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Animism | The elements | The elements
Various animistic cultures also comprehend stones as persons. Discussing ethnographic work conducted among the Ojibwe, Harvey noted that their society generally conceived of stones as being inanimate, but with two notable exceptions: the stones of the Bell Rocks and those stones which are situated beneath trees struck by lightning, which were understood to have become Thunderers themselves. The Ojibwe conceived of weather as being capable of having personhood, with storms being conceived of as persons known as 'Thunderers' whose sounds conveyed communications and who engaged in seasonal conflict over the lakes and forests, throwing lightning at lake monsters. Wind, similarly, can be conceived as a person in animistic thought.
The importance of place is also a recurring element of animism, with some places being understood to be persons in their own right. |
Animism | Spirits | Spirits
Animism can also entail relationships being established with non-corporeal spirit entities. |
Animism | Other usage | Other usage |
Animism | Science | Science
In the early 20th century, William McDougall defended a form of animism in his book Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism (1911).
Physicist Nick Herbert has argued for "quantum animism" in which the mind permeates the world at every level:
Werner Krieglstein wrote regarding his quantum Animism:
In Error and Loss: A Licence to Enchantment, Ashley Curtis (2018) has argued that the Cartesian idea of an experiencing subject facing off with an inert physical world is incoherent at its very foundation and that this incoherence is consistent with rather than belied by Darwinism. Human reason (and its rigorous extension in the natural sciences) fits an evolutionary niche just as echolocation does for bats and infrared vision does for pit vipers, and is epistemologically on a par with, rather than superior to, such capabilities. The meaning or aliveness of the "objects" we encounter, rocks, trees, rivers, and other animals, thus depends for its validity not on a detached cognitive judgment, but purely on the quality of our experience. The animist experience, or the wolf's or raven's experience, thus become licensed as equally valid worldviews to the modern western scientific one; they are indeed more valid, since they are not plagued with the incoherence that inevitably arises when "objective existence" is separated from "subjective experience." |
Animism | Socio-political impact | Socio-political impact
Harvey opined that animism's views on personhood represented a radical challenge to the dominant perspectives of modernity, because it accords "intelligence, rationality, consciousness, volition, agency, intentionality, language, and desire" to non-humans. Similarly, it challenges the view of human uniqueness that is prevalent in both Abrahamic religions and Western rationalism. |
Animism | Art and literature | Art and literature
Animist beliefs can also be expressed through artwork. For instance, among the Māori communities of New Zealand, there is an acknowledgement that creating art through carving wood or stone entails violence against the wood or stone person and that the persons who are damaged therefore have to be placated and respected during the process; any excess or waste from the creation of the artwork is returned to the land, while the artwork itself is treated with particular respect. Harvey, therefore, argued that the creation of art among the Māori was not about creating an inanimate object for display, but rather a transformation of different persons within a relationship.
Harvey expressed the view that animist worldviews were present in various works of literature, citing such examples as the writings of Alan Garner, Leslie Silko, Barbara Kingsolver, Alice Walker, Daniel Quinn, Linda Hogan, David Abram, Patricia Grace, Chinua Achebe, Ursula Le Guin, Louise Erdrich, and Marge Piercy.
Animist worldviews have also been identified in the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki. |
Animism | See also | See also
Anecdotal cognitivism
Animatism
Anima mundi
Dayawism
Ecotheology
Hylozoism
Mana
Mauri (life force)
Kaitiaki
Panpsychism
Religion and environmentalism
Sacred trees
Shamanism
Wildlife totemization |
Animism | Notes | Notes |
Animism | References | References |
Animism | Sources | Sources
|
Animism | Further reading | Further reading
Hallowell, Alfred Irving. 1960. "Ojibwa ontology, behavior, and world view." In Culture in History, edited by S. Diamond. (New York: Columbia University Press).
Reprint: 2002. Pp. 17–49 in Readings in Indigenous Religions, edited by G. Harvey. London: Continuum.
