow Massachusetts natives Shadows Fall and Acaro .
The album Disarm the Descent was released April 1 , 2013 in the UK . The album debuted at # 15 in the UK charts while debuting at # 7 in the Billboard top 200 April 2 in the US . The first single " In Due Time " was released on February 5 , 2013 . The album has received critical acclaim from reviewers , and has been labeled as a " true standout " and " nothing short of amazing " . It was announced in December 2013 that " In Due Time " was nominated for " Best Metal Performance " at the 2014 Grammy Awards , but lost to " God Is Dead ? " by Black Sabbath . A tour in May 2013 was done to promote the new album . With Miss May I , Darkest Hour , The Word Alive and Affiance as support . As I Lay Dying was originally supposed to be on the tour but dropped due to criminal charges from frontman Tim Lambesis . The band also did a co @-@ headliner with fellow Heavy Metal act Lamb of God in the October 2013 with Testament and Huntress as support for both bands . The band did a small headliner on the east coast for Halloween 2014 . With All That Remains , Death Ray Vision and City of Homes supporting .
= = = Incarnate ( 2015 – present ) = = =
In an interview with Wikimetal , Jesse Leach announced that the band will start demoing new material " in the coming months " .
On February 25 , 2015 the band released a 40 second snippet of a new single titled " Loyalty " . The track appears on the Catch The Throne : The Mixtape Volume 2 to promote the HBO TV series Game of Thrones . The mixtape also features appearances from various other metal and rap acts such as Anthrax and Snoop Dogg .
On March 30 , 2015 , Mike D 'Antonio stated that the band had completed demoing material for its next studio album .
Killswitch Engage took part in a summer tour in July 2015 , opening up for Rise Against with support from letlive .
On December 10 , 2015 the band premiered a new song entitled " Strength of the Mind " on Revolver .
The band also did a small Christmas 2015 tour on the East Coast with Unearth , Act of Defiance and 68 .
On December 16 , 2015 it was revealed that the band 's upcoming seventh album , released on March 11 , 2016 , would be titled Incarnate . With a tour being set to take part in March of this year , Memphis May Fire and 36 Crazyfists will be the support .
= = Musical style and lyrical themes = =
Killswitch Engage primarily play metalcore , combining sounds from extreme metal and hardcore . Like some modern metalcore bands , Killswitch Engage vocally combine singing , screaming vocals , and growls in their music .
Killswitch Engage 's music mixes " crushing " riffs , double bass drum patterns , power chords , dual @-@ guitar harmonies , often punctuated with pinch harmonic squeals in their music and breakdowns that one can expect from the metalcore genre . Their music is influenced by gothenburg metal scene , New York hardcore and thrash metal .
In 2009 , MTV , while naming " The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time " , said that Killswitch Engage have been " called one of the founders of metalcore " . Jason D. Taylor of Allmusic said Alive or Just Breathing is " a pure metal album that seemingly has ignored any fashionable trend and instead relies solely on skill and expertise to sculpt some of the meatiest heavy metal since the glory days of Metallica and Slayer . "
Both current vocalist Jesse Leach and former vocalist Howard Jones write lyrics that are considered positive . Jesse Leach stated on ( Set This ) World Ablaze , that the lyrics contain " unity , positivity , [ and ] love . " On the lyrical themes of Killswitch Engage , Ultimate Guitar reviewer Amy Sciarretto notes :
On Killswitch Engage 's 2009 self @-@ titled album , Howard Jones states the change in lyrical themes :
= = Members = =
Timeline
= = Discography = =
Killswitch Engage ( 2000 )
Alive or Just Breathing ( 2002 )
The End of Heartache ( 2004 )
As Daylight Dies ( 2006 )
Killswitch Engage ( 2009 )
Disarm the Descent ( 2013 )
Incarnate ( 2016 )
= = Accolades = =
Grammy Award
Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards
Boston Music Awards
Loudwire Music Awards
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= Tomahawk ( album ) =
Tomahawk is the debut studio album by American experimental rock band Tomahawk . Recorded after a meeting between vocalist Mike Patton and guitarist Duane Denison , the album features members of Faith No More , The Jesus Lizard , Helmet and Melvins . The band toured with Tool in support of the record , but were not well received by Tool 's fans .
Released on October 30 , 2001 , through Patton 's record label Ipecac Recordings , Tomahawk has received positive attention from critics , with most appraisals drawing attention to the versatility of Patton 's vocals . The album charted in both Australia and the United States , reaching a peak of number 20 in the Billboard Independent Albums countdown .
= = Production = =
For Tomahawk , the band is composed of Mike Patton , vocalist for Faith No More and Mr. Bungle ; Duane Denison , guitarist for The Jesus Lizard ; Kevin Rutmanis , bass player for Melvins ; and John Stanier , drummer for Helmet . Patton and Denison met in 2000 at a Mr. Bungle concert in Nashville , Tennessee , and began exchanging music . From there , the two began to jam together with a view to releasing an album . Patton described the new group as " the closest thing to a rock band I 've been involved with for a while " .
The band hired Joe Funderburk to produce the album ; Funderburk had previously worked with Emmylou Harris and The Judds . The album was released through Ipecac Recordings , the record label owned by Patton and Greg Werckman . Ipecac is also home to Rutmanis ' band Melvins , whose vocalist and guitarist Buzz Osborne had previously collaborated with Patton as a member of Fantômas .
= = Release and reception = =
Tomahawk was released on October 30 , 2001 . The album was supported by a tour in which the band supported Tool ; however , Tools fans were unreceptive to Tomahawk and frequently booed their performances .
Writing for AllMusic , Blake Butler rated Tomahawk four stars out of five , describing the album as " moody , violent , beautiful , sarcastic , vomitive , silly [ and ] heartstopping " . Butler praised Patton 's versatility , calling the vocalist " a complete and utter musical visionary , and a mind @-@ blowing and standard @-@ warping genius " . Pitchfork 's Luke Buckman award the album a rating of 7 out of 10 , similarly highlighting Patton 's vocals as exemplary . Buckman called Patton " one of the greatest male vocalists around today " ; and felt that " Flashback " and " Cul de Sac " were among the album 's best songs . Mark Reed of Drowned in Sound rated the album 8 out of 10 , noting the " wit " and " style " of the songwriting . Reed felt that the album was among the most conventional of those recorded by Patton , but still described it as featuring " supercatchy , earstretching vocals , dark lyrics rich in black humour , swathes of crunchy guitars and some of the most unusual rhythms to be played by human hands since time began " .
Writing for the Boston Herald , Butch Lazorchak rated Tomahawk three stars out of four , finding that it " makes mincemeat out of the new @-@ metal Johnny @-@ come @-@ latelies " . Lazorchak described the album as having " an updated ' 70s hard rock approach that echoes Blue Öyster Cult at its sinister best " , and found the opening song " Flashback " to be a " head @-@ crushing pleasure " . Reviewing a leg of the album 's supporting tour for The Irish Times , Peter Crawley felt that " Sir Yes Sir " was a highlight of the album , due to Patton 's " dark utterings " and Rutmanis ' " drilling bassline " . Writing for CMJ New Music Monthly , Dana Buoniconti compared the album to the soundtracks of David Lynch 's film and television work — specifically likening " Honeymoon " and " Sweet Smell of Success " to the Twin Peaks theme . Buoniconti found Tomahawk to be " unsettling and unwholesome " , but " thoroughly appealing " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Tomahawk ( Mike Patton , Duane Denison , Kevin Rutmanis and John Stanier ) .
= = Personnel = =
= = Chart performance = =
Tomahawk reached its highest chart position on the United States Independent Albums chart , reaching a peak position of 20 and spending two weeks in that chart . It also reached a peak of 31 in that country 's Top Heatseekers chart . It spent one week in the Australian ARIA Charts , reaching number 37 .
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= Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) =
Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 – 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) , and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series was most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 – 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) , and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories followed the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) , Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) , and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled largely by alternative versions of the British Empire , the East India Company and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers .
The film series started with their first release on the big screen in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from the critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $ 1 @.@ 1 billion to @-@ date at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 @-@ D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $ 1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this .
So far , the film franchise has grossed $ 3 @.@ 73 billion worldwide ; it is the eleventh highest @-@ grossing film series of all @-@ time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $ 1 billion worldwide .
A fifth film , subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales , is set to be released on May 26 , 2017 .
= = Films = =
= = = The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) = = =
Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from undead pirates led by Jack 's former mutinous first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold .
= = = Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) = = =
Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest – and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones – which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who raised the Black Pearl from the seabed ( after it was sunk by Beckett ) and made Jack captain for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship .
= = = At World 's End ( 2007 ) = = =
Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones , and with the help of Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co . , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to summon an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces .
= = = On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) = = =
Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one @-@ legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth .
= = = Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) = = =
" Thrust into an all @-@ new adventure , a down @-@ on @-@ his @-@ luck Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) finds the winds of ill @-@ fortune blowing even more strongly when deadly ghost pirates led by his old nemesis , the terrifying Captain Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , determined to kill every pirate at sea , including him . Captain Jack 's only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact that bestows upon its possessor total control over the seas . "
= = Short film = =
= = = Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2008 ) = = =
Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the " Auction scene " from the original ride .
The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 disc 3D Blu @-@ ray / 2D Blu @-@ ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes Pirates 1 – 4 ; and in the similar UK 5 @-@ disc set .
= = Production = =
= = = First film = = =
In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was " a straight pirate movie " . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics .
In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the " scary and funny " tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized .
Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme @-@ park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success .
= = = Second and third films = = =
After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back @-@ to @-@ back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they weren 't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates .
Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer @-@ generated Walt Disney Pictures logo .
= = = Fourth film = = =
Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand @-@ alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids — the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar .
Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $ 378 @.@ 5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made .
= = = Fifth film = = =
On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co @-@ writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well @-@ known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's " funny and touching " script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well @-@ received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales is now set to be released on May 26 , 2017 .
A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $ 20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20 @,@ 000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre @-@ production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 .
= = Principal cast = =
= = Crew and other = =
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office performance = = =
The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $ 600 million , and all at some point ranking among the fifty highest @-@ grossing films of all time . It became the first ever series to own two billion @-@ dollar films , these being Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , but other series have followed ( the Batman series , the Marvel Cinematic Universe and Transformers ) .
The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third highest @-@ grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider @-@ Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third highest @-@ grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . All of the sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening @-@ weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial @-@ Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening @-@ weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) .
= = = Critical and public response = = =
The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . The plot and story to the first three sequels received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they were too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirates genre of film after decades of either no pirate films , or failed films . The success of the series saw Disney try to replicate Pirates ' success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = = = Academy Awards = = = =
Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won .
= = = = Golden Globe Awards = = = =
Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won .
= = = = MTV Movie Awards = = = =
Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won .
= = = = Teen Choice Awards = = = =
Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 25 Teen Choice Awards , of which 16 were won .
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= California State Route 266 =
State Route 266 ( SR 266 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California . The route is a connector between Nevada State Route 264 and Nevada State Route 266 , intersecting SR 168 and thus providing a connection to the rest of the Owens Valley . Portions of the route were added to the state highway system in 1931 , and became part of SR 168 in the 1964 state highway renumbering . SR 266 was officially designated in 1968 .
= = Route description = =
State Route 266 begins at the western terminus of Nevada State Route 266 at the Nevada state line . The route travels west @-@ northwest , then turns to the west for another 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) before approaching Oasis , the only unincorporated community that the route passes through . At Oasis , SR 266 intersects SR 168 , which serves as the gateway into the Owens Valley from Nevada . Upon leaving Oasis , SR 266 continues to the west briefly , then turns north @-@ northwest . Within the last 7 miles ( 11 km ) , SR 266 slowly curves northwest as the route approaches the Nevada state line . The route ends at the state line at the southern terminus of Nevada State Route 264 .
The section of SR 266 from the western terminus to the junction with SR 168 is designated by the California State Legislature as eligible by law for the State Scenic Highway System ; however , it has not officially been designated by Caltrans as such . The entire route , consisting of two lanes for two @-@ way traffic , traverses on the flat land in the Fish Lake Valley east of the White Mountains , and it can serve as transportation of agricultural goods between California and Nevada via the route 's only junction State Route 168 . In the event that SR 168 is closed , SR 266 connects to Nevada State Route 264 , which intersects with U.S. Route 6 in order to provide an alternate access to California .
= = History = =
The segment of present @-@ day SR 266 from Oasis to the Nevada state line ( now Nevada State Route 264 ) was incorporated into the State Highway System in 1931 as Legislative Route 63 ; it had formed part of the Midland Trail , one of the first auto trails crossing the entire country . The route remained unchanged until 1965 , when in that year the route 's name was designated as Mono County Road 101 . In 1984 , the definition was modified to redesignate the segment as an extension of State Route 168 in order for that route to be connected to Nevada . Two years later , in 1986 , there was a construction of a new segment traveling east from Oasis and connecting to Nevada State Route 266 . When the extension was complete , the two segments – the SR 168 extension and the newly completed – were assigned SR 266 .
= = Major intersections = =
Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in Mono County .
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= Plasma ( physics ) =
Plasma ( from Greek πλάσμα , " anything formed " ) is one of the four fundamental states of matter , the others being solid , liquid , and gas . A plasma has properties unlike those of the other states .
A plasma can be created by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field , applied with a laser or microwave generator . This decreases or increases the number of electrons , creating positive or negative charged particles called ions , and is accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds , if present .
The presence of a significant number of charge carriers makes plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields . Like gas , plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container . Unlike gas , under the influence of a magnetic field , it may form structures such as filaments , beams and double layers .
Plasma is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the Universe ( of the forms proven to exist ; the more abundant dark matter is hypothetical and may or may not be explained by ordinary matter ) , most of which is in the rarefied intergalactic regions , particularly the intracluster medium , and in stars , including the Sun . A common form of plasma on Earth is produced in neon signs .
Much of the understanding of plasma has come from the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion and fusion power , for which plasma physics provides the scientific foundation .
= = Properties and parameters = =
= = = Definition = = =
Plasma is an electrically neutral medium of unbound positive and negative particles ( i.e. the overall charge of a plasma is roughly zero ) . It is important to note that although the particles are unbound , they are not ‘ free ’ in the sense of not experiencing forces . When a charged particle moves , it generates an electric current with magnetic fields ; in plasma , the movement of a charged particle affects and is affected by the general field created by the movement of other charges . This governs collective behavior with many degrees of variation . Three factors are listed in the definition of a plasma stream :
The plasma approximation : Charged particles must be close enough together that each particle influences many nearby charged particles , rather than just interacting with the closest particle ( these collective effects are a distinguishing feature of a plasma ) . The plasma approximation is valid when the number of charge carriers within the sphere of influence ( called the Debye sphere whose radius is the Debye screening length ) of a particular particle is higher than unity to provide collective behavior of the charged particles . The average number of particles in the Debye sphere is given by the plasma parameter , " Λ " ( the Greek uppercase letter Lambda ) .
Bulk interactions : The Debye screening length ( defined above ) is short compared to the physical size of the plasma . This criterion means that interactions in the bulk of the plasma are more important than those at its edges , where boundary effects may take place . When this criterion is satisfied , the plasma is quasineutral .
Plasma frequency : The electron plasma frequency ( measuring plasma oscillations of the electrons ) is large compared to the electron @-@ neutral collision frequency ( measuring frequency of collisions between electrons and neutral particles ) . When this condition is valid , electrostatic interactions dominate over the processes of ordinary gas kinetics .
= = = Ranges of parameters = = =
The factors of a plasma stream can vary by many orders of magnitude , but the properties of plasmas with apparently disparate parameters may be very similar ( see plasma scaling ) . The following chart considers only conventional atomic plasmas and not exotic phenomena like quark gluon plasmas :
= = = Degree of ionization = = =
For plasma to exist , ionization is necessary . The term " plasma density " by itself usually refers to the " electron density " , that is , the number of free electrons per unit volume . The degree of ionization of a plasma is the proportion of atoms that have lost or gained electrons , and is controlled mostly by the temperature . Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1 % of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma ( i.e. , response to magnetic fields and high electrical conductivity ) . The degree of ionization , <formula> , is defined as <formula> , where <formula> is the number density of ions and <formula> is the number density of neutral atoms . The electron density is related to this by the average charge state <formula> of the ions through <formula> , where <formula> is the number density of electrons .
= = = Temperatures = = =
Plasma temperature is commonly measured in kelvins or electronvolts and is , informally , a measure of the thermal kinetic energy per particle . High temperatures are usually needed to sustain ionization , which is a defining feature of a plasma . The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy ( and more weakly by the density ) , in a relationship called the Saha equation . At low temperatures , ions and electrons tend to recombine into bound states — atoms — and the plasma will eventually become a gas .
In most cases the electrons are close enough to thermal equilibrium that their temperature is relatively well @-@ defined , even when there is a significant deviation from a Maxwellian energy distribution function , for example , due to UV radiation , energetic particles , or strong electric fields . Because of the large difference in mass , the electrons come to thermodynamic equilibrium amongst themselves much faster than they come into equilibrium with the ions or neutral atoms . For this reason , the ion temperature may be very different from ( usually lower than ) the electron temperature . This is especially common in weakly ionized technological plasmas , where the ions are often near the ambient temperature .
= = = = Thermal vs. nonthermal plasmas = = = =
Based on the relative temperatures of the electrons , ions and neutrals , plasmas are classified as " thermal " or " non @-@ thermal " . Thermal plasmas have electrons and the heavy particles at the same temperature , i.e. they are in thermal equilibrium with each other . Nonthermal plasmas on the other hand have the ions and neutrals at a much lower temperature ( sometimes room temperature ) , whereas electrons are much " hotter " ( <formula> ) .
= = = = Complete vs. incomplete ionization = = = =
A plasma is sometimes referred to as being " hot " if it is nearly fully ionized , or " cold " if only a small fraction ( for example 1 % ) of the gas molecules are ionized , but other definitions of the terms " hot plasma " and " cold plasma " are common . Even in a " cold " plasma , the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees Celsius . Plasmas utilized in " plasma technology " ( " technological plasmas " ) are usually cold plasmas in the sense that only a small fraction of the gas molecules are ionized .
= = = Plasma potential = = =
Since plasmas are very good electrical conductors , electric potentials play an important role . The potential as it exists on average in the space between charged particles , independent of the question of how it can be measured , is called the " plasma potential " , or the " space potential " . If an electrode is inserted into a plasma , its potential will generally lie considerably below the plasma potential due to what is termed a Debye sheath . The good electrical conductivity of plasmas makes their electric fields very small . This results in the important concept of " quasineutrality " , which says the density of negative charges is approximately equal to the density of positive charges over large volumes of the plasma ( <formula> ) , but on the scale of the Debye length there can be charge imbalance . In the special case that double layers are formed , the charge separation can extend some tens of Debye lengths .
The magnitude of the potentials and electric fields must be determined by means other than simply finding the net charge density . A common example is to assume that the electrons satisfy the Boltzmann relation :
<formula>
Differentiating this relation provides a means to calculate the electric field from the density :
<formula>
It is possible to produce a plasma that is not quasineutral . An electron beam , for example , has only negative charges . The density of a non @-@ neutral plasma must generally be very low , or it must be very small , otherwise it will be dissipated by the repulsive electrostatic force .
In astrophysical plasmas , Debye screening prevents electric fields from directly affecting the plasma over large distances , i.e. , greater than the Debye length . However , the existence of charged particles causes the plasma to generate , and be affected by , magnetic fields . This can and does cause extremely complex behavior , such as the generation of plasma double layers , an object that separates charge over a few tens of Debye lengths . The dynamics of plasmas interacting with external and self @-@ generated magnetic fields are studied in the academic discipline of magnetohydrodynamics .
= = = Magnetization = = =
Plasma with a magnetic field strong enough to influence the motion of the charged particles is said to be magnetized . A common quantitative criterion is that a particle on average completes at least one gyration around the magnetic field before making a collision , i.e. , <formula> , where <formula> is the " electron gyrofrequency " and <formula> is the " electron collision rate " . It is often the case that the electrons are magnetized while the ions are not . Magnetized plasmas are anisotropic , meaning that their properties in the direction parallel to the magnetic field are different from those perpendicular to it . While electric fields in plasmas are usually small due to the high conductivity , the electric field associated with a plasma moving in a magnetic field is given by <formula> ( where <formula> is the electric field , <formula> is the velocity , and <formula> is the magnetic field ) , and is not affected by Debye shielding .
= = = Comparison of plasma and gas phases = = =
Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter after solid , liquids and gases , despite plasma typically being an ionized gas . It is distinct from these and other lower @-@ energy states of matter . Although it is closely related to the gas phase in that it also has no definite form or volume , it differs in a number of ways , including the following :
= = Common plasmas = =
Plasmas are by far the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe , both by mass and by volume . Essentially , all of the visible light from space comes from stars , which are plasmas with a temperature such that they radiate strongly at visible wavelengths . Most of the ordinary ( or baryonic ) matter in the universe , however , is found in the intergalactic medium , which is also a plasma , but much hotter , so that it radiates primarily as X @-@ rays .
In 1937 , Hannes Alfvén argued that if plasma pervaded the universe , it could then carry electric currents capable of generating a galactic magnetic field . After winning the Nobel Prize , he emphasized that :
In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region , it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents . Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances . The currents often pinch to filamentary or surface currents . The latter are likely to give space , as also interstellar and intergalactic space , a cellular structure .
By contrast the current scientific consensus is that about 96 % of the total energy density in the universe is not plasma or any other form of ordinary matter , but a combination of cold dark matter and dark energy . Our Sun , and all stars , are made of plasma , much of interstellar space is filled with a plasma , albeit a very sparse one , and intergalactic space too . Even black holes , which are not directly visible , are thought to be fuelled by accreting ionising matter ( i.e. plasma ) , and they are associated with astrophysical jets of luminous ejected plasma , such as M87 's jet that extends 5 @,@ 000 light @-@ years .
In our solar system , interplanetary space is filled with the plasma of the Solar Wind that extends from the Sun out to the heliopause . However , the density of ordinary matter is much higher than average and much higher than that of either dark matter or dark energy . The planet Jupiter accounts for most of the non @-@ plasma within the orbit of Pluto ( about 0 @.@ 1 % by mass , or 10 − 15 % by volume ) .
Dust and small grains within a plasma will also pick up a net negative charge , so that they in turn may act like a very heavy negative ion component of the plasma ( see dusty plasmas ) .
= = Complex plasma phenomena = =
Although the underlying equations governing plasmas are relatively simple , plasma behavior is extraordinarily varied and subtle : the emergence of unexpected behavior from a simple model is a typical feature of a complex system . Such systems lie in some sense on the boundary between ordered and disordered behavior and cannot typically be described either by simple , smooth , mathematical functions , or by pure randomness . The spontaneous formation of interesting spatial features on a wide range of length scales is one manifestation of plasma complexity . The features are interesting , for example , because they are very sharp , spatially intermittent ( the distance between features is much larger than the features themselves ) , or have a fractal form . Many of these features were first studied in the laboratory , and have subsequently been recognized throughout the universe . Examples of complexity and complex structures in plasmas include :
= = = Filamentation = = =
Striations or string @-@ like structures , also known as birkeland currents , are seen in many plasmas , like the plasma ball , the aurora , lightning , electric arcs , solar flares , and supernova remnants . They are sometimes associated with larger current densities , and the interaction with the magnetic field can form a magnetic rope structure . High power microwave breakdown at atmospheric pressure also leads to the formation of filamentary structures . ( See also Plasma pinch )
Filamentation also refers to the self @-@ focusing of a high power laser pulse . At high powers , the nonlinear part of the index of refraction becomes important and causes a higher index of refraction in the center of the laser beam , where the laser is brighter than at the edges , causing a feedback that focuses the laser even more . The tighter focused laser has a higher peak brightness ( irradiance ) that forms a plasma . The plasma has an index of refraction lower than one , and causes a defocusing of the laser beam . The interplay of the focusing index of refraction , and the defocusing plasma makes the formation of a long filament of plasma that can be micrometers to kilometers in length . One interesting aspect of the filamentation generated plasma is the relatively low ion density due to defocusing effects of the ionized electrons . ( See also Filament propagation )
= = = Shocks or double layers = = =
Plasma properties change rapidly ( within a few Debye lengths ) across a two @-@ dimensional sheet in the presence of a ( moving ) shock or ( stationary ) double layer . Double layers involve localized charge separation , which causes a large potential difference across the layer , but does not generate an electric field outside the layer . Double layers separate adjacent plasma regions with different physical characteristics , and are often found in current carrying plasmas . They accelerate both ions and electrons .
= = = Electric fields and circuits = = =
Quasineutrality of a plasma requires that plasma currents close on themselves in electric circuits . Such circuits follow Kirchhoff 's circuit laws and possess a resistance and inductance . These circuits must generally be treated as a strongly coupled system , with the behavior in each plasma region dependent on the entire circuit . It is this strong coupling between system elements , together with nonlinearity , which may lead to complex behavior . Electrical circuits in plasmas store inductive ( magnetic ) energy , and should the circuit be disrupted , for example , by a plasma instability , the inductive energy will be released as plasma heating and acceleration . This is a common explanation for the heating that takes place in the solar corona . Electric currents , and in particular , magnetic @-@ field @-@ aligned electric currents ( which are sometimes generically referred to as " Birkeland currents " ) , are also observed in the Earth 's aurora , and in plasma filaments .
= = = Cellular structure = = =
Narrow sheets with sharp gradients may separate regions with different properties such as magnetization , density and temperature , resulting in cell @-@ like regions . Examples include the magnetosphere , heliosphere , and heliospheric current sheet . Hannes Alfvén wrote : " From the cosmological point of view , the most important new space research discovery is probably the cellular structure of space . As has been seen in every region of space accessible to in situ measurements , there are a number of ' cell walls ' , sheets of electric currents , which divide space into compartments with different magnetization , temperature , density , etc . "
= = = Critical ionization velocity = = =
The critical ionization velocity is the relative velocity between an ionized plasma and a neutral gas , above which a runaway ionization process takes place . The critical ionization process is a quite general mechanism for the conversion of the kinetic energy of a rapidly streaming gas into ionization and plasma thermal energy . Critical phenomena in general are typical of complex systems , and may lead to sharp spatial or temporal features .
= = = Ultracold plasma = = =
Ultracold plasmas are created in a magneto @-@ optical trap ( MOT ) by trapping and cooling neutral atoms , to temperatures of 1 mK or lower , and then using another laser to ionize the atoms by giving each of the outermost electrons just enough energy to escape the electrical attraction of its parent ion .
One advantage of ultracold plasmas are their well characterized and tunable initial conditions , including their size and electron temperature . By adjusting the wavelength of the ionizing laser , the kinetic energy of the liberated electrons can be tuned as low as 0 @.@ 1 K , a limit set by the frequency bandwidth of the laser pulse . The ions inherit the millikelvin temperatures of the neutral atoms , but are quickly heated through a process known as disorder induced heating ( DIH ) . This type of non @-@ equilibrium ultracold plasma evolves rapidly , and displays many other interesting phenomena .
One of the metastable states of a strongly nonideal plasma is Rydberg matter , which forms upon condensation of excited atoms .
= = = Non @-@ neutral plasma = = =
The strength and range of the electric force and the good conductivity of plasmas usually ensure that the densities of positive and negative charges in any sizeable region are equal ( " quasineutrality " ) . A plasma with a significant excess of charge density , or , in the extreme case , is composed of a single species , is called a non @-@ neutral plasma . In such a plasma , electric fields play a dominant role . Examples are charged particle beams , an electron cloud in a Penning trap and positron plasmas .
= = = Dusty plasma / grain plasma = = =
A dusty plasma contains tiny charged particles of dust ( typically found in space ) . The dust particles acquire high charges and interact with each other . A plasma that contains larger particles is called grain plasma . Under laboratory conditions , dusty plasmas are also called complex plasmas .
= = = Impermeable plasma = = =
Impermeable plasma is a type of thermal plasma which acts like an impermeable solid with respect to gas or cold plasma and can be physically pushed . Interaction of cold gas and thermal plasma was briefly studied by a group led by Hannes Alfvén in 1960s and 1970s for its possible applications in insulation of fusion plasma from the reactor walls . However , later it was found that the external magnetic fields in this configuration could induce kink instabilities in the plasma and subsequently lead to an unexpectedly high heat loss to the walls . In 2013 , a group of materials scientists reported that they have successfully generated stable impermeable plasma with no magnetic confinement using only an ultrahigh @-@ pressure blanket of cold gas . While spectroscopic data on the characteristics of plasma were claimed to be difficult to obtain due to the high pressure , the passive effect of plasma on synthesis of different nanostructures clearly suggested the effective confinement . They also showed that upon maintaining the impermeability for a few tens of seconds , screening of ions at the plasma @-@ gas interface could give rise to a strong secondary mode of heating ( known as viscous heating ) leading to different kinetics of reactions and formation of complex nanomaterials .
= = Mathematical descriptions = =
To completely describe the state of a plasma , we would need to write down all the particle locations and velocities and describe the electromagnetic field in the plasma region . However , it is generally not practical or necessary to keep track of all the particles in a plasma . Therefore , plasma physicists commonly use less detailed descriptions , of which there are two main types :
= = = Fluid model = = =
Fluid models describe plasmas in terms of smoothed quantities , like density and averaged velocity around each position ( see Plasma parameters ) . One simple fluid model , magnetohydrodynamics , treats the plasma as a single fluid governed by a combination of Maxwell 's equations and the Navier – Stokes equations . A more general description is the two @-@ fluid plasma picture , where the ions and electrons are described separately . Fluid models are often accurate when collisionality is sufficiently high to keep the plasma velocity distribution close to a Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution . Because fluid models usually describe the plasma in terms of a single flow at a certain temperature at each spatial location , they can neither capture velocity space structures like beams or double layers , nor resolve wave @-@ particle effects .
= = = Kinetic model = = =
Kinetic models describe the particle velocity distribution function at each point in the plasma and therefore do not need to assume a Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution . A kinetic description is often necessary for collisionless plasmas . There are two common approaches to kinetic description of a plasma . One is based on representing the smoothed distribution function on a grid in velocity and position . The other , known as the particle @-@ in @-@ cell ( PIC ) technique , includes kinetic information by following the trajectories of a large number of individual particles . Kinetic models are generally more computationally intensive than fluid models . The Vlasov equation may be used to describe the dynamics of a system of charged particles interacting with an electromagnetic field . In magnetized plasmas , a gyrokinetic approach can substantially reduce the computational expense of a fully kinetic simulation .
= = Artificial plasmas = =
Most artificial plasmas are generated by the application of electric and / or magnetic fields through a gas . Plasma generated in a laboratory setting and for industrial use can be generally categorized by :
The type of power source used to generate the plasma — DC , RF and microwave
The pressure they operate at — vacuum pressure ( < 10 mTorr or 1 Pa ) , moderate pressure ( ~ 1 Torr or 100 Pa ) , atmospheric pressure ( 760 Torr or 100 kPa )
The degree of ionization within the plasma — fully , partially , or weakly ionized
The temperature relationships within the plasma — thermal plasma ( <formula> ) , non @-@ thermal or " cold " plasma ( <formula> )
The electrode configuration used to generate the plasma
The magnetization of the particles within the plasma — magnetized ( both ion and electrons are trapped in Larmor orbits by the magnetic field ) , partially magnetized ( the electrons but not the ions are trapped by the magnetic field ) , non @-@ magnetized ( the magnetic field is too weak to trap the particles in orbits but may generate Lorentz forces )
= = = Generation of artificial plasma = = =
Just like the many uses of plasma , there are several means for its generation , however , one principle is common to all of them : there must be energy input to produce and sustain it . For this case , plasma is generated when an electric current is applied across a dielectric gas or fluid ( an electrically non @-@ conducting material ) as can be seen in the image to the right , which shows a discharge tube as a simple example ( DC used for simplicity ) .
The potential difference and subsequent electric field pull the bound electrons ( negative ) toward the anode ( positive electrode ) while the cathode ( negative electrode ) pulls the nucleus . As the voltage increases , the current stresses the material ( by electric polarization ) beyond its dielectric limit ( termed strength ) into a stage of electrical breakdown , marked by an electric spark , where the material transforms from being an insulator into a conductor ( as it becomes increasingly ionized ) . The underlying process is the Townsend avalanche , where collisions between electrons and neutral gas atoms create more ions and electrons ( as can be seen in the figure on the right ) . The first impact of an electron on an atom results in one ion and two electrons . Therefore , the number of charged particles increases rapidly ( in the millions ) only " after about 20 successive sets of collisions " , mainly due to a small mean free path ( average distance travelled between collisions ) .
= = = = Electric arc = = = =
With ample current density and ionization , this forms a luminous electric arc ( a continuous electric discharge similar to lightning ) between the electrodes . Electrical resistance along the continuous electric arc creates heat , which dissociates more gas molecules and ionizes the resulting atoms ( where degree of ionization is determined by temperature ) , and as per the sequence : solid @-@ liquid @-@ gas @-@ plasma , the gas is gradually turned into a thermal plasma . A thermal plasma is in thermal equilibrium , which is to say that the temperature is relatively homogeneous throughout the heavy particles ( i.e. atoms , molecules and ions ) and electrons . This is so because when thermal plasmas are generated , electrical energy is given to electrons , which , due to their great mobility and large numbers , are able to disperse it rapidly and by elastic collision ( without energy loss ) to the heavy particles .
= = = Examples of industrial / commercial plasma = = =
Because of their sizable temperature and density ranges , plasmas find applications in many fields of research , technology and industry . For example , in : industrial and extractive metallurgy , surface treatments such as plasma spraying ( coating ) , etching in microelectronics , metal cutting and welding ; as well as in everyday vehicle exhaust cleanup and fluorescent / luminescent lamps , while even playing a part in supersonic combustion engines for aerospace engineering .
= = = = Low @-@ pressure discharges = = = =
Glow discharge plasmas : non @-@ thermal plasmas generated by the application of DC or low frequency RF ( < 100 kHz ) electric field to the gap between two metal electrodes . Probably the most common plasma ; this is the type of plasma generated within fluorescent light tubes .
Capacitively coupled plasma ( CCP ) : similar to glow discharge plasmas , but generated with high frequency RF electric fields , typically 13 @.@ 56 MHz . These differ from glow discharges in that the sheaths are much less intense . These are widely used in the microfabrication and integrated circuit manufacturing industries for plasma etching and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition .
Cascaded Arc Plasma Source : a device to produce low temperature ( ~ 1eV ) high density plasmas ( HDP ) .
Inductively coupled plasma ( ICP ) : similar to a CCP and with similar applications but the electrode consists of a coil wrapped around the chamber where plasma is formed .
Wave heated plasma : similar to CCP and ICP in that it is typically RF ( or microwave ) . Examples include helicon discharge and electron cyclotron resonance ( ECR ) .
= = = = Atmospheric pressure = = = =
Arc discharge : this is a high power thermal discharge of very high temperature ( ~ 10 @,@ 000 K ) . It can be generated using various power supplies . It is commonly used in metallurgical processes . For example , it is used to smelt minerals containing Al2O3 to produce aluminium .
Corona discharge : this is a non @-@ thermal discharge generated by the application of high voltage to sharp electrode tips . It is commonly used in ozone generators and particle precipitators .
Dielectric barrier discharge ( DBD ) : this is a non @-@ thermal discharge generated by the application of high voltages across small gaps wherein a non @-@ conducting coating prevents the transition of the plasma discharge into an arc . It is often mislabeled ' Corona ' discharge in industry and has similar application to corona discharges . It is also widely used in the web treatment of fabrics . The application of the discharge to synthetic fabrics and plastics functionalizes the surface and allows for paints , glues and similar materials to adhere .
Capacitive discharge : this is a nonthermal plasma generated by the application of RF power ( e.g. , 13 @.@ 56 MHz ) to one powered electrode , with a grounded electrode held at a small separation distance on the order of 1 cm . Such discharges are commonly stabilized using a noble gas such as helium or argon .
" Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma : " is a nonthermal plasma generated at the high @-@ side of a piezoelectric transformer ( PT ) . This generation variant is particularly suited for high efficient and compact devices where a separate high voltage power supply is not desired .
= = History = =
Plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube , and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 ( he called it " radiant matter " ) . The nature of the Crookes tube " cathode ray " matter was subsequently identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897 . The term " plasma " was coined by Irving Langmuir in 1928 , perhaps because the glowing discharge molds itself to the shape of the Crookes tube ( Gr. πλάσμα – a thing moulded or formed ) . Langmuir described his observations as :
Except near the electrodes , where there are sheaths containing very few electrons , the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small . We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons .
= = Research = =
Plasmas are the object of study of the academic field of plasma science or plasma physics , including sub @-@ disciplines such as space plasma physics . There are multiple journals devoted to the subject ( see list ) . It involves the following fields of active research ( see also list of articles ) :
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= Neaira ( hetaera ) =
Neaira ( / nɪˈaɪrə / ; Greek : Νέαιρα ) , also Neaera ( / nɪˈɪərə / ) , was a hetaera who lived in the 4th century BC in ancient Greece . She was brought to trial between 343 and 340 BC , accused of marrying an Athenian citizen illegally and misrepresenting her daughter as an Athenian citizen .
The speech made against Neaira in this trial by Apollodorus is preserved as Demosthenes ' fifty @-@ ninth speech , though the speech is often attributed to Pseudo @-@ Demosthenes , who seems to have worked on many of the speeches given by Apollodorus . The speech provides more details than any other about prostitutes of antiquity , and consequently a great deal of information about sex trade in the ancient Greek city @-@ states ( poleis ) .
= = Speech Against Neaira = =
The speech Against Neaira is the source of most of the details of Neaira 's biography . It concerns a case brought against Neaira when she was about fifty by Apollodorus ' son @-@ in @-@ law Theomnestus , though apart from a brief introduction of the case given by Theomnestus , Apollodorus delivered the entirety of the speech . The case revolves around the accusation that Neaira , a foreigner , married an Athenian citizen , and that she was attempting to pass off her own children as Athenian citizens .
While the speech revolves around the life of Neaira , this is of little importance to the substance of the accusations . The details seem to be part of the speech in the hope that the salacious accusations will hide the weakness of Apollodorus ' case . The accuracy of the evidence given in the speech has been questioned , and is known to contain both lies and inaccuracies . Despite this , the speech tells us much about the life of an accomplished hetaera , and is extremely valuable to historians as a source on women 's lives in classical Greece . Indeed , it is our most reliable extant source on prostitution in the classical world , and one of our best sources on women 's lives and gender relations in general for the period .
= = Biography = =
= = = Life with Nikarete = = =
Neaira was probably born in the first decade of the fourth century BC . Her place of birth is unknown , and the earliest event in her life that we know of is her purchase when she was a young girl by Nikarete . Nikarete trained the girls she purchased to be hetaerae , calling them her daughters in order to increase the price her customers would pay , and lived with them in Corinth .
Neaira 's work as a prostitute started before she reached puberty . She is twice described by Apollodorus as having sex for money before she came of age , though possibly due to her age he implies that she was not yet a hetaera . During this time , the orator Lysias was a prominent guest in Nikarete 's brothel and a regular customer of Metaneira , another of Nikarete 's girls . In order to reward her for her services , he arranged for her to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries , and funded the journey . Neaira was at this time about twelve or thirteen , and Nikarete accompanied them . Neaira visited Athens again for the Great Panathenaea of 378 , this time accompanying Simus of Thessaly , a young aristocrat .
= = = Leaving Nikarete and Corinth = = =
Around 376 BC , Timanoridas of Corinth and Eukrates of Lefkada paid thirty minae to purchase Neaira from Nikarete , at the high end of prices for hetaerae . When the men married , they agreed to let Neaira buy her freedom for twenty minae , which , with the aid of gifts and loans from her former customers , she did . As part of this deal , Neaira agreed to no longer work as a prostitute in Corinth , and so left the city for Athens with Phrynion , who had helped her buy her freedom .
Neaira was certainly living with Phrynion in Athens by 373 BC , when he took her to a feast given by the general Chabrias to celebrate his victory in the Pythian Games . During this celebration , Apollodorus says , Neaira was sexually assaulted by the guests and slaves of Chabrias while she was drunk and asleep . Due to this and other mistreatment by Phrynion , in 372 BC Neaira left his household and went to Megara , taking with her her clothing and jewellery , two maids , and other possessions belonging to Phrynion .
= = = Life with Stephanus = = =
In Megara , Neaira continued to work as a hetaera , and in 371 met Stephanus . Stephanus offered to act as her patron if she returned with him to Athens . Apollodorus claims that with her she brought two sons and a daughter to Athens , but modern commentators have largely concluded that the sons in question were in fact those of Stephanus , by an Athenian woman . Indeed , Christopher Carey points out that one of the sons , at least , was probably a legitimate son of Stephanus , being named after his father , and John Buckler notes that Apollodorus contradicts himself on whether Neaira 's alleged sons were hers by another man , or hers by Stephanus .
Phrynion learnt that Neaira was back in Athens , and attempted to take her back from Stephanus . Stephanus resisted , claiming that as Neaira was a free woman he had no right ; a claim which Phrynion proceeded to challenge in court , though he was persuaded to settle the case by arbitration instead . The arbitrators decided that Neaira was indeed free , and that in addition to this she was her own kyria ( mistress ) ; this was an extremely unusual decision in a society where all citizen women , at least , had a kyrios ( master ) . Despite this unusual level of freedom , however , Neaira was compelled to split her time between the two men as they agreed , without any input herself .
= = = Trial = = =
Sometime between 343 and 340 BC , Neaira was brought to trial by Theomnestus on behalf of his father @-@ in @-@ law Apollodorus , accused of xenias ( representing herself as a citizen when in fact she was not ) . If she was convicted , the maximum penalty Neaira faced was being sold into slavery and having her property sold . Neaira herself would not have been permitted to speak at her trial , though she was probably present .
The only surviving record of the trial is the speech given by Theomnestus and Apollodorus against Neaira and Stephanus , and the outcome is unknown . No records of Neaira exist after the trial . Modern commentators have noted the weaknesses in Apollodorus ' arguments , though as the outcome of an Athenian trial depended heavily on what the parties involved could persuade the jury to accept , and how much of their dishonesty they could get away with , we cannot say for certain that the suit failed .
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= Serranus Clinton Hastings =
Serranus Clinton Hastings ( November 22 , 1814 – February 18 , 1893 ) was a 19th @-@ century politician , rancher and a prominent lawyer in the United States . He studied law as a young man and moved to the Iowa District in 1837 to open a law office . Iowa became a territory a year later , and he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Iowa Territorial General Assembly . When the territory became the state of Iowa in 1846 , he won an election to represent the state in the United States House of Representatives . After his term ended , he became Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court . He resigned after one year in office and moved to California . He was appointed to the California Supreme Court as Chief Justice a few months later . He won an election to be Attorney General of California , and assumed office shortly after his term as Chief Justice ended . He began practicing law again as Attorney General . He earned a small fortune with his law practice and used that fortune to finance his successful real estate venture . In 1878 , he founded the Hastings College of the Law with a donation of US $ 100 @,@ 000 .
= = Early life = =
Hastings was born in Watertown , Jefferson County , New York , on November 22 , 1814 to Robert Collins Hastings and Patience Brayton . Robert Collins Hastings was a good friend and supporter of DeWitt Clinton , whom Serranus gets his middle name from . When Robert died in 1824 , the family moved to St. Lawrence County , New York . He completed a six @-@ year course at Gouverneur Academy , and in 1834 , he became taught and became the principal at Norwich Academy , located in Chenango County , New York . He introduced the Hamiltonian system of instruction and the Angletean system of mathematics to the academy . In 1835 , he resigned from his position at the academy to study law .
Hastings began to study law with Charles Thorpe , Esq . , of Norwich . After a few months of study , he decided to move to Lawrenceburg , Indiana . He completed his legal studies there with Daniel S. Majors , Esq . He did not immediately enter the practice of law and instead became an editor of the Indiana Signal , where he supported Martin Van Buren in his presidential campaign . He moved to Terre Haute , Indiana , in December 1836 and underwent a legal examination by Judge Porters of the Circuit Court .
= = Career = =
In January 1837 , Hastings moved to the Iowa District , which was part of the Wisconsin Territory . He settled in Burlington for a short time and then moved to Bloomington , which would later become Muscatine , Iowa . He was examined by Judge Irwin , was admitted to the bar , and opened a law office . Shortly after this , he was commissioned Justice of the Peace by Wisconsin Territorial Governor Henry Dodge . He had jurisdiction over the 90 miles between Burlington , Iowa , and Davenport , Iowa , the western boundary was undefined . He only had one case to deal with : a man accused of stealing US $ 30 from a citizen and $ 3 from the court . He found the man guilty and sentenced him to be tied to an oak tree , receive 33 lashes across his back , be transported across the Mississippi River to Illinois , and be banished from the territory forever . When Iowa Territory was organized in 1838 , he won an election to represent Muscatine County , Louisa County , and Slaughter County in the House of Representatives of the Iowa Territorial General Assembly . He served from November 12 , 1838 , to January 25 , 1839 . He was reelected to that position in 1839 , this time representing Muscatine County and Johnson County from November 4 , 1839 , to January 14 , 1840 . In 1840 , a border conflict with Missouri called the Honey War took place . He received the military title of Major and helped capture a sheriff . No battle took place , and the two states compromised on the border issue .
Hastings married Azalea Brodt on June 10 , 1840 , in Muscatine , Iowa . They had two children while living in Muscatine , Marshall and Clara L. He was elected to the Legislative Council that year , representing Muscatine County and Johnson County again , and served from November 3 , 1840 to January 15 , 1841 . He was re @-@ elected the following year , and served from December 6 , 1841 to February 18 , 1842 . He was not elected to the Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies . He was elected President of the Legislative Council for the Seventh General Assembly , and also represented Muscatine County and Johnson County on the council . He served from May 5 , 1845 to June 11 , 1845 . He was elected to the council for the Eight General Assembly , which was also the final one since Iowa was to become a state on December 28 , 1846 . He represented the same counties he had previously , and served from December 1 , 1845 to January 19 , 1846 . During his time on the Legislative Council he helped compile the " Blue Book " of Iowa laws . It became known as the " Old Blue Book " and was the first legal code for the Iowa , Nebraska , Dakota , and Montana Territories .
In 1846 , Hastings was nominated to represent Iowa at large in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat . On December 29 , 1846 , he was elected over the Whig candidate G. C. R. Mitchell . He was the second youngest member serving in Congress at that time . He served during the second session of the 29th United States Congress , which ended on March 3 , 1847 . Close to a year after his term ended as a member of the House of Representatives , Governor Ansel Briggs appointed him as the third Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court . He started his term on January 26 , 1848 , and resigned on January 14 , 1849 to move to California , his family deciding to stay in Iowa .
Hastings settled in Benicia , California , and a few months later , California legislature selected him to be the first Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court . He started his term on December 20 , 1849 , but the court did not assemble until March 4 , 1850 . In 1851 , his family moved from Iowa to live with him in California . During his term as Chief Justice he ran for the office of Attorney General of California . Elections were held on September 3 , 1851 , and he won with 52 @.@ 2 % of the votes . The Whig candidate , William D. Fair , received the rest of the votes . His term as Chief Justice ended in December 1851 , and he assumed office as Attorney General on January 5 , 1852 . While serving as Attorney General , he could practice law as well , something he could not do as Chief Justice . The wealth he earned during this time became the foundation of the larger fortune he would later earn in real estate . He ended his two @-@ year term on January 2 , 1854 .
= = Later life = =
Hastings continued to practice law after his term as Attorney General ended , and also became a member of the Henley , Hastings & Co. bank firm located in Sacramento , California . The banking firm failed , with little loss to him though . Around 1857 , he left professional life , and started investing in real estate . He and his wife had seven more children after this : Charles Foster Dio . , Douglas , Uhler , Robert Paul , Flora Azalea , Ella , and Lillie . He gradually acquired around one hundred lots of real estate in San Francisco , and bought large tracts of land in Solano , Napa , Lake , and Sacramento counties . In 1861 , he put up many four @-@ room buildings in the south side of San Francisco for the poor with the money he earned in real estate . The rent was $ 10 a month , and as a business venture it was a success . By 1862 , he was worth $ 900 @,@ 000 , which was largely attributed to his real estate investments . In 1865 , he traveled to Europe ; four years later he accompanied William H. Seward to view the recently purchased territory of Alaska . Hastings College of Law , the law department of the University of California , was founded on March 28 , 1878 with his donation of $ 100 @,@ 000 . The college offered him the position of dean and he accepted the offer . He was professor of comparative jurisprudence at the college as well , a position he held until 1887 . He helped establish St. Catherine Academy in Benicia , California , with a donation of $ 6 @,@ 000 . He also helped publish two volumes of the botany of the Pacific coast . His contribution to botany would later be recognized by having the plant genus Hastingsia named after him .
Hastings died at the age of 78 on February 18 , 1893 in San Francisco , California . He was buried at St. Helena Public Cemetery in St. Helena , California .
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= Datchet Bridge =
Datchet Bridge , also known as The Divided Bridge , was a road bridge which crossed the River Thames at Datchet from 1706 until it was demolished in 1848 . It was situated on the reach between Old Windsor Lock and Romney Lock and linked Windsor on the Berkshire bank to Datchet on the Buckinghamshire side . The bridge replaced a ferry service which had operated at the site since at least the middle of the 13th century .
The first Datchet Bridge was a wooden bridge commissioned by Queen Anne as the crossing was a convenient back @-@ way to Windsor Castle . Responsibility for the upkeep and maintenance of the crossing later passed to the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire over whose boundary the bridge spanned . There followed many decades of dispute between the counties over who should pay for what . This culminated in 1836 with each county deciding to build their own half , in different materials and not touching in the middle . The resulting " crazy erection " , Buckinghamshire 's side in wood and Berkshire 's in iron , known as The Divided Bridge , was demolished in 1848 and is the only case on the Thames where an established bridge crossing site has completely disappeared .
= = Background = =
Datchet on the north bank of the River Thames has existed as a settlement since before 990 but the first recorded mention of a river crossing is in 1224 when Henry III gave John le Passir a " great oak " with which to make a boat for " passage of Datchet " . In 1278 Edward I paid for William of Eton to a build a " great barge " for Datchet Ferry . Although the Crown had provided for the vessels , the right to operate the ferry and collect tolls sat with the Lord of the Manor of Datchet . This continued until 1680 when the then Lord of the Manor , Colonel Andrew Pitcairn Wheeler , sold the Manor of Datchet to Budd Wase but kept back the ferry rights which he subsequently mortgaged for £ 1000 ( equivalent to £ 146 @,@ 000 today ) . In 1699 Wheeler wrote to William III complaining that a wall built by the King along the Windsor bank was adversely affecting the ferry trade . To settle the complaint the Crown purchased the ferry rights from Colonel Wheeler for £ 7000 ( equivalent to £ 883 @,@ 000 today ) .
The crossing was important to the Crown as the road through Datchet and across the Thames provided a convenient short route from London to Windsor Castle and the ferry was much used by Royalty and courtiers . Privy Purse records show two payments from Elizabeth of York to the Datchet ferryman in 1502 and similarly from Princess Mary in 1522 and her father Henry VIII between 1530 and 1532 . In Elias Ashmole 's account of the 1520 Procession of the order of the Garter he describes how Queen Catherine after watching the procession returned to Windsor Castle from Colnbrook by way of " the fery [ sic ] next way to the castle . " The ferry however did not always provide a quick and efficient service . In 1678 the ferryman , Matthew Hale , received a formal rebuke from Charles II 's Secretary of State , Henry Coventry , for unduly delaying a Royal Messenger . Coventry warned Hale in no uncertain terms :
Despite Coventry 's warning Royal dissatisfaction with the inefficient service provided by the Hale Family , who by 1706 had kept the ferry for over 150 years , continued to grow . This culminated in the decision by Queen Anne to provide a fixed bridge crossing on the site .
= = Queen Anne 's bridge = =
In 1706 a wooden bridge was built by order of Queen Anne to replace the ferry between Datchet , Buckinghamshire and Windsor , Berkshire . It was made of oak provided by the Surveyor General of Woods South of the Trent , Edward Wilcox , who was ordered to fell " sufficient non @-@ navy timber " from the Royal forest " for the better convenience of our passage from our Castle at Windsor " . The building work was supervised by the Surveyor General , Samuel Travers and the final cost was £ 1000 ( equivalent to £ 151 @,@ 000 today ) The better convenience of passage was further enhanced by Queen Anne 's intimate friend Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough and her husband the first Duke who then lived at Langley and who had a carriage drive built from their house , over the bridge and on to Windsor Castle .
Unlike the upstream toll bridges at Windsor and Maidenhead , the crossing at Datchet was toll @-@ free for both River and road and quickly became a popular crossing . Seeking compensation for loss of income on their bridges , the corporations of Windsor and Maidenhead made claims to the Treasury . In 1708 Windsor was granted an ex @-@ gratia payment of £ 55 ( equivalent to £ 8300 today ) plus £ 25 and £ 20 to two tenants ( equivalent to £ 3600 and £ 2900 respectively ) . Maidenhead 's complaint , not made until 1714 , was noted but no compensation paid .
The bridge was initially maintained by the Crown which paid £ 800 ( equivalent to £ 115 @,@ 000 today ) for repairs in 1737 and in 1770 replaced the original all @-@ wood structure with a bridge of ten wooden arches on stone piers . By 1794 the bridge was " absolutely dangerous for carriages to pass over it and a stone one [ was ] now in contemplation . " Later the same year the central arches of the new bridge collapsed during heavy flooding and King George III deciding that he did not wish to finance the rebuilding instead instated a temporary free ferry . There followed many years of wrangling between the Crown and the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire over who should bear the cost of the building and maintenance of the bridge as the county boundary ran down the centre of the channel of the Thames thus cutting the bridge in half . The matter was forced by the intervention of John Richards , the Rector of Datchet who was also a lawyer ; Richards took legal action and the resulting judgement from the King 's Bench in 1809 was that the two counties must equally share the rebuilding costs , a total of £ 2 @,@ 375 each ( equivalent to £ 155 @,@ 400 today ) . The counties , forced to co @-@ operate , built a new wooden bridge on the old stone piers which was opened by Queen Charlotte and Princess Elizabeth on 4 December 1812 .
= = The Divided Bridge = =
The co @-@ operation was short @-@ lived and arguments over maintenance started again in 1834 when the Buckinghamshire side needed repairs and Berkshire refused to contribute . Lack of maintenance led to the bridge collapsing once more in 1836 and the counties came up with the unique solution of each building their own half . Buckinghamshire decided to rebuild with wooden railings whilst Berkshire built its half in iron suspended by chains . Kelly 's Directory of 1847 noted :
" Datchet is separated from Windsor by the river Thames , over which is a very singular bridge ; one half of it is kept in repair by the county of Bucks and the other half by Berks . The former has a wooden railing and the latter an iron one , suspended by chains , but neither the Bucks nor Berks sides touch each other . "
Even during the building the counties would not work together and had to be ordered by the Lord Chancellor to " proceed in such a manner as not to impede each other " . Consequently when the bridge was finished the two sides did not touch in the middle with Berkshire 's final span being cantilevered out from the last Berkshire stone pier thus needing no support from the Buckinghamshire side . The result was an unsatisfactory , ungainly structure , sarcastically noted on opening as having " scarce a bridge upon the River Thames which surpasses it " . The centre gap was apparent during the Divided Bridge 's whole lifetime and lacking structural integrity the " hideous monstrosity " quickly became unsafe :
" It was no wonder that when Wombwell took his caravans across the crazy erection , the elephant @-@ van broke through and the beast in it nearly came to an untimely end . "
The dispute between the counties was resolved once and for all in 1848 when the Windsor Improvement Act 1848 decreed the dismantling of the Divided Bridge and the building of two new road bridges , Victoria Bridge slightly upstream , and Albert Bridge slightly downstream . Both new bridges opened in 1851 . Once the Divided Bridge was demolished the old Windsor to Datchet road was rerouted over Victoria Bridge and the Berkshire side became part of the private grounds of Windsor Castle . This is the only case on the entire Thames where a main bridge crossing has completely disappeared .
= = Legacy = =
A small plaque erected by the Datchet Parish Council in 2000 is the only reminder of the Divided Bridge . Datchet High Street which once continued on over the bridge to Berkshire ends abruptly at the Thames and the bank on the Buckinghamshire side is now occupied by a marina car park . The Crown and Angel public house on the Berkshire bank depicted in many of the contemporary drawings of the bridge was demolished at the same time as the bridge ; a Victorian estate cottage now stands its place .
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= M @-@ 137 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 137 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that serves as a spur route to the Interlochen Center for the Arts and Interlochen State Park . It starts at south of the park and runs north between two lakes in the area and through the community of Interlochen to US Highway 31 ( US 31 ) in Grand Traverse County . The highway was first shown without a number label on maps in 1930 and labelled after an extension the next year . The highway 's current routing was established in the 1950s .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 137 at the south of Interlochen State Park at an intersection with Vagabond Lane . Farther south , the roadway continues as County Road 137 ( CR 137 ) . The state highway is a two @-@ lane road that meanders north , connecting to the front gate of the state park and the Interlochen Center for the Arts . The road runs along the isthmus between Green and Duck lakes north of the Green Lake Airport . North of the school , the highway passes through a wooded section before entering the community of Interlochen itself near the Green Lake Township Hall . There M @-@ 137 runs almost due north , crossing a line of the Great Lakes Central Railroad before terminating at its connection with the rest of the state trunkline system at US 31 at Interlochen Corners . The roadway continues north of US 31 as South Long Lake Road after the M @-@ 137 designation ends .
M @-@ 137 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that 4 @,@ 868 vehicles used the highway daily . No section of M @-@ 137 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
A highway along the route of M @-@ 137 connecting US 31 south to the state park was added to the state highway system during the first half of 1930 , initially lacking a designation label on the state maps of the time . This routing was extended by 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) and labelled as M @-@ 137 on maps in 1931 . The former route through the campus of the Interlochen Center for the Arts was abandoned as a roadway on March 26 , 1956 , after M @-@ 137 was realigned to pass to the east of the school and extended further south through the state park area .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Grand Traverse County .
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= Henry Burrell ( admiral ) =
Vice Admiral Sir Henry Mackay Burrell , KBE , CB ( 13 August 1904 – 9 February 1988 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . He served as Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) from 1959 to 1962 . Born in the Blue Mountains , Burrell entered the Royal Australian Naval College in 1918 as a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old cadet . His first posting at sea was aboard the cruiser HMAS Sydney . During the 1920s and 1930s , Burrell served for several years on exchange with the Royal Navy , specialising as a navigator . Following the outbreak of World War II , he filled a key liaison post with the US Navy , and later saw action as commander of the destroyer HMAS Norman , earning a mention in despatches .
Promoted captain in 1946 , Burrell played a major role in the formation of the RAN 's Fleet Air Arm , before commanding the flagship HMAS Australia in 1948 – 49 . He captained the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance in 1953 – 54 , and was twice Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet , in 1955 – 56 and 1958 . Burrell was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1955 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1959 . As CNS , he began a major program of acquisitions for the Navy , including new helicopters , minesweepers , submarines and guided @-@ missile destroyers . He also acted to reverse a plan by the government of the day to dismantle the Fleet Air Arm . Knighted in 1960 , Burrell retired to his farm near Canberra in 1962 and published his memoirs , Mermaids Do Exist , in 1986 . He died two years later , aged eighty @-@ three .
= = Early career = =
Henry Mackay Burrell was born at Wentworth Falls , in the Blue Mountains district of New South Wales . He was the third child and only son of schoolteacher Thomas Burrell and his wife Eliza . Henry 's father , who had emigrated from England , joined the Australian Imperial Force at the age of fifty @-@ five during World War I , seeing active service in Egypt . His grandfather and great @-@ grandfather had served in the Royal Navy . Henry attended Parramatta High School before entering the Royal Australian Naval College , Jervis Bay , on 1 January 1918 , at the age of thirteen . A keen sportsman , he competed in rugby union , tennis and hockey , winning colours for hockey . Burrell graduated from the college in 1921 and became a midshipman the next year . He went to sea first aboard the light cruiser HMAS Sydney and then the destroyer HMAS Stalwart . Posted to the United Kingdom for further training in 1924 , he served on the light cruiser HMS Caledon and the battleship HMS Malaya . In April 1925 , he was promoted to sub @-@ lieutenant , rising to lieutenant by July 1926 .
After attending a Royal Navy course in 1930 , Burrell became a specialist navigator , and saw service aboard the minesweeper HMS Pangbourne , destroyers HMAS Tattoo and Stuart , and cruiser HMAS Brisbane . He married Margaret MacKay at Scots ' Church , Melbourne , on 27 December 1933 . Burrell was promoted to lieutenant commander in July 1934 , and graduated from an advanced navigation course the following year .
Burrell served on exchange with the Royal Navy as navigator aboard the cruisers HMS Coventry and HMS Devonshire , the latter during her tour of duty in the Spanish Civil War . Described as being " egalitarian " and " approachable " , his familiarity with ratings earned him the criticism of Devonshire 's captain ; Burrell however believed that a close relationship between officers and men was necessary for the smooth running of a ship . After completing the Royal Navy 's staff course in 1938 , he returned to Australia and was appointed staff officer ( operations ) at the Navy Office , Melbourne , in March 1939 . It was Burrell 's first shore @-@ based position , and he spent the next four months bringing naval sections of the War Book ( preparations for war ) up to date .
= = World War II = =
Burrell was still based at the Navy Office when World War II broke out in September 1939 . A reorganisation of the headquarters in May 1940 saw him promoted to commander and given the new role of Director of Operations , overseeing troop convoys and their air cover , local defence , and staffing issues . Burrell 's " full knowledge of Australian naval plans and resources " led to Prime Minister Robert Menzies personally nominating him to participate in staff talks with representatives of the Royal Navy and US Navy in October . Soon after , he was posted as the first Australian naval attaché to Washington , D.C. , in an effort to improve communications with the US in light of the threat from Japan . Burrell was credited with helping to foster closer cooperation between the two navies in the Pacific region . He also warned the Australian government that Britain and the US would adopt a " Germany @-@ first " strategy in the event of war with Japan , and that the US was prepared to weaken its Pacific fleet to help secure the Atlantic .
Posted to Britain , Burrell was appointed commanding officer of the newly commissioned N @-@ class destroyer HMAS Norman on 15 September 1941 . The ship 's first operation was transporting a Trade Union Congress delegation led by Sir Walter Citrine to Archangel , Russia . After returning to Britain , she steamed to the Indian Ocean to join Admiral Sir James Somerville 's Eastern Fleet at Addu Atoll , Maldives , on 26 February 1942 . Following the Eastern Fleet 's withdrawal to Kilindini , Kenya , Norman took part in the capture of Diego Suarez on Madagascar on 7 May . Later that month , she was reassigned to the Mediterranean and in June was involved in Operation Vigorous , an unsuccessful attempt to resupply the besieged island of Malta . Transferred back to the Indian Ocean , Burrell led Norman in the second campaign of the Battle of Madagascar in September , and was mentioned in despatches on 19 February 1943 for his " bravery and resource " during the operation . By this time Norman was escorting convoys in the Pacific , before deploying to the South Atlantic for anti @-@ submarine duties in April – May .
On 23 June 1943 , Burrell relinquished command of Norman and returned to the Navy Office , Melbourne , as Director of Plans . Having been divorced from his first wife Margaret in November 1941 , he married mineralogist Ada Weller ( also known as Ada Coggan ) on 21 April 1944 ; the couple had a son and two daughters . Burrell took charge of the RAN 's latest Tribal @-@ class destroyer , HMAS Bataan , at her commissioning in Sydney on 25 May 1945 . Arriving on the scene too late to see action , the ship was deployed to Japan via the Philippines in July , docking in Tokyo on 31 August . There she participated in the formal surrender ceremonies that took place on 2 September aboard USS Missouri . Bataan remained in Japan as Australian Squadron representative until November , assisting with the repatriation of inmates from Japanese prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps . On a mission to one such camp at Sendai , Burrell located crewmen from the light cruiser HMAS Perth , which had been sunk in the early hours of 1 March 1942 during the Battle of Sunda Strait ; 320 of her complement of 680 survived the sinking , 105 dying in captivity .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Burrell 's first appointment following the cessation of hostilities was as commander of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla . He was promoted captain in June 1946 , and became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff ( DCNS ) that October . As DCNS , Burrell played a major role in establishing the Navy 's Fleet Air Arm and preparing for the introduction of carrier @-@ based aircraft . He was appointed an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Governor @-@ General William McKell in July 1947 . From October 1948 to the end of 1949 , Burrell served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia , flagship of the RAN . Posted to Britain in 1950 , he attended the Imperial Defence College , London , and spent two years as Assistant Australian Defence Representative . He took command of the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance on 2 December 1952 , less than three weeks after she was commissioned into the RAN after transfer from the Royal Navy . The ship began working up for deployment to the Korean War in June 1953 , but in the end her place was taken by the carrier HMAS Sydney . Vengeance was involved in a collision with HMAS Bataan near the Cocos Islands on 5 April 1954 , while acting as part of the escort for the Royal Yacht of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during their inaugural tour of Australia , but continued on duty .
Completing his tour as captain of Vengeance , Burrell briefly resumed the role of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1954 . The following month he was made an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to the Queen . Burrell was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1955 New Year Honours . In February he became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet , with the acting rank of rear admiral ; this was made substantive in July . On 12 May 1956 , he hoisted his standard aboard the recently arrived aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne , marking her replacement of sister ship HMAS Sydney as flagship of the RAN . Burrell was posted soon afterwards to the Navy Office , Canberra , to redevelop the service 's officer structure , leading to a new General List of officers ' seniority . He served as Second Naval Member ( Personnel ) from September 1956 until January 1958 , when he again became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet . Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1959 New Years Honours , Burrell was raised to vice admiral on 24 February and became First Naval Member , the Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) . He succeeded Vice Admiral Sir Roy Dowling .
As CNS , Vice Admiral Burrell had to contend with a threat by Defence Minister Athol Townley to disband the Navy 's fixed @-@ wing Fleet Air Arm capability by 1963 , but gained approval for a major vessel re @-@ equipment drive that was to include new submarines , destroyers , minesweepers , and auxiliaries . This led among other things to the procurement of British Oberon @-@ class submarines , selected by Burrell when his original preference for an Australian @-@ built craft proved too expensive , as well as Ton @-@ class minesweepers and the Navy 's first purpose @-@ designed hydrographic survey ship , HMAS Moresby . The re @-@ equipment program also resulted in augmentation of the RAN 's rotary @-@ wing assets with Westland Wessex anti @-@ submarine warfare helicopters . Most significant was the purchase of three Charles F. Adams @-@ class guided @-@ missile destroyers , a decision of " ingenuity and forethought " on the part of Burrell and Navy Minister John Gorton , according to historian Tom Frame . The CNS and his minister enjoyed a close working relationship ; Burrell declared that Gorton " deserves our thanks for his efforts " , and Gorton called Burrell " one of the most honest , sincere and most dedicated sailors " .
The purchase of the destroyers signalled a shift in reliance for equipment from Britain to the United States that was contrary to prevailing Australian defence policy at the time , particularly in what historian Jeffrey Grey described as " the most British of the Australian services , the RAN " , and provoked pressure from the Royal Navy and UK shipbuilders , which had lobbied for purchase of their County @-@ class destroyer . Burrell later declared that the superiority of the US weapons system was a key factor in his preference for the Adams design over the County class . On a mission overseas to discuss trends and acquisitions in January 1960 , he was rebuffed by Britain 's Chief of the Defence Staff , Admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten , who mistakenly thought him responsible for the imminent dissolution of the RAN 's Fleet Air Arm , but warmly welcomed by the US Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Arleigh Burke . As it happened , Burrell would gain credit for maintaining the integrity of the FAA , and its fixed @-@ wing component remained viable until the early 1980s . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen 's Birthday Honours , gazetted on 3 June 1960 . In June 1961 , he met with his opposite numbers in the Army and Air Force at a Chiefs of Staff Committee conference to discuss the necessity of Australia acquiring nuclear weapons ; the chiefs agreed that the probability such a capability would be required was remote but that it should remain an option under certain circumstances , a position the defence forces maintained during the ensuing decade .
= = Retirement = =
Burrell made his farewell to the Australian Fleet aboard HMAS Melbourne at Jervis Bay on 8 February 1962 . He left the Navy on 23 February , and was succeeded as CNS by Vice Admiral Hastings Harrington . Burrell retired to Illogan Park , his property near Braidwood in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales . His son Stuart followed him into the Royal Australian Naval College in 1963 . In retirement Burrell enjoyed horse racing both as a gambler and as the owner of several successful mounts . During the 1960s , he was also a member of the ACT Regional Selection Committee of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts .
Burrell suffered a serious heart attack in 1980 , having been diagnosed with cardiac problems shortly after his retirement from the Navy . His wife Ada died in August the following year . In 1986 , Burrell published his memoirs as Mermaids Do Exist : The Autobiography of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Henry Burrell , reflecting on what he described as a " lucky " career , and offering his thoughts on maritime strategy . He died on 9 February 1988 in Woden Valley Hospital . Survived by his three children , Sir Henry Burrell was buried in Gungahlin , Australian Capital Territory , following a private funeral . The Burrell Cup doubles tennis trophy , established by the admiral in 1955 , completed its fifty @-@ eighth year of competition in March 2013 .
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= British contribution to the Manhattan Project =
Britain contributed to the Manhattan Project by helping initiate the effort to build the first atomic bombs in the United States during World War II , and helped carry it through to completion in August 1945 by supplying crucial expertise . Following the discovery of nuclear fission in uranium , scientists Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch at the University of Birmingham calculated , in March 1940 , that the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium @-@ 235 was as little as 1 to 10 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 22 @.@ 0 lb ) , and would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite . The Frisch – Peierls memorandum prompted Britain to create its own atomic bomb project , known as Tube Alloys . Mark Oliphant , an Australian physicist working in Britain , was instrumental in making the British results known in the United States , and this encouraged the expansion of the American Manhattan Project . Initially the British project was larger and more advanced , but after the United States entered the war , the American project soon outstripped and dwarfed its British counterpart . The British government then decided to shelve its own nuclear ambitions , and participate in the American project .
In August 1943 , the prime minister , Winston Churchill , and President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Quebec Agreement , which provided for cooperation between the two countries . The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust to coordinate the efforts of the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada . A British Mission led by Wallace Akers assisted in the development of gaseous diffusion technology in New York . Britain also produced the powdered nickel required by the gaseous diffusion process . Another mission , led by Oliphant who acted as deputy director at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory , assisted with the electromagnetic separation process . As head of the British Mission to the Los Alamos Laboratory , James Chadwick led a multinational team of distinguished scientists that included Sir Geoffrey Taylor , James Tuck , Niels Bohr , Peierls , Frisch , and Klaus Fuchs , who was later revealed to be a Soviet atomic spy . Four members of the British Mission became group leaders at Los Alamos . William Penney observed the bombing of Nagasaki and participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 .
Cooperation ended with the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , known as the McMahon Act , and Ernest Titterton , the last British government employee , left Los Alamos on 12 April 1947 . Britain then proceeded with its own nuclear weapons programme , and became the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in October 1952 .
= = Origins = =
The 1938 discovery of nuclear fission in uranium , by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn , raised the possibility that an extremely powerful atomic bomb could be created . Refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries were particularly alarmed by the notion of a German nuclear weapon project . In the United States , three of them , Leo Szilard , Eugene Wigner and Albert Einstein , were moved to write the Einstein – Szilárd letter to United States President Roosevelt warning of the danger . This led to the President creating the Briggs Advisory Committee on Uranium . In Britain , Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg were sufficiently concerned to take up the matter . Their concerns reached the Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence , Major General Hastings Ismay , who consulted with Sir Henry Tizard . Like many scientists , Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed , reckoning the odds against success at 100 @,@ 000 to 1 .
Even at such long odds , the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously . Thomson , at Imperial College London , and Mark Oliphant , an Australian physicist at the University of Birmingham , were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium . By February 1940 , Thomson 's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium , and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing . But at Birmingham , Oliphant 's team had reached a strikingly different conclusion . Oliphant had delegated the task to two German refugee scientists , Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch , who could not work on the University 's radar project because they were enemy aliens and therefore lacked the necessary security clearance . They calculated the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium @-@ 235 , the only fissile isotope found in significant quantity in nature , and found that instead of tons , as everyone had assumed , as little as 1 to 10 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 22 @.@ 0 lb ) would suffice , which would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite .
Oliphant took the Frisch – Peierls memorandum to Tizard , and the MAUD Committee was established to investigate further . It directed an intensive research effort , and in July 1941 , produced two comprehensive reports that reached the conclusion that an atomic bomb was not only technically feasible , but could be produced before the war ended , perhaps in as little as two years . The Committee unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb as a matter of urgency , although it recognised that the resources required might be beyond those available to Britain . A new directorate known as Tube Alloys was created to coordinate this effort . Sir John Anderson , the Lord President of the Council , became the minister responsible , and Wallace Akers from Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) was appointed the director of Tube Alloys .
= = Early Anglo @-@ American cooperation = =
In July 1940 , Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research , and the Tizard Mission 's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments . He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British , and not as far advanced . As part of the scientific exchange , the Maud Committee 's findings were conveyed to the United States . Oliphant , one of the Maud Committee 's members , flew to the United States in late August 1941 , and discovered that vital information had not reached key American physicists . He met the Uranium Committee , and visited Berkeley , California , where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence , who was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory . Lawrence in turn spoke to James B. Conant , Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram . Oliphant 's mission was a success ; key American physicists became aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb . Armed with British data , Vannevar Bush , the director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , briefed Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace in a meeting at the White House on 9 October 1941 .
The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information , but did not initially combine their efforts . British officials did not reply to an August 1941 offer by Bush and Conant to create a combined British and American project . In November 1941 , Frederick L. Hovde , the head of the London liaison office of OSRD , raised the issue of cooperation and exchange of information with Anderson and Lord Cherwell , who demurred , ostensibly over concerns about American security . Ironically , it was the British project that had already been penetrated by atomic spies for the Soviet Union .
Yet the United Kingdom did not have the manpower or resources of the United States , and despite its early and promising start , Tube Alloys fell behind its American counterpart and was dwarfed by it . Britain was spending around £ 430 @,@ 000 per year on research and development , and Metropolitan @-@ Vickers was building gaseous diffusion units for uranium enrichment worth £ 150 @,@ 000 ; but the Manhattan Project was spending £ 8 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 on research and development , and had let construction contracts worth £ 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 at the fixed wartime rate of four dollars to the pound . On 30 July 1942 , Anderson advised the prime minister , Winston Churchill , that : " We must face the fact that ... [ our ] pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that , unless we capitalise it quickly , we shall be outstripped . We now have a real contribution to make to a ' merger . ' Soon we shall have little or none . "
By then , the positions of the two countries had reversed from what they were in 1941 . The Americans had become suspicious that the British were seeking commercial advantages after the war , and Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , who took over command of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942 , wanted to tighten security with a policy of strict compartmentalisation similar to the one that the British had imposed on radar . American officials decided that the United States no longer needed outside help . The Secretary of War , Henry L. Stimson , felt that since the United States was doing " ninety percent of the work " on the bomb , it would be " better for us to go along for the present without sharing anything more than we could help " . In December 1942 , Roosevelt agreed to restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war , even if doing so slowed down the American project . In retaliation , the British stopped sending information and scientists to America , and the Americans then stopped all information sharing .
The British considered how they would produce a bomb without American help . A gaseous diffusion plant to produce 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of weapons @-@ grade uranium per day was estimated to cost up to £ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in research and development , and anything up to £ 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to build in wartime Britain . A nuclear reactor to produce 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of plutonium per day would have to be built in Canada . It would take up to five years to build and cost £ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . The project would also require facilities for producing the required heavy water for the reactor costing between £ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and £ 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , and for producing uranium metal £ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . The project would need overwhelming priority , as it was estimated to require 20 @,@ 000 workers , many of them highly skilled , 500 @,@ 000 tons of steel , and 500 @,@ 000 kW of electricity . Disruption to other wartime projects would be inevitable , and it was unlikely to be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe . The unanimous response was that before embarking on this , another effort should be made to obtain American cooperation .
= = Cooperation resumes = =
By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project . In particular , the Manhattan Project could benefit enough from assistance from James Chadwick , the discoverer of the neutron , and one or two other British scientists to warrant the risk of revealing weapon design secrets . Bush , Conant and Groves wanted Chadwick and Peierls to discuss bomb design with Robert Oppenheimer , and Kellogg still wanted British comments on the design of the gaseous diffusion plant .
Churchill took up the matter with Roosevelt at the Washington Conference on 25 May 1943 , and Churchill thought that Roosevelt gave the reassurances he sought ; but there was no follow @-@ up . Bush , Stimson and William Bundy met Churchill , Cherwell and Anderson at 10 Downing Street in London . None of them were aware that Roosevelt had already made his decision , writing to Bush on 20 July 1943 with instructions to " renew , in an inclusive manner , the full exchange with the British Government regarding Tube Alloys . "
Stimson , who had just finished a series of arguments with the British about the need for an invasion of France , was reluctant to appear to disagree with them about everything , and spoke in conciliatory terms about the need for good post @-@ war relations between the two countries . For his part , Churchill disavowed interest in the commercial applications of nuclear technology . The reason for British concern about the post @-@ war cooperation , Cherwell explained , was not commercial concerns , but so that Britain would have nuclear weapons after the war . Anderson then drafted an agreement for full interchange , which Churchill re @-@ worded " in more majestic language " . News arrived in London of Roosevelt 's decision on 27 July , and Anderson was dispatched to Washington with the draft agreement . Churchill and Roosevelt signed what became known as the Quebec Agreement at the Quebec Conference on 19 August 1943 .
The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada . Stimson , Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee , Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J. Llewellin were the British members , and C. D. Howe was the Canadian member . Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell , who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States , Lord Halifax , in early 1945 . Dill died in Washington , D.C. , in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson .
Even before the Quebec Agreement was signed , Akers had already cabled London with instructions that Chadwick , Peierls , Oliphant and Francis Simon should leave immediately for North America . They arrived on 19 August , the day it was signed , expecting to be able to talk to American scientists , but were unable to do so . Two weeks would pass before American officials learnt of the contents of the Quebec Agreement . Over the next two years , the Combined Policy Committee met only eight times .
The first occasion was on 8 September 1943 , on the afternoon after Stimson discovered that he was the chairman . The first meeting established a Technical Subcommittee chaired by Major General Wilhelm D. Styer . Because the Americans did not want Akers on the Technical Subcommittee due to his ICI background , Llewellin nominated Chadwick , whom he also wanted to be Head of the British Mission to the Manhattan Project . The other members were Richard C. Tolman , who was Groves 's scientific adviser , and C. J. Mackenzie , the president of the Canadian National Research Council . It was agreed that the Technical Committee could act without consulting the Combined Policy Committee whenever its decision was unanimous . The Technical Subcommittee held its first meeting on 10 September , but negotiations dragged on . The Combined Policy Committee ratified the proposals in December 1943 , by which time several British scientists had already commenced working on the Manhattan Project in the United States .
There remained the issue of cooperation between the Manhattan 's Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and the Montreal Laboratory . At the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 17 February 1944 , Chadwick pressed for resources to build a nuclear reactor at what is now known as the Chalk River Laboratories . Britain and Canada agreed to pay the cost of this project , but the United States had to supply the heavy water . At that time , the United States controlled , by a supply contract , the only major production site on the continent , that of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail , British Columbia . Given that it was unlikely to have any impact on the war , Conant in particular was cool about the proposal , but heavy water reactors were of great interest . Groves was willing to support the effort and supply the heavy water required , but with certain restrictions . The Montreal Laboratory would have access to data from the research reactors at Argonne and the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge , but not from the production reactors at the Hanford Site ; nor would they be given any information about plutonium . This arrangement was formally approved by the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944 . The Canadian ZEEP ( Zero Energy Experimental Pile ) reactor went critical on 5 September 1945 .
Chadwick supported British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent , abandoning any hopes of a British project during the war . With Churchill 's backing , he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honoured . While the pace of research was easing as the war entered its final phase , these scientists were still in great demand , and it fell to Anderson , Cherwell and Sir Edward Appleton , the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research , which was responsible for Tube Alloys , to prise them away from the wartime projects in which they were invariably engaged .
The September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military cooperation into the post @-@ war period . Part of the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . In June 1945 , Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee .
= = Gaseous diffusion project = =
Tube Alloys made its greatest advances in gaseous diffusion technology , and Chadwick had originally hoped that the pilot plant at least would be built in Britain . Gaseous diffusion technology was devised by Simon and three expatriates , Nicholas Kurti from Hungary , Heinrich Kuhn from Germany , and Henry Arms from the United States , at the Clarendon Laboratory in 1940 . The prototype gaseous diffusion equipment , two two @-@ stage models and two ten @-@ stage models , was manufactured by Metropolitan @-@ Vickers at a cost of £ 150 @,@ 000 for the four units . Two single @-@ stage machines were later added . Delays in delivery meant that experiments with the single @-@ stage machine did not commence until June 1943 , and with the two @-@ stage machine until August 1943 . The two ten @-@ stage machines were delivered in August and November 1943 , but by this time the research programme they had been built for had been overtaken by events .
The Quebec Agreement allowed Simon and Peierls to meet with representatives of Kellex , who were designing and building K @-@ 25 , the American gaseous diffusion plant , Union Carbide and Carbon , who would operate it , and Harold Urey 's Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories at Columbia University , the Manhattan Project 's centre tasked with research and development of the process . The year 's loss of cooperation cost the Manhattan Project dearly . The corporations were committed to tight schedules , and the engineers were unable to incorporate British proposals that would involve major changes . Nor would it be possible to build a second plant . Nonetheless , the Americans were still eager for British assistance , and Groves asked for a British mission to be sent to assist the gaseous diffusion project . In the meantime , Simon and Peierls were attached to Kellex .
The British mission consisting of Akers and fifteen British experts arrived in December 1943 . This was a critical time . Severe problems had been encountered with the Norris @-@ Adler barrier . Nickel powder and electro @-@ deposited nickel mesh diffusion barriers were pioneered by American chemist Edward Adler and British interior decorator Edward Norris at the SAM Laboratories . A decision had to be made whether to persevere with it or switch to a powdered nickel barrier based upon British technology that had been developed by Kellex . Up to this point , both were under development . The SAM Laboratory had 700 people working on gaseous diffusion and Kellex had about 900 . The British experts conducted a thorough review , and agreed that the Kellex barrier was superior , but felt that it would be unlikely to be ready in time . Kellex 's technical director , Percival C. Keith , disagreed , arguing that his company could get it ready and produce it more quickly than the Norris @-@ Adler barrier . Groves listened to the British experts before he formally adopted the Kellex barrier on 5 January 1944 .
The United States Army assumed responsibility for procuring sufficient quantities of the right type of powdered nickel . In this , the British were able to help . The only company that manufactured it was the Mond Nickel Company at Clydach in Wales . By the end of June 1945 , it had supplied the Manhattan Project with 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) of nickel powder , paid for by the British government and supplied to the United States under Reverse Lend @-@ Lease .
The Americans planned to have the K @-@ 25 plant in full production by June or July 1945 . Having taken two years to get the prototype stages working , the British experts regarded this as incredibly optimistic , and felt that , barring a miracle , it would be unlikely to reach that point before the end of 1946 . This opinion offended their American counterparts and dampened the enthusiasm for cooperation , and the British mission returned to the United Kingdom in January 1944 . Armed with the British Mission 's report , Chadwick and Oliphant were able to persuade Groves to reduce K @-@ 25 's enrichment target ; the output of K @-@ 25 would be enriched to weapons grade by being fed into the electromagnetic plant . Despite the British Mission 's pessimistic forecasts , K @-@ 25 was producing enriched uranium in June 1945 .
After the rest of the mission departed , Peierls , Kurti and Fuchs remained in New York , where they worked with Kellex . They were joined there by Tony Skyrme and Frank Kearton , who arrived in March 1944 . Kurti returned to England in April 1944 and Kearton in September . Peierls moved on to the Los Alamos Laboratory in February 1944 ; Skyrme followed in July , and Fuchs in August .
= = Electromagnetic project = =
On 26 May 1943 , Oliphant wrote to Appleton to say that he had been considering the problem of electromagnetic isotope separation , and believed that he had devised a better method than Lawrence 's , one which would result in a five to tenfold improvement in efficiency , and make it more practical to use the process in Britain . His proposal was reviewed by Akers , Chadwick , Peierls and Simon , who agreed that it was sound . While the majority of scientific opinion in Britain favoured the gaseous diffusion method , there was still a possibility that electromagnetic separation might be useful as a final stage in the enrichment process , taking uranium that had already been enriched to 50 per cent by the gaseous process , and enriching it to pure uranium @-@ 235 . Accordingly , Oliphant was released from the radar project to work on Tube Alloys , conducting experiments on his method at the University of Birmingham .
Oliphant met Groves and Oppenheimer in Washington , D.C. , on 18 September 1943 , and they attempted to persuade him to join the Los Alamos Laboratory , but Oliphant felt that he would be of more use assisting Lawrence on the electromagnetic project . Accordingly , the Technical Subcommittee directed that Oliphant and six assistants would go to Berkeley , and later move on to Los Alamos . Oliphant found that he and Lawrence had quite different designs , and that the American one was frozen , but Lawrence , who had expressed a desire for Oliphant to join him on the electromagnetic project as early as 1942 , was eager for Oliphant 's assistance . Oliphant secured the services of a fellow Australian physicist , Harrie Massey , who had been working for the Admiralty on magnetic mines , along with James Stayers and Stanley Duke , who had worked with him on the cavity magnetron . This initial group set out for Berkeley in a B @-@ 24 Liberator bomber in November 1943 . Oliphant found that Berkeley had shortages of key skills , particularly physicists , chemists and engineers . He prevailed on Sir David Rivett , the head of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Australia , to release Eric Burhop to work on the project . His requests for personnel were met , and the British mission at Berkeley grew in number to 35 , two of whom , Robin Williams and George Page , were New Zealanders .
Members of the British mission occupied several key positions in the electromagnetic project . Oliphant became Lawrence 's de facto deputy , and was in charge of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory when Lawrence was absent . His enthusiasm for the electromagnetic project was rivalled only by Lawrence 's , and his involvement went beyond scientific problems , extending to policy questions such as whether to expand the electromagnetic plant , although in this he was unsuccessful . The British chemists made important contributions , particularly Harry Emeléus and Philip Baxter , a chemist who had been research manager at ICI , was sent to the Manhattan Project 's Clinton Engineering Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , in 1944 in response to a request for assistance with uranium chemistry , and became personal assistant to the general manager . His status as an ICI employee was of no concern to Groves . The British mission was given complete access to the electromagnetic project , both in Berkeley and at the Y @-@ 12 electromagnetic separation plant in Oak Ridge . While some of the British mission remained at Berkeley or Oak Ridge only for a few weeks , most stayed until the end of the war . Oliphant returned to Britain in March 1945 , and was replaced as head of the British mission in Berkeley by Massey .
= = Los Alamos Laboratory = =
When cooperation resumed in September 1943 , Groves and Oppenheimer revealed the existence of the Los Alamos Laboratory to Chadwick , Peierls and Oliphant . Oppenheimer wanted all three to proceed to Los Alamos as soon as possible , but it was decided that Oliphant would go to Berkeley to work on the electromagnetic process and Peierls would go to New York to work on the gaseous diffusion process . The task then fell to Chadwick . The original idea , favoured by Groves , was that the British scientists would work as a group under Chadwick , who would farm out work to them . This was soon discarded in favour of having the British Mission fully integrated into the laboratory . They worked in most of its divisions , only being excluded from plutonium chemistry and metallurgy .
First to arrive was Otto Frisch and Ernest Titterton and his wife Peggy , who reached Los Alamos on 13 December 1943 . At Los Alamos Frisch continued his work on critical mass studies , for which Titterton developed electronic circuitry for high voltage generators , X @-@ ray generators , timers and firing circuits . Peggy Titterton , a trained physics and metallurgy laboratory assistant , was one of the few women working at Los Alamos in a technical role . Chadwick arrived on 12 January 1944 , but only stayed for a few months before returning to Washington , D.C.
When Oppenheimer appointed Hans Bethe as the head of the laboratory 's prestigious Theoretical ( T ) Division , he offended Edward Teller , who was given his own group , tasked with investigating Teller 's " Super " bomb , and eventually assigned to Enrico Fermi 's F Division . Oppenheimer then wrote to Groves requesting that Peierls be sent to take Teller 's place in T Division . Peierls arrived from New York on 8 February 1944 , and subsequently succeeded Chadwick as head of the British Mission at Los Alamos . Egon Bretscher worked in Teller 's Super group , as did Anthony French , who later recalled that " never at any time did I have anything to do with the fission bomb once I went to Los Alamos . " Four members of the British Mission became group leaders : Bretscher ( Super Experimentation ) , Frisch ( Critical Assemblies and Nuclear Specifications ) , Peierls ( Implosion Hydrodynamics ) and George Placzek ( Composite Weapon ) .
Niels Bohr and his son Aage , a physicist who acted as his father 's assistant , arrived on 30 December on the first of several visits as a consultant . Bohr and his family had escaped from occupied Denmark to Sweden . A De Havilland Mosquito bomber brought him to England where he joined Tube Alloys . In America , he was able to visit Oak Ridge and Los Alamos , where he found many of his former students . Bohr acted as a critic , a facilitator and a role model for younger scientists . He arrived at a critical time , and several nuclear fission studies and experiments were conducted at his instigation . He played an important role in the development of the uranium tamper , and in the design and adoption of the modulated neutron initiator . His presence boosted morale , and helped improve the administration of the laboratory to strengthen ties with the Army .
Nuclear physicists knew about fission , but not the hydrodynamics of conventional explosions . As a result , there were two additions to the team that made significant contributions in this area of physics . First was James Tuck whose field of expertise was in shaped charges used in anti tank weapons for armour piercing . In terms of the plutonium bomb the scientists at Los Alamos were trying to wrestle with the idea of the implosion issue . Tuck was sent to Los Alamos in April 1944 and used a radical concept of explosive lensing which was then put into place . Tuck also designed the Urchin initiator for the bomb working closely with Seth Neddermeyer . This work was crucial to the success of the plutonium atomic bomb : Italian @-@ American scientist Bruno Rossi later stated that without Tuck 's work the plutonium bomb could not have exploded in August 1945 . The other was Sir Geoffrey Taylor , an important consultant who arrived a month later to also work on the issue . Taylor 's presence was desired so much at Los Alamos , Chadwick informed London , " that anything short of kidnapping would be justified " . He was sent , and provided crucial insights into the Rayleigh – Taylor instability . The acute need for scientists with an understanding of explosives also led Chadwick to obtain the release of William Penney from the Admiralty , and William Marley from the Road Research Laboratory . Peierls and Fuchs worked on the hydrodynamics of the explosive lenses . Bethe considered Fuchs " one of the most valuable men in my division " and " one of the best theoretical physicists we had . "
William Penney worked on means to assess the effects of a nuclear explosion , and wrote a paper on what height the bombs should be detonated at for maximum effect in attacks on Germany and Japan . He served as a member of the target committee established by Groves to select Japanese cities for atomic bombing , and on Tinian with Project Alberta as a special consultant . Along with Group Captain Leonard Cheshire , sent by Wilson as a British representative , he watched the bombing of Nagasaki from the observation plane Big Stink . He also formed part of the Manhattan Project 's post @-@ war scientific mission to Hiroshima and Nagasaki that assessed the extent of the damage caused by the bombs .
Bethe declared that :
For the work of the theoretical division of the Los Alamos Project during the war the collaboration of the British Mission was absolutely essential ... It is very difficult to say what would have happened under different conditions . However , at least , the work of the Theoretical Division would have been very much more difficult and very much less effective without the members of the British Mission , and it is not unlikely that our final weapon would have been considerably less efficient in this case .
From December 1945 on , members of the British Mission began returning home . Peierls left in January 1946 . At the request of Norris Bradbury , who had replaced Oppenheimer as laboratory director , Fuchs remained until 15 June 1946 . Eight British scientists , three from Los Alamos and five from the United Kingdom , participated in Operation Crossroads , the nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific . With the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , known as the McMahon Act , all British government employees had to leave . Titterton was granted a special dispensation , and remained until 12 April 1947 . The British Mission ended when he departed . Carson Mark remained , as he was a Canadian government employee . He remained at Los Alamos , becoming head of its Theoretical Division in 1947 , a position he held until he retired in 1973 . He became a United States citizen in the 1950s .
= = Feed materials = =
The Combined Development Trust was proposed by the Combined Policy Committee on 17 February 1944 . The declaration of trust was signed by Churchill and Roosevelt on 13 June 1944 . The trustees were approved at the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944 . The United States trustees were Groves , who was elected chairman , geologist Charles K. Leith , and George L. Harrison . The British trustees were Sir Charles Hambro , the head of the British Raw Materials Mission in Washington , D.C. , and Frank Lee from HM Treasury . Canada was represented by George C. Bateman , a deputy minister and member of the Canadian Combined Resources Board . Each of the three governments had its own raw materials resources staff , and the Combined Development Trust was a means of coordinating their efforts .