Ingold, Tim. 2006. "Rethinking the animate, re-animating thought." Ethnos 71(1):9–20.
Käser, Lothar. 2004. Animismus. Eine Einführung in die begrifflichen Grundlagen des Welt- und Menschenbildes traditionaler (ethnischer) Gesellschaften für Entwicklungshelfer und kirchliche Mitarbeiter in Übersee. Bad Liebenzell: Liebenzeller Mission. .
mit dem verkürzten Untertitel Einführung in seine begrifflichen Grundlagen auch bei: Erlanger Verlag für Mission und Okumene, Neuendettelsau 2004,
Quinn, Daniel. [1996] 1997. The Story of B: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit. New York: Bantam Books, and the essay "Our Religions: Are They the Religions of Humanity Itself?", usually available at Ishmael.org
Wundt, Wilhelm. 1906. Mythus und Religion, Teil II. Leipzig 1906 (Völkerpsychologie II) |
Animism | External links | External links
Category:Anthropology of religion
Category:Indigenous spirituality
Category:Metaphysical theories
Category:Panentheism
Category:Philosophy of religion
Category:Polytheism
Category:Schools of thought
Category:Transtheism |
Animism | Table of Content | short description, Etymology, "Old animism" definitions, Edward Tylor's definition, Social evolutionist conceptions, Confounding animism with totemism, "New animism" non-archaic definitions, Hallowell and the Ojibwe, Postmodern anthropology, Ethical and ecological understanding, Relation to the concept of 'I-thou', Religion, Concepts, Distinction from pantheism, Fetishism / totemism, African indigenous religions, Asian origin religions, Indian-origin religions, Chinese religions, Japan and Shinto, Kalash people, Korea, Philippines indigenous religions, Abrahamic religions, Pre-Islamic Arab religion, New religious movements, Shamanism, Animist life, Non-human animals, Flora, The elements, Spirits, Other usage, Science, Socio-political impact, Art and literature, See also, Notes, References, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Antonio Vivaldi | short description | Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist, impresario of Baroque music and Roman Catholic priest. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, Vivaldi's influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form, especially the solo concerto, into a widely accepted and followed idiom.
Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the , a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the Catholic priesthood at the age of 15 and was ordained at 25, but was given dispensation to no longer say public Masses due to a health problem. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died in poverty less than a year later.
After almost two centuries of decline, Vivaldi's musical reputation underwent a revival in the early 20th century, with much scholarly research devoted to his work. Many of Vivaldi's compositions, once thought lost, have been rediscovered – some as recently as 2015.New Discoveries of Vivaldi. Scaramuccia Ensemble. Retrieved 27 October 2023. His music remains widely popular in the present day and is regularly played all over the world. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Early life | Early life |
Antonio Vivaldi | Birth and background | Birth and background
thumb|upright=1.35|The church where Vivaldi was given the supplemental baptismal rites, San Giovanni in Bragora, Sestiere di Castello, Venice
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born on 4 March 1678 in Venice, then the capital of the Republic of Venice. He was son of Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register of San Giovanni in Bragora.
He was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife, the reason for which has led to speculation. It was most likely done due to his poor health. There is a false rumor that an earthquake struck the city that day. This rumor may have originated from an earthquake that struck Venice on 17 April 1688. The baptismal ceremonies which had been omitted were supplied two months later.
Vivaldi had five known siblings: Bonaventura Tomaso, Margarita Gabriela, Cecilia Maria, Francesco Gaetano, and Zanetta Anna. Vivaldi's health was problematic. One of his symptoms, ("tightness of the chest"), has been interpreted as a form of asthma. This did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing, or taking part in musical activities, although it prevented him from playing wind instruments. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Youth | Youth
His father, Giovanni Battista, was a barber before becoming a professional violinist and was one of the founders of the , an association of musicians. He taught Antonio to play the violin and then toured Venice, playing the violin with his young son. Antonio was probably taught at an early age, judging by the extensive musical knowledge he had acquired by the age of 24, when he started working at the .