The role of the Combined Development Trust was to purchase or control the mineral resources needed by the Manhattan Project , and to avoid competition between the three . Britain had little need for uranium ores while the war continued , but was anxious to secure adequate supplies for its own nuclear weapons programme when it ended . Half the funding was to come from the United States and half from Britain and Canada . The initial $ 12 @.@ 5 million was transferred to Groves from an account in the office of the United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau , Jr . , that was not subject to the usual accounting auditing and oversight . By the time Groves resigned from the Trust at the end of 1947 , he had deposited $ 37 @.@ 5 million into an account he controlled at the Bankers Trust . Payments were then made from this account .
Britain took the lead in securing control of the world 's major source of ore in the Belgian Congo . They also negotiated deals with Swedish companies to acquire ore from there . Oliphant had approached the Australian High Commissioner in London , Sir Stanley Bruce , in August 1943 about uranium supplies from Australia , and Anderson made a direct request to the prime minister of Australia , John Curtin , during the latter 's visit to Britain in May 1944 to initiate mineral exploration in Australia in places where uranium deposits were believed to exist . As well as uranium , the Combined Development Trust secured supplies of thorium from Brazil , Netherlands East Indies , Sweden and Portugal . At the time uranium was believed to be a rare mineral , and the more abundant thorium was seen as a possible alternative , as it could be irradiated to produce uranium @-@ 233 , another isotope of uranium suitable for making atomic bombs .
= = Intelligence = =
In December 1943 , Groves sent Robert R. Furman to Britain to establish a London Liaison Office for the Manhattan Project to coordinate scientific intelligence with the British government . Groves selected the head of the Manhattan District 's security activities , Captain Horace K. Calvert , to head the London Liaison Office with the title of Assistant Military Attaché . He worked in cooperation with Lieutenant Commander Eric Welsh , the head of the Norwegian Section of MI6 , and Michael Perrin from Tube Alloys . An Anglo @-@ American intelligence committee was formed by Groves and Anderson in November 1944 , consisting of Perrin , Welsh , Calvert , Furman and R. V. Jones .
At the urging of Groves and Furman , the Alsos Mission was created on 4 April 1944 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Boris Pash to conduct intelligence in the field relating to the German nuclear energy project . The more experienced British considered creating a rival mission , but in the end agreed to participate in the Alsos Mission as a junior partner . In June 1945 , Welsh reported that the German nuclear physicists captured by the Alsos Mission were in danger of being executed by the Americans , and Jones arranged for them to be moved to Farm Hall , a country house in Huntingdonshire used for training by MI6 and the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) . The house was bugged , and the conversations of the scientists were recorded .
= = Results = =
Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists ' contributions to the Manhattan Project , but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them . He considered British assistance " helpful but not vital " , but at the same time , acknowledged that " without active and continuing British interest , there probably would have been no atomic bomb to drop on Hiroshima . " He considered Britain 's key contributions to have been encouragement and support at the intergovernmental level , scientific aid , the production of powdered nickel in Wales , and preliminary studies and laboratory work .
Cooperation did not long survive the war . Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945 , and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations . In fact , it was physically lost . When Wilson raised the matter in a Combined Policy Committee meeting in June , the American copy could not be found . The British sent Stimson a photocopy on 18 July 1945 . Even then , Groves questioned the document 's authenticity until the American copy was located years later in the papers of Vice Admiral Wilson Brown , Jr . , Roosevelt 's naval aide , apparently misfiled by someone unaware of what Tube Alloys was , who thought it had something to do with naval guns .
Harry S. Truman , who had succeeded Roosevelt on the latter 's death , Clement Attlee , who had replaced Churchill as prime minister in July 1945 , Anderson and United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes conferred while on a boat cruise on the Potomac River , and agreed to revise the Quebec Agreement . On 15 November 1945 , Groves , Robert P. Patterson and George L. Harrison met a British delegation consisting of Anderson , Wilson , Malcolm MacDonald , Roger Makins and Denis Rickett to draw up a communiqué . They agreed to retain the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust . The Quebec Agreement 's requirement for " mutual consent " before using nuclear weapons was replaced with one for " prior consultation " , and there was to be " full and effective cooperation in the field of atomic energy " , but in the longer Memorandum of Intention , signed by Groves and Anderson , this was only " in the field of basic scientific research " . Patterson took the communiqué to the White House , where Truman and Attlee signed it on 16 November 1945 .
The next meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 15 April 1946 produced no accord on collaboration , and resulted in an exchange of cables between Truman and Attlee . Truman cabled on 20 April that he did not see the communiqué he had signed as obligating the United States to assist Britain in designing , constructing and operating an atomic energy plant . Attlee 's response on 6 June 1946 " did not mince words nor conceal his displeasure behind the nuances of diplomatic language . " At issue was not just technical cooperation , which was fast disappearing , but the allocation of uranium ore . During the war this was of little concern , as Britain had not needed any ore , so all the production of the Congo mines and all the ore seized by the Alsos Mission had gone to the United States , but now it was also required by the British atomic project . Chadwick and Groves reached an agreement by which ore would be shared equally .
The McMahon Act , which was signed by Truman on 1 August 1946 , and went into effect at midnight on 1 January 1947 , ended technical cooperation . Its control of " restricted data " prevented the United States ' allies from receiving any information . The remaining scientists were denied access to papers that they had written just days before . The terms of the Quebec Agreement remained secret , but senior members of Congress were horrified when they discovered that it gave the British a veto over the use of nuclear weapons . The McMahon Act fuelled resentment from British scientists and officials alike , and led directly to the British decision in January 1947 to develop its own nuclear weapons . In January 1948 , Bush , James Fisk , Cockcroft and Mackenzie concluded an agreement known as the modus vivendi , that allowed for limited sharing of technical information between the United States , Britain and Canada .
As the Cold War set in , enthusiasm in the United States for an alliance with Britain cooled as well . A September 1949 poll found that 72 per cent of Americans agreed that the United States should not " share our atomic energy secrets with England " . The reputation of the British Mission to Los Alamos was tarnished by the 1950 revelation that Fuchs was a Soviet atomic spy . It damaged the relationship between the United States and Britain , and provided ammunition for Congressional opponents of cooperation like Senator Bourke B. Hickenlooper .
British wartime participation in the Manhattan Project provided a substantial body of expertise that was important to the subsequent success in October 1952 of the United Kingdom 's nuclear weapons programme , although it was not without important gaps , such as in the field of plutonium metallurgy . The development of the independent British nuclear deterrent led to the Atomic Energy Act being amended in 1958 , and to a resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between America and Britain under the 1958 US – UK Mutual Defence Agreement .
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= John Lennon =
John Winston Ono Lennon , MBE ( born John Winston Lennon ; 9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980 ) was an English singer and songwriter who co @-@ founded the Beatles , the most commercially successful band in the history of popular music . With fellow member Paul McCartney , he formed a lucrative songwriting partnership .
Born and raised in Liverpool , Lennon became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager ; his first band , the Quarrymen , evolved into the Beatles in 1960 . When the group disbanded in 1970 , Lennon embarked on a solo career that produced the albums John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band and Imagine , and songs such as " Give Peace a Chance " , " Working Class Hero " , and " Imagine " . After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969 , he changed his name to John Ono Lennon . Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean , but re @-@ emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy . He was murdered three weeks after its release .
Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music , writing , drawings , on film and in interviews . Controversial through his political and peace activism , he moved to Manhattan in 1971 , where his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a lengthy attempt by Richard Nixon 's administration to deport him , while some of his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti @-@ war movement and the larger counterculture .
As of 2012 , Lennon 's solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and , as writer , co @-@ writer , or performer , he is responsible for 25 number @-@ one singles on the US Hot 100 chart . In 2002 , a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and , in 2008 , Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth @-@ greatest singer of all time . He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 , and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice , as a member of the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1994 .
= = Biography = =
= = = 1940 – 57 : Early years = = =
Lennon was born in war @-@ time England , on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital , to Julia ( née Stanley ) and Alfred Lennon , a merchant seaman of Irish descent , who was away at the time of his son 's birth . His parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather , John " Jack " Lennon , and then @-@ Prime Minister Winston Churchill . His father was often away from home but sent regular pay cheques to 9 Newcastle Road , Liverpool , where Lennon lived with his mother ; the cheques stopped when he went absent without leave in February 1944 . When he eventually came home six months later , he offered to look after the family , but Julia — by then pregnant with another man 's child — rejected the idea . After her sister , Mimi Smith , twice complained to Liverpool 's Social Services , Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her . In July 1946 Lennon 's father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool , secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him . Julia followed them — with her partner at the time , ' Bobby ' Dykins — and after a heated argument his father forced the five @-@ year @-@ old to choose between them . Lennon twice chose his father , but as his mother walked away , he began to cry and followed her . It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again .
Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived with his aunt and uncle , Mimi and George Smith , who had no children of their own , at Mendips , 251 Menlove Avenue , Woolton . His aunt purchased volumes of short stories for him , and his uncle , a dairyman at his family 's farm , bought him a mouth organ and engaged him in solving crossword puzzles . Julia visited Mendips on a regular basis , and when John was 11 years old he often visited her at 1 Blomfield Road , Liverpool , where she played him Elvis Presley records , taught him the banjo , and showed him how to play " Ain 't That a Shame " by Fats Domino . In September 1980 , Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature :
Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society and not be this loudmouthed lunatic poet / musician . But I cannot be what I am not ... I was the one who all the other boys ' parents — including Paul 's father — would say , ' Keep away from him ' ... The parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker , meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children , which I did . I did my best to disrupt every friend 's home ... Partly out of envy that I didn 't have this so @-@ called home ... but I did ... There were five women that were my family . Five strong , intelligent , beautiful women , five sisters . One happened to be my mother . [ She ] just couldn 't deal with life . She was the youngest and she had a husband who ran away to sea and the war was on and she couldn 't cope with me , and I ended up living with her elder sister . Now those women were fantastic ... And that was my first feminist education ... I would infiltrate the other boys minds . I could say , " Parents are not gods because I don 't live with mine and , therefore , I know.'
He regularly visited his cousin , Stanley Parkes , who lived in Fleetwood . Seven years Lennon 's senior , Parkes took him on trips and to local cinemas . During the school holidays , Parkes often visited Lennon with Leila Harvey , another cousin , often travelling to Blackpool two or three times a week to watch shows . They would visit the Blackpool Tower Circus and see artists such as Dickie Valentine , Arthur Askey , Max Bygraves and Joe Loss , with Parkes recalling that Lennon particularly liked George Formby . After Parkes 's family moved to Scotland , the three cousins often spent their school holidays together there . Parkes recalled , " John , cousin Leila and I were very close . From Edinburgh we would drive up to the family croft at Durness , which was from about the time John was nine years old until he was about 16 . " He was 14 years old when his uncle George died of a liver haemorrhage on 5 June 1955 ( aged 52 ) .
Lennon was raised as an Anglican and attended Dovedale Primary School . From September 1952 to 1957 , after passing his Eleven @-@ Plus exam , he attended Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool , and was described by Harvey at the time as , " A happy @-@ go @-@ lucky , good @-@ humoured , easy going , lively lad . " He often drew comical cartoons which appeared in his own self @-@ made school magazine called The Daily Howl , but despite his artistic talent , his school reports were damning : " Certainly on the road to failure ... hopeless ... rather a clown in class ... wasting other pupils ' time . "
His mother bought him his first guitar in 1956 , an inexpensive Gallotone Champion acoustic for which she " lent " her son five pounds and ten shillings on the condition that the guitar be delivered to her own house , and not Mimi 's , knowing well that her sister was not supportive of her son 's musical aspirations . As Mimi was sceptical of his claim that he would be famous one day , she hoped he would grow bored with music , often telling him , " The guitar 's all very well , John , but you 'll never make a living out of it " . On 15 July 1958 , when Lennon was 17 years old , his mother , walking home after visiting the Smiths ' house , was struck by a car and killed .
Lennon failed all his GCE O @-@ level examinations , and was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art only after his aunt and headmaster intervened . Once at the college , he started wearing Teddy Boy clothes and acquired a reputation for disrupting classes and ridiculing teachers . As a result , he was excluded from the painting class , then the graphic arts course , and was threatened with expulsion for his behaviour , which included sitting on a nude model 's lap during a life drawing class . He failed an annual exam , despite help from fellow student and future wife Cynthia Powell , and was " thrown out of the college before his final year " .
= = = 1957 – 70 : The Quarrymen to the Beatles = = =
= = = = 1957 – 66 : Formation , commercial break @-@ out and touring years = = = =
At age 15 , Lennon formed the skiffle group , the Quarrymen . Named after Quarry Bank High School , the group was established by him in September 1956 . By the summer of 1957 , the Quarrymen played a " spirited set of songs " made up of half skiffle and half rock and roll . Lennon first met Paul McCartney at the Quarrymen 's second performance , held in Woolton on 6 July at the St. Peter 's Church garden fête , after which he asked McCartney to join the band .
McCartney says that Aunt Mimi " was very aware that John 's friends were lower class " , and would often patronise him when he arrived to visit Lennon . According to Paul 's brother Mike , McCartney 's father was also disapproving , declaring Lennon would get his son " into trouble " , although he later allowed the fledgling band to rehearse in the McCartneys ' front room at 20 Forthlin Road . During this time , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Lennon wrote his first song , " Hello Little Girl " , a UK top 10 hit for The Fourmost nearly five years later .
McCartney suggested his friend George Harrison as the lead guitarist . Lennon thought Harrison ( then 14 years old ) was too young . McCartney engineered an audition on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus , where Harrison played " Raunchy " for Lennon and was asked to join . Stuart Sutcliffe , Lennon 's friend from art school , later joined as bassist . Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Sutcliffe became " The Beatles " in early 1960 . In August that year , the Beatles engaged for a 48 @-@ night residency in Hamburg , Germany , and desperately in need of a drummer , asked Pete Best to join them . Lennon was now 19 , and his aunt , horrified when he told her about the trip , pleaded with him to continue his art studies instead . After the first Hamburg residency , the band accepted another in April 1961 , and a third in April 1962 . Like the other band members , Lennon was introduced to Preludin while in Hamburg , and regularly took the drug , as well as amphetamines , as a stimulant during their long , overnight performances .
Brian Epstein , the Beatles ' manager from 1962 , had no prior experience of artist management , but had a strong influence on their early dress code and attitude on stage . Lennon initially resisted his attempts to encourage the band to present a professional appearance , but eventually complied , saying , " I 'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody 's going to pay me " . McCartney took over on bass after Sutcliffe decided to stay in Hamburg , and drummer Ringo Starr replaced Best , completing the four @-@ piece line @-@ up that would endure until the group 's break @-@ up in 1970 . The band 's first single , " Love Me Do " , was released in October 1962 and reached No. 17 on the British charts . They recorded their debut album , Please Please Me , in under 10 hours on 11 February 1963 , a day when Lennon was suffering the effects of a cold , which is evident in the vocal on the last song to be recorded that day , " Twist and Shout " . The Lennon – McCartney songwriting partnership yielded eight of its fourteen tracks . With few exceptions — one being the album title itself — Lennon had yet to bring his love of wordplay to bear on his song lyrics , saying : " We were just writing songs ... pop songs with no more thought of them than that — to create a sound . And the words were almost irrelevant " . In a 1987 interview , McCartney said that the other Beatles idolised John : " He was like our own little Elvis ... We all looked up to John . He was older and he was very much the leader ; he was the quickest wit and the smartest . "
The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the UK during the beginning of 1963 . Lennon was on tour when his first son , Julian , was born in April . During their Royal Variety Show performance , attended by the Queen Mother and other British royalty , Lennon poked fun at his audience : " For our next song , I 'd like to ask for your help . For the people in the cheaper seats , clap your hands ... and the rest of you , if you 'll just rattle your jewellery . " After a year of Beatlemania in the UK , the group 's historic February 1964 US debut appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show marked their breakthrough to international stardom . A two @-@ year period of constant touring , moviemaking , and songwriting followed , during which Lennon wrote two books , In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works . The Beatles received recognition from the British Establishment when they were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 1965 Queen 's Birthday Honours .
Lennon grew concerned that fans attending Beatles concerts were unable to hear the music above the screaming of fans , and that the band 's musicianship was beginning to suffer as a result . Lennon 's " Help ! " expressed his own feelings in 1965 : " I meant it ... It was me singing ' help ' " . He had put on weight ( he would later refer to this as his " Fat Elvis " period ) , and felt he was subconsciously seeking change . In March that year he was unknowingly introduced to LSD when a dentist , hosting a dinner party attended by Lennon , Harrison and their wives , spiked the guests ' coffee with the drug . When they wanted to leave , their host revealed what they had taken , and strongly advised them not to leave the house because of the likely effects . Later , in an elevator at a nightclub , they all believed it was on fire : " We were all screaming ... hot and hysterical . " In March 1966 , during an interview with Evening Standard reporter Maureen Cleave , Lennon remarked , " Christianity will go . It will vanish and shrink ... We 're more popular than Jesus now — I don 't know which will go first , rock and roll or Christianity . " The comment went virtually unnoticed in England but caused great offence in the US when quoted by a magazine there five months later . The furore that followed — burning of Beatles records , Ku Klux Klan activity and threats against Lennon — contributed to the band 's decision to stop touring .
= = = = 1967 – 70 : Studio years , break @-@ up and solo work = = = =
Deprived of the routine of live performances after their final commercial concert on 29 August 1966 , Lennon felt lost and considered leaving the band . Since his involuntary introduction to LSD , he had made increasing use of the drug , and was almost constantly under its influence for much of 1967 . According to biographer Ian MacDonald , Lennon 's continuous experience with LSD during the year brought him " close to erasing his identity " . 1967 saw the release of " Strawberry Fields Forever " , hailed by Time magazine for its " astonishing inventiveness " , and the group 's landmark album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which revealed Lennon 's lyrics contrasting strongly with the simple love songs of the Lennon – McCartney 's early years .
In August , after having been introduced to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , the group attended a weekend of personal instruction at his Transcendental Meditation seminar in Bangor , Wales , and were informed of Epstein 's death during the seminar . " I knew we were in trouble then " , Lennon said later . " I didn 't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music , and I was scared " . Led primarily by Harrison and Lennon 's interest in Eastern religion , the Beatles later travelled to Maharishi 's ashram in India for further guidance . While there , they composed most of the songs for The Beatles and Abbey Road .
The anti @-@ war , black comedy How I Won the War , featuring Lennon 's only appearance in a non – Beatles full @-@ length film , was shown in cinemas in October 1967 . McCartney organised the group 's first post @-@ Epstein project , the self @-@ written , -produced and -directed television film Magical Mystery Tour , released in December that year . While the film itself proved to be their first critical flop , its soundtrack release , featuring Lennon 's acclaimed , Lewis Carroll @-@ inspired " I Am the Walrus " , was a success . With Epstein gone , the band members became increasingly involved in business activities , and in February 1968 they formed Apple Corps , a multimedia corporation composed of Apple Records and several other subsidiary companies . Lennon described the venture as an attempt to achieve , " artistic freedom within a business structure " , but his increased drug experimentation and growing preoccupation with Yoko Ono , and McCartney 's own marriage plans , left Apple in need of professional management . Lennon asked Lord Beeching to take on the role , but he declined , advising Lennon to go back to making records . Lennon approached Allen Klein , who had managed The Rolling Stones and other bands during the British Invasion . Klein was appointed as Apple 's chief executive by Lennon , Harrison and Starr , but McCartney never signed the management contract .
At the end of 1968 , Lennon was featured in the film The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( not released until 1996 ) in the role of a Dirty Mac band member . The supergroup , composed of Lennon , Eric Clapton , Keith Richards and Mitch Mitchell , also backed a vocal performance by Ono in the film . Lennon and Ono were married on 20 March 1969 , and soon released a series of 14 lithographs called " Bag One " depicting scenes from their honeymoon , eight of which were deemed indecent and most of which were banned and confiscated . Lennon 's creative focus continued to move beyond the Beatles and between 1968 and 1969 he and Ono recorded three albums of experimental music together : Unfinished Music No.1 : Two Virgins ( known more for its cover than for its music ) , Unfinished Music No.2 : Life with the Lions and Wedding Album . In 1969 , they formed the Plastic Ono Band , releasing Live Peace in Toronto 1969 . Between 1969 and 1970 , Lennon released the singles " Give Peace a Chance " ( widely adopted as an anti @-@ Vietnam @-@ War anthem in 1969 ) , " Cold Turkey " ( documenting his withdrawal symptoms after he became addicted to heroin ) and " Instant Karma ! " In protest at Britain 's involvement in the Nigerian Civil War , its support of America in the Vietnam war and ( perhaps jokingly ) against " Cold Turkey " slipping down the charts , Lennon returned his MBE medal to the Queen , though this had no effect on his MBE status , which could not be renounced .
Lennon left the Beatles in September 1969 , and agreed not to inform the media while the group renegotiated their recording contract , but he was outraged that McCartney publicised his own departure on releasing his debut solo album in April 1970 . Lennon 's reaction was , " Jesus Christ ! He gets all the credit for it ! " He later wrote , " I started the band . I disbanded it . It 's as simple as that . " In later interviews with Rolling Stone magazine , he revealed his bitterness towards McCartney , saying , " I was a fool not to do what Paul did , which was use it to sell a record . " He spoke too of the hostility he perceived the other members had towards Ono , and of how he , Harrison , and Starr " got fed up with being sidemen for Paul ... After Brian Epstein died we collapsed . Paul took over and supposedly led us . But what is leading us when we went round in circles ? "
= = = 1970 – 80 : Solo career = = =
= = = = 1970 – 72 : Initial solo success and activism = = = =
In 1970 , Lennon and Ono went through primal therapy with Arthur Janov in Los Angeles , California . Designed to release emotional pain from early childhood , the therapy entailed two half @-@ days a week with Janov for four months ; he had wanted to treat the couple for longer , but they felt no need to continue and returned to London . Lennon 's emotional debut solo album , John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band ( 1970 ) , was received with high praise . Critic Greil Marcus remarked , " John 's singing in the last verse of ' God ' may be the finest in all of rock . " The album featured the songs " Mother " , in which Lennon confronted his feelings of childhood rejection , and the Dylanesque " Working Class Hero " , a bitter attack against the bourgeois social system which , due to the lyric " you 're still fucking peasants " , fell foul of broadcasters . The same year , Tariq Ali 's revolutionary political views , expressed when he interviewed Lennon , inspired the singer to write " Power to the People " . Lennon also became involved with Ali during a protest against Oz magazine 's prosecution for alleged obscenity . Lennon denounced the proceedings as " disgusting fascism " , and he and Ono ( as Elastic Oz Band ) released the single " God Save Us / Do the Oz " and joined marches in support of the magazine .
With Lennon 's next album , Imagine ( 1971 ) , critical response was more guarded . Rolling Stone reported that " it contains a substantial portion of good music " but warned of the possibility that " his posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant " . The album 's title track would become an anthem for anti @-@ war movements , while another , " How Do You Sleep ? " , was a musical attack on McCartney in response to lyrics from Ram that Lennon felt , and McCartney later confirmed , were directed at him and Ono . However , Lennon softened his stance in the mid @-@ 1970s and said he had written " How Do You Sleep ? " about himself . He said in 1980 : " I used my resentment against Paul … to create a song … not a terrible vicious horrible vendetta [ … ] I used my resentment and withdrawing from Paul and the Beatles , and the relationship with Paul , to write ' How Do You Sleep ' . I don 't really go ' round with those thoughts in my head all the time . "
Lennon and Ono moved to New York in August 1971 , and in December released " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " . The new year saw the Nixon administration take what it called a " strategic counter @-@ measure " against Lennon 's anti @-@ war and anti @-@ Nixon propaganda , embarking on what would be a four @-@ year attempt to deport him . In 1972 , Lennon and Ono attended a post @-@ election wake held in the New York home of activist Jerry Rubin after McGovern lost to Nixon . Embroiled in a continuing legal battle with the immigration authorities , Lennon was denied permanent residency in the US ( which wouldn 't be resolved until 1976 ) . Depressed , Lennon got intoxicated and had sex with a female guest , leaving Ono embarrassed . Her song " Death of Samantha " was inspired by the incident .
Recorded as a collaboration with Ono and with backing from the New York band Elephant 's Memory , Some Time in New York City was released in 1972 . Containing songs about women 's rights , race relations , Britain 's role in Northern Ireland and Lennon 's problems obtaining a green card , the album was poorly received — unlistenable , according to one critic . " Woman Is the Nigger of the World " , released as a US single from the album the same year , was televised on 11 May , on The Dick Cavett Show . Many radio stations refused to broadcast the song because of the word " nigger " . Lennon and Ono gave two benefit concerts with Elephant 's Memory and guests in New York in aid of patients at the Willowbrook State School mental facility . Staged at Madison Square Garden on 30 August 1972 , they were his last full @-@ length concert appearances .
= = = = 1973 – 75 : " Lost weekend " = = = =
While Lennon was recording Mind Games ( 1973 ) , he and Ono decided to separate . The ensuing 18 @-@ month period apart , which he later called his " lost weekend " , was spent in Los Angeles and New York in the company of May Pang . Mind Games , credited to the " Plastic U.F.Ono Band " , was released in November 1973 . Lennon also contributed " I 'm the Greatest " to Starr 's album Ringo ( 1973 ) , released the same month ( an alternate take , from the same 1973 Ringo sessions , with Lennon providing a guide vocal , appears on John Lennon Anthology ) .
In early 1974 , Lennon was drinking heavily and his alcohol @-@ fuelled antics with Harry Nilsson made headlines . Two widely publicised incidents occurred at The Troubadour club in March , the first when Lennon placed a menstrual pad on his forehead and scuffled with a waitress , and the second , two weeks later , when Lennon and Nilsson were ejected from the same club after heckling the Smothers Brothers . Lennon decided to produce Nilsson 's album Pussy Cats and Pang rented a Los Angeles beach house for all the musicians but after a month of further debauchery , with the recording sessions in chaos , Lennon moved to New York with Pang to finish work on the album . In April , Lennon had produced the Mick Jagger song " Too Many Cooks ( Spoil the Soup ) " which was , for contractual reasons , to remain unreleased for more than 30 years . Pang supplied the recording for its eventual inclusion on The Very Best of Mick Jagger ( 2007 ) .
Settled back in New York , Lennon recorded the album Walls and Bridges . Released in October 1974 , it included " Whatever Gets You thru the Night " , which featured Elton John on backing vocals and piano , and became Lennon 's only single as a solo artist to top the US Billboard Hot 100 chart during his lifetime.b A second single from the album , " # 9 Dream " , followed before the end of the year . Starr 's Goodnight Vienna ( 1974 ) again saw assistance from Lennon , who wrote the title track and played piano . On 28 November , Lennon made a surprise guest appearance at Elton John 's Thanksgiving concert at Madison Square Garden , in fulfilment of his promise to join the singer in a live show if " Whatever Gets You thru the Night " — a song whose commercial potential Lennon had doubted — reached number one . Lennon performed the song along with " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and " I Saw Her Standing There " , which he introduced as " a song by an old estranged fiancée of mine called Paul " .
Lennon co @-@ wrote " Fame " , David Bowie 's first US number one , and provided guitar and backing vocals for the January 1975 recording . The same month , Elton John topped the charts with his cover of " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " , featuring Lennon on guitar and back @-@ up vocals ( Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of " Dr. Winston O 'Boogie " ) . He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards . Lennon released Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1975 ) , an album of cover songs , in February . " Stand by Me " , taken from the album and a US and UK hit , became his last single for five years . He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special A Salute to Lew Grade , recorded on 18 April and televised in June . Playing acoustic guitar and backed by an eight @-@ piece band , Lennon performed two songs from Rock ' n ' Roll ( " Stand by Me " , which was not broadcast , and " Slippin ' and Slidin ' " ) followed by " Imagine " . The band , known as Etc . , wore masks behind their heads , a dig by Lennon who thought Grade was two @-@ faced .
= = = = 1975 – 80 : Retirement and return = = = =
With the birth of his second son Sean on 9 October 1975 , Lennon took on the role of househusband , beginning what would be a five @-@ year hiatus from the music industry during which he gave all his attention to his family . Within the month , he fulfilled his contractual obligation to EMI / Capitol for one more album by releasing Shaved Fish , a compilation album of previously recorded tracks . He devoted himself to Sean , rising at 6 am daily to plan and prepare his meals and to spend time with him . He wrote " Cookin ' ( In the Kitchen of Love ) " for Starr 's Ringo 's Rotogravure ( 1976 ) , performing on the track in June in what would be his last recording session until 1980 . He formally announced his break from music in Tokyo in 1977 , saying , " we have basically decided , without any great decision , to be with our baby as much as we can until we feel we can take time off to indulge ourselves in creating things outside of the family . " During his career break he created several series of drawings , and drafted a book containing a mix of autobiographical material and what he termed " mad stuff " , all of which would be published posthumously .
Lennon emerged from retirement in October 1980 with the single " ( Just Like ) Starting Over " , followed the next month by the album Double Fantasy , which contained songs written during a journey to Bermuda on a 43 @-@ foot sailing boat the previous June , that reflected his fulfilment in his new @-@ found stable family life . Sufficient additional material was recorded for a planned follow @-@ up album Milk and Honey ( released posthumously in 1984 ) . Released jointly by Lennon and Ono , Double Fantasy was not well received , drawing comments such as Melody Maker 's " indulgent sterility ... a godawful yawn " .
= = = 8 December 1980 : Death = = =
At around 10 : 50 p.m. ( EST ) on 8 December 1980 , as Lennon and Ono returned to their New York apartment in the Dakota , Mark David Chapman shot Lennon in the back four times at the entrance to the building . Lennon was taken to the emergency room of nearby Roosevelt Hospital and was pronounced dead on arrival at 11 : 00 p.m. ( EST ) . Earlier that evening , Lennon had autographed a copy of Double Fantasy for Chapman .
Ono issued a statement the next day , saying " There is no funeral for John " , ending it with the words , " John loved and prayed for the human race . Please pray the same for him . " His body was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York . Ono scattered his ashes in New York 's Central Park , where the Strawberry Fields memorial was later created . Chapman pleaded guilty to second @-@ degree murder and was sentenced to 20 @-@ years @-@ to @-@ life . As of 2016 , he remains in prison , having been denied parole eight times .
= = Personal relationships = =
= = = Cynthia Lennon = = =
Lennon and Cynthia Powell ( 1939 – 2015 ) met in 1957 as fellow students at the Liverpool College of Art . Although being scared of Lennon 's attitude and appearance , she heard that he was obsessed with French actress Brigitte Bardot , so she dyed her hair blonde . Lennon asked her out , but when she said that she was engaged , he screamed out , " I didn 't ask you to fuckin ' marry me , did I ? " She often accompanied him to Quarrymen gigs and travelled to Hamburg with McCartney 's girlfriend at the time to visit him . Lennon , jealous by nature , eventually grew possessive and often terrified Powell with his anger and physical violence . Lennon later said that until he met Ono , he had never questioned his chauvinistic attitude to women . The Beatles song " Getting Better " , he said , told his own story , " I used to be cruel to my woman , and physically — any woman . I was a hitter . I couldn 't express myself and I hit . I fought men and I hit women . That is why I am always on about peace " .
Recalling his reaction in July 1962 on learning that Cynthia was pregnant , Lennon said , " There 's only one thing for it Cyn . We 'll have to get married . " The couple were married on 23 August at the Mount Pleasant Register Office in Liverpool . His marriage began just as Beatlemania took hold across the UK . He performed on the evening of his wedding day , and would continue to do so almost daily from then on . Epstein , fearing that fans would be alienated by the idea of a married Beatle , asked the Lennons to keep their marriage secret . Julian was born on 8 April 1963 ; Lennon was on tour at the time and did not see his son until three days later .
Cynthia attributed the start of the marriage breakdown to LSD , and as a result , she felt that he slowly lost interest in her . When the group travelled by train to Bangor , Wales , in 1967 , for the Maharishi Yogi 's Transcendental Meditation seminar , a policeman did not recognise her and stopped her from boarding . She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the ending of their marriage . After arriving home at Kenwood , and finding Lennon with Ono , Cynthia left the house to stay with friends . Alexis Mardas later claimed to have slept with her that night , and a few weeks later he informed her that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian on grounds of her adultery with him . After negotiations , Lennon capitulated and agreed to her divorcing him on the same grounds . The case was settled out of court in November 1968 , with Lennon giving her £ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 240 @,@ 000 in US dollars at the time ) , a small annual payment and custody of Julian .
= = = Brian Epstein = = =
The Beatles were performing at Liverpool 's Cavern Club in November 1961 , when they were introduced to Epstein after a midday concert . Epstein was homosexual . According to biographer Philip Norman , one of his reasons for wanting to manage the group was that he was physically attracted to Lennon . Almost as soon as Julian was born , Lennon went on holiday to Spain with Epstein , leading to speculation about their relationship . Questioned about it later , Lennon said , " Well , it was almost a love affair , but not quite . It was never consummated . But it was a pretty intense relationship . It was my first experience with a homosexual that I was conscious was homosexual . We used to sit in a café in Torremolinos looking at all the boys and I 'd say , ' Do you like that one ? Do you like this one ? ' I was rather enjoying the experience , thinking like a writer all the time : I am experiencing this . " Soon after their return from Spain , at McCartney 's twenty @-@ first birthday party in June 1963 , Lennon physically attacked Cavern Club MC Bob Wooler for saying " How was your honeymoon , John ? " The MC , known for his wordplay and affectionate but cutting remarks , was making a joke , but ten months had passed since Lennon 's marriage , and the honeymoon , deferred , was still two months in the future . To Lennon , who was intoxicated with alcohol at the time , the matter was simple : " He called me a queer so I battered his bloody ribs in " .
Lennon delighted in mocking Epstein for his homosexuality and for the fact that he was Jewish . When Epstein invited suggestions for the title of his autobiography , Lennon offered Queer Jew ; on learning of the eventual title , A Cellarful of Noise , he parodied , " More like A Cellarful of Boys " . He demanded of a visitor to Epstein 's flat , " Have you come to blackmail him ? If not , you 're the only bugger in London who hasn 't . " During the recording of " Baby , You 're a Rich Man " , he sang altered choruses of " Baby , you 're a rich fag Jew " .
= = = Julian Lennon = = =
Lennon 's first son , Julian , was born as his commitments with the Beatles intensified at the height of Beatlemania during his marriage to Cynthia . Lennon was touring with the Beatles when Julian was born on 8 April 1963 . Julian 's birth , like his mother Cynthia 's marriage to Lennon , was kept secret because Epstein was convinced public knowledge of such things would threaten the Beatles ' commercial success . Julian recalls how some four years later , as a small child in Weybridge , " I was trundled home from school and came walking up with one of my watercolour paintings . It was just a bunch of stars and this blonde girl I knew at school . And Dad said , ' What 's this ? ' I said , ' It 's Lucy in the sky with diamonds . ' " Lennon used it as the title of a Beatles song , and though it was later reported to have been derived from the initials LSD , Lennon insisted , " It 's not an acid song . " McCartney corroborated Lennon 's explanation that Julian innocently came up with the name . Lennon was distant from Julian , who felt closer to McCartney than to his father . During a car journey to visit Cynthia and Julian during Lennon 's divorce , McCartney composed a song , " Hey Jules " , to comfort him . It would evolve into the Beatles song " Hey Jude " . Lennon later said , " That 's his best song . It started off as a song about my son Julian ... he turned it into ' Hey Jude ' . I always thought it was about me and Yoko but he said it wasn 't . "
Lennon 's relationship with Julian was already strained , and after Lennon and Ono 's 1971 move to New York , Julian would not see his father again until 1973 . With Pang 's encouragement , it was arranged for him ( and his mother ) to visit Lennon in Los Angeles , where they went to Disneyland . Julian started to see his father regularly , and Lennon gave him a drumming part on a Walls and Bridges track . He bought Julian a Gibson Les Paul guitar and other instruments , and encouraged his interest in music by demonstrating guitar chord techniques . Julian recalls that he and his father " got on a great deal better " during the time he spent in New York : " We had a lot of fun , laughed a lot and had a great time in general . "
In a Playboy interview with David Sheff shortly before his death , Lennon said , " Sean was a planned child , and therein lies the difference . I don 't love Julian any less as a child . He 's still my son , whether he came from a bottle of whiskey or because they didn 't have pills in those days . He 's here , he belongs to me , and he always will . " He said he was trying to re @-@ establish a connection with the then 17 @-@ year @-@ old , and confidently predicted , " Julian and I will have a relationship in the future . " After his death it was revealed that he had left Julian very little in his will .
= = = Yoko Ono = = =
Two versions exist of how Lennon met Ono . According to the first , told by the Lennons , on 9 November 1966 Lennon went to the Indica Gallery in London , where Ono was preparing her conceptual art exhibit , and they were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar . Lennon was intrigued by Ono 's " Hammer A Nail " : patrons hammered a nail into a wooden board , creating the art piece . Although the exhibition had not yet begun , Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board , but Ono stopped him . Dunbar asked her , " Don 't you know who this is ? He 's a millionaire ! He might buy it . " Ono had supposedly not heard of the Beatles , but relented on condition that Lennon pay her five shillings , to which Lennon replied , " I 'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in . " The second version , told by McCartney , is that in late 1965 , Ono was in London compiling original musical scores for a book John Cage was working on , Notations , but McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts for the book , suggesting that Lennon might oblige . When asked , Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to " The Word " .
Ono began visiting and telephoning Lennon 's home and , when his wife asked for an explanation , Lennon explained that Ono was only trying to obtain money for her " avant @-@ garde bullshit " . In May 1968 , while his wife was on holiday in Greece , Lennon invited Ono to visit . They spent the night recording what would become the Two Virgins album , after which , he said , they " made love at dawn . " When Lennon 's wife returned home she found Ono wearing her bathrobe and drinking tea with Lennon who simply said , " Oh , hi . " Ono became pregnant in 1968 and miscarried a male child they named John Ono Lennon II on 21 November 1968 , a few weeks after Lennon 's divorce from Cynthia was granted .
During Lennon 's last two years in the Beatles , he and Ono began public protests against the Vietnam War . They were married in Gibraltar on 20 March 1969 , and spent their honeymoon at the Hilton Amsterdam campaigning with a week @-@ long Bed @-@ In for Peace . They planned another Bed @-@ In in the United States , but were denied entry , so held one instead at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal , where they recorded " Give Peace a Chance " . They often combined advocacy with performance art , as in their " Bagism " , first introduced during a Vienna press conference . Lennon detailed this period in the Beatles song " The Ballad of John and Yoko " . Lennon changed his name by deed poll on 22 April 1969 , adding " Ono " as a middle name . The brief ceremony took place on the roof of the Apple Corps building , made famous three months earlier by the Beatles ' Let It Be rooftop concert . Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter , official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon , since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth . The couple settled at Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill in Berkshire . After Ono was injured in a car accident , Lennon arranged for a king @-@ sized bed to be brought to the recording studio as he worked on the Beatles ' last album , Abbey Road . To escape the acrimony of the band 's break @-@ up , Ono suggested they move permanently to New York , which they did on 31 August 1971 .
They first lived in The St. Regis Hotel on 5th Avenue , East 55th Street , then moved to a street @-@ level flat at 105 Bank Street , Greenwich Village , on 16 October 1971 . After a robbery , they relocated to the more secure Dakota at 1 West 72nd Street , in 1973 .
= = = May Pang = = =
ABKCO Industries , formed in 1968 by Allen Klein as an umbrella company to ABKCO Records , recruited May Pang as a receptionist in 1969 . Through involvement in a project with ABKCO , Lennon and Ono met her the following year . She became their personal assistant . After she had been working with the couple for three years , Ono confided that she and Lennon were becoming estranged from one another . She went on to suggest that Pang should begin a physical relationship with Lennon , telling her , " He likes you a lot . " Pang , 22 , astounded by Ono 's proposition , eventually agreed to become Lennon 's companion . The pair soon moved to California , beginning an 18 @-@ month period he later called his " lost weekend " . In Los Angeles , Pang encouraged Lennon to develop regular contact with Julian , whom he had not seen for two years . He also rekindled friendships with Starr , McCartney , Beatles roadie Mal Evans , and Harry Nilsson . Whilst drinking with Nilsson , after misunderstanding something Pang said , Lennon attempted to strangle her , relenting only when physically restrained by Nilsson .
Upon returning to New York , they prepared a spare room in their newly rented apartment for Julian to visit . Lennon , hitherto inhibited by Ono in this regard , began to reestablish contact with other relatives and friends . By December he and Pang were considering a house purchase , and he was refusing to accept Ono 's telephone calls . In January 1975 , he agreed to meet Ono who claimed to have found a cure for smoking . But after the meeting he failed to return home or call Pang . When Pang telephoned the next day , Ono told her Lennon was unavailable , being exhausted after a hypnotherapy session . Two days later , Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment , stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed . He told her his separation from Ono was now over , though Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress .
= = = Sean Lennon = = =
When Lennon and Ono were reunited , she became pregnant , but having previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon , she said she wanted an abortion . She agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband ; this he agreed to do . Sean was born on 9 October 1975 , Lennon 's 35th birthday , delivered by Caesarean section . Lennon 's subsequent career break would span five years . He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year , and created numerous drawings for him , posthumously published as Real Love : The Drawings for Sean . Lennon later proudly declared , " He didn 't come out of my belly but , by God , I made his bones , because I 've attended to every meal , and to how he sleeps , and to the fact that he swims like a fish . "
= = = Former Beatles = = =
Although his friendship with Starr remained consistently friendly during the years following the Beatles ' break @-@ up in 1970 , Lennon 's relationships with McCartney and Harrison varied . He was close to Harrison initially , but the two drifted apart after Lennon moved to America . When Harrison was in New York for his December 1974 Dark Horse tour , Lennon agreed to join him on stage , but failed to appear after an argument over Lennon 's refusal to sign an agreement that would finally dissolve the Beatles ' legal partnership . ( Lennon eventually signed the papers while holidaying in Florida with Pang and Julian . ) Harrison offended Lennon in 1980 , when he published an autobiography that made little mention of him . Lennon told Playboy , " I was hurt by it . By glaring omission ... my influence on his life is absolutely zilch ... he remembers every two @-@ bit sax player or guitarist he met in subsequent years . I 'm not in the book . "
Lennon 's most intense feelings were reserved for McCartney . In addition to attacking him through the lyrics of " How Do You Sleep ? " , Lennon argued with him through the press for three years after the group split . The two later began to reestablish something of the close friendship they had once known , and in 1974 , they even played music together again before eventually growing apart once more . Lennon said that during McCartney 's final visit , in April 1976 , they watched the episode of Saturday Night Live in which Lorne Michaels made a $ 3 @,@ 000 cash offer to get the Beatles to reunite on the show . The pair considered going to the studio to make a joke appearance , attempting to claim their share of the money , but were too tired . Lennon summarised his feelings towards McCartney in an interview three days before his death : " Throughout my career , I 've selected to work with ... only two people : Paul McCartney and Yoko Ono ... That ain 't bad picking . "
Along with his estrangement from McCartney , Lennon always felt a musical competitiveness with him and kept an ear on his music . During his five @-@ year career break he was content to sit back so long as McCartney was producing what Lennon saw as mediocre material . When McCartney released " Coming Up " , in 1980 , the year Lennon returned to the studio and the last year of his life , he took notice . " It 's driving me crackers ! " he jokingly complained , because he could not get the tune out of his head . Asked the same year whether the group were dreaded enemies or the best of friends , he replied that they were neither , and that he had not seen any of them in a long time . But he also said , " I still love those guys . The Beatles are over , but John , Paul , George and Ringo go on . "
= = Political activism = =
Lennon and Ono used their honeymoon as what they termed a " Bed @-@ In for Peace " at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel ; the March 1969 event attracted worldwide media ridicule . At a second Bed @-@ In three months later at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal Lennon wrote and recorded " Give Peace a Chance " . Released as a single , it was quickly taken up as an anti @-@ war anthem and sung by a quarter of a million demonstrators against the Vietnam War in Washington , DC , on 15 November , the second Vietnam Moratorium Day . In December , they paid for billboards in 10 cities around the world which declared , in the national language , " War Is Over ! If You Want It " .
Later that year , Lennon and Ono supported efforts by the family of James Hanratty , hanged for murder in 1962 , to prove his innocence . Those who had condemned Hanratty were , according to Lennon , " the same people who are running guns to South Africa and killing blacks in the streets . ... The same bastards are in control , the same people are running everything , it 's the whole bullshit bourgeois scene . " In London , Lennon and Ono staged a " Britain Murdered Hanratty " banner march and a " Silent Protest For James Hanratty " , and produced a 40 @-@ minute documentary on the case . At an appeal hearing years later , Hanratty 's conviction was upheld after DNA evidence matched . His family continued to appeal in 2010 .
Lennon and Ono showed their solidarity with the Clydeside UCS workers ' work @-@ in of 1971 by sending a bouquet of red roses and a cheque for £ 5 @,@ 000 . On moving to New York City in August that year , they befriended two of the Chicago Seven , Yippie peace activists Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman . Another political activist , John Sinclair , poet and co @-@ founder of the White Panther Party , was serving ten years in prison for selling two joints of marijuana after previous convictions for possession of the drug . In December 1971 at Ann Arbor , Michigan , 15 @,@ 000 people attended the " John Sinclair Freedom Rally " , a protest and benefit concert with contributions from Lennon , Stevie Wonder , Bob Seger , Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party , and others . Lennon and Ono , backed by David Peel and Rubin , performed an acoustic set of four songs from their forthcoming Some Time in New York City album including " John Sinclair " , whose lyrics called for his release . The day before the rally , the Michigan Senate passed a bill that significantly reduced the penalties for possession of marijuana and four days later Sinclair was released on an appeal bond . The performance was recorded and two of the tracks later appeared on John Lennon Anthology ( 1998 ) .
Following the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland in 1972 , in which 14 unarmed civil rights protesters were shot dead by the British Army , Lennon said that given the choice between the army and the IRA ( who were not involved in the incident ) he would side with the latter . Lennon and Ono wrote two songs protesting British presence and actions in Ireland for their Some Time in New York City album : " Luck of the Irish " and " Sunday Bloody Sunday " . In 2000 , David Shayler , a former member of Britain 's domestic security service MI5 , suggested that Lennon had given money to the IRA , though this was swiftly denied by Ono . Biographer Bill Harry records that following Bloody Sunday , Lennon and Ono financially supported the production of the film The Irish Tapes , a political documentary with a Republican slant .
According to FBI surveillance reports ( and confirmed by Tariq Ali in 2006 ) Lennon was sympathetic to the International Marxist Group , a Trotskyist group formed in Britain in 1968 . However , the FBI considered Lennon to have limited effectiveness as a revolutionary since he was " constantly under the influence of narcotics " .
In 1973 , Lennon contributed a limerick called " Why Make It Sad To Be Gay ? " to Len Richmond 's The Gay Liberation Book .
Lennon 's last act of political activism was a statement in support of the striking minority sanitation workers in San Francisco on 5 December 1980 . He and Ono planned to join the workers ' protest on 14 December . By this time , however , Lennon had also quietly renounced the counterculture views which he had helped promote during the 1960s and 1970s and became more aligned with conservatism , though whether he had actually aligned to a more conservative world view is disputed .
= = = Deportation attempt = = =
Following the impact of " Give Peace a Chance " and " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " , both strongly associated with the anti – Vietnam War movement , the Nixon administration , hearing rumours of Lennon 's involvement in a concert to be held in San Diego at the same time as the Republican National Convention , tried to have him deported . Nixon believed that Lennon 's anti @-@ war activities could cost him his re @-@ election ; Republican Senator Strom Thurmond suggested in a February 1972 memo that " deportation would be a strategic counter @-@ measure " against Lennon . The next month the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) began deportation proceedings , arguing that his 1968 misdemeanor conviction for cannabis possession in London had made him ineligible for admission to the United States . Lennon spent the next three and a half years in and out of deportation hearings until 8 October 1975 , when a court of appeals barred the deportation attempt , stating " ... the courts will not condone selective deportation based upon secret political grounds . " While the legal battle continued , Lennon attended rallies and made television appearances . Lennon and Ono co @-@ hosted The Mike Douglas Show for a week in February 1972 , introducing guests such as Jerry Rubin and Bobby Seale to mid @-@ America . In 1972 , Bob Dylan wrote a letter to the INS defending Lennon , stating :
John and Yoko add a great voice and drive to the country 's so @-@ called art institution . They inspire and transcend and stimulate and by doing so , only help others to see pure light and in doing that , put an end to this dull taste of petty commercialism which is being passed off as Artist Art by the overpowering mass media . Hurray for John and Yoko . Let them stay and live here and breathe . The country 's got plenty of room and space . Let John and Yoko stay !
On 23 March 1973 , Lennon was ordered to leave the US within 60 days . Ono , meanwhile , was granted permanent residence . In response , Lennon and Ono held a press conference on 1 April 1973 at the New York City Bar Association , where they announced the formation of the state of Nutopia ; a place with " no land , no boundaries , no passports , only people " . Waving the white flag of Nutopia ( two handkerchiefs ) , they asked for political asylum in the US . The press conference was filmed , and would later appear in the 2006 documentary The US vs. John Lennon . Lennon 's Mind Games ( 1973 ) included the track " Nutopian International Anthem " , which comprised three seconds of silence . Soon after the press conference , Nixon 's involvement in a political scandal came to light , and in June the Watergate hearings began in Washington , DC . They led to the president 's resignation 14 months later . Nixon 's successor , Gerald Ford , showed little interest in continuing the battle against Lennon , and the deportation order was overturned in 1975 . The following year , his US immigration status finally resolved , Lennon received his " green card " certifying his permanent residency , and when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president in January 1977 , Lennon and Ono attended the Inaugural Ball .
= = = FBI surveillance and declassified documents = = =
After Lennon 's death , historian Jon Wiener filed a Freedom of Information Act request for FBI files documenting the Bureau 's role in the deportation attempt . The FBI admitted it had 281 pages of files on Lennon , but refused to release most of them on the grounds that they contained national security information . In 1983 , Wiener sued the FBI with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California . It took 14 years of litigation to force the FBI to release the withheld pages . The ACLU , representing Wiener , won a favourable decision in their suit against the FBI in the Ninth Circuit in 1991 . The Justice Department appealed the decision to the Supreme Court in April 1992 , but the court declined to review the case . In 1997 , respecting President Bill Clinton 's newly instigated rule that documents should be withheld only if releasing them would involve " foreseeable harm " , the Justice Department settled most of the outstanding issues outside court by releasing all but 10 of the contested documents .
Wiener published the results of his 14 @-@ year campaign in January 2000 . Gimme Some Truth : The John Lennon FBI Files contained facsimiles of the documents , including " lengthy reports by confidential informants detailing the daily lives of anti @-@ war activists , memos to the White House , transcripts of TV shows on which Lennon appeared , and a proposal that Lennon be arrested by local police on drug charges " . The story is told in the documentary The US vs. John Lennon . The final 10 documents in Lennon 's FBI file , which reported on his ties with London anti @-@ war activists in 1971 and had been withheld as containing " national security information provided by a foreign government under an explicit promise of confidentiality " , were released in December 2006 . They contained no indication that the British government had regarded Lennon as a serious threat ; one example of the released material was a report that two prominent British leftists had hoped Lennon would finance a left @-@ wing bookshop and reading room .
= = Writing and art = =
Beatles biographer Bill Harry writes that Lennon began drawing and writing creatively at an early age with the encouragement of his uncle . He collected his stories , poetry , cartoons and caricatures in a Quarry Bank High School exercise book that he called the Daily Howl . The drawings were often of crippled people , and the writings satirical , and throughout the book was an abundance of wordplay . According to classmate Bill Turner , Lennon created the Daily Howl to amuse his best friend and later Quarrymen bandmate Pete Shotton , to whom he would show his work before he let anyone else see it . Turner said that Lennon " had an obsession for Wigan Pier . It kept cropping up " , and in Lennon 's story A Carrot in a Potato Mine , " the mine was at the end of Wigan Pier . " Turner described how one of Lennon 's cartoons depicted a bus stop sign annotated with the question , " Why ? " . Above was a flying pancake , and below , " a blind man wearing glasses leading along a blind dog — also wearing glasses " .
Lennon 's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was 24 . Harry writes that In His Own Write ( 1964 ) was published after " Some journalist who was hanging around the Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff . They said , ' Write a book ' and that 's how the first one came about " . Like the Daily Howl it contained a mix of formats including short stories , poetry , plays and drawings . One story , " Good Dog Nigel " , tells the tale of " a happy dog , urinating on a lamp post , barking , wagging his tail — until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o 'clock " . The Times Literary Supplement considered the poems and stories " remarkable ... also very funny ... the nonsense runs on , words and images prompting one another in a chain of pure fantasy " . Book Week reported , " This is nonsense writing , but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off . While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play , many others have not only double meaning but a double edge . " Lennon was not only surprised by the positive reception , but that the book was reviewed at all , and suggested that readers " took the book more seriously than I did myself . It just began as a laugh for me " .
In combination with A Spaniard in the Works ( 1965 ) , In His Own Write formed the basis of the stage play The John Lennon Play : In His Own Write , co @-@ adapted by Victor Spinetti and Adrienne Kennedy . After negotiations between Lennon , Spinetti and the artistic director of the National Theatre , Sir Laurence Olivier , the play opened at The Old Vic in 1968 . Lennon and Ono attended the opening night performance , their second public appearance together . In 1969 , Lennon wrote " Four in Hand " — a skit based on his teenaged experiences of group masturbation — for Kenneth Tynan 's play Oh ! Calcutta ! . After Lennon 's death , further works were published , including Skywriting by Word of Mouth ( 1986 ) ; Ai : Japan Through John Lennon 's Eyes : A Personal Sketchbook ( 1992 ) , with Lennon 's illustrations of the definitions of Japanese words ; and Real Love : The Drawings for Sean ( 1999 ) . The Beatles Anthology ( 2000 ) also presented examples of his writings and drawings .
= = Musicianship = =
= = = Instruments played = = =
Lennon 's playing of a mouth organ during a bus journey to visit his cousin in Scotland caught the driver 's ear . Impressed , the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Edinburgh the following day , where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger left it on a bus . The professional instrument quickly replaced Lennon 's toy . He would continue to play harmonica , often using the instrument during the Beatles ' Hamburg years , and it became a signature sound in the group 's early recordings . His mother taught him how to play the banjo , later buying him an acoustic guitar . At 16 , he played rhythm guitar with the Quarrymen .
As his career progressed , he played a variety of electric guitars , predominantly the Rickenbacker 325 , Epiphone Casino and Gibson J @-@ 160E , and , from the start of his solo career , the Gibson Les Paul Junior . Double Fantasy producer Jack Douglas claimed that since his Beatle days Lennon habitually tuned his D @-@ string slightly flat , so his Aunt Mimi could tell which guitar was his on recordings . Occasionally he played a six @-@ string bass guitar , the Fender Bass VI , providing bass on some Beatles numbers ( " Back in the U.S.S.R. " , " The Long and Winding Road " , " Helter Skelter " ) that occupied McCartney with another instrument . His other instrument of choice was the piano , on which he composed many songs , including " Imagine " , described as his best @-@ known solo work . His jamming on a piano with McCartney in 1963 led to the creation of the Beatles ' first US number one , " I Want to Hold Your Hand " . In 1964 , he became one of the first British musicians to acquire a Mellotron keyboard , though it was not heard on a Beatles recording until " Strawberry Fields Forever " in 1967 .
= = = Vocal style = = =
When the Beatles recorded " Twist and Shout " , the final track during the mammoth one @-@ day session that produced the band 's 1963 debut album , Please Please Me , Lennon 's voice , already compromised by a cold , came close to giving out . Lennon said , " I couldn 't sing the damn thing , I was just screaming . " In the words of biographer Barry Miles , " Lennon simply shredded his vocal cords in the interests of rock ' n ' roll . " The Beatles ' producer , George Martin , tells how Lennon " had an inborn dislike of his own voice which I could never understand . He was always saying to me : ' DO something with my voice ! ... put something on it ... Make it different . ' " Martin obliged , often using double @-@ tracking and other techniques .
As his Beatles era segued into his solo career , his singing voice found a widening range of expression . Biographer Chris Gregory writes of Lennon " tentatively beginning to expose his insecurities in a number of acoustic @-@ led ' confessional ' ballads , so beginning the process of ' public therapy ' that will eventually culminate in the primal screams of " Cold Turkey " and the cathartic John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band . " Music critic Robert Christgau calls this Lennon 's " greatest vocal performance ... from scream to whine , is modulated electronically ... echoed , filtered , and double tracked . " David Stuart Ryan notes Lennon 's vocal delivery to range from " extreme vulnerability , sensitivity and even naivety " to a hard " rasping " style . Wiener too describes contrasts , saying the singer 's voice can be " at first subdued ; soon it almost cracks with despair " . Music historian Ben Urish recalls hearing the Beatles ' Ed Sullivan Show performance of " This Boy " played on the radio a few days after Lennon 's murder : " As Lennon 's vocals reached their peak ... it hurt too much to hear him scream with such anguish and emotion . But it was my emotions I heard in his voice . Just like I always had . "
= = Legacy = =
Music historians Schinder and Schwartz , writing of the transformation in popular music styles that took place between the 1950s and the 1960s , say that the Beatles ' influence cannot be overstated : having " revolutionised the sound , style , and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll 's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts " , the group then " spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock 's stylistic frontiers " . Liam Gallagher , his group Oasis among the many who acknowledge the band 's influence , identifies Lennon as a hero ; in 1999 he named his first child Lennon Gallagher in tribute . On National Poetry Day in 1999 , after conducting a poll to identify the UK 's favourite song lyric , the BBC announced " Imagine " the winner .
In a 2006 Guardian article , Jon Wiener wrote : " For young people in 1972 , it was thrilling to see Lennon 's courage in standing up to [ US President ] Nixon . That willingness to take risks with his career , and his life , is one reason why people still admire him today . " For music historians Urish and Bielen , Lennon 's most significant effort was " the self @-@ portraits ... in his songs [ which ] spoke to , for , and about , the human condition . "
In 2013 , Downtown Music Publishing signed a publishing administration agreement for the U.S. with Lenono Music and Ono Music , home to the song catalogs of John Lennon and Yoko Ono respectively . Under the terms of the agreement , Downtown represents Lennon 's solo works -- including " Imagine , " " Instant Karma ( We All Shine On ) , " " Power to the People , " " Happy X @-@ Mas ( War Is Over ) , " " Jealous Guy , " " ( Just Like ) Starting Over " and others .
Lennon continues to be mourned throughout the world and has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes . In 2002 , the airport in Lennon 's home town was renamed the Liverpool John Lennon Airport . In 2010 , on what would have been Lennon 's 70th birthday , the John Lennon Peace Monument was unveiled in Chavasse Park , Liverpool , by Cynthia and Julian Lennon . The sculpture entitled ' Peace & Harmony ' exhibits peace symbols and carries the inscription " Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life · In Honour of John Lennon 1940 – 1980 " .
In December 2013 the International Astronomical Union named one of the craters on Mercury after Lennon .
= = = Awards and sales = = =
The Lennon – McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of the 20th century . As performer , writer or co @-@ writer Lennon has had 25 number one singles on the US Hot 100 chart.a His album sales in the US stand at 14 million units . Double Fantasy was his best @-@ selling solo album , at three million shipments in the US ; Released shortly before his death , it won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year . The following year , the BRIT Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music went to Lennon .
Participants in a 2002 BBC poll voted him eighth of " 100 Greatest Britons " . Between 2003 and 2008 , Rolling Stone recognised Lennon in several reviews of artists and music , ranking him fifth of " 100 Greatest Singers of All Time " and 38th of " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " , and his albums John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band and Imagine , 22nd and 76th respectively of " Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) with the other Beatles in 1965 ( returned in 1969 ) . Lennon was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 .
= = Discography = =
Unfinished Music No. 1 : Two Virgins ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1968 )
Unfinished Music No. 2 : Life with the Lions ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1969 )
Wedding Album ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1969 )
John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band ( 1970 )
Imagine ( 1971 )
Some Time in New York City ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1972 )
Mind Games ( 1973 )
Walls and Bridges ( 1974 )
Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1975 )
Double Fantasy ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1980 )
Milk and Honey ( with Yoko Ono ) ( 1984 )
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
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= 411th Engineer Brigade ( United States ) =
The 411th Engineer Brigade ( Theater Army ) is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army headquartered in New Windsor , New York . It is a major engineer command of the United States Army Reserve .
Tracing its lineage back to the 355th Engineer Regiment , the brigade assumed its predecessor 's campaign participation credit and honors , which were received fighting in the European Theater of World War II . The reserve brigade did not participate in any Cold War era fighting , and only saw periodic moves to various army bases around New York State . After the Cold War , however , the brigade saw several deployments to the Middle East in a supporting role for US @-@ led contingencies . These included Operation Desert Storm , Operation Joint Endeavor , Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom .
= = Organization = =
The 411th Engineer Brigade is a subordinate unit of the 412th Engineer Command and its Headquarters and Headquarters Company is stationed at New Windsor , New York . It contains two subordinate battalions and separate companies which are also reserve units . The 479th Engineer Battalion ( Combat ) ( Mechanized ) headquartered at Watertown , New York and the 854th Engineer Battalion located at Saugerties , New York are the Brigade 's two principal components . Additionally , the Brigade commands the 306th Engineer Company in Farmingdale , New York and the 328th Engineer Company ( Combat ) ( Heavy ) of Northfield , New Jersey , and the 417th Engineer Company ( Combat ) ( Heavy ) in Bullville , New York .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
The 411th Engineer Brigade traces its lineage back to the 355th Engineer Regiment , which was first constituted on 15 October 1921 in the Organized Reserves . The regiment was organized in January 1922 with its headquarters at Chapel Hill , North Carolina .
It was ordered into active duty military service on 1 September 1942 at Camp White , Oregon in preparation for deployment to Europe during World War II . During World War II , the regiment saw action in the European Theater , undertaking numerous bridging and mobility missions in Normandy , Northern France , the Rhineland and the Ardennes area . The Regiment was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its service during the war . After the war was over in 1945 , the regiment remained in the country until it was inactivated on 17 June 1946 in Germany . A year later , on 27 May 1947 the regiment was reactivated with its Headquarters in Detroit , Michigan . It was again deactivated on 31 December 1948 in Detroit .
After the deactivation , the Regiment was broken up and its subordinate elements were redesignated . The regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Company and Service Company were reorganized on 25 February 1949 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 411th Engineer Brigade , allowing them a larger staff with the ability to take command of more subordinate units . The regiment 's 1st Battalion was reorganized and redesignated on 25 February 1949 as the 928th Engineer Construction Battalion . The 2nd Battalion was reorganized and redesignated on 15 March 1949 as the 929th Engineer Construction Battalion . The 3rd Battalion disbanded on 9 July 1953 . The two separated battalions retained separate lineage from this point and the 355th Engineer Regiment ceased to exist .
= = = Cold War years = = =
The 411th Engineer Brigade was activated on 14 March 1949 at New York City . It was reorganized on 22 December 1950 as the 411th Engineer Aviation Brigade . A few years later , the Organized Reserve Corps itself was redesignated as the Army Reserve , and the brigade was delegated to Reserve status . On 1 January 1957 , the brigade was again redesignated as the 411th Engineer Brigade . On 31 January 1968 , the brigade headquarters was relocated to Fort Tilden , New York .
For most of its operational existence , the brigade remained in Reserve status except for a few brief activations in the Active Duty force . It was ordered into active military service on 24 March 1970 at Fort Tilden , New York , before being reverted to reserve status two days later . The brigade received its distinctive unit insignia on 28 January 1971 and its shoulder sleeve insignia on 20 December 1973 . On 3 January 1978 the brigade headquarters location was changed to Brooklyn , New York .
The brigade was again ordered into active duty to play a supporting role in the Gulf War in 1990 . It officially switched to active service on 6 December 1990 at Brooklyn , New York . It participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm and earned two campaign streamers for participation in the conflict . On 11 March 1991 it was released from active military service and reverted to reserve status . The next day , while still in the country , the brigade was one of numerous units thought to have been exposed to chemical agents released during the Khamisiyah Pit demolition . Much of the NATO invasion force in the country at the time is suspected to have been exposed to these agents .
On 1 April 1996 , the brigade relocated to New Windsor , New York . It provided engineer Support to Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia and Kosovo by augmenting the staff of the 412th Engineer Command , and by deploying the 139th and 141st Transportation Company Detachments to the region which were under the brigade 's peacetime command and control .
= = = Iraq War = = =
The Brigade was alerted for deployment to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in late 2005 . In the summer of 2006 , it trained for three months at Fort McCoy , Wisconsin to prepare . Its mission in Iraq was to integrate other smaller engineer units and provide engineer support to the other Army units operating in the country . The brigade headquarters took command of several other engineer battalions during this deployment . Among the units under brigade 's control was the 502nd Engineer Battalion based in Hanau , Germany which worked on bridges around Baghdad , as well as the 875th Engineer Battalion of the Arkansas Army National Guard based at Camp Striker and the active duty 92nd Engineer Battalion . Also attached to the brigade 's command was the Us Air Force 's 557th Expeditionary RED HORSE Squadron , a contingent of Air Force engineers .
The brigade arrived in Iraq in September 2006 . It assumed control of over 3 @,@ 000 engineers from the US Army , US Navy , US Air Force and US Marine Corps , having taken over the duty from the 130th Engineer Brigade which was departing following the end of its deployment . During the deployment , the brigade had five principle duties : route clearance and sanitation , rapid crater repair , engineer support to the 3rd Infantry Division and other combat units , planning , design and construction of contingency operating bases , and command of tactical bridging assets . The first major project of the brigade after arriving in country in September 2006 was to assist Iraqi engineers in repairing and operating the run down and damaged water treatment plant at Al Bakir which provided a major source of fresh water from the Tigris River . The brigade allowed Iraqi engineers to lead this operation and played a supporting role in evaluating their work . One of the brigade 's major projects was the construction of Forward Operating Base ( FOB ) Hammer , which was completed in just 45 days . The base required construction materials from all over the country as well as foreign materials brought to Camp Victory and Balad Air Base . The 411th Brigade 's attached B CO 92nd EN BN soldiers focused primarily on land work , perimeter fences and ground fortifications totaling over nine kilometers , with a detachment from the RED HORSE USAF focused on construction of buildings and other " vertical " projects . After completion , the FOB had space for 4 @,@ 000 soldiers , and was occupied by 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 3rd Infantry Division .
After the completion of the FOB , 411th Engineer Brigade soldiers commenced construction on other facilities throughout Camp Liberty for other incoming Army units . At the same time , other units in the brigade were responsible for route clearance in the areas of Logistics Support Area Anaconda along routes used for military supply as well as civilian traffic . The brigade 's soldiers used Buffalo mine protected vehicles to clear these routes of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices and other dangerous obstacles .
During this deployment , the brigade completed over 200 projects on every major Forward Operating Base in the country , and three major projects supporting the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 . It completed over 400 @,@ 000 kilometers of route clearance and blast hole repair using over 2 @,@ 800 pieces of major equipment . The brigade headquarters returned home to New York in fall of 2007 , after one year of deployment to Iraq .
= = = Operation Enduring Freedom = = =
In 2012 , the 411th Engineer Brigade was again activated and deployed to Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan to take command of theater @-@ wide engineer operations . The brigade formed a task force dubbed " Joint Task Force Empire " and remained deployed in Afghanistan until March 2013 when it returned home to New York and was reverted to reserve status .
= = Honors = =
= = = Unit decorations = = =
= = = Campaign streamers = = =
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= Stanley Matthews =
Sir Stanley Matthews , CBE ( 1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000 ) was an English footballer . Often regarded as one of the greatest players of the English game , he is the only player to have been knighted while still playing , as well as being the first winner of both the European Footballer of the Year and the Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year awards . Matthews ' nicknames included " The Wizard of the Dribble " and " The Magician " .
Matthews kept fit enough to play at the top level until he was 50 years old . He was also the oldest player ever to play in England 's top football division and the oldest player ever to represent the country . He played his final competitive game in 1985 , at the age of 70 . Matthews was also an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 to honour his contribution to the English game .
He spent 19 years with Stoke City , playing for the Potters from 1932 to 1947 , and again from 1961 to 1965 . He helped Stoke to the Second Division title in 1932 – 33 and 1962 – 63 . Between his two spells at Stoke he spent 14 years with Blackpool , where , after being on the losing side in the 1948 and 1951 FA Cup finals , he helped Blackpool to win the cup with a formidable personal performance in the " Matthews Final " of 1953 . Between 1934 and 1957 he won 54 caps for England , playing in the FIFA World Cup in 1950 and 1954 , and winning nine British Home Championship titles .
Following an unsuccessful stint as Port Vale 's general manager between 1965 and 1968 , he travelled around the world , coaching enthusiastic amateurs . The most notable of his coaching experiences came in 1975 in South Africa , where in spite of the harsh apartheid laws of the time he established an all @-@ black team in Soweto known as " Stan 's Men " .
= = Family and early life = =
Stanley Matthews was born on 1 February 1915 in a terraced house in Seymour Street , Hanley , Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent , Staffordshire . He was the third of four sons born to Jack Matthews , a local boxer who was also known as the " Fighting Barber of Hanley " . In the summer of 1921 , Jack Matthews took six @-@ year @-@ old Stanley to the Victoria Ground , home of the local club Stoke City , for an open race for boys under the age of 14 , with a staggered start according to age . His father placed a bet on his son winning , and he did . Matthews attended Hanley 's Wellington Road School , and later described himself as " in many respects a model pupil " . He also said the kickabout games the children played helped to improve his dribbling , and prepared the children for future life by giving them " a focus , a purpose , discipline , and in many respects an escape " . At home he also spent " countless hours " practising dribbling around kitchen chairs he placed in his backyard .
Though he would later become indelibly associated with Stoke City , Matthews grew up supporting that club 's local rivals Port Vale . His father wanted him to follow in his footsteps and become a boxer , but Stanley decided at the age of 13 that he wanted to be a footballer . After a rigorous training session that made Matthews vomit , his mother , Elizabeth , stood firm and made Jack realise that his son , who had one more year at school , should follow his passion of football . His father conceded that should he be picked for England Schoolboys then he could continue his footballing career ; around this time his school football master picked Matthews as an outside @-@ right , rather than as his then @-@ preferred position of centre @-@ half . Matthews played for England Schoolboys against Wales in 1929 , in front of around 20 @,@ 000 spectators at Dean Court , Bournemouth .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Stoke City = = =
Wolverhampton Wanderers , Birmingham City , Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion were all rumoured to be interested in Matthews in the wake of his appearance for England Schoolboys . The Stoke City manager Tom Mather persuaded Matthews ' father to allow Stanley to join his club 's staff as an office boy on his 15th birthday for pay of £ 1 a week . Matthews played for Stoke 's reserve team during the 1930 – 31 season , coming up first against Burnley . After the game his father gave his usual realist assessment : " I 've seen you play better and I 've seen you play worse " .
Matthews played 22 reserve games in 1931 – 32 , shunning the social scene to focus on improving his game . In one of these games , against Manchester City , he attempted to run at the left @-@ back and take him on with a deft swerve as the defender committed himself to a challenge , rather than follow the accepted wisdom of the day which was to first wait for the defender to run at the attacker – his new technique " worked a treat " . The national press were already predicting a bright future for the teenager , and though he could have then joined any club in the country , he signed as a professional with Stoke on his 17th birthday . Paid the maximum wage of £ 5 a week ( £ 3 in the summer break ) , he was on the same wage as seasoned professionals before he even kicked a ball . Despite this his father insisted that Matthews save this money , and only spend any winning bonus money he earned . He made his first team debut against Bury at Gigg Lane on 19 March 1932 ; the " Potters " won the game 1 – 0 and Matthews learned how physical and dirty opponents could be – and get away with it .
After spending the 1932 – 33 pre @-@ season training intensely by himself ( as opposed to playing golf with his teammates ) , Mather selected Matthews in 15 games , enough to earn him in a winners medal after Stoke were crowned Second Division champions , one point ahead of Tottenham Hotspur . On 4 March 1933 he scored his first senior goal in a 3 – 1 win over local rivals Port Vale at The Old Recreation Ground .
He played 29 First Division games in 1933 – 34 , as Stoke secured their top @-@ flight status with a 12th @-@ place finish . He continued to progress in the 1934 – 35 campaign , and was selected by The Football League for an Inter @-@ League game with the Irish League at The Oval , which finished 6 – 1 to the English . His England debut followed , and so did a further game for the Football League against the Scottish League . Stoke finished the season in 10th place .
In 1935 – 36 Matthews continued to improve , and he added the double body swerve technique to his increasing arsenal of tricks . Largely out of the international picture , he put in 45 games for the " Potters " as Stoke finished fourth under Bob McGrory – the club 's best ever finish . He played 42 games in 1936 – 37 , including the club 's record 10 – 3 win over West Brom at the Victoria Ground . At the end of the season he was paid a loyalty bonus of £ 650 , though the Stoke board initially insisted he was only due £ 500 as he had spent his first two years at the club as an amateur – this attitude left a sour taste in Matthew 's mouth .
Stoke slipped down the league in an extremely tight 1937 – 38 season , and , annoyed by rumours circulating the city of resentment in the dressing room against him for his England success , Matthews requested a transfer in February ; his request was denied . His request became public knowledge , and , disturbed by the attention and harassment he was receiving from Stoke supporters urging him to stay , Matthews decided to take a few days off from the club to relax in Blackpool . Finding no peace there either , Stoke chairman Albert Booth told Matthews he would not be allowed to leave the club , and 3 @,@ 000 City supporters organized a meeting to make their feelings known – they too demanded that he stay . Touched by their strength of feeling and worn out by the attention he was receiving , Matthews agreed to stay . Despite playing regularly for the national side , Matthews put in 38 games for Stoke in 1938 – 39 , helping them to a seventh @-@ place finish – there would not be another full season of Football League action until 1946 .
The war cost Matthews his professional career from the age of 24 to the age of 30 . He instead joined the Royal Air Force , and was based just outside Blackpool , with Ivor Powell his NCO . He rose to the rank of corporal , though he admitted to being one of the most lenient and easy @-@ going NCOs in the forces . He played 69 Wartime League and Cup games for Stoke , and also made 87 guest appearances for Blackpool . In addition to these , he also played a handful of games for Scottish sides Airdrieonians , Morton and Rangers , and also played for Arsenal against FC Dynamo Moscow in extremely thick fog . He also played 29 times for England , though no caps were awarded as these were unofficial games . One of the last games of the period was an FA Cup Sixth Round second @-@ leg tie clash between Stoke and Bolton Wanderers ; the match ended in tragedy in what would be known as the Burnden Park disaster – 33 people died and 500 were injured . Matthews sent £ 30 to the disaster fund and couldn 't bring himself to train for several days afterwards . Matthews ' father died in 1945 . From his deathbed he made his son promise him two things : to look after his mother , and to win an FA Cup Final .
The regular Football League returned in time for the 1946 – 47 season , during which Matthews played 23 league games and was a major contributor to 30 of the club 's 41 league goals . Stoke matched their record finish of fourth in the league , finishing just two points shy of champions Liverpool after losing to Sheffield United on the final day of the season . However , in February Matthews was returning from a knee injury when manager McGrory told him he was not in the first XI for the game against Arsenal ; the press reported this as a bust @-@ up . Relations between McGrory , the Stoke City board , and Matthews had indeed always been sour – though once again a story that the players sided against Matthews were untrue . Recalled against Brentford , only after the game did he find out that this was only because he was a last @-@ minute replacement for an injured Bert Mitchell . Matthews put in a second transfer request , which the Stoke board eventually accepted . He selected Blackpool as his next club as he still lived in the area following his service in the RAF ; the Stoke board sanctioned the move on the condition that the deal was to remain a secret until the end of the season , so as to not disrupt the club 's title bid . The secret was revealed in a matter of hours , as an unknown person informed the press .
= = = Blackpool = = =
On 10 May 1947 , immediately after a Great Britain versus Rest of Europe match in Glasgow ( Britain won 6 – 1 ) , he made the move for £ 11 @,@ 500 , at the age of 32 . The match itself raised £ 30 @,@ 000 for the four Home Nations Football Associations , and since the eleven British players received £ 14 each , Matthews questioned where exactly this money ended up – he doubted that much of it ended up as funding for grass @-@ roots football .
" You 're 32 , do you think you can make it for another couple of years ? " – Blackpool manager Joe Smith in 1947 .
Smith told Matthews " there are no shackles here ... express yourself ... play your own game and whatever you do on the pitch , do it in the knowledge that you have my full support . " He assembled a talented frontline in Matthews , Stan Mortensen , Jimmy McIntosh , and Alex Munro ; with an emphasis on entertaining football . The Seasiders finished in ninth place and reached the 1948 FA Cup Final . On 23 April 1948 , the eve of the final , Matthews won the inaugural Football Writers ' Association Footballer of the Year award . Despite taking the lead twice in the match , Blackpool lost out 4 – 2 to Matt Busby 's Manchester United in the final , with Matthews assisting Mortensen for Blackpool 's second .
Injury limited him to only 28 appearances in 1948 – 49 , as Blackpool struggled to a 16th @-@ place finish . He spent the summer touring theatres in a variety act with his brother Ronnie , though he was troubled by an ankle injury he picked up in a charity game . Blackpool finished seventh in 1949 – 50 , and though they were never title contenders vast crowds still turned out home and away to witness the entertaining football they displayed . At this time he received the maximum wage allowed for a professional player – £ 12 a week .
In 1950 – 51 Blackpool stormed to a third @-@ place finish , and Matthews played 44 games in league and cup . He cited his highlights of the season as a 2 – 0 win at Sunderland , a 4 – 4 draw at Arsenal , and a 4 – 2 defeat at Newcastle United . They also reached the 1951 FA Cup Final , where they were favourites to beat opponents Newcastle ; however Matthews ended up with a second runners @-@ up medal thanks to a brace from Jackie Milburn .
After picking up an ankle injury in November , he missed most of the 1951 – 52 campaign , and was forced to instead spent most of his time working at the hotel he and his wife ran . It was during this time that he cut red meat from his diet to begin his new near @-@ vegetarian diet . At this point new Stoke manager Frank Taylor enquired as to whether he might bring Matthews back to the club ; all parties agreed to the idea in principle until Joe Smith put his foot down to ensure he stayed , with an inspirational speech he promised Matthews that an FA Cup winners medal was still possible , telling him that " a lot of people think I 'm mad , but even though you 're 37 , I believe your best football is still to come . "
Despite spending some three months of the season out with a muscle injury , the 1952 – 53 campaign proved Smith 's words to be accurate , as a 38 @-@ year @-@ old Matthews won an FA Cup winners medal in a match which was , despite Mortensen 's hat @-@ trick , subsequently dubbed the " Matthews Final " . Bolton were leading 3 – 1 with 35 minutes to go , but Matthews had " the game of his life " in " the greatest ever FA Cup final " and spurred his team on to a last gasp 4 – 3 victory . He always credited the team and especially Mortensen for the victory , and never accepted the nickname of the " Matthews Final " .
He helped the Tangerines to record a sixth @-@ place finish in 1953 – 54 , though hopes of retaining their FA Cup title were ended with a defeat to Port Vale at Vale Park in the Fifth Round . Matthews missed just eight league games in 1954 – 55 , though journalists were keen to write him off with every occasional off @-@ performance and missed game – " it was all balderdash " , he replied . Despite his age , and more pertinently the media 's constant references to his age , Arsenal manager Tom Whittaker tried , unsuccessfully , to lure Matthews to Highbury with a lucrative , if somewhat illegal approach .
As Smith began to establish a new side with talents such as Jackie Mudie and Jimmy Armfield , Blackpool posted a second @-@ place finish in 1955 – 56 , though they ended up some 11 points behind champions Manchester United . Matthews believed that the performance he gave in a 3 – 1 win over Arsenal on the opening day of the season was the finest he ever gave . At the end of the campaign Matthews was made the inaugural winner of the European Footballer of the Year award , having narrowly defeated Alfredo Di Stéfano 47 to 44 in the poll .
Remaining a key first team member in 1956 – 57 , injury restricted him to 25 league appearances , though Blackpool claimed a creditable fourth @-@ place finish . Matthews scored his 18th and final goal for Blackpool in a 4 – 1 league victory over Tottenham Hotspur at Bloomfield Road on 3 September 1956 . Blackpool finished seventh in 1957 – 58 , after which Joe Smith left the club .
Smith 's replacement was Ron Suart , who wanted Matthews to stay out wide , and did not value his contribution in the way that Smith had done . Suart limited Matthews to 19 league appearances in 1958 – 59 . Matthews was then used just 15 times in 1959 – 60 , as Suart signed Arthur Kaye to take his place , and local lad Steve Hill also vied for the outside @-@ right position . He enjoyed more games in 1960 – 61 , playing 27 league games as the club narrowly avoiding relegation by the odd point .
He started the 1961 – 62 season behind Hill in the pecking order , only getting his place back in time for a 4 – 0 win over Chelsea after Hill picked up an injury . He made his 440th and final appearance in a Blackpool shirt in a 3 – 0 defeat at Arsenal on 7 October 1961 . It was a fitting final bow as he always enjoyed playing against Arsenal , and he had " so many wonderful memories " at Highbury . With former team @-@ mate and close friend Jackie Mudie at Stoke City , and with Tony Waddington keen to welcome Matthews back to the Victoria Ground , his return to his home @-@ town club was sealed . However Matthews was not impressed when the Blackpool board demanded a £ 3 @,@ 500 transfer fee , with one director being so bold as to tell him " You forget . As a player , we made you . " Having kept secret from Stoke a niggling knee injury Matthews had been carrying , Blackpool got their £ 3 @,@ 500 for the player .
= = = Return to Stoke = = =
At Stoke , Matthews found himself playing Second Division football for the first time in 28 years . Despite Stoke being strapped for cash , Tony Waddington gave him a two @-@ year contract at £ 50 a week – this was double the wages he received at Blackpool . The signing was broadcast live on Sportsweek , as Waddington whispered in his ear " Welcome home , Stan . For years this club has been going nowhere . Now we 're on our way " . Waddington delayed his return debut until 24 October 1961 , when Stoke played Huddersfield Town at the Victoria Ground , the attendance was 35 @,@ 974 – more than treble the previous home game – and Matthews set up one of City 's goals in a 3 – 0 win . He went on to score three goals in 21 games in the rest of the 1961 – 62 campaign .
Waddington signed hardman Eddie Clamp to protect Matthews in the 1962 – 63 season , and the two would also become close friends off the pitch . Along with veteran teammates Jackie Mudie , Jimmy O 'Neill , Eddie Stuart , Don Ratcliffe , Dennis Viollet , and Jimmy McIlroy , Stoke had the oldest team in the Football League . Matthews scored his only goal of the season in the final home game of the campaign , as Luton Town were beaten 2 – 0 , the result ensured Stoke gained promotion to the top flight . Stoke went up as Second Division champions , and Matthews was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for the second time in his career , 15 years after he was made the inaugural winner of the award .
After picking up an injury , he missed January onwards of the 1963 – 64 campaign , and thereby missed the 1964 Football League Cup Final defeat to Leicester City . Discovering that niggling injuries which would have cost him one day out of action now required more than two weeks worth of rest to recover from , Matthews decided to retire after one more season .
He spent the 1964 – 65 season playing for the reserve side . On 1 January 1965 he became the only footballer to ever be knighted ( for services to football ) whilst still an active professional player ; though he never thought himself worthy of such an honour . His only first team appearance of the season was also the last Football League game of his career ; it came on 6 February 1965 , just after his 50th birthday , and was necessitated by injuries to both Peter Dobing and Gerry Bridgwood . The opponents that day were Fulham , and Stoke won the game 3 – 1 . Though he felt he had retired too early , and could have carried on playing for another two years , this brought an end to his 35 @-@ year professional career .
Stoke City arranged a testimonial match in honour of Matthews ; it was much needed as he had spent most of his career constricted to the tight maximum wage that had been enforced upon the English game . The game was played at the Victoria Ground on 28 April 1965 , by which time Matthews had decided to retire as a player , and the pre @-@ match entertainment consisted of another match of two veteran teams featuring many legends of the game . Harry Johnston led out a team consisting of Bert Trautmann , Tim Ward , George Hardwick , Jimmy Hill , Neil Franklin , Don Revie , Stan Mortensen , Nat Lofthouse , Jimmy Hagan , Tom Finney and Frank Bowyer ( reserve ) . Walley Barnes led out an opposing team consisting of Jimmy O 'Neill , Jimmy Scoular , Danny Blanchflower , Jimmy Dickinson , Hughie Kelly , Bill McGarry , Jackie Mudie , Jackie Milburn , Jock Dodds , Ken Barnes , and Arthur Rowley ( reserve ) .
In the main game itself , two teams of legends were formed , a Stan 's XI ( consisting of Football League players ) and an International XI . The International side won 6 – 4 , and Matthews was carried shoulder @-@ high from the field at full time by Puskás and Yashin .
= = = England international career = = =
After playing for England Schoolboys , playing in a trial at Roker Park in front of the England selectors , and representing The Football League , Matthews was given his England debut at Ninian Park in 1934 . Matthews scored the third goal as England beat the Welsh 4 – 0 . His second game would be the infamous Battle of Highbury , where he set up Eric Brook for the first goal of a 3 – 2 win over world champions Italy . The Italians turned the match into a " bloodbath " , and it ended up as the most violent match that Matthews would ever be involved in .
His third cap came in a 3 – 0 over Germany at White Hart Lane on 4 December 1935 , after Ralph Birkett was unable to play due to injury ; Matthews was outplayed by his opposite number Reinhold Münzenberg in both attack and defence . Matthews was jeered by England supporters and condemned by the press .
He would have to wait until 17 April 1937 for another chance in an England shirt , when he was selected to play in front of 149 @,@ 000 spectators against the auld enemy at Scotland 's Hampden Park . He was physically sick before the match , as he would be before any big game . The " Hampden Roar " a big factor , the Scots won 3 – 1 despite a good English performance . After another game against Wales , Matthews scored a hat @-@ trick in a 5 – 4 win against Czechoslovakia .
In 1938 he played eight games for England , starting with defeat to a Scotland team containing a young Bill Shankly . He then travelled to Berlin for another encounter with Münzenberg , where pre @-@ match he witnessed first hand the foreboding devotion the people showed the Führer when his motorcade drove past a café the England team were dining in . The game became infamous as The FA , themselves under instruction from the British government , informed the England team that they had to perform the Nazi salute as part of the strategy of appeasement . England won 6 – 3 with Matthews himself getting on the scoreboard having got the better of Münzenberg this time . The next game was a shock 2 – 1 defeat to Switzerland , which in turn was followed by a 4 – 2 win over France in Paris . Following the conclusion of this summer tour of the continent , Matthews scored in a 4 – 2 defeat to Wales in Cardiff , and then played in England 's 3 – 0 win over a Europe XI at Highbury , their 4 – 0 win over Norway in Newcastle , and their 7 – 0 win over Ireland at Old Trafford .
On 15 April 1939 , he returned to a muddy Hampden Park with England to claim a 2 – 1 victory in front of 142 @,@ 000 rain @-@ soaked supporters ; he set up Tommy Lawton for the winner with seconds to spare . That summer was the last time the England would tour Europe before Hitler 's Nazis were defeated . The first game was against Italy , who gave the English a warm reception despite Benito Mussolini 's breast @-@ beating and the bad blood of five years previous . Again the World Champions , the Italians managed to salvage a 2 – 2 draw at the San Siro after scoring with a clear handball ; this time Matthews left the field with a chipped hip bone for his efforts . The next game was a 2 – 1 loss to Yugoslavia , with Matthews and captain Eddie Hapgood passengers in the game after picking up early injuries ; this injury forced him to sit out the following encounter with Romania .
Following the war , his return for England came against Scotland on 12 April 1947 at Wembley , in a match which finished as a 1 – 1 draw . In the summer he took part in England 's tour of Switzerland and Portugal . Following a surprise defeat to the Swiss , England cantered to a 10 – 0 win over the Portuguese , with Matthews scoring the 10th . In September , he put in one of his finest performances in an England shirt as he set up all of England 's five goals in a 5 – 2 victory over Belgium .
In April 1948 he once again travelled with England to Hampden Park , helping his country to a 2 – 0 victory ; however after the match he was the subject of an FA inquiry after he claimed tea and scones on his expenses ( at the cost of sixpence ) . Regardless of this treatment by the FA , the next month he helped England record a 4 – 0 victory over Italy in Turin . Folklore told that he beat Alberto Eliani only to have the audacity to then pull a comb from his shorts pocket and comb his hair ; the reality was that he simply used his hand to wipe his sweating brow in the beating Italian sun . However the legend would follow him around the world in later life , and spectators in the crowd were convinced that they had witnessed it . Later in the year he played in a goalless draw with Denmark , a 6 – 2 win over Northern Ireland , a 1 – 0 win over Wales , and a 6 – 0 triumph over Switzerland .
Manager Walter Winterbottom began to look for a more defensive winger , and so used Matthews just once in 1949 – a 3 – 1 defeat to Scotland in the British Home Championship . Only after impressing in an FA tour of Canada was he was named as a last minute inclusion in the England squad for the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . He did not play in the win over Chile or in the infamous defeat to the United States , but played just once , in the 1 – 0 defeat to Spain at the Estádio do Maracanã . The preparation was not ideal as the FA did not take the competition seriously , and the hotel had " unpalatable " food and no training facilities .
After playing only in two further games , a 4 – 4 draw with a Europe XI and a 3 – 1 win over Northern Ireland , he found himself back in the international scene following his heroics in the 1953 FA Cup Final . He was selected to play Hungary 's Golden Team on 25 November 1953 , in a 6 – 3 defeat that became known as the " Match of the Century " . He blamed the FA and the selectors for the heavy loss , though he had great admiration for the Hungarians , particularly Ferenc Puskás .
He did not play in the England 's 7 – 1 defeat to Hungary in Budapest in May 1954 . However he was in the squad for the 1954 FIFA World Cup in Switzerland . Matthews helped England to a 4 – 4 draw with Belgium , though was left out of a win over Switzerland , before he returned to the first XI as England crashed out of the competition with a 4 – 2 defeat to Uruguay at the St. Jakob Stadium after mistakes from goalkeeper Gil Merrick . His third match of the year was a 2 – 0 win over Northern Ireland at Windsor Park in the 1955 British Home Championship , though on the pitch he did not gel well with Don Revie . Matthews then put in a superb in a 2 – 0 win over the Welsh , before he helped England to record a 3 – 1 victory over World Champions West Germany , though only three of the Germans used at Wembley had been in the first XI in the World Cup Final .
England beat Scotland 7 – 2 in April 1955 , and this time Matthews linked up much better with Revie , and 40 @-@ year @-@ old Matthews was largely credited for the outstanding margin of victory . In this game Duncan Edwards was making his England debut ; when Matthews made his , Edwards had not even been born . Matthews went on England 's unsuccessful tour of the continent in 1955 , as the selectors erratic choices helped to ensure a 1 – 0 defeat to France , a 1 – 1 draw with Spain , and a 3 – 1 defeat to Portugal . Left out against Denmark , he was back in the team in October for a 1 – 1 draw with Wales .
Having been awarded the inaugural Ballon d 'Or in 1956 , that May he was recalled to the England front line for an encounter with Brazil ; Brazil would go on to lift the World Cup in 1958 , but Matthews helped the English to record a 4 – 1 victory . He then refused to take part in that summer 's European tour , having already committed himself to his second summer of coaching in South Africa . In his next international game , against Northern Ireland on 6 October 1956 , aged 41 years and 248 days , he became the oldest England player ever to score an international goal .
He played three of England four qualification games for the 1958 FIFA World Cup : a 5 – 1 victory over the Republic of Ireland , and the 5 – 2 and 4 – 1 wins over Denmark . On 15 May 1957 , Matthews became the oldest player ever to represent England , when at 42 years and 104 days old he turned out for the victory over the Danes in Copenhagen . Despite calls by the press for him to be included in the 1958 World Cup squad , this time the selectors did not bow to the pressure . Yet at 23 years , nobody would ever enjoy a longer career with the England team .
He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1956 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre .
= = Style of play = =
Franz Beckenbauer said that the speed and skill Matthews possessed meant that " almost no one in the game could stop him " . John Charles noted that " he was the best crosser I 've ever seen – and he had to contend with the old heavy ball " . Johnny Giles said that " he had everything – good close control , great dribbling ability and he was lightning quick . He was also an intelligent player , who knew how to pass the ball " . Despite his great talents , he rarely tackled opponents and was not adept at heading the ball or using his left foot .
Before 1937 – 38 he had scored 43 goals in four seasons , and full @-@ backs began to mark him more tightly ; because of this he decided to drop deeper to collect the ball and aim to play pinpoint crosses as opposed to going for glory himself . Though he would never again score more than six goals in a season , this made him more an effective team player and a greater threat to the opposition .