The president of the was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the at St Mark's Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition. Vivaldi's father may have been a composer himself: in 1689, an opera titled was composed by a Giovanni Battista Rossi—the name under which Vivaldi's father had joined the Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia.
In 1693, at the age of fifteen, he began studying to become a priest. He was ordained in 1703, aged 25, and was soon nicknamed , "The Red Priest"; is Italian for "red" and would have referred to the color of his hair, a family trait. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Career | Career |
Antonio Vivaldi | Ospedale della Pietà | Ospedale della Pietà
thumb|upright=1.35|Commemorative plaque beside the Ospedale della PietàAlthough Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional technical violinist as well. The German architect Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach referred to Vivaldi as "the famous composer and violinist" and noted in his diary that "Vivaldi played a solo accompaniment excellently, and at the conclusion he added a free fantasy [an improvised cadenza] which absolutely astounded me, for it is hardly possible that anyone has ever played, or ever will play, in such a fashion." Travelling in Italy, he noted in his diary, on the occasion of an opera performance in the Teatro Sant' Angelo in the spring of 1715:
... towards the end, Vivaldi played an accompagnement solo, ... which quite shocked me, ... because his fingers came only within a straw’s breadth of the bridge, so that there was no space for the bow, and this on all 4 strings with fugues and a velocity which is unbelievable, he astonished everyone with it – https://wiener-urtext.com/en/antonio-vivaldi. In September 1703, Vivaldi (24) became (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice; although his talents as a violinist probably secured him the job, he soon became a successful teacher of music there.
Over the next thirty years he composed most of his major works while working at the Ospedale. There were four similar institutions in Venice; their purpose was to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned or orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave when they reached the age of fifteen. The girls received a musical education, and the most talented among them stayed and became members of the Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir.
Shortly after Vivaldi's appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too. Vivaldi wrote concertos, cantatas and sacred vocal music for them. These sacred works, which number over 60, are varied: they included solo motets and large-scale choral works for soloists, double chorus, and orchestra. In 1704, the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duties as violin instructor. The position of maestro di coro, which was at one time filled by Vivaldi, required a lot of time and work. He had to compose an oratorio or concerto for every feast and teach the orphans both music theory and how to play certain instruments.
His relationship with the board of directors of the Ospedale was often strained. The board had to vote every year on whether to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous and went 7 to 6 against him in 1709. In 1711, after a year as a freelance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote; clearly during his year's absence the board had realized the importance of his role. He became responsible for all of the musical activity of the institution when he was promoted to maestro de' concerti (music director) in 1716 and responsible for composing two new concertos every month.
In 1705, the first collection of his works was published by Giuseppe Sala. His Opus 1 is a collection of 12 sonatas for two violins and basso continuo, in a conventional style. In 1709, a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin and basso continuo appeared (Opus 2). A real breakthrough as a composer came with his first collection of 12 concerti for one, two, and four violins with strings, L'estro armonico (Opus 3), which was published in Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger, and dedicated to Grand Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany. The prince sponsored many musicians, including Alessandro Scarlatti and George Frideric Handel. He was a musician himself, and Vivaldi probably met him in Venice. L'estro armonico was a resounding success all over Europe. It was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings, and dedicated to an old violin student of Vivaldi's, the Venetian noble Vettor Dolfin.
In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father traveled to Brescia, where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, the music of the first three movements is repeated in the next three, and not all the text is set. Nevertheless, perhaps in part because of the forced essentiality of the music, the work is considered to be one of his early masterpieces.
Despite his frequent travels from 1718, the Ospedale paid him 2 sequins to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The orphanage's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Opera impresario | Opera impresario
thumb|left|upright|First edition of Juditha triumphans
In early 18th-century Venice, opera was the most popular musical entertainment. It proved most profitable for Vivaldi. There were several theaters competing for the public's attention. Vivaldi started his career as an opera composer as a sideline: his first opera, Ottone in villa (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie Theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi became the impresario of the Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727) was performed. The work was not to the public's taste, and it closed after a couple of weeks, being replaced with a repeat of a different work already given the previous year.