When running along Blackpool 's beach , at 7 am , no matter the weather , Matthews wore shoes that contained lead , so that when he changed into his football boots , his feet felt light , giving himself the impression that he could run faster . Having trained to a level of fitness few other players would reach , by the mid @-@ 1950s he was able to cut back on his intense training as his level of fitness was by then ingrained in his body . He never smoked ; instead , he was very conscious of every item of food and drink he consumed , and he maintained a rigid daily training regime from childhood up until his old age . In an interview with the FA he said , " I had some very good advice and started to eat more salads and fruit , and every Monday I had no food . Just one day , on a Monday , but I felt better . " The only time he knowingly consumed alcohol was when drinking champagne out of the FA Cup in 1953 .
In addition to his attention to detail in diet and fitness , he also afforded close scrutiny to his kit . 1950 – 51 he struck a boot sponsorship deal with the Co @-@ op , though he instead began wearing a more lightweight pair of boots he had discovered on show at the World Cup – at the time they were not available to buy in England . He would wear the customized boots until his retirement , though they were so delicate that he got through countless pairs every season .
An avid student of the game , in the 1950 FIFA World Cup Matthews stayed on to watch teams such as Brazil and Uruguay compete in the tournament after England 's elimination – the English FA , manager and media all returned home to , as Matthews said , " bury their heads in the sand . " Matthews regularly condemned the " blazer brigade " at the FA in his autobiography , slating them as " conservative " and stressing that many of them were Old Etonians ; in his view they treated players and supporters poorly , demonstrated arrogance by ignoring competitions they did not control ( the World Cup and European domestic competitions ) , and viewed innovations with excessive suspicion ( for example the FA sanctioned only the use of floodlights in 1952 despite artificial lighting having been experimented with as far back as 1878 , and for years insisted on using outdated kit such as heavy " reinforced " boots ) . Writing about the fact that the FA allocated only 12 @,@ 000 of the 100 @,@ 000 available tickets for the 1953 FA Cup Final to Blackpool supporters , Matthews wrote : " I couldn 't make my mind up whether they were dunderheads or simply didn 't care about the genuine supporters who were the lifeblood of the game " .
He was never booked or sent off throughout his entire career , and teammate Jimmy Armfield noted that Matthews would never retaliate to the many extremely physical challenges opponents would often make to try and take him out of the game . Indeed , he ran the full gauntlet of emotions that all footballers run , but always retained a level head on the pitch , never losing his temper or allowing his emotions to affect his game .
= = Coaching and management career = =
Matthews was appointed general manager at Stoke 's rivals Port Vale in July 1965 , alongside good friend Jackie Mudie ; Matthews was unpaid , though was given expenses . The pair had a plan of bringing through talented schoolboys and selling one or two off every so often to improve the club 's bleak financial picture , whilst at the same time advancing through the leagues ; in his autobiography he said that what Dario Gradi later achieved at Crewe Alexandra is what he had in mind for the Vale . Matthews concentrated his search in North East England and Central Scotland , where he discovered talented striker Mick Cullerton , though overlooked a teenage Ray Kennedy .
Handed complete managerial control following Mudie 's resignation in May 1967 , Matthews couldn 't guide the club to success – instead , Port Vale were fined £ 4 @,@ 000 in February / March 1968 and expelled from the Football League for financial irregularities . He was forced to use his name to plead with the other Football League clubs to re @-@ elect the Vale , which they duly did . He stood down as manager in May 1968 , and despite being owed £ 9 @,@ 000 in salary and expenses , agreed to stay at Vale Park to continue his work with the youth team . A " final settlement " was reached in December 1970 , Matthews was given £ 3 @,@ 300 , with the other £ 7 @,@ 000 he was owed to be written off . Player Roy Sproson later said that " he [ Matthews ] trusted people who should never have been trusted and people took advantage of him . I am convinced a lot of people sponged off him and , all the while , the club were sliding . " The experience " left a sour taste " in his mouth , and was enough to convince him never to try his hand as management in English football again .
Matthews gave up his summers every year between 1953 and 1978 to coach poor children in South Africa , Nigeria , Ghana , Uganda and Tanzania . In South Africa in 1975 , he ignored apartheid to form a team of black schoolboys in Soweto called " Stan 's Men " . The members of his team told him that it was their dream to play in Brazil , so Matthews organised a trip there ; they were the first black team ever to tour outside of South Africa . He did not have the money to fund the trip himself , though used his connections ( for the only time other than when he used them to save Port Vale in 1968 ) to arrange sponsorship from Coca @-@ Cola and the Johannesburg Sunday Times newspaper . The South African authorities did not want to cause an international incident , so did not prevent Stan 's Men from getting on the plane to Rio de Janeiro , where they would meet legendary player Zico . It was on this trip that Matthews met Ronnie Biggs . On the way back from the trip , the Stan 's Men captain Gilbert Moiloa called Matthews " black man with the white face " .
He played his final game of football for an England Veterans XI against a Brazil Veterans XI in Brazil in 1985 at the age of 70 ; the English lost 6 – 1 to the likes of Amarildo , Tostão , and Jairzinho . He damaged his cartilage during the match : " a promising career cut tragically short " , he wrote in his autobiography .
= = Retirement and death = =
Having toured the world coaching in Australia , the United States , Canada and especially in Africa , Matthews returned to Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent with wife Mila in 1989 . He later served as president of Stoke City and honorary vice @-@ president of Blackpool .
Matthews died on 23 February 2000 , aged 85 , after falling ill while on holiday in Tenerife . Mila had died the previous year . It was a recurrence of an illness that he first suffered in 1997 . His death was announced on the radio just before the start of an England v Argentina friendly match . He was cremated following a funeral service in Stoke on 3 March 2000 . His funeral was attended by many of his fellow footballers , such as Bobby Charlton and Jack Charlton , Gordon Banks , Nat Lofthouse and Tom Finney . His ashes were buried beneath the centre circle of Stoke City 's Britannia Stadium , which he had officially opened in August 1997 . After his death , more than 100 @,@ 000 people lined the streets of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent to pay tribute . As the cortège wound its way along the 12 @-@ mile route , employees downed tools and schoolchildren stood motionless to witness his final passing .
After his death , dozens of footballing legends paid tribute to him , and the epilogue to his autobiography contains several pages of quotations . Pelé said he was " the man who taught us the way football should be played " , and Brian Clough added that " he was a true gentleman and we shall never see his like again " . English goalkeeping legend Gordon Banks said that " I don 't think anyone since had a name so synonymous with football in England " , whilst World Cup winning German defender Berti Vogts commented that " It is not just in England where his name is famous . All over the world he is regarded as a true football genius " .
= = = Legacy = = =
Stanley Matthews was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1995 . Matthews was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his talents . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics voted him the 11th greatest footballer of the 20th century . He was inducted into the Blackpool F.C. Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road when it was officially opened by Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all @-@ time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Matthews is in the 1950s . The West Stand at Blackpool 's Bloomfield Road is named in his honour . He was also inducted into the Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent Hall of Fame when it was opened in January 2011 . There is a statue of Matthews outside Stoke City 's Britannia Stadium and another in the centre of Hanley . The dedication on the former reads : " His name is symbolic of the beauty of the game , his fame timeless and international , his sportsmanship and modesty universally acclaimed . A magical player , of the people , for the people . "
The Stanley Matthews Collection is held by the National Football Museum . In February 2010 , the boots worn by Matthews in the 1953 FA Cup Final were auctioned at Bonhams in Chester for £ 38 @,@ 400 , to an undisclosed buyer . Sierra Leonean football club Mighty Blackpool F.C. , based in the capital city of Freetown , changed their name from Socro United in 1954 because of their admiration for Matthews . Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy is a secondary school in Blurton , Staffordshire named after him .
= = Personal life = =
In the summer of 1934 , Matthews married Betty Vallance , daughter of Stoke City trainer Jimmy Vallance , whom he first met on his 15th birthday in 1930 on his first day as office boy at the Victoria Ground . The couple had two children together : Jean ( born 1 January 1939 ) and Stanley Jr . ( born 20 November 1945 ) , who went on to become a tennis player under the tutelage of John Barrett . He became Wimbledon Boys ' Champion in 1962 , making him the last English player to do so . He never translated his success into the senior game , though , and instead moved to the United States to run the Four Seasons Racquet Club in Wilton , Connecticut . Jean married Robert Gough , whom she had met at their tennis club , in January 1963 ; she later said of her father that " He was a very good father and family man . He kept my brother and me out of the limelight , he was very protective . " In 1965 , Matthews became a grandfather after Jean gave birth to a son , Matthew Gough . She would have two other children — daughters Samantha and Amanda . Gough made Matthews a great @-@ grandfather in 1999 when he and his wife had a son , Cameron . Matthews had six other great @-@ grandchildren .
In 1967 , while on a tour of Czechoslovakia with Port Vale , Matthews met 40 @-@ year @-@ old Mila , who was the group 's interpreter for the trip . Matthews was still married to Betty , but as he was convinced he had found the true love of his life in Mila , he and Betty divorced . He and Mila spent the ensuing years living at various times in Malta ( specifically Marsaxlokk ) , South Africa and Canada . They also travelled extensively as Matthews 's coaching jobs and guest appearances dictated . After Mila died in 1999 at the age of 71 , according to Les Scott ( who helped Matthews write his autobiography ) , Matthews " was never the same person " .
" Self @-@ willed , strong @-@ minded , humorous , generous of spirit and , for all his fame as down to earth as the folk who once adorned the terraces in the hope of seeing him sparkle gold dust on to their harsh working lives . "
= = Statistics = =
a . ^ These three matches were played before competitive football was suspended due to the outbreak of the Second World War and are not included in the total .
b . ^ Domestic and international statistics listed in Matthew 's autobiography :
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Blackpool
FA Cup ( 1 ) : 1953
FA Cup runner @-@ up ( 2 ) : 1948 , 1951
Football League First Division runner @-@ up ( 1 ) : 1955 – 56
Stoke City
Football League Second Division ( 2 ) : 1932 – 33 , 1962 – 63
= = = Country = = =
England
British Home Championship ( 9 ) : 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1947 , 1948 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955
a . ^ The Championship was shared with Scotland in 1935 , with Wales and Scotland in 1939 , and with Wales in 1952 .
= = = Individual = = =
FWA Footballer of the Year : 1948 , 1963
Ballon d 'Or : 1956
CBE : 1957
Knight Bachelor : 1965
Football League 100 Legends : 1966
English Football Hall of Fame : 2002
PFA Team of the Century ( 1907 @-@ 1976 ) : 2007
= = Autobiography = =
Matthews ' autobiography , The Way It Was , was released by Headline in 2000 . The book is dedicated to his wife Mila , who died the year before its publication . Matthews , then 84 , collaborated with Les Scott , his friend of 10 years , in the writing of the book over an 18 @-@ month period on an almost daily basis . " Stan , as he had been all his life , was an early riser , " wrote Scott in the epilogue . " Our collaborations were over by eleven in the morning and , without fail , took place in his den . He loved working on his book and , after I had left him , he would give the morning 's session more applied thought — more often than not ringing me at home to provide additional thoughts or anecdotes . "
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= Choiseul pigeon =
The Choiseul pigeon ( Microgoura meeki ) is an extinct species of bird in the pigeon and dove family , Columbidae . It was endemic to the island of Choiseul in the Solomon Islands , although there are unsubstantiated reports that it may once have lived on several nearby islands . The last confirmed sighting was in 1904 . Other common names were Solomons crested pigeon , Solomon Islands crowned @-@ pigeon and Kuvojo .
The Choiseul pigeon was monotypic within the genus Microgoura and had no known subspecies . Its closest living relative is believed to be the thick @-@ billed ground pigeon , and some authors have suggested that the Choiseul pigeon may be a link between that species and the crowned pigeons . The adult pigeon was largely blue @-@ grey , with a buffy orange belly and a distinctive slaty @-@ blue crest . It is unknown how this crest was held by the bird in life . The bird 's head sported a blue frontal shield surrounded by black feathers and a bicoloured beak . The wings were brown and the short tail was a blackish purple . It was described as having a beautiful rising and falling whistling call .
As the bird became extinct before significant field observations could be made , not much is known about its behaviour . It is believed to have been a terrestrial species that laid a single egg in an unlined depression in the ground . It roosted in pairs or small groups of three or four in small shrubs and was reportedly very tame , allowing hunters to pick it up off its roost . The Choiseul pigeon lived in lowland forests , particularly in coastal swampy areas that lacked mangroves . It was only recorded by Albert Stewart Meek , who collected six adults and an egg from the northern part of the island in 1904 . Despite many subsequent searches , the bird has not been definitively reported since . It is believed to have been rare when Meek collected his specimens . The indigenous peoples reported that the species was driven to extinction due to the introduction of cats , as the pigeon had never previously confronted a carnivorous mammal on Choiseul . The last unconfirmed report of a Choiseul pigeon was in the early 1940s , and the species is considered extinct .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Choiseul pigeon was described by Walter Rothschild in 1904 on the basis of six skins — three male and three female — and an egg collected by Albert Stewart Meek earlier that year . It was placed in the monotypic genus Microgoura , whose name comes from the Ancient Greek word mikros " small " , and goura , a New Guinean aboriginal name for the similarly @-@ crested crowned pigeons of the genus Goura . Rothschild named the species after Meek , giving the bird the specific name meeki . Though its relationships are unclear , the Choiseul pigeon is believed to have been closest to the thick @-@ billed ground pigeon ( Trugon terrestris ) from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea , which has similar plumage . It has been suggested that the Choiseul pigeon was a link between the thick @-@ billed ground pigeon and the crowned pigeons ; however , other sources argue that it may not have been closely related to the crowned pigeons as its crest was quite different . Based on behavioural and morphological evidence , Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the Choiseul pigeon should be placed in the Gourinae subfamily along with the Groura pigeons , the dodo , the Rodrigues solitaire , and others . The Choiseul pigeon has no known subspecies .
Today , five skins and a partial skeleton are kept in the American Museum of Natural History , while a single skin and the egg are kept at the Natural History Museum at Tring . The Choiseul pigeon is also known as the Solomon crowned pigeon , Solomon Islands pigeon , Solomons crested pigeon , Solomon Islands crested pigeon , Choiseul crested pigeon , crested Choiseul pigeon , Meek 's pigeon , Meek 's ground pigeon , and dwarf goura . The indigenous peoples of Choiseul called the species either " kumku @-@ peka " or " kukuru @-@ ni @-@ lua , " which translates literally as " pigeon @-@ belong @-@ ground . "
= = Description = =
The Choiseul pigeon was about 31 cm ( 12 in ) long . The wing of the male was 195 – 197 mm ( 7 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 8 in ) , the tail 100 – 105 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 1 in ) , the culmen 34 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) , and the tarsus was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The wing of the female was 180 – 190 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) , the tail 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) , the culmen 33 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) , and the tarsus was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . Adult Choiseul pigeons of both sexes were blue @-@ grey overall with a buffy orange belly . The pigeon had a distinctive long , rounded crest that had a hairy texture . This crest , like the crown , was slaty @-@ blue and emerged from the bird 's hindcrown . Though many artists have speculated , it is unknown how the pigeon held its crest in life as Meek 's notes did not cover this subject . John Gerrard Keulemans ( who produced the illustration accompanying Rothschild 's original description ) , depicted the crest as being flat based on Meek 's specimens ; other artists have presented it as spread and scraggly like that of the crowned pigeons . It has been suggested that the crests of the museum specimens were flattened during preparation .
On the bird 's forehead was a naked and pale chalky @-@ blue frontal shield . This was surrounded by short , velvety black feathers that extended from the base of the bill to the area just below and in front of the eye , while the area below the eye was a pinkish wash . The bird 's chin and throat were sparsely covered with black , velvety feathers , while the neck was a slaty @-@ blue that transitioned into a brownish @-@ grey breast . The abdomen and undertail @-@ coverts were a rich orange , while the undertail was a blackish @-@ grey . The wing was slaty with a hint of brown at its base and became a warm , dark brown by the wingtips ; the underwing was brown . The back was grey and transitioned into a browner rump , while the uppertail @-@ coverts were a dark sooty @-@ grey with blackish tips . The tail , which was short and rounded , was a very dark indigo that had a slightly purple iridescent sheen . The bill was bicoloured ; the upper mandible was chalky @-@ blue with a black tip while the lower mandible was red . The plumage of the juvenile is unknown . The bird 's feet were a dull purplish @-@ red and unfeathered up to the heel , while the iris was a dark brown .
The bird 's voice was never recorded ; however , after it became extinct , the indigenous peoples described it as possessing a " beautiful rising and falling whistling call given from the roost site every evening . " Others described the call as a low " c @-@ r @-@ r @-@ ooo , " " cr @-@ ooo , " or " cr @-@ o @-@ o @-@ o . "
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Not much is known about the species ' behaviour , as it became extinct before significant field observations could be made . It is likely that the Choiseul pigeon was a largely terrestrial species , feeding and nesting near the forest floor . The indigenous people of the town of Vundutura said that the pigeon would roost in pairs or small groups of three or four in small shrubs close to the ground . They claimed that the species was very tame , allowing local hunters to approach it and pick it up off of its perch by hand . They reported that the species had stones in its gizzard . It laid a single dark , cream @-@ coloured egg in an unlined depression on the ground . The egg was about 43 by 31 @.@ 3 mm ( 1 @.@ 69 by 1 @.@ 23 in ) in size , which is considered small in proportion to the bird .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Choiseul pigeon was non @-@ migratory and is thought to have lived on the forest floor in lowland forests , including coastal swampy areas that lacked mangroves . The Choiseul pigeon is usually considered to have been endemic to the island of Choiseul in the Solomon Islands off the coast of New Guinea , where the only specimens were collected . The specimens Meek acquired were likely collected near Choiseul Bay in the northern part of the island . The last reports of the species from the indigenous population came from the Kolombangara River . It also reportedly lived on the neighboring islands of Santa Isabel and Malaita , and it is suspected that it may once have lived on Bougainville Island . However , these reports were never confirmed and must be considered anecdotal . It would be considered very unusual if the Choiseul pigeon were truly endemic to Choiseul as the island hosts no other endemic species , and the pigeon was never linked ecologically with another species on the island .
= = = Last sightings = = =
In January 1904 six specimens and an egg were collected by Albert Stewart Meek , a bird collector for Lord Walter Rothschild , near Choiseul Bay on Choiseul . Several local boys told Meek that the pigeon was also present on the nearby islands of Santa Isabel and Malaita . Though Meek did not travel to these islands , he did search for the Choiseul pigeon on the adjacent Bougainville Island , but did not find any evidence of its presence . No other specimens were ever collected or seen by Western scientists .
The Choiseul pigeon was not searched for again until briefly in 1927 and again in October 1929 , when five veteran collectors belonging to the Whitney South Seas Expedition dedicated three months to searching for the pigeon in multiple locations across Choiseul without success . The indigenous people interviewed by this expedition largely believed that the pigeon was extinct in 1929 . The last reported indigenous sighting was sometime in the early 1940s near Sasamungga by the Kolombangara River , although this sighting was never confirmed . Searches of the small , cat @-@ free islands of Rob Roy Island and Wagina off Choiseul 's southeast coast and Choiseul 's forested coastal swampland in the 1960s by British ornithologist Shane A. Parker did not discover any signs of the pigeon . American scientist Jared Diamond searched for the bird in 1974 without success .
= = Relationship with humans = =
This pigeon was a source of food for the local people , who would locate its roosting sites either due to the bird calling or by the droppings that had accumulated below its perches . It was well @-@ remembered by the indigenous peoples , and stories of the delicious ground @-@ dwelling pigeon were passed down by local elders after its extinction . One indigenous person implied that the gizzard stones of the pigeon may have had value locally . After the bird 's extinction , the indigenous people have occasionally confused the Choiseul pigeon with the arboreal crested cuckoo @-@ dove in modern folklore , and several claims of the pigeon 's continued existence turned out to be based on the cuckoo @-@ dove . After its discovery , several Western bird collections highly desired its skins ; the Whitney South Seas Expedition spent three months at high expense on Choiseul with the primary objective being the acquisition of the Choiseul pigeon . In 2012 the Choiseul pigeon was commemorated on a stamp from Mozambique along with several other extinct birds . The Choiseul pigeon is depicted on the flag of the Choiseul Province .
= = = Extinction = = =
The indigenous population believed that the pigeon became extinct due to predation by feral cats and , to a lesser extent , feral dogs . As Choiseul has no indigenous carnivorous mammals , the ground @-@ dwelling pigeon was particularly susceptible to the introduced cats . If the pigeon existed on islands that feral cats had never reached , it is believed that the clearance of its forest habitat would have led to its local extinction . As there have been no substantiated reports since 1904 despite multiple searches , the IUCN has declared it extinct . As several ornithologists had visited Choiseul and the nearby islands prior to Meek without noting any sign of the bird 's existence , it is likely that the Choiseul pigeon was already close to extinction in 1904 .
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= Charles Boycott =
Charles Cunningham Boycott ( 12 March 1832 – 19 June 1897 ) was an English land agent whose ostracism by his local community in Ireland gave the English language the verb " to boycott " . He had served in the British Army 39th Foot , which brought him to Ireland . After retiring from the army , Boycott worked as a land agent for Lord Erne ( John Crichton , 3rd Earl Erne ) , a landowner in the Lough Mask area of County Mayo .
In 1880 , as part of its campaign for the Three Fs ( fair rent , fixity of tenure , and free sale ) and specifically in resistance to proposed evictions on the estate , local activists of the Irish Land League encouraged Boycott 's employees ( including the seasonal workers required to harvest the crops on Lord Erne 's estate ) to withdraw their labour , and began a campaign of isolation against Boycott in the local community . This campaign included shops in nearby Ballinrobe refusing to serve him , and the withdrawal of services . Some were threatened with violence to ensure compliance .
The campaign against Boycott became a cause célèbre in the British press after he wrote a letter to The Times . Newspapers sent correspondents to the West of Ireland to highlight what they viewed as the victimisation of a servant of a peer of the realm by Irish nationalists . Fifty Orangemen from County Cavan and County Monaghan travelled to Lord Erne 's estate to harvest the crops , while a regiment of the 19th Royal Hussars and more than 1 @,@ 000 men of the Royal Irish Constabulary were deployed to protect the harvesters . The episode was estimated to have cost the British government and others at least £ 10 @,@ 000 to harvest about £ 500 worth of crops .
Boycott left Ireland on 1 December 1880 , and in 1886 , became land agent for Hugh Adair 's Flixton estate in Suffolk . He died at the age of 65 on 19 June 1897 in his home in Flixton , after an illness earlier that year .
= = Early life and family = =
Charles Cunningham Boycott was born in 1832 to Reverend William Boycatt and his wife Georgiana . He grew up in the village of Burgh St Peter in Norfolk , England ; the Boycatt family had lived in Norfolk for almost 150 years . They were of Huguenot origin , and had fled from France in 1685 when Louis XIV revoked civil and religious liberties to French Protestants . Charles Boycott was named Boycatt in his baptismal records . The family changed the spelling of its name from Boycatt to Boycott in 1841 .
Boycott was educated at a boarding school in Blackheath , London . He was interested in the military — and in 1848 , entered the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich , in hopes of serving in the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners . He was discharged from the academy in 1849 after failing a periodic exam , and the following year his family bought him a commission in the 39th Foot regiment for £ 450 .
Boycott 's regiment transferred to Belfast shortly after his arrival . Six months later , it was sent to Newry before marching to Dublin , where it remained for a year . In 1852 , Boycott married Anne Dunne in St Paul 's Church , Arran Quay , Dublin . He was ill between August 1851 and February 1852 and sold his commission the following year , but decided to remain in Ireland . He leased a farm in County Tipperary , where he acted as a landlord on a small scale .
= = Life on Achill Island = =
After receiving an inheritance , Boycott was persuaded by his friend , Murray McGregor Blacker , a local magistrate , to move to Achill Island , a large island off the coast of County Mayo . McGregor Blacker agreed to sublet 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) of land belonging to the Irish Church Mission Society on Achill to Boycott , who moved there in 1854 . According to Joyce Marlow in the book , Captain Boycott and the Irish , Boycott 's life on the island was difficult initially , and in Boycott 's own words it was only after " a long struggle against adverse circumstances " that he became prosperous . With money from another inheritance and profits from farming , he built a large house near Dooagh .
Boycott was involved in a number of disputes while on Achill . Two years after his arrival , he was unsuccessfully sued for assault by Thomas Clarke , a local man . Clarke said that he had gone to Boycott 's house because Boycott owed him money . He said that he had asked for repayment of the debt , and that Boycott had refused to pay him and told him to go away , which Clarke refused to do . Clarke alleged that Boycott approached him and said : " If you do not be off , I will make you . " Clarke later withdrew his allegations , and said that Boycott did not actually owe him any money .
Both Boycott and McGregor Blacker were involved in a protracted dispute with Mr Carr , the agent for the Achill Church Mission Estate , from whom McGregor Blacker leased the lands , and Mr O 'Donnell , Carr 's bailiff . The dispute began when Boycott and Carr supported different sets of candidates in elections for the Board of Guardians to the Church Mission Estate , and Boycott 's candidates won . Carr was also the local receiver of wrecks , which meant that he was entitled to collect the salvage from all shipwrecks in the area , and guard it until it was sold in a public auction . The local receiver had a right to a percentage of the sale and to keep whatever did not sell . In 1860 Carr wrote a letter to the Official Receiver of Wrecks stating that Boycott and his men had illegally broken up a wreck and moved the salvage to Boycott 's property . In response to this accusation , Boycott sued Carr for libel and claimed £ 500 in damages .
= = Life in Lough Mask before controversy = =
In 1873 , Boycott moved to Lough Mask House , owned by Lord Erne , four miles ( 6 km ) from Ballinrobe in County Mayo . Lord Erne , the third Earl of Erne , was a wealthy landowner who lived in Crom Castle in County Fermanagh . He owned 40 @,@ 386 acres ( 163 @.@ 44 km2 ) of land in Ireland , of which 31 @,@ 389 were in County Fermanagh , 4 @,@ 826 in County Donegal , 1 @,@ 996 in County Sligo , and 2 @,@ 184 in County Mayo . Lord Erne also owned properties in Dublin .
Boycott agreed to be Lord Erne 's agent for 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 km2 ) he owned in County Mayo . One of Boycott 's responsibilities was to collect rents from tenant farmers on the land , for which he earned ten per cent of the total rent due to Lord Erne , which was £ 500 each year . In his roles as farmer and agent , Boycott employed numerous local people as labourers , grooms , coachmen , and house @-@ servants . Joyce Marlow wrote that Boycott had become set in his mode of thought , and that his twenty years on Achill had " ... strengthened his innate belief in the divine right of the masters , and the tendency to behave as he saw fit , without regard to other people 's point of view or feelings . "
During his time in Lough Mask before the controversy began , Boycott had become unpopular with the tenants . He had become a magistrate and was an Englishman , which may have contributed to his unpopularity , but according to Marlow it was due more to his personal temperament . While Boycott himself maintained that he was on good terms with his tenants , they said that he had laid down many petty restrictions , such as not allowing gates to be left open and not allowing hens to trespass on his property , and that he fined anyone who transgressed these restrictions . He had also withdrawn privileges from the tenants , such as collecting wood from the estate . In August 1880 , his labourers went on strike in a dispute over a wage increase .
= = Lough Mask affair = =
= = = Historical background = = =
In the nineteenth century , agriculture was the biggest industry in Ireland . In 1876 , the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland commissioned a survey to find who owned the land in Ireland . The survey found that almost all land was the property of just 10 @,@ 000 people , or 0 @.@ 2 % of the population . The majority were small landlords , but the 750 richest landlords owned half of the country between them . Many of the richest were absentee landlords who lived in Britain or elsewhere in Ireland , and paid agents like Charles Boycott to manage their estates .
Landlords generally divided their estates into smaller farms that they rented to tenant farmers . Tenant farmers were generally on one @-@ year leases , and could be evicted even if they paid their rents . Some of the tenants were large farmers who farmed over 100 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 km2 ) , but the majority were much smaller — on average between 15 and 50 acres ( 0 @.@ 06 – 0 @.@ 20 km2 ) . Many small farmers worked as labourers on the larger farms . The poorest agricultural workers were the landless labourers , who worked on the land of other farmers . Farmers were an important group politically , having more votes than any other sector of society .
In the 1850s , some tenant farmers formed associations to demand the three Fs : fair rent , fixity of tenure , and free sale . In the 1870s , the Fenians tried to organise the tenant farmers in County Mayo to resist eviction . They mounted a demonstration against a local landlord in Irishtown and succeeded in getting him to lower his rents .
Michael Davitt was the son of a small tenant farmer in County Mayo who became a journalist and joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood . He was arrested and given a 15 @-@ year sentence for gun @-@ running . Charles Stewart Parnell , then Member of Parliament for Meath and member of the Home Rule League , arranged to have Davitt released on probation . When Davitt returned to County Mayo , he was impressed by the Fenians ' attempts to organise farmers . He thought that the " land question " was the best way to get the support of the farmers for Irish independence .
In October 1879 , after forming the Land League of Mayo , Davitt formed the Irish National Land League . The Land League 's aims were to reduce rents and to stop evictions , and in the long term , to make tenant farmers owners of the land they farmed . Davitt asked Parnell to become the leader of the league . In 1880 , Parnell was also elected leader of the Home Rule Party .
= = = Parnell 's speech in Ennis = = =
On 19 September 1880 , Parnell gave a speech in Ennis , County Clare to a crowd of Land League members . He asked the crowd , " What do you do with a tenant who bids for a farm from which his neighbour has been evicted ? " The crowd responded , " kill him , " " shoot him . " Parnell replied :
I wish to point out to you a very much better way – a more Christian and charitable way , which will give the lost man an opportunity of repenting . When a man takes a farm from which another has been evicted , you must shun him on the roadside when you meet him – you must shun him in the streets of the town – you must shun him in the shop – you must shun him on the fair green and in the market place , and even in the place of worship , by leaving him alone , by putting him in moral Coventry , by isolating him from the rest of the country , as if he were the leper of old – you must show him your detestation of the crime he committed .
This speech set out the Land League 's powerful weapon of social ostracism , which was first used against Charles Boycott .
= = = Community action = = =
The Land League was very active in the Lough Mask area , and one of the local leaders , Father John O 'Malley , had been involved in the labourer 's strike in August 1880 . The following month Lord Erne 's tenants were due to pay their rents . He had agreed to a 10 per cent reduction owing to a poor harvest , but all except two of his tenants demanded a 25 per cent reduction . Boycott said that he had written to Lord Erne , and that Erne had refused to accede to the tenants ' demands . He then issued demands for the outstanding rents , and obtained eviction notices against eleven tenants .
Three days after Parnell 's speech in Ennis , a process server and seventeen members of the Royal Irish Constabulary began the attempt to serve Boycott 's eviction notices . Legally , they had to be delivered to the head of the household or his spouse within a certain time period . The process server successfully delivered notices to three of the tenants , but a fourth , Mrs Fitzmorris , refused to accept the notice and began waving a red flag to alert other tenants that the notices were being served . The women of the area descended on the process server and the constabulary , and began throwing stones , mud , and manure at them , succeeding in driving them away to seek refuge in Lough Mask House .
The process server tried unsuccessfully to serve the notices the following day . News soon spread to the nearby Ballinrobe , from where many people descended on Lough Mask House , where , according to journalist James Redpath , they advised Boycott 's servants and labourers to leave his employment immediately . Boycott said that many of his servants were forced to leave " ... under threat of ulterior consequences . " Martin Branigan , a labourer who subsequently sued Boycott for non @-@ payment of wages , claimed he left because he was afraid of the people who came into the field where he was working . Eventually , all Boycott 's employees left , forcing him to run the estate without help .
Within days , the blacksmith , postman , and laundress were persuaded or volunteered to stop serving Boycott . Boycott 's young nephew volunteered to act as postman , but he was intercepted en route between Ballinrobe and Lough Mask , and told that he would be in danger if he continued . Soon , shopkeepers in Ballinrobe stopped serving Boycott , and he had to bring food and other provisions by boat from Cong .
= = = Newspaper coverage = = =
Before October 1880 , Boycott 's situation was little known outside County Mayo . On 14 October of that year , Boycott wrote a letter to The Times about his situation :
THE STATE OF IRELAND
Sir , The following detail may be interesting to your readers as exemplifying the power of the Land League . On the 22nd September a process @-@ server , escorted by a police force of seventeen men , retreated to my house for protection , followed by a howling mob of people , who yelled and hooted at the members of my family . On the ensuing day , September 23rd , the people collected in crowds upon my farm , and some hundred or so came up to my house and ordered off , under threats of ulterior consequences , all my farm labourers , workmen , and stablemen , commanding them never to work for me again . My herd has been frightened by them into giving up his employment , though he has refused to give up the house he held from me as part of his emolument . Another herd on an off farm has also been compelled to resign his situation . My blacksmith has received a letter threatening him with murder if he does any more work for me , and my laundress has also been ordered to give up my washing . A little boy , twelve years of age , who carried my post @-@ bag to and from the neighbouring town of Ballinrobe , was struck and threatened on 27th September , and ordered to desist from his work ; since which time I have sent my little nephew for my letters and even he , on 2nd October , was stopped on the road and threatened if he continued to act as my messenger . The shopkeepers have been warned to stop all supplies to my house , and I have just received a message from the post mistress to say that the telegraph messenger was stopped and threatened on the road when bringing out a message to me and that she does not think it safe to send any telegrams which may come for me in the future for fear they should be abstracted and the messenger injured . My farm is public property ; the people wander over it with impunity . My crops are trampled upon , carried away in quantities , and destroyed wholesale . The locks on my gates are smashed , the gates thrown open , the walls thrown down , and the stock driven out on the roads . I can get no workmen to do anything , and my ruin is openly avowed as the object of the Land League unless I throw up everything and leave the country . I say nothing about the danger to my own life , which is apparent to anybody who knows the country .
CHARLES C. BOYCOTT
Lough Mask House , County Mayo , 14 October
After the publication of this letter , Bernard Becker , special correspondent of the Daily News , traveled to Ireland to cover Boycott 's situation . On 24 October , he wrote a dispatch from Westport that contained an interview with Boycott . He reported that Boycott had £ 500 worth of crops that would rot if help could not be found to harvest them . According to Becker , " Personally he is protected , but no woman in Ballinrobe would dream of washing him a cravat or making him a loaf . All the people have to say is that they are sorry , but that they ' dare not . ' " Boycott had been advised to leave , but he told Becker that " I can hardly desert Lord Erne , and , moreover , my own property is sunk in this place . " Becker 's report was reprinted in the Belfast News @-@ Letter and the Dublin Daily Express . On 29 October , the Dublin Daily Express published a letter proposing a fund to finance a party of men to go to County Mayo to save Boycott 's crops . Between them , the Daily Express , Daily Telegraph , Daily News , and News Letter raised £ 2 @,@ 000 to fund the relief expedition .
= = = Saving the crops = = =
In Belfast in early November 1880 , The Boycott Relief Fund was established to arrange an armed expedition to Lough Mask . Plans soon gained momentum , and within days , the fund had received many subscriptions . The committee had arranged with the Midland Great Western Railway for special trains to transport the expedition from Ulster to County Mayo . Many nationalists viewed the expedition as an invasion . The Freeman 's Journal denounced the organisers of the expedition , and asked , " How is it that this Government do not consider it necessary to prosecute the promoters of these warlike expeditions ? "
William Edward Forster , Chief Secretary for Ireland made it clear in a communication with the proprietor of the Dublin Daily Express that he would not allow an armed expedition of hundreds of men , as the committee was planning , and that 50 unarmed men would be sufficient to harvest the crops . He said that the government would consider it their duty to protect this group . On 10 November 1880 , the relief expedition consisting of one contingent from County Cavan and one from County Monaghan left for County Mayo . Additional troops had already arrived in County Mayo to protect the expedition . Boycott himself said that he did not want such a large number of Ulstermen , as he had saved the grain harvest himself , and that only ten or fifteen labourers were needed to save the root crops . He feared that a large number of Ulstermen would lead to sectarian violence . While local Land League leaders said that there would be no trouble from them if the aim was simply to harvest the crops , more extreme sections of the local population did threaten violence against the expedition and the troops .
The expedition experienced hostile protests on their route through County Mayo , but there was no violence , and they harvested the crops without incident . Rumours spread amongst the Ulstermen that an attack was being planned on the farm , but none materialised .
= = = Aftermath = = =
On 27 November 1880 , Boycott , his family and a local magistrate were escorted from Lough Mask House by members of the 19th Hussars . A carriage had been hired for the family , but no driver could be found for it , and an army ambulance and driver had to be used . The ambulance was escorted to Claremorris railway station , where Boycott and his family boarded a train to Dublin , where Boycott was received with some hostility . The hotel he stayed in received letters saying that it would be boycotted if Boycott remained . He had intended to stay in Dublin for a week , but Boycott was advised to cut his stay short . He left Dublin for England on the Holyhead mail boat on 1 December .
The cost to the government of harvesting Boycott 's crops was estimated at £ 10 @,@ 000 : in Parnell 's words , " ... one shilling for every turnip dug from Boycott 's land . " In a letter requesting compensation to William Ewart Gladstone , then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boycott said that he had lost £ 6 @,@ 000 of his investment in the estate .
Boycotting had strengthened the power of the peasants , and by the end of 1880 there were reports of boycotting from all over Ireland . The events at Lough Mask had also increased the power of the Land League , and the popularity of Parnell as a leader .
On 28 December 1880 , Parnell and other Land League leaders were put on trial on charges of conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent . The trial attracted thousands of people onto the streets outside the court . A Daily Express reporter wrote that the court reminded him " ... more of the stalls of the theatre on opera night . " On 24 January 1881 , the judge dismissed the jury , it having been hung ten to two in favour of acquittal . Parnell and Davitt received this news as a victory .
After the boycotting , Gladstone discussed the issue of land reform , writing in an 1880 letter , " The subject of the land weighs greatly on my mind and I am working on it to the best of my ability . " In December 1880 , the Bessborough Commission , headed by Frederick Ponsonby , 6th Earl of Bessborough , recommended major land reforms , including the three Fs .
William Edward Forster argued that a Coercion Act — which would punish those participated in events like those at Lough Mask , and would include the suspension of Habeas Corpus — should be introduced before any Land Act . Gladstone eventually accepted this argument . When Forster attempted to introduce the Protection of Person and Property Act 1881 , Parnell and other Land League MP 's attempted to obstruct its passage with tactics such as filibustering . One such filibuster lasted for 41 hours . Eventually , the Speaker of the house intervened , and a measure was introduced whereby the Speaker could control the house if there was a three to one majority in favour of the business being urgent . This was the first time that a check was placed on a debate in a British parliament . The act was passed on 28 February 1881 . There was a negative reaction to the passing of the act in both England and Ireland . In England , the Anti @-@ Coercion Association was established , which was a precursor to the Labour Party .
In April 1881 , Gladstone introduced the Land Law ( Ireland ) Act 1881 , in which the principle of the dual ownership of the land between landlords and tenants was established , and the three Fs introduced . The act set up the Irish Land Commission , a judicial body that would fix rents for a period of 15 years and guarantee fixity of tenure . According to The Annual Register , the act was " ... probably the most important measure introduced into the House of Commons since the passing of the Reform Bill . "
= = = The word " boycott " = = =
According to James Redpath , the verb " to boycott " was coined by Father O 'Malley in a discussion between them on 23 September 1880 . The following is Redpath 's account :
I said , " I 'm bothered about a word . "
" What is it ? " asked Father John .
" Well , " I said , " When the people ostracise a land @-@ grabber we call it social excommunication , but we ought to have an entirely different word to signify ostracism applied to a landlord or land @-@ agent like Boycott . Ostracism won 't do – the peasantry would not know the meaning of the word – and I can 't think of any other . "
" No , " said Father John , " ostracism wouldn 't do "
He looked down , tapped his big forehead , and said : " How would it do to call it to Boycott him ? "
According to Joyce Marlow , the word was first used in print by Redpath in the Inter @-@ Ocean on 12 October 1880 . The coining of the word , and its first use in print , came before Boycott and his situation was widely known outside County Mayo . In November 1880 , an article in the Birmingham Daily Post referred to the word as a local term in connection to the boycotting of a Ballinrobe merchant . Still in 1880 , The Illustrated London News described how " To ' Boycott ' has already become a verb active , signifying to ' ratten ' , to intimidate , to ' send to Coventry ' , and to ' taboo ' " . In 1888 , the word was included in the first volume of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles ( later known as the Oxford English Dictionary ) . According to Gary Minda in his book , Boycott in America : how imagination and ideology shape the legal mind , " Apparently there was no other word in the English language to describe this dispute . " The word also entered the lexicon of languages other than English , such as Dutch , French , German , Polish and Russian .
= = Later life = =
After leaving Ireland , Boycott and his family visited the United States . His arrival in New York generated a great deal of media interest ; the New York Tribune said that , " The arrival of Captain Boycott , who has involuntarily added a new word to the language , is an event of something like international interest . " The New York Times said , " For private reasons the visitor made the voyage incognito , being registered simply as ' Charles Cunningham . ' " The purpose of the visit was to see friends in Virginia , including Murray McGregor Blacker , a friend from his time on Achill Island who had settled in the United States . Boycott returned to England after some months .
In 1886 , Boycott became a land agent for Hugh Adair 's Flixton estate in Suffolk , England . He had a passion for horses and racing , and became secretary of the Bungay race committee . Boycott continued to spend holidays in Ireland , and according to Joyce Marlow , he left Ireland without bitterness .
In early 1897 , Boycott 's health became very poor . In an attempt to improve his health , he and his wife went on a cruise to Malta . In Brindisi , he became seriously ill , and had to return to England . His health continued to deteriorate , and on 19 June 1897 he died at his home in Flixton , aged 65 . His funeral took place in the church at Burgh St Peter , conducted by his nephew Arthur St John Boycott , who was at Lough Mask during the first boycott . Charles Boycott 's widow , Annie , was subsequently sued over the funeral expenses and other debts , and had to sell some assets . A number of London newspapers , including The Times , published obituaries .
= = In popular culture = =
Charles Boycott and the events that led to his name entering the English language have been the subject of several works of fiction . The first was Captain Boycott , a 1946 romantic novel by Phillip Rooney . This was the basis for the 1947 film Captain Boycott — directed by Frank Lauder and starred Stewart Granger , Kathleen Ryan , Alastair Sim , and Cecil Parker as Charles Boycott . More recently the story was the subject of the 2012 novel Boycott , by Colin C. Murphy .
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= Neighbours =
Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985 . It was created by TV executive Reg Watson , who proposed the idea of making a show that focused on realistic stories and portrayed adults and teenagers who talk openly and solve their problems together . Seven decided to commission the show following the success of Watson 's Sons and Daughters , which aired on the network . Although successful in Melbourne , Neighbours underperformed in the Sydney market and struggled for months before Seven cancelled it . The show was immediately bought by rival network Ten . After taking over production of the show , the new network had to build replica sets because Seven destroyed the originals to prevent its rival from obtaining them . Ten began screening Neighbours on 20 January 1986 , taking off where the previous series left off and commencing with episode 171 . Neighbours has since become the longest running drama series in Australian television and in 2005 , it was inducted collectively into the Logie Hall of Fame . On 11 January 2011 , Neighbours moved to Ten 's digital channel , Eleven .
The show 's storylines concern the domestic and professional lives of the people who live and work in Erinsborough , a fictional suburb of Melbourne , Victoria . The series primarily centres on the residents of Ramsay Street , a short cul @-@ de @-@ sac , and its neighbouring area , the Lassiters complex , which includes a bar , hotel , cafe , police station , lawyers ' office and park . Neighbours began with three families created by Watson – the Ramsays , the Robinsons and the Clarkes . Watson said that he wanted to show three families who are friends living in a small street . The Robinsons and the Ramsays had a long history and were involved in an ongoing rivalry . Pin Oak Court , in Vermont South , is the real cul @-@ de @-@ sac that has doubled for Ramsay Street since 1985 . All of the houses featured are real and the residents allow the production to shoot external scenes in their yards . The interior scenes are filmed at the Global Television studios in Forest Hill .
Through its entire run in Australia , Neighbours has been screened as a twenty @-@ two @-@ minute episode each week night in an early @-@ evening slot . In Australia it is currently broadcast each weeknight at 6 : 30 pm on Eleven . The show is produced by FremantleMedia and has been sold to over sixty countries around the world , making it one of Australia 's most successful media exports . Neighbours was first screened in the United Kingdom in October 1986 on BBC1 where it achieved huge popularity among British audiences in the late 1980s and 1990s . In 2008 , it moved to the UK 's Channel 5 .
= = History = =
Neighbours was created in the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 1980s by Australian TV executive Reg Watson . Watson decided to create a soap opera after working on Crossroads and seeing how successful it and Coronation Street were in Britain . He had already created such successful Australian made soap operas as The Young Doctors , Prisoner and Sons and Daughters . Watson proposed the idea of making a show that would focus on more realistic stories and portray teens and adults who talk openly to each other and solve their problems together . Watson , who worked for the Grundy production company , decided to make his show appeal to both Australia and Britain . In 2005 , Darren Devlyn and Caroline Frost from the Herald Sun reported that Watson then took his idea to the Nine Network in 1982 , but it was rejected . Former Network Nine chief executive Ian Johnson commented that it was one of the " biggest missed opportunities " in his twenty @-@ four years at the network . He added " I remember it being discussed , but I 'm not exactly sure what went against it . It may have had something to do with the fact we 'd picked up Sale of the Century with Tony Barber in 1980 and it was doing huge business , so we didn 't have a pressing need for a five @-@ night @-@ a @-@ week show . " Watson then took his idea to the Seven Network , who commissioned the show , following the success of his other Seven Network soap opera , Sons and Daughters . Several titles for the show were discussed , including People Like Us , One Way Street , No Through Road and Living Together until the network programmers voted on Neighbours . The first episode was broadcast on 18 March 1985 and reviews for the show were favourable . However , the Melbourne @-@ produced programme underperformed in the Sydney market and after a meeting of the general managers , Seven decided to drop the show in October 1985 . Seven 's Melbourne programme boss , Gary Fenton said Sydney chief Ted Thomas told the other general managers that Seven could not afford three dramas and argued that the Sydney @-@ based A Country Practice and Sons and Daughters be retained .
Neighbours was immediately bought by Seven 's rival Network Ten . The new network had to build replica sets when it took over production after Seven destroyed the original sets to prevent the rival network obtaining them . Ten began screening the series with episode 171 on 20 January 1986 . In 1986 , the series was bought by the BBC as part of their new daytime schedule in the United Kingdom . Neighbours made its debut on BBC1 on 27 October 1986 starting with the pilot episode . It soon gained a loyal audience and the show became very popular within the student market and was watched by 16 million viewers . In 1988 Neighbours became the only television show to have its entire cast flown over to the UK to make an appearance at the Royal Variety Performance in front of the Queen . Neighbours has since become the longest running drama series in Australian television and the seventh longest running serial drama still on the air in the world . In 2005 , Neighbours celebrated its 20th anniversary and over twenty former cast members returned for a special episode , which saw them sitting down to watch a documentary about Ramsay Street . At the Logie Award ceremony that year , the show was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame .
2007 saw the show undergo a revamp , which included a switch to recording in HDTV , the introduction of a new family , the departure of several existing characters and a new version of the show 's familiar theme song and opening titles . In addition , episode titles were abandoned , having been in use for the previous three years . Daniel Bennett , the new head of drama at Network Ten , announced that the crux of the Ramsay Street story would go " back to basics " and follow a less sensational path than of late with the emphasis on family relations and suburban reality . Executive producer Ric Pellizzeri said new writers , actors and sets would bring the soap back to its glory days . He added " We moved too far into event @-@ driven stories rather than the character @-@ driven stories that made Neighbours what it is " . The relaunch failed to attract more viewers in Australia . Pellizzeri left the series at the end of 2007 and former Neighbours scriptwriter , Susan Bower , became the new executive producer . In 2008 , Neighbours was branded " too white " by black and Asian viewers in Britain and in Australia there was talk of a " White Australia policy " when it came to casting actors for soaps . In response to the criticism , Bower made a decision to add more ethnically diverse extras , small walk on roles and speaking parts , as well as introducing the character of Sunny Lee ( played by Hany Lee ) an exchange student from South Korea .
On 18 March 2010 , Neighbours celebrated its 25th anniversary . In April , Channel 5 in the UK launched a search to find a female actress to play the part of Poppy Rogers . The search was similar to the Dolly magazine competition in Australia . August saw Neighbours air its 6000th episode . Digital Spy revealed that the week @-@ long 6000th episode celebrations would see the wedding of regular characters , Donna Freedman ( Margot Robbie ) and Ringo Brown ( Sam Clark ) . It was later announced that an attempt on the life of long term regular , Paul Robinson ( Stefan Dennis ) would be the focus of the actual 6000th episode . Bower said " Last week I saw episode 6 @,@ 000 . This marks Australian television history . The 6,000th episode falls on a Friday so the whole week is a special one . As Stefan Dennis – Paul Robinson – was in the first episode 25 years ago , it was decided that his character play a most important role in this very special event " .
In late 2010 , TV Tonight reported that Neighbours would reduce crew operations in 2011 so production could be upgraded . The changes meant that the location manager and catering team were no longer required , studio shoots would be reduced from three cameras to two , and location shots will be mainly confined to the Ramsay Street and Lassiter 's complex sets , with occasional filming in one @-@ off places . Of the changes , FremantleMedia said " Neighbours is undergoing a work flow upgrade to accommodate advances in technology and production techniques to ensure we are at the forefront of professionalism and efficiency . " They added that the show 's production model had been in place since 1985 and that it was time to evolve it . On 14 March 2011 , The Australian reported that Neighbours has become the first television show available to watch on a free iPhone application . Viewers are able to watch whole episodes within three hours of them airing on Eleven . Nick Spooner , the head of Ten digital media said " This is part of what we call our ' three @-@ screen approach ' – broadcast , online and mobile – and it is intended to build viewer engagement with a show and our brand . This is a way for us to stay in touch with our audience and to keep them coming back . " To celebrate the wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton , Neighbours filmed a specially commissioned scene for the UK episode airing on the same day as the wedding . The episode , which had already aired in Australia , marked the first time an Australian show recorded extra scenes for a UK broadcaster .
On 25 October 2011 , it was announced Bower would be leaving Neighbours in December 2011 to move into a new international role with FremantleMedia . Of her departure , Bower told Colin Vickery of the Herald Sun , " I love Neighbours , it is a wonderful show and because of this I felt it was important that fresh eyes and brains take over to keep this Australian icon contemporary . Having said that , I 'm really excited about the new role and thank FremantleMedia for this wonderful opportunity . " Former City Homicide producer , Richard Jasek , took over Bower 's role , while Alan Hardy took over the role of producer . On 4 December 2013 , it was confirmed that Jasek would be leaving Neighbours and Jason Herbison had been promoted to series producer . FremantleMedia 's head of drama Jo Porter became executive producer , while Laurence Wilson is the associate producer . In March 2015 , Neighbours celebrated its 30th anniversary and twelve former cast members returned for the anniversary episodes that revolved around an Erinsborough Festival . Network Ten and Channel 5 aired a documentary special titled Neighbours 30th : The Stars Reunite , which featured interviews with current and former cast members , including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan and Guy Pearce , reflecting on their time on the show .
= = Setting = =
Neighbours ' main focus is the fictional Ramsay Street , a residential cul @-@ de @-@ sac in the fictional Melbourne suburb of Erinsborough . The street was named after the grandfather of original character Max Ramsay ( Francis Bell ) . Other locations include Erinsborough High School and the Lassiter 's complex , which contains the Lassiter 's Hotel , Waterhole bar , Harold 's Store cafe , the lawyers office Rebecchi Law , and the police station . Ahead of the 25th anniversary the Erinsborough village set underwent a makeover . The cafe and bar remained the same , but the centre of the complex was upgraded . Lassiter 's Hotel was given a new logo and gained a second floor with outdoor seating area . Erinsborough Hospital and the police station received new facades , a used car lot was created near the garage and a new university set was created .
Pin Oak Court , in Vermont South , is the real cul @-@ de @-@ sac that doubles for Ramsay Street . All of the houses featured in the show are real and the residents allow Neighbours to shoot external scenes in their front and back yards and on occasions , in their garages . Neighbours has been filmed in Pin Oak Court since the series began in 1985 and it has since become popular with tourists . Tours to the cul @-@ de @-@ sac run throughout the year . The interior scenes are filmed at the Global Television studios in Forest Hill , the adjoining suburb in which Pin Oak Court is located .
Through much of the show 's run , it was not stated in which Australian city Erinsborough was located . The rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne meant that scripts did not mention that Erinsborough was a suburb of the latter city , until 1994 . Since the 2000s , it has been explicitly stated that Erinsborough is a suburb of Melbourne . Other Australian locations mentioned and sometimes seen in the series include the fictitious suburbs of West Waratah , Eden Hills , and Anson 's Corner . Real @-@ life Australian towns in the state of Victoria such as Colac , Frankston and Shepparton are sometimes referred to . Oakey in Queensland is also mentioned and sometimes seen . On 27 August 2010 , Neighbours filmed scenes in Sydney 's Darling Harbour and on board a cruise ship . The episodes marked only the third time that the show has filmed scenes outside of Victoria . In October 2011 , Neighbours filmed scenes in Port Douglas , Queensland and around the Great Barrier Reef region . The show filmed scenes in Geelong in 2016 .
Filming locations outside of Australia have included Kenya , the United States and the UK , which has seen Neighbours episodes filmed there on three occasions . In February 1990 , Lyme Park in Cheshire doubled as the Ledgerwood estate set in Yorkshire . Derek Nimmo guest @-@ starred as the fictitious Lord Ledgerwood in two of the episodes . In November 1992 , the characters Rick Alessi ( Dan Falzon ) and Debbie Martin ( Marnie Reece @-@ Wilmore ) visited London to attend a Michael Jackson concert . The second London @-@ based storyline was broadcast in late March 2007 , when Susan ( Jackie Woodburne ) and Karl Kennedy ( Alan Fletcher ) were seen taking a ride on the London Eye and being married on a boat on the River Thames .
= = Broadcasting = =
Through its entire run in Australia , Neighbours has been screened as a 21 @-@ minute episode each weeknight in an early @-@ evening slot . Neighbours is on air for approximately forty @-@ four weeks per year . It is broadcast from early January to early December and goes off air for around four to five weeks during the Christmas and New Year period . The show currently airs at 6 : 30 pm . The last five aired episodes shown are available to watch on the Neighbours official Australian website , as a part of Network Ten 's Catch Up TV service .
When the show began in 1985 , the first season was broadcast on the Seven Network , at 5 : 30 pm in Sydney , at 6 : 00 pm in Melbourne and Adelaide and at 7 : 00 pm in Brisbane . The show 's transmission in other areas was varied and many regional channels declined to purchase the series . When the show debuted on Network Ten in 1986 it screened at 7 : 00 pm . In 1992 the show moved to 6 : 30 pm to avoid direct competition from rival soap opera Home and Away on the Seven Network . Repeat episodes of Neighbours episodes from the 1988 – 1991 period were broadcast between 2000 and June 2003 on Network Ten . These episodes were seen at 3 : 30 pm , before moving to 11 : 30 am . During 2008 Ten HD broadcast the previous week 's episodes in an omnibus edition each Sunday . These omnibus editions did not return in 2009 as Ten HD was replaced by One HD from March 2009 .
In August 2010 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Neighbours would be moving to Ten 's new digital channel , to make way for a new current affairs show . They said " It 's part of a re @-@ branding of Ten 's free @-@ to @-@ air channel , targeting the older demographic . The ' younger ' shows , like Neighbours , will go on to one of Ten 's digital channels " . It was later confirmed that the show would be moving to digital channel , Eleven . Network Ten 's programmer , David Mott said " We believe Neighbours is perfectly suited to Eleven 's audience strategy and will find a successful and enduring home on Eleven " . Neighbours moved to Eleven on 11 January 2011 , the channel 's launch day . An encore of the previous day 's episode is broadcast at 7 : 00 am weekdays on Network Ten . Eleven also broadcast the last five aired episodes shown in an omnibus edition each Sunday . Repeat episodes of Neighbours from the 2007 period , titled Old School Neighbours , were broadcast in 2013 on Eleven . These episodes were seen during weekdays at 9 : 30 am , before moving to 11 : 00 am .
= = = International = = =
Neighbours has been sold to over 60 countries around the world and is one of Australia 's most successful media exports .
Neighbours has proved to be more popular in the United Kingdom than in Australia . It was screened on BBC One from 1986 until 2008 . The series started airing on 27 October 1986 , as part of BBC1 's revamped daytime schedules . Neighbours went out twice a day , with an earlier morning omnibus and then a showing at lunchtime . Michael Grade , the channel 's then controller , was advised by his daughter to move the series to 5 : 35 pm , as she and her friends kept missing it due to being at school , which took place from January 1988 . The show then started attracting larger audiences , peaking in 1990 at over 21 million . Towards the late 2000s , Neighbours was normally attracting an average of 3 million viewers for its lunchtime showing and 2 @.@ 6 million viewers for its early @-@ evening repeat . It was frequently the highest @-@ rating daytime programme in the UK , outside of news bulletins .
In 2008 , the UK broadcast moved to rival channel Channel 5 following the BBC 's decision not to keep the show after being asked to pay £ 300m over eight years by FremantleMedia ( three times the show 's usual fee ) . Both Channel 5 and FremantleMedia were owned at that time by the German RTL Group . The first episode to be shown on Channel 5 in February 2008 was watched by 2 @.@ 2 million viewers ( an audience share of 14 @.@ 2 % ) , a drop of 300 @,@ 000 from the BBC 's average . However , the move boosted Channel 5 's usual share for the 5 @.@ 30 pm slot by three and a half times . On 4 February 2009 , Neighbours ' 5 : 30 pm showing was seen by 1 @.@ 94 million viewers and by 2012 , the teatime showing had averaged 1 million viewers . UK viewers are able to catch up with episodes with Channel 5 's video catch up service , Demand 5 , similar to the catch up service in Australia . Channel 5 also have a deal with YouTube , allowing viewers to watch episodes for free on the video sharing site after they have been transmitted .
From 4 January 2016 , Channel 5 began broadcasting episodes on the same day as Australia . Channel 5 's commissioning editor Greg Barnett explained that closing the transmission gap would reduce spoilers and the amount of viewers watching the show illegally online . From mid @-@ 2016 , the show also began airing every week @-@ night on Nickelodeon as part of their Nick at Nite programming block , broadcasting the same episode that was earlier seen on Channel 5 .
In New Zealand , Neighbours is broadcast on TV2 at 6 : 30 pm weekdays . In October 2010 , it began airing episodes at the same pace as Australia . The show was initially broadcast by TVNZ in 1988 , but by 1996 it was removed from the schedule . TV4 ( now C4 ) picked the show up and began broadcasting it from 1997 . They dropped it in 2000 and it returned to TV2 in 2002 . Repeats of the previous day 's episode of Neighbours were formerly shown at 2 : 30 pm weekdays and are now shown at 11 @.@ 00 am weekdays . The show moved to 5 : 25 pm weeknights on TV One in late 2007 . After a couple of months , the show moved to 3 : 50 pm weekdays . The show eventually moved back to TV2 . The TV2 website offers viewers the chance to watch episodes online with its OnDemand service . In Ireland , Neighbours is broadcast on RTÉ Television at 1 : 55 pm on RTÉ One and repeated on RTÉ Two at 5 : 35 pm each weekday . FremantleMedia secured a long term deal with RTÉ in 2007 for them to transmit the show after the BBC pulled out of negotiations . In Kenya , Neighbours is broadcast on the KTN network Monday to Friday at 12 : 30 pm with an omnibus on Sunday mornings . In Barbados , Neighbours is broadcast on the CBC8 channel at 1 : 00 pm Monday to Friday . In Canada , CFMT @-@ TV in Toronto broadcast Neighbours on weeknights at 11 : 00 pm , starting in September 1990 . From 20 May 1991 , CFMT moved the show to 4 : 00 pm . After announcing its cancellation , CFMT decided to keep Neighbours on its schedule throughout September 1994 , following numerous letters and telephone calls . In Belgium Neighbours airs Monday till Friday at 5.35pm. ( episodes are 7 months behind Australia ) After 27 years on air , it is still the most popular foreign soap in Belgium .
In the United States , Neighbours premiered on KCOP @-@ TV in Los Angeles on 3 June 1991 at 5 : 30 pm weekdays . KCOP planned on cancelling the show by the end of the month due to low ratings , but brought it back due to viewer demand at a 9 : 30 am daily time slot from 1 July to 30 August 1991 . New York City station WWOR @-@ TV showed Neighbours weekdays 5 : 30 pm from 17 June to 17 September 1991 . In April 2004 , the show began broadcasting nationally on the television channel Oxygen . A spokeswomen from the channel said " Now our viewers can join in on the good , the bad and the endlessly entertaining lives of our Aussie neighbours . " The episodes started from the Scully family 's arrival in 1999 and were aired for a six @-@ week trial basis . The show was broadcast in the afternoon with two episodes being shown back to back at 1 : 00 pm and 2 : 00 pm . After a couple of weeks , the show was moved to a late @-@ night time slot and it eventually left the air . On 7 July 2014 , Todd Spangler from Variety reported that FremantleMedia International had signed a deal with U.S. subscription service Hulu giving it exclusive rights to the most recent season of Neighbours . The soap began airing from 14 July , with new episodes airing daily from Monday through to Friday , on Hulu and Hulu Plus services . The episodes were four weeks behind the Australian broadcast . All past and current episodes of Neighbours were removed from Hulu on 19 September 2015 , stating they had lost the rights .
= = Popularity and viewership = =
= = = 1985 – 1990s = = =
Neighbours initially aired on Seven Network where it struggled to attract high ratings leading to its cancellation by the network four months after it premiered . The series was then picked up by Network Ten . After the usual break in broadcast over the summer non ratings period the series made its debut on Ten in 1986 . Ten revamped the show , adding several new , younger cast members including Jason Donovan as Scott Robinson and Kylie Minogue as Charlene Mitchell . When the show began on Ten it initially attracted low ratings , so the Network worked hard to publicise the series . Ten 's publicity drive was designed to promote the show in a star @-@ focused campaign recalling that of the Hollywood star system where stars were packaged to feed into a fan culture . This paid off and by the end of 1987 ratings had improved for the show . The episode featuring Scott and Charlene 's wedding achieved the highest ever ratings for Neighbours and it became one of the highest rating soap episodes ever in Australia . The same episode attracted 20 million viewers when it was aired in the United Kingdom . By the early 1990s , Australian audiences had decreased although viewing figures had recovered slightly by the end of the decade . In 1994 , Network Ten told TV Week that they would be introducing a " younger , livelier look with six regular characters under the age of 18 " in a bid to generate interest . It was then that they introduced the characters of Stonefish Rebecchi played by Anthony Engelman and Serendipity Gottlieb played by Raelee Hill .
In 1996 , Kimberley Davies , who played Annalise Hartman , quit the series . Then Caroline Gillmer fell ill and her character Cheryl Stark was temporarily recast with former Prisoner actress Colette Mann . This made producers nervous that viewing figures might decrease , so they implemented a series of plots to keep viewers interested . These included a cameo from Clive James and an explosion , which destroyed the doctor 's surgery in the Lassiter 's complex .
= = = 2000s = = =
In the 2000s , rival soap opera Home and Away emerged as more popular than Neighbours in Australia . As of 2004 , Neighbours was regularly attracting just under a million viewers per episode . In 2007 , Home and Away was averaging 1 @.@ 4 million viewers in Australia to Neighbours ' 700 @,@ 000 . During the revamp of 2007 , the episode broadcast on 23 July 2007 saw the introduction of a new family , updated sets , new theme music and graphics . Ratings for that episode averaged 1 @.@ 05 million viewers in the 6 : 30 pm. slot . It was the first time the programme 's viewing figures had topped 1 million in 2007 . By the end of 2007 it was reported that producers had hoped the Neighbours revamp would push the ratings up to between 900 @,@ 000 to 1 million an episode . It had , however , resulted in a more modest boost , with ratings hovering at about 800 @,@ 000 a night . The same viewing period had shown an increase in ratings for Home and Away , which was now averaging 1 @.@ 4 million viewers every night .
In February 2008 , new executive producer , Susan Bower , announced that she would be implementing further changes to the programme . Bower promised to retain the return to traditional Neighbours values , but with an injection of drama that remains recognisable and relevant . Ratings rose to almost 900 @,@ 000 in mid @-@ 2008 , but generally ratings begin to fall towards the end of each year , usually averaging around 700 @,@ 000 . On 17 July 2009 , during the aftermath of the Parker family 's car accident and the dramatic death of Bridget Parker ( Eloise Mignon ) , Neighbours achieved higher ratings than Home And Away . Neighbours achieved 998 @,@ 000 viewers and placed 6th for the night , Home And Away placed 7th .
= = = 2010s = = =
In January 2010 , Neighbours returned to Australian screens to an audience of 563 @,@ 000 . On 20 January , the ratings fell to a low of 426 @,@ 000 , making it one of the programme 's lowest ever ratings in Australia . A July 2010 report showed figures had dropped 20 % , from having 1 @.@ 2 million viewers in 1991 to a low of 618 @,@ 000 in 2010 . A Network Ten spokesperson commented " Most of the show 's budget is covered by its UK deal with Channel 5 and the 50 @-@ odd other countries it is seen in , so it 's not a financial problem for Ten despite the low ratings . And Ten needs the show to score the Australian content and drama points required for it to hold on to a broadcasting licence " . On 29 October 2010 , Neighbours ' ratings dropped to a low figure of 386 @,@ 000 viewers . Viewing numbers for Network Ten that night were down across all programmes . The show 's highest figure of the week was 590 @,@ 000 on 25 October 2010 .
Following its move to digital multichannel Eleven , Neighbours attracted 254 @,@ 000 viewers for the first episode broadcast on 11 January 2011 . This was half the number of viewers that watched it on Network Ten ; the Herald Sun reported that it was a good result as " bosses were only expecting 133 @,@ 000 . " Neighbours became Eleven 's most @-@ watched show and the third highest rating show on digital multichannels that night . Programming chief , David Mott stated " Last night 's strong result for Neighbours already suggests the audience will follow the folks from Ramsay Street to their brand new neighbourhood on Eleven . " On 24 January 2011 , Neighbours achieved 330 @,@ 000 viewers and three days later 355 @,@ 000 viewers tuned in , becoming the show 's highest rating yet on Eleven . The show had more viewers than the Ten Evening News in the 16 – 39 and 18 – 49 demographic . On 13 June 2011 , Neighbours was watched by 455 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the highest rating show on digital multichannels that night and breaking its previous ratings record on the channel . On 27 May 2013 , episode 6651 of Neighbours was watched by an audience of 405 @,@ 000 viewers , which was the highest rating the series had achieved in nearly two years . Neighbours has traditionally rated between 250 @,@ 000 and 350 @,@ 000 since moving to Eleven in January 2011 .
= = Storylines = =
Neighbours storylines frequently focus on family problems , intergenerational clashes , school problems , romances and domestic issues . Despite the restrictive 6 : 30 pm time slot , Neighbours has also covered many serious problems such as teenage pregnancy , marital breakdown , imprisonment , career problems , financial problems , pregnancy , abortion , eating disorders , alcoholism , adultery , drug use and drug trafficking , robbery , stalking , kidnapping , accidental death , hit @-@ and @-@ runs , murder , shootings , and incest . In the 2000s , the show dealt with controversial issues such as sexuality , gambling , prostitution , and surrogacy . Health issues were also focused on , including multiple sclerosis , bipolar disorder , epilepsy , amnesia , congenital diaphragmatic hernia , and alzheimer 's disease . In September 2014 , the show featured a natural disaster storyline , in which a tornado descended on Erinsborough and Ramsay Street .
= = Characters = =
In 1985 , Neighbours started out with three families created by Watson – the Ramsays , the Robinsons and the Clarkes . Watson said that he wanted to show three families living in a small street , who are friends . Max Ramsay ( Francis Bell ) , his wife Maria ( Dasha Blahova ) and their sons Shane ( Peter O 'Brien ) and Danny ( David Clencie ) lived at No.24 Ramsay Street . Single father , Jim Robinson ( Alan Dale ) lived next door with his children , Paul ( Stefan Dennis ) , Julie ( Vikki Blanche ) , Scott ( Darius Perkins ) and Lucy ( Kylie Flinker ) . His mother @-@ in @-@ law , Helen Daniels ( Anne Haddy ) also lived with him . Bachelor Des Clarke ( Paul Keane ) invited Daphne Lawrence ( Elaine Smith ) to live at No. 28 with him and they were later married . The Robinsons and the Ramsays had a long history in the street and they were often involved in an ongoing rivalry . When Network Ten picked up the show and revamped it , they brought in new and younger actors including Kylie Minogue as Charlene Mitchell and Jason Donovan , who replaced Darius Perkins as Scott Robinson . Many families , including the Alessi , Bishop , Hancock , Hoyland , Rebecchi , Scullys , Timmins ' and Willises have moved in and out of the street over the years .
When storylines for certain characters become tired , the scriptwriters simply move one family out and replace it with a new one . Ramsay Street is now a mixture of older characters like Lou Carpenter ( Tom Oliver ) , Toadfish Rebecchi ( Ryan Moloney ) , Karl ( Alan Fletcher ) and Susan Kennedy ( Jackie Woodburne ) , as well as newer characters such as the Canning and Turner families . Watson originally wanted to show young people communicating with older people , which means that the cast is a mix of young actors in their teens or early 20s and older , more experienced hands . The last remaining original character , Helen Daniels , departed the show in 1997 due to the ill @-@ health of Anne Haddy . In 2004 , original cast member Stefan Dennis returned to Neighbours full @-@ time as Paul Robinson . Paul is currently the only remaining original character in the series . In February 2009 , it was announced that producers would be introducing a new generation of the Ramsay family to the show , over a decade after the family had last appeared . Kate ( Ashleigh Brewer ) , Harry ( Will Moore ) and Sophie Ramsay ( Kaiya Jones ) made their first appearances in May 2009 .
= = = Celebrity guest appearances = = =
Throughout its run , Neighbours has featured several guest appearances from celebrities playing themselves or characters . Early cameos included former Skyhooks musician Red Symons , Warwick Capper , Molly Meldrum , Chris Lowe of Pet Shop Boys , and Clive James . During the 2000s and 2010s , the series featured appearances from The Wiggles , Shane Warne , former Spice Girls singer Emma Bunton , Little Britain 's Matt Lucas and David Walliams , The Veronicas , André Rieu , wrestler Dave Batista , Lily Allen and Paula Abdul .
= = Theme tune = =
The theme tune to Neighbours was composed by Tony Hatch whose then wife , Jackie Trent , wrote the lyrics . Since 1985 , there have been eight versions of the theme tune . The song has been voted the world 's most recognised television theme song and the lyrics were quoted by John Smith , then British Shadow Chancellor , in a House of Commons debate on Government economic policy . From 2007 , the theme tune to Neighbours was sung by Sandra de Jong . In February 2013 , Network Ten and FremantleMedia announced that they were searching across Australia and the United Kingdom for a singer to record a new version of the theme tune . The competition resulted in a tie and the new theme was sung as a duet by Daniel Boys and Stephanie Angelini . That version of the theme tune began airing from 15 April 2013 . A new retro @-@ inspired theme tune sung by Garth Ploog debuted on 5 January 2015 as part of the show 's 30th anniversary celebrations .
= = Titles = =
Since Neighbours began in 1985 , it has used its opening titles sequence to introduce the major characters which currently feature in the show . The sequences often feature the characters in family or domestic groups . Each episode 's titles sequence was preceded by a recap of events from recent episodes featuring the characters who were to appear in the new episode .
In 2002 , Neighbours debuted an all new style of titles with a remixed version of the theme tune . The titles showed characters together in groups according to gender , a change from the previous ones which were taken outside . 2007 saw Neighbours debut an updated theme , a new logo and new " optimistic , contemporary " titles . A photo booth montage was played and characters were seen rowing boats , walking along piers and eating outside . The sequence also contained shots of upcoming scenes . In August 2009 , Neighbours introduced a new titles format . The first episode of each week begins with a trailer previewing the week 's events . The usual recap of storylines switched to after the opening titles of each episode for the first time since 1998 . The end of episode teasers returned and are now made in @-@ house by the Neighbours production team .
In September 2009 , Susan Bower announced that Neighbours would introduce new opening titles for the 25th anniversary and they would feature a bit of " bling " . The titles were created by Visual Playground , who shot a series of scenes featuring the cast in settings familiar to viewers . The titles made their debut on 18 March 2010 . A new set of opening titles made their debut on 15 April 2013 , along with a new version of the theme tune . Visual Playground once again created and produced the titles . The titles depict the Ramsay Street residents gathering outside their houses for a street party . A writer for Visual Playground explained that they " invented a bokeh graphic device that uses the play of light in a formation to locate the houses in the cul @-@ de @-@ sac . Six overlapping circles represent the six houses of Ramsay St and the off street cast members . All the circles together reinforce the sense of community that makes up Neighbours . " A new retro @-@ inspired logo , theme tune and opening titles debuted on 5 January 2015 as part of the show 's 30th anniversary celebrations . The new logo is a reimagined contemporary version of the original Neighbours logo from 1985 . The titles show characters in a variety of familiar settings around Erinsborough and ends with a look at Ramsay Street from above .
= = Awards and nominations = =
Neighbours has received a wide variety of awards and nominations throughout its run . The show has received 81 Logie Award nominations , of which it has won 30 . It has also been nominated for " Most Popular Daytime Programme " at the UK 's National Television Awards in five of the six years from 2000 to 2006 . In 1997 , the show won an award for Best Episode in A Television Drama Serial at the Australian Film Institute Awards . Two Neighbours actors have been nominated for Rose D 'Or awards , once in 2004 for Ryan Moloney and again in 2005 for Jackie Woodburne . Neighbours has also won three Australian Writers ' Guild awards .
= = Home media and spin @-@ offs = =
Since the show 's inception , several spin @-@ offs have been produced , including books , music , DVDs and internet webisodes . In 1991 , an officially licensed video game of Neighbours was created by Ian Copeland and developed by Zeppelin Games under their Impulze label for the ZX Spectrum , Commodore 64 , Atari ST , and Amiga ; it was re @-@ released by Zeppelin in 1992 on budget price . In the game , the player took on the role of Scott Robinson and had to skateboard around four whole courses .
Episodes of Neighbours have been released on several DVDs . Neighbours : Defining Moments was the first DVD box set released in 2002 . It is a compilation of fifteen classic episodes and a photo gallery . The Neighbours : The Iconic Episodes Volume 1 DVD box set was released in 2008 and contains twenty @-@ three episodes , the 1000th episode party celebration special and a photo gallery . Neighbours : The Iconic Episodes Volume Two contains twenty @-@ four episodes over three discs . One disc is dedicated to the character of Charlene . In 2012 , early episodes of Neighbours were released on three DVD box sets in Germany . From April 2012 , Shock Entertainment began releasing DVD box sets of Neighbours episodes in broadcast order from the beginning . As of October 2014 , five box sets have been released .
Neighbours has released three internet webisode series via their YouTube channel . The first series was titled Steph in Prison and coincided with Stephanie Scully 's ( Carla Bonner ) return to Neighbours in April 2013 . The following year , Brennan on the Run focusing on Mark Brennan 's ( Scott McGregor ) time in witness protection was released . Neighbours vs Zombies was launched in October 2014 and featured the returns of many former characters who had previously died in the show .
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= Francis Harvey =
Major Francis John William Harvey , VC ( 29 April 1873 – 31 May 1916 ) was an officer of the British Royal Marine Light Infantry during the First World War . Harvey was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest military award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces , for his actions at the height of the Battle of Jutland . A long serving Royal Marine officer descended of a military family , during his career Harvey became a specialist in naval artillery , serving on many large warships as gunnery training officer and gun commander . Specially requested for HMS Lion , the flagship of the British battlecruiser fleet , Harvey fought at the battles of Heligoland Bight , Dogger Bank and Jutland .
At Jutland , Harvey , although mortally wounded by German shellfire , ordered the magazine of Q turret on the battlecruiser Lion to be flooded . This action prevented the tons of cordite stored there from catastrophically detonating in an explosion that would have destroyed the vessel and all aboard her . Although he succumbed to his injuries seconds later , his dying act may have saved over a thousand lives and prompted Winston Churchill to later comment : " In the long , rough , glorious history of the Royal Marines there is no name and no deed which in its character and consequences ranks above this " .
= = Gunnery expert = =
Harvey was born in Upper Sydenham , Kent , the son of Commander John William Francis Harvey , RN and Elizabeth Edwards Lavington Harvey née Penny . At age 11 in 1884 , Harvey moved with his family to Southsea and he attended Portsmouth Grammar School , achieving excellent academic results and showing proficiency in languages and debating . Harvey was descended from a military family ; his great @-@ great @-@ grandfather John Harvey had been killed in the Glorious First of June in 1794 and his great @-@ grandfather Admiral Sir Edward Harvey , GCB , RN and grandfather Captain John Harvey of the 9th Regiment of Foot were also prominent military figures .
After leaving school , Harvey chose a military career and was accepted by both the Royal Military College , Sandhurst and the Royal Naval College , Greenwich for officer training . Choosing the latter school as a Royal Marines officer cadet , Harvey graduated in 1892 and the following year was made a full lieutenant , joining HMS Wildfire for his first seagoing commission . After just a year at sea , Harvey was back on shore attending gunnery courses at HMS Excellent , qualifying in 1896 as an instructor first class in naval gunnery . Harvey was appointed to the cruiser HMS Phaeton when she was commissioned at Devonport on 8 June 1897 for service on the Pacific Station . In 1898 , whilst on the Phaëton , he was reprimanded by the Admiralty for an unfavourable report he released on San Diego Harbour . Returning home the same year , Harvey was given the position of Assistant Instructor for Gunnery at Plymouth Division . During this period , Harvey married Ethel Edye and had one son , John .
Between 1898 and 1904 Harvey spent much of his time attached to the Channel Fleet , aboard HMS Edgar and HMS Diadem , practising and instructing in gunnery . On 28 January 1900 he was promoted to captain . In 1903 he was posted aboard HMS Royal Sovereign , the first of a string of big ship appointments teaching gunnery to the heavy units of the Channel Fleet . By 1909 , Harvey had served on HMS Duke of Edinburgh , HMS St George and the new battlecruiser HMS Inflexible . In 1910 Harvey became Instructor of Gunnery at Chatham Dockyard and the following year was promoted to major , a report on the gunnery school commenting " Degree of efficiency in Gunnery Establishment at Chatham is very high both as regards general training and attention to detail . Great credit is due all concerned particularly to Major F.J.W. Harvey , the I of G " .
The strength of this report subsequently gained Harvey a position as senior marine officer aboard HMS Lion , the 27 @,@ 000 ton flagship of the British battlecruiser fleet . Lion had eight 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns and Harvey was stationed in an office under Q turret directing their operation and fire . Under her new commander , Admiral David Beatty , Harvey served as the senior marine officer on board into the First World War , his first military campaign .
= = First World War = =
Harvey did not have to wait long to see action , seeing combat for the first time at the Battle of Heligoland Bight just weeks into the war . On 28 August 1914 , Lion and her squadron of HMS Queen Mary and HMS Princess Royal , swept into the Heligoland Bight where German and British cruiser forces were already engaged in a bitter struggle . One German cruiser had already been sunk by the time Beatty 's force arrived , but the German flagship SMS Cöln and cruiser SMS Ariadne were surprised in the fog and destroyed by heavy calibre shells from Beatty 's battlecruisers . German Admiral Leberecht Maass and over 1 @,@ 000 of his sailors were killed , Harvey 's guns scoring several hits on the cruisers .
Six months later , Harvey 's guns again caused severe damage to a German force at the Battle of Dogger Bank . Over the previous months , a German battlecruiser squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Hipper had crossed the North Sea and bombarded British coastal towns on several occasions . On 24 January 1915 another attempt was made , but this time British signals analysts had detected the German movement and using this information the Admiralty dispatched Beatty 's force to intercept and destroy them . Beatty and Hipper 's squadrons collided at 09 : 00 and during the engagement that followed , Lion was left exposed by mis @-@ communication between the ships , which led to HMS Tiger engaging the wrong ship , leaving SMS Moltke uncovered and so able to fire more accurately . The British flagship was hard pressed until one of Lion 's shots penetrated one of Seydlitz 's turrets . A huge explosion destroyed the neighbouring turret as well and killed 160 men , the German flagship only surviving due to the actions of sailor Wilhelm Heidkamp , who wrenched open the water valves to the magazines despite them glowing red hot .
Lion was badly damaged in the action by shells from the passing SMS Derfflinger and with her engines failing , dropped back to engage the already sinking SMS Blücher . Misread signals resulted in the rest of the British fleet returning to support Lion in this task , allowing the rest of the battered German fleet to retire as the British destroyed the hapless Blücher and 792 of her crew . Following the battle , Harvey remained aboard Lion at Rosyth for the whole of 1915 and the first five months of 1916 , continuing his gunnery training and preparations for major fleet action . His preparations came to fruition on the last day of May , when the British fleet sailed to engage the main body of the German High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland .
Just after Dogger Bank , Harvey had written to a fellow RMLI officer in HMS Orion describing his experiences :
= = = Jutland = = =
Beatty 's battlecruisers led the British fleet in its attack , casting south into the North Sea to find the enemy during the afternoon of 31 May 1916 . At 14 : 15 , scouting cruisers spotted the German vanguard and Beatty closed to attack the enemy with his main force . Given time to prepare , Hipper was ready for Beatty with his battlecruisers in line to face Beatty 's approaching ships with their full broadsides . Hipper was also encouraged by the main German battleship fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Reinhard Scheer , which was steaming northwards close behind him . At 15 : 45 Beatty came within range of the German fleet and the vanguards engaged one another with their opening fusillades . As the two squadrons closed , the Germans found the range better and faster than the British , who were silhouetted against the sun . As a result , German shells pounded the British ships while the German ships remained untouched for the first 10 minutes of the engagement . During this stage of the battle Lion was hit by nine shells from SMS Lützow . One shell at 16 : 00 struck the right upper corner of the left hand gun port at the junction of the face plate and the roof , and punched a piece of the 9 @-@ inch face plate into the turret before detonating , blowing off the armoured roof of the turret and starting a fire , which a damage control party working from outside the turret fought to put out .
The initial explosion killed or wounded everyone stationed in the gun house itself . Harvey , despite severe wounds and burns , realised that the shell hoist leading to the ship 's main forward magazine was jammed open . With the hatch open , the flash fire would rapidly travel down to the main magazine resulting in an explosion that would tear the ship in two and kill everyone on board . Staggering across the wreckage of the turret , Harvey gave orders down the voice pipe for the magazine doors to be closed and the magazine compartments to be flooded , an action which would prevent the cordite in the magazines detonating . Turning to his sergeant , the one man still standing , Harvey instructed him to proceed to the bridge and give a full report to the ship 's captain Ernle Chatfield ( a standard drill in damage exercises ) . Seconds later , Harvey collapsed and died from his wounds . The sergeant went immediately to the bridge and notified the captain of Harvey 's actions before being taken below to have his wounds dressed .
As soon as the turret had been hit the captain had ordered Q magazine doors closed and the magazine flooded , the order passing to the Transmitting Station below the armoured deck where Stoker 1st Class William Yeo was entrusted with passing the order on . The magazine was consequently flooded and locked up within minutes of the hit . However the cordite charges which had fallen down from gun house after the hit were not removed to safety , and there were still ready charges in the working chamber . A large number of crewmen still remained in the shell room , magazine handing room and working chamber . The fire which was thought to have been put out after the hit on the turret gained strength and ignited the remaining cordite charges , setting off a large explosion at 16 : 28 which killed the turret crewmen , the flame of the explosion reaching as high as the top of the ship 's masts . Even with the precautions taken in hand , the magazine doors were later found to be severely buckled – only the seawater in the magazine behind it prevented the blast reaching inside . Other ships of the battlecruiser fleet were less lucky ; at about the same time as Harvey 's death , HMS Indefatigable was torn to pieces by a series of magazine explosions that claimed 1 @,@ 013 lives and just minutes after that HMS Queen Mary exploded " like a puffball " in one huge column of grey smoke , killing 1 @,@ 275 sailors . Hours later during the main battlefleet engagement , Admiral Horace Hood 's flagship HMS Invincible was destroyed with 1 @,@ 032 lives . All three ships were lost as the result of magazine explosions similar to the one narrowly avoided on Lion .
= = Remembrance = =
Harvey 's charred corpse was taken from the wreckage of Q turret in the aftermath of battle and buried at sea with full honours alongside the other 98 fatal casualties Lion had suffered . His bravery in the face of certain death did not go unnoticed ; he was mentioned by name in Admiral Jellicoe 's post @-@ battle dispatch and he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross . Harvey 's widow Ethel was presented with the award at Buckingham Palace by King George V on 15 September 1916 . His medal group was later loaned to the Royal Marines Museum , Eastney Barracks by his son Lieutenant @-@ Colonel John Malcolm Harvey of the King 's Regiment in 1973 . Harvey 's name is inscribed on the Chatham Naval Memorial to those with no known grave , administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission .
= = = Victoria Cross citation = = =
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= DayZ ( mod ) =
DayZ is a multiplayer open world survival third @-@ person shooter modification designed by Dean Hall for the 2009 tactical shooter video game ARMA 2 and its 2010 expansion pack , ARMA 2 : Operation Arrowhead . The mod places the player in the fictional post @-@ Soviet state of Chernarus , where a mysterious plague has infected most of the population , turning people into violent zombies . As a survivor with limited supplies , the player must scavenge the world for supplies such as food , water , weapons and medicine , while killing or avoiding both zombies and other players , and sometimes non @-@ player characters , in an effort to survive the zombie apocalypse .
DayZ has been praised for its innovative design elements . The mod reached one million players in its first four months on August 6 , 2012 , with hundreds of thousands of people purchasing ARMA 2 just to play it . The mod version of DayZ remains in continued development by its community , where as the standalone game was developed by ARMA 2 creators Bohemia Interactive .
During the alpha , designer Dean Hall became part of Bohemia Interactive , and the mod , retitled to Arma II : DayZ Mod , was officially released on February 21 , 2013 .
= = Gameplay = =
DayZ attempts to portray a realistic scenario within the gameplay , with the environment having different effects on the player . A character may receive bone fractures from damage to their legs , go into shock from bullet wounds or zombie bites , receive infections from zombies or diseased players , or faint due to low blood pressure . Thirst and hunger must be kept under control by finding sustenance in either cities or the wilderness , with body temperature playing a key part in the character 's survival . The game focuses on surviving and the human elements of a zombie apocalypse by forcing the player to acknowledge basic human needs like thirst , hunger and shelter . These mechanics require the player to focus on immediate goals before they can consider long @-@ term strategies .
DayZ is praised for its level of emergent gameplay . BuzzFeed author Russell Brandom suggested that the mod has spawned the first photojournalist in a massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game , creating articles that are not only about a game world but journalism told from within it . Brandom claimed that DayZ is a unique example of the massively multiplayer online game genre in giving players the freedom to harm or murder each other , whilst adding no restrictions on how or why they may do it , quoting a player who described it as " the story of people " . The mod has been compared by Kotaku to The Walking Dead and its focus on interactions between the characters when faced with desperate situations . The players in DayZ are forced to deal with dilemmas in similar ways as portrayed in both the comics and TV series for The Walking Dead .
It has been proposed that DayZ provides some insight into people 's motivations and behaviors when reacting to real crisis events , mirroring controlled experiments of a similar nature . However , some critics of this theory argue that participants do not react as they would in a real world situation in which their life is truly threatened . Despite the game being biased towards self @-@ interested , hostile competition , many players enter the game with their own perceptions and priorities . These varied approaches and experiences within the game suggest that even in a system that should theoretically promote rational behaviour , people act in unexpected ways . It has been proposed that this dispels the idea that chaos is an objective and defining feature of the system , rather it is what players make of it .
= = Development = =
Dean Hall created the concept while he was a soldier in the New Zealand Army , as a suggestion for training soldiers through exposure to situations provoking emotion and relevant thought processes . He has stated he was inspired by experiences during jungle training while on exchange with the Singapore Armed Forces in Brunei , where he was badly injured in a survival skills exercise . Hall has stated that what he had endured then directly affected the development of DayZ , and the creation of immersion through forcing the player to experience emotion and tension as part of gameplay . Hall believed that early rapid success of the mod was largely due to social media and consumers ' desire for games that provided significant challenge . Hall has described the mod as something of an " anti @-@ game " as it broke what he felt were generally considered to be basic rules of game design such as balance and not frustrating users .
First requiring manual installation , DayZ now uses two third @-@ party programs called Six Updater Suite and DayZ Commander to facilitate its installation . On August 7 , 2012 , Dean Hall announced on the game 's development blog that the mod was going to be made into its own game , with Bohemia Interactive as the developer , and himself as the project leader . On October 29 , 2012 , development of the mod officially transferred to a largely community driven effort with the release of version 1 @.@ 7 @.@ 3 .
= = Reception = =
DayZ acquired a large user base due to its unique gameplay . By August 2012 , three months after release , the mod had registered more than one million unique users . IGN called it one of the most popular PC games in the world " right now " four months after release . It was credited for over 300 @,@ 000 unit sales of ARMA 2 within two months of the mod 's release , putting this three @-@ year @-@ old title in the top seller charts on Steam for over seven weeks , much of this time as the top selling game .
Marek Španěl , CEO of ARMA 2 developer Bohemia Interactive , said the mod was directly driving sales of the game and applauded it for an addictive and thrilling experience , saying that it could stand as a gaming experience on its own . The mod was also praised by video game developers not involved with the series . Kristoffer Touborg from CCP ( EVE @-@ Online ) said it was the best game he has played in several months and called it particularly innovative given the first @-@ person shooter genre , which he considered to be one of gaming 's least innovative genres . Game designers Erik Wolpaw and Tim Schafer stated at PAX Prime 2012 that they believe that player @-@ driven experiences such as DayZ are the future of gaming , commenting on what the title achieved without having a driving narrative .
= = = Media reception = = =
The mod received widespread media acclaim . Edge called DayZ the mod of the year . Wired UK 's Quitin Smith said it could be the most terrifying game of 2012 , and Rock Paper Shotgun 's Jim Rossignol called it the best game he had played so far in 2012 . PC Gamer stated the game was one of the most important things to happen to PC gaming in 2012 and included it in their 2012 list of the top five scariest PC games of all time . Metro called it one of the best games to ever to come out of PC modding and one of the single most impressive experiences available on the system . Eurogamer called it the best zombie game ever made and the break out phenomenon of PC gaming in 2012 . Kotaku called it possibly the greatest zombie game of all time and the most interesting PC game of 2012 . PC PowerPlay said DayZ was the most important thing to happen to PC gaming in 2012 .
Eurogamer 's Stace Harman suggested that the mod 's designer Dean Hall might be responsible for some of the most emotive stories to come from playing a video game . Chris Pereiraa of 1UP.com called it a " shining example of PC gaming at its finest " , stating the tension from interacting with other players leads to an experience unlike anything else he had experienced in gaming apart from making love in Heavy Rain , and cited the game as an example that PC gaming is not in decline , as the creation of such a mod is something that is only possible on a computer ( as opposed to video game consoles ) . According to bit @-@ tech 's Joe Martin , no other game in the genre has offered so compelling take on a zombie apocalypse and its impact of the mod on the industry might be similar to that of Defense of the Ancients and Counter @-@ Strike .
= = = Awards = = =
The mod was nominated for the " Online Innovation " category at the Game Developers Conference Online Awards 2012 .
PC Gamer gave DayZ the " Mod of the Year " 2012 award , calling it " one of the least @-@ forgiving and most intimidating games of the year . "
Good Game gave DayZ the " Quiet Achiever " award for 2012 .
PC PowerPlay gave DayZ the " Game of the Year 2012 " and named it number five on their list of top 100 games of all time .
= = Standalone game = =
The standalone title , also called DayZ , carries over many of the core gameplay mechanisms of the ARMA 2 mod . DayZ has enhanced graphics , enhanced UI , and AI compared to the mod . DayZ is planned to launch on 8th generation consoles ( PlayStation 4 and Xbox One ) once the game is fully complete .
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= Ted Bundy =
Theodore Robert Bundy ( born Theodore Robert Cowell ; November 24 , 1946 – January 24 , 1989 ) was an American serial killer , kidnapper , rapist , and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier . Shortly before his execution , after more than a decade of denials , he confessed to 30 homicides committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978 . The true victim count remains unknown , and could be much higher .
Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic by many of his young female victims , traits he exploited to win their trust . He typically approached them in public places , feigning injury or disability , or impersonating an authority figure , before overpowering and assaulting them at more secluded locations . He sometimes revisited his secondary crime scenes for hours at a time , grooming and performing sexual acts with the decomposing corpses until putrefaction and destruction by wild animals made further interaction impossible . He decapitated at least 12 of his victims , and kept some of the severed heads in his apartment for a period of time as mementos . On a few occasions , he simply broke into dwellings at night and bludgeoned his victims as they slept .