In 1715, he presented Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 724, now lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was the leader. The opera contained eleven arias and was a success. In the late season, Vivaldi planned to put on an opera entirely of his own creation, Arsilda, regina di Ponto (RV 700), but the state censor blocked the performance. The main character, Arsilda, falls in love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a man. Vivaldi got the censor to accept the opera the following year, and it was a resounding success.
During this period, the Pietà commissioned several liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. Moyses Deus Pharaonis, (RV 643) is now lost. The second, Juditha triumphans (RV 644), celebrates the victory of the Republic of Venice against the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfu. Composed in 1716, it is one of his sacred masterpieces. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the orphanage, both the female and male roles. Many of the arias include parts for solo instruments—recorders, oboes, violas d'amore, and mandolins—that showcased the range of talents of the girls.
Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario (RV 719) and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi (RV 706). The latter was so popular that it was performed two years later, re-edited and retitled Artabano re dei Parti (RV 701, now lost). It was also performed in Prague in 1732. In the years that followed, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy.
thumb|upright|Frontispiece of Il teatro alla moda
His progressive operatic style caused him some trouble with more conservative musicians such as Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician who wrote a pamphlet denouncing Vivaldi and his operas. The pamphlet, Il teatro alla moda, attacks the composer even though it does not mention him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the San Angelo), on the left end of which stands a little angel wearing a priest's hat and playing the violin. The Marcello family claimed ownership of the Teatro San Angelo, and a long legal battle had been fought with the management for its restitution, without success. The obscure text under the engraving mentions non-existent places and names: for example, ALDIVIVA is an anagram of "A. Vivaldi".
In a letter written by Vivaldi to his patron Marchese Bentivoglio in 1737, he makes reference to his "94 operas". Only about 50 operas by Vivaldi have been discovered, and no other documentation of the remaining operas exists. Although Vivaldi could have been exaggerating, it is plausible that, in his dual role of composer and impresario, he might have either written or been responsible for the production of as many as 94 operas—given that his career had by then spanned almost 25 years. Although Vivaldi certainly composed many operas in his time, he never attained the prominence of other great composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolph Hasse, Leonardo Leo, and Baldassare Galuppi, as evidenced by his inability to keep a production running for an extended period of time in any major opera house. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Mantua and the'' Four Seasons'' | Mantua and the Four Seasons
In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a prestigious new position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of Prince Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua, in the northwest of Italy He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among them Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, where he presented the pastoral drama La Silvia (RV 734); nine arias from it survive. He visited Milan again the following year with the oratorio L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù (RV 645, now lost). In 1722 he moved to Rome, where he introduced his operas' new style. The new Pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, Vivaldi returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.
During this period, Vivaldi wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos that give musical expression to the seasons of the year. The composition is probably one of his most famous. Although three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera Il Giustino. The inspiration for the concertos was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them, Vivaldi represented flowing streams, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties from both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, ice-skating children, and warming winter fires. Each concerto is associated with a sonnet, possibly by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four concertos in a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Michel-Charles Le Cène in 1725.
During his time in Mantua, Vivaldi became acquainted with an aspiring young singer Anna Tessieri Girò, who would become his student, protégée, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half-sister Paolina, moved in with Vivaldi and regularly accompanied him on his many travels. There was speculation as to the nature of Vivaldi's and Girò's relationship, but no evidence exists to indicate anything beyond friendship and professional collaboration. Vivaldi, in fact, adamantly denied any romantic relationship with Girò in a letter to his patron Bentivoglio, dated 16 November 1737. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Late period | Late period
Vivaldi collaborated with choreographer Giovanni Gallo on several of his later operas stage in Venice with Gallo choreographing the ballets found within those works. At the height of his career, he received commissions from European nobility and royalty, some of which were:
The serenata (cantata) Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687), which was commissioned in 1725 by the French ambassador to Venice in celebration of the marriage of Louis XV, when Vivaldi was 48 years old.