Initially incarcerated in Utah in 1975 for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault , Bundy became a suspect in a progressively longer list of unsolved homicides in multiple states . Facing murder charges in Colorado , he engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults , including three murders , before his ultimate recapture in Florida in 1978 . He received three death sentences in two separate trials for the Florida homicides .
Ted Bundy died in the electric chair at Raiford Prison in Starke , Florida , on January 24 , 1989 . Biographer Ann Rule described him as " ... a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human 's pain and the control he had over his victims , to the point of death , and even after . " He once called himself " ... the most cold @-@ hearted son of a bitch you 'll ever meet . " Attorney Polly Nelson , a member of his last defense team , agreed . " Ted " , she wrote , " was the very definition of heartless evil . "
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood = = =
Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers ( now the Lund Family Center ) in Burlington , Vermont on November 24 , 1946 to Eleanor Louise Cowell ( 1924 – 2012 ; known for most of her life as Louise ) . His father 's identity has never been determined with certainty . His birth certificate assigns paternity to a salesman and Air Force veteran named Lloyd Marshall , but Louise later claimed that she had been seduced by " a sailor " whose name may have been Jack Worthington . ( Years later , investigators would find no record of anyone by that name in Navy or Merchant Marine archives . ) Some family members expressed suspicions that Bundy might have been fathered by Louise 's own violent , abusive father , Samuel Cowell , but no material evidence has ever been cited to support or refute this .
For the first three years of his life Bundy lived in the Philadelphia home of his maternal grandparents , Samuel and Eleanor Cowell , who raised him as their son to avoid the social stigma that accompanied birth outside wedlock at the time . Family , friends , and even young Ted were told that his grandparents were his parents and that his mother was his older sister . Eventually he discovered the truth ; he told his girlfriend that a cousin showed him a copy of his birth certificate after calling him a " bastard " , but he told biographers Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth that he found the certificate himself . Biographer and true crime writer Ann Rule , who knew Bundy personally , believes that he located his original birth record in Vermont in 1969 . Bundy expressed a lifelong resentment toward his mother for lying about his true parentage and leaving him to discover it for himself .
Bundy spoke warmly of his grandparents in some interviews , and told Rule that he " identified with " , " respected " , and " clung to " his grandfather ; but he and other family members told attorneys in 1987 that Samuel Cowell was a tyrannical bully and a bigot who hated blacks , Italians , Catholics , and Jews , beat his wife and the family dog , and swung neighborhood cats by their tails . He once threw Louise 's younger sister Julia down a flight of stairs for oversleeping . He sometimes spoke aloud to unseen presences , and at least once he flew into a violent rage when the question of Ted 's paternity was raised . Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient woman who periodically underwent electroconvulsive therapy for depression and feared leaving their house toward the end of her life . Ted occasionally exhibited disturbing behavior , even at that early age . Julia recalled awakening one day from a nap to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen ; her three @-@ year @-@ old nephew was standing by the bed , smiling .
In 1950 Louise abruptly changed her surname from Cowell to Nelson , and at the urging of multiple family members , left Philadelphia with her son to live with cousins Alan and Jane Scott in Tacoma , Washington . In 1951 Louise met Johnny Culpepper Bundy , a hospital cook , at an adult singles night at Tacoma 's First Methodist Church . They married later that year and Johnny Bundy formally adopted Ted . Johnny and Louise conceived four children of their own , and although Johnny tried to include his adoptive son in camping trips and other family activities , Ted remained distant . He later complained to his girlfriend that Johnny wasn 't his real father , " wasn 't very bright " , and " didn 't make much money . "
Bundy 's Tacoma recollections varied from biographer to biographer : To Michaud and Aynesworth he described roaming his neighborhood , picking through trash barrels in search of pictures of naked women . To Polly Nelson he spoke of perusing detective magazines , crime novels , and true crime documentaries for stories involving sexual violence , particularly when illustrated with pictures of dead or maimed bodies ; yet in a letter to Rule he asserted that he " ... never , ever read fact @-@ detective magazines , and shuddered at the thought [ that anyone would ] " . To Michaud , he described consuming large quantities of alcohol and " canvass [ ing ] the community " late at night in search of undraped windows where he could observe women undressing , or " whatever [ else ] could be seen . "
Accounts of his social life also varied : He told Michaud and Aynesworth that he " chose to be alone " as an adolescent because he was unable to understand interpersonal relationships . He claimed that he had no natural sense of how to develop friendships . " I didn 't know what made people want to be friends , " he said . " I didn 't know what underlay social interactions . " Classmates from Woodrow Wilson High School told Rule , however , that Bundy was " well known and well liked " there , " a medium @-@ sized fish in a large pond " .
Bundy 's only significant athletic avocation was snow skiing , which he pursued enthusiastically using stolen equipment and forged lift tickets . During high school he was arrested at least twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft . When he reached age 18 the details of the incidents were expunged from his record , as is customary in Washington and most other states .
= = = University years = = =
After graduating from high school in 1965 Bundy spent a year at the University of Puget Sound ( UPS ) before transferring to the University of Washington ( UW ) in 1966 to study Chinese . In 1967 he became romantically involved with a UW classmate who is identified in Bundy biographies by several pseudonyms , most commonly Stephanie Brooks . In early 1968 he dropped out of college and worked at a series of minimum @-@ wage jobs . He also volunteered at the Seattle office of Nelson Rockefeller 's presidential campaign , and in August , attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami as a Rockefeller delegate . Shortly thereafter Brooks ended their relationship and returned to her family home in California , frustrated by what she described as Bundy 's immaturity and lack of ambition . Psychiatrist Dorothy Lewis would later pinpoint this crisis as " ... probably the pivotal time in his development . " Devastated by Brooks 's rejection , Bundy traveled to Colorado and then farther east , visiting relatives in Arkansas and Philadelphia , and enrolling for one semester at Temple University . It was at this time in early 1969 , Rule believes , that Bundy visited the office of birth records in Burlington and confirmed his true parentage .
Back in Washington in the fall of 1969 , he met Elizabeth Kloepfer ( identified in Bundy literature as Meg Anders , Beth Archer , or Liz Kendall ) , a divorcée from Ogden , Utah , who worked as a secretary at the University of Washington School of Medicine . Their stormy relationship would continue well past his initial incarceration in Utah in 1976 . In mid @-@ 1970 , now focused and goal @-@ oriented , he re @-@ enrolled at UW , this time as a psychology major . He became an honor student , well @-@ regarded by his professors . In 1971 he took a job at Seattle 's Suicide Hotline crisis center . There he met and worked alongside Rule , a former Seattle police officer and aspiring crime writer who would later write one of the definitive Bundy biographies , The Stranger Beside Me . Rule saw nothing disturbing in Bundy 's personality at the time , describing him as " kind , solicitous , and empathetic " .
After graduating from UW in 1972 Bundy joined Governor Daniel J. Evans 's reelection campaign . Posing as a college student , he shadowed Evans 's opponent , former governor Albert Rosellini , recording his stump speeches for analysis by Evans 's team . After Evans 's reelection he was hired as an assistant to Ross Davis , Chairman of the Washington State Republican Party . Davis thought well of Bundy , describing him as " smart , aggressive ... and a believer in the system . " In early 1973 , despite mediocre Law School Admission Test scores , Bundy was accepted into the law schools of UPS and the University of Utah on the strength of letters of recommendation from Evans , Davis , and several UW psychology professors .
During a trip to California on Republican Party business in the summer of 1973 Bundy rekindled his relationship with Brooks , who marveled at his transformation into a serious , dedicated professional , seemingly on the cusp of a distinguished legal and political career . He continued to date Kloepfer as well , though neither woman was aware of the other 's existence . In the fall of 1973 Bundy matriculated at UPS Law School and continued courting Brooks , who flew to Seattle several times to stay with him . They discussed marriage ; at one point he introduced her to Davis as his fiancée . In January 1974 , however , he abruptly broke off all contact ; her phone calls and letters went unreturned . Finally reaching him by phone a month later , Brooks demanded to know why Bundy had unilaterally ended their relationship without explanation . In a flat , calm voice , he replied , " Stephanie , I have no idea what you mean ... " and hung up . She never heard from him again . Later he explained , " I just wanted to prove to myself that I could have married her . " At about the same time Bundy began skipping classes at law school , and by April he had stopped attending entirely , as young women began to disappear in the Pacific Northwest .
= = First two series of murders = =
= = = Washington , Oregon = = =
There is no consensus on when or where Bundy began killing women . He told different stories to different people , and refused to divulge the specifics of his earliest crimes , even as he confessed in graphic detail to dozens of later murders in the days preceding his execution . He told Nelson that he attempted his first kidnapping in 1969 in Ocean City , New Jersey , but did not kill anyone until sometime in 1971 in Seattle . He told psychologist Art Norman that he killed two women in Atlantic City in 1969 while visiting family in Philadelphia . To homicide detective Robert D. Keppel he hinted at a murder in Seattle in 1972 , and another in 1973 involving a hitchhiker near Tumwater , Washington , but refused to elaborate . Rule and Keppel both believe that he may have started killing as a teenager . Circumstantial evidence suggests that he abducted and killed 8 @-@ year @-@ old Ann Marie Burr of Tacoma in 1961 when he was 14 , an allegation he denied repeatedly . His earliest documented homicides were committed in 1974 when he was 27 years old . By then he had ( by his own admission ) mastered the skills needed — in the era before DNA profiling — to leave minimal incriminating evidence at a crime scene .
Shortly after midnight on January 4 , 1974 — around the time that he terminated his relationship with Brooks — Bundy entered the basement apartment of 18 @-@ year @-@ old Karen Sparks ( identified as Joni Lenz or Terri Caldwell by various sources ) , a dancer and student at UW . After bludgeoning the sleeping woman with a metal rod from her bed frame he sexually assaulted her with a speculum , causing extensive internal injuries . She remained unconscious for 10 days but survived , with permanent brain damage . Less than a month later , in the early morning hours of February 1 , Bundy broke into the basement room of Lynda Ann Healy , a UW undergraduate who broadcast morning radio weather reports for skiers . He beat her unconscious , dressed her in blue jeans , a white blouse , and boots , and carried her away .
Female college students continued disappearing at the rate of about one per month . On March 12 , Donna Gail Manson , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old student at The Evergreen State College in Olympia , 60 miles ( 97 km ) southwest of Seattle , left her dormitory for a jazz concert on campus but never arrived . On April 17 , Susan Elaine Rancourt disappeared while on her way to a movie after an evening advisors ' meeting at Central Washington State College ( now Central Washington University ) in Ellensburg , 110 miles ( 180 km ) southeast of Seattle . Two female Central Washington students later came forward to report encounters — one on the night of Rancourt 's disappearance , the other three nights earlier — with a man wearing an arm sling , asking for help carrying a load of books to his brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle . On May 6 Roberta Kathleen Parks left her dormitory at Oregon State University in Corvallis , 260 miles ( 420 km ) south of Seattle , to have coffee with friends at the Student Union Building , but never arrived .
Detectives from the King County Sheriff 's Office and the Seattle Police Department grew increasingly concerned . There was no significant physical evidence , and the missing women had little in common , apart from being young , attractive , white college students with long hair parted in the middle . On June 1 , Brenda Carol Ball , 22 , disappeared after leaving the Flame Tavern in Burien , Washington near Seattle – Tacoma International Airport . She was last seen talking in the parking lot to a brown @-@ haired man with his arm in a sling . In the early hours of June 11 , UW student Georgann Hawkins vanished while walking down the brightly lit alley between her boyfriend 's dormitory residence and her sorority house . The next morning three Seattle homicide detectives and a criminalist combed the entire alleyway on their hands and knees , finding nothing . After Hawkins 's disappearance was publicized , witnesses came forward to report seeing a man that night in the alley behind a nearby dormitory , on crutches with a leg cast , struggling to carry a briefcase . One woman recalled that the man asked her to help him carry the case to his car , a light @-@ brown Volkswagen Beetle .
During this period Bundy was working at the Washington State Department of Emergency Services ( DES ) in Olympia , a government agency involved in the search for the missing women . There he met and dated Carole Ann Boone , a twice @-@ divorced mother of two who , six years later , would play an important role in the final phase of his life .
Reports of the six missing women and Sparks 's brutal beating appeared prominently in newspapers and on television throughout Washington and Oregon . Fear spread among the population ; hitchhiking by young women dropped sharply . While pressure mounted on law enforcement agencies , the paucity of physical evidence severely hampered them . Police could not provide reporters with the little information that was available for fear of compromising the investigation . Further similarities between the victims were noted : The disappearances all took place at night , usually near ongoing construction work , within a week of midterm or final exams ; all of the victims were wearing slacks or blue jeans ; and at most crime scenes there were sightings of a man wearing a cast or a sling , and driving a brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle .
The Pacific Northwest murders culminated on Sunday , July 14 with the broad @-@ daylight abductions of two women from a crowded beach at Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah , 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Seattle . Five female witnesses described an attractive young man wearing a white tennis outfit with his left arm in a sling , speaking with a light accent , perhaps Canadian or British . Introducing himself as " Ted " , he asked their help in unloading a sailboat from his tan- or bronze @-@ colored Volkswagen Beetle . Four refused ; one accompanied him as far as his car , saw that there was no sailboat , and fled . Three additional witnesses saw him approach Janice Anne Ott , 23 , a probation case worker at the King County Juvenile Court , with the sailboat story , and watched her leave the beach in his company . About four hours later Denise Naslund , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old woman who was studying to become a computer programmer , left a picnic to go to the restroom and never returned . While Bundy later told Stephen Michaud that Ott was still alive when he returned with Naslund — and that one was forced to watch as the other was murdered — he retracted that detail on the eve of his execution .
King County police , finally armed with a detailed description of their suspect as well as his car , posted fliers throughout the Seattle area . A composite sketch was printed in regional newspapers and broadcast on local television stations . Elizabeth Kloepfer , Ann Rule , a DES employee , and a UW psychology professor all recognized the profile , the sketch , and the car , and reported Ted Bundy as a possible suspect ; but detectives — who were receiving up to 200 tips per day — thought it unlikely that a clean @-@ cut law student with no adult criminal record could be the perpetrator .
On September 6 two grouse hunters stumbled across the skeletal remains of Ott and Naslund near a service road in Issaquah , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Lake Sammamish State Park . An extra femur and several vertebrae found at the site were later identified by Bundy as Georgann Hawkins 's . Six months later , forestry students from Green River Community College discovered the skulls and mandibles of Healy , Rancourt , Parks , and Ball on Taylor Mountain , where Bundy frequently hiked , just east of Issaquah . Manson 's remains were never recovered .
= = = Idaho , Utah , Colorado = = =
In August 1974 Bundy received a second acceptance from the University of Utah Law School and moved to Salt Lake City , leaving Kloepfer in Seattle . While he called Kloepfer often , he dated " at least a dozen " other women . As he studied the first @-@ year law curriculum a second time , " he was devastated to find out that the other students had something , some intellectual capacity , that he did not . He found the classes completely incomprehensible . ' It was a great disappointment to me , ' he said . "
A new string of homicides began the following month with two that went undiscovered until Bundy confessed to them shortly before his execution . On September 2 he raped and strangled a still @-@ unidentified hitchhiker in Idaho , then either disposed of the corpse immediately in a nearby river or returned the next day to photograph and dismember the victim . On October 2 he seized 16 @-@ year @-@ old Nancy Wilcox in Holladay , a suburb of Salt Lake City , and dragged her into a wooded area , intending to " de @-@ escalate " his pathological urges , he said , by raping and releasing her . However , he strangled her — by accident , he claimed — in the process of trying to silence her . Wilcox was buried , he said , near Capitol Reef National Park , some 200 miles ( 320 km ) south of Holladay , but her remains were never found .
On October 18 Melissa Smith , the 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of the police chief of Midvale , another Salt Lake City suburb , disappeared after leaving a pizza parlor . Her nude body was found in a nearby mountainous area nine days later . Postmortem examination indicated that she may have remained alive for up to seven days following her disappearance . On October 31 , 25 miles ( 40 km ) south in Lehi , Laura Ann Aime , also 17 , disappeared after leaving a café just after midnight . Her naked body was found by hikers 9 miles ( 14 km ) to the northeast in American Fork Canyon on Thanksgiving Day . Both women had been beaten , raped , sodomized , and strangled with nylon stockings . Years later Bundy described his postmortem rituals with Smith 's and Aime 's remains , including hair shampooing and application of makeup .
In the late afternoon of November 8 , Bundy approached 18 @-@ year @-@ old telephone operator Carol DaRonch at Fashion Place Mall in Murray , Utah , less than a mile from the Midvale restaurant where Melissa Smith was last seen . He identified himself as " Officer Roseland " of the Murray Police Department , told DaRonch that someone had attempted to break into her car , and asked her to accompany him to the station to file a complaint . When DaRonch pointed out that Bundy was driving on a road that did not lead to the police station , he immediately pulled to the shoulder and attempted to handcuff her . During their struggle he inadvertently fastened both handcuffs to the same wrist , and DaRonch was able to open the car door and escape . Later that evening Debra Kent , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old student at Viewmont High School in Bountiful , 19 miles ( 31 km ) north of Murray , disappeared after leaving a theater production at the school to pick up her brother . The school 's drama teacher and a student told police that " a stranger " had asked each of them to come out to the parking lot to identify a car . Another student later saw the same man pacing in the rear of the auditorium , and the drama teacher spotted him again shortly before the end of the play . Outside the auditorium , investigators found a key that unlocked the handcuffs removed from Carol DaRonch 's wrist .
In November Elizabeth Kloepfer , having read that young women were disappearing in towns surrounding Salt Lake City , called King County police a second time . Detective Randy Hergesheimer of the Major Crimes division interviewed her in detail . By then , Bundy had risen considerably on the King County hierarchy of suspicion , but the Lake Sammamish witness considered most reliable by detectives failed to pick him from a photo lineup . In December , Kloepfer called the Salt Lake County Sheriff 's Office and repeated her suspicions . Bundy 's name was added to their list of suspects , but at that time no credible evidence linked him to the Utah crimes . In January 1975 Bundy returned to Seattle after his final exams and spent a week with Kloepfer , who did not tell him that she had reported him three separate times to police . She made plans to visit him in Salt Lake City in August .
In 1975 Bundy shifted much of his criminal activity eastward to Colorado from his base in Utah . On January 12 , a 23 @-@ year @-@ old registered nurse named Caryn Campbell disappeared while walking down a well @-@ lit hallway between the elevator and her room at the Wildwood Inn ( now the Wildwood Lodge ) in Snowmass Village , 400 miles ( 640 km ) southeast of Salt Lake City . Her nude body was found a month later next to a dirt road just outside the resort . She had been killed by blows to her head from a blunt instrument that left distinctive linear grooved depressions on her skull ; her body also had deep cuts from a sharp weapon . A hundred miles ( 160 km ) northeast of Snowmass on March 15 , Vail ski instructor Julie Cunningham , 26 , disappeared while walking from her apartment to a dinner date with a friend . Bundy later told Colorado investigators that he approached her on crutches and asked that she help carry his ski boots to his car , where he clubbed and handcuffed her , then assaulted and strangled her at a remote secondary site near Rifle , Colorado , 90 miles ( 140 km ) west of Vail . Weeks later he made the six @-@ hour drive from Salt Lake City to revisit her remains . Denise Oliverson , 25 , disappeared near the Utah – Colorado border in Grand Junction on April 6 while riding her bicycle to her parents ' house ; her bike and sandals were found under a viaduct near a railroad bridge . On May 6 Bundy lured 12 @-@ year @-@ old Lynette Culver from Alameda Junior High School in Pocatello , Idaho , 160 miles ( 260 km ) north of Salt Lake City . He drowned and then sexually assaulted her in his hotel room , then disposed of her body in a river north of Pocatello ( possibly the Snake ) .
In mid @-@ May three of Bundy 's Washington State DES coworkers , including Carole Ann Boone , visited him in Salt Lake City and stayed for a week in his apartment . Bundy spent a week in Seattle with Kloepfer in early June and they discussed getting married the following Christmas . Again , Kloepfer made no mention of her discussions with the King County Police and Salt Lake County Sheriff 's Office , and Bundy disclosed neither his ongoing relationship with Boone nor a concurrent romance with a Utah law student known in various accounts as Kim Andrews or Sharon Auer .
On June 28 Susan Curtis vanished from the campus of Brigham Young University in Provo , 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Salt Lake City . Curtis 's murder became Bundy 's last confession , tape @-@ recorded moments before he entered the execution chamber . The bodies of Wilcox , Kent , Cunningham , Culver , Curtis , and Oliverson were never recovered .
In August or September 1975 he was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints , although he was not an active participant in services and ignored most church restrictions . He would later be excommunicated by the LDS Church following his 1976 kidnapping conviction . ( When asked his religious preference after his arrest , Bundy answered " Methodist " , the religion of his childhood . )
In Washington state , investigators were still struggling to analyze the Pacific Northwest murder spree that had ended as abruptly as it had begun . In an effort to make sense of an overwhelming mass of data , they resorted to the then @-@ innovative strategy of compiling a database . They used the King County payroll computer , a " huge , primitive machine " by contemporary standards , but the only one available for their use . After inputting the many lists they had compiled — classmates and acquaintances of each victim , Volkswagen owners named " Ted " , known sex offenders , and so on — they queried the computer for coincidences . Out of thousands of names , 26 turned up on four separate lists ; one was Ted Bundy . Detectives also manually compiled a list of their 100 " best " suspects , and Bundy was on that list as well . He was " literally at the top of the pile " of suspects when word came from Utah of his arrest .
= = Arrest and first trial = =
Bundy was arrested in August 1975 by a Utah Highway Patrol officer in Granger , another Salt Lake City suburb , after he failed to pull over for a routine traffic stop . The officer , noting that the Volkswagen 's front passenger seat was missing , searched his car ; he found a ski mask , a second mask fashioned from pantyhose , a crowbar , handcuffs , trash bags , a coil of rope , an ice pick , and other items initially assumed to be burglary tools . Bundy explained that the ski mask was for skiing , he had found the handcuffs in a dumpster , and the rest were common household items . However , Detective Jerry Thompson remembered a similar suspect and car description from the November 1974 DaRonch kidnapping , and Bundy 's name from Kloepfer 's December 1974 phone call . In a search of Bundy 's apartment police found a guide to Colorado ski resorts with a checkmark by the Wildwood Inn , and a brochure advertising the Viewmont High School play in Bountiful ( where Debra Kent had disappeared ) , but nothing sufficiently incriminating to hold him . He was released on his own recognizance . ( Bundy later said that searchers missed a collection of Polaroid photographs of his victims hidden in the utility room , which he destroyed after he was released . )
Salt Lake City police placed Bundy on 24 @-@ hour surveillance , and Thompson flew to Seattle with two other detectives to interview Kloepfer . She told them that in the year prior to Bundy 's move to Utah she had discovered objects she " couldn 't understand " in her house and in Bundy 's apartment : a set of crutches ; a bag of plaster of Paris that he admitted stealing from a medical supply house ; a meat cleaver , never used for cooking , that he packed when he moved to Utah ; surgical gloves ; an Oriental knife in a wooden case that he kept in his glove compartment ; and a sack full of women 's clothing . Bundy was perpetually in debt to everyone , and Kloepfer suspected he had stolen almost everything of significant value that he owned . Once , when she confronted him over a new TV and stereo , he warned her , " If you tell anyone , I 'll break your fucking neck . " She said Bundy became " very upset " whenever she considered cutting her hair — which was long and parted in the middle . She would sometimes awaken in the middle of the night to find him under the bed covers with a flashlight , examining her body . He kept a lug wrench , taped halfway up the handle , in the trunk of her car ( she too owned a Volkswagen Beetle , which Ted often borrowed ) " for protection " . The detectives confirmed that Bundy had not been with Kloepfer on any of the nights during which the Pacific Northwest victims had vanished , nor on the day Ott and Naslund were abducted . Shortly thereafter , Kloepfer was interviewed by Seattle homicide detective Kathy McChesney and learned of the existence of Stephanie Brooks and her brief engagement to Bundy around Christmas 1973 .
In September Bundy sold his Volkswagen Beetle to a Midvale teenager . Utah police impounded it , and FBI technicians dismantled and searched it . They found hairs matching samples obtained from Caryn Campbell 's body . Later , they also identified hair strands " microscopically indistinguishable " from those of Melissa Smith and Carol DaRonch . FBI lab specialist Robert Neill concluded that the presence of hair strands in one car matching three different victims who had never met one another would be " a coincidence of mind @-@ boggling rarity " .
On October 2 , detectives put Bundy in a lineup before DaRonch , who immediately identified him as " Officer Roseland " . Witnesses from Bountiful picked him from the same lineup as the stranger lurking about the high school auditorium . There was insufficient evidence linking him to Debra Kent ( whose body was never found ) , but more than enough to charge him with aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault in the DaRonch case . He was freed on $ 15 @,@ 000 bail , paid by his parents , and spent most of the time between indictment and trial in Seattle , living in Kloepfer 's house . Seattle police had insufficient evidence to charge him in the Pacific Northwest murders , but kept him under close surveillance . " When Ted and I stepped out on the porch to go somewhere , " Kloepfer wrote , " so many unmarked police cars started up that it sounded like the beginning of the Indy 500 . "
In November , the three principal Bundy investigators — Jerry Thompson from Utah , Robert Keppel from Washington , and Michael Fisher from Colorado — met and exchanged information with 30 detectives and prosecutors from five states in Aspen , Colorado . While officials left the meeting ( later known as the Aspen Summit ) convinced that Bundy was the murderer they sought , they agreed that more hard evidence would be needed before he could be charged with any of the murders .
On February 23 , 1976 , Bundy stood trial for the DaRonch kidnapping , waiving his right to a jury on the advice of his attorney , John O 'Connell , due to the publicity surrounding the case . On March 1 , after a four @-@ day trial and a weekend of deliberation , Judge Stewart Hanson Jr. found him guilty of kidnapping and assault . He was sentenced to 1 to 15 years in the Utah State Prison on June 30 . In October he was found hiding in bushes in the prison yard carrying an " escape kit " — road maps , airline schedules , and a social security card — and spent several weeks in solitary confinement . Later that month , Colorado authorities charged him with Caryn Campbell 's murder . After a period of resistance , he waived extradition proceedings and was transferred to Aspen in January 1977 .
= = Escapes = =
On June 7 , 1977 , Bundy was transported 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Garfield County jail in Glenwood Springs to Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a preliminary hearing . He had elected to serve as his own attorney and as such was excused by the judge from wearing handcuffs or leg shackles . During a recess he asked to visit the courthouse 's law library to research his case . Concealed behind a bookcase , he opened a window and jumped from the second story , spraining his right ankle as he landed . After shedding an outer layer of clothing he walked through Aspen as roadblocks were being set up on its outskirts , then hiked southward onto Aspen Mountain . Near its summit he broke into a hunting cabin and stole food , clothing , and a rifle . The following day he left the cabin and continued south toward the town of Crested Butte , but became lost in the forest . For two days he wandered aimlessly on the mountain , missing two trails that led downward to his intended destination . On June 10 Bundy broke into a camping trailer on Maroon Lake , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Aspen , taking food and a ski parka ; but instead of continuing southward he walked back north toward Aspen , eluding roadblocks and search parties . Three days later he stole a car at the edge of Aspen Golf Course . Cold , sleep @-@ deprived , and in constant pain from his sprained ankle , he drove back into Aspen , where two police officers noticed his car weaving in and out of its lane and pulled him over . He had been a fugitive for six days . In the car were maps of the mountain area around Aspen that prosecutors were using to demonstrate the location of Caryn Campbell 's body ( as his own attorney , Bundy had rights of discovery ) , indicating that his escape had been planned .
Back in jail in Glenwood Springs , Bundy ignored the advice of friends and legal advisors to stay put . The case against him , already weak at best , was deteriorating steadily as pretrial motions consistently resolved in his favor and significant bits of evidence were ruled inadmissible . " A more rational defendant might have realized that he stood a good chance of acquittal , and that beating the murder charge in Colorado would probably have dissuaded other prosecutors ... with as little as a year and a half to serve on the DaRonch conviction , had Ted persevered , he could have been a free man . " Instead , Bundy devised a new escape plan . He acquired a detailed floor plan of the jail and a hacksaw blade from other inmates and accumulated $ 500 in cash , smuggled in over a six @-@ month period , he later said , by visitors — Carole Ann Boone in particular . During the evenings , while other prisoners were showering , he sawed a hole about one foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) square between the steel reinforcing bars in his cell 's ceiling and , after losing 35 pounds ( 16 kg ) , was able to wriggle through it into the crawl space above . In the weeks that followed he made a series of practice runs , exploring the space . Multiple reports from an informant of movement within the ceiling during the night were not investigated .
By late 1977 , Bundy 's impending trial had become a cause célèbre in the small town of Aspen , and Bundy filed a motion for a change of venue to Denver . On December 23 the Aspen trial judge granted the request — but to Colorado Springs , where juries had historically been hostile to murder suspects . On the night of December 30 , with most of the jail staff on Christmas break and nonviolent prisoners on furlough with their families , Bundy piled books and files in his bed , covered them with a blanket to simulate his sleeping body , and climbed into the crawlspace . He broke through the ceiling into the apartment of the chief jailer — who was out for the evening with his wife — changed into street clothes from the jailer 's closet , and walked out the front door to freedom .
After stealing a car , Bundy drove eastward out of Glenwood Springs , but the car soon broke down in the mountains on Interstate 70 . A passing motorist gave him a ride into Vail , 60 miles ( 97 km ) to the east . From there he caught a bus to Denver , where he boarded a flight to Chicago . In Glenwood Springs , the jail 's skeleton crew did not discover the escape until noon on December 31 , more than 17 hours later . By then Bundy was already in Chicago .
= = Florida = =
From Chicago , Bundy traveled by train to Ann Arbor , Michigan . There , on January 2 in a local tavern , he watched his alma mater UW defeat Michigan in the Rose Bowl . Five days later he stole a car and drove to Atlanta , where he boarded a bus and arrived in Tallahassee , Florida , on January 8 . He rented a room under the alias Chris Hagen at a boarding house near the Florida State University ( FSU ) campus . Bundy later said that he initially resolved to find legitimate employment and refrain from further criminal activity , knowing he could probably remain free and undetected in Florida indefinitely as long as he did not attract the attention of police ; but his lone job application , at a construction site , had to be abandoned when he was asked to produce identification . He reverted to his old habits of shoplifting and stealing credit cards from women 's wallets left in shopping carts .
Sometime during the evening of January 14 or the early hours of January 15 , 1978 — one week after his arrival in Tallahassee — Bundy entered FSU 's Chi Omega sorority house through a rear door with a faulty lock . Beginning at about 2 : 45 am he bludgeoned Margaret Bowman , 21 , with a piece of oak firewood as she slept , then garroted her with a nylon stocking . He then entered the bedroom of 20 @-@ year @-@ old Lisa Levy and beat her unconscious , strangled her , tore one of her nipples , bit deeply into her left buttock , and sexually assaulted her with a hair mist bottle . In an adjoining bedroom he attacked Kathy Kleiner , breaking her jaw and deeply lacerating her shoulder ; and Karen Chandler , who suffered a concussion , broken jaw , loss of teeth , and a crushed finger . Tallahassee detectives later determined that the four attacks took place in a total of less than 15 minutes , within earshot of more than 30 witnesses who heard nothing . After leaving the sorority house Bundy broke into a basement apartment eight blocks away and attacked FSU student Cheryl Thomas , dislocating her shoulder and fracturing her jaw and skull in five places . She was left with permanent deafness , and equilibrium damage that ended her dance career . On Thomas 's bed police found a semen stain and a pantyhose " mask " containing two hairs " similar to Bundy 's in class and characteristic " .
On February 8 Bundy drove 150 miles ( 240 km ) east to Jacksonville in a stolen FSU van . In a parking lot he approached 14 @-@ year @-@ old Leslie Parmenter , the daughter of Jacksonville Police Department 's Chief of Detectives , identifying himself as " Richard Burton , Fire Department " , but retreated when Parmenter 's older brother arrived . That afternoon he backtracked 60 miles ( 97 km ) westward to Lake City . At Lake City Junior High School the following morning , 12 @-@ year @-@ old Kimberly Diane Leach was summoned to her homeroom by a teacher to retrieve a forgotten purse ; she never returned to class . Seven weeks later , after an intensive search , her partially mummified remains were found in a pig farrowing shed near Suwannee River State Park , 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of Lake City .
On February 12 , with insufficient cash to pay his overdue rent and a growing suspicion that police were closing in on him , Bundy stole a car and fled Tallahassee , driving westward across the Florida Panhandle . Three days later at around 1 : 00 a.m. , he was stopped by Pensacola police officer David Lee near the Alabama state line after a " wants and warrants " check showed his Volkswagen Beetle as stolen . When told he was under arrest , Bundy kicked Lee 's legs out from under him and took off running . Lee fired a warning shot and then a second round , gave chase , and tackled him . The two struggled over Lee 's gun before the officer finally subdued and arrested Bundy . In the stolen vehicle were three sets of IDs belonging to female FSU students , 21 stolen credit cards , and a stolen television set . Also found were a pair of dark @-@ rimmed non @-@ prescription glasses and a pair of plaid slacks , later identified as the disguise worn in Jacksonville . As Lee transported his suspect to jail , unaware that he had just arrested one of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives , he heard Bundy say , " I wish you had killed me . "
= = Florida trials , marriage = =
Following a change of venue to Miami , Bundy stood trial for the Chi Omega homicides and assaults in June 1979 . The trial was covered by 250 reporters from five continents , and was the first to be televised nationally in the United States . Despite the presence of five court @-@ appointed attorneys , Bundy again handled much of his own defense . From the beginning , he " sabotaged the entire defense effort out of spite , distrust , and grandiose delusion " , Nelson later wrote . " Ted [ was ] facing murder charges , with a possible death sentence , and all that mattered to him apparently was that he be in charge . "
According to Mike Minerva , a Tallahassee public defender and member of the defense team , a pre @-@ trial plea bargain was negotiated in which Bundy would plead guilty to killing Levy , Bowman , and Leach in exchange for a firm 75 @-@ year prison sentence . Prosecutors were amenable to a deal , by one account , because " prospects of losing at trial were very good . " Bundy , on the other hand , saw the plea deal not only as a means of avoiding the death penalty , but also as a " tactical move " : He could enter his plea , then wait a few years for evidence to disintegrate or become lost , and for witnesses to die , move on , or retract their testimony . Once the case against him had deteriorated beyond repair , he could file a post @-@ conviction motion to set aside the plea and secure an acquittal . At the last minute , however , Bundy refused the deal . " It made him realize he was going to have to stand up in front of the whole world and say he was guilty " , Minerva said . " He just couldn 't do it . "
At trial , crucial testimony came from Chi Omega members Connie Hastings , who placed Bundy in the vicinity of Chi Omega House that evening ; and Nita Neary , who saw him leaving the sorority house clutching the oak murder weapon . Incriminating physical evidence included the bite impressions Bundy left in Levy 's left buttock , which forensic odontologists Richard Souviron and Lowell Levine matched to castings of Bundy 's teeth . The jury deliberated less than seven hours before convicting him on July 24 , 1979 of the two murders , three counts of attempted first degree murder , and two counts of burglary . Trial judge Edward Cowart imposed death sentences for the murder convictions .
Six months later , a second trial took place in Orlando for the abduction and murder of Kimberly Leach . Bundy was found guilty once again , after less than eight hours ' deliberation , due principally to the testimony of an eyewitness who saw him leading Leach from the schoolyard to his stolen van . Important material evidence included clothing fibers with an unusual manufacturing error , found in the van and on Leach 's body , which matched fibers from the jacket Bundy was wearing when he was arrested .
During the penalty phase of the trial , Bundy took advantage of an obscure Florida law providing that a marriage declaration in court , in the presence of a judge , constituted a legal marriage . As he was questioning former Washington State DES coworker Carole Ann Boone — who had moved to Florida to be near Bundy , had testified on his behalf during both trials , and was again testifying on his behalf as a character witness — he asked her to marry him . She accepted , and Bundy declared to the court that they were legally married .
On February 10 , 1980 , Bundy was sentenced to death by electrocution for a third time . As the sentence was announced , he reportedly stood and shouted , " Tell the jury they were wrong ! " This third death sentence would be the one ultimately carried out nearly nine years later .
In October 1982 , Boone gave birth to a daughter and named Bundy as the father . While conjugal visits were not allowed at Raiford Prison , inmates were known to pool their money to bribe guards to allow them intimate time alone with their female visitors .
= = Death row , confessions , and execution = =
Shortly after the conclusion of the Leach trial and the beginning of the long appeals process that followed , Bundy initiated a series of interviews with Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth . Speaking mostly in third person to avoid " the stigma of confession " , he began for the first time to divulge details of his crimes and thought processes .
He recounted his career as a thief , confirming Kloepfer 's long @-@ time suspicion that he had shoplifted virtually everything of substance that he owned . " The big payoff for me , " he said , " was actually possessing whatever it was I had stolen . I really enjoyed having something ... that I had wanted and gone out and taken . " Possession proved to be an important motive for rape and murder as well . Sexual assault , he said , fulfilled his need to " totally possess " his victims . At first he killed the women " as a matter of expediency ... to eliminate the possibility of [ being ] caught " ; but later , murder became part of the " adventure " . " The ultimate possession was , in fact , the taking of the life " , he said . " And then ... the physical possession of the remains . "
Bundy also confided in Special Agent William Hagmaier of the FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit . Hagmaier was struck by the " deep , almost mystical satisfaction " that Bundy took in murder . " He said that after a while , murder is not just a crime of lust or violence " , Hagmaier related . " It becomes possession . They are part of you ... [ the victim ] becomes a part of you , and you [ two ] are forever one ... and the grounds where you kill them or leave them become sacred to you , and you will always be drawn back to them . " Bundy told Hagmaier he considered himself an " amateur " , an " impulsive " killer in his early years , before moving into what he called his " prime " or " predator " phase at about the time of Lynda Healy 's murder in 1974 . This implied that he began killing well before 1974 — though he never explicitly admitted doing so .
In July 1984 Raiford guards found two hacksaw blades hidden in Bundy 's cell . A steel bar in one of its windows had been sawed completely through at the top and bottom and glued back in place with a homemade soap @-@ based adhesive . Several months later his cell was changed again after guards found a mirror .
Sometime during this period Bundy was attacked by a group of his fellow death row inmates . Though he denied having been assaulted , a number of inmates confessed to the crime , characterized by one source as a " gang rape " . Shortly thereafter he was charged with a disciplinary infraction for unauthorized correspondence with another high @-@ profile criminal , John Hinckley , Jr . In October 1984 Bundy , who by then considered himself an expert on serial killers , contacted Robert Keppel and offered to share his self @-@ proclaimed expertise in the ongoing hunt for his successor in Washington , the Green River Killer . Keppel and Green River Task Force detective Dave Reichert interviewed Bundy , but Gary Leon Ridgway remained at large for a further 17 years . Keppel published a detailed documentation of the Green River interviews , and later collaborated with Michaud on another examination of the interview material .
In early 1986 an execution date ( March 4 ) was set on the Chi Omega convictions ; the Supreme Court issued a brief stay , but the execution was quickly rescheduled . In April , shortly after the new date ( July 2 ) was announced , Bundy confessed to Hagmaier and Nelson what they believed was the full range of his depredations , including details of what he did to some victims after their deaths . He told them that he revisited Taylor Mountain , Issaquah , and other secondary crime scenes , often several times , to lie with his victims and perform sexual acts with their decomposing bodies until putrefaction forced him to stop . In some cases he drove several hours each way and remained the entire night . In Utah he applied makeup to Melissa Smith 's lifeless face , and he repeatedly washed Laura Aime 's hair . " If you 've got time , " he told Hagmaier , " they can be anything you want them to be . " He decapitated approximately twelve of his victims with a hacksaw , and kept at least one group of severed heads — probably the four later found on Taylor Mountain ( Rancourt , Parks , Ball , and Healy ) — in his apartment for a period of time before disposing of them .
Less than 15 hours before the scheduled July 2 execution , the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals stayed it indefinitely and remanded the Chi Omega case for review of multiple technicalities — including Bundy 's mental competency to stand trial , and an erroneous instruction by the trial judge during the penalty phase requiring the jury to break a 6 – 6 tie between life imprisonment and the death penalty — that , ultimately , were never resolved . A new date ( November 18 , 1986 ) was then set to carry out the Leach sentence ; the Eleventh Circuit Court issued a stay on November 17 . In mid @-@ 1988 the Eleventh Circuit ruled against Bundy , and in December the Supreme Court denied a motion to review the ruling . Within hours of that final denial a firm execution date of January 24 , 1989 was announced . Bundy 's journey through the appeals courts had been unusually rapid for a capital murder case : " Contrary to popular belief , the courts moved Bundy as fast as they could ... Even the prosecutors acknowledged that Bundy 's lawyers never employed delaying tactics . Though people everywhere seethed at the apparent delay in executing the archdemon , Ted Bundy was actually on the fast track . "
With all appeal avenues exhausted and no further motivation to deny his crimes , Bundy agreed to speak frankly with investigators . To Keppel , he confessed to all eight of the Washington and Oregon homicides for which he was the prime suspect . He described three additional previously unknown victims in Washington and two in Oregon whom he declined to identify ( if indeed he ever knew their identities ) . He said he left a fifth corpse — Donna Manson 's — on Taylor Mountain , but incinerated her head in Kloepfer 's fireplace . ( " Of all the things I did to [ Kloepfer ] , " he told Keppel , " this is probably the one she is least likely to forgive me for . Poor Liz . " )
He described in detail his abduction of Georgann Hawkins from the brightly lit UW alley — how he lured her to his car , clubbed and handcuffed her , drove her to Issaquah and strangled her , spent the entire night with her body , and revisited her corpse on three later occasions . He also admitted , for the first time , that he returned the following morning to the UW alley . There , in the very midst of a major crime scene investigation , he located and gathered Hawkins 's earrings and one of her shoes where he had left them in the adjoining parking lot and departed , unobserved . " It was a feat so brazen , " wrote Keppel , " that it astonishes police even today . "
" He described the Issaquah crime scene [ where the bones of Ott , Naslund , and Hawkins were found ] , and it was almost like he was just there " , Keppel said . " Like he was seeing everything . He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there . He is just totally consumed with murder all the time . " Nelson 's impressions were similar : " It was the absolute misogyny of his crimes that stunned me , " she wrote , " his manifest rage against women . He had no compassion at all ... he was totally engrossed in the details . His murders were his life 's accomplishments . "
To detectives from Idaho , Utah , and Colorado , Bundy confessed to numerous additional homicides , including several that police had been unaware of . He explained that in Utah he could bring his victims back to his apartment , " where he could reenact scenarios depicted on the covers of detective magazines . " A new ulterior strategy quickly became apparent : He withheld many details , hoping to parlay the incomplete information into yet another stay of execution . " There are other buried remains in Colorado " , he admitted , but refused to elaborate . The new strategy — immediately dubbed " Ted 's bones @-@ for @-@ time scheme " — served only to deepen the resolve of authorities to see Bundy executed on schedule , and yielded little new detailed information . In cases where he did give details , nothing was found . Colorado detective Matt Lindvall interpreted this as a conflict between his desire to postpone his execution by divulging information and his need to remain in " total possession — the only person who knew his victims ' true resting places . "
When it became clear that no further stays would be forthcoming from the courts , Bundy supporters began lobbying for the only remaining option , executive clemency . Diana Weiner , a young Florida attorney and Bundy 's last purported love interest , asked the families of several Colorado and Utah victims to petition Florida Governor Bob Martinez for a postponement to give Bundy time to reveal more information . All refused . " The families already believed that the victims were dead and that Ted had killed them " , wrote Nelson . " They didn 't need his confession . " Martinez made it clear that he would not agree to further delays in any case . " We are not going to have the system manipulated " , he told reporters . " For him to be negotiating for his life over the bodies of victims is despicable . "
Carole Ann Boone , who had championed Bundy 's innocence throughout all of his trials , felt " deeply betrayed " by his admission that he was , in fact , guilty . She moved back to Washington with her daughter and refused to accept his final , pre @-@ execution phone call . " She was hurt by his relationship with Diana [ Wiener ] , " Nelson wrote , " and devastated by his sudden wholesale confessions in his last days . "
Hagmaier was present during Bundy 's final interviews with investigators . On the eve of his execution , he talked of suicide . " He did not want to give the state the satisfaction of watching him die " , Hagmaier said . Ted Bundy died in the Raiford electric chair at 7 : 16 a.m. EST on January 24 , 1989 ; he was 42 years old . Hundreds of revelers — including 20 off @-@ duty police officers , by one account — sang , danced , and set off fireworks in a pasture across the street from the prison as the execution was carried out , then cheered loudly as the white hearse containing Bundy 's corpse departed the prison . His remains were cremated in Gainesville and the ashes scattered at an undisclosed location in the Cascade Range of Washington State in accordance with his will .
= = Modus operandi and victim profiles = =
Bundy was an unusually organized and calculating criminal who used his extensive knowledge of law enforcement methodologies to elude identification and capture for years . His crime scenes were distributed over large geographic areas ; his victim count had risen to at least 20 before it became clear that numerous investigators in widely disparate jurisdictions were hunting the same man . His assault methods of choice were blunt trauma and strangulation , two relatively silent techniques that could be accomplished with common household items . He deliberately avoided firearms due to the noise they made and the ballistic evidence they left behind . He was a " meticulous researcher " who explored his surroundings in minute detail , looking for safe sites to seize and dispose of victims . He was unusually skilled at minimizing physical evidence . His fingerprints were never found at a crime scene , nor was any other incontrovertible evidence of his guilt , a fact he repeated often during the years in which he attempted to maintain his innocence .
Other significant obstacles for law enforcement were Bundy 's generic , essentially anonymous physical features , and a curious chameleon @-@ like ability to change his appearance almost at will . Early on , police complained of the futility of showing his photograph to witnesses ; he looked different in virtually every photo ever taken of him . In person , " ... his expression would so change his whole appearance that there were moments that you weren 't even sure you were looking at the same person " , said Stewart Hanson , Jr . , the judge in the DaRonch trial . " He [ was ] really a changeling . " Bundy was well aware of this unusual quality and he exploited it , using subtle modifications of facial hair or hairstyle to significantly alter his appearance as necessary . He concealed his one distinctive identifying mark , a dark mole on his neck , with turtleneck shirts and sweaters . Even his Volkswagen Beetle proved difficult to pin down ; its color was variously described by witnesses as metallic or non @-@ metallic , tan or bronze , light brown or dark brown .
Bundy 's modus operandi evolved in organization and sophistication over time , as is typical of serial murderers , according to FBI experts . Early on , it consisted of forcible late @-@ night entry followed by a violent attack with a blunt weapon on a sleeping victim . Some victims were sexually assaulted with inert objects ; all except Healy were left as they lay , unconscious or dead . As his methodology evolved Bundy became progressively more organized in his choice of victims and crime scenes . He would employ various ruses designed to lure his victim to the vicinity of his vehicle where he had pre @-@ positioned a weapon , usually a crowbar . In many cases he wore a plaster cast on one leg or a sling on one arm , and sometimes hobbled on crutches , then requested assistance in carrying something to his vehicle . Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic by many of his victims , traits he exploited to win their confidence . " Ted lured females " , Michaud wrote , " the way a lifeless silk flower can dupe a honey bee . " Once near or inside his vehicle the victim would be overpowered , bludgeoned , and restrained with handcuffs . Most were sexually assaulted and strangled , either at the primary crime scene or ( more commonly ) after transport to a pre @-@ selected secondary site , often a considerable distance away . In situations where his looks and charm were not useful , he invoked authority by identifying himself as a police officer or firefighter . Toward the end of his spree , in Florida , perhaps under the stress of being a fugitive , he regressed to indiscriminate attacks on sleeping victims .
At secondary sites he would remove and later burn the victim 's clothing , or in at least one case ( Cunningham 's ) deposit them in a Goodwill Industries collection bin . Bundy explained that the clothing removal was ritualistic , but also a practical matter , as it minimized the chance of leaving trace evidence at the crime scene that could implicate him . ( A manufacturing error in fibers from his own clothing , ironically , provided a crucial incriminating link to Kimberly Leach . ) He often revisited his secondary crime scenes to engage in acts of necrophilia , and to groom or dress up the cadavers . Some victims were found wearing articles of clothing they had never worn , or nail polish that family members had never seen . He took Polaroid photos of many of his victims . " When you work hard to do something right , " he told Hagmaier , " you don 't want to forget it . " Consumption of large quantities of alcohol was an " essential component " , he told Keppel , and later Michaud ; he needed to be " extremely drunk " while on the prowl in order to " significantly diminish " his inhibitions and to " sedate " the " dominant personality " that he feared might prevent his inner " entity " from acting on his impulses .
All of Bundy 's known victims were white females , most of middle @-@ class backgrounds . Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25 and most were college students . He apparently never approached anyone he might have met before . ( In their last conversation before his execution , Bundy told Kloepfer he had purposely stayed away from her " when he felt the power of his sickness building in him . " ) Rule noted that most of the identified victims had long straight hair , parted in the middle — like Stephanie Brooks , the woman who rejected him , and to whom he later became engaged and then rejected in return . Rule speculated that Bundy 's animosity toward his first girlfriend triggered his protracted rampage and caused him to target victims who resembled her . Bundy dismissed this hypothesis : " [ T ] hey ... just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive " , he told Hugh Aynesworth . " Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar ... [ but ] almost everything was dissimilar ... physically , they were almost all different . " He did concede that youth and beauty were " absolutely indispensable criteria " in his choice of victims .
= = Pathology = =
Bundy underwent multiple psychiatric examinations ; the experts ' conclusions varied . Dorothy Otnow Lewis , Professor of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine and an authority on violent behavior , initially made a diagnosis of bipolar disorder , but later changed her impression more than once . She also suggested the possibility of a multiple personality disorder , based on behaviors described in interviews and court testimony : A great @-@ aunt witnessed an episode during which Bundy " ... seemed to turn into another , unrecognizable person ... [ she ] suddenly , inexplicably found herself afraid of her favorite nephew as they waited together at a dusk @-@ darkened train station . He had turned into a stranger . " Lewis recounted a prison official in Tallahassee describing a similar transformation : " He said , ' He became weird on me . ' He did a metamorphosis , a body and facial change , and he felt there was almost an odor emitting from him . He said , ' Almost a complete change of personality ... that was the day I was afraid of him . ' " Narcissistic personality disorder ( NPD ) has also been proposed in at least one subsequent retrospective analysis .
While experts found Bundy 's precise diagnosis elusive , the majority of evidence pointed away from bipolar disorder or other psychoses , and toward antisocial personality disorder ( ASPD ) . ASPD patients — frequently identified as " sociopaths " or " psychopaths " — are often outwardly charming , even charismatic ; but beneath the facade there is little true personality or genuine insight . Most sociopaths are not demonstrably psychotic ; they can readily distinguish right from wrong , but such ability has minimal effect on their behavior . They are devoid of feelings of guilt or remorse , a point readily admitted by Bundy himself . " Guilt doesn 't solve anything , really " , he said in 1981 . " It hurts you ... I guess I am in the enviable position of not having to deal with guilt . " Other hallmarks include narcissism , poor judgment , and manipulative behavior . " Sociopaths " , prosecutor George Dekle wrote , " are egotistical manipulators who think they can con anybody . " " Sometimes he manipulates even me " , admitted one psychiatrist . In the end , Lewis agreed with the majority : " I always tell my graduate students that if they can find me a real , true psychopath , I 'll buy them dinner " , she told Nelson . " I never thought they existed ... but I think Ted may have been one , a true psychopath , without any remorse or empathy at all . "
On the afternoon before he was executed Bundy granted an interview to James Dobson , a psychologist and founder of the Christian evangelical organization Focus on the Family . He used the opportunity to make new statements about violence in the media and the pornographic " roots " of his crimes . " It happened in stages , gradually " , he said . " My experience with ... pornography that deals on a violent level with sexuality , is once you become addicted to it ... I would keep looking for more potent , more explicit , more graphic kinds of material . Until you reach a point where the pornography only goes so far ... where you begin to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give that which is beyond just reading it or looking at it . " Violence in the media , he said , " particularly sexualized violence " , sent boys " down the road to being Ted Bundys . " The FBI , he suggested , should stake out adult movie houses and follow patrons as they leave . " You are going to kill me , " he said , " and that will protect society from me . But out there are many , many more people who are addicted to pornography , and you are doing nothing about that . "
Multiple biographers , researchers , and other observers have concluded that Bundy 's sudden condemnation of pornography was one last manipulative attempt to shift blame by catering to Dobson 's agenda as a longtime anti @-@ pornography advocate , telling him precisely what he wanted to hear . While he asserted in the Dobson interview that detective magazines and other reading material had " corrupted " him and " fueled [ his ] fantasies ... to the point of becoming a serial killer " , in a 1977 letter to Ann Rule he wrote , " Who in the world reads these publications ? ... I have never purchased such a magazine , and [ on only ] two or three occasions have I ever picked one up . " He told Michaud and Aynsworth in 1980 , and Hagmaier the night before he spoke to Dobson , that pornography played a negligible role in his development as a serial killer . " The problem wasn 't pornography " , wrote Dekle . " The problem was Bundy . " Nelson expressed the minority view , that Bundy 's concern about the dangers of violent pornography was genuine .
Rule and Aynesworth both noted that , for Bundy , the fault always lay with someone or something else . While he eventually confessed to 30 murders , he never accepted responsibility for any of them , even when offered that opportunity prior to the Chi Omega trial — which would have averted the death penalty . He deflected blame onto a wide variety of scapegoats , including his abusive grandfather , the absence of his biological father , the concealment of his true parentage , alcohol , the media , the police ( whom he accused of planting evidence ) , " society " in general , violence on television , and ultimately , true crime periodicals and pornography . He blamed television programming — which he watched mostly on sets that he had stolen — for " brainwashing " him into stealing credit cards . On at least one occasion he even tried to blame his victims : " I have known people who ... radiate vulnerability " , he wrote in a 1977 letter to Kloepfer . " Their facial expressions say ' I am afraid of you . ' These people invite abuse ... By expecting to be hurt , do they subtly encourage it ? "
A significant element of delusion permeated his thinking :
Bundy was always surprised when anyone noticed that one of his victims was missing , because he imagined America to be a place where everyone is invisible except to themselves . And he was always astounded when people testified that they had seen him in incriminating places , because Bundy did not believe people noticed each other .
" I don 't know why everyone is out to get me " , he complained to Lewis . " He really and truly did not have any sense of the enormity of what he had done , " she said . " A long @-@ term serial killer erects powerful barriers to his guilt , " Keppel wrote , " walls of denial that can sometimes never be breached . " Nelson agreed . " Each time he was forced to make an actual confession , " she wrote , " he had to leap a steep barrier he had built inside himself long ago . "
= = Victims = =
Bundy confessed to 30 homicides , but the true total remains unknown . Published estimates have run as high as 100 or more , and Bundy occasionally made cryptic comments to encourage that speculation . He told Hugh Aynesworth in 1980 that for every murder " publicized " , there " could be one that was not . " When FBI agents proposed a total tally of 36 , Bundy responded , " Add one digit to that , and you 'll have it . " Years later he told attorney Polly Nelson that the common estimate of 35 was accurate , but Robert Keppel wrote that " [ Ted ] and I both knew [ the total ] was much higher . " " I don 't think even he knew ... how many he killed , or why he killed them " , said Rev. Fred Lawrence , the Methodist clergyman who administered Bundy 's last rites . " That was my impression , my strong impression . "
On the evening before his execution , Bundy reviewed his victim tally with Bill Hagmaier on a state @-@ by @-@ state basis :
in Washington , 11 ( including Parks , abducted in Oregon but killed in Washington ; and including 3 unidentified )
in Utah , 8 ( 3 unidentified )
in Colorado , 3
in Florida , 3
in Oregon , 2 ( both unidentified )
in Idaho , 2 ( 1 unidentified )
in California , 1 ( unidentified )
The following is a chronological summary of the 20 identified victims and 5 identified survivors :
= = = 1974 = = =
= = = = Washington , Oregon = = = =
January 4 : Karen Sparks ( often identified as Joni Lenz in Bundy literature ) ( age 18 ) : Bludgeoned and sexually assaulted in her bed as she slept ; survived
February 1 : Lynda Ann Healy ( 21 ) : Bludgeoned while asleep and abducted ; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site
March 12 : Donna Gail Manson ( 19 ) : Abducted while walking to a concert at The Evergreen State College ; body left ( according to Bundy ) at Taylor Mountain site , but never found
April 17 : Susan Elaine Rancourt ( 18 ) : Disappeared after attending an evening advisors ' meeting at Central Washington State College ; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site
May 6 : Roberta Kathleen Parks ( 22 ) : Vanished from Oregon State University in Corvallis ; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site
June 1 : Brenda Carol Ball ( 22 ) : Disappeared after leaving the Flame Tavern in Burien ; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site
June 11 : Georgann ( often misspelled " Georgeann " ) Hawkins ( 18 ) : Abducted from an alley behind her sorority house , UW ; skeletal remains identified by Bundy as Hawkins 's recovered at Issaquah site
July 14 : Janice Ann Ott ( 23 ) : Abducted from Lake Sammamish State Park in broad daylight ; skeletal remains recovered at Issaquah site
July 14 : Denise Marie Naslund ( 19 ) : Abducted four hours after Ott from the same park ; skeletal remains recovered at Issaquah site
= = = = Utah , Colorado , Idaho = = = =
October 2 : Nancy Wilcox ( 16 ) : Ambushed , assaulted , and strangled in Holladay , Utah ; body buried ( according to Bundy ) near Capitol Reef National Park , 200 miles ( 320 km ) south of Salt Lake City , but never found
October 18 : Melissa Anne Smith ( 17 ) : Vanished from Midvale , Utah ; body found in nearby mountainous area
October 31 : Laura Ann Aime ( 17 ) : Disappeared from Lehi , Utah ; body discovered by hikers in American Fork Canyon
November 8 : Carol DaRonch ( 18 ) : Attempted abduction in Murray , Utah ; escaped from Bundy 's car and survived
November 8 : Debra Kent ( 17 ) : Vanished after leaving a school play in Bountiful , Utah ; body left ( according to Bundy ) near Fairview , Utah , 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of Bountiful ; minimal skeletal remains ( one patella ) found , but never positively identified as Kent 's
= = = 1975 = = =
January 12 : Caryn Campbell ( 23 ) : Disappeared from hotel hallway in Snowmass , Colorado ; body discovered on a dirt road near the hotel
March 15 : Julie Cunningham ( 26 ) : Disappeared on the way to a tavern in Vail , Colorado ; body buried ( according to Bundy ) near Rifle , 90 miles ( 140 km ) west of Vail , but never found
April 6 : Denise Oliverson ( 25 ) : Abducted while bicycling to her parents ' house in Grand Junction , Colorado ; body thrown ( according to Bundy ) into the Colorado River 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of Grand Junction , but never found
May 6 : Lynette Culver ( 12 ) : Abducted from Alameda Junior High School in Pocatello , Idaho ; body thrown ( according to Bundy ) into what authorities believe to be the Snake River , but never found
June 28 : Susan Curtis ( 15 ) : Disappeared during a youth conference at Brigham Young University ; body buried ( according to Bundy ) near Price , Utah , 75 miles ( 121 km ) southeast of Provo , but never found
= = = 1978 = = =
= = = = Florida = = = =
January 15 : Margaret Bowman ( 21 ) : Bludgeoned and then strangled as she slept , Chi Omega sorority , FSU ( no secondary crime scene )
January 15 : Lisa Levy ( 20 ) : Bludgeoned , strangled and sexually assaulted as she slept , Chi Omega sorority , FSU ( no secondary crime scene )
January 15 : Karen Chandler ( 21 ) : Bludgeoned as she slept , Chi Omega sorority , FSU ; survived
January 15 : Kathy Kleiner ( 21 ) : Bludgeoned as she slept , Chi Omega sorority , FSU ; survived
January 15 : Cheryl Thomas ( 21 ) : Bludgeoned as she slept , eight blocks from Chi Omega ; survived
February 9 : Kimberly Diane Leach ( 12 ) : Abducted from her junior high school in Lake City , Florida ; skeletal remains found near Suwannee River State Park , 43 miles ( 69 km ) west of Lake City
= = = Other possible victims = = =
Bundy remains a suspect in several unsolved homicides , and is likely responsible for others that may never be identified ; in 1987 he confided to Keppel that there were " some murders " that he would " never talk about " , because they were committed " too close to home " , " too close to family " , or involved " victims who were very young " .
Ann Marie Burr , age 8 , vanished from her Tacoma home on August 31 , 1961 when Bundy was 14 . The Burr house was on Bundy 's newspaper delivery route . The victim 's father was certain that he saw Bundy in a ditch at a construction site on the nearby UPS campus the morning his daughter disappeared . Other circumstantial evidence implicates him as well , but detectives familiar with the case have never agreed on the likelihood of his involvement . Bundy repeatedly denied culpability and wrote a letter of denial to the Burr family in 1986 ; but Keppel has observed that Burr fits all three of Bundy 's " no discussion " categories of " too close to home " , " too close to family " , and " very young " . Forensic testing of material evidence from the Burr crime scene , in 2011 , yielded insufficient intact DNA sequences for comparison with Bundy 's .
Flight attendants Lisa E. Wick and Lonnie Trumbull , both 20 , were bludgeoned with a piece of lumber as they slept in their basement apartment in Seattle 's Queen Anne Hill district on June 23 , 1966 near the Safeway store where Bundy worked at the time , and where the women regularly shopped . Trumbull died . In retrospect , Keppel noted many similarities to the Chi Omega crime scene . Wick , who suffered permanent memory loss as a result of the attack , later contacted Ann Rule : " I know that it was Ted Bundy who did that to us , " she wrote , " but I can 't tell you how I know . " In the absence of incriminating evidence , Bundy 's involvement remains speculative .
Vacationing college friends Susan Davis and Elizabeth Perry , both 19 , were stabbed to death on May 30 , 1969 . Their car was found that day abandoned beside the Garden State Parkway outside Somers Point , New Jersey , near Atlantic City , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Philadelphia ; and their bodies — one nude , one fully clothed — were found in nearby woods three days later . Bundy attended Temple University from January through May , 1969 and apparently did not move west until after Memorial Day weekend . While Bundy 's accounts of his earliest crimes varied considerably between interviews , he told forensic psychologist Art Norman that his first murder victims were two women in the Philadelphia area . Biographer Richard Larsen believed that Bundy committed the murders using his feigned @-@ injury ruse , based on an investigator 's interview with Julia , Bundy 's aunt : Ted , she said , was wearing a leg cast due to an automobile accident on the weekend of the homicides , and therefore could not have traveled from Philadelphia to the Jersey Shore ; there is no official record of any such accident . Bundy is considered a " strong suspect " , but the case remains open .
Rita Curran , a 24 @-@ year @-@ old elementary school teacher and part @-@ time motel maid , was murdered in her basement apartment on July 19 , 1971 in Burlington , Vermont ; she had been strangled , bludgeoned and raped . The location of the motel where she worked ( adjacent to Bundy 's birthplace , the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers ) and similarities to known Bundy crime scenes led retired FBI agent John Bassett to propose him as a suspect . No evidence firmly places Bundy in Burlington on that date , but municipal records note that a person named " Bundy " was bitten by a dog that week , and long stretches of Bundy 's time — including the summer of 1971 — remain unaccounted for . Curran 's murder officially remains unsolved .
Joyce LePage , 21 , was last seen on July 22 , 1971 on the campus of Washington State University , where she was an undergraduate . Nine months later her skeletal remains were found wrapped in carpeting and military blankets , bound with rope , in a deep ravine south of Pullman , Washington . Multiple suspects — including Bundy — have " never been cleared " , according to investigators . Whitman County authorities have said that Bundy remains a suspect .
Rita Lorraine Jolly , 17 , disappeared from West Linn , Oregon on June 29 , 1973 ; Vicki Lynn Hollar , 24 , disappeared from Eugene , Oregon on August 20 , 1973 . Bundy confessed to two homicides in Oregon without identifying the victims . Oregon detectives suspected that they were Jolly and Hollar , but were unable to obtain interview time with Bundy to confirm it . Both women remain classified as missing .
Katherine Merry Devine , 14 , was abducted on November 25 , 1973 , and her body was found the next month in the Capitol State Forest near Olympia , Washington . Brenda Joy Baker , 14 , was seen hitchhiking near Puyallup , Washington on May 27 , 1974 ; her body was found in Millersylvania State Park a month later . Though Bundy was widely believed responsible for both murders , he told Keppel that he had no knowledge of either case . DNA analysis led to the arrest and conviction of William E. Cosden for Devine 's murder in 2002 . The Baker homicide remains unsolved .
Sandra Jean Weaver , 19 , a Wisconsin native who had been living in Tooele , Utah , was last seen in Salt Lake City on July 1 , 1974 ; her nude body was discovered the following day near Grand Junction , Colorado . Sources conflict on whether Bundy mentioned Weaver 's name during the death row interviews . Her murder remains unsolved .
Carol L. Valenzuela , 20 , was last seen hitchhiking near Vancouver , Washington , on August 2 , 1974 . Her remains were discovered two months later in a shallow grave south of Olympia , along with those of another female later identified as Martha Morrison , 17 ( last seen in Eugene , Oregon on September 1 , 1974 ) . Both victims had long hair parted in the middle . In August 1974 Bundy drove from Seattle to Salt Lake City and could have passed through Vancouver and Eugene en route , but there is no evidence that he did . Both cases remain open .
Melanie Suzanne " Suzy " Cooley , 18 , disappeared on April 15 , 1975 , after leaving Nederland High School in Nederland , Colorado , 50 miles ( 80 km ) northwest of Denver . Her bludgeoned and strangled corpse was discovered by road maintenance workers two weeks later in Coal Creek Canyon , 20 miles ( 32 km ) away . While gas receipts place Bundy in nearby Golden on the day Cooley disappeared , and Cooley is included on the list of Bundy victims in most Bundy literature , Jefferson County authorities say the evidence is inconclusive and continue to treat her homicide as a cold case .
Shelly ( or Shelley ) Kay Robertson , 24 , failed to show up for work in Golden , Colorado on July 1 , 1975 . Her nude , decomposed body was found in August , 500 feet ( 150 m ) inside a mine on Berthoud Pass near Winter Park Resort by two mining students . Gas station receipts place Bundy in the area at the time , but there is no direct evidence of his involvement ; the case remains open .
Nancy Perry Baird , 23 , disappeared from the service station where she worked in Farmington , Utah , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Salt Lake City , on July 4 , 1975 and remains classified as a missing person . Bundy specifically denied involvement in this case during the death row interviews .
Debbie Smith , 17 , was last seen in Salt Lake City in early February 1976 , shortly before the DaRonch trial began ; her body was found near the Salt Lake City International Airport on April 1 , 1976 . Though listed as a Bundy victim by some sources , her murder remains officially unsolved .
Minutes before his execution , Hagmaier queried Bundy about unsolved homicides in New Jersey , Illinois , Vermont ( the Curran case ) , Texas , and Miami , Florida . Bundy provided directions — later proven inaccurate — to Susan Curtis 's burial site in Utah , but denied involvement in any of the open cases .
= = Artifacts = =
Bundy 's 1968 Volkswagen Beetle was displayed in the lobby of the National Museum of Crime and Punishment in Washington DC until its closure in 2015 . It is presently on exhibit at the Alcatraz East Crime Museum in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee .
= = In media = =
= = = Film = = =
The Deliberate Stranger ( 1986 ) , starring Mark Harmon
Ted Bundy ( 2002 ) , starring Michael Reilly Burke
The Stranger Beside Me ( 2003 ) , starring Billy Campbell
Bundy : A Legacy of Evil ( 2008 ) , starring Corin Nemec
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= Lovely ( Desperate Housewives ) =
" Lovely " is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American comedy @-@ drama series , Desperate Housewives , and the 126th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on ABC in the United States on February 21 , 2010 . In the episode , former stripper Robin Gallagher ( Julie Benz ) interacts with each of the women of Wisteria Lane , drastically affecting their lives . She grows particularly close to Katherine Mayfair ( Dana Delany ) , with whom she shares a kiss during a bar outing .
The episode was written by David Schladweiler and directed by David Warren . It included the second in a string of guest appearances by Benz , who had recently departed as a regular from the Showtime drama series , Dexter . " Lovely " introduced an ongoing storyline of Katherine exploring her sexuality , a subplot which was met with enthusiasm by actress Delany . The pairing between Robin and Katherine was the first lesbian relationship in Desperate Housewives .
" Lovely " received generally mixed reviews , with detractors criticizing it for failing to advance the show 's plotlines . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode was seen by 10 @.@ 9 million viewers , and matched the series low rating from the previous episode , " The Glamorous Life " , although the subsequent episode , " The Chase " , drew even poorer ratings . Viewership for " Lovely " suffered because of competition from the 2010 Winter Olympics .
= = Plot = =
= = = Back story = = =
Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents on the suburban neighborhood of Wisteria Lane . In recent episodes , Susan Mayer ( Teri Hatcher ) has encouraged a stripper Robin Gallagher ( Julie Benz ) to quit her job and turn her life around . Susan invited Robin to move into her house until she gets back on her feet . Katherine Mayfair ( Dana Delany ) has been admitted to a psychiatric hospital after suffering a mental breakdown stemming from the breakup of her relationship with Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) , who has since married Susan . Orson Hodge ( Kyle MacLachlan ) has recently learned that his wife , Bree Van de Kamp ( Marcia Cross ) , was having an affair with Susan 's ex @-@ husband Karl Mayer ( Richard Burgi ) . Orson has been using a wheelchair since Christmas , as a result of a small passenger plane crash landing into a building he and Karl were inside ; Karl died as a result of the accident . Angie ( Drea de Matteo ) and Nick Bolen ( Jeffrey Nordling ) recently moved onto Wisteria Lane to escape circumstances that are yet to be fully explained ; however , Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) and Carlos Solis ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) overheard the Bolens arguing about their circumstances , and have grown concerned about their niece Ana ( Maiara Walsh ) dating the Bolens ' son , Danny ( Beau Mirchoff ) .
= = = Episode = = =
As Robin becomes integrated into Wisteria Lane , she gradually begins to affect the lives of several of her new neighbors .
Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) , who is in the middle of celebrating her wedding anniversary with Tom ( Doug Savant ) , grows angry when she learns her son Parker ( Joshua Logan Moore ) is spying on Robin while she showers next door . Lynette rudely confronts Robin , who tells Lynette that Parker offered her money to have sex with him . Later , Parker tells his parents he is the only one of his friends who have not had sex . Tom assures him it will happen when the time is right , and Lynette apologizes to Robin .
Later , Robin learns Bree has had trouble connecting with Orson due to her recent affair . Robin suggests Bree restart their sex life , prompting Bree to later try giving Orson a lap @-@ dance . The dance proves awkward , especially when Bree falls over and Orson runs over her foot with the wheelchair . Bree explains she wants to become intimate with her husband again , and the two share a romantic moment .
Meanwhile , Gabrielle and Carlos plot to break up Ana and Danny . Gabrielle arranges for an old photographer friend in New York City to help Ana with her modeling career , but she turns down the offer because of her relationship with Danny . After Robin tells Gabrielle that she gave up a career in ballet for a boy in her youth , only for the boy to break up with her two months later , and that she then got in a car crash ruining her chances of a future in ballet , Gabrielle convinces Robin to tell the story to Ana . Ana breaks up with Danny and leaves for New York , but after Robin realizes she has been used , she speaks to Danny , who secretly leaves town in a taxi to chase after Ana .
Susan grows jealous when Robin starts giving Mike massages to ease his sore back . Susan tries to give Mike a massage , but being the klutz that Susan is , ends up putting him in the hospital . Susan confesses her jealousy to Robin , who decides to preserve their friendship by moving out .
Robin becomes a roommate to Katherine , who is still feeling depressed after her recent stint in a mental hospital . Robin encourages Katherine to go out to a bar , and the two have a great time . When two men hit on Robin and show no interest in Katherine , Robin shows them up by kissing Katherine on the lips . Katherine initially laughs at the funny moment , but later learns Robin really is a lesbian . Katherine insists she is not interested in women when Robin suggests she explores the possibility , but later it appears that Katherine may be intrigued by the idea .
= = Production = =
" Lovely " was written by David Schladweiler and directed by David Warren . It marked the second in a string of at least four guest appearances by actress Julie Benz as Robin Gallagher , a former stripper seeking a new life . Benz joined the show soon after her departure as a regular cast member from the Showtime drama series Dexter , where her character Rita Morgan was killed in the fourth season finale , " The Getaway " . Benz said of her role in Desperate Housewives , " I love the show so much , and I am honored to be part of the whole [ world ] of Wisteria Lane . And to work with all these great , amazing women ! I 've done a lot of male @-@ dominated movies and television shows , so it 's so amazing for me to be a part of a show that is female @-@ dominated . "
" Lovely " introduced an ongoing storyline of Katherine Mayfair exploring her sexuality . Actress Dana Delany , who previously played a lesbian character in the Showtime series The L Word , said she felt the subplot was an excellent idea : " A lot of the ladies on the set have said , ' Why has this not happened before ? ' I think everybody wanted to be the one who got to do it . " In an interview with E ! Online , actress Marcia Cross jokingly said of the kiss scene , " I 'm a little jealous that I 'm not involved . What is going on ? " Delany said she did not know if the character would become a lesbian permanently , because the story lines change so often in Desperate Housewives , but that series creator Marc Cherry " is interested in playing the complexity of that " . The pairing between Robin and Katherine was the first lesbian relationship in Desperate Housewives .
Delany compared Katherine 's new realizations to that of actress Meredith Baxter , who realized she was a lesbian late in her life after entering into a relationship with a woman . Delany said she believed her character would be taken by surprise by the new feelings she is experiencing : " I think that she ’ s still so emotionally vulnerable from getting out of the loony bin , and I think she and Robin connect on a kind of wounded , emotional level . And I think if anything , she ’ s feeling this kind of emotional solace with her , and that draws her to Robin in a physical way , and that ’ s confusing to her . " Delany and Benz were both sick when they filmed their kiss scene . Benz said of the scene , " Dana 's a great kisser . " Delany said more male crew members were present for the filming of the lesbian kiss scene than usual due to the sensuality of the scene .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on February 21 , 2010 , " Lovely " was seen by 10 @.@ 9 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , which is 20 percent below the season average . Among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , it received a 3 @.@ 7 rating / 9 share ; a share represents the percentage of households using a television at the time the program is airing . This rating matched the previous episode , " The Glamorous Life " , for the lowest rating for an individual episode of Desperate Housewives in series history . However , it held that distinction only two weeks before " The Glamorous Life " , and the subsequent episode " The Chase " , received even lower ratings . " Lovely " continued a downward trend in the ratings : " The Glamorous Life " was seen by 11 @.@ 82 million viewers , and the previous episode , " How About a Friendly Shrink ? " , was seen by 11 @.@ 2 million viewers and achieved the lowest rating of the series at the time . " Lovely " suffered in the ratings partially due to competition from the NBC broadcast of the 2010 Winter Olympics . The day " Lovely " was originally broadcast , the 2010 Winter Olympics drew an average of 24 @.@ 67 million viewers during the episode 's 9 p.m. timeslot . Desperate Housewives was also outperformed by the CBS reality series Undercover Boss which , in its third episode , drew 13 @.@ 6 million viewers .
" Lovely " received generally mixed reviews . Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times said he was initially skeptical of the Robin and Katherine romance subplot , but said he liked how it was presented . " It wasn ’ t contrived like other girl @-@ on @-@ girl scenes on television that we see . ... I just hate it when it ’ s used to seem ' edgy ' or to sell an episode , and I hope that isn 't the case here . " Kennedy said the Bree and Orson scenes led to " a tender moment " , but said Susan was annoying and the Lynette plotline was somewhat insulting toward women . Isabelle Carreau of TV Squad said he was surprised Robin 's back story was fleshed out so quickly , and speculated it could lead to a permanent role in the series . Carreau said the pairing of Robin and Katherine could be " very interesting " , and that the best part of the episode was the comical conversation between Robin and Karen McCluskey ( Kathryn Joosten ) at the end .
Entertainment Weekly writer Tanner Stransky criticized " Lovely " for stringing together several uninteresting and unfunny segments rather than advancing existing plotlines or introducing new ones . He was particularly critical of the Susan and Lynette segments , but said the introduction of Katherine 's possible lesbianism was " intriguing for the moment " . Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of MSNBC also criticized the episode for failing to advance the plot , and sarcastically wrote of the Katherine development , " Oh , because lesbian storylines have worked so well on this show in the past , except , never . " Cooper said the segment involving Robin and Bree was the only one that didn 't feel " stilted and sad " .
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= Hurricane Blanca ( 2015 ) =
Hurricane Blanca was the earliest recorded tropical cyclone to make landfall in Baja California in any given year . Forming as a tropical depression on May 31 , Blanca initially struggled to organize due to strong wind shear . However , once this abated , the system took advantage of high sea surface temperatures and ample moisture . After becoming a tropical storm on June 1 , Blanca rapidly intensified on June 2 – 3 , becoming a powerful Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale ; maximum sustained winds reached 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) at this time . The hurricane 's slow motion resulted in tremendous upwelling of cooler water , resulting in a period of weakening . Blanca gradually recovered from this and briefly regained Category 4 status on June 6 as it moved generally northwest toward the Baja California peninsula . Cooler waters and increased shear again prompted weakening on June 7 and the system struck Baja California Sur on June 8 as a weak tropical storm . It quickly degraded to a depression and dissipated early the next day .
Although Blanca remained far from Jalisco , large swells and rip currents produced by the hurricane claimed four lives . In Northwestern Mexico , watches and warnings were raised prior to the storm 's landfall . Blanca caused generally light damage in the region , consisting of downed trees and power lines . Remnant moisture from the system spread across the Southwestern United States , resulting in several days of scattered thunderstorms . Flash flooding occurred in multiple states , washing out roads and damaging homes , though the overall effects were limited .
= = Meteorological history = =
On May 26 , 2015 , a tropical wave traversed Central America and entered the Eastern Pacific . Little development occurred over the following few days as the system drifted westward . Convective activity finally blossomed on May 30 and following the consolidation of a surface low , it was classified as a tropical depression by 12 : 00 UTC on May 31 . At this time , the depression was situated 370 mi ( 595 km ) south @-@ southwest of Acapulco , Mexico . The system initially drifted northwest along the edge of a weak ridge ; however , steering currents soon collapsed and left the depression to meander in the same general region for four days . Strong wind shear stemming from the nearby Hurricane Andres precluded intensification of the nascent depression . Other factors , including a moist atmosphere and sea surface temperatures of 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) presented favorable conditions for development once the shear relaxed . Formation of a central dense overcast on June 1 marked the transition into a tropical storm , at which time the system was assigned the name Blanca . As shear steadily relaxed , conditions became exceptionally favorable for rapid intensification . Accordingly the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme showed a 90 percent chance of winds increasing by 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) in 24 hours , among the highest probabilities seen by National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) forecaster Michael Brennan .
The upper @-@ level environment became even more favorable during the overnight of June 1 – 2 as anticyclonic outflow developed above Blanca , providing necessary ventilation for intensification . Turning south along an erratic , drifting course , an eye feature developed within the storm 's convective mass on June 2 . Blanca reached hurricane strength by 18 : 00 UTC and underwent rapid intensification thereafter . A small , pinhole eye soon appeared on visible and infrared satellite imagery . Reaching major hurricane intensity by 12 : 00 UTC on June 3 , Blanca marked the earliest occurrence of a season 's second such storm on record . The system featured a small , well @-@ defined eye surrounded by intense convection . Hours later , at 18 : 00 UTC , the hurricane achieved its estimated peak strength as a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 936 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 64 inHg ) . Given continued favorable conditions , forecasters at the NHC predicted Blanca to achieve Category 5 status — the highest ranking on the scale , indicating winds in excess of 156 mph ( 251 km / h ) .
Contrary to forecasts , the still quasi @-@ stationary Blanca soon degraded . The hurricane 's persistence over the same location for several days resulted in tremendous upwelling of cooler waters , with temperatures underneath the storm falling from 30 to 21 ° C ( 86 to 70 ° F ) . Compounding the effects of cooler water was an eyewall replacement cycle . This resulted in rapid weakening , with Blanca 's winds falling to 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) by 12 : 00 UTC on June 5 . The previously small core of Blanca dramatically expanded to 65 mi ( 100 km ) across , with convection asymmetrically wrapping around it . During this period , a mid @-@ level ridge north of the hurricane moved east and allowed Blanca to acquire a steady northwest track . Re @-@ intensification ensued on June 6 as the hurricane moved away from its cold wake and traversed an area of warmer water .
Throughout June 6 , Blanca 's convective structure became more symmetric as it completed its eyewall replacement cycle . Aided by impressive outflow , the hurricane regained Category 4 status by 12 : 00 UTC , marking its secondary peak intensity with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . Soon thereafter , Blanca moved back over cooler waters and began weakening . A turn to the north @-@ northwest also occurred at this time as it rounded a mid @-@ level ridge over Mexico . The hurricane passed roughly 30 mi ( 45 km ) northeast of Socorro Island on June 7 . An automated weather station there recorded sustained winds of 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) , with a peak gust of 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) , before it ceased reporting . Additionally , a pressure of 977 @.@ 3 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 86 inHg ) was observed . Deep convection steadily weakened and the hurricane 's eye filled as the winds decreased .
Increasing wind shear accelerated the rate of weakening , causing Blanca 's mid- and low @-@ level circulation centers to decouple . By 18 : 00 UTC on June 7 , the hurricane degraded to a tropical storm . Around 10 : 30 UTC on June 8 , Blanca made landfall over Isla Santa Margarita off the coast of Baja California Sur before striking the mainland , near Puerto Argudin , at 11 : 15 UTC . This marked the earliest known landfall in the state , and peninsula , on record during a calendar year . It surpassed the previous earliest — Tropical Storm Calvin on July 8 , 1993 — by a month . Turning back to the northwest , the system briefly emerged back over the Pacific Ocean before weakening to a tropical depression . Blanca made its third and final landfall near El Patrocinio around 20 : 30 UTC . With deep convection no longer present , the depression degraded into a remnant low early on June 9 over the central Baja California peninsula before dissipating hours later .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Mexico = = =
On June 3 , precautionary alerts were raised across the southern Baja California Peninsula and much of Western Mexico , due to potential impacts from the hurricane . Two days later , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for parts of Baja California Sur before upgrading it to a warning on June 6 . Warnings ultimately extended northward to Punta Abreojos . A hurricane watch was temporarily in place ; however , Blanca 's abrupt weakening on June 7 prompted its discontinuation . All schools were closed in Baja California Sur on June 8 . A collective 3 @,@ 300 troops from the Mexican Army and Navy were deployed to Baja California Sur to ensure the safety of residents . Under the threat of 16 ft ( 5 m ) waves , the port of Los Cabos suspended operations . Within Sonora , all schools in the Empalme , Guaymas , and Hermosillo municipalities were canceled for June 8 .
Waves up to 16 ft ( 5 m ) damaged coastal installations in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco . A surfer was pulled out by rip currents near Villa Obregón and required rescue ; however , the rescuer was also overcome and both drowned . Two fishermen ignored warnings to remain at port and died amid rough seas from the hurricane . Striking Baja California Sur on June 8 , Blanca brought tropical storm @-@ force winds and heavy rain to the region . The highest sustained winds were observed at Cabo San Lucas International Airport , reaching 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) while gusts were measured at 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) in San Juanico . Across the state , high winds downed power lines and left 104 @,@ 106 residents without electricity . However , around 90 percent of the outages were fixed within 12 hours of the storm . The winds also broke a few windows . Sinaloa experienced similar effects , with strong winds downing many trees and tearing apart billboards , primarily in Los Mochis and Guasave .
= = = United States = = =
The remnants of Blanca , aided by an unusually late @-@ season coastal low , later brought several days of scattered thunderstorms to the Southwestern United States . Effects in California were primarily concentrated across the Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin . Daily rainfall records were broken in several areas , though accumulations were generally less than 1 in ( 25 mm ) . Maricopa and Taft received 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) of rain in 30 minutes , triggering flash flooding that stranded vehicles and prompted the temporary closure of State Route 166 . Flooding and mud flows covered parts of State Route 190 in Inyo County , resulting in an accident that injured two people . Thunderstorm winds downed several trees , two of which fell on mobile homes . Hail up to 1 in ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) in diameter was observed in Ford City . Some flooding took place in Santa Barbara County . Damage across the state amounted to $ 67 @,@ 000 .
Record rainfall was observed in parts of Arizona , with Yuma recording measurable precipitation for only the seventeenth time in June since records began in 1876 . Rainfall amounted to 0 @.@ 31 in ( 7 @.@ 9 mm ) in the city , and 0 @.@ 21 in ( 5 @.@ 3 mm ) fell in Tucson . In Six Mile Canyon in Nevada , near the border of Lyon and Storey counties , 1 @.@ 13 in ( 29 mm ) of rain fell in an hour , resulting in flash flooding . Damage was primarily to landscaping with minor effects to homes . The normally dry Pine Nut Creek in Dresslerville rose 4 to 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 5 m ) in a short period of time , inundating nine homes and covering low water crossings . Multiple roads across Esmeralda , Eureka , and Lander counties were subjected to flooding . Damage across Nevada was $ 46 @,@ 000 .
Following above @-@ average rainfall since April , renewed precipitation in New Mexico led to flash flooding . Roads were washed away near Conchas Dam and minor flooding took place near Pojoaque . A strong thunderstorm over the Navajo Nation in New Mexico spawned a brief EF0 tornado near Napi Headquarters . Hail up to 1 @.@ 75 in ( 4 @.@ 4 cm ) in diameter was observed and rainfall caused the Animas River to overflow . Damage in the state reached $ 20 @,@ 000 . Flash flooding also took place in Utah , including along the Paria River ; a stream gauge observed a peak flow of 1 @,@ 160 ft3 ( 32 @.@ 8 m3 ) per second . A peak wind gust of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) was observed on Flattop Mountain in Emery County .
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= Coral Springs , Florida =
Coral Springs , officially the City of Coral Springs , is a city in Broward County , Florida , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Fort Lauderdale . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 121 @,@ 096 . The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to 5 @,@ 564 @,@ 635 people in 2010 .
The city , officially chartered on July 10 , 1963 , was master @-@ planned and primarily developed by WCI Communities , then known as Coral Ridge Properties , a division of Westinghouse . The city 's name is derived from the company 's name , and was selected after several earlier proposals had been considered and rejected . Despite the name , there are no springs in the city ; Florida 's springs are found in the central and northern portions of the state .
During the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s the young city grew rapidly , adding over 35 @,@ 000 residents each decade . Coral Springs has notably strict building codes , which are designed to maintain the city 's distinctive aesthetic appeal . The city government 's effective fiscal management has maintained high bond ratings , and the city has won accolades for its overall livability , its low crime rate , and its family @-@ friendly orientation .
= = History = =
Coral Springs is a planned community . Prior to its incorporation as a city in July 1963 , the area which is now Coral Springs was part of 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) of marshy lands bought by Henry Lyons between 1911 and 1939 . After several floods in 1947 , Florida created the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District ( now the South Florida Water Management District ) . Canals and levees drained much of the area upon which Coral Springs was built . After the land was drained and cleared , most of the area was used as a bean farm . After Lyons ' death in 1952 , his heirs changed the focus to cattle .
A post @-@ World War II real estate boom in South Florida attracted the interest of developers . Coral Ridge Properties , which already had several developments in Broward County , bought 3 @,@ 869 acres ( 16 km2 ) of land from the Lyons family on December 14 , 1961 for $ 1 million . The City of Coral Springs was chartered on July 10 , 1963 . Other names that were considered for the new city included " Curran Village , " " Pompano Springs " and " Quartermore " . By 1964 , the company had developed a master plan for a city of 50 @,@ 000 residents . On July 22 , 1964 , the first sale of 536 building lots netted $ 1 @.@ 6 million . The landmark covered bridge was built that same year to promote the town . In 1965 , Coral Ridge Properties bought an additional 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) from the Lyons family , increasing the city 's land area to 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) . The first city government elections were held in 1967 .
The city added nineteen public schools , a regional mall , shopping centers and parks during the last three decades of the twentieth century in response to rapid population growth . The construction of the Sawgrass Expressway in 1986 brought even more growth . A museum and a theater opened in the 1990s . The city reached residential build @-@ out in 2003 and is very close to a commercial build @-@ out .
The city 's historically low crime rate was marred in the early 1990s , when teen gang violence made headlines , with fights and murders reported . The violence subsided and the city returned to its previously peaceful state in 1995 .
Coral Springs was ranked as the 27th best city in the United States in which to live by Money Magazine in 2006 ; was named the 10th safest city in the US by Morgan Quitno in 2007 ; and was a multiple recipient of America 's Promise " 100 Best Cities for Young People " award , identified by the group as a three @-@ time winner in 2008 . In 2007 , Coral Springs became the first state or local government in the nation to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award .
In 2010 , CNNMoney.com listed Coral Springs as the 44th best place to live in the United States .
= = Geography and climate = =
Coral Springs is located at 26 ° 16 ′ 14 ″ N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 ″ W. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 24 @.@ 0 square miles ( 62 @.@ 1 km2 ) , 23 @.@ 8 square miles ( 61 @.@ 6 km2 ) of which is land and 0 @.@ 19 square miles ( 0 @.@ 5 km2 ) of which is water ( 0 @.@ 83 % ) . Coral Springs is bordered by the cities of Parkland to the north , Coconut Creek to the east , Margate and North Lauderdale to the southeast and Tamarac to the south . To the west lies The Everglades .
= = = Cityscape = = =
Coral Springs is a sprawling city , with few tall or prominent structures . The tallest building in the city is a 12 story condominium ( Country Club Tower ) , with five more buildings topping out at 10 stories , including three office buildings lining University Drive , one of the city 's main roads . Buildings include Preferred Exchange Tower ( originally the Bank of Coral Springs Building ) , 210 Tower , Bank of America Center and the Briarwood Towers .
Coral Ridge Properties established strict landscaping and sign laws for the city — a question in the original version of Trivial Pursuit noted that the city hosted the first McDonald 's without the distinctive Golden Arches sign . Restrictions on commercial signs , exterior paint colors , roofing materials , recreational vehicle and boat storage , and landscaping specifications are all strictly enforced ; consequently , real estate values in the city are significantly higher than the county as a whole . In 2006 , the median price of a single family home in Coral Springs was US $ 415 @,@ 000 , while the median price county @-@ wide was US $ 323 @,@ 000 .
The city 's downtown is the focus of an extensive redevelopment plan , estimated to cost close to US $ 700 million . The plan to revitalize the city 's core started with an open @-@ air shopping and entertainment center — " The Walk " — and progressed with the construction of " One Charter Place , " opened April 2007 . When completed , the redeveloped downtown area will offer office , retail , and a new government center , encompassing approximately three million square feet of floor space , in addition to approximately 1 @,@ 000 residential units and a new hotel .
The City of Coral Springs ' Parks and Recreation Department operates over 50 municipal parks , including a water park and a skate park , encompassing over 675 acres ( 2 @.@ 7 km2 ) . Coral Springs ' largest park is Mullins Park ( 70 acres ) . Of the four conservation areas in the city , Sandy Ridge Sanctuary is the biggest , at 38 acres ( 150 @,@ 000 m2 ) .
= = = Climate = = =
Average monthly rainfall is higher from April to September , with January and February as the driest months . The average monthly rainfall ranges from 2 @.@ 8 inches ( 7 cm ) in January and February to 7 @.@ 3 inches ( 19 cm ) in June . The hurricane season is from June to November , with September as the month during which hurricanes are most likely to occur . The most powerful hurricane to strike Coral Springs since its incorporation was Wilma in 2005 ; the eye of the hurricane passed directly over the city . The city estimated that " as a result of the numerous hurricanes and storms that hit Coral Springs in 2004 / 2005 , and especially as a result of Hurricane Wilma , the tree canopy coverage throughout the city has been reduced by about one third " .
= = Demographics = =
As of 2010 , there were 45 @,@ 433 households , with 8 @.@ 1 % being vacant . As of 2000 , 19 @,@ 151 ( 43 @.@ 2 % ) households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 26 @,@ 875 ( 60 @.@ 6 % ) were married couples living together , 7 @,@ 663 ( 17 @.@ 3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , and 8 @,@ 387 ( 18 @.@ 9 % ) were non @-@ families . 5 @,@ 922 of all households ( 13 @.@ 4 % ) were made up of individuals and 1 @,@ 408 ( 3 @.@ 2 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3 @.@ 11 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 45 .
In 2000 , the city 's age distribution was as follows : 38 @,@ 335 residents ( 27 @.@ 8 % ) under the age of 18 , 14 @,@ 560 ( 10 @.@ 5 % ) from 18 to 24 , 35 @,@ 927 ( 26 @.@ 0 % ) from 25 to 44 , 39 @,@ 821 ( 28 @.@ 8 % ) from 45 to 64 , and 9 @,@ 358 ( 6 @.@ 8 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 35 @.@ 7 years . For every 100 females there were 93 @.@ 5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85 @.@ 7 males .
In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was US $ 69 @,@ 808 , and the median income for a family was $ 76 @,@ 106 . Males had a median income of $ 47 @,@ 427 versus $ 34 @,@ 920 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 29 @,@ 285 . About 5 @.@ 8 % of families and 7 @.@ 3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11 @.@ 1 % of those under age 18 and 2 @.@ 1 % of those age 65 or over .
As of 2000 , those who spoke only English at home accounted for 74 @.@ 6 % of residents . Other languages spoken at home included Spanish ( 15 @.@ 0 % ) , French Creole ( 2 @.@ 2 % ) , Portuguese ( 1 @.@ 4 % ) , French ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) , and Italian ( 0 @.@ 8 % . )
As of 2000 , 2 @.@ 1 % of the city 's population was from Haiti , 2 @.@ 1 % of the population was from Colombia , and 1 @.@ 7 % of the population was from Cuba .
= = Government and infrastructure = =
Coral Springs uses the commission @-@ manager form of municipal government , with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body called a commission . Coral Springs ' commission is composed of five elected commissioners , one of whom is the mayor of the city and another of whom is the vice @-@ mayor . The mayor and vice @-@ mayor serve a two @-@ year term ; the commissioners serve four @-@ year terms . The offices are non @-@ partisan ; no candidate is allowed to declare a party affiliation . The role of the commission is to pass ordinances and resolutions , adopt regulations , and appoint city officials , including the city manager . While the mayor serves as a presiding officer of the commission , the city manager is the administrative head of the municipal government , and is responsible for the administration of all departments . The city commission holds its regular meetings biweekly . As of 2014 , the Mayor is Walter " Skip " Campbell . The Vice @-@ Mayor is Larry Vignola , the other commissioners are Joy Carter , Lou Cimaglia & Dan Daley . The City Manager is Erdal Donmez .
In @-@ city buses are provided free of charge by the local government . Regional transportation is provided by Broward County Transit . The closest passenger airport to Coral Springs is Fort Lauderdale @-@ Hollywood International Airport , located 27 miles ( 43 km ) southeast . The only limited @-@ access highway in Coral Springs is the Sawgrass Expressway ( State Road 869 ) , which borders the city on its northern and western edges . Major roads in the city include Atlantic Boulevard , University Drive , and Sample Road .
Coral Springs is served by Broward Health , and is home to the 200 @-@ bed Coral Springs Medical Center . The hospital received a 99 ( out of 100 ) from the Joint Commission , ranking in the top 2 % of over 9 @,@ 000 surveyed hospitals .
Coral Springs ' water supply comes from the Biscayne Aquifer , South Florida 's primary source of drinking water . There are four different water districts within the city ; the providers are the City of Coral Springs Water District , Coral Springs Improvement District , North Springs Improvement District and Royal Utilities . The South Florida Water Management District provides flood control protection and water supply protection to local residents , controls all water shortage management efforts and assigns water restrictions when necessary . Collection and disposal of city 's trash or garbage is provided by Waste Pro . Electric power service is distributed by Florida Power & Light .
= = Economy = =
Of residents aged 16 years and over , 72 @.@ 6 % were in the labor force , 95 % were employed and 5 % unemployed . 39 @.@ 5 % of the population worked in management , professional , and related occupations ; 32 @.@ 9 % in sales and office occupations ; 12 @.@ 8 % in service occupations ; 7 @.@ 6 % in construction , extraction , and maintenance occupations ; 7 % in production , transportation , and material moving occupations ; and 0 @.@ 1 % in farming , fishing , and forestry occupations . The industries for which Coral Springs inhabitants worked were 17 @.@ 6 % educational , health and social services ; 16 @.@ 1 % retail trade ; 12 @.@ 9 % professional , scientific , management , administrative , and waste management services ; 10 @.@ 1 % finance , insurance , real estate , and rental and leasing ; 8 @.@ 2 % arts , entertainment , recreation , accommodation and food services ; 7 @.@ 0 % manufacturing ; 6 @.@ 6 % construction ; 5 @.@ 0 % wholesale trade ; 4 % transportation , warehousing , and utilities ; , 4 @.@ 9 % other services ( except public administration ) ; 3 @.@ 7 % information ; 3 @.@ 6 % public administration ; and 0 @.@ 2 % agriculture , forestry , fishing and hunting , and mining . 85 @.@ 2 % of workers worked in the private sector , 9 @.@ 6 % in government , 5 % self @-@ employed in unincorporated businesses , and 0 @.@ 3 % as unpaid family workers . The predominant method of commuting was driving alone in own car , accounting for 81 @.@ 5 % of commuting trips , followed by 11 @.@ 2 % who were carpoolers and 7 @.@ 4 % who used other methods or worked from home .
Fitch , Moody 's , and Standard & Poor 's rate Coral Springs bonds as " AAA " . Standard & Poor 's , in a 2004 report , noted that Coral Springs had a " vibrant regional economy with above @-@ average wealth levels and consistently low unemployment " and praised the city administration . In 2004 , the city 's industrial and commercial base represented 24 % of the city valuation — 50 % higher than the previous decade . The city 's tax rate of 3 @.@ 8715 mils is the lowest in Broward County of cities with more than 70 @,@ 000 people . The city has twice received the Florida Sterling Award for excellence in administration . First Data and Alliance Entertainment are the largest companies that have offices in the Corporate Park of Coral Springs . ABB Asea Brown Boveri and Royal Plastics Group have subsidiaries headquartered in the city as well . The biggest shopping mall in the city is Coral Square , which opened in October 1984 with 945 @,@ 000 square feet ( 87 @,@ 800 m2 ) of retail space and more than 120 stores . Preferred Exchange Tower is the largest office building in the city — it has 10 floors and 203 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 18 @,@ 900 m2 ) .
= = Education = =
According to the 2005 American Community Survey ( conducted by the US Census Bureau ) , 39 @.@ 2 % of all adults over the age of 25 in Coral Springs have obtained a bachelor 's degree , as compared to a national average of 27 @.@ 2 % of adults over 25 , and 91 @.@ 7 % of Coral Springs residents over the age of 25 have earned a high school diploma , as compared to the national average of 84 @.@ 2 % . Coral Springs had approximately 29 @,@ 900 students in 2006 . Three charter schools offer both primary and secondary education . Higher education is offered by Barry University , Nova Southeastern University and Broward College through a partnership with Coral Springs Charter School .
Public primary and secondary education is handled by the Broward County Public Schools District ( BCPS ) . BCPS operates 3 high schools , 4 middle schools and 12 elementary schools within the city limits . Ramblewood Elementary School received a Florida Sterling Award for its efforts in 2006 . In 2008 the Florida Department of Education awarded all public schools in the city , with the exception of Coral Springs High School , " A " grades based on their performance on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test . In 2008 , Coral Springs High School received a " B , " and in 2010 the school received its first " A. " In 2009 , all public elementary , middle , and charter schools in the city received " A 's , " except for Broward Community Charter School West , which received a " B. "
North Broward Preparatory School maintains a satellite campus in Coral Springs . The Coral Springs campus has boarding facilities , a playground , and a gymnasium . The school 's main campus is in Coconut Creek .
= = Sports = =
Coral Springs does not have any professional sports teams , but has more than 25 amateur sports leagues . Coral Springs Youth Soccer had more than 3300 players in their 2006 season , playing for 284 teams in 20 separate leagues , divided by age group and sex . The Honda Classic golf tournament was played at the TPC at Eagle Trace from 1984 to 1991 and 1996 and then at the TPC at Heron Bay from 1997 to 2002 . The short @-@ lived professional soccer team Coral Springs Kicks ( USISL ) was based in the city .
The regional Sportsplex has a jogging path , an aquatic center , tennis courts , ice rinks and a dog park . The NHL 's Florida Panthers call the Saveology.com Iceplex , part of the Sportsplex , their official home and conduct much of their training there . The International Tennis Championships — an ATP International Series men 's tennis tournament was held at the Sportsplex from 1993 to 1998 .
A number of professional athletes are from Coral Springs : MLS soccer player Stephen Herdsman , Latvian Higher League soccer player Nate Weiss , NFL football players Dan Morgan , Todd Weiner , Darius Butler , Steve Hutchinson , Cody Brown and Sam Young , and Major League Baseball player Anthony Rizzo of the Chicago Cubs .
Pro golfer Lexi Thompson , youngest winner ever of a LPGA tour event at 16 , was born in Coral Springs .
Several athletes who participated in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing are from or currently living in Coral Springs , including beach volleyball gold medalist Misty May @-@ Treanor , swimming silver medalist Dara Torres ( who resides in neighboring Parkland , Florida but trains in Coral Springs ) , and track @-@ and @-@ field bronze medalist Walter Dix .
= = Media and culture = =
Coral Springs is a part of the Miami @-@ Fort Lauderdale @-@ Hollywood media market , which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States . Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida @-@ Sun Sentinel and The Miami Herald , and their Spanish @-@ language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald .
The city is home to two local weekly newspapers , the Coral Springs Forum and Our Town News . Both publications focus on local issues and human interest stories . The Coral Springs Forum was founded in 1971 by local high school students , the publication was sold after their graduation to local residents . Later the company became a subsidiary of the Tribune Company , the South Florida @-@ Sun Sentinel publisher .
The Coral Springs Center for the Arts opened in 1990 . Originally planned to be a gymnasium , a US $ 4 million renovation in 1996 added a 1 @,@ 471 seat theater . The theater presents a program of popular shows and a yearly Broadway series . The 8 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 700 m2 ) Coral Springs Museum of Art has a small number of exhibits and focuses on art classes and programs for the local community . There is currently one public library in the city , the Northwest Regional Library , affiliated with the county @-@ wide Broward County Library system . The band New Found Glory hails from Coral Springs and was formed in the city .
The " Our Town " Festival has been continuously held since 1979 , first sponsored by the Coral Springs Chamber of Commerce , and promoted by a non @-@ profit organization since 1997 . The event has a car show , a beauty pageant and carnival rides . The festival attracted more than 100 @,@ 000 attendees in 1984 , and the city estimated 200 @,@ 000 visitors at the 1990 event . A parade was added to the event in 1985 ; since 1994 , the parade has been run as a separate event during the Christmas season . Several other festivals are held throughout the year , such as " Fiesta Coral Springs " , a Hispanic culture celebration , and the Festival of the Arts . At Coral Springs ' 25th Anniversary Party , the Guinness World Record for " Largest Hamburger and Milkshake " was broken on July 10 , 1988 . The hamburger measured 26 feet ( 8 m ) in diameter and weighed 5063 pounds . The record stood for just over a year .
Coral Springs has two designated Florida Heritage sites . The Coral Springs Covered Bridge was the first structure built in the city , in 1964 . The steel bridge , 40 feet ( 12 m ) in length , is the only covered bridge in Florida in the public right @-@ of @-@ way . The American Snuff Company provided two historical designs for the bridge sides , to make the structure appear aged . The Covered Bridge is depicted in Coral Springs ' seal . The Museum of Coral Springs History started as a real estate office . Built outside the city limits , the single @-@ room wooden structure was moved to Coral Springs and became its first administration building . Later it was used as the first police station , and as a Jaycees clubhouse ; it was moved to the city dump in 1976 , where it was used as a fire department training site for smoke drills . After it was inadvertently set on fire , public outcry prompted the building 's relocation to Mullins Park for restoration . Since 1978 , it has housed the city 's history museum . The exhibits in the museum are historic items and city models .
Coral Springs is a sister city of Paraíso , Costa Rica .
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= Young Blood ( Sophie Ellis @-@ Bextor song ) =
" Young Blood " is a song by English recording artist Sophie Ellis @-@ Bextor from her fifth studio album Wanderlust ( 2014 ) . The song was released as the album 's lead single on 21 November 2013 . It was co @-@ written by Ed Harcourt and Ellis @-@ Bextor ; the former also produced it . The song is a chamber pop piano ballad , which features instrumentation from subdued drums and various string instruments . In the track , Ellis @-@ Bextor sings with restrain , incorporating a low register in the verses and hitting her highest note in the chorus . A demo version of the track was offered online in March 2013 .
" Young Blood " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who complimented Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocals and the song 's tenderness . The song became her first single to enter the UK Singles Chart since her 2011 single " Bittersweet " . On its component UK Indie chart , the track peaked within the top five . Sophie Muller was commissioned to direct its video , which shows Ellis @-@ Bextor on a pier and inside a living room . The song was performed on some television programmes in the United Kingdom .
= = Composition = =
As with the rest of Wanderlust , " Young Blood " was composed by the English musician Ed Harcourt , with additional songwriting from Ellis @-@ Bextor . It was recorded at the State of the Ark studios , mixed and engineered by Richard Woodcruft , and mastered by Miles Showell . It is a chamber pop piano ballad , with a viola , a violin , muffled drums , a cello and a double bass .
According to the sheet music published by Universal Music , it is set in a tempo of 60 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F major , and its verses follow the chord progression B ♭ mai7 — F. The song begins with a gentle piano melody , transitioning into Ellis @-@ Bextor 's sung section . During the verses of the song , she sings in a low register , reaching her lowest note of F4 ; conversely , in the chorus , her voice reaches C6 and trembles . Throughout the song , her vocals are restrained and incorporate the melisma technique . The bridge of the song features " choral harmonies " . The song 's lyrics are written in first and second @-@ person narrative , following the common verse – chorus form . According to Ludovic Hunter @-@ Tilney from Financial Times , the track discusses " the joys of growing old with one 's spouse " .
= = Reception = =
For Time Out magazine , Clare Considine described " Young Blood " as a " delicate love song " and opined that the strings and piano melodies effectively complement Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocals . Michael Cragg of The Guardian stated that the song 's sonority " fits [ Ellis @-@ Bextor ] like a glove " , and also deemed its melody " gorgeous " . James Gareth from Clash characterised the song as " sincerely beautiful " , and Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey agreed , calling it " doe @-@ eyed " and " fantastically pretty " . From Virgin Media , Matthew Horton called the track " heart @-@ stinging " , while Hermoine Hoby , writing for The Observer considered that the song is " surprisingly successfully " similar to the works of Adele . Sam Lansky of Idolator complimented the song for being " beautiful " and " timeless " . Louise Bruton from The Irish Times wrote that Ellis @-@ Bextor 's " icy vocals forgive [ d ] " the " blunders " of Wanderlust , while musicOMH 's Kate Bennett provided a polarized review for the song . Although she praised Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocals , Bennett described the track as " heroine @-@ gazing @-@ forlornly @-@ into @-@ the @-@ distance " due to its instrumentation . David Farrell , writing on behalf of PopMatters , commented that " Young Blood " was the best of the album and highlighted Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocal performance .
The song only charted in the United Kingdom . Reaching number 34 on its singles chart , the song became Ellis @-@ Bextor 's first to enter the chart since " Bittersweet " , which was released in 2010 and peaked at 25 . " Young Blood " spent three weeks on the chart , and as of January 2014 , it is her fifteenth best @-@ selling song in the country . On the UK Indie chart , the track reached number 3 .
= = Release and promotion = =
A demo version of " Young Blood " was released on 27 March 2013 , as a complimentary download on Ellis @-@ Bextor 's website . Selected as the lead single of Wanderlust , the song was released as a standalone digital download on 21 November of that year . A CD single of the track was sent to radio stations in that month , including the album version of it as well as a radio edit ; the song was eventually playlisted by hot adult contemporary UK station BBC Radio 2 . Ellis @-@ Bextor revealed that she chose " Young Blood " as the first single from Wanderlust because she found it representative of the album 's sound .
The official music video of " Young Blood " was filmed by Sophie Muller , and released on 25 November 2013 . It mostly depicts Ellis @-@ Bextor , dressed in a striped dress , lip @-@ synching the song 's lyrics , walking through an abandoned pier " in terrible weather " . Those scenes are interspersed with clips of her sat on a red sofa , wearing a " buttoned up , Victorian @-@ styled lace dress " inside a lounge room . Writing for Idolator , Mike Wass characterised the visual as " simple " , noting that it is adequate for the song 's tone . On 9 April 2014 , Ellis @-@ Bextor performed " Young Blood " on ITV 's morning programme Daybreak ; fifteen days later , she sang it on the first episode of the channel 's Weekend , aired on 26 April 2014 . She performed the song in an unplugged setting on ZDF Morgenmagazin , a programme of German channel ZDF , on 23 January 2014 .
= = Track listing = =
Promotional CD single
Details adapted from the liner notes of the " Young Blood " promotional CD single .
" Young Blood " ( Radio edit ) – 3 : 45
" Young Blood " – 4 : 28
Digital download
" Young Blood " – 4 : 28
= = Credits and personnel = =
= = Weekly charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill =
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , also known as UNC , or simply Carolina , is a public research university located in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , United States . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . North Carolina is one of the original eight Public Ivy schools .
The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study through fourteen colleges and the College of Arts and Sciences . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African @-@ American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as " Tar Heels " .
The campus of North Carolina is located in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , a university town . The campus covers 729 acres ( 3 km2 ) over Chapel Hill 's downtown area , encompassing places like the Morehead Planetarium and the many stores and shops located on Franklin Street . Students can participate in over 550 officially recognized student organizations . The student @-@ run newspaper The Daily Tar Heel has won national awards for collegiate media , while the student radio station WXYC provided the world 's first internet radio broadcast . North Carolina is one of the charter members of the Atlantic Coast Conference , which was founded on June 14 , 1953 . Competing athletically as the Tar Heels , North Carolina has achieved great success in sports , most notably in men 's basketball , women 's soccer , and women 's field hockey .
= = History = =
Chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly on December 11 , 1789 , the university 's cornerstone was laid on October 12 , 1793 , near the ruins of a chapel , chosen because of its central location within the state . The first public university chartered under the US Constitution , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the oldest public university in the United States and the only such institution to confer degrees in the eighteenth century .
During the Civil War , North Carolina Governor David Lowry Swain persuaded Confederate President Jefferson Davis to exempt some students from the draft , so the university was one of the few in the Confederacy that managed to stay open . However , Chapel Hill suffered the loss of more of its population during the war than any village in the South , and when student numbers did not recover , the university was forced to close during Reconstruction from December 1 , 1870 until September 6 , 1875 .
Despite initial skepticism from university President Frank Porter Graham , on March 27 , 1931 , legislation was passed to group the University of North Carolina with the State College of Agriculture and Engineering and Woman 's College of the University of North Carolina to form the Consolidated University of North Carolina . In 1963 , the consolidated university was made fully coeducational , although most women still attended Woman 's College for their first two years , transferring to Chapel Hill as juniors , since freshmen were required to live on campus and there was only one women 's dorm . As a result , Woman 's College was renamed the " University of North Carolina at Greensboro " , and the University of North Carolina became the " University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . " In 1955 , UNC Chapel Hill officially desegregated its undergraduate divisions .
During World War II , UNC Chapel Hill was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V @-@ 12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission .
During the 1960s , the campus was the location of significant political protest . Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protests about local racial segregation which began quietly in Franklin Street restaurants led to mass demonstrations and disturbance . The climate of civil unrest prompted the 1963 Speaker Ban Law prohibiting speeches by communists on state campuses in North Carolina . The law was immediately criticized by university Chancellor William Brantley Aycock and university President William Friday , but was not reviewed by the North Carolina General Assembly until 1965 . Small amendments to allow " infrequent " visits failed to placate the student body , especially when the university 's board of trustees overruled new Chancellor Paul Frederick Sharp 's decision to allow speaking invitations to Marxist speaker Herbert Aptheker and civil liberties activist Frank Wilkinson ; however , the two speakers came to Chapel Hill anyway . Wilkinson spoke off campus , while more than 1 @,@ 500 students viewed Aptheker 's speech across a low campus wall at the edge of campus , christened " Dan Moore 's Wall " by The Daily Tar Heel for Governor Dan K. Moore . A group of UNC Chapel Hill students , led by Student Body President Paul Dickson , filed a lawsuit in U.S. federal court , and on February 20 , 1968 , the Speaker Ban Law was struck down . In 1969 , campus food workers of Lenoir Hall went on strike protesting perceived racial injustices that impacted their employment , garnering the support of student groups and members of the University and Chapel Hill community .
From the late 1990s and onward , UNC Chapel Hill expanded rapidly with a 15 % increase in total student population to more than 28 @,@ 000 by 2007 . This was accompanied by the construction of new facilities , funded in part by the " Carolina First " fundraising campaign and an endowment that increased fourfold to more than $ 2 billion in just ten years . Professor Oliver Smithies was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2007 for his work in genetics . Additionally , Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015 for his work in understanding the molecular repair mechanisms of DNA .
Notable leaders of the university include the 26th Governor of North Carolina , David Lowry Swain ( president 1835 – 1868 ) ; and Edwin Anderson Alderman ( 1896 – 1900 ) , who was also president of Tulane University and the University of Virginia . The current chancellor is Carol Folt , the first woman to hold the post .
= = Campus = =
UNC Chapel Hill 's 729 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 0 km2 ) campus is dominated by two central quads : Polk Place and McCorkle Place . Polk Place is named after North Carolina native and university alumnus President James K. Polk , and McCorkle Place is named in honor of Samuel Eusebius McCorkle , the original author of the bill requesting the university 's charter . Adjacent to Polk Place is a sunken brick courtyard known as the Pit where students will gather , often engaging in lively debate with speakers such as the Pit Preacher . The Morehead – Patterson Bell Tower , located in the heart of campus , tolls the quarter @-@ hour . In 1999 , UNC Chapel Hill was one of sixteen recipients of the American Society of Landscape Architects Medallion Awards and was identified as one of 50 college or university " works of art " by T.A. Gaines in his book The Campus as a Work of Art .
The university 's campus is informally divided into three regions , usually referred to as " north campus , " " middle campus , " and " south campus . " North campus includes the two quads along with the Pit , Frank Porter Graham Student Union , and the Davis , House , and Wilson libraries . Almost all classrooms are located in north campus along with several undergraduate residence halls . Middle campus includes Fetzer Field and Woollen Gymnasium along with the Student Recreation Center , Kenan Memorial Stadium , Irwin Belk outdoor track , Eddie Smith Field House , Boshamer Stadium , Carmichael Auditorium , the Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History , School of Government , School of Law , George Watts Hill Alumni Center , Ram 's Head complex ( with a dining hall , parking garage , grocery store , and gymnasium ) , and various residence halls . South campus includes the Dean Smith Center for men 's basketball , Koury Natatorium , School of Medicine , UNC Hospitals , Kenan – Flagler Business School , and the newest student residence halls .
A new satellite campus , Carolina North , to be built on the site of Horace Williams Airport was approved in 2007 . This is planned to be primarily a research park with expanded science facilities , but will also add classrooms and residence halls to cope with future increases in student population .
= = = Sustainability = = =
The principles of sustainability have been integrated throughout much of UNC Chapel Hill . In the area of green building , the university requires that all new projects meet the requirements for LEED Silver certification and is in the process of building the first building in North Carolina to receive LEED Platinum status . UNC Chapel Hill 's award @-@ winning co @-@ generation facility produces one @-@ fourth of the electricity and all of the steam used on campus . In 2006 , the university and the Town of Chapel Hill jointly agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 60 % by 2050 , becoming the first town @-@ gown partnership in the country to do so . Through these efforts , the university achieved a " A − " grade on the Sustainable Endowment Institute 's College Sustainability Report Card 2010 . Only 14 out of 300 universities received a higher score than this .
= = = Old Well and McCorkle Place = = =
The most enduring symbol of the university is the Old Well , a small neoclassical rotunda based on the Temple of Love in the Gardens of Versailles , in the same location as the original well that provided water for the school . The well stands at the south end of McCorkle Place , the northern quad , between two of the campus 's oldest buildings , Old East , and Old West . Also located in McCorkle Place is the Davie Poplar tree under which the university 's founder , William Richardson Davie , supposedly selected the location for the university . The legend of the Davie Poplar says that if the tree falls , so will UNC Chapel Hill . Because of the tree 's questionable health from damage caused by severe weather such as Hurricane Fran in 1996 , the university has planted two genetic clones nearby called Davie Poplar Jr. and Davie Poplar III . The second clone , Davie Poplar III , was planted in conjunction with the university 's bicentennial celebration in 1993 by President Bill Clinton .
Another university landmark is the Confederate monument , known to students as Silent Sam , erected to commemorate UNC Chapel Hill students who died fighting for the Confederacy . The statue has at times been dogged by controversy , some critics claiming that the monument invokes memories of racism and slavery , while others counter that " Silent Sam " is simply historical and a part of the rich heritage of the South . The statue depicts a soldier armed with a rifle , but lacking a cartridge box . Thus , Silent Sam does not carry any ammunition and is a " benign " soldier . The statue was erected in 1913 by the United Daughters of the Confederacy to honor the school 's Confederate heroes . The student members of the university 's Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies are not allowed to walk on the grass of McCorkle Place out of respect for the unknown resting place of Joseph Caldwell , the university 's first president .
The Morehead – Patterson bell tower was commissioned by John Motley Morehead III , the benefactor of the prestigious Morehead Scholarship . The hedge and surrounding landscape was designed by William C. Coker , botany professor and creator of the campus arboretum . Traditionally , seniors have the opportunity to climb the tower a few days prior to May commencement .
The historic Playmakers Theatre is located on Cameron Avenue between McCorkle Place and Polk Place . It was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis , the same architect who renovated the northern façade of Old East in 1844 . The east @-@ facing building was completed in 1851 and initially served as a library and as a ballroom . It was originally named Smith Hall after North Carolina Governor General Benjamin Smith , who was a special aide to George Washington during the American Revolutionary War and was an early benefactor to the university . When the library moved to Hill Hall in 1907 , the School of Law occupied Smith Hall until 1923 . In 1925 , the structure was renovated and used as a stage by the university theater group , the Carolina Playmakers . It has remained a theater to the present day . Louis Round Wilson wrote in 1957 that Playmakers Theatre is the " architectural gem of the campus . " Playmakers Theatre was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973 . Today , the building is a venue for student drama productions , concerts , and events sponsored by academic departments . In 2006 , the university began a renovation of Playmakers Theatre , which has included an exterior paint job and interior remodeling . The renovation is expected to be complete by the end of 2010 .
= = Academics = =
= = = Curriculum = = =
UNC Chapel Hill offers 71 bachelor 's , 107 master 's and 74 doctoral degree programs . The university enrolls more than 28 @,@ 000 students from all 100 North Carolina counties , the other 49 states , and 47 other countries . It is the second largest university in North Carolina . State law requires that the percentage of students from North Carolina in each freshman class meet or exceed 82 % . The student body consists of 17 @,@ 981 undergraduate students and 10 @,@ 935 graduate and professional students ( as of Fall 2009 ) . Minorities comprise 30 @.@ 8 % of UNC Chapel Hill 's undergraduate population and applications from international students have more than doubled in the last five years ( from 702 in 2004 to 1 @,@ 629 in 2009 ) . Eighty @-@ nine percent of enrolling first year students in 2009 reported a GPA of 4 @.@ 0 or higher on a weighted 4 @.@ 0 scale . UNC Chapel Hill students are strong competitors for national and international scholarships . In 2009 , two UNC Chapel Hill seniors won Rhodes Scholarships . The most popular majors at UNC Chapel Hill are Biology , Business Administration , Psychology , Media and Journalism , and Political Science . UNC Chapel Hill also offers 300 study abroad programs in 70 countries .
At the undergraduate level , all students must fulfill a number of general education requirements as part of the Making Connections curriculum , which was introduced in 2006 . English , social science , history , foreign language , mathematics , and natural science courses are required of all students , ensuring that they receive a broad liberal arts education . The university also offers a wide range of first year seminars for incoming freshmen . After their second year , students move on to the College of Arts and Sciences , or choose an undergraduate professional school program within the schools of medicine , nursing , business , education , pharmacy , information and library science , public health , or media and journalism . Undergraduates are held to an eight @-@ semester limit of study .
= = = Undergraduate admissions = = =
UNC Chapel Hill 's admissions process is " most selective " according to U.S. News & World Report . State law requires that the percentage of in @-@ state students per freshman class be at least 82 % , making out @-@ of @-@ state admissions very selective . For freshmen entering Fall 2015 , 9 @,@ 510 were accepted out of 31 @,@ 953 applicants , a 30 % acceptance rate , and 4 @,@ 076 enrolled . Women constituted 59 % of the incoming class ; men 41 % .
Among freshman students who enrolled in fall 2015 , SAT scores for the middle 50 % ranged from 600 @-@ 710 for critical reading , 620 @-@ 720 for math , and 590 @-@ 700 for writing . ACT composite scores for the middle 50 % ranged from 28 – 33 . In terms of class rank , 77 % of enrolled freshmen were in the top 10 % of their high school classes .
= = = Department of Public Policy = = =
The UNC Chapel Hill Department of Public Policy , established in 2001 , is a public policy program offering specializations in areas such as global health policy , education policy , tax policy , and social justice .
Established in 1979 , the Curriculum in Public Policy Analysis was one of the first undergraduate degree programs in public policy , and a charter member of the national Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management . It was augmented in 1991 by an interdisciplinary PhD Curriculum in Public Policy Analysis . In 1995 the two curricula were combined and began recruiting their own core faculty . In 2001 the combined curriculum became the present Department of Public Policy .
= = = Honor Code = = =
The university has a longstanding Honor Code known as the " Instrument of Student Judicial Governance , " supplemented by an entirely student @-@ run Honor System to resolve issues with students accused of academic and conduct offenses against the university community . The Honor System is divided into three branches : the Student Attorney General Staff , the Honor Court , and the Honor System Outreach . The Student Attorney General is appointed by the Student Body President to investigate all reports of Honor Code violations and determine whether or not to bring charges against the student as detailed in the " Instrument . " The Attorney General is supported by a select staff of around 40 students . The Honor Court is led by the Chair , who is appointed by the Student Body President , and supported by Vice Chairs who adjudicate all students ' hearings . The Honor Court as a whole is made up of some 80 selected students . The Honor System Outreach is a branch of the System solely devoted to promoting honor and integrity in the university community . UNC Chapel Hill is the only public university , with the exception of the military academies , that has a completely student @-@ run system from the beginning to the end of the process .
= = = Libraries = = =
UNC Chapel Hill 's library system includes a number of individual libraries housed throughout the campus and holds more than 7 @.@ 0 million volumes in total . UNC Chapel Hill 's North Carolina Collection ( NCC ) is the largest and most comprehensive collection of holdings about any single state nationwide . The unparalleled assemblage of literary , visual , and artifactual materials documents four centuries of North Carolina history and culture . The North Carolina Collection is housed in Wilson Library , named after Louis Round Wilson , along with the Southern Historical Collection , the Rare Books Collection , and the Southern Folklife Collection . The university is home to ibiblio , one of the world 's largest collections of freely available information including software , music , literature , art , history , science , politics , and cultural studies .
The Davis Library , situated near the Pit , is the main library and the largest academic facility and state @-@ owned building in North Carolina . It was named after North Carolina philanthropist Walter Royal Davis and opened on February 6 , 1984 . The first book checked out of Davis Library was George Orwell 's 1984 . The R.B. House Undergraduate Library is located between the Pit area and Wilson Library . It is named after Robert B. House , the Chancellor of UNC Chapel Hill from 1945 to 1957 , and it opened in 1968 . In 2001 , the R.B. House Undergraduate Library underwent a $ 9 @.@ 9 million renovation that modernized the furnishings , equipment , and infrastructure of the building . Prior to the construction of Davis , Wilson Library was the university 's main library , but now Wilson hosts special events and houses special collections , rare books , and temporary exhibits .
= = = Rankings and reputation = = =
In 2015 , U.S. News & World Report ranked UNC Chapel Hill 5th among the top public colleges and universities in the United States .
The university was named a Public Ivy by Richard Moll in his 1985 book The Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , and in later guides by Howard and Matthew Greene . Many of UNC Chapel Hill 's professional schools have achieved high rankings in publications such as Forbes magazine , as well as annual U.S. News & World Report surveys . In 2016 , U.S. News & World Report ranked UNC Chapel Hill business school 's MBA program as the 16th best in the nation . In the 2011 edition , U.S. News & World Report ranked the UNC Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health as the top public school of public health in the United States , and the second ranked school of public health in the U.S. ( behind the top ranked school , Johns Hopkins and ahead of the third ranked school , Harvard ) . The UNC Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy was ranked second among pharmacy schools in the United States in 2012 by U.S. News & World Report . In 2005 , Business Week ranked UNC Chapel Hill business school 's Executive MBA program as the 5th best in the United States . Other highly ranked schools include journalism and mass communication , law , library and information science , medicine , dentistry , and city and regional planning . Nationally , UNC Chapel Hill is in the top ten public universities for research . Internationally , the 2015 QS World University Rankings ranked North Carolina 79th in the world ( in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings ) .
UNC Chapel Hill 's undergraduate program is ranked 30th in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and is consistently ranked among the nation 's top five public universities , just behind UC Berkeley , University of Virginia , UCLA , and the University of Michigan . Kiplinger 's Personal Finance in 2015 ranked UNC Chapel Hill as the number one " best value " public college in the country . The university also topped The Princeton Review 's list of the Best Value Colleges in 2014 . Similarly , the university is first among public universities and ninth overall in " Great Schools , Great Prices " , on the basis of academic quality , net cost of attendance and average student debt . Along with one of the nation 's most acclaimed undergraduate honors programs in a public institution , UNC Chapel Hill also has the highest percentage of undergraduates studying abroad for any public institution .
The University is also a large recipient of National Institute of Health grants and funds . For fiscal year 2014 , the university received $ 247 @,@ 555 @,@ 416 in NIH funds for research . This amount makes Chapel Hill the 7th overall recipient to research funds in the nation by the NIH .
= = = Scholarships = = =
For decades UNC Chapel Hill has offered an undergraduate merit scholarship known as the Morehead @-@ Cain Scholarship . Recipients receive tuition , room and board , books , and funds for summer study for four years . Since the inception of the Morehead scholarship program , 29 alumni of the program have been named Rhodes Scholars . North Carolina also boasts the Robertson Scholars Program , a scholarship granting recipients the opportunity to attend both UNC Chapel Hill and neighboring Duke University . Additionally , the university provides merit @-@ based scholarships , including the Carolina , Colonel Robinson , and Pogue Scholars programs , which offer full scholarships for out @-@ of @-@ state students .
In 2003 , Chancellor James Moeser announced the Carolina Covenant , which provides a debt free education to low @-@ income students who are academically qualified to attend the university . The program was the second in the nation ( following Princeton ) and the first of its kind at a public university . About 80 other universities have since followed suit .
North Carolina is tied for the largest number of Rhodes Scholars among public universities ( 47 since 1902 ) with the University of Virginia . Additionally , many students have won Truman , Goldwater , Mitchell , Churchill , Fulbright , Marshall , Udall , and Mellon scholarships .
= = = Academic @-@ athletic scandal = = =
From 1993 to 2011 UNC Chapel Hill offered independent study courses within the Department of African and Afro @-@ American Studies that consistently awarded high grades regardless of the quality of the work submitted . The final research papers generally received only a cursory review by an administrator without faculty oversight . During the 18 @-@ year period the courses saw 3 @,@ 100 enrollees , of which slightly fewer than half were athletes . A report released in October 2014 by former federal prosecutor Kenneth L. Wainstein showed that a number of faculty and administrators , including some members of the athletic support department and the director of the Parr Center for Ethics , had varying levels of knowledge about the nature of the courses . Members of the athletic support staff raised concerns with the College of Arts and Sciences on multiple occasions , but they were repeatedly rebuffed by an Associate Dean , who claimed that professors are free to run their classes as they see fit ; nine employees were eventually terminated or placed under disciplinary review for their role in the classes . In June 2015 , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ' Commission on Colleges put UNC Chapel Hill on one year of probation .
= = Athletics = =
North Carolina 's athletic teams are known as the Tar Heels . They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) sub @-@ level for football ) , primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953 – 54 season . Men 's sports include baseball , basketball , cross country , fencing , football , golf , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field and Wrestling ; while women 's sports include basketball , cross country , fencing , field hockey , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming and diving , tennis , track & field and volleyball .
The NCAA refers to UNC Chapel Hill as the " University of North Carolina " for athletics . As of Fall 2011 , the university had won 40 NCAA team championships in six different sports , eighth all @-@ time . These include twenty one NCAA championships in women 's soccer , six in women 's field hockey , four in men 's lacrosse , five in men 's basketball , one in women 's basketball , and two in men 's soccer . The Men 's basketball team won its 5th NCAA basketball championship in 2009 , the second for Coach Roy Williams since he took the job as head coach . Other recent successes include the 2011 College Cup in men 's soccer , and four consecutive College World Series appearances by the baseball team from 2006 to 2009 . In 1994 , the university 's athletic programs won the Sears Directors Cup " all @-@ sports national championship " awarded for cumulative performance in NCAA competition . Consensus collegiate national athletes of the year from North Carolina include Rachel Dawson in field hockey ; Phil Ford , Tyler Hansbrough , Antawn Jamison , Vince Carter , James Worthy and Michael Jordan in men 's basketball ; and Mia Hamm ( twice ) , Shannon Higgins , Kristine Lilly , and Tisha Venturini in women 's soccer .
= = = Mascot and nickname = = =
The university 's teams are nicknamed the " Tar Heels , " in reference to the state 's eighteenth century prominence as a tar and pitch producer . The nickname 's cultural relevance , however , has a complex history that includes anecdotal tales from both the American Civil War and the American Revolution . The mascot is a live Dorset ram named Rameses , a tradition that dates back to 1924 , when the team manager brought a ram to the annual game against Virginia Military Institute , inspired by the play of former football player Jack " The Battering Ram " Merrit . The kicker rubbed his head for good luck before a game @-@ winning field goal , and the ram stayed . There is also an anthropomorphic ram mascot who appears at games . The modern Rameses is depicted in a sailor 's hat , a reference to a United States Navy flight training program that was attached to the university during World War II .
= = = The Carolina Way = = =
Dean Smith was widely known for his idea of " The Carolina Way " , in which he challenged his players to , " Play hard , play smart , play together . " " The Carolina Way " was an idea of excellence in the classroom , as well as on the court . In Coach Smith 's book , The Carolina Way , former player Scott Williams said , regarding Dean Smith , " Winning was very important at Carolina , and there was much pressure to win , but Coach cared more about our getting a sound education and turning into good citizens than he did about winning . "
The October 22 , 2014 release of the Wainstein Report alleging institutionalized academic fraud that involved over 3 @,@ 100 students and student athletes , over an 18 @-@ year period from 1993 to 2011 that began during the final years of the Dean Smith era , marred " The Carolina Way " image . The report alleged that at least 54 players during the Dean Smith era were enrolled in what came to be known as " paper classes . " In response to the allegations of the Wainstein report , the NCAA launched their own investigation and on June 5 , 2015 accused the institution of five major violations ( including lack of institutional control ) . Sports Illustrated has since gone on to say , " The Carolina Way " is no longer shorthand for all that is admirable and salutary in college sports . "
= = = Rivalries = = =
The South 's Oldest Rivalry between North Carolina and its first opponent , the University of Virginia , was prominent throughout the first third of the twentieth century . The 119th meeting in football between two of the top public universities in the east occurred in October 2014 .
One of the fiercest rivalries is with Durham 's Duke University . Located only eight miles from each other , the schools regularly compete in both athletics and academics . The Carolina @-@ Duke rivalry is most intense , however , in basketball . With a combined ten national championships in men 's basketball , both teams have been frequent contenders for the national championship for the past thirty years . The rivalry has been the focus of several books , including Will Blythe 's To Hate Like This Is to Be Happy Forever and was the focus of the HBO documentary Battle for Tobacco Road : Duke vs Carolina . Duke was Carolina 's biggest rival from the 1930 's until the early 1960 's , when Duke 's declining athletic program shifted Carolina 's rival focus to North Carolina State .
Carolina holds an in @-@ state rivalry with fellow Tobacco Road school , North Carolina State University . Attention shifted back to Duke following a decline in NC State 's basketball program since the mid @-@ 1970 's ( and the resurgence of Duke 's basketball program ) , but the rivalry is sometimes still considered the most bitter in the state . Combined , the two schools hold seven NCAA Championships and 27 ACC Championships in basketball . Students from each school often exchange pranks before basketball and football games .
= = = Rushing Franklin = = =
While students previously held " Beat Duke " parades on Franklin Street before sporting events , today students and sports fans have been known to spill out of bars and dormitories upon the victory of one of Carolina 's sports teams . In most cases , a Franklin Street " bonfire " celebration is due to a victory by the men 's basketball team , although other Franklin Street celebrations have stemmed from wins by the women 's basketball team and women 's soccer team . The first known student celebration on Franklin Street came after the 1957 men 's basketball team capped their perfect season with a National Championship victory over the Kansas Jayhawks . From then on , students have flooded the street after important victories . After a Final Four victory in 1981 and the men 's basketball team won the 1982 NCAA Championship , Franklin Street was painted blue by the fans who had rushed the street . This event has led local vendors to stop selling Carolina blue paint as the Tar Heels near the national championship .
= = = School colors = = =
Since the beginning of intercollegiate athletics at UNC Chapel Hill in the late nineteenth century , the school 's colors have been Carolina blue and white . The colors were chosen years before by the Dialectic ( blue ) and Philanthropic ( white ) Societies , the oldest student organization at the university . The school had required participation in one of the clubs , and traditionally the " Di " s were from the western part of North Carolina while the " Phi " s were from the eastern part of the state .
Society members would wear a blue or white ribbon at university functions , and blue or white ribbons were attached to their diplomas at graduation . On public occasions , both groups were equally represented , and eventually both colors were used by processional leaders to signify the unity of both groups as part of the university . When football became a popular collegiate sport in the 1880s , the Carolina football team adopted the light blue and white of the Di @-@ Phi Societies as the school colors .
= = = School songs = = =
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement , convocation , and athletic games are the university fight songs " I 'm a Tar Heel Born " and " Here Comes Carolina " . The fight songs are often played by the bell tower near the center of campus , as well as after major victories . " I 'm a Tar Heel Born " originated in the late 1920s as a tag to the school 's alma mater , " Hark The Sound " . " Hark the Sound " was usually played at the end of games , but as of late it has been played at the beginning of games as well .
The Institute of Folk Music at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was founded by Lamar Stringfield in 1930 , followed by the founding of the North Carolina Symphony in 1932 .
= = Student life = =
= = = Organizations and activities = = =
Most student organizations at UNC Chapel Hill are officially recognized and provided with assistance by the Carolina Union , an administrative unit of the university . Funding is derived from the student government student activity fee , which is allocated at the discretion of the student congress .
The largest student fundraiser , the UNC Chapel Hill Dance Marathon , involves thousands of students , faculty , and community members in raising funds for the North Carolina Children 's Hospital . The organization conducts fundraising and volunteer activities throughout the year and , as of 2008 , had donated $ 1 @.@ 4 million since its inception in 1999 .
The university is also noted for its Campus Y , the social justice hub on campus that houses many service and internationally focused organizations . The Campus Y was founded in 1859 , and is noted as a " leader in on @-@ campus discussion and dialogue and off @-@ campus service and activism " . The Campus Y was at the center of many progressive movements within the university , including the racial integration of the student body , the effort to improve wages and working conditions for University employees , and the establishment of the Sonja Haynes Stones Center for Black Culture and History . The Y is a collection of many UNC Chapel Hill specific and outside organizations , such as Carolina Kickoff , STAND , Nourish International , Carolina Microfinance Initiative , Homeless Outreach & Poverty Eradication ( HOPE ) , and Project Literacy .
The student @-@ run newspaper The Daily Tar Heel is ranked highly by The Princeton Review , and received the 2004 – 5 National Pacemaker Award from the Associated Collegiate Press . Founded in 1977 , WXYC 89 @.@ 3 FM is UNC Chapel Hill 's student radio station that broadcasts 24 hours a day , 365 days a year . Programming is left up to student DJs . WXYC typically plays little heard music from a wide range of genres and eras . On November 7 , 1994 , WXYC became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet . A student @-@ run television station , STV , airs on the campus cable and throughout the Chapel Hill Time Warner Cable system . Founded in 1948 as successor to the Carolina Magazine , the Carolina Quarterly , edited by graduate students , has published the works of numerous authors , including Wendell Berry , Raymond Carver , Don DeLillo , Annie Dillard , Joyce Carol Oates , and John Edgar Wideman . Works appearing in the Quarterly have been anthologized in Best American Short Stories and New Stories from the South and have won the Pushcart and O. Henry Prizes .
The Clef Hangers ( also known as the Clefs ) are the university 's oldest a cappella group , founded by Barry Saunders in 1977 . The group has since won several Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards ( CARAs ) , including Best Soloist in the song Easy , featured on the 2003 album Breeze . They have won two more CARAs for Best Male Collegiate Songs for My Love on Time Out ( 2008 ) , and for Ain 't Nothing Wrong on Twist ( 2009 ) . Members have included Brendan James , who graduated in 2002 , and Anoop Desai , who graduated in 2008 . Since the spring of 2002 , the Clef Hangers have sung each year at Commencement . They hold fall and spring concerts , sometimes featuring special guests .
The Residence Hall Association , the school 's third @-@ largest student @-@ run organization , is dedicated to enhancing the experience of students living in residence halls . This includes putting on social , educational , and philanthropic programs for residents ; recognizing outstanding residents and members ; and helping residents develop into successful leaders . The organization is run by 8 student executive officers ; 16 student governors that represent each residence hall community ; and numerous community government members . RHA is the campus organization of NACURH , the largest student organization in the world . In 2010 the organization won the national RHA Building Block Award , which is awarded to the school with the most improved RHA organization .
The athletic teams at the university are supported by the Marching Tar Heels , the university 's marching band . The entire 275 @-@ member volunteer band is present at every home football game , and smaller pep bands play at all home basketball games . Each member of the band is also required to play in at least one of five pep bands that play at athletic events of the 26 other sports .
UNC Chapel Hill has a regional theater company in residence , the Playmakers Repertory Company , and hosts regular dance , drama , and music performances on campus . The school has an outdoor stone amphitheatre known as Forest Theatre used for weddings and drama productions . Forest Theatre is dedicated to Professor Frederick Koch , the founder of the Carolina Playmakers and the father American folk drama .
Many fraternities and sororities on campus belong to the National Panhellenic Conference ( NPC ) , Interfraternity Council ( IFC ) , Greek Alliance Council , and National Pan @-@ Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) . As of spring 2010 , eighteen percent of undergraduates were Greek ( 1146 men and 1693 women out of 17 @,@ 160 total ) . The total number of community service hours completed for the 2010 spring semester by fraternities and sororities was 51 @,@ 819 hours ( average of 31 hours / person ) . UNC Chapel Hill also offers professional and service fraternities that do not have houses but are still recognized by the school . Some of the campus honor societies include : the Order of the Golden Fleece , the Order of the Grail @-@ Valkyries , the Order of the Old Well , the Order of the Bell Tower , and the Frank Porter Graham Honor Society .
Student government at Carolina is composed of an executive branch headed by the student body president , a legislative branch composed of a student @-@ elected student congress , and a judicial branch which includes the honor court and student supreme court . The Judicial Reform Committee created the Instrument of Student Judicial Governance , which outlined the current Honor Code and its means for enforcement in 1974 . Currently , Carolina boasts one of the only student @-@ run judicial systems in the nation . All academic and most conduct violations are handled by the student @-@ run Honor System . Prior to that time , the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies along with other campus organizations supported student concerns .
= = = Dining = = =
Lenoir Dining Hall was completed in 1939 and opened for service to students when they returned from Christmas holidays in January 1940 . The building was named for General William Lenoir , first chairman of the Board of Trustees of the university in 1790 . The new Rams Head Dining Hall seats 1 @,@ 300 people and has a capacity for serving 10 @,@ 000 meals per day . It has one large dining area , two medium size dining areas , food service staff offices , kitchen , food preparation areas , storage and a Starbucks coffee shop .
Rams Head Dining Center was opened to the students in March 2005 . It includes the Rams Head Dining Hall , Starbucks , and the Rams Head Market . It was opened to offer more food service options to the students living on south campus . In addition the dining hall 's hours were extended to include the 9 pm – 12 am period , a time referred to as " Late Night " by students .
= = = Housing = = =
On campus , the Department of Housing and Residential Education manages thirty @-@ two residence halls , grouped into thirteen communities . These communities range from Olde Campus Upper Quad Community which includes Old East Residence Hall , the oldest building of the university , to modern communities such as Manning West , completed in 2002 . In addition to residence halls , the university oversees an additional eight apartment complexes organized into three communities , Ram Village , Odum Village , and Baity Hill Student Family Housing . Along with themed housing focusing on foreign languages and substance @-@ free living , there are also " living @-@ learning communities " which have been formed for specific social , gender @-@ related , or academic needs . An example is UNITAS , sponsored by the Department of Anthropology , where residents are assigned roommates on the basis of cultural or racial differences rather than similarities . Three apartment complexes offer housing for families , graduate students , and some upperclassmen . Along with the rest of campus , all residence halls , apartments , and their surrounding grounds are smoke @-@ free . As of 2008 , 46 % of all undergraduates live in university @-@ provided housing .
= = Alumni = =
With over 300 @,@ 000 living former students , North Carolina has one of the largest and most active alumni groups in America . Many Tar Heels have attained local , national , and international prominence . James K. Polk served as President of the United States for a single term , William R. King was the thirteenth Vice President of the United States . North Carolina has produced many United States Senators including Paul Wellstone and Thomas Lanier Clingman , along with multiple House Representatives such as Virginia Foxx and Ike Franklin Andrews . Algenon L. Marbley and Thomas Settle have received positions of federal judgeship . Former Secretary of War and Secretary of the Army Kenneth Claiborne Royall and the fifth White House Press Secretary Jonathan W. Daniels were graduates of North Carolina . Peaches Golding was appointed by HM Queen Elizabeth II as High Sheriff of the City and County of Bristol 2010 @-@ 2011 , the first Black female High Sheriff and second only black High Sheriff in over 1 @,@ 000 years .
Tar Heels have also made a mark on pop culture . Andy Griffith and John Forsythe became successful actors . Stuart Scott , Woody Durham , and Mick Mixon have become sportscasters . Civil War historian and writer Shelby Foote , sportswriter Peter Gammons , and Pulitzer Prize winner Lenoir Chambers all graduated from North Carolina . Other notable writers who have attended UNC Chapel Hill include Thomas Wolfe , who has a memorial on campus ; National Book Award winners Walker Percy , Hayden Carruth , and Charles Frazier ; Dos Passos Prize winner Russell Banks ; National Book Critics Circle Award winner Ben Fountain ; Pulitzer Prize finalist Lydia Millet ; New Yorker columnist Joseph Mitchell ; National Geographic writer John Patric ; Armistead Maupin ; and the notable poets Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Bollingen Prize winner Edgar Bowers.Television journalist Charles Kuralt , honored with three Peabody Awards , is a UNC Chapel Hill graduate . Three @-@ time Pulitzer Prize winner , political cartoonist Jeff MacNelly graduated from Carolina . Caleb Bradham , the inventor of the popular soft drink Pepsi @-@ Cola , was a member of the Philanthropic Society and the class of 1890 .
Tar Heels have made their mark on the basketball court with Southern Methodist University head coach Larry Brown , title winning coach Roy Williams , Los Angeles Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak , college player of the year award winners George Glamack , Lennie Rosenbluth , Antawn Jamison , and Tyler Hansbrough , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Michael Jordan , Billy Cunningham , and Robert McAdoo , great defender Bobby Jones , and NBA All @-@ Star Vince Carter . Other notable Tar Heels include football players Lawrence Taylor and Dré Bly , soccer stars Mia Hamm , Ashlyn Harris , Heather O 'Reilly , Meghan Klingenberg , Whitney Engen , Allie Long , Lori Chalupny and Tobin Heath , baseball standouts Dustin Ackley and B.J. Surhoff , and Olympians April Heinrichs and Vikas Gowda .
Many Tar Heels have become business leaders . The leaders include Jason Kilar , former CEO of Hulu ; Howard R. Levine , chairman of the board and CEO of Family Dollar ; Paul Kolton , chairman of the American Stock Exchange ; Julian Robertson , founder of Tiger Management Corp. ; Bill Ruger , founder of Sturm , Ruger ; Warren Grice Elliott , former president of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad ; Allen B. Morgan , Jr . , founder and former CEO of Morgan Keegan & Company ; Ken Thompson , former chairman and CEO of Wachovia ; Hugh McColl , former CEO of Bank of America ; Sallie Krawcheck , former CFO of Citigroup Inc. and William Johnson , the current president and CEO of Progress Energy , and John A. Allison IV , former CEO of BB & T.
= = Criticism = =
= = = UNC tuition increase = = =
In July 2011 , the public universities in North Carolina had to share a budget cut of $ 414 million , of which the Chapel Hill campus lost more than $ 100 million in 2011 . This followed state budget cuts that trimmed university spending by $ 231million since 2007 ; Provost Bruce Carney said more than 130 faculty members have left UNC since 2009 . , with poor staff retention .
On November 17 , 2011 , the Board of Trustees for UNC @-@ CH recommended a 15 @.@ 6 percent increase in tuition tuition increase , a historically larges increase . The budget cuts in 2011 greatly affected the university and set this increased tuition plan in motion
UNC students angrily protested on November 17 , with the slogan " Strike the Hikes " . They believe that the university should dip into its $ 2 @.@ 2 billion endowment , but UNC officials noted that they endowments are restricted for specific uses , such as scholarships and other financial aid . Mary Cooper ( Student Body President ) , the lone student representative , was the only trustee to vote against the proposal .
On February 10 , 2012 , the UNC Board of Governors approved tuition and fee increases of 8 @.@ 8 percent for in @-@ state undergraduates across all 16 campuses
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= Ames Project =
The Ames Project was a research and development project that was part of the larger Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs during World War II . It was founded by Frank Spedding from Iowa State College in Ames , Iowa as an offshoot of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago devoted to chemistry and metallurgy , but became a separate project in its own right . The Ames Project developed the Ames Process , a method for preparing pure uranium metal that the Manhattan Project needed for its atomic bombs and nuclear reactors . Between 1942 and 1945 , it produced over 1 @,@ 000 short tons ( 910 t ) of uranium metal . It also developed methods of preparing and casting thorium , cerium and beryllium . In October 1945 Iowa State College received the Army @-@ Navy " E " Award for Excellence in Production , an award usually only given to industrial organisations . In 1947 it became the Ames Laboratory , a national laboratory under the Atomic Energy Commission .
= = Background = =
The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 , followed by that of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation ( and naming ) by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch soon after , opened up the possibility of a controlled nuclear chain reaction with uranium . On 20 December , soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II , the Nobel Prize @-@ winning physicist Arthur H. Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project , objective of which was to produce reactors to convert uranium into plutonium , to find ways to chemically separate plutonium from the uranium , and ultimately to design and build an atomic bomb . This became the Manhattan Project . Although a successful reactor had not yet been built , the scientists had already produced several different but promising design concepts .
Compton established its Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in February 1942 . Its mission was to build nuclear reactors to create plutonium that would be used in atomic bombs . For advice on assembling the laboratory 's Chemistry Division , Compton , a physicist , turned to Herbert McCoy , who had considerable experience with isotopes and radioactive elements . McCoy recommended Frank Spedding from Iowa State College in Ames , Iowa , as an expert on the rare earth elements , which were chemically similar to the actinide series that included uranium and plutonium . Compton asked Spedding to become the head of the Metallurgical Laboratory 's Chemistry Division .
Due to lack of space at the University of Chicago , Spedding proposed to organise part of the Chemistry Division at Iowa State College , where he had colleagues who were willing to help . It was agreed that Spedding would spend half of each week in Ames , and half in Chicago . The intention was that staff at Ames would eventually move to Chicago when space became available , but this never happened . The success of the Ames Project ensured that it became a separate laboratory within the Manhattan Project .
= = Organization = =
Spedding started by recruiting two fellow scientists at Iowa State College to become his associate directors ; Harley A. Wilhelm , an expert in spectrochemistry , as the head of the Ames Project 's Metallurgy Division , and Iral B. Johns as the head of the Plutonium Division . Under them were eight section chiefs . The Ames Project grew to over 90 scientific staff . The total number of staff eventually exceeded 500 . Senior staff would meet on Sunday mornings to review the previous week 's work and set goals for the week ahead , a process that came to be called " Speddinars " . At first Spedding had to depart for Chicago soon after the meeting , but in early 1943 he was succeeded as head of the chemistry division at the Metallurgical Laboratory by James Franck , allowing Spedding to spend more times at Ames . He remained an associate director at the Metallurgical Laboratory .
Spedding was fortunate in having the full support of Charles E. Friley , the president of Iowa State College , even though the nature of the work could not at first be disclosed to him until security checks were complete . Once this was complete , Friley brought in Harold V. Gaskill , the Dean of Science , as the Ames Project 's administrator . The United States Army Corps of Engineers took control of the Manhattan Project in June 1942 , and the Ames Project in late 1942 .
= = Uranium = =
= = = Ames Process = = =
The first item on the agenda was to find uranium for the nuclear reactor that Enrico Fermi was proposing to build . Uranium ore was readily available . Some 1 @,@ 200 short tons ( 1 @,@ 100 t ) of high @-@ grade ore from the Belgian Congo was in storage in a warehouse at Port Richmond on Staten Island . About 300 short tons ( 270 t ) per annum was being mined at the Eldorado Mine at Port Radium on the Great Bear Lake near the Arctic Circle in Canada 's Northwest Territories . The Eldorado company also operated a refinery at Port Hope , Ontario , where Canadian and Belgian ore was refined . The Manhattan Project 's estimated requirements for 1942 were 200 short tons ( 180 t ) , of which Compton required just 45 short tons ( 41 t ) for his proposed nuclear reactor .
The major problem was impurities in the uranium oxide , which could act as neutron poisons and prevent a nuclear chain reaction . Due to the presence of impurities , references published before 1942 typically listed its melting point at around 1 @,@ 700 ° C ( 3 @,@ 090 ° F ) when pure uranium metal actually melts at 1 @,@ 132 ° C ( 2 @,@ 070 ° F ) . Peter P. Alexander , at Metal Hybrides Incorporated , gave in 1938 the first indications that the melting point of uranium was " as low as 1 @,@ 100 ° C ( 2 @,@ 010 ° F ) and even somewhat lower " .
The most effective way to purify uranium oxide in a laboratory was to take advantage of the fact that uranium nitrate is soluble in ether . Scaling this process up for industrial production was a dangerous proposition ; ether was explosive , and a factory using large quantities was likely to blow up or burn down . Compton and Spedding turned to Mallinckrodt in Saint Louis , Missouri , which had experience with ether . Spedding went over the details with Mallinckrodt 's chemical engineers , Henry V. Farr and John R. Ruhoff , on 17 April 1942 . Within a few months , sixty tons of highly pure uranium oxide was produced .
The only uranium metal available commercially was produced by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company , using a photochemical process . Uranium oxide was reacted with potassium fluoride in large vats on the roof of Westinghouse 's plant in Bloomfield , New Jersey . This produced ingots the size of a quarter that were sold for around $ 20 per gram . But Edward Creutz , the head of the Metallurgical Laboratory 's group responsible for fabricating the uranium , wanted a metal sphere the size of an orange for his experiments . With Westinghouse 's process , it would have cost $ 200 @,@ 000 and taken a year to produce . The hydride or " hydramet " process , developed by Peter P. Alexander used calcium hydride as the reducing agent for the conversion of uranium ore to metal . By this means the Metal Hydrides plant in Beverly , Massachusetts , managed to produce a few pounds of uranium metal . Unfortunately , the calcium hydride contained unacceptable amounts of boron , a neutron poison , making the metal unsuitable for use in a reactor . Some months would pass before Clement J. Rodden from the National Bureau of Standards and Union Carbide figured out a means to produce sufficiently pure calcium hydride .
Spedding and Wilhelm began looking for ways to create the uranium metal . At the time , it was produced in the form of a powder , and was highly pyrophoric . It could be pressed and sintered and stored in cans , but to be useful , it needed to be melted and cast . Casting presented difficulty because uranium corroded crucibles of beryllium , magnesia and graphite . To produce uranium metal , they tried reducing uranium oxide with hydrogen , but this did not work . While most of the neighboring elements on the periodic table can be reduced to form pure metal and slag , uranium did not behave this way . In June 1942 they then tried reducing the uranium with carbon in a hydrogen atmosphere , with only moderate success . They then tried aluminum , magnesium and calcium , all of which were unsuccessful . The following month the Ames team found that molten uranium could be cast in a graphite container . Although graphite was known to react with uranium , this could be managed because the carbide formed only where the two touched .
Around this time , someone from the Manhattan Project 's Berkeley Radiation Laboratory brought a 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) cube of uranium tetrafluoride — the uranium compound being used in the calutrons — to the Metallurgical Laboratory to discuss the possibility of using it rather than uranium oxide in the reactor . Spedding began wondering whether it would be possible to produce uranium metal from this salt , bypassing the problems with oxygen . He took the cube back to Ames , and asked Wilhelm to investigate . The task was assigned to an associate , Wayne H. Keller . He investigated a process ( now known as the Ames process ) originally developed by J. C. Goggins and others at the University of New Hampshire in 1926 . This involved mixing uranium tetrachloride and calcium metal in a calcium oxide @-@ lined steel pressure vessel ( known as a " bomb " ) and heating it . Keller was able to reproduce Goggin 's results on 3 August 1942 , creating a 20 @-@ gram ( 0 @.@ 71 oz ) button of very pure uranium metal . The process was then scaled up . By September , bombs were being prepared in a 4 @-@ inch ( 10 cm ) steel pipes 15 inches ( 38 cm ) long , lined with lime to prevent corrosion , and containing up to 3 kilograms ( 6 @.@ 6 lb ) of uranium tetrafluoride . C. F. Gray took these ingots and cast them into a 4 @,@ 980 @-@ gram ( 10 @.@ 98 lb ) 5 @-@ by @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 12 @.@ 7 by 5 @.@ 1 cm ) billet of pure uranium .
= = = Production = = =
On 24 September 1942 , Wilhelm took the ingot to Spedding at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and presented it to Compton , whose first reaction was of disbelief . He thought it must be hollow . Spedding had the ingot cut open . It was not hollow . A few days later , the Metallurgical Laboratory 's director , Richard L. Doan , went to Ames , where he drew up an Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) contract for the Ames Project to produce 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of pure uranium metal a day . This would be a pilot plant , with the process eventually being transferred to industry . The OSRD contract was superseded by a Manhattan Project contract in November 1942 . The initial contract was for $ 50 @,@ 000 . By 31 December 1945 , the face value of contracts let to the Ames Project totalled $ 6 @,@ 907 @,@ 000 ; but the work was carried out for $ 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 .
Spedding and Wilhelm found an old wooden building on the southeastern edge of the campus . It had been a home economics building until 1926 , and then had served as a women 's gymnasium until a new one was built in 1941 ; by 1942 it was mainly used for storage . The building was handed over to the Ames Project , and the wooden floor replaced with a concrete one , much to the disappointment of the university architect , who had been trying for some years to get the place torn down . The building officially became known as the Physical Chemistry Annex ; local people called it " Little Ankeny " , after the nearby town of Ankeny , Iowa , where there was an ordnance plant . Looking for machine tools , Wilhelm found a machine shop for sale in Ames . The owner , Bill Maitland , had once made gardening tools , but could no longer obtain the metal he needed due to wartime rationing . Wilhelm bought it for $ 8 @,@ 000 . The Metallurgical Laboratory supplied two large 40 @,@ 000 W reduction furnaces .
The Ames Project supplied two tons of uranium metal to the Metallurgical Laboratory for the construction of Chicago Pile @-@ 1 , the world 's first nuclear reactor , which achieved criticality on 2 December 1942 . The Ames Project would later supply over 90 percent of the uranium for the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The Ames Project was producing a ton of highly pure uranium metal a day . Production rose from 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) per day in December 1942 to 550 pounds ( 250 kg ) per day by the middle of January .
For production , the process was changed to use magnesium instead of calcium ; magnesium was cheaper , more readily available , and purer . But it was also harder to start the reaction with magnesium than calcium , requiring more heating . The uranium tetrafluoride , known as green salt because of its characteristic color , was supplied by Mallinckrodt , DuPont and Harshaw Chemical , and was ground up on arrival , as was the magnesium . Bombs were normally 6 @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) pipes , 36 @-@ inch ( 91 cm ) long , although 10 @-@ inch ( 25 cm ) , 42 @-@ inch ( 110 cm ) long pipes could be used to produce 125 @-@ pound ( 57 kg ) ingots . They were heated to 650 ° C ( 1 @,@ 202 ° F ) for 40 to 60 minutes , after which the mixture spontaneously reacted , reaching temperatures of 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 000 ° C ( 2 @,@ 730 to 3 @,@ 630 ° F ) . A microphone was used to detect the ignition , and the bomb would be moved to a spray chamber to cool . If everything worked , uranium metal biscuit and magnesium fluoride slag would be produced . After the bomb cooled , it would be opened and hammered until the two separated . The resulting biscuit would be stamped , and sent off to be cast .
Casting re @-@ shaped the uranium into ingots and removed impurities . The metal biscuits were melted in a graphite crucible and poured into a mold . This produced rods between 1 @.@ 5 and 5 @.@ 0 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 and 12 @.@ 7 cm ) in diameter and 20 to 30 inches ( 51 to 76 cm ) long . The rods were stamped with a number and placed in wooden boxes for shipping to the Metallurgical Laboratory . From there they were sent to the Oak Ridge or the Hanford Site . By July 1943 , the Ames Project was producing 130 @,@ 000 pounds ( 59 @,@ 000 kg ) of uranium metal per month . The cost of a pound of uranium metal fell from $ 1 @,@ 000 to around one dollar . Starting in July 1943 , Mallinckrodt , Electromet , and DuPont began producing uranium by the Ames process , and Ames phased out its own production by early 1945 .
The Ames Project began a program of recovering uranium metal from scrap . A new building , known as Physical Chemistry Annex 2 , was constructed for the purpose in 1944 . Uranium turnings were washed , dried , passed through a magnet to remove iron impurities , and pressed into briquettes . They were then send to be remelted . The job was handed over to Metal Hydrides and a recovery plant at the Hanford Site in December 1945 , by which time the Ames Project had recovered 600 @,@ 000 pounds ( 270 t ) of scrap metal . In all , the Ames Project produced over 1 @,@ 000 short tons ( 910 t ) of uranium metal . All production ceased on 5 August 1945 , as did that at Metal Hydrides and DuPont , leaving Mallinckrodt as the only producer of uranium metal in the early post @-@ war period .
= = Other metals = =
Beginning in 1942 , along with uranium production operations , the Ames Project conducted a variety of metallurgical research related to the separation and purification of thorium , beryllium and rare earth metals , such as cerium .
= = = Thorium = = =
In 1942 , Glenn T. Seaborg established that when thorium was bombarded with neutrons , it could be transformed into fissile uranium @-@ 233 . This was another possible route to an atomic bomb , especially if it turned out that uranium @-@ 233 could be more easily separated from thorium than plutonium from uranium . It was not pursued further because uranium @-@ 233 production would have required a complete redesign of the Hanford reactors ; but in April 1944 the Metallurgical Laboratory 's Thorfin R. Rogness calculated that a nuclear reactor containing thorium could produce enough uranium @-@ 233 to sustain its reaction without adding anything but more thorium . This was very interesting , because at the time it was thought that uranium might be scarce , whereas thorium was at least ten times more plentiful .
In July and August 1943 , the Ames Project attempted to create thorium metal using something similar to the Ames Process . This was unsuccessful , because thorium has a much higher melting point than uranium . Efforts continued into 1944 , and it was found that with a zinc chloride booster they could produce a zinc @-@ thorium alloy . Heating to 1 @,@ 300 ° C ( 2 @,@ 370 ° F ) in a graphite crucible could then melt the zinc , which could be drawn off . This left the thorium , which was cast into 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) ingots in beryllia crucibles . Some 4 @,@ 500 pounds ( 2 @,@ 000 kg ) was produced by 31 December 1945 . Thorium sold for $ 3 a gram before the war ; by its end , the Ames Project was producing it for less than 5 ¢ a gram .
= = = Beryllium = = =
Beryllium was used by the Manhattan Project as a neutron reflector , and as a component of modulated neutron initiators . Only one firm produced it commercially in the United States , Brush Beryllium in Lorain , Ohio . The Ames Project began working on a production process in December 1943 , reducing beryllium fluoride in a bomb with metallic magnesium and a sulphur booster . The main difficulty with working with beryllium was its high toxicity . A closed bomb was used to minimise the possibility of producing toxic beryllium dust . The process worked , but the high temperatures and pressures created by the magnesium sulphide meant that it was potentially explosive . An alternative was then developed using beryllium fluoride in a bomb with metallic calcium and a lead chloride booster . The metal was cast in a vacuum . Research was still ongoing when the war ended .
= = = Cerium = = =
In mid @-@ 1944 , the Ames Project was asked to produce cerium . This was being used by the laboratories at Berkeley and Los Alamos for cerium sulphide , which was used in crucibles to cast plutonium . Again , the bomb method was used , this time to reduce anhydrous cerium chloride with calcium using an iodine booster . A special " dry room " was constructed for drying out the cerium chloride using hydrogen chloride gas . The resulting metal contained calcium and magnesium impurity , so it had to be recast to remove them . The opportunity was taken to make it into 0 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 19 mm ) diameter rods 4 inches ( 100 mm ) long , the desired shape . Because cerium is so reactive , the remelting was done in a vacuum , using a calcium oxide or magnesium oxide crucible . The first shipment of cerium metal was made in August 1944 . The Ames Laboratory produced 437 pounds ( 198 kg ) of extremely ( more than 99 % ) pure cerium by August 1945 , when production ended .
= = Alloys = =
Since uranium metal had been so scarce before the war , little was known about its metallurgy , but with uranium being used in the reactors , the Manhattan Project became keenly interested in its properties . In particular , with water being used for cooling , there was speculation about alloys with high thermal conductivity and resistance to corrosion . The Ames Project produced and tested uranium carbide , which had a potential to be used as a fuel in reactors instead of metallic uranium . So too was bismuth , because of its low neutron capture cross section , so the Ames Project produced and tested uranium @-@ bismuth alloys .
At one point a proposal was on the table to protect the uranium in a reactor from corrosion by jacketing it with copper . The Ames Project therefore studied uranium @-@ copper alloys , which would occur at the interface . In practice , the uranium was canned in aluminum ; this too was studied , as were alloys with tin , which was used to solder the cans . Tests were also carried out with alloys of uranium with beryllium , calcium , cobalt , magnesium , manganese and thorium , which were being produced or in use elsewhere in the Ames Project . Attempts were made to separate plutonium from uranium through metallurgy , exploiting plutonium 's greater affinity with gold and silver , but the Manhattan Project chose to use the Bismuth phosphate process , a chemical separation method , instead .
The Ames Project also studied thorium , alloying it with bismuth , carbon , chromium , iron , manganese , molybdenum , nickel , oxygen , tin , tungsten and uranium , and alloyed beryllium with bismuth , lead , thorium , uranium and zinc .
= = Chemistry = =
The chemistry of uranium was the focus of multiple studies by the Ames Project . The properties of the various uranium oxides and uranium hydride were investigated . The latter of was particular interest because at one point the Los Alamos Laboratory considered using it in an atomic bomb instead of metallic uranium , but the idea was found to be inefficient , and was shelved . A process was developed to recovery depleted uranium metal from the uranium tetrafluoride left over from the electromagnetic isotope separation process and uranium hexafluoride left over from the gaseous diffusion process . This was operated as a pilot plant that produced kilogram quantities , before being turned over to the Manhattan Project 's SAM Laboratories for implementation on an industrial scale at Oak Ridge .
If the chemistry and metallurgy of uranium was poorly understood , that of plutonium was practically unknown , as it had only existed in microscopic amounts . Samples began arriving from the reactors in 1943 , and although the locus of the Manhattan Project 's investigations into plutonium chemistry was at the Metallurgical Laboratory , the Ames Project investigated methods of separating plutonium metal from uranium and fission products .
= = Post @-@ war = =
Major General Leslie R. Groves Jr . , the director of the Manhattan Project , visited Iowa State College on 12 October 1945 , and presented the Army @-@ Navy " E " Award for Excellence in Production for its part in producing uranium for the Manhattan Project . It was unprecedented for a college or university to receive this award , which was usually given to industrial organisations . The award came in the form of a banner sporting four white stars , representing two and a half years of service to the war effort . As of 2011 , the award was on display at Iowa State University in Spedding Hall .
The Iowa State Board of Education created the Institute of Atomic Research ( IAR ) as a coordinating body for research throughout the Midwestern United States on 1 November 1945 , with Spedding as its director . The Manhattan Project continued to fund the activities of the Ames Project , but with the passage of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , responsibility passed to the newly @-@ created Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) on 1 January 1947 .
On 17 May 1947 , the AEC awarded the contract to run the Ames Laboratory , which now had the status of a national laboratory , to Iowa State College . The laboratory remained on the Iowa State College campus , and its faculty and graduate students made up most the staff . Spedding remained its director until he retired in 1968 . Administration was delegated to IAR . Permanent buildings were constructed that were opened in 1948 and 1950 , and subsequently named Wilhelm Hall and Spedding Hall . The Ames Laboratory retained a focus on chemistry and metallurgy , particularly of the rare earth metals .
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= Vildanden ( airline ) =
Vildanden AS ( " The Wild Duck " ) was a virtual , regional airline based at Skien Airport , Geiteryggen in Norway , where it was the only airline . With operations starting in 2005 , it flew to Bergen , Trondheim and Stavanger using a Jetstream 32 and an ATR 42 , which is wet leased from Danish Air Transport ( DAT ) and Helitrans . Previously , the airline has also served Stockholm and Molde , and has also operated Saab 340 aircraft , operated by Coast Air , Air Aurora and Avitrans . The airline hadbeen in conflict with Coast Air about terminating the wet lease agreement . The company has had to be bailed out several times , including by the municipality , until it managed to make its first profit in 2009 . It ceased operations and filed for bankruptcy in January 2011 .
= = Operation = =
The airline was based at Skien Airport , Geiteryggen . It provides twenty weekly trips to Bergen and weekly trips to Stavanger . In 2009 , 50 @,@ 000 people traveled with Vildanden . The company has one ATR 42 , which seats 48 passengers and is operated by Danish Air Transport , and one Jetstream 32 , which seats 19 and is operated by Helitrans . The airline used Sandefjord Airport , Torp as its reserve airport in case of bad weather . The airline is named after the play The Wild Duck ( Norwegian : Vildanden ) written by Henrik Ibsen , who was born in Skien . The slogan " The shortest path between Ibsen and Grieg " is a pun on the Bergen composer Edvard Grieg 's and Ibsen 's names . The largest owner is Magne Forland , who owns 70 % .
= = Destinations = =
The following list shows all current and former destinations , including the city served , the country , the airport ( with IATA airport codes and ICAO airport codes ) , and the begin and end year of the service .
= = History = =
= = = Establishment = = =
Vildanden was founded on 23 November 2004 by 18 local investors who wanted to start commercial scheduled flights from Skien Airport , Geiteryggen . For a long period , there had been a public debate about closing the airport . Owned by the municipality , the airport was receiving annual subsidies of NOK 2 @.@ 5 million from the municipality , and NOK 3 @.@ 8 million from the state . It was decided to operate Vildanden as a virtual airline ( one that owns none of its equipment , leasing everything from others ) , and wet lease operations from other companies . Initial plans had been started in 2003 to cooperate with Dutch airline Denim Air , with a 50 @-@ seater aircraft , but these plans did not work out .
In October 2004 , a contract was signed with Haugesund @-@ based Coast Air , who would operate Jetstream 31 aircraft between Skien and Bergen . The owner of Coast Air , Kystfly , also bought 20 % of Vildanden . Coast Air had previously operated routes from Skien to Western Norway , but had withdrawn in 1999 . Following the announcement from Vildanden and Coast Air , the municipality decided to not close the airport , and cover the estimated NOK 300 @,@ 000 annual deficit , as well as upgrade the control tower for NOK 700 @,@ 000 . The airport had been closed since 2002 , following the increased domestic and international traffic from near @-@ by Sandefjord Airport , Torp .
Initial service would have 16 weekly departures to Bergen Airport , Flesland . The main market segment is the offshore petroleum industry , and the departure times were designed to mesh with helicopter routes to offshore installations . The company estimated that one @-@ quarter of travellers would be people commuting to the North Sea . Norsk Hydro , who have a lot of employees in the Grenland area , stated that they could not start using Vildanden because they had an agreement with SAS Braathens ' services from Sandefjord . The first scheduled service flew on 24 January 2005 , carrying eight passengers . This first month , 972 passengers took the plane , and Vildanden announced that they would try to also start a route to Stavanger Airport , Sola , as well as potentially to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen .
= = = DAT in , Coast Air out = = =
On 19 April , a new Jetstream 32 aircraft was taken into service . This allowed capacity to increase from 12 to 19 passengers , and at the same time travel time was reduced from 47 to 39 minutes . By September , the most popular departures were being booked full , and Vildanden asked Coast Air for a larger aircraft , with about 30 seats . In addition to allowing more passengers , larger planes would give higher comfort , and allow a more flexible ticket pricing scheme . An agreement with Danish Air Transport ( DAT ) to operate an ATR 42 , with a capacity of 48 seats , was signed in mid @-@ October .
To be able to breach the agreement with Coast Air — who still had a wet leasing contract , but were not able to put into operation a larger aircraft — the company Skien Lufttransport AS was created , and it purchased all the revenue and passenger rights from Vildanden . At the same time , it became the legal counterpart for DAT . The new aircraft was put into service on 31 October , branded with the Vildanden logo . Coast Air chose to continue operating the route between Bergen and Skien in their own name , and used the same aircraft and slot times . At Skien Airport , the Vildanden passengers were given the choice between Coast Air and Vildanden , and all nineteen chose Vildanden . On the return flight , three passengers chose each airline . Both aircraft flew to Skien , but due to heavy rain , only the aircraft from DAT was able to land . The passengers who had taken the Coast Air aircraft , were forced to land at Sandefjord Airport instead .
The following day , Coast Air terminated their flights , but stated that they still had an agreement with Vildanden . Skien Lufttransport on their hand stated that Vildanden was now a sleeping company , and that the contract therefore was terminated . Both companies considered the incident a legal matter . In December , the two companies settled outside court .
At the same time , the municipal council was considering the future of the airport . The city engineer estimated it would need a subsidy of NOK 2 million in 2006 , and the politicians , who wanted the airport to run without subsidies , demanded that Vildanden guarantee for the deficit . This was rejected by Vildanden — on the contrary , the company was in dire need for more capital , and issued a private placement for NOK 4 million in December 2005 . The company had since the start been losing money , and needed extra capital to get through the rough until it could make an operating profit . After the placement , 15 % of the company was owned by DAT , while Coast Air sold their shares . In 2005 , Vildanden had a revenue of NOK 15 million .
= = = More operators = = =
During 2006 , the ridership increased , and Vildanden started becoming more aggressive against Widerøe , which was flying to Bergen from Sandefjord Airport . Vildanden stated that they aimed to outperform Widerøe on price to Bergen . The ATR @-@ 42 turned out to be too large ; from 1 July , operations was taken over by the Czech company Air Aurora , with a smaller 30 @-@ seater Saab 340 . This reduced the monthly leasing costs from NOK 700 @,@ 000 to NOK 550 @,@ 000 . DAT remained responsible for the booking system .
In October , an agreement was signed with the Avitrans of Sweden to take over operations . This also included a second aircraft , so the airline could start operations to Stavanger and Molde in 2007 . From 18 March , Vildanden also started three weekly departures from Skien to Stockholm @-@ Skavsta Airport . The route was necessary to transport personnel from Avitrans ' hub at Bromma to Skien .
= = = Troubled times = = =
By October 2007 , Vildanden was in severe financial distress . An agreement was made with the municipal council , where the latter gave a credit loan to the airline . The route to Molde had given large deficits , and the company was forced to close it down . NOK 2 @.@ 3 million , equal to the airlines debt to the airport , was granted to the municipal @-@ owned airport operator , and the company allowed to make an agreement where half the debt was deleted , and the other half made interest and principal @-@ free for two years . At the same time , the management of Vildanden had to raise new capital equal to at least half the companies accounts payable , which was NOK 8 million . The case raised local debate about whether it was the municipality 's job to subsidize the airport and the airline . The Federation of Norwegian Aviation Industries announced that they would consider reporting the subsidies to the EFTA Surveillance Authority ( ESA ) for violation of the European Community competition law .
The fiscal year 2007 gave a revenue of NOK 61 million , and a deficit of NOK 13 million . During the airport strike in May 2008 — which closed Bergen Airport — Vildanden had full planes since they could land them on the short runway at near @-@ by Stord Airport , Sørstokken . In 2008 , 50 @,@ 000 people used Skien Airport , most of whom flew with Vildanden .
On 19 June 2008 , the municipal council voted to not give further subsidies to the airport . Upgrades for NOK 8 million were needed to meed safety standard . The airport operator had debt of NOK 12 million , and no realizeable assets . Vildanden was under certain conditions willing to pay some of the capital needed to perform the upgrades . The municipal council changed their opinion and voted — with a single decisive vote — to keep the airport running in July . The financial risk would be taken over by the municipal @-@ owned Kontorbygg , who operate a range of offices and commercial buildings in Skien . The proposal was supported by the right @-@ winged parties , and opposed by the socialist parties , as well as the chair of Kontorbygg . As a response , the Federation of Norwegian Aviation Industries reported the municipality to ESA , and demanded that NOK 20 million in illegal subsidies be repaid by Vildanden and the airport operator .
The company had a loss of NOK 3 @.@ 4 million in 2008 . In April 2009 , Vildanden terminated its agreement with Aviatrans with the intention of using larger aircraft . In July , an agreement was made with DAT to operate an ATR @-@ 42 on the Bergen route . From 1 August , the Stockholm route was terminated . The company stated that they had been considering having a stop @-@ over at Moss Airport , Rygge on the Stockholm flights , but instead decided to terminate the route .
During the winter of 2008 – 09 , Vildanden was forced to land at Sandefjord Airport 50 times due to weather closing Geiteryggen . In March , Widerøe started a marketing campaign to attract people from Grenland to use their routes at Torp . Local Liberal Party politician Gustav Søvde stated that he was opposed to Widerøe advertising in the Telemark press for their services . At the same time , Asbjørn Anthonisen , previous chief of operations in Malmö Aviation , was hired as new CEO .
Magne Forland increased his ownership in the company to 70 % in August , after he had previously given NOK 10 @.@ 5 million in interest @-@ free loans to the company . On 11 November 2009 , the German pilots on a flight from Skien to Bergen announced that only 28 of the passengers , without baggage , could take the ride . The reason was bad weather , which was described as " normal Norwegian rain " by the airline afterwards . This caused several commuters to miss their connecting flights on helicopters to offshore installations . The airline later stated that it was caused by the pilots not being aware of the safety equipment installed at Geiteryggen .
In December 2009 , Vildanden announced it plans to operate routes to Trondheim Airport , Værnes , but lacks financial maneuverability to commence operations . By October 2009 , Vildanden owed Kontorbygg , the operator of Geiteryggen , NOK 1 @.@ 5 million in airport fees . Kontorbygg stated that if Vildanden did not pay , the airport would have to file for bankruptcy . Innovation Norway rejected to give Vildanden a loan for NOK 3 @.@ 5 million in December 2009 . Kontorbygg stated that the operation of Geiteryggen had cost the municipality NOK 50 million in the course of the five years Vildanden had been operating from it . In February 2010 , the Municipality of Skien announced that it required Vildanden to pay back the NOK 3 @.@ 1 million , plus NOK 200 @,@ 000 in interest , that they borrowed in 2007 . The loan was renewed in March , after Vildanden paid NOK 385 @,@ 000 . From 16 August , Helitrans took over as the operator , using an ATR 42 . From 6 September , the company started with flights to Trondheim . The company ceased operations after its last flight on 14 January 2011 .
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= Your Love ( Nicki Minaj song ) =
" Your Love " is a song by Trinidadian @-@ born recording artist Nicki Minaj , taken from her debut studio album Pink Friday ( 2010 ) . It was released on June 1 , 2010 by Young Money , Cash Money , and Universal Motown as the lead single of the album . The song was written by Minaj , Joseph Hughes , David Freedman , and Andrew " Pop " Wansel , and was produced by the latter . Minaj originally intended to release " Massive Attack " as the lead single from Pink Friday , though its release was scrapped after an underwhelming commercial performance .
Described as a " rap ballad " , the song is a change of tempo compared to Minaj 's previous work , and according to Mariel Concepcion of Billboard , the song contains a " new brand of hood majesty . " The song heavily samples Annie Lennox 's 1995 cover version of the song " No More I Love You 's " ( 1986 ) by The Lover Speaks , using its background vocals with additional bass , hip @-@ hop backbeats and drum loops added .
The song peaked at numbers 14 and four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs charts , respectively .
= = Background = =
The first version of " Your Love " appeared on Minaj 's unofficial mixtape Barbie World ( 2010 ) , with different lyrics included in the pre @-@ chorus along with a faster pace . Another version was later stolen and leaked online . The song underwent minor lyrical adjustments and mixing before being sent to mainstream radio , as the first official single from Minaj 's debut album Pink Friday ( 2010 ) . In an interview with Hot 93 @.@ 7 radio , Minaj spoke about the leak of the song , saying " That was a leak and I was so upset they put it out ' cause I recorded that song like two years ago . Next thing you know , people started falling in love with it . " Whilst on set on the music video for " Your Love " , Minaj further explain about the song 's theft and leak , saying ,
" I was not planning on putting the song out at all . But then I heard it one day , somebody told me it was online . And I was like , ' No way , no way in the world that song is out . ' I went and listened to it and was really upset . It wasn 't mixed , it wasn 't finished , it wasn 't anything — I wasn 't gonna use it at all . But then radio started playing it . "
Rap @-@ Up posted cover art featuring a close up of Minaj smirking to her right , however for unknown reasons the art work was changed . The new cover features a cartoon version of Minaj , made by illustrator Asia Kendrick @-@ Horton who posted it for Minaj on Twitter .
= = Composition = =
" Your Love " is a mid @-@ tempo song with the heavy use of Auto @-@ Tune in the chorus . It samples the instrumentals and background vocals of Annie Lennox 's cover version of " No More I Love You 's " by the Lover Speaks , with the addition of additional bass , drum @-@ loops and hip @-@ hop backbeats . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Your Love " is set in common time with a metronome of 94 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of E major with Minaj 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of B3 to the high @-@ note of C ♯ 5 .
Sara D. Anderson of AOL Radio Blog described the song as a " rap / singing mash @-@ up . " Coined as a " new brand of hood majesty , " the song is accompanied by a simple beat , which includes finger snaps and " xylophone clings . " Lean Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly commented : " Rap 's spitfire explores her softer side , sampling Annie Lennox on her honey @-@ tongued ode to a good man . " Greenblatt went on to compare the song to Jay @-@ Z 's " kindred " " Young Forever . " Minaj makes several references in her lines to well known people , which includes Bruce Willis in Die Hard , as well as Adam and Eve . Minaj makes several connections to Superman including in the pre @-@ chorus , " ' S ' on my chest , let me get my cape on . " The official remix featuring Cash Money labelmate Jay Sean was leaked via @-@ internet on August 2 , 2010 , and later made available for purchase in Australia via iTunes . American rapper Flo Rida released an unofficial remix to the song , in which he adds a verse . Reggae recording artist Sean Paul also did a remix to the song where he ad @-@ libs his verse throughout the original and later adds his own verse . Other remixes to the song include those done by American rapper Rick Ross and American R & B singer Chris Brown .
= = Critical reception = =
Rap @-@ Up stated that Minaj " slows down her rapid @-@ fire verses on the sticky and sweet " Your Love " ... with a sprinkling of Auto @-@ Tune to top it off . Young Money ’ s First Lady even exercises her vocal chops . We demand another helping . " Robbie Daw of Idolator gave the song a positive review , while complimented Minaj 's dual rapping and singing , as well as the use of the sample . Backy Bain also of Idolator additionally gave the song a positive review stating " We were a bit worried that Harujuku Barbie would forever be the garnish on other people ’ s tracks instead of the main dish , but this sweet song proves otherwise . " Mariel Concepcion of Billboard commented on Minaj toning it down stating , " the Young Money rap princess puts the sleazy talk aside and finds herself smitten with a young man ... Minaj proves that even the wildest ones can be tamed . " While reviewing the music video , Brad Wete also of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the song positively , stating that Minaj was " [ .. ] slicing the competition to pieces with her second try . " David Jeffries of AllMusic deemed the song an album highlight , additionally adding that the song , " waltzes out of the speakers . In 2014 , Pitchfork named it the best Nicki Minaj single . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Your Love " debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at 51 , becoming Minaj 's first song to chart on the Hot 100 as a solo artist . It eventually peaked at No. 14 , becoming her first Top 20 in the country . It debuted at No. 23 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and peaked at number four . Your Love " peaked at No. 1 on the US Rap Songs chart for eight consecutive weeks . Minaj became the first female rapper to top the chart since Lil ' Kim 's " Magic Stick " , featuring 50 Cent . Minaj also became the first artist to lead the chart with a song without any features since Missy Elliott in 2003 with " Work It " . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) denoting sales of over one million copies . On the Canadian Hot 100 , the song peaked at 43 . " Your Love " also charted in the United Kingdom , at a peak of 71 on the UK Singles Chart and at a peak of 22 on the UK R & B Chart . The song peaked at number 32 on the Australian Urban Singles chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
A music video for the song was directed by Lil X on the weekend of July 4 , 2010 in Los Angeles . Minaj took to her Twitter , asking fans who they would like to see portray her love interest in the video . Minaj was interviewed on the set of " Your Love " by MTV News while wearing a pink and purple kimono as a geisha for the video . In the interview , Minaj said , " We wanted to have geisha themes , samurai themes , stuff like that . I wanted to tell a love story . It 's just kinda liking a guy , where he 's not really for you to like — the forbidden fruit — and me and this other girl happen to like him and we go to war . " The video premiered July 21 , 2010 on MTV.com. Actor Michael Jai White portrays Minaj 's love interest in the video .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video is set to tell the story of a samurai @-@ in @-@ training , who falls in love with her master while a jealous peer fights for his affection . The video begins with Minaj delivering her lines over a red flowing fabric backdrop wearing a brown coat and a geisha costume with a blue flowing fabric backdrop , while White teaches a martial arts class . As Minaj and the instructor ( White ) begin to fall for one another , a student , who also has feelings for the instructor sees this and is jealous . This is intercut with scenes with Minaj donning a blonde wig and black bodysuit and in front of a green flowing backdrop . After seeing Minaj and White embrace each other on a bridge over blue @-@ fabric " water " , Minaj and her peer rival have a confrontation , which results in a duel . According to MTV News , the scenes pay homage to Uma Thurman as The Bride and Lucy Liu as Cottonmouth in Kill Bill . Minaj loses and her rival walks away as Minaj bleeds a red fabric and White walks up and grieves over her body .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Robbie Daw of Idolator appreciated the plot twist of the video , commenting , " We really expected Nicki to waste that other warrior @-@ in @-@ training hater . The fact that she dies — and does so in such a beautiful way here — kind of makes us love her all the more . " Daw also inferred that the fancy attire from the " No More I Love You 's " video inspired Minaj 's in the " Your Love " video . Nicole Sia of MTV Buzzworthy stated that the video resembles Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon in its fight scene . Sia also commented on Minaj 's appearance stating " the camera cuts to Ms. Young Money soloing in front of billowing one @-@ million @-@ thread @-@ count satin sheets , just to remind us how damn FINE she is . " Tray Hova of Vibe gave a list of the best and worst parts of the music video , stating the best were Minaj chopped through the blocks of cement , her crazy faces , silk sheets and headgear , and that the worst part was the " melodramatic ending " and " the return of those Freddy Krueger fingers . "
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Onika Maraj , Warren " Oak " Felder , Andrew " Pop " Wansel , David Freeman , Joseph Patrick Hughes
Recording / Mixing – Ariel Chobaz , assisted by Lyttleton " Cartwheel " Carter
Mixing – Neal Pogue
Production – Pop Wansel , Oak
Credits are taken from Pink Friday liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Radio dates and release history = =
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= Miles Copeland ( Home and Away ) =
Miles Copeland is a fictional character from the Australian Channel Seven soap opera Home and Away , played by Josh Quong Tart . He debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 30 November 2007 . Ryley Mickle and Jackson Edwards played Miles in flashback sequences , showing him at ages three and eight years old respectively . During the early years of Home and Away , Sally Fletcher ( Kate Ritchie ) often spoke of an imaginary friend she called " Milco " . When Ritchie announced her departure from the soap , producers decided to introduce the real Milco , as regular character Miles Copeland . The development was described by the media as a " legacy storyline . " Quong Tart announced his departure from Home and Away in October 2011 . Miles departed on 23 November 2011 .