The serenata, La Sena festeggiante (RV 694), written in 1726 and also premiered at the French embassy, to celebrate the birth of the French royal princesses, Henriette and Louise Élisabeth.
Vivaldi's Opus 9, La cetra, which was dedicated to Emperor Charles VI. In 1728, Vivaldi met the emperor while the emperor was visiting Trieste to oversee the construction of a new port. Charles VI admired the music of the Red Priest so much that he is said to have spoken more with the composer during their one meeting than he spoke to his ministers in more than two years. He gave Vivaldi the title of knight, a gold medal and an invitation to Vienna. Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of La cetra, a set of concerti almost completely different from the set of the same title published as Opus 9. The printing was probably delayed, forcing Vivaldi to gather an improvised collection for the emperor.
His opera Farnace (RV 711) was presented in 1730; it garnered six revivals. Some of his later operas were created in collaboration with two of Italy's major writers of the time. Accompanied by his father, Vivaldi traveled to Vienna and Prague in 1730.
L'Olimpiade and Catone in Utica were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of the Arcadian movement and court poet in Vienna. La Griselda was rewritten by the young Carlo Goldoni from an earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.
Like many composers of the time, Vivaldi faced financial difficulties in his later years. His compositions were no longer held in such high esteem as they had once been in Venice; changing musical tastes quickly made them outmoded. In response, Vivaldi chose to sell off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance his migration to Vienna. The reasons for Vivaldi's departure from Venice are unclear, but it seems likely that, after the success of his meeting with Emperor Charles VI, he wished to take up the position of a composer in the imperial court. On his way to Vienna, Vivaldi might have stopped in Graz to see Anna Girò. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Death | Death
thumb|upright=.8|left|Caricature by P. L. Ghezzi, Rome (1723)
thumb|Historic view of the Bürgerspital-Gottesacker cemetery and chapel, where Vivaldi's tomb used to be. They stood next to St. Charles Church until 1807.
thumb|Memorial plaque to Vivaldi's tomb at the main building of the Technical University, dedicated in 1978 by the Creditanstalt-Bankverein
Vivaldi probably moved to Vienna to stage operas, especially as he took up residence near the Kärntnertortheater. Shortly after his arrival in Vienna, Charles VI died, which left the composer without any imperial patronage or a steady source of income. Soon afterwards, Vivaldi became impoverished and, during the night of 27/28 July 1741, aged 63, he died of "internal infection", in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker.
On 28 July, Vivaldi's funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral. Contrary to popular legend, the young Joseph Haydn who was in the cathedral choir at the time had nothing to do with his burial, since no music was performed on that occasion. The funeral was attended by six pall-bearers and six choir boys (Kuttenbuben), at a "mean" cost of 19 florins and 45 kreuzer. Only a Kleingeläut (small peal of bells), the lowest class, was provided, at a cost of 2 florins and 36 kreuzer.
Vivaldi was buried in a simple grave in a burial ground that was owned by the public hospital fund – the Bürgerspital-Gottesacker cemetery, next to St Charles Church, a baroque church in an area that is now part of the site of the TU Wien university. The cemetery existed until 1807. The house where he lived in Vienna has since been destroyed; the Hotel Sacher is built on part of the site. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi "star" in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.
Only two, possibly three, original portraits of Vivaldi are known to survive: an engraving, an ink sketch and an oil painting. The engraving, which was the basis of several copies produced later by other artists, was made in 1725 by François Morellon de La Cave for the first edition of Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, and shows Vivaldi holding a sheet of music. The ink sketch, a caricature, was done by Ghezzi in 1723 and shows Vivaldi's head and shoulders in profile. It exists in two versions: a first jotting kept at the Vatican Library, and a much lesser-known, slightly more detailed copy recently discovered in Moscow. The oil painting, which can be seen in the International Museum and Library of Music of Bologna, is by an anonymous artist and is thought to depict Vivaldi due to its strong resemblance to the La Cave engraving.