Miles is characterised as being charming and quick witted . His clothes often consist of board shorts and crumpled shirts , with his long hair , this gives him a trademark " beachy " look . Miles ' style changed in 2010 following Quong Tart 's break from the show . Upon returning to Home and Away , the actor had lost weight , grown a beard and cut his hair short . Producers were impressed with the changes and wrote them into the scripts . Miles is often seen consuming large amounts of food , which stems from his time spent living hungry on the streets . This was a character trait created by Quong Tart . Some viewers have written to Home and Away to complain about Miles ' eating habits .
Miles ' storylines have often centred on his friendships and romantic relationships with other characters . He has become a surrogate father to several teenagers , including Jai Fernandez ( Jordan Rodrigues ) and Melody Jones ( Celeste Dodwell ) . Miles and Kirsty Sutherland ( Christie Hayes ) had a long relationship together , during which they lost an unborn child . Kirsty eventually left town , ending their relationship . After sharing a long friendship , Miles and Leah Patterson @-@ Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) entered into a romantic relationship in 2011 . Leah becomes pregnant and Miles proposes to her . Miles has earned a generally positive reception , while Quong Tart has been nominated for three Inside Soap Awards .
= = Creation and casting = =
The character of Miles was introduced to Home and Away in 2007 , as Sally Fletcher 's ( Kate Ritchie ) brother , whom she had always referred to as " Milco " . For twenty years , viewers had been led to assume Milco was just Sally 's imaginary friend . Channel Seven ran an on @-@ air promotion campaign , which promised viewers " a 20 @-@ year @-@ old mystery " would be solved . In the 2007 season finale , Miles mysteriously arrives in Summer Bay and writes " Milco " in the sand on the beach . Quong Tart was cast in the role of Miles . He previously starred in the Home and Away spin @-@ off headLand as Will Monk . In 2010 , Miles was briefly written out of the serial , while Quong Tart took a break from filming to rehearse for a play at the Sydney Opera House .
In October 2011 , Quong Tart announced his departure from Home and Away . Of his time in the show , Quong Tart told TV Week , " I couldn 't have imagined how much fun I would have and the friends I would make on Home and Away . Playing Miles was a gift . " Rebecca Davies from Digital Spy reported the actor had already filmed his final scenes , while TV Week said the way in which Miles leaves the Bay was being kept secret . Miles departed on 23 November 2011 .
= = Character development = =
= = = Characterisation and career = = =
Quong Tart told Channel 5 that he liked the way Miles looks at the world and revealed that he shared similarities with the character 's personality . Miles is often shown consuming large amounts of food on @-@ screen . Miles enjoys his food because of his time spent living hungry on the streets . This was a character choice made by Quong Tart . He thought it was important that viewers see his eating habits , staying true to " representing human beings . " However , Quong Tart stated that it sometimes reached a " point where it might not be very pleasant to watch . " Viewers had written letters to Quong Tart requesting that Miles should stop " pigging out on television . "
In 2011 , Miles returns to Home and Away with a new look . Miles had lost weight , cut his hair short and grew a beard . Off @-@ screen Quong Tart had such a busy schedule that he lost weight . When he revealed his new look to producers , they were so impressed they decided to change Miles ' image , because it suited the storyline .
Miles secures employment as a teacher at Summer Bay High . One of his students , Ruby Buckton ( Rebecca Breeds ) , develops romantic feelings for him . Breeds said it was a " genuine teenage infatuation " and Ruby was drawn to Miles ' maturity rather than his physical appearance . Quong Tart said Miles was " taken back " when he was faced with accusations of kissing Ruby . He manages to prove they are false .
= = = Relationship with Kirsty Sutherland = = =
One of Miles ' first relationships is with Kirsty Sutherland ( Christie Hayes ) , which develops from a friendship . Miles is left upset over his foster child Jai Fernandez ( Jordan Rodrigues ) . His emotional state has an effect on Kirsty and she kisses him . Hayes told TV Week that as Kirsty 's feelings " take over in the moment " , Miles is left surprised because he had been harbouring feelings for her too . Hayes also said Miles did not want to scare Kirsty away and they agree to take their relationship slowly . Hayes later said that Miles and Kirsty 's relationship worked so well because " they talk about things and they 're mature about their relationship . " Kirsty decides that she needs to raise money for her husband Kane Phillips ' ( Sam Atwell ) trial . She secretly begins work as an escort behind Miles ' back . Hayes ' explained Kirsty was " terrified " that Miles would find out and hated lying to him , but " has no choice . " When Miles discovers the truth about Kirsty 's escorting , he feels " totally betrayed " and ends their relationship . However , when Kirsty nearly sleeps with a client , Miles comes to her aid . At this point Leah Patterson @-@ Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) tries to kiss Miles , as the two previously shared a connection . However , Miles defends Kirsty when he learns Leah had argued with Kirsty over her deceit . The state of their relationship remained troubled , though Hayes correctly predicted the couple would reunite .
In 2009 Hayes quit the serial and her exit storyline played out the same year . It was initially left unclear what impact her departure would have on Miles ' . Their relationship deteriorates after Kirsty miscarries their unborn baby . Kirsty is left distraught and feels she has to move with her life without Miles . However , Kirsty does not tell Miles she is leaving and leaves him a goodbye letter . Speaking of the scenes , Hayes said " I don 't agree with what she did or how she did it but Kirsty in her warped , grieving mind thinks it 's best for everybody . " She felt that Kirsty 's actions were " horrible and selfish . " She also described her as " emotionally detached " and Miles would have tried to talk her out of leaving if he had been made aware of her departure . Viewers were not shown the full content of the goodbye letter . Hayes said it was good because she wrote a private goodbye letter to Quong Tart , and noted the personal element was best left between the two . After Miles chances of a family are again ruined , Miles loses control . He starts drinking and on one occasion he tries to kiss Leah . Producers decided to introduce a character named Rabbit ( Mitzi Ruhlmann ) , who " brings a little fun back into Miles ' life . " Though Rabbit later turns out to be his dead daughter and a figment of Miles ' imagination .
= = = Relationship with Leah Patterson @-@ Baker = = =
In 2008 , Miles and Leah develop feelings for one another . Nicodemou who plays Leah said her character becomes " freaked out " when she realises they share a connection . At this point in the series Leah was still grieving for her late husband Dan Baker ( Tim Campbell ) . Leah is so ashamed of herself she " cuts Miles off " . Nicodemou added that the characters " bonded straight away " because Miles understands Leah and has supported her when she needed help . However , Miles " cannot deny the attraction " which sends Leah further into denial . She decides she is not ready to move on , Nicodemou said this was to respect Dan 's memory . Though , she concluded that Leah sees Miles as an " old sock you just feel comfortable with . "
In January 2011 , Quong Tart revealed Miles was set to have a new love interest . The actor said he found his character 's new romance intriguing and explained Miles is " more surprised than anyone that it happens . " A few months later , the Daily Star reported Miles would confess his love to Leah , who is shocked by the declaration . Miles is left wondering whether he has ruined their friendship by revealing his feelings to her . An insider told the paper , " Miles and Leah have both been unlucky in love so if they could find happiness together it would be pretty special . Leah is shocked but once the confession starts to sink in she wonders whether they could work as a couple . She begins to consider making a go of it with him . " Nicodemou explained that Leah and Miles have tried to get together in the past , but the timing has never been right for them . She later told RTÉ TEN that she thinks Miles and Leah are well suited and hoped they find happiness with each other . Miles and Leah discuss their situation and Leah decides to take the first step and kisses Miles to see if they have any chemistry . Nicodemou said once Leah realises she and Miles have chemistry , she decides to go for it and they begin dating .
In August 2011 , Leah discovers she is pregnant . She realises that she does not want a baby as she previously had a miscarriage , which made her decide not to have children again . Of the impact the storyline would have on Miles and Leah , Nicodemou said " It 's a really interesting storyline for them . It makes everything serious because things have been quite light , so it 's good to see that side of them . There are some rocky times ahead for them because there are differences of opinion . " A week later it was announced Miles would propose to Leah in a bid to " solidify " their relationship . Miles confides in Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) about his plans and Quong Tart said Alf is very excited and encourages Miles . Of Miles ' decision to propose to Leah , Quong Tart said " They 've dated for a while and they know each other so well , and I think it 's just one of those things that makes sense . "
= = = Other relationships = = =
Miles starts a relationship with Shandi Palmer ( Samantha Tolj ) , TV Week described them as a " kooky " pairing . However their relationship was short @-@ lived , lasting only a number of weeks . Quong Tart said " It came and went like every romance in his life . " Miles " couldn 't believe his luck " with Shandi because of her attractive appearance . They were compatible because she was " beachy and hippy " and like Miles enjoyed to talk about the meaning of life . Miles drunkenly sleeps with Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) , the next morning she reacts badly . A Home and Away spokesperson said Miles was one of the " nicest blokes in the Bay " and felt like a humiliated " idiot " .
In various storylines Miles has taken in teenagers without homes . Jai Fernandez ( Jordan Rodrigues ) is the first to be taken into Miles ' care . Miles knew Jai from the Boxing Day Tsunami in which they both lost their families . Rodrigues said that Jai is " angry at the world " because Miles " ditched " him in Phuket . Miles tries to help Jai because he realises that he is having a tough time at the refuge . Off @-@ screen Quong Tart mentored Rodrigues to improve his acting skill . He later takes in Melody Jones ( Celeste Dodwell ) , though she makes life hard for Miles by causing chaos at the school formal and running away to Melbourne . In the latter storyline Miles and Charlie Buckton ( Esther Anderson ) travel to Melbourne to search for Melody . The episodes marked the first time the cast had filmed in Melbourne . Location shoots took place at Queen Victoria Market , Docklands Studios Melbourne and St Kilda . Anderson told Inside Soap that " It 's a nice self @-@ contained little storyline " and described it as a treat for British and Irish viewers . She added that Melody ends up on the streets and Charlie and Miles fail to locate her straightaway . The situation leaves them feeling " vulnerable " and they kiss . Anderson opined the kiss was " a rebound thing " and they feel " awkward the following morning . "
Miles lets teenagers Nicole Franklin ( Tessa James ) and Romeo Smith ( Luke Mitchell ) , and adult character Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) move in with him . Together they form a new character unit , Meagher who plays Alf praised the dynamic . He said as none of them have external relationships at the time , there was a " genuine caring for the well @-@ being of the other people in the house . "
= = Storylines = =
= = = Backstory = = =
Miles and his twin Sally initially lived together with their alcoholic father Aaron ( Timothy Walter ) and mother Diana . Aaron used to beat Diana , so she left him and took Sally with her . When Miles was eight years old , Aaron read that Diana and her new husband Derek Wilson had been killed in a boating accident . Aaron and Miles went to find Sally , but after seeing Sally was better off with the Fletcher family , they left . In the serial Sally constantly insisted her imaginary friend Milco was real , it was actually Miles she was thinking about , but no one believed Sally and her bullying foster brother Brian " Dodge " Forbes ( Kelly Dingwall ) eventually stopped her believing in him . Aaron died of alcohol @-@ related illness , so Miles became an English teacher . He married a woman called Louise and they had a daughter called Amber . They both died in the Boxing Day Tsunami whilst on holiday in Phuket . He then went on a downward spiral and became a homeless drifter .
= = = 2007 – 11 = = =
Miles turns up in Summer Bay and decides to stick around after he thinks it is a familiar setting . He has nowhere to live and is starving . Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) becomes annoyed with him for stealing food out of the bins , but Roman Harris ( Conrad Coleby ) takes pity on him and feeds him . He sees Sally on the beach and writes Milco in the sand . They later become friends and she feels like she has a close connection . He reveals his family 's death to be the reason why he became a drifter . He eventually reveals the truth to Sally , that he is Milco and her twin brother . After it sinks in she is delighted with this and they become close . Miles stays with her and one night forgets to lock the door . Johnny Cooper ( Callan Mulvey ) enters the house and stabs Sally , however she survives but he blames himself . He decides to get his life back on track and becomes an English teacher at the school . Aden Jefferies ( Todd Lasance ) initially gives him a hard time , but he is well liked after he and Ric Dalby ( Mark Furze ) arrange a leaving party for Sally , who has decided to move away . At the party Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) and Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) are startled to meet the person they heard so much about whilst growing up .
Miles becomes the new owner of the caravan park . He becomes good friends with Leah and falls in love with her . She feels it is to soon after husband Dan 's death and does not feel the same , leaving him upset . Morag Bellingham ( Cornelia Frances ) then helps him track down Jai , a boy from Phuket whom he told he would help , but never did . He comes to live with Miles , their relationship is strained by Jai 's reluctance to trust him , eventually they become close . Religious Christine Jones ( Elizabeth Alexander ) later starts a campaign to have Miles removed from his job when she does not agree with his choice of book used for teaching . Morag later helps rid of Christine and saves his career . He lets Melody Jones stay with him , but she rebells and causes trouble for him with her new @-@ found bad attitude . He then has a brief relationship with Jazz Curtis ( Rachel Gordon ) .
He gives Kirsty a place to stay . They start a relationship and he falls in love with her , however he finds out she has been working as an escort to raise money for husband Kane Phillips ' ( Sam Atwell ) trial and throws her out . Melody becomes more wild and runaway from home , he tracks her down with the help of Charlie , who he shares a kiss with . He lets Melody leave to live in New Zealand with her mother . Kirsty returns with Kane who attacks him and he has to admit they were never together . After Trey Palmer ( Luke Bracey ) makes advances on Kirsty and Miles supports her , they reconcile . Trey tries to attack Kirsty , but Miles pushes him over , Miles is then under investigation for assault , later Trey drops the charges . Whilst out fishing Miles falls overboard and is nearly eaten by a shark , he discovers Lou De Bono 's ( David Roberts ) body in the process . He promises to look after Nicole after Roman is sent to prison . Miles then decides he wants to try for a baby with Kirsty , she agrees but he is angry when he sees her taking the pill . She says he thought he would leave her , he reassures her this is not the case . Kirsty starts university studying teaching . He resents her for spending time at university with her new friends , he suspects she is having affair . Upon confrontation she admits she is actually pregnant . She is unhappy about it , but agrees to keep the baby . He breaks his promise of keeping the pregnancy a secret , Kirsty starts to feel more at ease about the baby . Kirsty has a series of fits causing her to miscarry . Their relationship becomes strained and Kirsty 's mother Shelley ( Paula Forrest ) convinces her to run away to the city with her . Miles is devastated she has left and becomes withdrawn from everyone .
After VJ Patterson ( Felix Dean ) is bullied by Riley Radcliffe ( Tani Edgecombe ) he goes to see his father Ian ( Ben Simpson ) but he laughs it off . Miles is attacked and beaten and presumes it was Ian . He later finds out it was in fact Riley and his friends . He tries to drag Riley to the police station but he breaks his wrist . Miles is arrested for assault . Ian blackmails him saying he will drop the charges for money , the police find out Ian was responsible for the injuries . However the newspapers published an article on Miles branding him a thug . Miles destroys a classroom and Gina Austin ( Sonia Todd ) forces him to take leave . He starts drinking heavily again , makes a pass at Leah and sleeps on the beach . Miles begins having visions of a girl called Rabbit , who tells him about future events . She convinces him to do good deeds . Miles becomes good friends with Elijah Johnson ( Jay Laga 'aia ) and he goes to Africa with him . On his return he is assaulted by Heath Braxton ( Daniel Ewing ) . He then gets drunk and kisses Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) and wakes up next to her in the morning . He later confesses his love to Leah and they start a relationship . Elijah is initially annoyed , but they repair their friendship . Leah learns she is pregnant , which delights Miles . Leah is initially hesitant about going ahead with the pregnancy , but she and Miles talk and she decides to keep the baby . Miles proposes to Leah , but she turns him down , saying they are not ready . She later asks him to move in with her and VJ . Leah suffers a miscarriage , which devastates Miles . The couple struggle with their grief and Miles moves out . He and Leah later break up . Miles learns Elijah is still in love with Leah . Miles tells Marilyn that Sally has got him a teaching job in Thailand and he leaves the Summer Bay .
= = Reception = =
For his portrayal of Miles , Quong Tart was nominated for " Best Newcomer " at the 2008 Inside Soap Awards . The following year he received a nomination for " Best Actor " . At the 2011 Inside Soap Awards he was nominated for " Best Daytime Star " . The episode where Miles conquers his fear of water to save Jai Fernandez who feigns drowning earned Writer Sean Nash an Australian Writer 's Guild award nomination for " Best Television Serial " in 2009 . The episode featuring Miles finally letting go of his visions of Rabbit won the Australian Writers ' Guild Award in the same category the following year and was presented to the episode 's writer , Sam Meikle .
The week ahead of the serial 's airing , Mark Patrick of the Sun @-@ Herald said Milko , " an imaginary friend of one of the brats " was his favorite character . Michael Idato writing for The Sydney Morning Herald said Milco being not being imaginary seemed " ludicrous " . He said that Milco being revealed to be Miles , was Home and Away delivering a " plot twist equal to the genre 's best . " He opined that Miles ' " timely " arrival softened the blow of Sally 's departure . They said it was " a tender baton change that evokes memories of the iconic ' 80s soap Sons And Daughters " Idato later said Miles and Sally 's story was an example of " strong legacy storylines " Home and Away creates .
Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture placed Miles at number nine on her best characters of February 2009 list . In July 2010 , she placed Miles second on her list of best soap characters . She spoke about how " ridiculous storylines " turn out to be great onscreen and referred to Miles 's visions of Rabbit , which she went on to praise . She said " Miles 's grief , his visions of Rabbit and his torment at everyone telling him she wasn 't real were devastating to watch , and this was a really interesting avenue to take one of the soap 's best @-@ loved characters down that could have spectacularly backfired , but instead , had people bawling their eyes out . " Holy Soap have said that Miles 's most memorable moment is " When he found student Trey trying to kiss Kirsty , Miles pushed him and found his job as a teacher in jeopardy " . The website also named Miles as one their Summer Bay hunks . In 2010 , the Daily Record said that " poor old Miles " had a so many problems that " he was probably happier when everybody thought he was just sister Sally 's friend " . After Miles became involved with Shandi , they stated that true love " never ran smoothly in Summer Bay " and that with Shandi ; Miles got " a lot more than he first bargained for " . Australian television website Throng , said Miles looked completely different after Quong Tart lost weight . They said he looks " a lot older , thinner , has a new hair style and is sporting a dark beard ! "
Jaci Stephen of the Daily Mail criticised Home and Away for the amount of car accidents it features . When Miles nearly crashed his car , she asked if anyone in Summer Bay is capable of " sitting atop four wheels " without nearly getting killed . Stephen was not a fan of Miles ' long hair . When he returned in 2011 , she said " we can only hope that he ’ s seen a hairdresser since his departure . " When he left the series , Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap said that Home and Away " won 't be the same without Miles ' shaggy barnet " . Laura Morgan of All About Soap said that she and her colleagues were " in mourning " over Miles ' exit . She added that they " sorely missed " him .
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= Bristol Britannia =
The Bristol Type 175 Britannia was a British medium @-@ to @-@ long @-@ range airliner built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1952 to fly across the British Empire . During development two prototypes were lost and the turboprop engines proved susceptible to inlet icing which delayed entry into service while solutions were sought .
By the time development was completed , " pure " jet airliners from France , United Kingdom and the United States were about to enter service , and consequently , only 85 Britannias were built before production ended in 1960 . Nevertheless , the Britannia is considered one of the landmarks in turboprop @-@ powered airliner design and was popular with passengers . It became known by the title of " The Whispering Giant " for its quiet exterior noise and smooth flying , although the passenger interior remained less tranquil .
Canadair purchased a licence to build the Britannia in Canada , adding another 72 variants . These were the stretched Canadair CL @-@ 44 / Canadair CC @-@ 106 Yukon , and the greatly modified Canadair CP @-@ 107 Argus patrol aircraft .
= = Design and development = =
= = = Origins = = =
In 1942 , during the Second World War , Allied aircraft construction saw the UK of necessity concentrating on heavy bombers , leaving the production of transport aircraft to the USA . This would have left the UK with little experience in transport construction at the end of the war , so in 1943 , a committee under Lord Brabazon of Tara investigated the future of the British civilian airliner market . The Brabazon Committee called for several different aircraft to be developed to specifications composed by the committee for roles felt to fulfil Britain 's civilian aviation needs .
Bristol won the Type I and Type III contracts , delivering their Type I design , the Bristol Brabazon in 1949 . The requirement for the 1946 British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) Medium Range Empire ( MRE ) Requirements coincided with the Type III , Specification C.2 / 47 , issued in April 1947 by the Minister of Supply . The specifications called for an airliner capable of carrying 48 passengers and powered with Bristol Centaurus radial engines or Napier Nomad turbo @-@ compound diesel engine . Turboprop options were also considered , but they were so new that Bristol could not guarantee the performance specifications .
Although in @-@ company Proposals " X " for conversions of Lockheed Constellations to Centaurus 662 powerplants or " Y " for licence production of the Constellation were considered in late 1946 , BOAC decided that an entirely new design was preferred . After wrangling between the Ministry of Supply and BOAC over costs , the go @-@ ahead for the project assigned the company designation Model 175 was given in July 1948 . Three prototypes were ordered as Mk 1 ( Centaurus 662 ) , with the second and third prototypes designated the Mk 2 ( to be convertible to Bristol Proteus turboprops , then under development ) .
In October 1947 , with work already underway , Bristol had settled on a Centaurus @-@ powered design , with an all @-@ up weight of 103 @,@ 000 lb ( 47 @,@ 000 kg ) and a payload of 13 @,@ 300 lb ( 6 @,@ 000 kg ) . The anticipated Karachi @-@ Cairo run necessitated a 48 @-@ seat limit with a requirement for sufficient fuel for the lengthy stage . On 5 July 1949 , the Ministry of Supply ordered five prototypes to this specification with the understanding that BOAC would contract for an additional 25 production examples . BOAC purchased options for 25 aircraft on 28 July , to be powered initially with the Bristol Centaurus engine but to be re @-@ fitted with the Bristol Proteus when available . In November 1948 , the Type 175 design was revised again to accommodate 74 passengers and a longer span wing in a contemplated long @-@ range version aimed at long @-@ haul Empire and transatlantic routes rather than the medium @-@ haul Empire routes originally planned . On reflection , BOAC decided that only a Proteus @-@ engined aircraft was worth working on , necessitating a further redesign with Bristol eliminating the Centaurus option . Senior figures within BOAC such as the Deputy Chairman Whitney Straight , however , considered the Proteus engine to be " an obsolete contraption " . Despite BOAC 's desire to have a turboprop engine , the Type 175 project was contingent on the Proteus passing a 150 @-@ hour Type Test .
= = = Prototypes and production = = =
The name , " Britannia " was chosen in April 1950 with Britannia 101 the designation for first two prototypes powered by the early series Proteus 625 , the follow @-@ up from the 600 series engine that had successfully completed its type trials . The first prototype , registered G @-@ ALBO , with Bristol Chief Test Pilot A.J. " Bill " Pegg at the controls , flew for the first time on 16 August 1952 at Filton Aerodrome . The maiden flight was eventful as the over @-@ sensitive flying controls led to a wild pitching before Pegg restored control . During the landing approach , smoke filled the cockpit and the main undercarriage bogie was stuck in its cycle , only fully deploying seconds before landing . The " snags " proved to be minor and by September , the prototype was cleared to perform at the 1952 SBAC Display at Farnborough where spectators commented on the " quietness " of the giant airliner . In November 1952 , Popular Science reported that by 1954 BOAC would have 25 of these aircraft on routes such as London @-@ to @-@ Tokyo over the Arctic and North Pole . However , in 1953 and 1954 , three de Havilland Comets crashed without explanation , and the Air Ministry demanded the Britannia undergo lengthy tests . Further delays were attributed to teething problems with the engine resulting in the loss in December 1953 of the second prototype , G @-@ ALRX , caused by a failed reduction gear that led to an engine fire and the aircraft landing on the mudflats of the Severn Estuary . Resolving easily avoidable inlet icing issues - by selecting a slightly different cruising height than that specified - which were exaggerated by BOAC destroying the Britannia 's sales prospects and delaying the Britannia 's introduction by two years , also took time . The first prototype G @-@ ALBO was subsequently modified to more closely approximate a production standard but was retained by the company to undergo engine testing and development .
Bristol revised the design into a larger transatlantic airliner for BOAC , resulting in the Series 200 and 300 , with the Britannia 300LR ( Long @-@ Range ) seen as " eminently suitable " for BOAC 's services between London and Sydney . Qantas had been considering purchasing a fleet of Britannia aircraft , but the extended development time had worn away the advantage the aircraft would hold until newer aircraft such as the Douglas DC @-@ 8 and de Havilland Comet 4 came onto the market . Route @-@ proving trials continued through 1955 , although orders were on the books from El Al and Canadian Pacific Air Lines as well as BOAC 's standing order .
The purchase price paid by BOAC for each Britannia 100 @-@ series aircraft agreed on in 1955 was £ 768 @,@ 000 .
During the first eight months of operational trials , a total of 16 in @-@ flight engine failures and 49 unscheduled engine changes punctuated the ongoing engine dilemma and delayed the in @-@ service date until February 1957 , roughly two years late . The Britannia received a fair amount of attention in both the popular press and the British House of Commons , especially when it was revealed that BOAC had contemplated fitting Rolls @-@ Royce Tynes to their fleet of Douglas DC @-@ 7s as an interim measure until the Britannia was cleared for service .
Aviation historian Peter Pigott summarised the impact of the delays :
= = = Related development = = =
In 1954 , a licence was issued to Canadair to build the derivative Canadair CL @-@ 28 / CP @-@ 107 Argus , and the Canadair CL @-@ 44 / Canadair CC @-@ 106 Yukon . Based on the Britannia , the design of the Argus maritime patrol and anti @-@ submarine warfare aircraft was optimised for endurance on long @-@ range patrol , not speed , and used four Wright R @-@ 3350 @-@ 32W Turbo @-@ Compound engines that used less fuel at low altitude . Unlike its Britannia forebear , the Argus was a hybrid using the Britannia wings , tail surfaces and landing gear matched to a " purpose @-@ built " , unpressurised fuselage . Another significant departure was being " Americanized " , substituting North American materials and standard parts for the British ones . The interior was well equipped with the tools to conduct anti @-@ submarine warfare : navigation , communication and tactical electronic equipment along with weapon loads that included bombs , torpedoes , mines and depth charges . A total of 33 Argus aircraft were built in two series ( Mk 1 and Mk 2 ) , serving the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and Canadian Forces from 1957 to 1982 .
Canadair also built 37 turboprop Rolls Royce Tyne @-@ powered CL @-@ 44 passenger / cargo variants for the civil market , most of which were used as freighters . Four were built as CL @-@ 44Js with lengthened fuselages for service with the Icelandic " budget " airline Loftleiðir . Four CL @-@ 44D4s were also built with swing @-@ tails to allow straight @-@ in cargo loading and served with a variety of carriers , most notably Flying Tiger Line . The similar CC @-@ 106 Yukon was used by the RCAF in a solely passenger configuration . A final unique " one @-@ off " development was the Conroy Skymonster , nicknamed Guppy , based on a Canadair CL @-@ 44D4 N447T . The most prominent modification was an enlarged fuselage , like the Mini Guppy which was produced by Jack Conroy 's previous company , Aero Spacelines . After a long operational career as a freighter , the Guppy was stored at Bournemouth Airport in 2003 and has recently been sold .
= = Operational history = =
Following a long period of uneventful development flying trials and the fitting of a modified Proteus 765 series engine that greatly reduced breakdowns , a full Certificate of Airworthiness was awarded at the end of 1955 . The first two Model 102s were delivered to BOAC on 30 December 1955 for crew training . The Model 102 began scheduled service on 1 February 1957 with a BOAC flight from London to Johannesburg , flights to Sydney following in March and to Tokyo in July . By August 1957 , the first 15 Model 102 aircraft had been delivered to BOAC . The last 10 aircraft of the order were built as Series 300 aircraft for transatlantic flights . In April 1959 , a Model 102 Britannia was leased by BOAC to Ghana Airways for flights between Accra and London , and several more Britannias were purchased by the airline in the early 1960s . The Model 102 was eventually made available to other BOAC associates , including Cathay Pacific , Central Africa , East African , Nigeria and Malayan airlines .
The next production series was based on the long @-@ range , mixed passenger / freight Model 200 series that was intended for civil airline use but ultimately Bristol offered the series to the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) instead . The production series of three Model 252 and 20 Model 253 aircraft were purchased by RAF Transport Command in 1959 , assigned the designation Britannia C.2 ( first Model 252 series ) and C.1 ( Model 253 series ) . Those in RAF service were allocated the names of stars , such as " Arcturus " , " Sirius " and " Vega " . On retirement from the RAF in 1975 , many Model 200 series were subsequently used by independent civil operators for cargo operations , harkening back to their original intended role .
Although the Bristol Model 302 was built first as part of the original BOAC order , BOAC released this series to other airlines ; Aeronaves de Mexico took two Model 302s which entered service in December 1957 . The 18 Bristol Britannia 312s for BOAC were delivered from September 1957 with its service introduction on the first @-@ ever non @-@ stop flight from London to Canada on 19 December 1957 . In late December 1957 BOAC began regular Britannia flights from London to New York . Other airlines , such as Israel 's El Al , used the Britannia on transatlantic routes . In 1959 BOAC started flying the Britannia across the Pacific to Tokyo and Hong Kong , thus extending their network round the world . The westbound routing in 1959 for these intercontinental BOAC Britannia flights between the U.K. and Asia was London @-@ New York @-@ San Francisco @-@ Honolulu @-@ Wake Island @-@ Tokyo @-@ Hong Kong .
On 1 April 1958 Canadian Pacific Air Lines took delivery of the first of six Model 314 Britannias , with an additional two Model 324s ( built to a 320 standard ) arriving later and sold to Cathay Pacific in 1961 . BOAC ordered seven Model 302s but never took delivery , instead they were taken on by airlines including Aeronaves de México and Ghana Airways . The main long @-@ range series were the 310s , of which BOAC took 18 and , after deliveries began in September 1957 , put them into service between London and New York ; in March 1964 BOAC owned 50 aircraft , 10 being Britannia 312s . BOAC 's last scheduled Britannia flight was April 1965 .
The 310 series ( the Model 318 ) also saw transatlantic service with Cubana de Aviación starting in 1958 , in spite of the Cuban Revolution the airline had a special accord with British aircraft manufacturers to maintain this model of aircraft . In 1975 Cuban Britannias were used to transport hundreds of soldiers of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces to Angola in Operation Carlota , a proxy war . Cubana de Aviación continued using various Britannias until March 1990 .
Most aircraft were built by Bristol at Filton but 30 were built at Belfast by Short Brothers and Harland . Due to the extended development instead of a projected production of 180 Britannias , only 80 were sold . The negative experience with the development of the Britannia caused BOAC to be more cautious towards other British @-@ made aircraft such as the Vickers VC @-@ 10 . Throughout the Britannia 's lifespan , the engine icing condition remained a " continual potential hazard " that flight crews ultimately learned to manage with a " high @-@ lo " flight regime that minimized the danger , although the problems of the Britannia can mainly be linked to that of a manufacturer undertaking an innovative airframe design matched to an unproven engine , a design syndrome that remained particularly daunting . Squadron Leader David Berry who had 5 @,@ 000 hours on the type characterised his experiences as flying " Beauty and the Beast . " A more fitting epitaph was recently proffered by the editors of Aeroplane as the " 100 Great British Aircraft " ( 2008 ) were analysed with the Bristol Britannia counted among the " greats " .
Following purchase of remaining spare parts from Royal Aircraft Establishment and Cubana , Zaïrois airlines continued to operate Bristol Britannia into the early 1990s on regular cargo flights from N 'djili Airport to various destinations within the country .
= = Variants = =
= = = Bristol Model 175 = = =
Mk 1
Prototype powered by Bristol Centaurus 662 , fuselage length of 114 ft ( 35m ) , span 120 ft ( 36 @.@ 5 m ) , seating for 48 passengers , not built
Mk 2
Two prototypes powered by either Bristol Centaurus 662 or Bristol Proteus 600 ; with the Proteus , the fuselage length of 114 ft ( 35m ) was fitted with a longer wingspan 140 ft ( 43 m ) and reduced seating for 36 passengers , two prototypes planned , none built .
= = = Series 100 = = =
Seventy @-@ four passenger airliner with 114 ft ( 35m ) fuselage and powered by four Bristol Proteus 705
101
Prototypes , two initially powered by Proteus 625 and soon after re @-@ engined with the Proteus 755 , later the first prototype G @-@ ALBO was used for development testing of the Bristol Orion in 1956 and the Proteus 765 in 1957 .
102
Production aircraft for BOAC , 25 ordered with the last 10 cancelled in favour of the 300 series , 15 built .
= = = Series 200 = = =
All cargo variant with a 124 ft 3 in ( 38 m ) fuselage , BOAC option for five was cancelled , none built .
= = = Series 250 = = =
Similar to the 200 series , but mixed passenger and freight .
252
Originally ordered by the Ministry of Supply for intended lease to charter operators , but delivered to the Royal Air Force , as the Britannia C2 . Fitted with a heavy @-@ duty floor in forward area of fuselage and cargo door , three built .
253
Passenger / freight variant for the Royal Air Force , designated Britannia C1 . Fitted with full length heavy @-@ duty floor and provision for rearwards @-@ facing seats as preferred by the RAF . Capacity for 115 troops or equivalent in cargo , 20 built . Aircraft later sold on the civil market as freighters designated Series 253F .
= = = Series 300 = = =
Passenger only " stretched " version of the 200 series , incorporating 123 inches ( 3 @.@ 1 m ) longer fuselage , capable of carrying up to 139 ( originally 99 ) passengers , medium @-@ fuel capacity .
301
One Filton @-@ built company prototype , used the same wing and fuel capacity of the Model 100 ; first flew : 31 July 1956 .
302
Belfast @-@ built production , 10 ordered by BOAC but cancelled in favour of 305 ; seven were begun to this standard with two delivered to Aeronaves de Mexico .
305
Five Belfast @-@ built 302s modified for longer @-@ range but with limited takeoff weight due to thinner fuselage skin and lighter landing gear . Originally ordered by Capital Airlines which were cancelled and then for Northeast Airlines which also cancelled . All modified to other variants .
306
One former Series 305 leased to El Al pending delivery of last Series 315 . Later converted to Series 307 .
307
Two of the ex @-@ BOAC Northeast 305 order ( one formerly the El AL Series 307 ) to Air Charter Limited September 1958 and March 1959 , with a new designation : Model 307 . Later to British United Airways .
307F
1960 's conversion of 307 to freighter ( both converted ) .
308
Two former 305s ordered by Transcontinental SA of Argentina in 104 @-@ passenger configuration .
308F
1960 's conversion of 308 to freighter for British Eagle ( both converted ) .
309
One former 305 ( leased to Ghana Airways ) .
= = = Series 310 = = =
As 305 series , but with strengthened fuselage skin and undercarriage . Long @-@ range fuel capacity and was originally known as 300LR .
311
One prototype originally known as a 300LR .
312
Production aircraft for BOAC , 18 built .
312F
1960s conversion of 312 to freighter ( five converted ) .
313
Production aircraft for El Al , four built .
314
Production aircraft for Canadian Pacific Air Lines , six built .
317
Production aircraft for Hunting @-@ Clan Air Transport in 124 passenger trooping configuration , two built .
318
Production aircraft for Cubana de Aviación , four built . Delivery taking place on 15 December 1958 , later one leased to Cunard Eagle in 1960 – 1961 and this same airliner leased to CSA in 1962 .
319
Last production Britannia sold to Ghana Airways , modified from original Model 310 / 311 series .
320
Variant for North American market , order for Trans World Airlines not concluded , two built were completed as Series 324s .
324
Two Series 320s built for Canadian Pacific Air Lines , later purchased by Cunard Eagle Airways in 1961 .
= = Operators = =
= = = Civilian operators = = =
Argentina
Aerotransportes Entre Rios
Transcontinental SA
Australia
Southern Cross International ( leased )
Belgium
Young Cargo
Burundi
Centre Air Afrique
Canada
Canadian Pacific Air Lines
Cuba
Aerocaribbean
Cubana de Aviación
Czechoslovakia
CSA leased two aircraft from Cubana de Aviación ( 1961 – 1964 and 1963 – 1969 ) .
Dubai
Air Faisal
Ghana
Ghana Airways
Gemini Air Transport
Indonesia
Indonesian Ankasa Civil Air Transport
Ireland
Aer Turas
Interconair
Israel
El Al - An El Al Bristol Britannia was used by Israel to fly Adolf Eichmann out of Argentina after his kidnap in 1960 .
Kenya
African Cargo Airlines
African Safari Airways
Liberia
Liberia World Airways
Mexico
Aeronaves de México
Spain
Air Spain
Switzerland
Globe Air operated two former El Al 313s between 1964 and 1967 .
United Arab Emirates
Gaylan Air Cargo ( United Arab Emirates )
United Kingdom
Air Charter
BKS Air Transport
BOAC
Britannia Airways
British Eagle
British United Airways
Caledonian Airways
Cathay Pacific
Cunard Eagle Airways
Donaldson International Airways
Hunting @-@ Clan Air Transport
International Air Services
Invicta International Airlines
Lloyd International Airways
Monarch Airlines
Redcoat Air Cargo
Transglobe Airways
Zaire
Domaine de Katale
Katale Air Transport
Lukum Air Services
Transair Cargo
= = = Military operators = = =
United Kingdom
Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment
Royal Air Force
No. 99 Squadron RAF
No. 511 Squadron RAF
Cuba
Cuban Air Force
= = Accidents and incidents = =
Fourteen Britannias were lost with a total of 365 fatalities between 1954 and 1980 . The worst accident was the 1967 Nicosia Britannia disaster with a loss of life totalling 126 .
On 4 February 1954 , the second Britannia prototype crashed at Severn Beach , Gloucestershire . During the test flight , beginning with a loss of oil pressure , the No. 3 engine was shut down and restarted with a fire breaking out that could not be contained , consequently , No. 4 was shut down as a precaution . On approach to Filton Airport , there was concern that the uncontrolled fire would lead to a failure of the main spar , the pilot , William " Bill " Pegg , electing to make an emergency landing on the mudflats of the Severn Estuary . There were no fatalities .
On 6 November 1957 , the 300 series prototype crashed during a test flight , killing the 15 occupants .
On 24 December 1958 , a BOAC Britannia 312 on a test flight crashed at Winkton , killing nine of the passengers and crew on board .
On 12 October 1967 , " Sirius " a Royal Air Force C1 was damaged beyond repair after over @-@ running the runway at RAF Khormaksar , Aden .
On 22 July 1962 , a Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301 a Britannia 314 was destroyed during an attempted " go @-@ around " following a three @-@ engined approach at Honolulu Airport , Hawaii .
On 29 February 1964 , British Eagle International Airlines Flight 802 crashed into the Glungezer mountain near Innsbruck killing all 83 people aboard .
On 1 September 1966 , a Britannia Airways Flight 105 crashed while landing at Ljubljana , Yugoslavia , resulting in a total of 98 fatalities out of 117 passengers and crew . The probable cause was the flight crew having failed to set their altimeter to QFE instead of QNH , creating a 980 feet ( 300 m ) error in indicated altitude .
On 20 April 1967 , a Globe Air Britannia 313 was on a flight from Bangkok to Basel with intermediate stops at Colombo , Mumbai ( Bombay ) and Cairo . The crew didn 't fly to Cairo , but elected to fly to Nicosia instead , where a missed approach and subsequent low circuit ended in impact near the airport perimeter .
On 30 September 1977 , an Interconair Britannia 253G was on a ferry flight , on approach to Shannon Airport severe vibration was experienced at an height of 300 feet . The approach to runway 24 was abandoned and an overshoot was commenced . The aircraft continued to sink and collided with the ground short and to the right of the runway . The Britannia aircraft bounced , the right wing broke off . The aircraft then skidded and caught fire .
On 16 February 1980 , a Britannia 253F of Redcoat Air Cargo crashed at Billerica , Massachusetts , shortly after taking off from Boston . The probable cause of the accident was degraded aerodynamic performance beyond the flight capabilities of the aircraft resulting from an accumulation of ice and snow on the airframe before takeoff and a further accumulation of ice when the aircraft was flown into moderate to severe icing conditions following takeoff . Contributing to the cause of the accident were encounters with wind shear , downdrafts , and turbulence during the climb . Of eight crew and passengers on board , there were seven fatalities with one seriously injured .
= = Survivors = =
Britannia 101 ( G @-@ ALRX )
Forward fuselage is with the Bristol Aero Collection This is the second prototype aircraft , destroyed in the Severn Estuary crash .
Britannia 308F ( G @-@ ANCF )
Removed from Kemble , and reassembled in early 2007 in Liverpool , England . Under restoration on the former airside apron behind the Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel , which was the original terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport .
Britannia 312 ( G @-@ AOVF )
On display at the Royal Air Force Museum , RAF Cosford , England , in Royal Air Force Air Support Command colours as XM497 " Schedar " .
Britannia 312F ( G @-@ AOVS )
Derelict fuselage on the fire training dump at London Luton Airport , Luton , England , in Redcoat Air Cargo colours as G @-@ AOVS " Christian " . Is visible from the Wigmore Valley Park playing fields .
Britannia 312 ( G @-@ AOVT )
On display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford , England , in Monarch Airlines colours .
Britannia C.1 ( XM496 ) Regulus
On display at Kemble Airfield , England , in RAF colours .
Britannia 307F ( 5Y @-@ AYR )
Cockpit preserved in Burnham on Sea , Somerset , England .
= = Notable appearances in media = =
An Aeronaves de Mexico Model 302 Britannia was the aircraft in the 1959 movie Jet Over the Atlantic ; the audience is informed that the aircraft is a turboprop .
= = Specifications ( Series 310 ) = =
Data from Britannia ... Last of the Bristol Line
General characteristics
Crew : 4 @-@ 7
Capacity : 139 passengers ( coach class )
Length : 124 ft 3 in ( 37 @.@ 88 m )
Wingspan : 142 ft 3 in ( 43 @.@ 36 m )
Height : 37 ft 6 in ( 11 @.@ 43 m )
Wing area : 2 @,@ 075 ft ² ( 192 @.@ 8 m ² )
Empty weight : 86 @,@ 400 lb ( 38 @,@ 500 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 185 @,@ 000 lb ( 84 @,@ 000 kg )
Powerplant : 4 × Bristol Proteus 765 turboprops , 4 @,@ 450 ehp ( 3 @,@ 320 kW ) each
Performance
Maximum speed : 397 mph ( 345 knots , 639 km / h )
Cruise speed : 357 mph ( 310 kn , 575 km / h ) at 22 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 700 m )
Range : 4 @,@ 430 mi ( 3 @,@ 852 nmi , 7 @,@ 129 km )
Service ceiling : 24 @,@ 000 ft ( 7 @,@ 300 m )
Avionics
EKCO E120 weather radar
|
= Tales ( series ) =
The Tales series , known in Japan as the Tales of series ( 「 テイルズ オブ 」 シリーズ , " Teiruzu Obu " Shirīzu ) , is a franchise of fantasy Japanese role @-@ playing video games published by Bandai Namco Entertainment ( formerly Namco ) , and developed by its subsidiary , Namco Tales Studio until 2011 and presently by Bandai Namco . First begun in 1995 with the development and release of Tales of Phantasia for the Super Famicom , the series currently spans sixteen main titles , multiple spin @-@ off games and supplementary media in the form of manga series , anime series , and audio dramas .
While entries in the series generally stand independent of each other with different characters and stories , they are commonly linked by their gameplay , themes and high fantasy settings . The series is characterized by its art style , which draws from Japanese manga and anime , and its action @-@ based fighting system called the " Linear Motion Battle System " . Multiple people have become linked with the series , including character designers Kōsuke Fujishima and Mutsumi Inomata , producers Hideo Baba and Makoto Yoshizumi , and composer Motoi Sakuraba . The series was created by Yoshiharu Gotanda .
Most of the main Tales games have been localized for North America and Europe , although almost all of the spinoff titles have not been released abroad . While generally seen as a niche series in English speaking regions , Tales is considered a high @-@ profile property in Japan , just behind other series such as Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest . The series has been gaining popularity in the West since the release of Tales of Symphonia , which is still considered one of its most popular titles . As of December 2013 , the series has sold 16 million units worldwide .
= = Titles = =
= = = Games = = =
Since the first installment was released in 1995 , the Tales series has grown to include the main entries and multiple spin @-@ offs that derive multiple gameplay and narrative elements from the main entries . Except when indicated by naming , the main Tales entries are separate from each other apart from gameplay mechanics and themes . While Tales titles are often ported to new consoles after their original release , these remakes are rarely localized . The 2007 Nintendo DS game Tales of the Tempest was originally seen as a main entry in the series , but in 2007 was classified as a spin @-@ off .
= = = = Main series = = = =
The series debuted on the Super Famicom with Tales of Phantasia in 1995 , and introduced multiple elements that would become staples of the Tales series . It was released in the west on the Game Boy Advance in 2006 . It was also ported to the PlayStation , PlayStation Portable and iOS . The PlayStation received two original Tales games : Tales of Destiny in 1997 , which was the first title to be released in North America , and Tales of Eternia in 2000 , which was released in North America as Tales of Destiny 2 in 2001 .
Five titles have been released on the PlayStation 2 . The true direct sequel to Destiny , Tales of Destiny 2 , was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2001 across Asian territories , and ported to the PlayStation Portable in Japan in 2007 ; both versions have yet to receive a western release . Tales of Symphonia was released in Japan on the PS2 and Nintendo GameCube . The GameCube version was also released North America and Europe . It was the first entry to feature 3D graphics for its characters and environments and the first to be released in Europe . Tales of Rebirth was released in 2004 , ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2008 , and has yet to receive a western localization . Tales of Legendia and Tales of the Abyss were both released in Japan in 2005 , with both being released in North America the following year . Legendia was the first and only Tales game developed by Namco internal development team " Project Melfes " , while Abyss was developed by the same team that developed Symphonia , and used its same graphics engine . Abyss was later ported to the Nintendo 3DS , and released in Japan , North America and Europe .
Tales of Innocence was released in Japan on the Nintendo DS in 2007 . A remake of the game , Innocence R was released on the PlayStation Vita in 2012 . Neither version has been released in the west . The first release on seventh @-@ generation consoles , Tales of Vesperia for Xbox 360 , was released in Japan and North America in 2008 and in Europe in 2009 . A Japan @-@ exclusive PlayStation 3 port was released in 2009 as well . Tales of Hearts was released on the Nintendo DS in 2008 . A remake , Hearts R , was released in 2013 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe .
The twelfth entry , Tales of Graces , released on the Wii in Japan in 2009 . A PlayStation 3 port , Graces f , was released in 2009 in Japan , and in 2012 in North America and Europe . Tales of Xillia , the series ' 15th anniversary title , was released in Japan for PlayStation 3 in 2011 , and in North America and Europe in 2013 . Xillia 's direct sequel and the fourteenth main title , Tales of Xillia 2 , was released in 2012 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe . The fifteenth main title , Tales of Zestiria , was released in January 2015 in Japan and it was released in North America on October 20 , 2015 . The sixteenth main title , Tales of Berseria , is in production for PS3 and PlayStation 4 .
= = = = Sequels and spin @-@ offs = = = =
The series has received a small number of sequels , and a large amount of spin @-@ off titles and subseries . With the exception of Tempest , worked on by multiple staff from the main series and treated a precursor to Innocence , they are derivative rather than original works . Three direct sequels have been produced : Destiny 2 , Xillia 2 and Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World . Eternia received an MMORPG spin @-@ off for PC platforms titled Tales of Eternia Online . Multiple crossover games have been made for mobile platforms , including Tales of Link , the Tales of Mobile series , Tales of Card Evolve , Tales of Kizna and Tales of Asteria . Two titles for the PlayStation Portable have been released in Japan : Tales of VS. in 2009 , and Tales of the Heroes : Twin Brave in 2012 . The main spin @-@ off subseries is Tales of the World , which has grown to include ten games beginning with Tales of Phantasia : Narikiri Dungeon , released in Japan on the Game Boy Color in 2000 . Only Tales of the World : Radiant Mythology has been released in the west . A second subseries , Tales of Fandom , includes two games released respectively for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 in 2002 and 2007 .
= = = Related media = = =
The Tales series has expanded into other media , including CD dramas , manga and anime . Multiple Tales games have been adapted into anime OAVs and TV series . The Symphonia OAV was released in three parts between 2007 and 2011 , and released as a single collection in 2013 . Abyss was adapted into a 26 @-@ episode TV series between October 2008 and March 2009 . Phantasia and Eternia have also received anime adaptations . The series ' first theatrical film , a prequel to Vesperia called Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike , was released in 2009 in Japan and 2012 in North America . A made @-@ for @-@ television anime based on the opening sections of Zestiria , Dawn of the Shepard , was produced as part of the 20th anniversary celebrations related to the title . It was also released on the game disc . A full series based on Zestiria will air in 2016 .
Books and audio dramas have also been made . Phantasia received multiple CD dramas , including four collected into anthologies in January and March 2000 @.@ and a stand @-@ alone drama in December 2001 . Symphonia received seven audio dramas following the game 's plot . Two CD dramas for Legendia were respectively released in August and September 2005 . A manga of Phantasia was written and serialized in 2008 and 2009 , while Abyss received three manga adaptations in the years after its release . Symphonia was adapted in both novelizations and a manga serial . Others to receive adaptations of these kinds are Destiny , Graces and Xillia .
= = Common elements = =
= = = Gameplay = = =
The Tales series is classified as a role @-@ playing video game series . Multiple gameplay elements carry over from entry to entry . The main unifying element is the combat system , the Linear Motion Battle System ( LMBS for short ) . Considered as one of the mainstays and building blocks for every main entry in the series , it undergoes multiple incremental changes and alterations from one installment to the next . Introduced in Phantasia , it is a real @-@ time fighting system similar to a brawler , as opposed to the majority of RPGs at the time of Phantasia 's release which primarily used turn @-@ based battle systems .
Some features introduced in certain games have proven popular enough to remain in future installments like " Free Running " ( the ability for a character to freely roam the battlefield ) . Elements of turn @-@ based combat are also present , though to a lesser degree : an example of this is Destiny 's " Chain Capacity " feature ( the number of skills a character can perform ) , which appears in later games in the series . The battle system for Legendia was deliberately designed to be similar to a brawler : the stated reason was that the team wished to combine brawler combat with the story and leveling mechanics of a Tales game . Characters generally use Artes , which are special attacks characters can perform in battle . Players can usually only control one character , though a multiplayer option was implemented for Destiny and has reappeared in later Tales games .
The battle system 's name for each installment is augmented with descriptive titles representative of features of that game 's battle system : examples are the " Style Shift " system from Graces ( characters shifting between two types of Artes ) and the " Fusionic @-@ Chain " system from Zestiria ( a human character merging with a magical character for a brief period to deal greater damage ) . Characters are awarded with " Titles " , nicknames which sometimes grant boons to them in battle when assigned to them . In the majority of Tales games , when navigating the overworld or environment and encountering an enemy , combat took place on a separate battle screen . For Zestiria , combat took place in the same space as exploration .
Most Tales games have skits , side conversations between different characters that can be both dramatic and comedic in nature . They are commonly portrayed as character portraits or profiles , with text along the bottom of the screen . They were first introduced in Tales of Destiny , though the majority were cut from the English release . In the original English GameCube release of Symphonia , the voice track for the skits was removed , but for its HD re @-@ release , the Japanese voice track , and consequently the skit voice tracks , were included . The first English release to include fully voiced skits was Vesperia : they had been planned for Abyss , but were cut due to space issues . Another recurring feature is the Cooking system , where characters learn and prepare dishes to restore health and forms of experience points .
= = = Themes , plots and characters = = =
The prominent narrative theme of the Tales series is the issue of coexistence between different races . A particular example of this is Tales of Rebirth , which extensively explores themes of racism . Scenario writer Hiramatsu Masaki was inspired by the ethnic conflicts seen in Yugoslavia . Another recurring feature is the plot and characters , which are often rooted in and revolve around themes such as justice or faith . The theme for each entry in the series is decided by the series producer based on current world events . The chosen theme helps dictate what the game will be called : once the theme is decided , the team search through various languages to find a suitable representative word . The narratives of each story were described by Gamasutra as " very typical " during a 2008 interview with staff members , although it was not elaborated upon by the interviewer . The interviewees suggested that this point of view was based on the fact that western fans were not generally experienced in Japanese culture , and so would see the stories in each entry as similar . The writers for each game are hired on a per @-@ project basis , with both freelancers and in @-@ house story writers being involved . Two of the recurring writers are Takumi Miyajima ( Symphonia and Abyss ) , and Naoki Yamamoto ( Hearts , Xillia , Zestiria ) . There are very few mainline games that share a setting : Symphonia takes place along the same " time axis " as Phantasia , while Zestiria and Berseria take place on the same world at different time periods .
The settings for the stories are primarily high fantasy worlds , with the producers opting not to use a dark or science fiction @-@ based setting . An exception is Xillia 2 , which mostly took place in a modern setting , and explored darker themes than usual . This direction was confirmed as a one @-@ off experiment for the series . The main characters play a key role in the Tales games , as it is partially through them that the main theme of each entry is depicted . For Abyss , it was decided to take a risk and create an unorthodox protagonist that would be initially unlikable . For Vesperia , the team opted to raise the age limit of the target audience , showing this in the game by making the main protagonist a more mature type . A female main protagonist was included for the first time in Xillia in the form of Milla Maxwell alongside male protagonist Jude Mathis , although at the time it was stated that there were no solid plans to create a game with a single female protagonist . A sole female character , called Velvet , was eventually included in Berseria . The way the characters interact with each other during the narrative forms one of the core aspects of designing each game . Another main priority is for players to see a part of themselves in the characters .
= = = Terminology = = =
Unique terminology is used when referring to games within the series . In 2007 , Yoshizumi announced two classes of Tales games , " Mothership Titles " and " Escort Titles " . " Mothership " essentially means " Main series " , where as " Escort " essentially means " Spinoff " . One of the recurring differences between the two game types internally is that " Escort " titles don 't supply inspiration for main entries in the series , but draw the most popular elements from them . The games are also frequently given what is called a " Characteristic Genre Name " , which is essentially a short subtitle or phrase that outlines the game 's overall theme . The main reason for this , as stated by Yoshizumi , was that the series was not seen as a role @-@ playing series by the development team , but rather " Character Playing Game " , with the player learning about the game 's characters and watching them grow rather than using them as avatars : the genre names are meant to distinguish them from other role @-@ playing games . The terms , however , are largely removed from the English localized versions . There are also terms that are used in remakes or ports of games : " R " stands for " remake " or " Re @-@ imagination " ( as in Hearts R ) , while " F " in Graces f stood for " future " , in reference to the game 's extra story content .
= = Development = =
= = = History = = =
The Tales series originated when Phantasia began production , based on an unpublished novel titled Tale Phantasia ( テイルファンタジア , Teiru Fantajia ) , written by the game 's scenario writer and lead programmer Yoshiharu Gotanda . During the story development process , several elements of the original novel were dropped or changed . The game was developed by Wolf Team , an independent game development studio founded in 1986 . Due to bad experiences at Telenet Japan , the previous employer of multiple Wolf Team members , the staff sought an independent publisher for the game . After an unsuccessful pitch to Enix , they entered a publishing contract with Bandai Namco ( then Namco ) . Phantasia had a troubled development cycle for the original Super Famicom version , with many creative disagreements between Wolf Team and Namco . The disagreements led to most of the Wolf Team staff leaving after the game in order to start a new company , tri @-@ Ace , which would go on to make the Star Ocean series . Remaining members would continue to develop games in the Tales series .
The studio remained independent until 2003 , when it was acquired by Bandai Namco and renamed Namco Tales Studio . The studio 's shares were divided between Bandai Namco , Telenet Japan and series director Eiji Kikuchi . In 2006 , Namco bought Telenet 's shares , then later Kikuchi 's , giving them full control over the studio . In mid 2011 , a financial report indicated that Namco Tales was in serious financial trouble , having a debt of 21 million dollars and posting a loss for the previous financial year . The studio 's absorption into its parent company was formally announced in November of that year . After the absorption of Namco Tales , former series brand manager Hideo Baba was appointed as series producer . He had previously been the producer of the original version of Hearts . Alongside Baba , the chief series producer is Makoto Yoshizumi , who had produced multiple titles including Destiny and Innocence .
= = = Art design = = =
The series is distinguished by its art style , which emulates manga and anime . According to Baba , the character designs are created once the main character 's story , personality , and environment are determined by the rest of the production team . Beyond that , the artist is allowed to use their imagination , though they can be asked to alter things like costume details , and facial expressions . One of the main designers for the series is manga artist Kōsuke Fujishima . He was first brought in to design the characters for Phantasia , and has since designed for multiple entries including Abyss and Xillia . Another designer , Mutsumi Inomata , first designed for the series with Destiny , and has contributed designs for multiple entries including Eternia , Rebirth and Xillia . A third regular artist is Daigo Okumura , who designed characters for Vesperia and Xillia 2 , as well as Dawn of the New World . Other designers to work on the series include Kazuto Nakazawa ( Legendia ) , Kouichi Kimura ( Xillia 2 ) , and Minoru Iwamoto ( Zestiria ) . The art design for each game 's world and characters has ranged between a cel @-@ shaded anime style ( Vesperia ) to a more realistic style ( Xillia 2 ) . Skit character images are also directly inspired by anime art . The art style for each title is determined by the theme and story decided upon by the developers .
Anime cutscenes are included in each game , and are a primary focus for the production team as they help make the first impression on players . The series aims to avoid standard anime tropes and common narrative elements with each installment . The first game to feature such cutscenes was Destiny . The cutscenes were animated by Production I.G , which has provided cutscenes for the series until Xillia . For Xillia , aiming to demonstrate a new artistic direction for the series , production of the anime cutscenes was given to Ufotable . For the Nintendo DS release of Hearts , two identical versions of the game were released as an experiment by the production team , with one featuring traditional anime animation by Production I.G. , and one featuring computer @-@ generated cutscenes by Shirogumi Ltd . The CGI cutscenes proved less popular with fans than the established anime style .
= = = Technology and development teams = = =
The engines for the games are generally developed in @-@ house : the cited reasons for this included problems with outsourced development . Until Vesperia , the team worked on a by @-@ project basis , creating new development tools and engines for each installment . Due to cost increases , the development process was altered and streamlined as more user @-@ friendly software engines became available . The studio was divided into two teams : Team Destiny worked on 2D Tales titles such as Tales of Destiny , while Team Symphonia developed 3D titles . In @-@ house , major distinctions were made between the two studios except for some core staff Namco Tales produced the majority of the mainline Tales games until its absorption in 2011 . The notable exceptions are Legendia , which was developed by an internal staff group at Bandai Namco , and Innocence , which was developed by Alfa System . Alfa System also developed many of the portable spin @-@ off titles . After the absorption of Namco Tales by Bandai Namco , the teams and staff transferred to the new in @-@ house development studio called Bandai Namco Studios . The size of the teams was reduced and the previous studio 's main divisions were merged . This allowed production to be streamlined , but also meant that the team could only focus on one game at a time , rather than working on two games simultaneously as they had done before .
= = = Music = = =
The regular main composer for the Tales series is Motoi Sakuraba . His first work on the series was for Phantasia , and has since contributed to nearly every main entry since there in the capacity of a freelance composer . Sakuraba has become noted for his signature musical style , which is present in the majority of his Tales scores . He also frequently collaborates with Shinji Tamura . The entries Sakuraba has not worked on are Legendia , which was composed by Go Shiina , an in @-@ house composer , and Innocence , whose composer was Kazuhiro Nakamura . Sakuraba and Shiina had collaborated on the score for Zestiria . Multiple titles in the series use licensed theme songs by multiple Japanese artists : among the artists are Garnat Crow ( Eternia ) , Deen ( Destiny / Hearts ) , Kokia ( Innocence ) and Ayumi Hamasaki ( Xillia / Xillia 2 ) . One recurring aspect of many earlier localizations was the removal of the Japanese theme song , such as with Symphonia , which had its theme song replaced with an orchestral version . The first western release of a Tales title to feature the theme song used in Japan was Vesperia .
= = = Localization = = =
Multiple Tales titles , the majority of which are spin @-@ offs , have not been localized for the west or have only been released in North America : two examples of the former case for entries in the main series are Rebirth and Innocence , while an example of the latter is Legendia . Speaking in 2013 , Baba explained that the main priority for localizations was for the main series rather than spin @-@ offs . In addition to this , he stated that their localization team was limited and they needed to " pick and choose " which game to bring to the west . For its western release , Eternia 's name was changed to " Destiny 2 " : this was due to a possible trademark conflict and the wish to exploit the popularity of Destiny . The 2006 PSP port of Eternia retained its original title . With Zestiria , Bandai Namco planned to attempt releasing the game in the west in the same year it was released in Japan . The deciding factor in this resolution was the delayed release of Xillia and its sequel , and the reaction of western fans to this . Fan localizations have also been created , such as for the original versions of Phantasia and Innocence . While the option of the Japanese voice tracks have been heavily requested for western releases by fans , licensing issues have mostly prevented Bandai Namco from implementing it . Localization for mobile titles is also a low priority due to them being co @-@ developed by Japan @-@ based mobile developers .
= = Reception and legacy = =
The series has generally sold well during its lifetime . The series ' strongest sales base has been Japan : in 2007 , sales distribution was 87 % in Japan , 8 % in North America , 3 % in Europe and 2 % in mainland Asia . The best @-@ selling titles of the series at the time were Symphonia ( 953 @,@ 000 copies for the GameCube , 486 @,@ 000 for PlayStation 2 ) , Destiny ( 1 @.@ 1 million copies for PlayStation ) , Xillia ( 1 million copies for PlayStation 3 ) and Destiny 2 ( 977 @,@ 000 copies for PlayStation 2 ) . The sales data did not include mobile and online games . The success of entries has also been linked with the consoles they are released on : Vesperia 's release on the Xbox 360 caused the console to sell out for the first time in Japan , while Namco decided to release Zestiria on the PlayStation 3 due to the low sales prospects for next @-@ gen consoles in their target audience . As of December 2013 , the series has shipped 16 million units worldwide across 100 different countries .
While keeping a lower profile in English @-@ speaking regions , in Japan , it is regarded as one of the biggest role @-@ playing video game series . 1UP.com 's Jeremy Parish , speaking in 2001 , referred to it as the third biggest RPG series in Japan behind Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest . Gamasutra 's Brandon Sheffield echoed these sentiments , stating that " While the series doesn 't have quite the cultural cache of Final Fantasy in the West or Dragon Quest in Japan , it 's still a very popular brand worldwide " . IGN 's Anoop Gantayat additionally referred to it as the third biggest Japanese role @-@ playing series in regards to sales . Multiple entries in the series , notably Destiny and Legendia have been favorably compared with fighting games and brawlers , especially the Street Fighter series . GameTrailers ranked the Linear Motion Battle System , with particular reference to Graces , as one of the top five JRPG battle systems . Their stories and characters have generally received a more mixed response from western critics : opinions on entries such as Legendia , Abyss , Xillia were mixed to positive , while others such as Symphonia , Graces and Xillia 2 were criticized . The main criticism for these games and Legendia was that the story was either predictable or cliché . The in @-@ game graphics have also drawn mixed responses for several games in the series , including Destiny , Eternia , Graces and Xillia .
In 2013 , leading up to the release of Tales of Symphonia Chronicles , Baba called Symphonia the most successful title in the series in the west thus far , although the series ' main target audience was still in Japan . In an earlier interview , Baba commented that the team behind the series put a large amount of effort and development in keeping the series fresh while retaining the base elements across each installment . The positive reaction of gamers in the US to Symphonia influenced the way the various teams developed titles after that point . Speaking in 2014 , production manager Denis Lee said that , since Symphonia 's release , the popularity of the series has grown . In response , Bandai Namco have focused on getting more entries out in western territories . Much of their research about what titles to release or develop in the future revolves around direct conversation with Tales series fans at gaming conventions and special events .
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= Zimbabwe women 's national field hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics =
The 1980 Zimbabwe women 's national field hockey team won the gold medal in women 's field hockey at that year 's Summer Olympics in Moscow , the capital of the Soviet Union . The squad of 16 women , all from Zimbabwe 's white minority , was assembled less than a month before the Olympics began to help fill the gaps the American @-@ led Olympic boycott created in the women 's hockey competition . Zimbabwe 's subsequent victory in the round @-@ robin tournament with three wins and two draws was regarded as a huge upset , particularly considering the team 's lack of preparation and experience ; it has been called an " irresistible fairy story " . Won at a time of great political transition in Zimbabwe , the gold medal was the country 's first Olympic medal of any colour .
The 1980 Olympics were first to feature women 's hockey , and the first to include Zimbabwe under that name — barred from the last three Olympics for political reasons , the country had last competed as Rhodesia in 1964 . The women 's hockey matches , held between 25 and 31 July , were all played on artificial turf , which none of the Zimbabwean team members had ever seen ; they had also never played together until that month . After beating Poland and the USSR and drawing with Czechoslovakia and India , the Zimbabweans won the competition on the final day with a 4 – 1 victory over Austria . Dubbed the " Golden Girls " by the media of Zimbabwe , they were met by cheering crowds on their return home , and were briefly national celebrities . Zimbabwe did not win another Olympic medal until 2004 .
= = Invitation and team selection = =
The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , the capital of the Soviet Union , were the first to include a competition in women 's field hockey . Pre @-@ tournament favourites included Australia , the Netherlands and West Germany , but the American @-@ led Western boycott of the Moscow Olympics led to these teams and others withdrawing , leaving only the Soviets in the women 's hockey event . The Soviet and international Olympic authorities filled the gaps by inviting teams from countries that had not qualified . Among the nations invited was Zimbabwe , which had become an internationally recognised country in April 1980 following seven years of civil war . Moscow marked the southern African nation 's return to the Olympics after 16 years ; as Rhodesia it had been excluded from the 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Games for political reasons following the mostly white government 's declaration of independence from Britain in 1965 . The Zimbabwe Olympic Committee received the invitation to send men 's and women 's hockey squads to Moscow on 14 June 1980 , 35 days before the Olympics were due to start . They were taken totally by surprise — they had not prepared hockey teams for the Games — but nevertheless agreed to send a women 's squad . No women 's hockey team representing the country had ever played overseas before .
A squad of 16 members , built around the core of the former Rhodesia team , was hastily assembled by Liz Dreyer , the president of the national women 's hockey association , who became the team 's manager . Every player and official was white . Ann Grant , the team 's 25 @-@ year @-@ old sweeper , was appointed captain . Anthea Stewart , who had played for South Africa 25 times before retiring in 1974 , both coached the squad and played herself . Liz Chase , the only other team member with international experience ( having also represented South Africa ) was made vice @-@ captain . At 35 years old , Stewart was the team 's oldest player , while Arlene Boxall , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old reserve goalkeeper , was the youngest . The squad included twin sisters in Sandy Chick and Sonia Robertson .
Entirely amateur , the team mostly comprised players with professions unrelated to sport — Grant , for example , was a bookkeeper , while Boxall was an operations clerk in the Air Force of Zimbabwe . Several had sporting relatives , most prominently Grant , whose brother was the international cricketer Duncan Fletcher . Audrey Palmer , a seasoned hockey official and referee who had played for Rhodesia from 1953 to 1961 , travelled with the team as a medic , trainer and general supervisor . The squad left on 7 July , travelling first to the Zambian capital Lusaka and then to Luanda in Angola , from where they flew to Moscow on an aircraft usually used for freighting meat . " The stench was terrible " , Grant later said . " There were no seats , so we all sat on the floor , strapped in and set off into the unknown . We didn 't even have the right shoes to play on the artificial hockey surface . "
= = Tournament = =
The event was organised as a round @-@ robin tournament in which each of the six teams would play each other once between 25 and 31 July . Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw ; the team with the most points at the end would be the winner . The other competitors were Austria , Czechoslovakia , India , Poland and the USSR ; apart from the Soviets , all of these teams were competing as a result of the boycott , having failed to qualify initially . All of the matches were played at Dynamo Minor Arena in Moscow . Zimbabwe arrived two weeks before the hockey tournament was due to start , and warmed up with a number of matches against local teams . The players ' lack of preparation and unfamiliarity with artificial turf — " none of us had ever seen it before " , Chick recalled — were offset by what several members of the squad have described as a very strong team spirit . They considered themselves serious underdogs and did not expect to win a medal .
Zimbabwe played in the first women 's Olympic hockey match , facing Poland on 25 July . Pat McKillop scored the first goal to put Zimbabwe ahead before Pat Davies , Linda Watson and Chase each added one more to round off a 4 – 0 victory . On 27 July , Zimbabwe and Czechoslovakia drew 2 – 2 ; McKillop and Chase scored . The next day , the Zimbabweans beat the Soviets 2 – 0 , McKillop scoring both goals . A 1 – 1 draw with India on 30 July put Zimbabwe in first place before the final round of matches on the 31st . Zimbabwe had to beat Austria to be sure of winning the gold .
Stewart declared the team 's first @-@ choice white @-@ and @-@ blue outfit " lucky " on the basis that both Zimbabwe 's victories had been won wearing it ( as opposed to the two draws wearing green ) , and expressed joy that they would again be wearing white and blue in the deciding match . According to Glen Byrom , covering the event for the Herald newspaper , the Zimbabweans appeared nervous during the opening stages of the game , and were fortunate not to go behind after 15 minutes , when Austria missed a clear chance . Chick opened the scoring after 28 minutes , receiving the ball from a corner before cleanly stroking it into the net . Austria 's Brigitte Kindler equalised two minutes later from a penalty stroke , flicking the ball beyond Zimbabwean goalkeeper Sarah English into the top @-@ left corner of the goal . With the score 1 – 1 at half time , Brenda Phillips replaced Christine Prinsloo at right @-@ half .
Urged on by a small but loud group of fellow Zimbabwean Olympians , the Zimbabweans improved after the break and , according to Byrom , " ke [ pt ] the Austrian goal under siege " throughout the second half . With 50 of the match 's 70 minutes gone , McKillop powerfully stroked a short corner that deflected off an opposing player 's stick and flew high into the net to give Zimbabwe the lead . Now appearing supremely confident , Byrom reported , the Zimbabweans " simply overran Austria with a splendid display of fast , attacking hockey " , forcing eight short corners and four long corners during the second period to Austria 's one long corner . Gillian Cowley made it 3 – 1 on 60 minutes , following up to score after Sandy Chick 's free hit was blocked . McKillop rounded up the win four minutes later , collecting a through pass from Chase and smashing the ball home . Byrom reported " incredible scenes of unrestrained joy " at the final buzzer — " the Zimbabweans , tears streaming from their eyes , danced about the field hugging and kissing each other " . Finally they hoisted Grant onto their shoulders and carried her off the field .
A few hours later , the Zimbabwean players returned to the field wearing their blue skirts and blue Zimbabwe Olympic blazers for the medals ceremony . After the third @-@ placed Soviets and second @-@ placed Czechoslovakians had received their medals , Grant led the team up to the podium to receive the first ever Olympic gold medal for women 's hockey . It was their country 's first Olympic medal of any colour . All 16 players received medals ; they then led the Czechoslovakian and Soviet teams on a walking lap of honour around the field .
Zimbabwe finished the tournament undefeated , having scored the most goals and conceded the fewest of any team . The six goals from Pat McKillop , a housewife from Bulawayo , made her the competition 's joint top scorer with the USSR 's Natella Krasnikova . Chase , despite nursing a knee injury , played in all five matches and scored three goals . All of the Zimbabwean squad members played at least one match except for Boxall , who never came off the bench , but still received a gold medal .
= = Reactions and legacy = =
The victorious hockey players were immediately dubbed the " Golden Girls " by Zimbabwean reporters . They were greeted by huge crowds on their return to Zimbabwe and briefly became national celebrities . Prime Minister Robert Mugabe welcomed them home at an official function . Each member of the team was promised an ox by the Prime Minister 's wife Sally , but ultimately received a polystyrene package of meat instead at a ceremony hosted by Mrs Mugabe . Many of the players emigrated over the following years , mostly to South Africa . Their victory continues to be celebrated in Zimbabwe today . The country did not win another Olympic medal until Kirsty Coventry won three swimming medals in Athens in 2004 . Robert Mugabe promptly applied the " golden girl " nickname to her on her return home .
The Zimbabwean hockey team 's victory at the 1980 Olympics was widely considered a great upset . Sports historians have called it a " fairytale " and an " irresistible fairy story " . While the Zimbabweans were overjoyed by their unlikely status as the first ever Olympic gold medallists in women 's hockey , some , including Robert Sullivan of Sports Illustrated , felt that the Zimbabwean victory epitomised how the Western boycott had lowered competitive standards and , in their opinion , " ruined " the 1980 Olympics . While acknowledging this to an extent , Cathy Harris asserted in her 2008 retrospective on the team , published in The Sunday Times , that the victory still deserved to be recognised as a great achievement . " They freely acknowledge that they won the gold medal without competing against the best in the world " , she concludes , " but , like many athletes in Moscow in 1980 , they seized their chance . "
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= Air Greenland =
Air Greenland A / S is the flag carrier airline of Greenland , a subsidiary of the SAS Group , owned by the SAS Group , The Greenlandic Government and The Danish Government . It operates a fleet of 32 aircraft , including 1 airliner used for transatlantic and charter flights , 9 fixed @-@ wing aircraft primarily serving the domestic network , and 22 helicopters feeding passengers from the smaller communities into the domestic airport network . Flights to heliports in the remote settlements are operated on contract with the government of Greenland .
Founded in 1960 as Grønlandsfly , the airline started its first services with Catalina water planes and within the decade expanded to include DHC @-@ 3 Otters as well as Sikorsky S @-@ 61 helicopters , some of which remain in active service . The majority of operations were based on helicopters until the newly established Greenland Home Rule began investing in a network of short takeoff and landing airfields . These were very expensive to construct and Greenland 's airport fees are still among the highest in the world ; they also required a new fleet : DHC @-@ 7 turboprops uniquely suited to the harsh terrain and weather conditions in Greenland . The reliability of connections improved as the domestic airport network expanded in the 1990s : increasing use of the Dash 7s made the airline less restricted by inclement weather . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , Air Greenland acquired a Boeing 757 and an Airbus A330 , allowing it to open connections to Copenhagen , until then operated by SAS which also competed mid to late 2000s . In the 21st century , it competes with Air Iceland for international connections and small charter services domestically .
Besides running scheduled services and government @-@ contracted flights to most villages in the country , the airline also supports remote research stations , provides charter services for tourists and Greenland 's energy and mineral @-@ resource industries , and permits medivac during emergencies . Air Greenland has seven subsidiaries , an airline , hotels , tour operators , a travel agency specialized in Greenlandic tourism and the Arctic Umiaq Line , an unprofitable but government @-@ subsidized ferry service .
= = History = =
= = = 1960s = = =
The airline was established on 7 November 1960 as Grønlandsfly A / S by the Scandinavian Airlines System ( now SAS ) and Kryolitselskabet Øresund , a Danish mining company involved with the cryolite operations at Ivittuut to provide transport and logistics for four American radar bases in Greenland . In 1962 , interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council ( now the Greenland Home Rule Government ) and the Royal Greenland Trade Department ( now KNI ) .
The first flights serving the American bases in Greenland operated lightweight DHC @-@ 3 Otters and Sikorsky S @-@ 55 helicopters chartered from Canada . After a crash in 1961 , Grønlandsfly used PBY Catalina water planes and DHC @-@ 6 Twin Otters on domestic routes . One of the Catalinas then crashed in 1962 . In 1965 , the Douglas DC @-@ 4 became the line 's first larger airplane . It was followed by Sikorsky S @-@ 61 helicopters , which have remained in use : in 2010 , they still served the communities of Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland year @-@ round and those of Disko Bay during the winter .
= = = 1970s = = =
During the 1970s , Grønlandsfly upgraded its DC @-@ 4 to the newer DC @-@ 6 , but principally focused on expanding its helicopter fleet , purchasing five more S @-@ 61s . By 1972 , it opened up service to east Greenland with a helicopter based in Tasiilaq , and established Greenlandair Charter . Mining at Maamorilik in the Uummannaq Fjord required still more helicopters , and the airline purchased Bell 206s for the route . Grønlandsfly also picked up a Danish government contract to fly reconnaissance missions regarding the sea ice around Greenland .
By the end of 1979 , the number of Grønlandsfly passengers served annually exceeded 60 @,@ 000 , more than the population of Greenland . That year , the airline 's first international route was also opened , running between Greenland 's capital Nuuk and the town of Iqaluit in northern Canada . The route connected Greenland 's Kalaallit with Canada 's Inuit and was operated in conjunction with the Canadian First Air line , but the planes were generally run empty and the route was shuttered 13 years later .
= = = 1980s = = =
The establishment of the Greenland Home Rule Government in 1979 led to investment in a regional network of true airports , with short take @-@ off and landing ( STOL ) airfields constructed in Nuuk , Ilulissat ( 1984 ) , and Kulusuk . ( These early airports were built without de @-@ icing equipment , a situation which has proven problematic during Greenland 's winters and continues to cause delays and losses for the airline . ) The decade also saw the company train and hire its first native Kalaallit pilots .
To service the enlarged network , Grønlandsfly began acquiring DHC @-@ 7s , planes particularly suited to the often severe weather conditions in Greenland . The first was delivered on 29 September 1979 , followed by more over the next decade . These planes remain in active service , serving every airport except Nerlerit Inaat near Ittoqqortoormiit , whose operation is handled by Air Iceland under contract with Greenland Home Rule .
In 1981 , Grønlandsfly opened its first route to Iceland , linking Reykjavík Airport to its main hub at Kangerlussuaq via Kulusuk . In 1986 , a route to Keflavík allowed the company to break SAS 's monopoly on flights between Greenland and Denmark via a Keflavík @-@ Copenhagen leg operated by Icelandair . By 1989 , the airline employed more than 400 Greenlanders and carried more than 100 @,@ 000 passengers annually .
= = = 1990s = = =
The company saw its activity curtailed as the mines at Ivittuut ( 1987 ) and Maamorilik ( 1990 ) closed operation , leading to a recession in the Greenlandic economy .
As the situation improved , the network of regional STOL airports was extended with Sisimiut Airport , Maniitsoq Airport , and Aasiaat Airport built in mid @-@ western Greenland and Qaarsut Airport and Upernavik Airport built in northwestern Greenland . With the purchase of a fifth Dash 7 , Grønlandsfly was – for the first time since its inception – able to provide plane services to all major towns in Greenland . ( Uummannaq is served by Qaarsut Airport in conjunction with its heliport . )
Grønlandsfly also purchased its first jet aircraft , a Boeing 757 – 200 which began operation in May 1998 . The airliner was named Kunuunnguaq in honor of the Greenlandic explorer and ethnologist Knud Rasmussen , whose bust decorates in the terminal of Kangerlussuaq hub . The airliner allowed the company to run the profitable Kangerlussuaq – Copenhagen route directly , without affiliates or a layover in Iceland . Thus , in 1999 , the airline served 282 @,@ 000 passengers , nearly triple the number at the end of the previous decade .
= = = 2000s = = =
Around the turn of the millennium , the airline renewed its aging fleet , retiring several of its S @-@ 61 and 206 helicopters and replacing them with Bell 212s and Eurocopter AS350s . The company also sacked its CEO Peter Fich , who had proven unable to balance Greenland Home Rule 's demands for local Greenlander service with the board 's for expanded tourism , lower fares , and higher profits . Under his replacement Finn Øelund , Grønlandsfly initially posted a DKK 30 million loss as contractual obligations maintained unprofitable service while a strike ruined the summer tourist season and Post Greenland relocated a lucrative mail contract to the Danish @-@ owned Air Alpha Greenland . In response , the company successfully pushed back against Greenland Home Rule 's large demands , high fees , and low subsidies and rebranded itself , anglicizing its name to Air Greenland and adopting a new logo and livery on 18 April 2002 .
In 2003 , Finn Øelund left to head Maersk Air and was replaced as CEO by Flemming Knudson . Air Greenland opened a route from Copenhagen to Akureyri in Iceland ; the service lasted for six years before finally being deemed unprofitable and ended . Also in 2003 , SAS abandoned its Greenland service , leading Air Greenland to purchase its second airliner , an Airbus A330 @-@ 200 named Norsaq . ( SAS briefly revived the service during the peak season in 2007 before dropping it again in January 2009 . ) Owing to SAS 's withdrawal from the market , Air Greenland received its contract with the U.S. Air Force for passenger service to and from Thule Air Base . Running from February 2004 , the contract was renewed for another five @-@ year period in 2008 despite SAS 's brief return to the market .
The first takeover of another airline took place on 28 July 2006 : Air Greenland acquired the Danish carrier Air Alpha 's Greenland subsidiary . Air Alpha Greenland had operated helicopter flights in Disko Bay and in eastern Greenland . Since the takeover , the acquired Bell 222 helicopters have been used for passenger transfers between Nerlerit Inaat Airport and Ittoqqortoormiit Heliport .
In 2007 , Flemming Knudson was moved to head the Royal Greenland fishing concern and current CEO Michael Binzer was hired with a mandate to lead the company towards greater commercialization and self @-@ sufficiency under the Qarsoq 2012 ( " Arrow 2012 " ) plan . On 13 June , SAS announced its intention to sell its stake in Air Greenland , a move later incorporated into its restructuring program , but as of 2012 it has not found any buyers . On 1 October , the airline introduced its e @-@ ticket system . Also in 2007 , Air Greenland began direct service with Baltimore / Washington International Airport in the United States of America . After sixty American visitors were stranded by a strike of Air Greenland employees and the company refused to make alternate arrangements for their return , ticket sales slumped and the route was closed in March 2008 .
In 2009 , the airline carried 399 @,@ 000 passengers .
= = = 2010s = = =
In the 2010s , Air Greenland has curtailed some services . On 1 January 2010 , Air Greenland suspended its participation in SAS 's EuroBonus frequent @-@ flyer program . In 2011 , nonstop service from Narsarsuaq to Copenhagen was suspended .
However , some expansion is planned . In order to compete with Air Iceland , which operates service from Reykjavik Airport to Nuuk , Narsarsuaq , Ilulissat , and the east coast of Greenland and now controls about 15 % the market in Greenland @-@ bound travel , Air Greenland may open a nonstop route between Nuuk and Keflavík International Airport in Iceland . Also , owing to improved technology and higher commodity prices , the Maarmorilik mines were due to reopen in November 2010 with zinc and iron ore reserves projected to last 50 years . As in the 1970s , the mine 's supply flights to the mine will be operated by Air Greenland , using Bell helicopters ( 212s ) based out of the Uummannaq Heliport .
Air Greenland 's last remaining Twin Otter was sold in 2011 to Norlandair in exchange for cash and a one @-@ fourth interest in the Icelandic company .
Reopening the connection to Iqaluit , now the capital of Nunavut , was considered by Air Greenland in late 2009 , but finally happened in 2012 . However , this service ceased in 2015 .
= = Destinations = =
Air Greenland 's domestic airport network includes all 13 civilian airports within Greenland . Outside Greenland , the airline currently operates transatlantic flights to Keflavík International Airport in Iceland , Copenhagen Airport in Denmark , and Iqaluit Airport in Canada .
Two international airports capable of serving large airliners – Kangerlussuaq Airport and Narsarsuaq Airport – were constructed as U.S. Air Force military bases during World War II and continue to be used for transatlantic flights . All other regional airports are STOL @-@ capable and are served with Dash 7 and Dash 8 fixed @-@ wing aircraft .
Smaller communities are served via heliports which connect with hubs located at Upernavik Airport in the Upernavik Archipelago in northwestern Greenland ; at Uummannaq Heliport in the Uummannaq Fjord region in northwestern Greenland ; at Ilulissat and Aasiaat Airports in the Disko Bay region in western Greenland ; at Qaqortoq and Nanortalik Heliports in southern Greenland ; and at Tasiilaq Heliport in southeastern Greenland . Of the 45 heliports in use , 8 are primary and equipt with a tarmac , a terminal building , and permanent staff . The other heliports are helistops with either a gravel or grass landing area . Often helicopters need to make more than one flight for each connection to a fixed @-@ wing flight because of passenger capacity , causing longer total travel time .
Air Greenland also performs charter flights within Europe on behalf of European travel agencies using its Airbus A330 .
= = = Interline agreements = = =
The agreement makes it again possible to combine a trip , in one ticket .
Air Greenland has interline agreements with the following airlines :
DAT ( Denmark )
Icelandair ( International )
SAS ( Scandinavia / Europe / International )
= = Fleet = =
As of April 2015 , the Air Greenland fleet includes the following active aircraft :
= = = Fixed @-@ wing fleet = = =
The Bombardier Dash 8 Q200 is the airline 's primary aircraft , operating on all domestic airport @-@ to @-@ airport routes . In 2010 , the airline acquired its first Dash 8 aircraft .
As of 5 March 2015 there are one outstanding aircraft order , with the airline operating the following fleet :
= = = Helicopter fleet = = =
The Bell 212 is the primary helicopter used for flights to district villages . The older Sikorsky S @-@ 61N machines are stationed in Ilulissat Airport and Qaqortoq Heliport . With a capacity to seat 25 passengers , the S @-@ 61 based in southern Greenland was used to shuttle passengers arriving from Copenhagen at Narsarsuaq Airport . The sale of the Boeing 757 in April 2010 contributed to the long @-@ term decline of the airport , with the airline planning to remove the old helicopter from the fleet . Three of the Bell 222 helicopters are taken out of active service and remain stationed in Kangerlussuaq Airport having been put up for sale .
= = = Historical Fleet = = =
In the past , Air Greenland ( Grønlandsfly ) also used the following aircraft :
= = Management and structure = =
The Greenlandic Government and the SAS Group are the largest shareholders of the airline , owning a 37 @.@ 5 % stake each . The Danish Government owns the remaining 25 % of the stock . The Ministry of Housing , Infrastructure , and Transport oversees the development of the transport industry in Greenland and controls Mittarfeqarfiit , the airport authority in Greenland . Between them , they control mandatory services , airport taxes , pricing policies , maritime connections , and tourism development , effectively allowing Greenland Home Rule to control the company in spite of the other stakeholders .
The board of directors , chaired by Julia Pars of Greenland Home Rule , includes representatives of all three shareholders and the airline employees . Michael Binzer , previously heading the airline 's marketing and sales department , has been holding the position of chief executive officer since June 2007 .
Headquartered in Nuuk , the airline had 668 employees in December 2009 . The airline 's technical base is located at Nuuk Airport .
= = = Charter = = =
The charter unit within Air Greenland is led by Hans Peter Hansen and employs 8 people , with 13 helicopters and 3 fixed @-@ wing aircraft at its disposal . Excess capacity of airplanes is used for regular charters to tourist destinations in Europe , Asia , and Africa .
The helicopters , primarily the AS350 , are used for special flights , such as search and rescue , air ambulance , charter flights to the Thule Air Base on contract with the U.S. Air Force , geological exploration , and supply flights to the mining sites and the research stations on the Greenland ice sheet . During the peak summer season , the helicopter crew is supplemented by freelance pilots from Norway and Sweden .
Other charter flights include heliskiing shuttles , services for the energy industry such as facilitating oil exploration or surveying for hydroelectric stations , and environmental research counting polar bears and tracking other large Arctic fauna .
= = = Subsidiary companies = = =
= = = = Arctic Umiaq Line = = = =
Air Greenland co @-@ owns the Arctic Umiaq Line jointly ( 50 % each ) with Royal Arctic , Greenland 's government @-@ owned shipping line . Arctic Umiaq runs the ferry M / S Sarfaq Ittuk among Greenland 's coastal communities from Ilulissat in the north to Narsaq in the south .
The ferry has been unprofitable since its founding in 2006 , but Greenland Home Rule provided the owners with a loss guarantee through 2011 , allowing the subsidiary to break even . The deficit was DKK 8 @.@ 1 million for 2011 and , on 16 March 2010 , Air Greenland announced plans to divest its stock . Greenland Home Rule avoided this by undertaking to continue the guarantee at least through 2016 .
= = = = Tourism = = = =
Air Greenland wholly owns Hotel Arctic A / S , a hotel and travel agency based in Ilulissat . Hotel Arctic in turn partially owns World of Greenland , an outfitter company also based in Ilulissat . The airline also owns Greenland Travel , a package @-@ tour travel agency based in Copenhagen .
= = Service = =
= = = In @-@ flight service = = =
= = = = Economy class = = = =
Air Greenland offers flexible and restricted economy class on all flights operated with fixed @-@ wing aircraft , with complimentary snacks and drinks . On transatlantic flights to Copenhagen , both economy class and business class seats are available , with in @-@ flight meals served in all classes . Air Greenland publishes a quarterly Suluk ( Kalaallisut : " Wing " ) in @-@ flight magazine , with general information about current political and cultural events in Greenland and with news from the airline .
= = = = Business class = = = =
A flexible business class – named " Business @-@ Class " – is offered by Air Greenland on transatlantic flights aboard Norsaq , its Airbus A330 @-@ 200 . The service includes a personal video screen , an in @-@ seat power source , an amenity kit , blankets , and a selection of newspapers . Passengers travelling on this class are eligible to use the Novia Business Class Lounge at Copenhagen Airport .
= = = Settlement flights = = =
Air Greenland operates helicopter flights to most settlements in Greenland ( " settlement flights " ) on contract with the government of Greenland , with the destination network subsidized and coordinated by the Ministry of Housing , Infrastructure , and Transport . Settlement flights are not featured in the company 's timetable , although they can be pre @-@ booked .
Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate , with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day . Settlement flights in the Disko Bay region are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring . During summer and autumn , transportation between settlements is only by sea , with services operated by Diskoline , a government @-@ contracted ferry service based in Ilulissat .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 29 August 1961 , a DHC @-@ 3 Otter ( registration CF @-@ MEX ) crashed 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) from Kangerlussuaq . The aircraft was a non @-@ scheduled service en route from Kangerlussuaq Airport to Aasiaat Airport when a fuel leak caused an in @-@ flight fire . One of the pilots was killed , while the other pilot and the four passengers survived .
On 12 May 1962 , a PBY Catalina flying boat ( registration CF @-@ IHA ) crashed during landing at Nuuk Airport . The accident was caused by a mechanical malfunction in the nose wheel doors preventing them from closing during landing on water , resulting in the aircraft sinking . The accident killed 15 of the 21 people on board .
On 25 October 1973 , the Akigssek ( " Grouse " ) , an Air Greenland S @-@ 61N ( registration OY @-@ HAI ) , crashed about 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) south of Nuuk , resulting in the loss of 15 lives . It was en route to Paamiut from Nuuk . The same helicopter had had an emergency landing on the Kangerlussuaq fjord 2 years earlier , due to a double flameout on both engines because of ice in its intake .
On 7 June 2008 , a Eurocopter AS350 crashed on the runway at Nuuk Airport . There were no injuries , but the helicopter was damaged beyond repair .
On 29 January 2014 , the Paartoq an Air Greenland Dash 8 @-@ Q202 ( registration OY @-@ GRI ) , was involved in a runway excursion accident at Ilulissat Airport ( BGJN ) , Greenland . Flight GL3205 originated in Kangerlussuaq Airport ( BGSF ) , Greenland. four passengers were taken to the hospital for observation , there were no fatalities or serious injuries . Evidence available so far indicates that the airplane landed on runway 07 at the time of the accident . It then went off the left side of the runway . It then went down a 10 – 15 m dropoff and came to rest on rocky terrain approximately abeam the runway 25 threshold . The weather at the time of the incident was reported : Wind 110 degrees at 29 knots , gusting at 40 knots
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= Murali Kartik =
Murali Kartik ( Tamil : முரளி கார ் த ் திக ் pronunciation , born 11 September 1976 ) is an Indian cricketer who sporadically represented the India national cricket team from 2000 to 2007 . He is a specialist slow left arm orthodox bowler known for his loopy trajectory and ability to spin and bounce , but has found international selection blocked during his prime years by the presence of Anil Kumble and Harbhajan Singh . He is also a left @-@ handed batsman , and although he has had some success with the bat at first @-@ class level with 19 half @-@ centuries , he has not been able to repeat this at international level .
After starting out in the Delhi junior system , Kartik moved through the age group ranks at Railways , was selected for the Indian Under @-@ 19 team . He made his first @-@ class debut in 1996 – 97 and after a few productive seasons at domestic level , made his Test debut in early @-@ 2000 as Kumble 's bowling partner . However , he ran into disciplinary problems and was expelled from the National Cricket Academy in the same year , while new national captain Sourav Ganguly was reluctant to entrust him with responsibility . Ganguly called for off spinner Harbhajan to be recalled in 2001 , and was rewarded with a series @-@ winning performance against Australia . This entrenched the off spinner in the team and left Kartik on the outer .
For the next four years , Kartik was on the fringes of selection . He made his ODI debut in 2002 and had a short stint before being dropped and missing the 2003 Cricket World Cup because of mediocre performance . He was recalled in late @-@ 2003 for limited overs matches and played in around half of India 's matches for a six @-@ month period , as well as one Test after Harbhajan suffered a serious injury . In late @-@ 2004 Kartik played in three Tests as India fielded three spinners , and claimed his only man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ match award in Tests against Australia in Mumbai , but was again dropped two matches later . In late @-@ 2005 , Kartik became a regular member of the ODI team for a few months when the International Cricket Council introduced an experimental rule that allowed one substitute to be used , opening an extra vacancy in the national team . However , Kartik was unable to secure his position in the team and the rule was later revoked . In late @-@ 2007 , Kartik broke back into the ODI team and took 6 / 27 in one victory over Australia , but lost form soon after and was again dropped . He has not represented India since then . Aside from domestic cricket , Kartik plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League and has been in demand in English county cricket as an overseas player , representing Lancashire , Middlesex , Somerset and Surrey .
= = Early years = =
Born in chennai Murali Karthik wanted to be a genetic engineer , he was a medium pacer in his early years , before switching to a left arm finger spinner in the classical mould , Kartik grew up trying to emulate past Indian orthodox spinners Bishen Singh Bedi , Maninder Singh and Venkatapathy Raju . He also garnered attention for what was perceived to be a fiery attitude , but took pride in coach Kapil Dev saying of him " I have never seen a player with such an attitude towards the game in my 20 years of international cricket " .
Kartik started out in the junior system at Delhi . He broke into their Under @-@ 16 team in December 1992 , and took a match total of 10 / 74 on debut against Himachal Pradesh , as well as scoring 52 not out in an innings victory . He took 2 / 91 in the next match against Haryana , but could no longer play in the Under @-@ 16s because of his advancing age . He could not break into the Under @-@ 19s at Delhi , and played no further youth domestic matches for two years , when he transferred to Railways and broke into their Under @-@ 19 team .
In five matches for his new team during the 1994 – 95 , he took 24 wickets at 14 @.@ 58 including a haul of 5 / 28 against Vidarbha . He was rewarded with selection in the Under @-@ 19 Central Zone team for the zonal one @-@ day tournament , taking five wickets at 25 @.@ 00 in four matches . He had little success with the bat , scoring 47 on one occasion during the season , but otherwise only aggregating nine runs in six innings .
The following season in 1995 – 96 , Kartik had a more successful season for Railways Under @-@ 19s . He started with 5 / 73 and 5 / 55 against Madhya Pradesh and made it three five @-@ wicket hauls in a row with 5 / 42 against Vidarbha . He took another five @-@ wicket haul later in the season against Rajasthan and ended the competition with 38 wickets at 18 @.@ 94 in seven matches . Railways made the final , where they faced Punjab . Kartik was Railways ' most effective bowler , taking 4 / 57 in Punjab 's first innings of 310 . He then made 14 not out as Railways ceded a first innings lead , which was enough to give Punjab the title as the match ended in a draw . Kartik took 3 / 138 in the second innings . After the final , newly crowned champions took on the Rest of India , and Kartik took 2 / 25 and 4 / 89 to help his team to a six @-@ wicket victory . Kartik had a less successful time in the zonal one @-@ dayers for Central , taking only one wicket in three matches . He also improved his batting marginally , scoring 57 and three other double @-@ digit scores .
As a result of his performances during the season , Kartik was called up to the Indian Under @-@ 19 team for an international series against their counterparts from South Africa . In the youth Test , he took 4 / 40 as India dismissed South Africa for 159 to take a 19 @-@ run lead . In the second innings , he took 3 / 30 as South Africa fell for 107 in pursuit of 277 . In two youth one @-@ day internationals that followed , Kartik was prominent in the Indian victories , taking 3 / 23 and 3 / 33 respectively .
= = Senior domestic debut = =
The following season , 1996 – 97 , Kartik was promoted into the senior ranks of major cricket . In his first match , a List A fixture against Madhya Pradesh , Kartik took 2 / 27 from his allotment of ten overs but was unable to prevent a four @-@ wicket loss . He made his first @-@ class debut the next day against the same team and sent down 16 overs taking a total of 1 / 18 in a drawn match . In a close @-@ run match , Madhya Pradesh were 8 / 89 , 17 runs short with two wickets in hand when time ran out . Kartik had scored a rearguard 47 in the second innings , without which Madhya Pradesh would have won . In his next first @-@ class match , against Vidarbha , he took a hat trick in the first innings , ending with 6 / 28 , helping to bowl Vidarbha out for 130 . He then took 3 / 27 in the second innings as Vidarbha made only 95 to cede victory to Railways . He ended the season with 16 wickets at 19 @.@ 37 , and 185 runs at 20 @.@ 55 including a 74 against Bengal , but was overlooked for the Central Zone selection for the Duleep Trophy after taking only six wickets in his last four matches for the season . In four one @-@ dayers for Railways , Kartik took seven wickets at 12 @.@ 42 , including a match @-@ winning 4 / 13 against Rajasthan .
The following season he managed 14 wickets at 18 @.@ 42 in four matches , but was dropped in the later stages of the tournament . After taking a match total of 7 / 74 in helping to orchestrate an innings victory over Rajasthan in his third match of the season , Kartik went wicketless in the next match against Madhya Pradesh , and was dropped . He scored 70 runs at 23 @.@ 33 during the tournament . In four one @-@ dayers for Railways , he took four wickets at 29 @.@ 75 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 30 . Despite being dropped by Railways , Kartik was called up to make his senior debut for Central Zone . He took two wickets at 63 @.@ 00 in two first @-@ class matches , and then took three wickets at 43 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 30 in three matches .
Despite the modest returns during the season , Kartik was selected for an India A tour of Pakistan in February and March 1998 . In four first @-@ class matches , which were persistently curtailed by the weather , Kartik bowled only 31 overs , and only two in the two matches against Pakistan A. He finished with four wickets at 27 @.@ 50 . In the two one @-@ dayers , he proved expensive , taking 1 / 53 and 0 / 73 from ten overs each , as Pakistan won both matches easily .
At the start of the 1998 – 99 season , Kartik took 23 wickets for Vijay Cricket Club in the Chennai League . He played more regularly in the 1998 – 99 Ranji Trophy , taking 29 wickets in seven matches at 19 @.@ 3 to be the 13th highest wicket @-@ taker . This included a 3 / 8 and 4 / 62 in an innings win over Rajasthan , and 5 / 84 and 5 / 55 in the last two matches of the campaign against Tamil Nadu and Delhi . He also added 29 and 53 with the bat against Tamil Nadu to help stave off a defeat after his team had trailed by over 200 on the first innings .
He was rewarded with selection for Central Zone and after taking 4 / 133 against North Zone , claimed 5 / 73 and 2 / 22 in the final to help them defeat West Zone by 112 runs in Aurangabad to claim the Duleep Trophy , and was the leading wicket @-@ taker during the tournament . He scored a total of 183 runs at 18 @.@ 30 for the entire Indian first @-@ class season . He took five wickets at 26 @.@ 60 in four zonal one @-@ dayers , and tasted victory in all four fixtures .
= = Early international career = =
Kartik had a truncated but productive 1999 – 2000 Indian season . After taking a solitary wicket in a truncated match for India A against the touring New Zealand , Kartik snared 6 / 62 and 6 / 31 against Vidarbha , He then went on an India A tour to the West Indies , so his only other first @-@ class match was a Ranji Trophy encounter against Rajasthan in which he took 4 / 53 . In four first @-@ class matches in the Caribbean , Kartik took 18 wickets at 16 @.@ 38 . This included two matches against West Indies A , in which he took 6 / 75 before claiming 3 / 64 and 5 / 73 in the second match , although he was unable to force a victory in either . In two one @-@ day matches against their West Indian counterparts , Kartik took two wickets at 26 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 46 . Returning to India , he took 12 wickets at 13 @.@ 08 in five matches for Railways and the Indian Board president 's XI , before playing in the zonal one @-@ dayers with less success , managing only two wickets at 91 @.@ 50 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 57 . Despite these struggles , he was selected for the India A team for the Challenger Trophy , where he took four wickets at 38 @.@ 00 at the expensive economy rate of 5 @.@ 84 .
Despite the downturn in his limited overs fortunes towards the end of the season , Kartik 's form was enough to earn him selection in the Indian Board president 's XI for the tour match against the visiting South Africans before the Tests . He had a match total of 2 / 122 , which was enough for him to secure national selection , playing in both Tests against South Africa in early 2000 at Mumbai and Bangalore as India sought a second spinner to accompany Anil Kumble , after Harbhajan Singh 's performance in the role in the previous season had been deemed inadequate . Kartik scored 14 before being bowled by Shaun Pollock as India batted first and made 225 . He then took 2 / 28 from 18 overs as the Indians restricted the tourists to 176 , before collapsing to be all out for 113 in the second innings , Kartik scoring only two before Pollock had him caught behind . Kartik took 1 / 50 in the second innings as South Africa ground their way to the target of 163 with four wickets in hand . In the Second Test , Kartik took 3 / 123 and scored a duck and two as India were crushed by an innings . Overall , Kartik performed steadily , taking six wickets at 33 @.@ 50 .
Kartik was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore , after earlier having made his Test debut in early 2000 in a home series against South Africa . However , his stay was cut short along with that of Harbhajan , when they were expelled by the director Hanumant Singh over disciplinary issues .
In the 2000 – 01 season , Kartik started in fine form as he set out to maintain a Test position . In the Irani Trophy , the traditional season opener between the reigning Ranji champions — Mumbai — and the Rest of India , Kartik orchestrated the demise of the title @-@ holders . After taking 4 / 73 in Mumbai 's 260 , Kartik scored 22 in the Rest of India 's 389 . He then took 9 / 70 to cut down Mumbai for 184 , and his batting colleagues accumulated the 55 needed for victory without loss . Kartik then took 3 / 82 and 1 / 45 against Madhya Pradesh to secure his spot in the Test team .
Kartik then played in one Test against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe respectively in India , taking match totals of 1 / 42 and 2 / 66 . He scored 43 in the nine @-@ wicket win over Bangladesh but was not required to bat in the seven @-@ wicket win over Zimbabwe . New captain Sourav Ganguly — who had taken over after Sachin Tendulkar resigned following the South African whitewash — did not show much confidence in him , by only affording him frequent but short spells . Kartik was dropped from the team after the First Test against Zimbabwe , and did not have an opportunity to immediately prove his captain wrong , as the one @-@ day domestic circuit was in progress at the time . Kartik took nine wickets at 25 @.@ 22 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 02 , and then had a chance to stake his claims for a Test recall in the Duleep Trophy .
Kartik struggled , taking 2 / 129 against East and then 0 / 178 in the first innings as North Zone accumulated 8 / 690 declared . He then had to endure the humiliation of not being trusted to bowl in the second innings as North reached 8 / 233 . In the last match against South , Kartik could only aggregate 1 / 87 . Although Kartik had scored 45 and 27 in his two innings , he totalled only three Duleep Trophy wickets at an average of 131 @.@ 33 . The selectors were unsatisfied by these performances , and despite a shoulder injury to Kumble , Kartik was discarded as India hosted Australia in the 2001 Border Gavaskar Trophy . Harbhajan was recalled and took 32 wickets at 17 to engineer an Indian series win and permanently establish himself as India 's leading spinner alongside Kumble . Kartik played in one more match for Railways at the end of the season , and his poor season continued , managing only a total of 2 / 152 , although he did score 79 with the bat .
Kartik started the new 2001 – 02 season well , taking 20 wickets at 15 @.@ 40 in the first four first @-@ class matches of the season , including five @-@ wicket hauls against Rajasthan and Vidarbha , and 3 / 84 against the touring English Test team for a Board president 's XI , but this was not enough to force the selectors to recall him for the Tests . He continued his form for Railways in the one @-@ dayers , taking seven wickets at 20 @.@ 57 in four matches at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 00 , before suffering a serious back injury that forced him to travel to Adelaide for treatment , which was funded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India . He made a successful comeback in January after a month @-@ long layoff , and ended as fourth @-@ highest wicket taker in the Ranji Trophy , with 34 at an average of 17 , taking 5 / 51 and 3 / 7 , and scoring 69 in his final match of the season to secure a win over Baroda . He batted well in the second half of the season , also scoring 42 and 58 . He also performed well in the Challenger Trophy and zonal one @-@ dayers after his surgery , taking ten wickets at 21 @.@ 70 in seven matches . At the end of the season , Kartik was rewarded with his debut in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) ; he was punished by the Zimbabwean batsmen , conceding 47 runs without taking a wicket from eight overs , but India still won by five wickets .
= = Fringe player = =
Since then , Kartik was India 's third choice Test spinner behind Kumble and Harbhajan for most of the decade , only playing due to their injuries or when India selected three spinners . At the end of the 2001 – 02 season , Kartik was selected for an India A tour of South Africa . He struggled in the first two first @-@ class matches , before taking 6 / 101 and scoring 59 in the second match against South Africa A to end the three games with ten wickets at 32 @.@ 50 . He had more success in the one @-@ dayers , taking four wickets at 17 @.@ 50 at an economy rate of 2 @.@ 50 in three matches .
The West Indies toured India at the start of the 2002 – 03 season and Kartik had a chance to press his claims for Test selection in two tour matches against the visitors . However , he had little impact , taking 2 / 92 for the Board president 's XI and 0 / 117 for Railways against the Caribbean tourists , although he scored 72 with the bat in the latter match . He then took a total of 2 / 135 as Railways , the reigning Ranji Trophy holders , defeated the Rest of India in the Irani Trophy . With these lean returns , Kartik was overlooked for the Tests .
Kartik had opportunities in the ODI format following his strong form in domestic limited overs matches , playing in four consecutive matches against the West Indies . After going wicketless in the first of these matches , he broke through in the next match to take his maiden ODI wicket in his third appearance . Kartik then took 3 / 36 in the next match as India scraped home by three wickets , but he was punished in his fourth outing of the series , conceding 69 runs in nine overs without success , after which he was dropped . He had taken four wickets at 47 @.@ 25 , at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 84 .
Kartik was called into the Test squad to tour New Zealand in late 2002 after Kumble withdrew , but in the warm @-@ up match he bowled one only over , in which he was hammered for 23 runs . He then watched from the sidelines as India only fielded one spin bowler — Harbhajan — in the Tests , held on green , pace @-@ friendly surfaces . Kartik returned to India and was ineffective in the zonal one @-@ dayers , taking a total of 1 / 148 from 24 overs in three matches , conceding more than a run a ball . Combined with his results against the West Indies , the poor returns saw him left out of the 2003 Cricket World Cup squad , with Harbhajan and Kumble preferred .
While the World Cup was in progress , Kartik toured the West Indies with India A , playing against the domestic teams in five first @-@ class matches . He took 14 wickets at 30 @.@ 50 including a 5 / 105 against Barbados and 4 / 57 against Trinidad and Tobago . India A then toured England during the northern hemisphere summer and Kartik took 10 wickets at 40 @.@ 00 and scored 79 runs at 26 @.@ 33 including a 50 in four first @-@ class matches , and three wickets at 44 @.@ 33 in one @-@ dayers .
At the start of the 2003 – 04 season , Kartik took 2 / 118 and 2 / 41 for India A in a match against the touring New Zealanders , and was overlooked for the Test series against the visitors . He managed only a total of 1 / 84 from 18 overs in the Challenger Trophy but was called into the ODI team and gained semi @-@ regular appearances during the TVS Trophy against New Zealand and Australia , competing with Kumble and Harbhajan for a regular position in the team . In four matches during the competition , he was economical although not very penetrative , taking four wickets at 38 @.@ 25 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 82 .
= = Occasional international appearances in 2004 and 2005 = =
After taking match figures of 6 / 117 and 5 / 140 for India A against Sri Lanka A , Kartik made his first overseas appearance for India , replacing the injured Harbhajan midway through the 2003 – 04 tour of Australia . He had little success in his first tour match , taking 1 / 64 and 1 / 53 against Australian A. He played in the final Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground when India fielded two spinners for the only time in the series . He was punished by the Australian batsmen , taking a total of1 / 211 from 45 overs , a run rate of 4 @.@ 68 , in a high @-@ scoring draw .
Kartik then made sporadic appearances in the VB triangular ODI series , playing in four of India 's ten matches , as he and Kumble were brought in and out of the team in an attempt to challenge the Australian superiority . He continued to be punished by the Australian batsmen , taking a total of 1 / 178 from 26 overs , an economy rate of 6 @.@ 84 . However , he did manage to resist the Australians with the bat ; in his only two innings he made 32 not out and 23 as the Indian batting was dismissed for only 203 and 151 respectively .
Despite these performances , Kartik was retained for the ODI tour of Pakistan with Harbhajan still injured , taking five wickets at 32 @.@ 80 at an economy of 5 @.@ 46 . He played in three of the five matches and India won all of these . Kartik was also in the Test squad , but saw not action as India opted to field only Kumble and took the series 2 – 1 .
Kartik started the 2004 – 05 season by scoring 56 and 16 and taking 2 / 42 and 2 / 49 as the Rest of India defeated Mumbai in the Irani Trophy , but it was not enough to prevent Harbhajan from resuming his position in the team for the home Test series against Australia . He got an opportunity in the Third Test in Nagpur , when Harbhajan was ill , taking 3 / 57 and 2 / 74 as India were 342 runs to lose their first home series to Australia since 1969 – 70 . Kartik held his place when Harbhajan returned for the final Test in Mumbai as India fielded three spinners , and took 4 / 44 and 3 / 32 in a man of the match performance which saw India win by 13 runs . Both of these performances occurred under the captaincy of Rahul Dravid with Ganguly injured , in which Kartik netted his wickets at an average of 17 @.@ 50 compared to 51 @.@ 08 under Ganguly 's leadership . Kartik played the last of his eight Tests in a subsequent opening match against South Africa in Kanpur , taking a total of 2 / 93 under Ganguly 's command , being dropped after India chose to only use two spinners in subsequent matches . Kartik spent the next month watching from the sidelines as the reserve slow bowler , as only Kumble and Harbhajan played during the tour of Bangladesh . During this campaign , he was allowed to play in the second ODI , taking 2 / 43 as India lost to Bangladesh for the first time . Kartik returned to India and took seven wickets at 35 @.@ 42 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 69 in the zonal one @-@ dayers and Challenger Trophy , and then played four first @-@ class matches to end the season , taking 10 wickets at 19 @.@ 10 . At the end of the season , he took 2 / 54 in a home ODI against Pakistan , who scored 7 / 319 to overhaul the target .
He enjoyed more opportunities in the ODI arena in 2005 , when Kumble was dropped by newly appointed coach Greg Chappell due to his lack of athleticism , as well as the introduction of the experimental rules which allowed the use of one substitute , thus opening an extra position in the team . Kartik had a modest start under the new regime , taking 1 / 52 from nine overs in a win over a depleted host Zimbabwe team . He returned to India and started the new season in fine all @-@ round form . After taking 2 / 34 in the first innings , he scored his highest first @-@ class score of 96 to guide Railways to 311 , giving them a first @-@ innings lead of 88 runs over the Rest of India in the Irani Trophy . He then took 3 / 28 to dismiss the Rest of India for 137 in their second innings , setting up a nine @-@ wciket win . He then took seven wickets at 16 @.@ 85 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 56 in three matches for India Seniors in the Challenger Trophy , including a match @-@ winning 5 / 29 in the final against India B.
Kartik was thus selected in the Indian ODI team for the home summer , and played in ten of the twelve ODIs that India hosted in late @-@ 2005 . He started well with 3 / 48 in a 152 @-@ run crushing of Sri Lanka in Nagpur , and went on to finish the series with eight wickets at 30 @.@ 25 , playing in six of the seven matches . However , his form dissipated and he went wicketless in the South African series , conceding 126 runs in 28 overs , and giving away more than a run a ball in the last two matches . Kumble remained in favour for the Tests along with Harbhajan , and Kartik returned to Ranji competition while they bowled against Sri Lanka in the five @-@ dayers . Kartik took 5 / 95 against Mumbai and then 8 / 40 against Delhi , and in three Ranji Trophy matches took 17 wickets at 19 @.@ 94 .
Despite his ineffectiveness against South Africa , Kartik was retained in the ODI squad , but after conceding 64 runs from nine overs in the first ODI loss against Pakistan , he was replaced in early @-@ 2006 in the Test and ODI squad by 17 @-@ year @-@ old legspinner Piyush Chawla and off @-@ spinner Ramesh Powar respectively .
= = Discarded again = =
In late @-@ 2006 , India 's ODI team began to hit rocky waters . After losing a bilateral series in the West Indies , they were knocked out of a triangular tournament in Malaysia ahead of the finals , and were eliminated in the first round of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy on home soil . Kartik took four wickets at 34 @.@ 00 and an economy rate of 5 @.@ 36 in the Challenger Trophy and could not earn a recall . He had a steady domestic first @-@ class season , taking 26 wickets at 25 @.@ 53 in nine matches , never taking more than five wickets in a match . He took 13 wickets at 27 @.@ 92 in eight one @-@ day matches for the season , and was overlooked as Kumble and Harbhajan were the spinners selected for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . India were knocked out in the first round after losing to Bangladesh , and Harbhajan was dropped while Kumble retired from ODIs , but Kartik did not do enough to persuade the selectors to hand him a recall .
In 2004 , Kartik played in the Lancashire League with Ramsbottom as their professional . In 19 games , he took 80 wickets at 9 @.@ 92 and scored 464 runs at 25 @.@ 77 . He scored three fifties with a best of 83 against Colne and took nine five @-@ wicket innings hauls including a best of 9 / 30 against Enfield in addition to two other matches in which he took seven wickets .
In 2005 , he returned to Ramsbottom as their professional for a second season , with more effect . He took 83 wickets at 9 @.@ 19 and scored 519 runs at 37 @.@ 07 in 20 matches . He scored five fifties including a best of 66 , and took eight five @-@ wicket innings hauls including a best of 9 / 47 against Church as well as 7 / 27 against Lowerhouse . These performances earned him notice , and in late @-@ 2005 , he appeared as a late @-@ season overseas player substitute for Lancashire , and became the first overseas Lancashire player to take ten wickets on their debut , with 10 / 168 against Essex . This 5 / 93 and 5 / 75 helped Lancashire to an eight @-@ wicket win , and in his only other first @-@ class match , he took 4 / 43 and 2 / 49 was not enough as the Roses went down to Leicestershire by four runs . His sixteen wickets at 16 @.@ 25 placed him second on the season 's bowling averages , and helped the team to be promoted from Second Division . In two one @-@ day games , Kartik took five wickets at 13 @.@ 40 .
Despite these performances , he was not initially offered a contract for 2006 . Eventually in August 2006 , he was again signed as a late @-@ season overseas player for Lancashire just in time to appear in the C & G Trophy final against Sussex , taking 2 / 28 and scoring a duck in a 15 @-@ run defeat . He took eight wickets at 17 @.@ 25 in four one @-@ dayers , and six wickets at 39 @.@ 00 in three first @-@ class matches with a best of 3 / 89 , as well a 40 with the bat against Hampshire .
In 2007 , he joined Middlesex as an overseas registration . He made his debut as the county club 's 700th first @-@ class cricketer against Somerset at Taunton in April 2007 . He took 51 wickets at 24 @.@ 96 in 12 matches and agreed to sign on for a further season in 2008 . A highlight of Kartik 's stint was a haul of 6 / 21 and 3 / 52 that helped set up an innings win over Glamorgan , and 6 / 85 and 3 / 83 that secured a 38 @-@ run win over Leicestershire . A third five @-@ wicket haul , 5 / 38 against Derbyshire , was not enough to prevent a 15 @-@ run defeat . With the bat , Kartik contributed 209 runs at 19 @.@ 00 with a best of 35 . Kartik was also prolific for his new county in the one @-@ dayers , taking 21 wickets at 23 @.@ 52 in 15 matches , taking three wickets in a match twice , both of which resulted in wins . During the T20 tournament , Kartik took nine wickets at 10 @.@ 77 and an economy rate of 5 @.@ 70 , including a haul of 5 / 13 in a vain attempt to halt an Essex run @-@ chase .
= = Brief international return and later career = =
In late @-@ 2007 , Kartik was recalled to the ODI team in place of the struggling Powar mid @-@ way through the series against Australia . He played his first ODI in 18 months when he returned for the fourth match at Mohali . He took 1 / 48 , and conceded only two runs in the 48th over as Australia stumbled in a tight run chase to give India their first win of the series .
Kartik took only one wicket in the next two matches , which Australia won . In the seventh and final match , Kartik took a career best of 6 / 27 from 10 overs at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai to bowl Australia out for 193 . The tourists had reached 2 / 117 after 19 @.@ 4 overs , scoring at over six runs and over before Kartik removed Brad Hodge and Andrew Symonds from consecutive balls . He failed to get his hat @-@ trick , but in the 32nd over he removed Brad Haddin from the first ball , and then Brad Hogg and Brett Lee from the fourth and fifth balls . Again Kartik missed the hat @-@ trick opportunity , but returned to claim his six wicket . In reply , India had fallen to 8 / 143 before Kartik chipped in with an unbeaten 21 from 34 balls in an unbroken 52 @-@ run stand with Zaheer Khan , guiding India to a two @-@ wicket victory . Kartik was recognised by being selected as the man of the match . Kartik then made his T20 international debut , taking 0 / 27 from four overs in an Indian win over Australia .
In the following series against Pakistan , Kartik was only selected in the first , third and fifth matches , and took two wickets at an average of 68 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 5 @.@ 23 . As a result , Kartik was omitted from the ODI tour of Australia in favour of Chawla .
Due to his international commitments , Kartik made only sporadic appearances during the Indian domestic scene in 2007 – 08 . He took nine wickets at 44 @.@ 22 and scored 77 runs at 19 @.@ 25 in three first @-@ class fixtures . After being dropped from India 's limited @-@ overs team , Kartik continued his strong one @-@ day form at domestic level , taking six wickets at 25 @.@ 33 at an economy rate of only 3 @.@ 16 in six matches .
Kartik was purchased by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the inaugural 2008 Indian Premier League . He played in six matches , taking three wickets at 42 @.@ 33 , but was dropped because his economy rate was beyond eight runs an over . All of these came in one match in which he took 3 / 17 .
Kartik was part of the Middlesex team that won the 2008 Twenty20 Cup in England , their first domestic title for 15 years . He played in 11 matches and took 14 wickets at 20 @.@ 14 at an economy rate of 6 @.@ 71 , claiming at least one wicket in all but one of the matches . Kartik represented Middlesex in the Stanford competition in October , taking two wickets at 25 @.@ 50 at an economy rate of 6 @.@ 37 .
His second first @-@ class season with Middlesex was much less successful than the first ; Kartik took only 16 wickets at 34 @.@ 06 in seven matches , with a best of 4 / 101 against Derbyshire . He scored 161 runs at 20 @.@ 12 with a best of 44 against Warwickshire . His one @-@ day form was also lean , yielding six wickets at 33 @.@ 00 in six matches .
Kartik returned to India and took 16 wickets at 32 @.@ 75 in six matches for Railways in the Ranji Trophy . After taking 5 / 85 in the first innings of the season opener against Karnataka , his performances fell away and he managed only four wickets in his last three matches . Nevertheless , he was selected for Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy and took a total of 2 / 98 as they lost on first innings to South and were eliminated after one match . Kartik made some contributions with the bat , scoring 197 runs at 24 @.@ 62 for the season , including a score of 56 against Maharashtra and two other efforts of 30 . Playing for both Railways and Central , Kartik took 12 wickets at 23 @.@ 50 in the one @-@ day matches for the season . He also scored 65 runs at 13 @.@ 00 .
During the 2009 IPL season , which was held in South Africa , Kartik played in ten matches and took four wickets at 50 @.@ 25 , but he was one of the most economical bowlers , conceding only 5 @.@ 91 runs per over . Kolkata were wracked by infighting and came last . Kartik also scored 21 runs without being dismissed . In the 2009 English season , Kartik resumed service for Middlesex , and as in the IPL he was most effective as a stock bowler , taking only four wickets at 51 @.@ 50 in eight T20 fixtures at an economy rate of 6 @.@ 86 , never taking multiple wickets in a match . Middlesex , who had won the domestic title the previous year , only tasted victory in two of the Twenty20 matches that Kartik played in .
Kartik played in ten first @-@ class matches for Middlesex , taking 33 wickets at 22 @.@ 87 . He took his season 's innings best of 5 / 65 and then 2 / 26 in the season opener against cross @-@ London rivals Surrey , and then took 3 / 32 and 4 / 53 in a hard @-@ fought 47 @-@ run win over Kent , and a total of 6 / 139 in the next match against Essex , but his season fell away at the end , managing only six wickets in the last three matches . With the bat , he made 336 runs at 24 @.@ 00 , the most prolific season of his career with the willow , including 62 against Essex and 57 not out against Gloucestershire . He played in a solitary one @-@ dayer , taking 2 / 19 against Northamptonshire .
At the end of the 2009 season , it was announced that Kartik would join Somerset as their overseas player for the 2010 season .
During the 2009 – 10 Indian season , Kartik played in seven matches for Railways in the Ranji Trophy , taking 17 wickets at 25 @.@ 05 including a best of 5 / 81 against Mumbai . He also scored 44 against the team and ended with 97 runs at 12 @.@ 12 for the season . However his figures were not enough to gain selection for Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy .
= = Environment Concerns = =
Murali Kartik has done many advertisement for the PETA India , including the ' Save Your Chicks ' campaign , which aimed for awareness against flesh farming of poultry .
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= 2001 Gator Bowl =
The 2001 Gator Bowl was a post @-@ season American college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Clemson Tigers at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida on January 1 , 2001 . The game was the final contest of the 2000 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season for both teams , and ended in a 41 – 20 victory for Virginia Tech .
Virginia Tech entered the game headed by star quarterback Michael Vick , who led the Hokies to a 10 – 1 regular @-@ season record despite being injured for a part of the season . Clemson entered the game with a regular @-@ season record of 9 – 2 under the command of head coach Tommy Bowden , who was in the second year of his tenure . The contest featured two high @-@ scoring offenses that emphasized different aspects of the game . These aspects were exemplified in the game , which saw Clemson pass for more yards than Virginia Tech , while the Hokies ran for more yards than the Tigers .
Virginia Tech jumped out to an early lead and maintained it throughout the game . Vick had a 23 @-@ yard touchdown run on the game 's opening drive , then helped the Hokies expand their lead to 14 – 0 by the end of the first quarter . The Tigers narrowed Tech 's lead to 14 – 10 in the second quarter , but the Hokies scored another touchdown before halftime and went into the second half with a 21 – 10 lead . Injuries knocked Clemson 's two leading running backs out of the game , and starting Clemson quarterback Woodrow Dantzler was removed from the game after he proved ineffective against the Virginia Tech defense . Despite these changes , the Tigers were unable to reduce Virginia Tech 's lead , which stood at 34 – 13 at the end of the third quarter . A late Clemson touchdown moved the Tigers within two touchdowns , but Virginia Tech answered with a touchdown of its own , making the final score 41 – 20 .
In recognition of his performance in leading his team to a victory , Vick was named the game 's most valuable player . It was his final collegiate game , and four months after the Gator Bowl , he was selected with the first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft . A handful of other players who participated in the Gator Bowl also were selected in the draft .
= = Team selection = =
For the 2000 – 2001 college football season , the Gator Bowl had the right to select the No. 2 bowl @-@ eligible team from both the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) and the Big East Conference . The bowl game 's administrators also had a contract to include Notre Dame if that school met certain entry requirements . The conference champions of the ACC and Big East were guaranteed a spot in a Bowl Championship Series game , and there also was the possibility of an at @-@ large BCS selection for any team in each conference if it finished high enough in the BCS Poll but did not win the conference championship .
= = = Virginia Tech = = =
During the 1999 – 2000 college football season , Virginia Tech went undefeated during the regular season but lost to Florida State in the 2000 BCS National Championship Game . In the offseason following the championship @-@ game loss , Tech fans and pundits anticipated a possible repeat of the Hokies ' undefeated regular season and national championship run . In the annual preseason poll of media members covering Big East Conference football , Virginia Tech was picked to finish second ; Tech received nine first @-@ place votes to Miami 's 15 . In the preseason Associated Press college football poll , Virginia Tech was 11th .
When games for the 2001 college football season were scheduled , Virginia Tech was picked to host the annual Black Coaches & Administrators Classic , the opening game of the national Division I @-@ A season . Georgia Tech was picked as the opponent , but on the day of the game , severe lightning storms hit the Blacksburg , Virginia area . ESPN commentator Lee Corso 's rental car was struck by lightning , and the game was postponed due to severe weather . It was never rescheduled and eventually was canceled .
After the BCA Classic was canceled , Virginia Tech opened the regular season with a 52 – 23 blowout win over Akron . This was followed by a 45 – 28 win over East Carolina and a 49 – 0 shutout of Rutgers . The three wins typified the early part of Virginia Tech 's schedule , which also featured wins against Boston College , Temple , West Virginia , Syracuse , and Pittsburgh . By virtue of winning its first eight games of the season , Tech rose to a No. 2 national ranking prior to facing No. 3 Miami on November 4 .
Virginia Tech star quarterback Michael Vick suffered a severely sprained ankle in the game against Pittsburgh , and strong @-@ performing wide receiver Andre Davis was temporarily crippled by bursitis in his left foot . Despite these injuries , commentators predicted a high @-@ scoring game that was sometimes referred to as " the Big East 's game of the year " . It was predicted that the winner likely would be a shoo @-@ in for that year 's national championship game . With Vick injured , backup quarterback Dave Meyer started the game for the Hokies , who fell behind 14 – 0 in the first quarter . In desperation , Vick tried to play despite his injury , but he participated in only 19 plays before leaving the game for good . Miami quarterback Ken Dorsey threw three long touchdown passes , and Miami won the game , 41 – 21 .
The loss knocked Tech out of contention for the national championship and the conference championship , since Miami was a fellow member of the Big East . The Hokies also fell to No. 8 in the AP Poll during the week after the game . In that week , they rebounded by beating the University of Central Florida , 44 – 21 . Ranked No. 6 after the win , Tech defeated in @-@ state rival Virginia , 42 – 21 , in the annual battle for the Commonwealth Cup .
Though the loss to Miami knocked the Hokies out of contention for the Big East championship and its accompanying automatic BCS bid , there was the possibility that Tech could receive an at @-@ large BCS game bid if it scored high enough in the final BCS poll and the administrators of a BCS game wanted to invite the Hokies . Tech was considered a long shot due to the availability of Oregon State and Notre Dame , two teams with large followings that would attract greater television revenue and ticket sales . Gator Bowl officials made plans based on different possibilities . If Virginia Tech was selected for a BCS bowl but Notre Dame was not , the Fighting Irish would play in the Gator Bowl . If both were selected , Big East No. 3 Pittsburgh would be given the nod for the Gator Bowl . On December 3 , the BCS selections were announced : The Fiesta Bowl selected No. 5 Oregon State and No. 10 Notre Dame instead of No. 6 Virginia Tech . This left the Hokies available for the Gator Bowl , which picked them on the next day .
= = = Clemson = = =
The Clemson Tigers entered the 2000 – 2001 college football season after a 6 – 6 season in 1999 under first @-@ year head coach Tommy Bowden . Fans and college football analysts predicted Bowden would continue Clemson 's resurgence from a 3 – 8 season during the year before Bowden was hired . Some pointed to Bowden 's undefeated season in the second year after assuming the head coaching job at Tulane University as a sign of what to expect from Clemson . Most analysts , however , anticipated a more moderate improvement over the previous year . In the annual preseason poll of media who covered Atlantic Coast Conference football , Clemson tied for second with Georgia Tech . Both teams were far behind perennial favorite Florida State , however . Nationally , Clemson debuted at No. 17 in the preseason AP Poll and No. 20 in the preseason coaches ' poll .
The Tigers opened their season against Division I @-@ AA opponent The Citadel , whom they beat handily , 38 – 0 . That victory was followed by two blowout wins : 62 – 9 against Missouri and 55 – 7 against ACC opponent Wake Forest . Those three games were typical of Clemson 's first eight , which the Tigers won in succession . After the win against Wake Forest , Clemson beat Virginia , Duke , North Carolina State , Maryland , and North Carolina . In the final win of that streak , starting quarterback Woodrow Dantzler was replaced by backup Willie Simmons in the second quarter due to an injury to Dantzler .
With an 8 – 0 record and a No. 5 national ranking , Clemson hosted Georgia Tech . In the game , the Yellow Jackets posted a school @-@ record offensive effort in an upset victory over the Tigers . Clemson took a 28 – 24 lead with 1 : 52 remaining in the game , but the Yellow Jackets drove 80 yards in 11 plays before ending with a one @-@ handed catch for a touchdown , giving Clemson its first loss of the season . The defeat eliminated the Tigers from national championship contention , but they still had a chance to win the conference championship if they defeated Florida State the following week .
The Florida State Seminoles are coached by Bobby Bowden , father of Tommy Bowden . Their 2001 matchup marked only the second time that a father and son had faced each other as opposing head football coaches . The only other meeting had been the previous year , when Tommy lost by three points to his father . In the 2001 meeting , No. 4 Florida State dominated No. 10 Clemson from the start of the game . In an effort to impress BCS voters , Florida State ran up the score and the game ended with the Seminoles on top , 52 – 7 . The Seminoles ' win gave them the ACC football championship and dropped Clemson to a No. 16 ranking . With its spot as the No. 2 ACC team assured , Clemson accepted a bid to the Gator Bowl on November 14 , prior to its annual in @-@ state rivalry game against South Carolina . In that game , South Carolina took a one @-@ point lead with 59 seconds remaining , but Clemson drove the length of the field and kicked a field goal as time expired , giving the Tigers a 16 – 14 win to end the regular season .
= = Pregame buildup = =
In the weeks before the Gator Bowl , media and fan attention focused on Virginia Tech 's possible disappointment at not being selected for a BCS game , the coaching situations at the two schools , and the issue of whether or not Tech quarterback Michael Vick would return for another year of collegiate football . After the Virginia Tech @-@ Clemson matchup was announced for the Gator Bowl , spread bettors favored Virginia Tech to win by 6 @.@ 5 points . The betting line remained there throughout the month of December and until the game began . There were almost no off @-@ field incidents involving players from either team : The only notable event involved two backup players from Clemson who were indicted for money counterfeiting and were suspended for the Gator Bowl . In exchange for appearing in the game , the teams were guaranteed to split a payout of $ 3 @,@ 313 @,@ 610 .
= = = Virginia Tech disappointment = = =
Immediately after the Fiesta Bowl bypassed Virginia Tech in favor of lower @-@ ranked Notre Dame , protests from Tech fans and opponents of the BCS system erupted . Some said the selection was " unfair " , that Virginia Tech was " hosed " , or that the pick of Notre Dame was a " snub " of the Hokies . In an interview immediately after the selection , Vick said the Gator Bowl bid provided motivation to win the Gator Bowl . " We 're going to go out there and make a statement , play a great game and show the nation , " he said . Clemson , on the other hand , was enthusiastic about the Gator Bowl bid . A win in the game would have given the Tigers their first 10 @-@ win season since 1990 , and the Gator Bowl appearance marked a continued improvement over its showing the previous year . Clemson players viewed the game as a reward for a successful season , while Virginia Tech players perceived it from a more workmanlike point of view . Due to revenue @-@ sharing agreements among Big East schools , Virginia Tech 's selection by the Gator Bowl resulted in a payment of $ 1 @.@ 7 million less than if it had been selected by a BCS bowl game . Instead of receiving about $ 3 @.@ 5 million from the revenue agreement and bowl payout , Tech received about $ 1 @.@ 8 million .
= = = Coaching changes = = =
Both Virginia Tech and Clemson endured questions about their coaching staffs in the weeks and months prior to the Gator Bowl . Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer was interviewed by North Carolina prior to the end of the regular season , and he debated whether or not to accept that school 's head football coaching job . On November 27 , one week before Tech 's selection by the Gator Bowl , Beamer announced that he would not be departing for North Carolina or any other school . Beamer also was considered for the vacant head @-@ coaching position with the NFL 's Washington Redskins , but he also declined that position . Other Virginia Tech football coaches were targeted by teams to fill vacant head @-@ coaching positions . Virginia Tech offensive coordinator Rickey Bustle was interviewed for a job at Toledo , but he declined the position . Virginia Tech defensive coordinator Bud Foster was interviewed for the head @-@ coaching job at Virginia , but he likewise declined the job .
Tech 's situation was not reflected at Clemson , where offensive coordinator Rich Rodriguez announced that he was leaving the team for the head football coach job at West Virginia University , where he competed as a player in the 1980s . Rodriguez did not participate in Clemson 's practices prior to the Gator Bowl , and he did not coach during the game . Replacing Rodriguez as temporary offensive coordinator was Brad Scott . Joining him in the press box during the Gator Bowl was Mike O 'Cain , who was hired as Clemson 's new quarterbacks coach . In an effort to prevent further defections , Clemson awarded head coach Tommy Bowden a seven @-@ year contract extension worth $ 1 @.@ 1 million annually plus incentives .
= = = Michael Vick debate = = =
Throughout the regular season , a constant question hanging over the Virginia Tech Hokies football team was whether or not star quarterback Michael Vick would return for another year at the school . The National Football League requires that players be at least three years out of high school before they are eligible for the NFL Draft . Vick , who had not played during his freshman year at the school , would be three years out of high school in the spring following the Gator Bowl .
Vick attempted to defuse the discussion when he announced on December 15 that he would be returning for his fourth year with the team . But in late December , Vick wavered on that decision when it became clear that if he left the team , he would be selected as the No. 1 overall pick in the draft . Heading into the Gator Bowl , his decision was still up in the air .
= = = Clemson offense = = =
During the regular season , Clemson was No. 10 in rushing yards , averaging 236 @.@ 4 per game . Its passing offense was somewhat weaker , ranked No. 63 and averaging 210 @.@ 1 yards per game . In total , however , Clemson 's offense ranked No. 10 when the two amounts were added together . In scoring offense , the Tigers averaged 36 @.@ 0 points per game , good enough for No. 14 in the country in that category .
Clemson 's offense was led by quarterback Woodrow Dantzler , who finished the regular season having completed 58 percent of his passes for 1 @,@ 691 yards , 10 touchdowns , and six interceptions . He also ran the ball extremely successfully , gaining 947 yards and 13 touchdowns on the ground . In the running game , Dantzler had the second @-@ most yards on the team . No. 1 was running back Travis Zachery , who ran 201 times for 1 @,@ 012 yards and 13 touchdowns . Zachery also was one of Dantzler 's favorite passing targets . He caught 27 passes for 288 yards and four touchdowns during the regular season .
Wide receivers Rod Gardner and Jackie Robinson were the No. 1 and No. 3 recipients , respectively , of Dantzler 's passes . Gardner caught 51 passes for 956 yards and six touchdowns . Robinson , unrelated to the baseball player of the same name , caught 24 passes for 276 yards and three touchdowns .
= = = Virginia Tech offense = = =
Virginia Tech 's offense was No. 5 nationally in rushing yards , averaging 270 @.@ 5 per game . Their passing offense was abysmal , however . The Hokies were ranked No. 100 in that category after averaging 155 @.@ 9 yards per game during the regular season . Combined , Tech was ranked No. 20 in total offense . In scoring offense , they found success comparable to their rushing game . After averaging 40 @.@ 3 points per game , they were ranked No. 5 .
Virginia Tech 's offense was led by quarterback Michael Vick , who carried the ball 104 times for 617 yards and eight touchdowns despite an ankle injury that limited his mobility in the final six games of the regular season . Tech also had two successful running backs : Lee Suggs and Andre Kendrick . Suggs had 222 carries for 1 @,@ 207 yards and 27 touchdowns during the regular season , while Kendrick had 102 rushes for 547 yards and three touchdowns . Suggs was the No. 1 rusher in the Big East in terms of touchdowns and rushing yards . In recognition of his accomplishments , he was given the Dudley Award , which recognizes the top college football player in Virginia .
One of Vick 's favorite targets in the limited Tech passing attack was wide receiver Andre Davis , who caught 24 passes for 318 yards and two touchdowns . Davis was limited by the fact that he played in only nine of Tech 's 11 games , but he still finished as the Hokies ' No. 2 receiver in terms of yardage . Tech 's No. 1 receiver was Emmett Johnson , who caught 34 passes for 574 yards and three touchdowns .
= = = Clemson defense = = =
Clemson 's defense was strongest against the rush . During the regular season , the Tigers allowed an average of 101 @.@ 8 yards per game on the ground , good enough for No. 18 nationally . Their passing defense was not nearly as successful . On average , the Tigers allowed 238 @.@ 6 yards per game through the air , making their pass defense the 97th best in division I @-@ A football during the regular season . With both categories combined , the defense was ranked No. 37 . In terms of points allowed , rather than yardage , the Tigers were ranked No. 23 after giving up an average of 19 @.@ 3 yards per game .
Linebacker Chad Carson was the team 's defensive leader . He had 146 tackles ( the most on the team ) , two pass breakups , and one forced fumble during the regular season . Fellow linebacker Keith Adams was No. 2 on the team in tackles with 138 , including five sacks . He also had one interception , three forced fumbles , and three pass breakups . In pass defense , the Tigers ' highest achiever was cornerback Alex Ardley , who led the team in interceptions with five . He also had seven pass breakups .
One notable absence from the Tigers ' defense during the Gator Bowl was defensive end Nick Eason , who led the team in sacks but suffered a torn Achilles tendon during a mid @-@ December practice . Backup defensive end Marcus Lewis also missed the game due to injury . He tore an anterior cruciate ligament in a pregame practice .
= = = Virginia Tech defense = = =
Virginia Tech 's defense likewise was more successful against opponents ' rushing offense than their passing attack . Tech permitted an average of 99 @.@ 3 yards per game on the ground ( 16th ) , but allowed 224 @.@ 4 yards per game through the air ( 79th ) . In total , Tech was ranked the No. 27 defense in the country — slightly better than Clemson . In scoring defense , the Hokies allowed 22 @.@ 6 points per game on average , good enough for No. 45 . In this category , they were worse than the Tigers .
Linebacker Ben Taylor was the Hokies ' defensive leader . He was No. 1 on the team in tackles with 103 . That figure included 1 @.@ 5 sacks . He also had two interceptions , five pass breakups , and one forced fumble . Four year starting linebacker Jake Houseright was the team 's No. 2 tackler . He had 75 , including five tackles for loss . He also had five pass breakups and recovered one fumble . Free safety Willie Pile , who was in his first year as a starter on the defense , was Tech 's leading performer in pass coverage . He had six interceptions — the most on the team — broke up 10 passes , forced one fumble , and recovered one fumble .
= = Game summary = =
The 2001 Gator Bowl kicked off on January 1 , 2001 at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida . At kickoff , the weather was partly cloudy at 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) degrees , with 41 percent humidity and a 6 miles per hour ( 10 km / h ) wind from the northwest . Virginia Tech won the traditional pregame coin toss to determine first possession and elected to kick off to Clemson to begin the game .
= = = First quarter = = =
Clemson fielded the opening kickoff at the two @-@ yard line and returned it to their 25 @-@ yard line , where the Tigers ' offense performed the game 's first offensive play , a one @-@ yard scramble by Dantzler . A subsequent running play and an incomplete pass caused Clemson to go three @-@ and @-@ out before punting . Clemson punter Jamie Somaini mishandled the ball , however , and Virginia Tech 's defense tackled him at the Tigers ' 23 @-@ yard line . On Tech 's first play after the turnover , quarterback Michael Vick completed a 23 @-@ yard pass to Jared Ferguson for a touchdown . The extra point kick by Carter Warley was successful , and Virginia Tech had a 7 – 0 lead with 13 : 23 remaining in the first quarter .
Virginia Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was downed at the Clemson 26 @-@ yard line , where the Tigers began their second offensive possession . It began no better than the first , as Dantzler was tackled for a three @-@ yard loss by defensive tackle Lamar Cobb . A rush for no gain and a short pass forced Clemson to again punt before gaining a first down . Somaini 's second punt was kicked cleanly , and the Hokies returned the punt to their 42 @-@ yard line . Two rushes and a pass to the 50 @-@ yard line were not enough for a first down , and Tech punted to the Clemson 17 @-@ yard line .
The Tigers ' third possession didn 't produce anything more than their first two possessions did . A running play was stopped for no gain , Dantzler was sacked for a loss of three yards by David Pugh , and a scramble by Dantzler gained only four yards . Clemson 's punt was downed at the Tech 41 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies had another chance on offense . On the first play of the drive , Vick scrambled for a nine @-@ yard gain . On the next play , Tech gained a first down on a run by backup running back Andre Kendrick to the Clemson 46 @-@ yard line . After an incomplete pass , Vick completed a six @-@ yard toss to Kendrick . A five @-@ yard offsides penalty gave Tech a first down at the Clemson 35 @-@ yard line , then Vick completed a six @-@ yard throw to wide receiver Emmett Johnson . This was followed by Vick scrambling for a first down at the Clemson 19 @-@ yard line . A reverse run by Johnson picked up five yards , then a run up the middle gained a first down at the Clemson nine @-@ yard line . Two rushes by Kendrick failed to reach the five @-@ yard line , then Vick ran six yards for Tech 's second touchdown of the game . The extra point was good , and Tech extended its lead to 14 – 0 with 1 : 08 remaining in the quarter .
Virginia Tech 's kickoff was returned to the Clemson 26 @-@ yard line , and the drive began with an incomplete pass from Dantzler . After that , the Tigers gained their first down of the game with a pass from Dantzler to wide receiver Rod Gardner at the 38 @-@ yard line . A run by Dantzler gained three yards , then Zachery gained five more with a run to the left side . Zachery 's run ran the final seconds off the clock in the first quarter , which ended with Virginia Tech leading , 14 – 0 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
The second quarter began with Clemson in possession of the ball and facing third and two at its 46 @-@ yard line . The Tigers gained a first down with the first play of the quarter , a four @-@ yard rush by Zachery . From midfield , Dantzler threw an incomplete pass then ran for no gain . On third down , Dantzler completed a long pass to Justin Watts , who gained a first down at the Tech 23 @-@ yard line . On the next play , Dantzler completed a pass to Zachery , who ran into the end zone for Clemson 's first points of the game . During the play , Zachery broke his foot and was kept out of the rest of the game . The extra point was good , and the Tigers narrowed Tech 's lead to 14 – 7 with 13 : 34 remaining in the first half .
Clemson 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was bobbled by kick returner Andre Kendrick at the Tech one @-@ yard line , but Kendrick broke free of the Clemson defense for a 34 @-@ yard return to the 35 @-@ yard line . Tech 's first play after the return was an 11 @-@ yard run by Lee Suggs up the right side of the field . After the first down , Suggs ran straight ahead for a short gain , then Vick scrambled to the Clemson 37 @-@ yard line and another first down . Suggs then gained 18 yards on a run to the left side of the field . At the Clemson 19 @-@ yard line , Suggs was stopped for a loss of one yard , then Vick was sacked for a loss of five yards . The third @-@ down play was an incomplete pass , and Carter Warley entered the game to attempt a 42 @-@ yard field goal . The kick bounced off the field goal crossbar but did not cross it , thus denying the Hokies three points . With 10 : 33 remaining in the half , Tech still had a 14 – 7 lead .
Following the missed field goal , Clemson 's offense started at its 25 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the drive , Dantzler completed a pass to wide receiver Rod Gardner , who ran for 25 yards and a first down at the 50 @-@ yard line . A nine @-@ yard shovel pass play was followed by a run up the middle for a first down at the Tech 37 @-@ yard line . Dantzler completed an eight @-@ yard pass , then a running play was stopped short of the first @-@ down marker . On third down , Dantzler faked a quarterback sneak in order to attempt a long pass downfield . Dantzler was unable to pass , however , and was sacked for a four @-@ yard loss . Rather than attempt a field goal or punt the ball , Clemson coach Tommy Bowden had his team attempt to gain a first down . Dantzler scrambled forward , but didn 't gain the five yards needed . The Tigers thus turned the ball over on downs at the Tech 28 @-@ yard line .
Tech began its drive with an incomplete pass , which was followed by a short run . On third down , Vick prepared to throw the ball , but he was hit by Clemson defender Keith Adams and fumbled the ball . Fellow Clemson defender Terry Jolly recovered the loose football and returned it to the Tech 14 @-@ yard line before he was tackled . Following the turnover , Dantzler was stopped on a short run then threw two incomplete passes . Rather than again attempt to convert a fourth down , Bowden sent in kicker Aaron Hunt to attempt a 28 @-@ yard field goal . The kick soared through the uprights , and Clemson narrowed Virginia Tech 's lead to 14 – 10 with 5 : 45 remaining in the quarter .
Kendrick returned Clemson 's post @-@ score kickoff to the Tech 23 @-@ yard line . A two @-@ yard run by Suggs was followed by a pass to Davis at the Tech 39 @-@ yard line for a first down . Two running plays set up third down and two , then Vick completed a 50 @-@ yard pass to Kendrick , who picked up a first down at the Clemson four @-@ yard line . From there , it took Suggs two rushes to pass the goal line for Virginia Tech 's third touchdown of the game . The extra point was good , and Tech extended its lead to 21 – 10 with 2 : 26 before halftime .
Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff bounced to the Clemson two @-@ yard line before it was returned to the Clemson 12 @-@ yard line . An incomplete pass on first down was followed by a first @-@ down pass to Gardner at the 22 @-@ yard line . Dantzler then completed a pass to Watts at the 34 @-@ yard line for another first down . After an incomplete pass , Dantzler scrambled for a first down at the Clemson 47 @-@ yard line , where he completed a 17 @-@ yard pass to Robinson as time ticked below one minute remaining . From the Tech 36 @-@ yard line , Dantzler completed a pass to Gardner at the Tech 29 @-@ yard line . After a time out with 33 seconds remaining , Dantzler threw an incomplete pass . This was followed by another incomplete pass , and Clemson converted the first down with a pass to the Tech 24 @-@ yard line . An incomplete pass on first down was followed by another on second down . Following the play , there was only eight seconds left on the clock , and coach Bowden ordered Hunt into the game to attempt a 41 @-@ yard field goal . The kick was short and to the right , and Clemson turned the ball over with two seconds remaining . Vick took a knee to run the final seconds off the clock , and Virginia Tech entered halftime with a 21 – 10 lead .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because Clemson received the ball to begin the game , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . Kendrick received the kickoff at the Tech goal line and returned it to the 20 @-@ yard line , where the Hokies started the first possession of the second half . On the first play , Virginia Tech committed a 10 @-@ yard holding penalty . Suggs gained five yards with a run up the middle , then Vick completed a pass to tight end Browning Wynn at the 28 @-@ yard line . On third down , the Hokies were stopped short of the first down marker and punted for only the second time in the game . During the kick , Clemson committed a 15 @-@ yard roughing the kicker penalty . The penalty allowed the Hokies to retain the football and gave them a first down at their 44 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the penalty , Vick completed a 55 @-@ yard pass to Davis at the Clemson one @-@ yard line . After the pass , Suggs ran straight ahead for his second touchdown of the game . The extra point was missed by Warley , but Tech still extended its lead to 27 – 10 with 12 : 19 remaining in the quarter .
Virginia Tech 's kickoff was recovered and Clemson 's kick returner ran out of bounds at the Tigers ' 12 @-@ yard line . Dantzler scrambled for two yards , but Virginia Tech linebacker Jake Houseright was injured during the play and left the game . After a delay while the injured Houseright was helped off the field , Dantzler scrambled for six yards . Bernard Rambert gained a first down with a two @-@ yard run , then he gained five yards on a run up the middle . Dantzler followed the gain with a 13 @-@ yard run of his own and a first down at the Clemson 40 @-@ yard line . Rambert caught a five @-@ yard pass from Dantzler , then he ran for one yard up the left side of the field . During the play , Rambert was injured and had to be helped off the field . He was replaced by third @-@ string freshman running back Keith Kelly . Dantzler threw an incomplete pass on third down , then Somaini punted the ball to Virginia Tech . The kick bounced off the chest of the Virginia Tech kick returner , and the loose ball was scooped up by Robert Carswell of Clemson . Following the turnover , Clemson 's offense had a first down at the Tech 20 @-@ yard line with 8 : 44 remaining in the quarter .
Kelly gained one yard on first down , then Dantzler picked up 11 yards and a first down on a run up the middle of the field . An incomplete pass was followed by a run for no gain and another incomplete pass . Facing fourth and goal at the eight @-@ yard line , Bowden sent in his field @-@ goal kicker . After the Tigers called a time out , Hunt completed a 27 @-@ yard field goal attempt and cut Virginia Tech 's lead to 27 – 13 with 7 : 19 remaining in the quarter .
Clemson 's post @-@ score kickoff was fielded at the five @-@ yard line by Kendrick and returned to the Tech 25 @-@ yard line . The first play of the drive was an option run with Vick and Kendrick , who broke free of the Clemson defense for a 45 @-@ yard run and a first down at the Clemson 29 @-@ yard line . Two short rushes were followed by a pass to fullback Cullen Hawkins at the 10 @-@ yard line for a first down . Clemson committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty , then Ferguson ran straight ahead for a touchdown . The extra point kick was good , and Tech took a 34 – 13 lead with 5 : 14 left in the quarter .
The post @-@ touchdown kickoff was returned to the Clemson 30 @-@ yard line , where it was fumbled . The loose football jetted forward and was recovered by a Clemson player at the 34 @-@ yard line , where the Tigers ' offense began another drive . The first play of the possession was a nine @-@ yard pass from Dantzler to Kelly , and it was followed by a shovel pass to Kelly , who gained a first down at the Tech 47 @-@ yard line . From there , Kantzler ran straight ahead for 27 yards and a first down at the Tech 20 @-@ yard line . After two incomplete passes , Clemson completed a five @-@ yard false @-@ start penalty . A one @-@ yard run by Dantzler was followed by an unsuccessful fourth @-@ down conversion attempt . Dantzler attempted a pass downfield , but the ball was intercepted by Ronyell Whitaker , who returned the ball to the Tech 32 @-@ yard line .
In possession of the ball and a large lead , Virginia Tech proceeded to start running out the clock by executing running plays , which do not halt the game clock at their conclusion as do incomplete passing plays . Suggs gained nine yards on a run up the middle , then Ferguson was tackled for a loss after an incomplete pass by Vick . Tech punted , and the ball was downed at the 26 @-@ yard line . Following the punt , Clemson put backup quarterback Willie Simmons into the game . On his first play , Simmons was sacked by Jim Davis for a five @-@ yard loss . The second play was a repeat of the first , as Davis again sacked Simmons , this time for an 11 @-@ yard loss . On third down , Simmons threw an incomplete pass , and Clemson punted after going three and out .
The kick bounced out of bounds at the Clemson 44 @-@ yard line , and Virginia Tech 's offense returned to the field . On the first play , Vick attempted a pass into the end zone . The throw was intercepted by Clemson defender Robert Carswell , who downed the ball in the end zone for a touchback . The interception was the final play of the third quarter , which ended with Virginia Tech in the lead , 34 – 13 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
The fourth quarter began with Clemson in possession of the ball and starting a drive at its 20 @-@ yard line following a touchback . On the first play of the drive , Simmons threw an interception to Virginia Tech defender Willie Pile at the 50 @-@ yard line . Following the turnover , the Hokies continued running out the clock with rushing plays up the middle of the field . A short gain by Suggs was followed by a five @-@ yard offsides penalty against Clemson , which advanced the Hokies to the Clemson 45 @-@ yard line . Ferguson then gained a first down on a run to the 32 @-@ yard line . On first down , Vick was slightly injured after attempting to pitch the ball forward . He left the game and was replaced by backup quarterback Dave Meyer . Tech advanced the ball on short runs , setting up fourth down and seven . Tech coach Frank Beamer called a time out , allowing Vick to re @-@ enter the game . The fourth @-@ down play was an incomplete pass , and Tech turned the ball over on downs with 11 : 49 remaining in the game .
Following the turnover , Clemson received the ball at its 28 @-@ yard line . Simmons ran the ball straight ahead for an eight @-@ yard gain , gained one yard on a run , then Kelly ran for a first down at the 40 @-@ yard line . On first down , Simmons completed an 18 @-@ yard pass to Gardner at the Tech 42 @-@ yard line . Simmons then completed a six @-@ yard pass before throwing a shovel pass to Kelly for a first down at the Tech 32 @-@ yard line . An incomplete pass was followed by six @-@ yard toss and a pass to Watts at the 12 @-@ yard line . Simmons ran out of bounds for a two @-@ yard loss , then completed a touchdown pass to Gardner . The extra point kick was good , and Clemson closed Virginia Tech 's lead to 34 – 20 with 7 : 19 remaining .
With limited time remaining , Clemson attempted an onside kick in an effort to retain possession and have a chance to make up some of the scoring deficit . The kick was recovered by Virginia Tech , however , and the Vick @-@ led Tech offense returned to the field at the Clemson 44 @-@ yard line . Suggs was stopped for no gain on a run up the middle , Vick threw an incomplete pass , then he completed a 14 @-@ yard pass to Wynn for a first down at the Clemson 30 @-@ yard line . After the first down , Ferguson gained a few yards on a run up the middle , then Suggs advanced the ball to just short of the first @-@ down marker . On third down , Suggs gained the first down with a run up the middle . Following the first down , Clemson defender Alex Ardley was called for a personal foul and ejected from the game . The penalty gave Virginia Tech a first down at the Clemson 10 @-@ yard line . From there , Clemson was called for a five @-@ yard offsides penalty . On the first play after the consecutive penalties , Vick pitched the ball to Suggs , who ran into the end zone untouched . The extra point kick was good , and Virginia Tech extended its lead to 41 – 20 with 3 : 41 remaining in the game .
Virginia Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was returned to the 23 @-@ yard line , and Clemson went three and out after Simmons threw three incomplete passes . The Tigers ' punt was returned to the Tech 30 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies began another possession . Vick was again replaced by Meyer at the quarterback position , and running back Dwayne Ward ran up the middle of the field for a short gain . Third @-@ string running back Keith Burnell gained more yardage with a run up the middle , then Ward picked up a first down with a run up the left side of the field . During the play , Tech committed a 10 @-@ yard penalty , but the resulting yardage was still enough for a first down . Tech proceeded to run out the remaining seconds on the clock , and the Virginia Tech Hokies earned a 41 – 20 victory .
= = Statistical summary = =
In recognition of his success in leading the Hokies to a bowl game win , Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick was named the most valuable player of the winning team . Vick finished the game having completed 10 of 18 passes for 205 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Vick also ran the ball nine times for a gain of 21 yards and a touchdown . He was sacked twice , resulting in a loss of two yards . On the opposite side of the ball , Clemson wide receiver Rod Gardner was named the MVP of the losing team . He caught seven passes for 94 yards and a touchdown during the game .
Virginia Tech outgained Clemson on the ground by a nearly 3 : 1 margin . Tech running back Lee Suggs carried the ball 20 times for 73 yards and three touchdowns . At the time , Suggs ' three touchdowns were a Virginia Tech bowl game record and tied the Gator Bowl record for most touchdowns by a player . Fellow running backs Andre Kendrick and Jarrett Ferguson gained 52 yards and 26 yards , respectively . Suggs ' scores and the two by Ferguson also marked the first time the Hokies had two players with two or more touchdowns in a bowl game .
On the other side of the ball , Clemson 's 44 pass attempts and 21 pass completions were the most allowed by Virginia Tech in any bowl game to that point . The Tigers outgained Virginia Tech through the air by almost 40 yards , and Clemson 's two quarterbacks performed consistently throughout the game . Dantzler completed 15 of 32 passes for one touchdown and 180 yards , while Simmons completed six of 12 passes for 63 yards , one touchdown , and two interceptions . On the ground , Dantzler led all rushers with 18 carries for 81 yards . Clemson 's No. 2 rusher was Zachery , who had five carries for 15 yards .
Defensively , Virginia Tech intercepted two Clemson passes and sacked Clemson quarterbacks six times for a loss of 28 yards . The Tech defense held Clemson without a first down and to -2 yards of total offense until less than two minutes were left in the first quarter . Clemson 's defense sacked Vick twice for a total loss of two yards .
= = Postgame effects = =
Virginia Tech 's win brought it to a final record of 11 – 1 , while Clemson 's loss lowered it to a final record of 9 – 3 . Despite the Hokies ' win , they did not advance in either the Associated Press or Coaches ' polls . Tech ended the year ranked No. 6 in both polls and No. 5 in the BCS . Clemson also remained relatively stationary in the polls . The Tigers remained at No. 16 in the Associated Press poll and dropped from No. 13 to No. 14 in the Coaches ' Poll . The victory was the first in three bowl trips for the Hokies . The loss was Clemson 's fifth straight in a bowl game and fourth in eight trips to the Gator Bowl at that point .
= = = Michael Vick = = =
Immediately after the conclusion of the Gator Bowl , Vick was asked by an NBC broadcaster if he intended to return to Virginia Tech for another year of collegiate football . He responded that he would discuss matters with his family and Tech head coach Frank Beamer before making a decision . That announcement sparked a fresh round of speculation from sports pundits and fans wondering if Vick would choose to return to school or enter the 2001 NFL Draft . Virginia Tech , through its football coaching staff , began an intensive lobbying campaign in an effort to convince Vick to stay . On January 11 , 2001 , Vick held a press conference to announce that he would be forgoing his final two years of collegiate eligibility to enter the NFL Draft . Immediately after the announcement , he was predicted to be the No. 1 pick in the draft , a hypothesis realized on April 21 , when he was selected by the Atlanta Falcons , who had traded draft picks in order to have the right to select Vick .
= = = 2001 NFL Draft = = =
Vick was not the only player for whom the 2001 Gator Bowl was the final collegiate contest . Virginia Tech had two other players selected in the draft , and Clemson had three . From the Hokies , defensive back Cory Bird was selected with the 91st pick and center Matt Lehr was taken with the 137th selection . Clemson 's first NFL draft selection was wide receiver Rod Gardner , who was taken 15th . Also picked was defensive back Robert Carswell ( 244th ) .
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= Invisible Circles =
Invisible Circles is the third studio album by Dutch symphonic metal band After Forever . It was released on 25 March 2004 , by the small Dutch label Transmission Records . It is After Forever 's first full @-@ length album since the dismissal of guitarist and composer Mark Jansen , whose musical tastes had strongly influenced the sound of their first work Prison of Desire ( 2000 ) and their successful second offering Decipher ( 2001 ) . In this work After Forever choose a new musical direction , mostly revolving around elements of progressive metal instead of the gothic and symphonic metal of previous albums . The creative process for Invisible Circles took more than a year and required the use of three recording studios in the Netherlands and Germany . A long tour to support the album brought the band to some of the most important European rock festivals and to Central and South America .
Invisible Circles is a concept album about the dynamics of quarrelsome families and psychological child abuse . The theme was inspired by guitarist Sander Gommans ' work as an art teacher , in direct contact with dysfunctional families and teen @-@ age problems . It is also a metal opera , with a storyline that follows the lives of an abused child and her parents since her conception to adulthood . The album was received with mixed reviews , but entered the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium .
= = Background = =
By the end of 2001 , After Forever appeared as rising stars on the dynamic scene of Dutch metal , which included bands like The Gathering , Within Temptation , Gorefest and Ayreon . Their second album Decipher ( 2001 ) had received very positive reviews and their name was well known in the underground scene of the Netherlands . Critics were impressed by the remarkable musicianship of the young members of the band and in particular by Floor Jansen ’ s vocals , both in studio and in live performances . In contrast with these premises for a bright future , the relationships within the band were not so idyllic . Soon after the release of Decipher , After Forever faced a strong creative contrast between founding member and guitarist Mark Jansen and the rest of the band . Mark Jansen had been the main composer of the band together with Sander Gommans and his love for movie soundtracks and classical music had had a strong influence on the musical style of After Forever ’ s first two albums , Prison of Desire ( 2000 ) and Decipher . Moreover , his interest for religious and moral themes had characterized his lyrics for many songs , often collected under a common title ( e.g. The Embrace That Smothers and My Pledge of Allegiance ) . In the next album , Mark Jansen meant to further explore complex interactions between classical instruments , choruses in Latin and death metal elements , while Gommans and the others preferred a more direct and aggressive approach to music , retaining some elements that made the sound of the band recognizable , but expanding it in new and different directions . These musical differences led to Mark Jansen leaving the band , in what he felt as an actual dismissal .
He quickly formed another band called Sahara Dust , which later developed into the symphonic metal band Epica . His place was taken by Bas Maas , who had been the guitar technician for After Forever during the tours of 2001 and 2002 . August and September 2002 were dedicated to a European tour , supporting Finnish act Nightwish and attending some rock festivals , which exposed the band to larger audiences and gained them even more favourable press . Further media exposure came from Floor Jansen 's collaboration with Dutch multi @-@ instrumentalist and composer Arjen Anthony Lucassen , for the recording of Star One 's album Space Metal and the subsequent tour in late 2002 . Jansen 's activities , as well as the regular jobs and studies of the After Forever band members , reduced the band 's live performances for the rest of 2002 and half of 2003 . It was known that the band was working at a new album from the beginning of 2003 , but their first release was the EP Exordium in October 2003 , containing an instrumental track , three new songs and two covers . In Jansen ’ s words " the EP Exordium was like an introduction to this new full length album and the subjects of the lyrics are already connected to the concept ( ... ) meaning they are also dealing with modern , social problems " .
The reviewers noticed some musical changes in the new work , but some of them suspended their judgement , waiting for a full album to express their opinions about the new course of After Forever .
= = Concept and storyline = =
The concept of Invisible Circles was shaped by After Forever 's singer and lyricist Floor Jansen , taking inspiration from Sander Gommans ' job as an art teacher . His daily contact with children with social and family problems had given him the desire to make people aware of these problems by incorporating their stories into songs . He had also realized that those children 's problems often stemmed from the psychological traumas that their parents had experienced in their past . Gommans described the title and the concept of the album in these terms : " Invisible Circles describes the paths of life that someone can follow . Life consists of several circles that you can follow ; many times you will come back at the beginning of a circle , although you have tried to get out of that particular circle . "
The plot revolves around a dysfunctional family , comprising a father , a mother , their daughter and the father 's mother . The story begins with two lovers , whose relationship is running dry . They decide to have a child , which the woman believes may save their relationship ( " Between Love and Fire " ) . The birth of a baby girl destroys in the mother her hopes for a brilliant professional career and smothers her passion . On the other hand , the newborn child causes in the father a stiffening of his feelings and the refusal to compromise his career for a " spoilt brat " ( " Sins of Idealism " ) . The girl , perceived in the family as an unwanted burden , tries to adapt to the psychological abuse she receives , but she is the object of frequent quarrels and grows sad and depressed ( " Beautiful Emptiness " ) . She searches for quietness and strength in her inner fantasy world , and friendship and love on the internet , becoming ever more detached from the real world and eccentric in the eyes of her schoolmates and parents ( " Eccentric " , " Digital Deceit " , " Through Square Eyes " ) . The line of pain that connects the child to her parents appears indestructible and the situation gets worse when the father thinks of leaving ( " Blind Pain " , " Two Sides " ) . The intervention of the girl 's grandmother reveals that the father was himself a neglected child and a victim of his family ( " Victim of Choices " ) . The father 's anger is a reaction to his abuse as a child and this realization seems to soften the girl 's pain , bringing her out of her defensive shell ( " Reflections " ) . In conclusion , the grown @-@ up daughter , now a mother herself , faces the same dilemmas of her parents and is bound to repeat her parents ' mistakes , closing the invisible circle that endures from one generation to another ( " Life 's Vortex " ) .
= = Production = =
Sander Gommans started the composition of the basic melodies for Invisible Circles at the beginning of 2003 in his home studio in Reuver , working at the same time on new songs for the EP Exordium . This part of the creative process had been shared with Mark Jansen for the previous albums and it would be shared with keyboard player Joost van den Broek for the following ones . Gommans wrote the songs for the new album with the precise idea of pushing the music of the band closer to progressive metal , reducing the gothic atmospheres of the previous releases to a minimum and adopting as many different musical styles as he felt necessary to the convey the message of the songs . Meanwhile , his fiancée Floor Jansen was writing the lyrics and shaping the plot for the concept album .
The band reunited at Excess Studios in Rotterdam in July 2003 , a few weeks after recording Exordium , to arrange the new songs and to record the instrumental tracks , under supervision of producer Hans Pieters and sound engineer Dennis Leidelmeijer . Every member of the band contributed to the music , which is credited for the most part to all six musicians . When the instrumental tracks were ready , the band moved in August 2003 to Gate Studio in Wolfsburg , Germany , where all solo vocal parts were arranged by the band , under supervision of American singer and producer Amanda Somerville . She also contributed , along with Jay Lansford , the recited parts that connect the songs to each other and explain parts of the plot . The solo vocals of Jansen , Gommans and Bas Maas were recorded separately by producers Sascha Paeth and Michael “ Miro ” Rodenberg . Female soprano vocals , grunts and clean male vocals represent in the songs different feelings and behaviours of the characters . The final stage of the recording process was executed at Arts Music Recording studio in Rhoon from 20 to 24 October 2003 , under supervision of Peter Arts . The orchestra and choir parts were arranged there by Cees ’ Kieboom , who also contributed some additional keyboards to smooth the transition between the different instrumental parts . The final mixing of all the parts was executed by Sascha Paeth at The Pathway Studio in Wolfsburg , Germany in November and December 2003 , except the instrumental introduction " Childhood in Minor " mixed by Sander Gommans . The album was mastered at Sound Factory by Peter van ' t Riet for a release in early 2004 .
Invisible Circles was released by Transmission Records on 25 March 2004 . " Digital Deceit " was the only single issued from the album and released on 20 May 2004 . A high tech video clip was produced for the song by D 'iMages , the same company that had done the video clip for the 2003 single " My Choice " , extracted from Exordium . The video was aired on Dutch MTV and on local musical TV stations .
= = Packaging = =
The artwork for the album was created by German designer Carsten Drescher and his graphics company Media Logistics . Drescher was responsible for the After Forever logo and the cover concepts of every After Forever album and single since then . The girl he photographed is in fact his daughter Aimee Drescher , who also appeared in the video clip for the song " Digital Diceit " . He inserted the photos in a dark urban landscape tinted blue , completing the front cover artwork with the digital overlay of circles in the water to evoke the title of the album . The same circles were extensively used in the CD booklet and in every other artwork related to the album . Together with the dominant blue colour the circles were also present in the live show scenography .
The photos of the band were taken by Dutch photographer Angelique van Woerkom in November 2003 and each member dressed in a tight black and blue suit with a lightning motif , the same colors of the CD sleeve . The same suits were used for the video clip of the single " Digital Deceit " and sometimes appeared in live shows during the following tour .
= = Tour = =
The Invisible Circles tour started in February 2004 , just before the album release , in Mexico , home of the independent label Raw Metal Records , which distributed After Forever albums for all the American continent . An intensive European tour followed , touching the Netherlands , Germany and France .
Two months after the release of the album , keyboard player Lando van Gils left the band on amicable terms . He played his last gig with the band at The Bosuil , Weert , on 14 May 2004 . He was replaced by keyboard player Joost van der Broek , coming from the Dutch progressive rock band Sun Caged , who completed the rest of the tour . Van den Broek had played with Floor Jansen during the Star One tour of 2002 , where he also met Gommans . The tour brought the band to play at the important Graspop , Pinkpop and Dynamo festivals in Belgium and the Netherlands . The Pinkpop Festival performance on 30 May 2004 , was televised for a Dutch TV station . The first leg of the tour culminated with the performance at the Wacken Open Air festival , on 7 August 2004 .
New dates of the tour were added at the end of the year , but some shows were cancelled when drummer André Borgman was admitted to a hospital and diagnosed with lung cancer at an initial stage . The official site of the band reported the news of Borgman ’ s illness and confirmed some shows , with Ayreon , Star One and Gorefest drummer Ed Warby standing @-@ in for Borgman . The band spent the first half of 2005 concentrating on the material for the new album Remagine , while Borgman received intensive treatment to cure his cancer . Luckily , the cures were successful and Borgman was back behind his drum kit for the final leg of the Invisible Circles tour in South America in August 2005 .
= = Critical and commercial reception = =
After the almost unanimous praise received by the album Decipher and the perplexities raised by the new musical direction of the EP Exordium , there were great expectations for the new album by fans and specialized press alike . The complexity of the music and concept of Invisible Circles produced mixed reviews , ranging from highest praise to complete failure , even in the same publication . The bold move of making a concept album about such a controversial matter was generally appreciated but , as Eduardo Rivadavia said in his AllMusic review , this could be a " slightly overambitious creation " . The Maximum Metal reviewer states that " concept albums are always hard to pull off and not many bands can do it well " and " here is another failed attempt " . It was the general opinion of most reviewers that Floor Jansen 's lead vocals are at her best and " her performance here is powerful , dramatic and very impressive overall , no matter how she chooses to sing " . However , her lyrics were sometimes considered a weak point of the album , despite the fact that the band " placed as much emphasis " on them " as they did on the music " . Sam Grant of Sonic Cathedral Webzine considered them " trite " and " disappointing " . In particular , the spoken dialogue by Somerville and Lansford was generally considered badly acted and detrimental to the music which , on the contrary , was generally considered the strong point of the album . The change of musical direction , with the introduction of progressive metal elements , and the many variations of style adopted in the songs were generally praised , to the point that a Metal Storm reviewer compares After Forever to " Symphony X with Floor Jansen on vocals " . Only a few reviewers remained nostalgic of the gothic and symphonic sound of Decipher and denounced a " lack of direction " and " too much confusion " in the music of the album .
The album sold enough in the Benelux to remain in the Dutch Mega Album Top 100 chart for eleven weeks and in the Belgian Ultratop 50 Albums chart for two .
It reached position No. 24 in the Netherlands and position No. 74 in Belgium . The single " Digital Deceit " reached position No. 41 in the Single Top 100 chart in the Netherlands .
= = Track listing = =
All music by After Forever , except " Childhood in Minor " by Sander Gommans and " Eccentric " by Lando van Gils and Floor Jansen . All lyrics by Jansen .
" Childhood in Minor " ( instrumental ) – 1 : 20
" Beautiful Emptiness " – 5 : 25
" Between Love and Fire " – 4 : 56
" Sins of Idealism " – 5 : 22
" Eccentric " – 4 : 10
" Digital Deceit " – 5 : 38
" Through Square Eyes " – 6 : 23
" Blind Pain " – 6 : 47
" Two Sides " – 4 : 34
" Victim of Choices " – 3 : 21
" Reflections " – 5 : 11
" Life 's Vortex " – 5 : 53
= = Personnel = =
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= Halifax Central Library =
The Halifax Central Library is a public library in Halifax , Nova Scotia on the corner of Spring Garden Road and Queen Street . It serves as the flagship library of the Halifax Public Libraries , replacing the Spring Garden Road Memorial Library .
A new central library was discussed by library administrators for several decades and approved by the regional council in 2008 . The architects , a joint venture between local firm Fowler Bauld and Mitchell and Schmidt Hammer Lassen of Denmark , were chosen in 2010 through an international design competition . Construction began later that year on a prominent downtown site that had been a parking lot for half a century .
The new library opened in December 2014 and has become a highly popular gathering place . In addition to a book collection significantly larger than that of the former library , the new building houses a wide range of amenities including cafés , an auditorium , and community rooms . The striking architecture is characterised by the fifth floor 's cantilever over the entrance plaza , a central atrium criss @-@ crossed by staircases , and the building 's transparency and relationship to the urban context . The library won a Lieutenant Governor ’ s Design Award in Architecture for 2014 .
= = History = =
= = = Planning = = =
The Spring Garden Road main library , opened in 1951 , had been considered inadequate by library administrators for several decades . The first report mentioning a replacement building was published in 1971 . An expansion built in 1974 was quickly outgrown . A 1987 assessment noted that the spaces within were " self @-@ contained and inflexible " and that " study space and comfortable reading areas are presently the focus of serious public complaint ... services are cramped and over crowded . "
In the mid @-@ 1990s the municipalities of Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County were amalgamated , and a new regional library board was created . In 1995 , the Joint Amalgamation Committee of the merged libraries " agreed that a new central library would be needed to serve the new Halifax Regional Library system and that the site should remain in the present downtown area . " They cited numerous problems with the original building . In addition to its small size ( 3 @,@ 594 square metres [ 38 @,@ 690 sq ft ] ) , technological improvements were hampered by poor wiring and difficulty laying cable in mid @-@ floor locations . Accessibility was poor due to the numerous stairs , levels , and an undersized elevator . Other problems with the building included leaks , asbestos , inoperable windows , the lack of a sprinkler system , inadequate climate control , ceilings as low as 1 @.@ 95 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) , and the lack of numerous services found at other modern libraries .
Following the merger , the new library board undertook extensive planning for a new facility in the hope that a new central library might be part of the 1999 commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the city . The library board commissioned an architectural study , released in 1997 , recommending a new central library of approximately 8 @,@ 800 square metres ( 95 @,@ 000 sq ft ) after concluding a renovation of the existing library would " not result in significant cost savings " and would lead to a less efficient building . Furthermore , it recommended building the new library on a different site in order to avoid costly temporary relocation . This study considered six different sites for the new library and recommended the lot at Queen and Clyde Streets , then a municipal parking lot . The projected cost of construction was just short of $ 24 million at 1997 prices .
The recommendation for a new library was echoed in a 2004 needs assessment and master plan study for the overall library system . The central library was identified as the " first priority " for the library board in terms of capital development , with implementation recommended by 2009 . The study found agreement among survey respondents that the library should be located in downtown Halifax , being the core of the region and an anticipated area of growth in the regional plan .
Following the 2004 demolition of the nearby former Halifax Infirmary , planning and public consultation began , as part of the Spring Garden Road & Queen Street Joint Public Lands Study , in order to determine the future of the glut of vacant public lands in the area . The lot directly on this prime intersection was closely considered as the site of either a new central library or a justice centre , consolidating other courthouse facilities around the city . The site had been occupied by Bellevue House , the army commandant 's house from the 19th century until it was demolished in 1955 . It had then remained a parking lot into the 21st century . In June 2007 , regional council voted to approve " in principle , designation of the property at the corner of Spring Garden Road and Queen Street as the site of the Central Library " and to initiate negotiations for the acquisition of that land from the province . These negotiations , concluded in January 2010 , resulted in a land swap : the municipality acquired the Queen and Spring Garden site from the province in exchange for the former Queen Elizabeth High School and Birk 's ( Barrington and George streets ) lands , plus $ 1 @.@ 9 million " in recognition of the higher value of the provincially owned land . "
On 12 August 2008 , regional council voted to approve the library project in principle and direct municipal staff to develop a financial plan for the project . On 28 April 2009 , the council passed a motion to advance the library as a project under the Building Canada Fund , a federal fund that financed projects jointly with local governments from 2007 to 2014 . This resulted in an $ 18 @.@ 3 million contribution from the federal government .
= = = Architect selection and public consultations = = =
The architects for the new library were chosen through an international competition for a design contract worth C $ 4 @.@ 3 million . Four architectural teams were shortlisted , each a partnership between a local and a non @-@ local firm . The winning scheme , a joint venture by Danish firm Schmidt Hammer Lassen and Fowler Bauld & Mitchell of Halifax , was selected in March 2010 . The other shortlisted teams were Lydon Lynch with HOK , Barrie and Langille with Moriyama and Teshima , and Shore Tilbe Irwin + Partners with John K. Dobbs .
The library governance stated they sought to " involve as many people as possible in the public consultation process for the new central library . " It was suggested in The Coast , a weekly newspaper , that this emphasis on public involvement was a reaction to a negative public response toward a proposed redesign of Point Pleasant Park after its partial destruction in Hurricane Juan . Early planning was undertaken in three public consultation phases during 2008 . Five more public meetings and workshops were held in 2010 following the selection of the design architects . The final design was unveiled by the architects during the fifth of these meetings on 4 November 2010 . A final public event was held at Pier 21 on 14 November 2012 .
= = = War memorial issue = = =
The Spring Garden Road Memorial Library was named after its status as a war memorial and displays several commemorative artefacts , including two Books of Remembrance containing the names of thousands of Halifax County residents who gave their lives in the First World War , Second World War , and Korean War . A page is turned in each book every Remembrance Day . A Silver Cross is also on display . The building contains a plaque reading , " This building was erected in memory of those who gave their lives in defence of their Country , 1914 – 1918 ; 1939 – 1945 . For their Faith , for their Courage , for their Sacrifice , We Will Remember Them . "
Some residents voiced concern that with the closure of the former building the war memorial will effectively disappear . Local author and historian Blair Beed questioned why the term " memorial " was not carried over to the new building , and proposed that " Halifax Memorial Library " would be a more appropriate name lest wartime sacrifices be pushed aside and forgotten . He also worried about the fate of the historical artefacts on display . Another resident suggested that such concerns were not given serious consideration during the public consultation process .
Library management responded that the war commemoration would be incorporated into the local history section of the library , and that the two remembrance books would be joined by a third recognizing those who died in conflicts following the Korean War . They also stated that a " few elements of the existing wartime display such as the Silver Cross , flags and standards " would be transferred to the Maritime Command Museum at Admiralty House , CFB Halifax . The three Books of Remembrance are now on display in a glass case next to the local history room .
= = = Construction and opening = = =
Before construction began , an archaeological dig was undertaken to evaluate the remains of Bellevue House . The land was originally purchased in 1800 by the Duke of Kent , who was based in the city in order to command British forces in North America . Subsequent British commanders took residence in the house , built 1801 and described as an " almost palatial residence " that hosted members of the Royal Family during visits to the colony . It was destroyed in a 1885 fire , but rebuilt . The British left in the early 20th century and the structure was demolished after it was acquired by the Nova Scotia Technical College in 1955 . The site then remained a parking lot for over half a century , meaning the foundation of older structures was preserved under the asphalt . This stands in contrast to the site of the former infirmary next door , where the deep foundation rendered the site archaeologically insignificant . In addition to the foundation of the residence , the archaeological dig uncovered numerous small artefacts including china , cutlery and an 1860 Nova Scotia penny .
Construction of the library by EllisDon began shortly thereafter . Following excavation and blasting for the underground car park , the foundation was poured in 2012 . In May 2014 , the library hosted a tour for journalists and officials from all levels of government . Halifax mayor Mike Savage stated that the new library is " not simply something that ’ s nice to have . It is important and critical to the future of our city . Because more than ever , for a city to succeed , we need to be invested in the knowledge economy . We need to ensure that our citizens have access to all forms of learning . ”
The total cost of the building was $ 57 @.@ 6 million , of which $ 18 @.@ 3 million came from the federal government via the Building Canada Fund , $ 13 million from the provincial government , and the remainder ( $ 26 @.@ 3 million ) from the municipality . The municipal contribution was primarily generated from the sale of the empty lots around the library site .
The library was completed in late 2014 following the transfer of materials from the former library across the street , which closed on 30 August . It opened to the public on Saturday , 13 December 2014 to an estimated 12 @,@ 000 visitors who enjoyed a day of performances and festivities . The first six weeks of operation saw 272 @,@ 000 visitors , who collectively checked out over 167 @,@ 700 items .
= = Design and reception = =
The library is a five @-@ storey structure comprising about 11 @,@ 000 square metres ( 120 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of space , and was designed to accommodate a book collection 50 per cent larger than that of the former Spring Garden Memorial Library . A skylighted atrium , criss @-@ crossed by stairs and walkways , spans the interior height of the structure . The main lobby and children 's collection are concentrated on the lower floors , while much of the upper floors are designated as quiet areas . A rooftop terrace with seating offers a broad view of Downtown , the South End , and Halifax Harbour .
The design , said to resemble a stack of books , has garnered international attention and was featured by CNN as one of ten " eye @-@ popping " new buildings of 2014 . The building topped a list of " high @-@ design libraries " compiled by enRoute and was covered on numerous architecture websites . In the 2014 " Best of Halifax " awards , ranked annually by readers of The Coast , the library was voted the " Best Thing To Happen In Halifax In The Past Year " and the " Best Effort To Improve Halifax " . SNC @-@ Lavalin , the structural and civil engineer , was awarded the " Engineering a Better Canada Award " by the Association of Canadian Engineering Companies for their work on the library . The building was also shortlisted for the World Building of the Year Award in the Civic and Community category at the 2015 World Architecture Festival in Singapore .
The Nova Scotia Association of Architects selected the library to receive the Award of Merit at the Lieutenant Governor ’ s Design Awards in Architecture . The award was presented in 2015 by Brigadier @-@ General J.J. Grant . The awards jury commented : " Without doubt , the new Halifax Central Library has done more to transform the discussion of contemporary architecture in Halifax than any building in the past 40 years . The Halifax Central Library was a real catalyst of local , public and architectural conversation in Halifax ; its program and location has reconstructed the way locals and visitors interact with a building filled with knowledge . "
An architect from Fowler , Bauld & Mitchell stated that the library now sees an average of 6 @,@ 000 visitors daily , a " huge increase " in patronage over the former Spring Garden Road Memorial Library .
= = Programme = =
The library is fully wheelchair @-@ accessible , with multiple elevators . There are public use touchscreen computers , a dedicated computer lab , wireless internet , and conference and community rooms . An automatic conveyor belt system links the book drops to a dedicated sorting room . It handled 80 @,@ 000 books in July 2015 .
The library 's open design and central location enables it to host community events and festivals . In the first year of operation it has served as a venue for major annual Halifax events including Nocturne and The Word on the Street . It hosted the Duke of Edinburgh 's Award ceremony in November 2015 attended by Prince Edward .
= = = Cafés = = =
The building houses two café spaces , one at ground level and one on the fifth floor . Patrons of the latter café have access to a rooftop patio area as well as the " Halifax Living Room " housed in the cantilevered portion of the building overlooking Spring Garden Road . The Living Room was designed as an airy , indoor public space with views of both Citadel Hill and Halifax Harbour as well as the civic square below . The ground floor café , in the corner of the building nearest the intersection , opens earlier than the rest of the library . The concession to operate from both spaces was won by Pavia Gallery Espresso Bar and Café of Herring Cove , who beat out Second Cup and Uncommon Grounds . Pavia holds a ten @-@ year contract with an option for an additional seven years .
The ground floor space is the " main café " with the same offerings as Pavia 's Herring Cove location , while the smaller upstairs café serves light refreshments only . Pavia plans to hold three art @-@ related panel discussions at the library each year .
= = = Artwork = = =
Following a request for proposals seeking a " signature public artwork " to be incorporated into the new library , painter and NSCAD alumnus Cliff Eyland was awarded the $ 430 @,@ 000 commission for his proposal to produce 5 @,@ 000 miniature paintings on medium @-@ density fibreboard cut to the size of old library catalog index cards .
Eyland , who also worked as a curator at the former Technical University of Nova Scotia next door ( now Dalhousie University 's School of Architecture and Planning ) , ended up producing a total of 6 @,@ 000 paintings divided into two installations . At the ground floor , Library Cards comprises 5 @,@ 000 paintings behind the main reception . A further 1 @,@ 000 paintings , " eye @-@ popping , two @-@ colour abstracts of books leaning against each other " , decorate the Living Room in the fifth floor cantilever . This smaller installation is titled Book Shelf Paintings .
The Library Cards paintings cover a variety of themes and subjects , including landscapes , portraits , abstract pieces , and musings on history and libraries . The artist joked , " there are grey landscapes to remind you about why you stay indoors in Nova Scotia to read " and said that portraits of staff at the Spring Garden Road and Halifax North Memorial libraries , photographed by Mary Ann Archibald , were painted and had subsequently been recognized by some of their subjects . He also stated that the library commission is the biggest installation he has done to date .
= = = Auditorium = = =
The ground floor houses a 300 @-@ seat auditorium which also serves as a reading space when not in use for performances . Library CEO Judith Hare stated that the space would complement a recording studio , geared toward young people , planned elsewhere in the library : " people can make their own music ... but also they ’ ll have a place to perform as well . " In 2012 the auditorium was named Paul O ’ Regan Hall following a $ 1 million donation by the O ’ Regan family in honour of the late businessman and philanthropist . Government funding only covered the cost of the building , so donations will go toward expanding the book collection and purchasing new computers and special equipment . The hall is fitted with stowable seats , acoustic ceiling baffles , a video screen , and professional sound and lighting installations .
The hall boasts a $ 62 @,@ 000 Yamaha grand piano donated by local philanthropist and musician Peggy Corkum in May 2015 .
= = = Environmental sustainability = = =
The building design aims to achieve LEED Gold certification from the Canada Green Building Council , in part by incorporating energy and water saving design features such as rainwater harvesting for flushing water , computerized building management , use of local species in landscape design , and automatic lighting control . Low @-@ emission interior finishes have been used to improve indoor air quality , and a green housekeeping policy seeks to reduce exposure of occupants to contaminants .
The library supports the use of public transportation and active transportation by virtue of its central location in a dense , walkable district served by numerous bus routes , and by providing onsite bike parking .
= = = Programming by floor = = =
= = Transportation = =
The library is accessible by public bus transit , as it is located on Spring Garden Road . It is served by numerous Halifax Transit bus routes . Routes 1 , 10 , 14 , 20 and 80 provide service from 6 : 00 am until midnight daily . Route 1 provides service to Dartmouth and Mumford Terminal at 10 @-@ minute headways .
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= Bombardment of Papeete =
The Bombardment of Papeete occurred in French Polynesia when German warships attacked on 22 September 1914 , during World War I. The German armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau entered the port of Papeete on the island of Tahiti and sank the French gunboat Zélée and freighter Walkure before bombarding the town 's fortifications . French shore batteries and a gunboat resisted the German intrusion , but were greatly outgunned . The main German objective was to seize the coal piles stored on the island , but these were destroyed by the French at the start of the action .
The German vessels were largely undamaged but the French lost their gunboat . Several of Papeete 's buildings were destroyed and the town 's economy was severely disrupted . The main strategic consequence of the engagement was the disclosure of the cruisers ' positions to the British Admiralty , which led to the Battle of Coronel where the entire German East Asia Squadron defeated a Royal Navy squadron . The depletion of Scharnhorst 's and Gneisenau 's ammunition at Papeete also contributed to their subsequent destruction at the Battle of the Falklands .
= = Background = =
Word of war reached Admiral Maximilian von Spee — of the German East Asia Squadron — while at Ponape ( 17 July – 6 August ) . He concentrated the majority of his squadron at Pagan Island in the nearby Mariana Islands , and then steamed off into the Pacific with the Scharnhorst @-@ class armored cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , the Königsberg @-@ class light cruiser SMS Nürnberg , the auxiliary cruiser SMS Titania , and several colliers at his disposal . Nürnberg and Titania were sent to gather intelligence at Hawaii and raid the cable station at Fanning Island . Von Spee then learned that Australian and New Zealand forces had captured German Samoa , and he sailed off in his flagship Scharnhorst — along with her sister ship Gneisenau — to engage what Allied forces they could find there . Failing to catch the Samoa Expeditionary Force at Apia and having seen no action at all since leaving Pagan Island , the men of Admiral von Spee 's armored cruisers were eager to meet the enemy in battle .
Von Spee decided to raid Papeete in Tahiti on his way to rendezvous with the rest of his squadron at Easter Island . The French held over 5 @,@ 000 t ( 5 @,@ 500 short tons ) of high @-@ quality Cardiff coal at the port , and von Spee hoped to seize the coal piles to replenish his squadron 's supply . Additionally , von Spee aimed at destroying what allied shipping he could find in the harbour , and thought the raid might help raise his men 's morale . Von Spee intended to coal at Suwarrow Atoll before sailing to Papeete , but was prevented by foul weather . Instead , von Spee decided to take Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and attempt to resupply at Bora Bora while Nürnberg and Titania were dispatched to Nukuhiva to guard the fleet 's colliers . The German admiral intended to keep his vessels ' identities secret by disguising them as French ships , flying French flags , and only allowing French- and English @-@ speaking members of his crew contact with the Frenchmen present there . Von Spee managed to replenish his food stores using gold seized by Titania and Nürnberg during their raid of Fanning , and was able to discover the strength of the French military in the region as well as the exact size and positions of the coal piles at Papeete .
The French had no heavy defenses at Papeete but had been warned that von Spee 's squadron might raid Tahiti and that a German squadron had been sighted off Samoa . Although Papeete was the capital of the French Settlements in Oceania , by 1914 it had become a colonial backwater , lacking a wireless station and having a garrison of only 25 colonial infantry and 20 gendarmes . In order to bolster the town 's defenses , Lieutenant Maxime Destremau — commander of the old wooden gunboat Zélée and the ranking officer at Papeete — had his ship 's 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) stern gun and all of her 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) and 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns removed from his vessel and placed ashore to be used in place of Papeete 's antiquated land batteries . Several Ford trucks were turned into impromptu armored cars by mounting them with Zélée 's 37 @-@ mm guns and 160 sailors and marines drilled in preparation to repel any German attempt at landing . Zélée retained only her 100 @-@ mm bow gun and 10 men under the ship 's second in command . In addition to the gunboat and harbor fortifications , the French also had at Papeete the unarmed German freighter Walkure , which had been captured by Zélée at the start of the war . Despite the French preparations , the two German cruisers were more than a match for the forces Destremau commanded at Papeete . Both Scharnhorst and Gneisenau heavily outgunned Zélée , each being armed with eight 210 mm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns , six 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , eighteen 88 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns , and four torpedo tubes . Von Spee 's forces also outnumbered the French with over 1 @,@ 500 sailors aboard their vessels , more than enough to form a landing party and overwhelm the forces Destremau had to oppose them .
= = Battle = =
At 07 : 00 on 22 September 1914 , the French sighted two unidentified cruisers approaching the harbor of Papeete . The alarm was raised , the harbor 's signal beacons destroyed , and three warning shots were fired by the French batteries to signal the approaching cruisers that they must identify themselves . The cruisers replied with a shot of their own and raised the German colors , signaling the town to surrender . The French refused the German demands , and von Spee 's vessels began to shell the shore batteries and town from a distance of 6 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 yd ) . The land batteries and the gunboat in the harbor returned fire , but scored no hits on the armored cruisers . Having difficulty in discovering the exact position of the French batteries , the German cruisers soon turned their attention to the French shipping in the harbor .
The French commander — Destremau — had ordered the coal piles burned at the start of the action and now smoke began billowing over the town . Zélée and Walkure were sighted and fired upon by the Germans . The French had begun to scuttle their vessels when the action had begun , but both were still afloat when Scharnhorst and Gneisenau began firing upon them and finished the two ships off . By now , most of the Papeete 's inhabitants had fled and the town had caught fire from the German shelling , with two blocks of Papeete set alight . With the coal piles destroyed and the threat of mines in the harbor , von Spee saw no meaningful purpose in making a landing . Accordingly , the German admiral withdrew his ships from Papeete 's harbor by 11 : 00 . After leaving Papeete , the ships steamed out towards Nuku Hiva to meet Nürnberg , Titania , and colliers waiting there .
= = Aftermath = =
By the time von Spee withdrew his ships , large portions of the town had been destroyed . Two entire blocks of Papeete had burnt to the ground before the fires were finally put out . A copra store , a market , and several other buildings and residences were among those destroyed by the shellfire and resulting inferno . While the majority of Papeete 's civilians fled to the interior of the island as soon as the fighting began , a Japanese civilian and a Polynesian boy were both killed by German shellfire . Although the two French vessels in the harbor had been sunk , there were no military casualties on either side and the German vessels took no damage . Overall , the bombardment was estimated in 1915 to have caused over 2 million francs ' worth of property damage , some of which was recouped through the seizure of a German store on the island . In addition to the seizure of their property , several local Germans were interned and forced to repair the damage von Spee 's squadron had caused . Perhaps the most lasting effect of the bombardment on the French was the dramatic fall of copra prices in the region , as local suppliers had previously sold a majority of their produce to German merchants in the area who were now interned . Further havoc and distress spread throughout the island 18 days after von Spee 's squadron had left , when rumors started to spread that a second German bombardment was about to begin .
After withdrawing , Scharnhorst and Gneisenau rendezvoused with Nürnberg and Titania at Nuku Hiva , where they resupplied and their crews took shore leave before moving on to meet the rest of the squadron at Easter Island . Although the Germans had destroyed the shipping at Papeete and wreaked havoc in the town , they had been denied their primary objective of seizing the French coal piles and replenishing their own stocks . Von Spee 's raid allowed the British Admiralty to receive word on his position and heading , allowing them to inform Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock of the German intentions thus leading to the Battle of Coronel . Another effect was the reduction of ammunition available to the two German cruisers . The hundreds of shells fired by von Spee 's ships at Papeete were irreplaceable . The depletion of ammunition as a result of the action at Papeete contributed to the German East Asia Squadron 's failure to adequately defend itself at the Battle of the Falkland Islands against British battlecruisers . Lieutenant Destremau was chastised by his misinformed superior officer for his actions during the defense of Papeete and for the loss of the gunboat Zélée . He was summoned back to Toulon under arrest to be court @-@ martialled , but died of illness in 1915 before the trial . In 1918 , Destremau was finally recognized for his actions at Papeete and was posthumously awarded the Légion d 'honneur .
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= Forbes Field =
Forbes Field was a baseball park in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , from 1909 to June 28 , 1970 . It was the third home of the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team , and the first home of the Pittsburgh Steelers , the city 's National Football League ( NFL ) franchise . The stadium also served as the home football field for the University of Pittsburgh " Pitt " Panthers from 1909 to 1924 . The stadium was named after British general John Forbes , who fought in the French and Indian War , and named the city in 1758 .
The US $ 1 million ( $ 26 @.@ 3 million today ) project was initiated by Pittsburgh Pirates ' owner Barney Dreyfuss , with the goal of replacing his franchise 's then @-@ current home , Exposition Park . The stadium was made of concrete and steel ( one of the first of its kind ) in order to increase its lifespan . The Pirates opened Forbes Field on June 30 , 1909 against the Chicago Cubs , and would play the final game that was also against the Cubs on June 28 , 1970 . The field itself featured a large playing surface , with the batting cage placed in the deepest part of center field during games . Seating was altered multiple times throughout the stadium 's life ; at times fans were permitted to sit on the grass in the outfield during overflow crowds . The Pirates won three World Series while at Forbes Field and the other original tenant , the Pittsburgh Panthers football team had five undefeated seasons before moving in 1924 .
Some remnants of the ballpark still stand , surrounded by the campus of the University of Pittsburgh . Fans gather on the site annually on the anniversary of Bill Mazeroski 's World Series winning home run , in what author Jim O 'Brien writes is " one of the most unique expressions of a love of the game to be found in a major league city " .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and design = = =
In 1903 , Pittsburgh Pirates ' owner Barney Dreyfuss began to look for ground to build a larger capacity replacement for the team 's then @-@ current home , Exposition Park . Dreyfuss purchased seven acres of land near the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh , adjacent to Schenley Park , with assistance from his friend , industrialist Andrew Carnegie . The low @-@ priced land was selected so Dreyfuss could spend more on the stadium itself . Dreyfuss signed a contract that he would " make the ballpark ... of a design that would harmonize with the other structures in the Schenley Park district . " The site was initially labeled " Dreyfuss 's Folly " due to its long distance — a 10 @-@ minute trolley ride — from downtown Pittsburgh , but the land around the park developed and criticisms were dropped . Official Pirates ' records show that Forbes Field cost US $ 1 million for site acquisition and construction , however some estimates place the cost at twice that amount .
Dreyfuss announced that unlike established wooden ballparks such as the Polo Grounds , he would build a three @-@ tiered stadium out of steel and concrete to increase longevity — the first of its kind in the nation . Charles Wellford Leavitt , Jr. was contracted to design the stadium 's grandstand . A civil engineer , Leavitt had founded an engineering and landscape architecture firm in 1897 . He had gained experience in steel and concrete constructs while designing the Belmont and Saratoga racetracks . Based on Dreyfuss ' architectural requirements , Leavitt presented a plan for Forbes Field — the only ballpark he would design . Pirates ' manager Fred Clarke also had input into the stadium 's design , giving groundskeepers advice on the field , in addition to designing and patenting a device to spread and remove a canvas tarpaulin over the infield in case of rain .
Initial work on the land began on January 1 , 1909 , but ground was not officially broken until March 1 . Nicola Building Company built the stadium in 122 days and play began less than four months after ground was broken , on June 30 . Though the scoreboard was operated by hand , the ballpark featured multiple innovations such as ramps and elevators to assist fan movement throughout the park , a room for the umpires , and a visiting team clubhouse similar to the Pirates ' . The facade of the stadium featured " buff @-@ colored terra cotta " spelling out " PAC " for the Pittsburgh Athletic Company . The light green steelwork contrasted with the red slate of the roof . Some members of the press urged Dreyfuss to name the stadium after himself . However , the owner decided on Forbes Field , in honor of General John Forbes , who captured Fort Duquesne from the French in 1758 and rebuilt a new " Fort Pitt " at the site . In 1935 , after Dreyfuss ' death , there was renewed media interest in renaming the stadium " Dreyfuss Field " . His widow , Florence , resisted . However , a monument to Dreyfuss was placed in center field just in front of the wall .
= = = Opening = = =
On June 29 , 1909 , the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Chicago Cubs , 8 – 1 at Exposition Park . The two teams opened Forbes Field the following day . Fans began to arrive at the stadium six and one @-@ half hours early for the 3 : 30 pm game . The game started at 3 : 30 p.m. Weather conditions were reported as clear skies with a temperature around 80 ° . Of the crowd , the Pittsburgh Press wrote , " the ceremonies were witnessed by the largest throng that ever attended an event of this kind in this or any other city in the country ... Forbes Field is so immense — so far beyond anything else in America in the way of a baseball park — that old experts , accustomed to judging crowds at a glance , were at a loss for reasonable figures . " Records show that the first game was attended by a standing @-@ room only crowd of 30 @,@ 338 . Various National League officials and owners were present for the opening pre @-@ game ceremonies , including league president Harry Pulliam , Civil War veteran and manager of Pittsburgh 's first professional baseball team Al Pratt , and American League president Ban Johnson . Pittsburgh Mayor William A. Magee threw out the stadium 's ceremonial first pitch . The Chicago Cubs won the first game , 3 – 2 . Dreyfuss declared , " This is indeed the happiest day of my life . " The stadium was widely considered the best in the league .
It is more accurate to say Mayor Magee threw out the first ball . He was in the second tier and threw the ball to John M. Morin , Director of Public Safety , on the field below . Morin then went to the mound and threw the first pitch to the Pirate catcher .
Pictures depict the flag at Forbes Field at half staff on opening day . This occurred to honor recently deceased presidents of the Philadelphia Phillies and the Boston Doves .
The first batter at Forbes Field was future Hall of Famer Johnny Evers , the Cubs second baseman and lead off batter . He was hit by a pitch and later in the inning scored the first run . The first hit by a Pirate was by catcher George Gibson , who eventually became a Pirate manager .
= = = Playing field = = =
Barney Dreyfuss " hated cheap home runs and vowed he 'd have none in his park " , which led him to design a large playing field for Forbes Field . The original distances to the outfield fence in left , center , and right field were 360 feet ( 110 m ) , 462 feet ( 141 m ) and 376 feet ( 115 m ) , respectively .
In 1925 , the right field grandstand was extended into the corner and into fair territory , reducing the foul line distance from 376 feet ( 115 m ) to 300 feet ( 91 m ) . Due to the reduced distance , Dreyfuss erected a 28 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) high screen to limit home runs .
Even at this long distance from home plate , the wall stood 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) in height all around the field , with the right field wall reduced to 9 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 @.@ 9 m ) following the 1925 construction ( topped by the screen ) . The backstop was set at 110 feet ( 34 m ) behind home plate , larger than the average of 60 feet ( 18 m ) in most stadiums of the time . Additional seating eventually cut down the plate @-@ to @-@ screen distance to a still larger @-@ than @-@ average 75 feet ( 23 m ) .
With such a large outfield space , triples and inside @-@ the @-@ park home runs were common . The Pirates hit a record eight triples in a single game , on May 30 , 1925 . Conversely , the stadium was one of the most difficult to hit over @-@ the @-@ fence home runs . The closeness of the right field line from 1925 onward was the only area that compromised Dreyfuss ' original design concept . Even at that , the right field wall angled sharply out to 375 feet ( 114 m ) , a typical distance for a major league power alley . The final three home runs of Babe Ruth 's career were hit in Forbes Field on May 25 , 1935 ; the third of these cleared the 89 @-@ foot ( 27 m ) right field roof and was considered the longest home run in the park 's history .
Although Forbes Field developed a reputation as a " pitcher @-@ friendly " ballpark , there was never a no @-@ hitter thrown in the more than 4 @,@ 700 games at the stadium .
The field itself consisted of natural grass grown in Crestline , Ohio .
The batting cage was placed just to the left of the 457 @-@ foot ( 139 m ) center field " Death Valley " marker during games , because it was believed impossible to hit the ball that far . The open part of the cage faced the wall , the back of the cage effectively serving as a convex fence . In right- and left @-@ center fields , light towers stood on the field , and like the batting cage and flagpole in center field , were in @-@ play .
In 1947 , well after Dreyfuss ' death , and upon the arrival of veteran slugger Hank Greenberg , the bullpens were moved from foul territory to the base of the scoreboard in left field and were fenced in , cutting 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) from the left field area , from 365 feet ( 111 m ) to 335 feet ( 102 m ) down the line and 406 feet ( 124 m ) to 376 feet ( 115 m ) in left @-@ center field . These were not abnormal major league outfield distances , but the obvious attempt to take advantage of Greenberg 's bat led the media to dub the area " Greenberg Gardens " . Greenberg retired after the season , but by then Ralph Kiner was an established slugger with the Pirates , and the bullpen was redubbed " Kiner 's Korner " . Kiner was traded after the 1953 season , and the field was restored to its previous configuration in time for the 1954 season .
The final posted dimensions of the ballpark were left field line 365 feet ( 111 m ) , left @-@ center field 406 feet ( 124 m ) , deepest left @-@ center 457 feet ( 139 m ) , deep right @-@ center 436 feet ( 133 m ) , right @-@ center field 375 feet ( 114 m ) , and right field line 300 feet ( 91 m ) . The only marker in exact straightaway center field was the Barney Dreyfuss monument , which sat on the playing field just in front of the wall .
Forbes Field 's ivy @-@ covered walls featured no advertising , except a 32 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) United States Marine Corps billboard during the 1943 season .
The infield developed a " rock @-@ hard " surface throughout the stadium 's history . During the final game of the 1960 World Series , Yankees shortstop Tony Kubek was struck in the neck with a ball that bounced off the hard dirt surface , breaking up a potentially rally @-@ killing double play and causing Kubek to exit the game . Pittsburgh went on to win the game and the championship . Groundskeepers burned gasoline on the mound to dry it off . Because of the bounces , Pirates ' play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Bob Prince nicknamed the ballpark , The House of Thrills .
= = = Seating and tickets = = =
Forbes Field had an original capacity of 25 @,@ 000 , the largest in the league at the time . Seating at the stadium was remodeled numerous times , peaking at a capacity of 41 @,@ 000 in 1925 and closing in 1970 at 35 @,@ 000 seats . On opening day , ticket prices ranged from $ 1 @.@ 25 ( equal to $ 32 @.@ 92 today ) for box seats and $ 1 ( equal to $ 26 @.@ 34 today ) for reserved grand stand sections ; temporary bleachers were set up for the occasion and cost $ 0 @.@ 50 . Ticket prices were considered high for the day and steel pillars supporting the roof occasionally blocked fans ' views of the field . 2 @,@ 000 bleachers were situated along the left field side , tickets were sold for a maximum of $ 1 . When winning streaks would attract high attendance to games , fans were permitted to sit on the grass in right field , provided they would agree to allow a player to catch any ball hit in the area . The lowest season of attendance came in 1914 when 139 @,@ 620 people attended games ; the highest at the stadium came in 1960 , when 1 @,@ 705 @,@ 828 people watched the Pirates play . On September 23 , 1956 , the stadium 's largest crowd , 44 @,@ 932 , gathered to see the home team play the Brooklyn Dodgers . The game was cut short in the top of the ninth inning , after a rain delay forced it past the Pennsylvania Sunday curfew . The Dodgers won the game 8 – 2 the following day . At 200 people , June 10 , 1938 marked the smallest crowd to ever attend a Pirates game . On September 30 , 1962 , a crowd of 40 @,@ 916 people saw the Steelers defeated by the New York Giants , at the Steelers ' highest @-@ attended game at the stadium .
= = = Closing and demolition = = =
Though Forbes Field was praised upon its opening , it began to show its age after 60 years of use . The park was the second oldest baseball field in the league at the time – only Shibe Park in Philadelphia was older ( it too was replaced in 1971 by Veterans Stadium ) . The location of the park , which was initially criticized for not being developed , grew into a " bustling business district " which led to a lack of parking space . One sportswriter wrote that The House of Thrills had become " as joyless as a prison exercise yard " . Following a plan to expand their adjacent campus , the University of Pittsburgh purchased Forbes Field in 1958 , with an agreement to lease the stadium to the Pirates until a replacement could be built . A proposal for a new sports stadium in Pittsburgh was first made in 1948 , but plans did not attract much attention until the late 1950s . Construction began on Three Rivers Stadium on April 25 , 1968 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs played a double @-@ header on June 28 , 1970 . Pittsburgh won the first game 3 – 2 . In the later game Al Oliver hit the last home run in the park , and Matty Alou drove in two runs as the Pirates closed the 62 @-@ year @-@ old stadium with a 4 – 1 victory . The 40 @,@ 918 spectators in attendance stood and cheered as Dave Giusti retired Willie Smith for the final out at the stadium . Pirates Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente played 15 seasons at Forbes Field . He was emotional during the last game saying , " I spent half my life there . " After the game , home plate was dug up and taken by helicopter to Three Rivers Stadium to be installed in the artificial turf .
A community group attempted to rescue the structure from demolition , proposing such things as a stage , apartments and a farmers market for the site and comparing it to the Eiffel Tower in significance .
The abandoned structure suffered two separate fires that damaged the park , on December 24 , 1970 and July 17 , 1971 . 11 days after the second fire , demolition began , and the site was cleared for use by the University of Pittsburgh .
= = = Memorials = = =
In 1955 , a statue of Honus Wagner was dedicated in Schenley Plaza adjacent to Forbes Field . Several thousand fans attended the dedication as well as Wagner himself . His failing health caused him to never leave his open convertible in which he arrived ( Wagner died near the end of that year ) . The 1 @,@ 800 pound statue was moved to Three Rivers Stadium in 1970 . Today , the statue stands at the home plate entrance of PNC Park .
The portion of the left field wall over which Bill Mazeroski hit his walk @-@ off home run to end the 1960 World Series , between the scoreboard and the " 406 FT " sign , no longer stands at its original location . A portion of that wall , including the distance marker , had been sliced off and moved to the Allegheny Club at Three Rivers Stadium . Before the Three Rivers demolition , the section of the wall was salvaged , and in 2009 it was restored and placed on the Riverwalk outside of PNC Park .
Meanwhile , the original location of that wall is outlined by bricks extending from the left @-@ center field wall across Roberto Clemente Drive and into the sidewalk . A plaque embedded in the sidewalk marks the spot where Mazeroski 's home run cleared the wall . The left @-@ center and center field brick wall with " 457 FT " and " 436 FT " painted on it still stands at its original location , along with the stadium 's flagpole , adjacent to the University of Pittsburgh 's Mervis and Posvar Halls . Despite not technically being the correct section of wall where Mazeroski 's famous home run cleared , it is often locally referred to as " Mazeroski 's Wall . " This portion of the wall remained after Forbes Field was torn down , and was refurbished in 2006 in time for the All @-@ Star Game hosted in Pittsburgh . In addition , a wooden replica of an entrance to the stadium , including a ticket window and players entrance , was constructed and placed near the remaining wall in 2006 . The home plate used in the stadium 's final game remains preserved in the University of Pittsburgh 's Posvar Hall . However , its location has been altered ; author John McCollister wrote , " Had architects placed home plate in its precise spot about half of the Pirates fans could not view it . The reason : it would have to be on display in the fifth stall of the ladies ' restroom . " However , the original location of the home plate has been more recently determined by others to be approximately 81 feet away from its current display , just inside the GSPIA / Economics Library , and not in a restroom as has been popularly believed .
A ceremony is held each October 13 at the outfield wall in Oakland to listen to a taped broadcast of the final game of the 1960 World Series . The tradition was started by Squirrel Hill resident Saul Finkelstein , who at 1 : 05 pm on October 13 , 1985 , sat alone at the base of the flagpole and listened to the NBC radio broadcast of Chuck Thompson and Jack Quinlan . Finkelstein continued the tradition for eight more years , until word spread and other people began attending in 1993 . On October 13 , 2000 — the game 's 40th anniversary — over 600 people attended to listen to the broadcast , including Mazeroski himself . For the 50th anniversary , on October 13 , 2010 , a plaque honoring Mazeroski was dedicated and more than 1 @,@ 000 attended the broadcast , including Mazeroski and several other former Pirates .
= = Events = =
= = = Baseball = = =
In 1909 , Forbes Field 's opening season , the Pirates beat the Detroit Tigers in the World Series . It would be the only meeting of eventual Hall of Famers Honus Wagner and Ty Cobb .
On October 2 , 1920 , Forbes Field hosted the last triple @-@ header in MLB history .
On August 5 , 1921 , Forbes Field was the site of the first live radio broadcast of a Major League Baseball game in the United States . Harold W. Arlin announced the play @-@ by @-@ play action between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies over KDKA from a box seat next to the first @-@ base dugout . Regular broadcasts began in 1936 by A. K. ′ ′ Rosey ′ ′ Rowswell , a local humorist and friend of owner Bill Benswanger . Rowswell is quoted as describing his broadcasting with , " It 's not just play @-@ by @-@ play that matters . It 's what you say in between the pitches that counts . " His style influenced junior partner Bob Prince , who began broadcasting in 1948 . Rowswell broadcast games at Forbes Field until his death in 1955 .
In 1925 , the Pirates became the first team to come back from a three @-@ game to one deficit to defeat the Washington Senators and win the World Series . Pittsburgh 's third and final World Series championship while they played at Forbes Field came in 1960 . Bill Mazeroski hit the first home run to end a World Series and as of 2015 , the only walk @-@ off home run in World Series Game 7 history .
Two unassisted triple plays were turned at Forbes Field . The first took place on May 7 , 1925 , when Pittsburgh 's Glenn Wright achieved the feat . Two seasons later , in 1927 , Jimmy Cooney — who had been a victim of the first triple play — also acquired three outs by himself .
On May 25 , 1935 , at Forbes Field , Babe Ruth hit the last three home runs of his career as his Boston Braves lost to the Pirates , 11 @-@ 7 . His last home run cleared the right field stands roofline , making him the first player to ever do so .
On October 8 , 1946 , 6 months before his major league debut Jackie Robinson played with his African American all @-@ stars against Honus Wagner 's all @-@ stars .
Most of the game @-@ action scenes from the 1951 film Angels in the Outfield were filmed at the stadium .
On May 28 , 1956 , Dale Long of the Pirates took what one author has stated was the first @-@ ever curtain call in baseball history , after hitting home runs in eight consecutive games caused fans to cheer for five minutes .
The Homestead Grays of the Negro leagues played all home games at Forbes Field from 1922 to 1939 . Grays owner Cumberland Posey became friends with Dreyfuss , who rarely missed a Grays game . In 1930 , Josh Gibson made his premiere for the Grays at Forbes Field . Also in 1930 , the Grays and the Kansas City Monarchs played the first baseball game at night in Pittsburgh on July 18 , 1930 . A crowd of over 15 @,@ 000 was expected . Floodlights were installed the day before the game after they were transported from Cleveland , where the Grays and Monarchs had played on July 16 . Six members of the Grays ' 1936 team have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Beginning in 1937 , the Grays won nine consecutive Negro National League championships .
The University of Pittsburgh 's baseball team would also often use Forbes Field for home games .
= = = Football = = =
The University of Pittsburgh 's football team moved from Exposition Park into Forbes Field upon its opening in 1909 and played there until 1924 when it moved into the larger Pitt Stadium only a few blocks away . In their first game at Forbes Field on October 16 , 1909 , the Panthers defeated Bucknell University 18 – 6 . In 1910 , Pitt 's second year at Forbes Field , the Panthers went undefeated without allowing a single point . The Panthers had several successful seasons while playing at Forbes Field , including five in which they went undefeated and were awarded national championship titles in 1910 , 1915 , 1916 , 1917 , and 1918 . During their years at Forbes Field , Pitt 's teams were led by Hall of Fame coaches Joe Thompson , Glenn " Pop " Warner and Jock Sutherland . Forbes Field was the site of yet another broadcasting first when on October 8 , 1921 , Harold W. Arlin announced live play @-@ by @-@ play action of the Pitt @-@ West Virginia football game on radio station KDKA , the first live radio broadcast of a college football game in the United States .
Pittsburgh native , Art Rooney founded his NFL team under the name the Pittsburgh Pirates , on July 8 , 1933 , for $ 2 @,@ 500 ( $ 45 @,@ 701 in present @-@ day terms ) . The franchise 's first game , against the New York Giants , was held on September 20 , 1933 , at Forbes Field . The Giants won the game 23 – 2 in front of 25 @,@ 000 people . Rooney wrote of the game , " The Giants won . Our team looks terrible . The fans didn 't get their money 's worth . " The Pirates would rebound to gain their first ever franchise victory a week later at Forbes Field , against the Chicago Cardinals . The NFL 's Pirates were renamed the Steelers in 1940 , and otherwise struggled during much of their three @-@ decades of tenancy at Forbes . The club achieved its first winning record in 1942 ; its tenth season of existence . On November 30 , 1952 , the Steelers met the New York Giants at Forbes Field for a snowy afternoon game . Pittsburgh entered the game with a 3 – 6 record , but went on to set multiple team records , including scoring nine touchdowns , to win the game 63 – 7 . Excited by their team 's play , the 15 @,@ 140 spectators ran onto the field and began to tear the field goal posts out of the ground . The University of Pittsburgh 's acquisition of Forbes Field in 1958 gave the Steelers some options , and they began transferring some of their home games to the much larger Pitt Stadium that year . The Steelers played their final game at Forbes Field on December 1 , 1963 . The franchise would move to Pitt Stadium exclusively the following season .
= = = Boxing and other events = = =
Boxing bouts were held at Forbes Field from the 1910s to the 1950s , attracting crowds of over 15 @,@ 000 people . On June 23 , 1919 , Harry " The Pittsburgh Windmill " Greb — the only boxer to beat Gene Tunney — defeated Mike Gibbons in a ten round bout at Forbes Field . On July 18 , 1951 , the heavyweight boxing championship was held at the stadium . In seven rounds , Ezzard Charles was knocked out by Jersey Joe Walcott . Another bout on September 25 , 1939 , was attended by 17 @,@ 000 people including Art Rooney and Pie Traynor . Pittsburgh native Billy Conn defended his light heavyweight title against Melio Bettina , whom he had beaten months earlier . Conn won the bout by decision in 15 rounds . Two years later , on June 18 , 1941 , Conn fought Joe Louis at New York City 's Polo Grounds , in an attempt to become the world heavyweight champion . The Pirates and the New York Giants , who were playing at Forbes Field , were called into their dugouts while the 24 @,@ 738 fans in attendance listened to the radio broadcast of the hour @-@ long bout . Conn led the bout into the final round , but fought for the knockout and was knocked out himself .
On Sunday , October 17 , 1909 at 3 : 00 p.m. a Communion Service was held at Forbes Field as the culmination of the International Centennial Celebration and Conventions of the Disciples of Christ marking the 100th anniversary of the signing of the " Declaration and Address " by Thomas Campbell in September 1809 . Campbell was a founding father of the American Restoration Movement ( Disciples of Christ , Christian Church , Churches of Christ ) . Delegates and members of churches from all over the world were present .
The Mine Safety and Health Administration hosted a mine rescue and safety demonstration at Forbes on October 30 , 1911 . The event included first @-@ aid and rescue demonstrations . Around 15 @,@ 000 attended the event , including President William H. Taft . Forbes Field also hosted circuses and concerts .
= = Seating capacity = =
The seating capacity for baseball :
23 @,@ 000 ( 1909 – 1914 )
25 @,@ 000 ( 1915 – 1924 )
41 @,@ 000 ( 1925 – 1937 )
40 @,@ 000 ( 1938 )
33 @,@ 537 ( 1939 – 1941 )
33 @,@ 467 ( 1942 – 1946 )
33 @,@ 730 ( 1947 – 1952 )
34 @,@ 249 ( 1953 – 1959 )
35 @,@ 000 ( 1960 – 1970 )
= = Gallery : 1910s Panorama = =
Forbes Field in the early 1910s from the Library of Congress , intended to form a panorama .
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= Mark Stimson =
Mark Nicholas Stimson ( born 27 December 1967 ) is an English former footballer and is currently manager of Thurrock . He signed his first professional contract with Tottenham Hotspur in 1985 , but was unable to gain a regular place in the team . In 1989 , he moved on to Newcastle United , where he made over 80 appearances in the Football League . He later played for Portsmouth , Southend United and Leyton Orient before dropping into non @-@ League football .
He was appointed manager of Grays Athletic in 2002 and remained in charge until 2006 when he took over as manager of Stevenage Borough . He led Grays to victory in the Final of the FA Trophy in 2005 and 2006 , and repeated the feat with Stevenage in 2007 . In November 2007 , he became manager of a Football League team for the first time when he took over at one of his former clubs , Gillingham , but he was unable to prevent the club 's relegation from League One at the end of the 2007 – 08 season . He led Gillingham back into League One the following season via the League Two play @-@ off Final , but his contract was terminated after the team were relegated back to League Two the following season . On 1 June 2010 , Stimson was appointed as the new manager of League Two club Barnet , but he was sacked on New Year 's Day 2011 with the club near the bottom of the table . He later had a spell as manager with Conference club Kettering Town .
= = Playing career = =
Born in Plaistow in east London , Stimson played for the Essex county representative football team and was on the books of Queens Park Rangers , before joining Tottenham Hotspur on an apprenticeship in July 1984 . A year later , he signed his first professional contract , at the age of 17 . He made his Football League debut against Everton in May 1987 , but struggled to gain a place in the first team , and was sent to Leyton Orient on loan in March 1988 , where he played ten times . During the following season , he was loaned out again , this time to Gillingham , whose manager , Keith Burkinshaw , had worked with him at Tottenham . Stimson made 18 appearances for the Kent @-@ based club and , although he was unable to help the team avoid relegation from the Third Division , his contribution impressed the fans , who voted him into second place in the club 's player of the year ballot .
At the end of the 1988 – 89 season , Stimson was transferred to Newcastle United , then in the Second Division , for a fee of £ 200 @,@ 000 . He spent four years with the club and finally gained a regular first team place , making over 80 appearances . After Kevin Keegan took over as manager , however , Stimson found himself out of favour and he had a short spell on loan to Portsmouth in December 1992 , which led to a £ 100 @,@ 000 transfer at the end of that season . He made over fifty appearances for Portsmouth but was also loaned out again , this time to Barnet during the early part of the 1995 – 96 season . In March 1996 , he was transferred to Southend United for a fee of £ 25 @,@ 000 . His first season at the club was affected by a long lay @-@ off due to injury , meaning that he did not play between August and November , but he ultimately made over 50 Football League appearances for the club . During his time at Roots Hall the club suffered two consecutive relegations , dropping from the First Division into the Second Division in 1997 and from there into the Third Division in 1998 . In March 1999 , having not played for Southend since the previous November , he returned to former club Leyton Orient on a free transfer . He played for the club in the semi @-@ finals of the play @-@ offs , but was restricted to an appearance as an unused substitute in the final , which Orient lost .
Prior to the 1999 – 2000 season , Stimson spent a short period on trial at another of his former clubs , Gillingham , but manager Peter Taylor decided against offering him a contract and he instead joined Isthmian League club Canvey Island . He helped the " Gulls " win the FA Trophy in the 2000 – 01 season , setting up the only goal and winning the man of the match award in Canvey 's 1 – 0 defeat of Forest Green Rovers in the final . He was also selected to play for the England National Game XI , the national team for semi @-@ professional players , earning one cap against an equivalent team from the United States . He left Canvey in May 2002 to join Grays Athletic as player @-@ coach .
= = Managerial career = =
In September 2002 , Stimson took over as manager of Grays after the sacking of Craig Edwards , initially as caretaker manager , but after leading the team to its first victory of the season , he was quickly given the job on an ongoing basis . Despite the signing of a number of former top @-@ level players , such as Carl Leaburn and Jason Dozzell , the team escaped relegation by only one point . The following season , however , boosted by a switch to full @-@ time professional status and helped by the goals of Freddy Eastwood , Grays finished in 6th place , sufficient to gain a place in the newly formed Conference South for the 2004 – 05 season . Grays won the Conference South at the first attempt by a margin of 23 points , thus achieving promotion to the Conference National , the top level of non @-@ league football , for the first time in their history . In the same season , Stimson also led Grays to the FA Trophy Final , where the team beat Hucknall Town in a penalty shoot @-@ out . Grays reached the FA Trophy Final again in the following season , and claimed a second successive win after a 2 – 0 victory over Woking at Upton Park . In the Conference , Grays finished in third place and qualified for the play @-@ offs for promotion to the Football League , but lost to Halifax Town in the semi @-@ finals .
Citing his disappointment at failing to gain promotion , Stimson resigned from his post at Grays on 16 May 2006 . He stated that at the time he had received no firm job offers from other clubs , and acknowledged that he was taking a gamble with his career , but said that if he was unable to find a new job as a manager he would move into youth coaching or open his own football school . He was linked with the managerial vacancy at League Two Peterborough United , but eventually took over as manager of Stevenage Borough on 28 May , and led the club to an eighth @-@ place finish in the Conference National in his first season in charge . Stevenage also defeated Stimson 's former club Grays to reach the FA Trophy final , and beat Kidderminster Harriers 3 – 2 at the new Wembley Stadium in the final , giving Stimson a third consecutive Trophy win as a manager .
In the early part of the 2007 – 08 season , speculation began to mount that Stimson would be approached to take over as manager of a Football League club , with Gillingham , Port Vale and Millwall all alleged to be interested in his services . He was offered a new contract by Stevenage on 16 October 2007 , but resigned the following day . On 1 November , he was appointed as the new manager of Gillingham , and quickly moved to sign a number of Stevenage players , including Adam Miller and John Nutter . He was unable to recreate his previous success , however , and at the end of the 2007 – 08 season Gillingham were relegated from League One . He was also criticised by departing player Aaron Brown , who acknowledged that Stimson had strong coaching skills but described his man @-@ management as " shocking " . The following season the Gills finished fifth in League Two and beat Shrewsbury Town 1 – 0 in the play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium to gain promotion , but in the 2009 – 10 season Gillingham were relegated back to League Two , after which Stimson 's contract was terminated " by mutual consent " on 10 May 2010 .
On 1 June , Stimson was appointed as the new manager of League Two club Barnet , but was sacked seven months later on 1 January 2011 due to a bad string of results which left the club near the bottom of the table . Towards the latter stages of the 2010 – 11 season , Stimson accepted a coaching role at Dagenham & Redbridge . After a brief spell at Dagenham , he was appointed manager of Conference National club Kettering Town on 7 September 2011 . On 4 January 2012 , Stimson left Kettering with the team placed in the Conference relegation places . Four months later he was appointed manager of Thurrock following the club 's relegation to the Isthmian League .
= = = Managerial statistics = = =
As of 4 January 2012 .
= = Honours = =
= = = As a player = = =
2000 – 01 : FA Trophy winner – Canvey Island
= = = As a manager = = =
2004 – 05 : Conference South champions – Grays Athletic
2004 – 05 : FA Trophy winners – Grays Athletic
2005 – 06 : FA Trophy winners – Grays Athletic
2006 – 07 : FA Trophy winners – Stevenage Borough
2008 – 09 : League Two play @-@ off winners – Gillingham
= = Personal life = =
Stimson is married , and when he returned to former club Grays Athletic as manager of Stevenage Borough in 2007 , he and his wife were praised for visiting the clubhouse after the game to chat to home supporters . He has three children , including a son , Charlie , who in 2008 joined Gillingham 's youth team , but turned down the offer of a professional contract in 2010 after his father 's dismissal from the manager 's job . In 2000 , Stimson presented his Essex Senior Cup winner 's medal to a disabled Canvey Island fan , saying " it 's easy to forget the fans who come along and support us , often in pouring rain . "
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= Steve Fossett =
James Stephen " Steve " Fossett ( April 22 , 1944 – c . September 3 , 2007 ) was an American businessman and a record @-@ setting aviator , sailor , and adventurer . He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon . He made his fortune in the financial services industry and was best known for many world records , including five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth : as a long @-@ distance solo balloonist , as a sailor , and as a solo flight fixed @-@ wing aircraft pilot .
A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Explorers Club , Fossett set more than a hundred records in five different sports , sixty of which still stood at the time of his death .
Fossett disappeared on September 3 , 2007 , while flying a light aircraft over the Great Basin Desert , between Nevada and California . Extensive searches proved unsuccessful , and he was declared legally dead in February of the following year .
In September 2008 , a hiker found Fossett 's identification cards in the Sierra Nevada Mountains , California , leading shortly after to the discovery of the plane 's wreckage . Fossett 's only remains , two large bones presumably scattered by wild animals , were found half a mile from the crash site .
= = Early years = =
Fossett was born in Jackson , Tennessee and grew up in Garden Grove , California , where he graduated from Garden Grove High School .
Fossett 's interest in adventure began early . As a Boy Scout , he grew up climbing the mountains of California , beginning with the San Jacinto Mountains . " When I was 12 years old I climbed my first mountain , and I just kept going , taking on more diverse and grander projects . " Fossett said that he did not have a natural gift for athletics or team sports , so he focused on activities that required persistence and endurance . His father , an Eagle Scout , encouraged Fossett to pursue these types of adventures and encouraged him to become involved with the Boy Scouts early . He became an active member of Troop 170 in Orange , California . At age 13 , Fossett earned the Boy Scouts ' highest rank of Eagle Scout . He was a Vigil Honor member of the Order of the Arrow , the Boy Scouts ' honor society , where he served as lodge chief . He also worked as a Ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico during the summer of 1961 . Fossett said in 2006 that Scouting was the most important activity of his youth .
In college at Stanford University , Fossett was already known as an adventurer ; his Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity brothers convinced him to swim to Alcatraz and raise a banner that read " Beat Cal " on the wall of the prison , closed two years previously . He made the swim , but was thwarted by a security guard when he arrived . While at Stanford , Fossett was a student body officer and served as the president of a few clubs . In 1966 , Fossett graduated from Stanford with a degree in economics . Fossett spent the following summer in Europe climbing mountains and swimming the Dardanelles .
= = Business career = =
In 1968 , Fossett received an MBA from the Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri , where he was later a longtime member of the Board of Trustees . Fossett 's first job out of business school was with IBM ; he then served as a consultant for Deloitte and Touche , and later accepted a job with Marshall Field 's . Fossett later said , " For the first five years of my business career , I was distracted by being in computer systems , and then I became interested in financial markets . That 's where I thrived . "
Fossett then became a successful commodities salesman in Chicago , first for Merrill Lynch in 1973 , where he proved a highly successful producer of commission revenue for himself and that firm . He began working in 1976 for Drexel Burnham , which assigned him one of its memberships on the Chicago Board of Trade and permitted him to market the services of the firm from a phone on the floor of that exchange . In 1980 , Fossett began the process that eventually produced his enduring prosperity : renting exchange memberships to would @-@ be floor traders , first on the Chicago Board Options Exchange .
After fifteen years of working for other companies , Fossett founded his own firms , Marathon Securities and Lakota Trading , from which he made millions renting exchange memberships . He founded Lakota Trading for that purpose in 1980 . In the early 1980s , he founded Marathon Securities and extended that successful formula to memberships on the New York stock exchanges . He earned millions renting floor trading privileges ( exchange memberships ) to hopeful new floor traders , who would also pay clearing fees to Fossett 's clearing firms in proportion to the trading activity of those renting the memberships . In 1997 , the trading volume of its rented memberships was larger than any other clearing firm on the Chicago exchange . Lakota Trading replicated that same business plan on many exchanges in the United States and also in London . Fossett would later use those revenues to finance his adventures . Fossett said , " As a floor trader , I was very aggressive and worked hard . Those same traits help me in adventure sports . "
Fossett said he did not participate in any of the " interesting things " he had done in college during his time in exchange @-@ related activities : " There was a period of time where I wasn 't doing anything except working for a living . I became very frustrated with that and finally made up my mind to start getting back into things . " He began to take six weeks a year off to spend time on sports and moved to Beaver Creek , Colorado in 1990 . Fossett later sold most of his business interests , although he maintained an office in Chicago until 2006 .
= = Personal life = =
In 1968 Fossett married Peggy Fossett ( née Viehland ) , who was originally from Richmond Heights , Missouri . They had no children . The Fossetts had homes in Beaver Creek , Colorado and Chicago , and a vacation home in Carmel , California .
Fossett became well known in the United Kingdom for his friendship with billionaire Richard Branson , whose Virgin Group sponsored some of Fossett 's adventures .
= = Records = =
= = = Overview = = =
Steve Fossett was well known for his world records and adventures in balloons , sailboats , gliders , and powered aircraft . He was an aviator of exceptional breadth of experience . He wanted to become the first person to achieve a solo balloon flight around the world ( finally succeeding on his sixth attempt , in 2002 , becoming the first person to complete an uninterrupted and unrefueled solo circumnavigation of the world in any kind of aircraft ) . He set , with co @-@ pilot Terry Delore , 10 of the 21 Glider Open records , including the first 2 @,@ 000 km Out @-@ and @-@ Return , the first 1 @,@ 500 km Triangle and the longest Straight Distance flights . His achievements as a jet pilot in a Cessna Citation X include records for U.S. Transcontinental , Australia Transcontinental , and Round @-@ the @-@ World westbound non @-@ supersonic flights . Prior to Fossett 's aviation records , no pilot had held world records in more than one class of aircraft ; Fossett held them in four classes .
In 2005 Fossett made the first solo , nonstop unrefueled circumnavigation of the world in an airplane , in 67 hours in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer , a single @-@ engine jet aircraft .
In 2006 , he again circumnavigated the globe nonstop and unrefueled in 76 hours , 45 minutes in the GlobalFlyer , setting the record for the longest flight by any aircraft in history with a distance of 25 @,@ 766 statute miles ( 41 @,@ 467 km ) .
He set 91 aviation world records ratified by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , of which 36 stand , plus 23 sailing world records ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council .
On August 29 , 2006 , he set the world altitude record for gliders over El Calafate , Argentina at 15 @,@ 460 metres ( 50 @,@ 720 ft ) .
Management and sponsorship of the majority of his projects was handled by UK based sports marketing agency Project 100 Communications Ltd for whom Fossett had first driven at Le Mans in 1992 .
= = = Balloon pilot = = =
On February 21 , 1995 , Fossett landed in Leader , Saskatchewan , Canada , after taking off from South Korea , becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon .
In 2002 , he became the first person to fly around the world alone , nonstop in any kind of aircraft . He launched the 10 @-@ story high balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam , Western Australia on June 19 , 2002 and returned to Australia on July 3 , 2002 , subsequently landing in Queensland . Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days , 8 hours , 33 minutes ( 14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing ) , 20 @,@ 626 @.@ 48 statute miles ( 33 @,@ 195 @.@ 10 km ) . The balloon dragged him along the ground for 20 minutes at the end of the flight . The control center for the mission was in Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis . Fossett 's top speed during the flight was 186 miles per hour ( 299 km / h ) over the Indian Ocean . Only the capsule survived the landing ; it was taken to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , DC , where it was displayed . The trip set a number of records for ballooning : Fastest ( 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) , breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour ( 270 km / h ) ) , Fastest Around the World ( 13 @.@ 5 days ) , Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon ( 20 @,@ 482 @.@ 26 miles ( 32 @,@ 963 @.@ 00 km ) ) , and 24 @-@ Hour Balloon Distance ( 3 @,@ 186 @.@ 80 miles ( 5 @,@ 128 @.@ 66 km ) on July 1 ) .
While Fossett had financed five previous tries himself , his successful record @-@ setting flight was sponsored by Bud Light . In the end , Fossett actually made money on all his balloon flights . He bought a contingency insurance policy for $ 500 @,@ 000 that would pay him $ 3 million if he succeeded in the flight . Along with sponsorship , that payout meant that in the end Fossett did not have to spend any of his money other than for initial expenses .
= = = Sailor = = =
Fossett was one of the world 's most accomplished sailors . Speed sailing was his specialty and from 1993 to 2004 he dominated the record sheets , setting 23 official world records and nine distance race records . He is recognized by the World Sailing Speed Record Council as " the world 's most accomplished speed sailor . "
On the maxi @-@ catamaran Cheyenne ( formerly named PlayStation ) , Fossett twice set the prestigious 24 Hour Record of Sailing . In October 2001 , Fossett and his crew set a transatlantic record of 4 days 17 hours , shattering the previous record by 43 hours 35 minutes — an increase in average speed of nearly seven knots .
In early 2004 , Fossett , as skipper , set the Around the world sailing record of 58 days , 9 hours in Cheyenne with a crew of 13 . In 2007 , Fossett held the world record for crossing the Pacific Ocean in his 125 @-@ foot ( 38 m ) sailboat , the PlayStation , which he accomplished on his fourth try .
At the time of his death , a submarine , DeepFlight Challenger , was under construction to let him be the first solo submariner to reach the Challenger Deep .
= = = Airship pilot = = =
Fossett set the Absolute World Speed Record for airships on October 27 , 2004 . The new record for fastest flight was accomplished with a Zeppelin NT , at a recorded average speed of 62 @.@ 2 knots ( 115 @.@ 2 km / h ; 71 @.@ 6 mph ) . The previous record was 50 @.@ 1 knots ( 92 @.@ 8 km / h ; 57 @.@ 7 mph ) set in 2001 in a Virgin airship . In 2006 , Fossett was one of only 17 pilots in the world licensed to fly the Zeppelin .
= = = Fixed @-@ wing aircraft pilot = = =
= = = = GlobalFlyer = = = =
Fossett made the first solo nonstop unrefueled fixed @-@ wing aircraft flight around the world between February 28 and March 3 , 2005 . He took off from Salina , Kansas , where he was assisted by faculty members and students from Kansas State University , and flew eastbound with the prevailing winds , returning to Salina after 67 hours , 1 minute , 10 seconds , without refueling or making intermediate landings . His average speed of 342 @.@ 2 mph ( 550 @.@ 7 km / h ) was also the absolute world record for " speed around the world , nonstop and non @-@ refueled . " His aircraft , the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer , had a carbon fiber reinforced plastic airframe with a single Williams FJ44 turbofan engine . It was designed and built by Burt Rutan and his company , Scaled Composites , for long @-@ distance solo flight . The fuel fraction , the weight of the fuel divided by the weight of the aircraft at take @-@ off , was 83 percent .
On February 11 , 2006 , Fossett set the absolute world record for " distance without landing " by flying from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida , around the world eastbound , then upon returning to Florida continuing across the Atlantic a second time to land in Bournemouth , England . The official distance was 25 @,@ 766 statute miles ( 41 @,@ 467 km ) and the duration was 76 hours 45 minutes .
The next month , Fossett made a third flight around the world in order to break the absolute record for " Distance over a closed circuit without landing " ( with takeoff and landing at the same airport ) . He took off from Salina , Kansas on March 14 , 2006 and returned on March 17 , 2006 after flying 25 @,@ 262 statute miles ( 40 @,@ 655 km ) .
There are only seven absolute world records for fixed @-@ wing aircraft recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and Fossett broke three of them in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer . All three records were previously held by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager from their flight in the Voyager in 1986 . Fossett contributed the GlobalFlyer to the Smithsonian Institution 's permanent collection . It is on display at the Udvar @-@ Hazy Center of the Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum . Fossett flew the plane to the Center and taxied the plane to the front door .
= = = = Transcontinental aircraft records = = = =
Fossett set two U.S. transcontinental fixed @-@ wing aircraft records in the same day . On February 5 , 2003 , Fossett and co @-@ pilot Doug Travis flew his Cessna Citation X jet from San Diego , California to Charleston , South Carolina in 2 hours , 56 minutes , 20 seconds , at an average speed of 726 @.@ 83 mph ( 1 @,@ 169 @.@ 72 km / h ) to smash the transcontinental record for non @-@ supersonic jets .
He returned to San Diego , then flew the same course as co @-@ pilot for fellow adventurer Joe Ritchie in Ritchie 's turboprop Piaggio Avanti . Their time was 3 hours , 51 minutes , 52 seconds , an average speed of 546 @.@ 44 mph ( 879 @.@ 41 km / h ) , which broke the previous turboprop transcontinental record held by Chuck Yeager and Renald Davenport .
Fossett also set the east @-@ to @-@ west transcontinental record for non @-@ supersonic fixed @-@ wing aircraft on September 17 , 2000 . He flew from Jacksonville , Florida to San Diego , California in 3 hours , 29 minutes , at an average speed of 591 @.@ 96 mph ( 952 @.@ 67 km / h ) .
= = = = First trans @-@ Atlantic flight re @-@ enactment = = = =
On July 2 , 2005 , Fossett and co @-@ pilot Mark Rebholz recreated the first nonstop crossing of the Atlantic which was made by the British team of John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in June 1919 in a Vickers Vimy biplane . Their flight from St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada to Clifden , County Galway , Ireland in the open cockpit Vickers Vimy replica took 18 hours 25 minutes with 13 hours flown in instrument flight conditions . Because there was no airport in Clifden , Fossett and Rebholz landed on the 8th fairway of the Connemara Golf Links .
= = = = Glider records = = = =
The team of Steve Fossett and Terry Delore ( NZ ) set ten official world records in gliders while flying in three major locations : New Zealand , Argentina , and Nevada , United States . An asterisk ( * ) indicates records subsequently broken by other pilots .
Distance ( Free ) World Record 2 @,@ 192 @.@ 9 km , December 4 , 2004 .
Triangle Distance ( Free ) World Record * 1 @,@ 509 @.@ 7 km , December 13 , 2003 .
Out and Return Distance ( Free ) World Record * 2 @,@ 002 @.@ 44 km , November 14 , 2003 .
1 @,@ 500 Kilometer Triangle World Record 119 @.@ 11 km / h ( 74 @.@ 01 mph ) , December 13 , 2003 .
1 @,@ 250 Kilometer Triangle U.S. National Record 143 @.@ 48 km / h ( 89 @.@ 15 mph ) . Exceeded world record by 0 @.@ 01 km / h , July 30 , 2003 .
750 Kilometer Triangle World Record * 171 @.@ 29 km / h ( 106 @.@ 43 mph ) , July 29 , 2003 .
500 Kilometer Triangle World Record * 187 @.@ 12 km / h ( 116 @.@ 27 mph ) , November 15 , 2003 .
1 @,@ 000 km Out @-@ and @-@ Return World Record * 166 @.@ 46 km / h ( 103 @.@ 43 mph ) , December 12 , 2002 .
1 @,@ 500 km Out @-@ and @-@ Return World Record * 156 @.@ 61 km / h ( 97 @.@ 31 mph ) , November 14 , 2003 .
Triangle Distance ( Declared ) World Record * 1 @,@ 502 @.@ 6 km , December 13 , 2003 .
Out @-@ and @-@ Return Distance ( Declared ) World Record * 1 @,@ 804 @.@ 7 km , November 14 , 2003 .
Fossett and co @-@ pilot Einar Enevoldson flew a glider into the stratosphere on August 29 , 2006 . The flight set the Absolute Altitude Record for gliders at 15 @,@ 460 metres ( 50 @,@ 720 ft ) . Since the glider cockpit was unpressurized , the pilots wore full pressure suits ( similar to space suits ) so that they would be able to fly to altitudes above 45 @,@ 000 feet ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) . Fossett and Enevoldson had made previous attempts in three countries over a period of five years before finally succeeding with this record flight . This endeavor is known as the Perlan Project .
= = = Cross @-@ country skiing = = =
As a young adventurer , Fossett was one of the first participants in the Worldloppet , a series of cross country ski marathons around the world . While he had little experience as a skier , he was in the first group of ' citizen athletes ' to participate in the series debut in 1979 . And in 1980 , he became the eighth skier to complete all 10 of the long distance races , earning a Worldloppet medallion . He has also set cross @-@ country skiing records in Colorado , setting an Aspen to Vail record of 59 h , 53 min , 30 s in February 1998 , and an Aspen to Eagle record of 12 hr , 29 min in February 2001 .
= = = Mountain climbing = = =
Fossett was a lifelong mountain climber and had climbed the highest peaks on six of the seven continents . In the 1980s , he became friends with Patrick Morrow , who was attempting to climb the highest peaks on all seven continents for the " Seven Summits " world record , which Morrow achieved in 1985 . Fossett accompanied Morrow for his last three peaks , including Vinson Massif in Antarctica , Carstensz Pyramid in Oceania , and Elbrus in Europe . While Fossett went on to climb almost all of the Seven Summits peaks himself , he declined to climb Mount Everest in 1992 due to asthma . He later returned to Antarctica to climb again .
= = = Other accomplishments = = =
Fossett competed in and completed premier endurance sports events , including the 1 @,@ 165 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 875 km ) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race , in which he finished 47th on his second try in 1992 after training for five years . He became the 270th person to swim across the English Channel on his fourth try in September 1985 with a time of 22 hours , 15 minutes . Although Fossett said he was not a good enough swimmer " to make the varsity swim team " , he found that he could swim for long periods . Fossett competed in the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii ( finishing in 1996 in 15 : 53 : 10 ) , the Boston Marathon , and the Leadville Trail 100 , a 100 @-@ mile ( 160 km ) Colorado ultramarathon which involves running up elevations of more than 14 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) in the Rocky Mountains .
Fossett raced cars in the mid @-@ 1970s and later returned to the sport in the 1990s . He competed in the 24 hours of Le Mans road race in 1993 and in 1996 , along with the Paris to Dakar Rally .
= = = Previous attempts at records = = =
Fossett tried six times over seven years for the first solo balloon circumnavigation . His fifth attempt cost him $ 1 @.@ 25 million of his own money ; his sixth and successful attempt was commercially sponsored . Two of the attempts were launched from Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri . Washington University in St. Louis served as control center for four of the six flights , including the record @-@ breaking one .
In 1998 , one of the unsuccessful attempts at the ballooning record ended with a five @-@ mile ( 8 km ) plummet into the Coral Sea off the coast of Australia that nearly killed Fossett ; he waited 72 hours to be rescued , at a cost of $ 500 @,@ 000 . The first attempt began in the Black Hills of South Dakota and ended outside Hampton , New Brunswick 1 @,@ 800 miles ( 2 @,@ 900 km ) later . The second attempt , launched from Busch Stadium , cost $ 300 @,@ 000 and lasted 9 @,@ 600 miles ( 15 @,@ 400 km ) before being downed halfway in a tree in India ; the trip set records at the time for duration and distance of flight ( with Fossett doubling his own previous record ) and was called Solo Spirit after Lindbergh 's Spirit of St. Louis . Fossett slept an average of two hours a night for the six @-@ day journey , conducted in below @-@ zero temperatures . After taking too much fuel to cross the Atlantic Ocean and circling Libya for 12 hours while officials decided whether or not to allow him into their airspace , Fossett did not have enough fuel to finish the flight . That year , Fossett flew farther for less money than better @-@ financed expeditions ( including one supported by Richard Branson ) in part due to his ability to fly in an unpressurized capsule , a result of his heavy physical training at high altitudes . The Solo Spirit capsule was put on display at the Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum across from the Apollo 11 command module .
= = Scouting = =
Fossett grew up in Garden Grove , California and earned the Eagle Scout award in 1957 . He credited his experience in Scouting as a foundation for much of his later success . " As a Scout , I learned how to set goals and achieve them , " he once said . " Being a Scout also taught me leadership at a young age when there are few opportunities to be a leader . Scouting values have remained with me throughout my life , in my business career , and now as I take on new challenges . " In his later years , he was described as a " legend " by fellow Scouts . As a national BSA volunteer , he served as Chairman of the Northern Tier High Adventure Committee , Chairman of the Venturing Committee , member of the Philmont Ranch Committee , and member of the National Advisory Council . He later became a member of the BSA National Executive Board , and in 2007 , Fossett succeeded Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as president of the National Eagle Scout Association . Fossett previously had served on the World Scout Committee .
Fossett was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1992 . In 1999 he received the Silver Buffalo Award , BSA 's highest recognition of service to youth .
= = Awards and honors = =
In 2002 , Fossett received aviation 's highest award , the Gold Medal of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) and in July 2007 , he was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame . He was presented at the ceremony by Dick Rutan .
In 1997 , Fossett was inducted into the Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame . In February 2002 , Fossett was named America 's Rolex Yachtsman of the Year by the American Sailing Association at the New York Yacht Club . He was the oldest recipient of the award in its 41 @-@ year history , and the only recipient to fly himself to the ceremony in his own plane .
He received the Explorers Medal from the Explorers Club following his solo balloon circumnavigation . He was given the Diplôme de Montgolfier by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1996 . He received the Harmon Trophy , given annually " to the world 's outstanding aviator and aeronaut " , in 1998 and 2002 . He received the Grande Médaille of the Aéro @-@ Club de France , and the British Royal Aero Club 's Gold Medal in 2002 . He received the Order of Magellan and the French Republic 's Médaille de l 'Aéronautique in 2003 .
The Scaled Composites White Knight Two VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett , was named in Fossett 's honor by his friend Richard Branson , in 2007 . Following his disappearance , Peggy Fossett and Dick Rutan accepted the Spread Wings Award in Steve Fossett 's behalf at the 2007 Spreading Wings Gala , Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum , Denver , Colorado .
= = Death = =
= = = Disappearance and search = = =
At 8 : 45 am on the morning of Monday , September 3 , 2007 ( Labor Day ) , Fossett took off in a single @-@ engine Super Decathlon light aircraft from the Flying @-@ M Ranch private airstrip ( 38 ° 36 ′ 13 ″ N 119 ° 00 ′ 11 ″ W ) , near Smith Valley , Nevada .
After failing to return , searches were launched about six hours later . The aircraft had tail number N240R registered to the " Flying M Hunting Club , Inc . " There was no signal from the plane 's emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) designed to be automatically activated in the event of a crash , but it was of an older type notorious for failing to operate after a crash .
It was first thought that Fossett may have also been wearing a Breitling Emergency watch with a manually operated ELT that had a range of up to 90 miles ( 140 km ) , but no signal was received from it . On September 13 , Fossett 's wife , Peggy , issued a statement clarifying that he owned such a watch but was not wearing it when he took off for the Labor Day flight .
Fossett took off with enough fuel for four to five hours of flight , according to spokesperson Major Cynthia S. Ryan , Public Information Officer with the Civil Air Patrol ( CAP ) . Searchers with CAP were told that Fossett had gone out for a short flight over favorite territory , possibly including the areas of Lucky Boy Pass and Walker Lake . At one point it was suggested that he might have been out scouting for potential sites to conduct a planned land speed run . A Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) spokesperson noted that Fossett apparently did not file a flight plan and was not required to do so . On the second day , Civil Air Patrol aircraft searched but found no trace of wreckage after initiating a complex and expanding search of what would later evolve into a nearly 20 @,@ 000 square miles ( 52 @,@ 000 km2 ) area of some of the most rugged terrain in North America . The search presented a severe challenge from the standpoint of safely flying hundreds of hours in very difficult conditions . On the first day of CAP searching , operations were suspended by mid @-@ day due to high winds , according to Ryan . By the fourth day , the CAP was using fourteen aircraft in the search effort , including one equipped with the ARCHER system that could automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the missing aircraft . By September 10 , search crews had found eight previously uncharted crash sites , some of which were decades old , but none related to Fossett 's disappearance . The urgency of what was still regarded as a rescue mission meant that minimal immediate effort was made to identify the aircraft in the uncharted crash sites , although some had speculated that one could have belonged to Charles Clifford Ogle , missing since 1964 . All told , about two dozen aircraft were involved in the massive search , operating from the primary search base at Minden , Nevada , with a secondary search base located at Bishop , California . CAP searchers came from Wings across the United States , including Nevada , Utah , California , Arizona , New Mexico , Idaho , Oregon , Pennsylvania and Texas .
On September 7 , Google Inc. helped the search for the aviator through its connections to contractors that provide satellite imagery for its Google Earth software . Richard Branson , a British billionaire and friend of Fossett , said he and others were coordinating efforts with Google to see if any of the high @-@ resolution images might include Fossett 's aircraft .
On September 8 , the first of a series of new high @-@ resolution imagery from DigitalGlobe was made available via the Amazon Mechanical Turk beta website so that users could flag potential areas of interest for searching , in what is known as crowdsourcing . By September 11 , up to 50 @,@ 000 people had joined the effort , scrutinizing more than 300 @,@ 000 278 @-@ square @-@ foot squares of the imagery . Peter Cohen of Amazon believed that by September 11 , the entire search area had been covered at least once . Amazon 's search effort was shut down the week of October 29 , without any measurable success . Major Cynthia Ryan later said it had been more of a hindrance than a help . She said that persons purporting to have seen the aircraft on the Mechanical Turk or have special knowledge clogged her email during critical days of the search , and for even months afterward . Many of the ostensible sightings proved to be images of CAP aircraft flying search grids , or simply mistaken artifacts of old images . Psychics flooded the search base in Minden with predictions of where the aviator could be found . Ryan got the majority of these calls personally , often at her home , in the middle of the night . One man from Canada was particularly persistent with daily calls to Ryan , interfering with her press briefings . Ryan asked her Incident Commander to issue a cease and desist order , backed up by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) if necessary . Ryan noted that every message , letter , or phone call was taken seriously – which swamped the USAF specialists assigned the task of reviewing every one of them without regard to apparent plausibility . In retrospect , the crowdsource effort was " not ready for prime time , " according to Ryan .
On September 12 , survival experts speculated that Fossett was likely to be dead .
On September 17 , the Nevada Wing of the Civil Air Patrol said it was suspending all flights in connection with its search operations , but National Guard search flights , private search flights and ground searches continued .
The National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) began a preliminary investigation into the likely crash of the plane that Fossett was flying . The preliminary report originally stated that Fossett was " presumed fatally injured and the aircraft substantially damaged " , but was subsequently revised to remove that assumption . Fossett 's friend and fellow explorer , Sir Richard Branson , made similar public statements .
On September 19 , 2007 , authorities confirmed they would stop actively looking for Fossett in the Nevada Desert , but would keep air crews on standby to fly to possible crash sites . " Nobody is giving up on this man " , said department spokesman . " The search is going to continue . It 's just going to be scaled back " , he said . On September 30 it was announced that after further analysis of radar data from the day of his disappearance , ground teams and two aircraft had resumed the search .
On October 2 , 2007 , the Civil Air Patrol announced it had called off its search operation Ryan later noted that the search was the largest , most complex peacetime search for an individual in U.S. history .
On August 23 , 2008 , almost a year after Fossett went missing , twenty @-@ eight friends and admirers conducted a foot search based on new clues gathered by the team . That search concluded on September 10 .
= = = Search and rescue costs = = =
On May 1 , 2008 , the Las Vegas Review @-@ Journal attributed to Nevada State Governor Jim Gibbons 's spokesman , Ben Kieckhefer , the Governor 's decision to direct the state to charge Steve Fossett 's family for the $ 687 @,@ 000 expense of the search for Fossett . Kieckhefer later played that early report down , when he told the Tahoe Daily Tribune that Nevada did not intend to demand an involuntary payment from Fossett 's widow , but that such a payment would be voluntary : " We are going to request that they help offset some of these expenses , considering the scope of the search , the overall cost as well as our ongoing budget difficulties . " Hotelier Barron Hilton , from whose ranch Fossett had departed on the day he went missing , had previously volunteered $ 200 @,@ 000 to help pay for the search costs .
In his later comments to the Tahoe Daily Tribune , Kieckhefer denied outright that a bill for the family was being prepared , and he said , " It will probably be in the form of a letter " , which Kieckhefer indicated would include a financial outline of the steps taken by the state , the associated costs , and a mention of the state 's ongoing budget difficulties .
Days prior to this announcement , state Emergency Management Director Frank Siracusa noted that " there is no precedent where government will go after people for costs just because they have money to pay for it . You get lost , and we look for you . It is a service your taxpayer dollars pay for " , although he conceded that legally any decision would rest with Gibbons . At an April 10 , 2008 Legislature 's Interim Finance Committee hearing , Siracusa indicated that he had hired an independent auditor to review costs incurred by the state in searching for Fossett , but added , " We are doing an audit but not because we are critical of anybody or suspect something was done wrong " . Chairman Morse Arberry queried Siracusa as to why , since they lacked funds , had the state not billed the Fossett family for its search costs , to which Siracusa did not directly respond . In his later interview with the Las Vegas Review @-@ Journal , he stated that his comments to the Committee may have given the false impression that he had hired an auditor for the purpose of later challenging the state 's financial burden incurred on its behalf by the National Guard during the search operation . Upon interview regarding reports that the state would seek payment , Arberry was recorded as stating that he was glad to hear steps were being taken to try to recoup some of the costs .
The Nevada search cost $ 1 @.@ 6 million , " the largest search and rescue effort ever conducted for a person within the U.S. " Jim Gibbons asked Fossett 's estate to shoulder $ 487 @,@ 000 but it declined , saying Fossett 's wife had already spent $ 1 million on private searching .
= = = Recovery of wreckage and remains = = =
On September 29 , 2008 , a hiker found three crumpled identification cards in the Eastern Sierra Nevada in California about 65 miles ( 100 km ) south ( 186 degrees ) of Fossett 's take @-@ off site . The items were confirmed as belonging to Fossett and included an FAA @-@ issued card , his Soaring Society of America membership card and $ 1 @,@ 005 in cash .
On October 1 , late in the day , air search teams spotted wreckage on the ground at coordinates 37 ° 40 ′ 2 @.@ 8 ″ N 119 ° 08 ′ 0 ″ W at an elevation of 10 @,@ 100 feet ( 3 @,@ 100 m ) and about 750 yards ( 690 m ) from where the personal items had been found . Later that evening the teams confirmed identification of the tail number of Fossett 's plane . The crash site is on a slope beneath the southwest side of a ridge line ( 600 feet ( 180 m ) lower than the top of the ridge ) in the Ansel Adams Wilderness in Madera County , California . Other named places near the crash site include Minaret Mine ( 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 600 m ) west ) , Emily Lake ( 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) northeast ) , Minaret Lake ( 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) west @-@ southwest ) , the Minaret peaks ( 3 miles ( 5 km ) west ) , Devils Postpile National Monument ( 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) southeast ) , and the town of Mammoth Lakes ( the nearest populated place , 9 miles ( 14 km ) east @-@ southeast ) . The site is 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Yosemite National Park .
Over the next two days , ground searchers found four bone fragments that were about 2 by 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 5 by 4 cm ) in size . However , DNA tests subsequently showed that these fragments were not human .
On October 29 , search teams recovered two large human bones that they suspected might belong to Fossett . These bones were found 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) east of the crash site . Tennis shoes with animal bite marks on them were also recovered . On November 3 , California police coroners said that DNA profiling of the two bones by a California Department of Justice forensics laboratory confirmed a match to Fossett 's DNA . Madera County Sheriff John Anderson said Fossett would have died on impact in such a crash , and that it was not unusual for animals to drag remains away .
= = = NTSB report and findings = = =
On March 5 , 2009 , the NTSB issued its report and findings . It states that the plane crashed at an elevation of about 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , 300 feet ( 90 m ) below the crest of the ridge . The elevation of peaks in the area exceeded 13 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 000 m ) . However , the density altitude in the area at the time and place of the crash was estimated to be 12 @,@ 700 feet ( 3 @,@ 900 m ) . The aircraft , a tandem two @-@ seater , was nearly 30 years old and Fossett had flown approximately 40 hours in this type . The plane 's operating manual says that at an altitude of 13 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 000 m ) the rate of climb would be 300 feet per minute ( about 1 @.@ 5 m / s ) . The NTSB report says that " a meteorologist from Salinas provided a numerical simulation of the conditions in the accident area using the WRF @-@ ARW ( Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting ) numerical model . At 0930 [ the approximate time of the crash ] the model displayed downdrafts in that area of approximately 300 feet per minute . " There was no evidence of equipment failure . The report stated that a postmortem examination of the skeletal fragments had been performed under the auspices of the Madera County Sheriff 's Department . The cause of death was determined to be multiple traumatic injuries .
On July 9 , 2009 , the NTSB declared the probable cause of the crash as " the pilot 's inadvertent encounter with downdrafts that exceeded the climb capability of the airplane . Contributing to the accident were the downdrafts , high density altitude , and mountainous terrain . "
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= WCLG ( AM ) =
WCLG ( 1300 AM ) is an oldies and classic hits @-@ formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Morgantown , West Virginia , serving Morgantown and Monongalia County , West Virginia . WCLG is owned and operated by Bowers Broadcasting Corporation .
Launched on December 27 , 1954 , WCLG broadcast a " music @-@ news " format . The station was originally intended to be a part of a statewide network of stations . Over the years , the station was subject to an equal @-@ time rule complaint and was awarded for its coverage of the Farmington Number 9 mine disaster . Many different formats were heard on WCLG during the 1970s and 1980s , with its current format launched in 1991 . WCLG carries Cumulus Media Networks ' satellite @-@ fed Classic Hits network .
A planned 2013 sale of WCLG ( and its sister @-@ station WCLG @-@ FM ) was halted by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) due to a complaint that the company buying the stations , AJG Corporation , has close connections with another local broadcaster , West Virginia Radio Corporation .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ broadcast = = =
Martinsburg , West Virginia , businessman C. Leslie Golliday filed the initial application for the station with the FCC on September 1 , 1954 . In the application , Golliday estimated construction costs at $ 13 @,@ 608 , with a first year operation cost of $ 36 @,@ 000 . Golliday estimated an initial revenue of $ 60 @,@ 000 .
WCLG began testing equipment during the week of December 19 , 1954 , and filed its construction permit application two days later . WCLG broadcast for the first time on December 27 , 1954 . The station initially had a " music @-@ news " format , using the Associated Press news service .
In its early days , WCLG was a daytime @-@ only broadcaster , with a power of 500 watts . Owner C. Leslie Golliday used his initials for the station 's call sign . Golliday , who also owned Martinsburg 's WEPM , envisioned a network of stations across the state of West Virginia .
WCLG was officially granted its broadcast license by the FCC on January 18 , 1955 . Throughout its existence , WCLG 's studios have been at 343 High Street in Morgantown .
= = = History since launch = = =
On March 10 , 1955 , WCLG filed an application to increase its power to 1 @,@ 000 watts , proposing to continue daytime @-@ only broadcasts . The application was granted on September 28 , 1955 . In 1958 , future owner Garry L. Bowers joined the station as an announcer . WCLG was bought by Freed Broadcasting Corporation for $ 67 @,@ 000 on December 19 , 1959 .
In May 1960 , Stanley R. Cox , a candidate in the Republican primary election for the House of Representatives , filed a equal @-@ time rule complaint against WCLG . Cox objected that the station gave his opponent , Sheriff Charles Whiston , a five @-@ minute long segment called " Sheriff 's Office Calling " . In the show " arrests and other activities of interest are recited " ; it ended with a 30 @-@ second " thought for the day " . Cox had been refused equal @-@ time by the station " on the ground that the program is a public service feature . " The FCC upheld the complaint , deciding the content of the program was " determined by Sheriff Whiston and not by the station " and that remarks made by the sheriff were of an editorial nature . Whiston would go on to win the primary over Cox by about 300 votes .
The station 's coverage of the explosion at the Farmington Number 9 mine , which killed 78 , earned the station an the Associated Press Radio @-@ Television Association ( APRTA ) in early 1969 . The station earned another APRTA award for " Outstanding News Coverage " the following year .
Sister station WCLG @-@ FM began broadcasting on September 28 , 1974 . Also during 1974 , WCLG began a Top 40 format . Another change in format took place in 1978 , with middle of the road ( MOR ) music taking the place of Top 40 . WCLG became part of the NBC Radio Network on October 2 , 1978 . In 1979 , Bowers became the station 's general manager .
WCLG applied for another broadcasting power increase on November 4 , 1980 , to 2 @,@ 500 watts , but remained a daytime @-@ only station . The station added oldies to its MOR music format in 1983 .
In 1985 , WCLG switched formats to a soft adult contemporary playlist . On March 15 of that year , Freed Broadcasting Corporation sold WCLG @-@ FM and sister station WCLG to Bowers Broadcasting Corporation , owned by Garry Bowers , for $ 715 @,@ 000 .
The station changed formats again in 1988 , this time to classic hits . Two years later , WCLG began broadcasting during the nighttime with 44 watts of power , enough to cover the city of Morgantown . Another format change took place in 1991 , when the station switched to golden oldies using the " Pure Gold " format from Satellite Music Network ( now Cumulus Media Networks ) .
Bowers Broadcasting Corporation owner Garry L. Bowers died on December 24 , 2011 . On September 25 , 2013 , control of the company was transferred to Bowers ' widow , Linda K. Bowers .
= = = Sale = = =
On September 26 , 2013 , Linda Bowers entered into an agreement to sell WCLG and sister station WCLG @-@ FM to AJG Corporation , for $ 1 @.@ 8 million . Bowers also entered into a time brokerage agreement , allowing AJG to operate the station prior to the close of the sale .
The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) rescinded the transfer @-@ of @-@ ownership application on October 21 , 2013 , after an objection by Joe Potter , Senior Vice President of IMG Sports . Potter contended there were " very close connections and operational control " between AJG Corporation and West Virginia Radio Corporation and AJG 's purchase of WCLG @-@ AM / FM would " possibly in violation of FCC regulations . " The co @-@ directors of West Virginia Radio Corporation , John and David Raese , operate AJG Corporation as a trust for their descendents .
Potter 's complaint went on to say that " IMG was close to finalizing a contract to air WVU sports " but was " prevented by the terms of AJG 's purchase agreement " , which barred Bowers Broadcasting Corporation from " ' entering into any contract or agreement ' without the consent of AJG " .
West Virginia Radio Corporation previously held the rights to West Virginia University sports before losing them to IMG Sports . West Virginia Radio Corporation filed a lawsuit against West Virginia University and IMG Sports to retain the broadcast rights , which it lost in late August 2013 .
= = Notable former staff = =
Jim Slade , a Morgantown native , was hired as news director when the station launched in 1954 . Slade was later heard on WOWO and WIND , covering the assassinations of Martin Luther King , Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy on the latter station . He is best known , though , for his reporting on the Mutual Broadcasting System and at ABC News , where he covered space @-@ related stories .
Country music radio and stage performer Charlie Arnett hosted the " Old Trading Post " program on WCLG in 1959 . Arnett 's later career took him to the CBS Radio program " Renfro Valley Folks " and to Tampa , Florida , station WDAE .
Eugene Cottilli started as sports director at WCLG , before becoming the press secretary to Senator Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio . As of 2013 , Cottilli is the Congressional Media Liaison for the United States Department of Commerce .
= = Programming = =
As of 2014 , WCLG carries programming from Cumulus Media Networks ' satellite @-@ fed Classic Hits network . Every Sunday morning , WCLG broadcasts services live from Star City 's St. Mary Roman Catholic Church at 8 : 30 a.m. and Morgantown 's Spruce Street United Methodist Church at 10 : 45 a.m. The station also carries the Living the Country Life show , the radio companion to the Living the Country Life magazine .
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= Edward Elric =
Edward Elric ( エドワード ・ エルリック , Edowādo Erurikku ) , commonly nicknamed Ed ( エド , Edo ) , is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Fullmetal Alchemist manga series created by Hiromu Arakawa . Edward , titled " Fullmetal Alchemist " ( 鋼の錬金術師 , Hagane no Renkinjutsushi , lit . " Alchemist of Steel " ) , is the youngest State Alchemist in the history of the fictional country of Amestris . His left leg was divinely severed in a failed attempt to resurrect his dead mother , and then his right arm was taken in exchange for his brother 's soul . His missing limbs have been replaced with sophisticated prosthetics called automail ( 機械鎧 ( オートメイル ) , ōtomeiru ) . He and his younger brother , Alphonse , who lost his entire body and is spiritually bound to a suit of armor , scour the world in search of the Philosopher 's Stone in the hopes of restoring their bodies . Ed has appeared in other media from the series , including video games , original video animations ( OVAs ) and light novels .
Numerous publications in various media have been written on the subject of Edward 's character . Reviewers praised Edward as a balance between the typical clever kid and the stubborn kid persona . Additionally , his comedic moments have been celebrated as some of the best moments in the series . His Japanese and English voice actors , Romi Park and Vic Mignogna , have both been praised for their performances as Edward Elric and have won several awards for their work . Numerous pieces of merchandise have been released bearing Edward 's likeness , including key chains and action figures .
= = Appearances = =
Edward Elric is the youngest State Alchemist to be selected by the State Military of the country , receiving the title of " Fullmetal Alchemist " shortly thereafter from the military head , King Bradley . He and his younger brother , Alphonse , seek to obtain the legendary Philosopher 's Stone in order to restore their bodies after a disastrous failed attempt to bring their mother back to life through alchemy . Edward was born in a small town named Resembool , where he lived with Alphonse and his parents , Trisha Elric and Van Hohenheim . After Hohenheim left the family on a journey early in his sons ' lives , and Trisha died of an illness years later , the two young boys concentrated on studying alchemy in the hopes of bringing their mother back to life , and trained with a skilled alchemist named Izumi Curtis . They attempt to revive their mother and failed , costing Edward his left leg , and Alphonse his entire body.During this first transmutation , Edward sees the Truth ( 真理 , Shinri ) , thus gaining great knowledge as well as the prodigious ability to perform transmutations just by clapping his hands together . Edward then performed a second transmutation , sacrificing his own right arm to bind Alphonse 's soul to a nearby suit of armor . In order to move with his lost limbs , Edward has had prosthetic " automail " limbs designed and implemented by his childhood friend , Winry Rockbell . Winry is often kept busy repairing Edward 's automail , as he regularly breaks and damages the machines during heavy bouts . As the series continues , the two progressively develop a romantic relationship , eventually confessing their feelings to each other by the series ' end .
Edward 's motivation stems from a love for his brother , Alphonse , whom he is desperately seeking to restore to human form after their mistake . He is extremely idealistic , and strongly believes in the alchemical concept of " Equivalent Exchange , " which states that every outcome requires an equal payment . Edward also behaves in a childish manner when confronted about his short height , tending to overreact to any negative comment regarding the subject , usually attacking people in a fit of rage . Unlike regular alchemists who use transmutation circles , Edward has the ability to create alchemical currents in his body simply by connecting his hands as a result of his failed human transmutation which gave him such trait . In addition to this , Edward is a formidable fighter as a result of his training with Izumi , who had extensively trained both brothers in martial arts .
During their search for the Stone , they become targets of Scar , a vengeful Ishbalan , and the immortal creatures known as the homunculi . When Edward and Alphonse discover that the homunculi and the Philosopher 's Stone are related , they work together with their comrades in order to find them . However , after the Elric brothers meet the homunculi 's creator , " Father , " they are forced to keep working with the military by high @-@ ranking officials who are secretly using their friends from Resembool as hostages . Unable to protect their friends , the Elrics travel to the northern area of the country in order to request help from General Olivier Mira Armstrong . Shortly after their arrival , the State Alchemist Solf J. Kimblee takes Winry to the north as a hostage , unknown to Winry , in order to force Edward to continue his work . When the brothers are ordered to capture Scar , they end up using his help to move Winry to a safe place . Upon their success , Edward learns when Father plans to make a human transmutation circle out of the entire country . Edward , Alphonse , and their allies thus unite in an effort to bring down Father . They make their way into the underground complex where Edward is to be used as a sacrifice for Father 's transmutation . While battling Father , Edward loses his automail arm , rendering him unable to perform alchemy . Alphonse transmutes his soul in order to restore Edward 's original flesh @-@ and @-@ blood arm . After defeating Father , Edward manages to restore Alphonse to his original body by sacrificing his own ability to use alchemy . Giving up on alchemy forever , they return to their hometown to live normal lives . Two years later , Edward decides to research alchemy by heading out west . In the epilogue he and Winry get married and have a son and daughter together .
= = = First anime series = = =
Although Edward has the same background and characteristics in the manga and anime , Edward meets different people and fights against variable enemies . In the first anime , Edward learns the secret to destroying a homunculus during his encounter with Greed , whom he kills in an effort to save Alphonse . When he learns of Scar 's creation of a Philosopher 's Stone within Alphonse , Edward saves the people of Lior from being sacrificed for its creation . During his battle against the homunculi , Edward is killed by Envy , but Alphonse trades himself for his brothers ' revival . In doing so , however , Alphonse 's armor with the philosopher 's stone within it is used up and he disappears . After being revived , Edward sacrifices his own life to bring back his brother in exchange . As a result , Edward finds himself on the other side of the Gate , a parallel world , while Alphonse recovers his original body . Determined to return to Alphonse , Edward becomes involved in rocketry research in Germany , with the intention of using that technology to return to his home world . In the feature film , Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa , set two years after the end of the anime , Edward has been living in Germany and looks for a way to return to his world . At the film 's end , he decides to stay in the parallel world along with Alphonse so that they may try to protect both worlds .
= = = In other media = = =
Edward also appears in almost all the Fullmetal Alchemist original video animations ( OVAs ) . In the first OVA he appears as a super deformed version of himself at the movie 's wrap @-@ up party ; in the second , he appears shortly as an old man living in modern @-@ day Tokyo ; and in the third OVA , he plays a part in the battle against the first anime 's homunculi . As the series ' titular character , Edward is playable in all Fullmetal Alchemist video games . The three games for the PlayStation 2 – Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel , Curse of the Crimson Elixir and Kami o Tsugu Shōjo – feature exclusive stories in which the Elrics keep searching for the Philosopher 's Stone . In the Nintendo DS game , Fullmetal Alchemist Dual Sympathy , he and Alphonse replay the first anime series . He is also featured in the Fullmetal Alchemist Trading Card Game . There are two character CDs featuring tracks based on Edward 's character . The first is named Hagaren Song File – Edward Elric ( Hagaren Song File – エドワード ・ エルリック ) and the second Theme of Edward Elric . Both albums were performed by Ed 's Japanese voice actress , Romi Park . He also appears in each light novel written by Makoto Inoue which continue Ed and Al 's search for the Philosopher 's Stone and at the same time feature different stories from the ones appearing the manga and the anime .
= = Creation and conception = =
Author Hiromu Arakawa integrated several social problems into the plot , such as the way Edward and Alphonse live as brothers after the death of their mother , Trisha . She also looks at how the brothers help people all over the country to gain an understanding of the meaning of family . When describing the character 's personality , Arakawa comments that after his father 's departure from home and his mother 's death , Edward tried to replace the role of the man for the Elric family . As a result , Van Hohenheim 's reappearance caused a shocking and terrified reaction in the character . Arakawa has noted that Edward is one of her favorite characters from the series , although she denied having the same personality as him when one of her assistants mentioned it .
When comparing the two brothers during the time Alphonse obtained the ability to use alchemy without a circle like Edward , Arakawa stated nobody was better at alchemy as the two had different preferences in the same way as other alchemist appearing in the series . Although she claims she has not thought of the characters ' birthdates , Arakawa noted that she decided Edward 's birthdate during the series ' serialization . During a chapter in which it was mentioned that Edward was about to be 16 , winter was about to begin in Hokkaido , Arakawa 's birthplace , so it was decided Edward 's birthdate would be in winter . In a common slapstick gag from the series , Edward is often struck by Winry Rockbell 's wrench . While commenting that Edward has an ability easily dodge her , Arakawa comments that he gets hit on purpose as a result of his personality . The director of the first anime series , Seiji Mizushima , says that in the development of the story Edward " evolves and devolves " ; Mizushima comments that Edward is continuously overcoming inner struggles in order to determine how to grow up . The appearance of his automail in the anime is used to symbolize the intangibles of his character , making viewers note that Edward lost something important .
In a prototype from the series , Edward was an eighteen @-@ year @-@ old teenager travelling alongside his father whose soul sealed in a flying squirrel . Edward 's prototype had an average height , but retained his automail . In order to fit with the readers from the manga magazine Monthly Shonen Gangan , Edward 's traits were further modified , leaving his current one . His height was reduced in order to contrast with Alphonse 's huge armor . In the design of the character , Arakawa is often worried about not making his automail too bulky to avoid balancing it by increasing Edward 's muscles , making his appearance unsuitable for his age . She has also often drawn the character in full body length , but at one point noticed she made it too tall . As the manga continued serialization , Arakawa found that she drew Edward half naked several times even more than Alex Louis Armstrong who tends to show his torso . While stating that this was because she wanted to draw Edward 's automail , she commented that it was common for men to walk in underwear at their homes .
In the Japanese version of Fullmetal Alchemist 's anime adaptations , Edward has been voiced by Romi Park . In the English version , the role has been played by Vic Mignogna . Mignogna has stated that performing Edward may be his biggest voice acting achievement since fans do not compare him with Park , noting that their voices are not similar and that he did not plan to sound like her . Additionally , in the upcoming live @-@ action of the series , Edward will be portrayed by Ryosuke Yamada .
= = Reception = =
Edward 's character is well received by manga readers ; in each of the popularity polls made by Monthly Shōnen Gangan he has ranked first . Edward also won the Twenty @-@ sixth Annual Animage Readers ' Poll , Anime Grand Prix , in the " Favorite Male Character " ; Romi Park , who voices Edward in Japanese , won in the " Favorite Seiyu " category . Edward maintained a high place in the next year 's poll in the same category . In the July 2009 issue of Newtype , Edward ranked at the top of the survey Male Character Rankings . In the August 2009 issue his rank changed to fourth . In a Newtype poll from March 2010 , Edward was voted as the fourth most popular male anime character from the 2000s . In the Anime Awards 2006 from About.com , Edward won in the category " Best Lead Character – Male " . He was also seventh in IGN 's 2009 Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time with writer Chris Mackenzie saying , " [ Edward ] and his kid brother Al make one of the best action @-@ comedy teams in recent memory " . In 2014 , IGN ranked him as the eighth greatest anime character of all time , saying that " In Edward we had a character who was truly multidimensional . He could be comedic and pull off wild takes and sight gags . He could be placed in the most tragic circumstances and portray the deepest kind of sadness . He could be a complete badass , but he could also be the nicest guy on the planet . " Several pieces of merchandise have been released in Edward 's likeness , including plush toys , action figures , and key @-@ chains . Vic Mignogna , who performs the voice of Edward in the English dub , was the winner in American Anime Awards in the category " Best Actor " for voicing Edward .
Several publications for manga , anime , and other pop culture media have provided both praise and criticism on Edward 's character . IGN writer Hilary Goldstein praises Edward as the perfect balance between the typical clever kid and the stubborn kid persona , explaining that this allows the character to " float between comical moments and underlying drama without seeming false . " Additionally , Melissa Harper from Anime News Network praises Edward 's facial expressions as some of the most humorous highlights of the series , including also the moments in which he reacts quite violently to comments about his small stature . They also praise him for not being a stereotypical shōnen character as it is noted that he has " very real skills , relationships , and personality " . Samuel Arbogast from T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews also comments that the interaction between the Elric brothers as they travel is interesting , and praises their humor scenes as they help to balance the dark parts of the series . Similarly , Mania Entertainment 's Jarred Pine liked the dynamic between the Elrics brothers as while Edward is often faced with following " dark paths " in the same way as villains with the series , he is always supported by Alphonse who makes sure he is okay . Judge Joel Pearce from DVD Verdict commented on Edward 's journey , considering it very complex morally because he is trying to do good within a morally questionable organization . Lydia Hojnacki listed Ed as one of the reasons she likes Fullmetal Alchemist , noting the progression of the character 's personality throughout the series , from simple maturity to a deeper sensitivity . The character was noted to go through a notable development in the manga after meeting his father by Holly Ellingwood from Active Anime as it made him decide to see the investigate from the human he and Alphonse created as children which led him to find a clue about how to recover his brother 's body . On the other hand , Maria Lin from Animefringe criticized Edward 's development in the first animated adaptation of Fullmetal Alchemist , as in the series ' finale he once again attempted to resurrect a human .
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= Picardy Spaniel =
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog . It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel , and still has many similarities , but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds . It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility , remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain . However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century . Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins , it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears , it can be prone to ear infections .
= = History = =
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are considered to be the two oldest continental breeds of spaniel . Both breeds are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d ' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus . Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty . The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre @-@ François Desportes and Jean @-@ Baptiste Oudry . They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons .
The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility . Although spread throughout France , a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions . During the early 19th century , British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France . The British brought their own hunting dogs , and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel . In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel .
= = = Recognition = = =
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937 . A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont @-@ Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards , Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer .
The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club , American Rare Breed Association , United Kennel Club , and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale . All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI . It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club , but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel , it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club .
= = Description = =
= = = Appearance = = =
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22 – 24 inches ( 56 – 61 cm ) at the withers , with the average weight between 20 – 25 kilograms ( 44 – 55 lb ) . The breed is similar in size to the English Setter , although is slightly smaller . Of the Spaniel type breeds , only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes , with the Drentse measuring 21 @.@ 5 – 25 @.@ 5 in ( 55 – 65 cm ) , and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23 – 25 in ( 58 – 64 cm ) .
The breed has a squarely built muscular body and an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low . Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate , chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs . Its hair is abundant with a slight wave , enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water .
= = = Temperament = = =
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master . It is described as having a gentle sociable nature , possessing a good character and being relatively easy to train . In France , the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for Pheasants , and in swamps for Snipes . However it can also be used for hunting ducks , hares and rabbits . The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water . It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required . The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city , but also loves open spaces .
= = Health = =
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems , and has an average lifespan of 14 years . However being a hunting spaniel , the breed is prone to ear infections . These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears , including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel . Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to overweight .
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