During his lifetime, Vivaldi was popular in many countries throughout Europe, including France, but after his death his popularity dwindled. After the end of the Baroque period, Vivaldi's published concerti became relatively unknown, and were largely ignored. Even his most famous work, The Four Seasons, was unknown in its original edition during the Classical and Romantic periods. Vivaldi's work was rediscovered in the 20th century. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Works | Works
A composition by Vivaldi is identified by RV number, which refers to its place in the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi", a catalog created in the 20th century by the musicologist Peter Ryom.
Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) of 1723 is his most famous work. The first four of the 12 concertos, titled Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione ("The Contest between Harmony and Invention"), they depict moods and scenes from each of the four seasons. This work has been described as an outstanding example of pre-19th-century program music.Gerard Schwarz, Musically Speaking – The Great Works Collection: Vivaldi (CVP, Inc., 1995), 13. Vivaldi's other notable sets of 12 violin concertos include La stravaganza (The Eccentricity), L'estro armonico (The Harmonic Inspiration) and La cetra (The Lyre).
Vivaldi wrote more than 500 concertos. About 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, of which 230 are for violin; the others are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, or mandolin. About forty concertos are for two instruments and strings, and about thirty are for three or more instruments and strings.
As well as about 46 operas, Vivaldi composed a large body of sacred choral music, such as the Gloria, RV 589; Nisi Dominus, RV 608; Magnificat, RV 610 and Stabat Mater, RV 621. Gloria, RV 589 remains one of Vivaldi's more popular sacred works. Other works include sinfonias, about 90 sonatas and chamber music.
Some sonatas for flute, published as Il Pastor Fido, have been erroneously attributed to Vivaldi, but were composed by Nicolas Chédeville. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Catalogues of Vivaldi works | Catalogues of Vivaldi works
thumb|Allée Vivaldi in Paris, named after Antonio Vivaldi
Vivaldi's works attracted cataloging efforts befitting a major composer. Scholarly work intended to increase the accuracy and variety of Vivaldi performances also supported new discoveries that made old catalogs incomplete. Works still in circulation today might be numbered under several different systems (some earlier catalogs are mentioned here).
Because the simply consecutive Complete Edition (CE) numbers did not reflect the individual works (Opus numbers) into which compositions were grouped, numbers assigned by Antonio Fanna were often used in conjunction with CE numbers. Combined Complete Edition (CE)/Fanna numbering was especially common in the work of Italian groups driving the mid-20th-century revival of Vivaldi, such as Gli Accademici di Milano under Piero Santi. For example, the Bassoon Concerto in B major, "La Notte", RV 501, became CE 12, F. VIII,1
Despite the awkwardness of having to overlay Fanna numbers onto the Complete Edition number for meaningful grouping of Vivaldi's oeuvre, these numbers displaced the older Pincherle numbers as the (re-) discovery of more manuscripts had rendered older catalogs obsolete.
This cataloging work was led by the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, where Gian Francesco Malipiero was both the director and the editor of the published scores (Edizioni G. Ricordi). His work built on that of Antonio Fanna, a Venetian businessman and the institute's founder, and thus formed a bridge to the scholarly catalog dominant today.
Compositions by Vivaldi are identified today by RV number, the number assigned by Danish musicologist Peter Ryom in works published mostly in the 1970s, such as the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi". Like the Complete Edition before it, the RV does not typically assign its single, consecutive numbers to "adjacent" works that occupy one of the composer's single opus numbers. Its goal as a modern catalog is to index the manuscripts and sources that establish the existence and nature of all known works. |
Antonio Vivaldi | Style and influence | Style and influence
The German scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzi's style in Vivaldi's early liturgical work Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31), written in 1691 at the age of thirteen.
Vivaldi was also influenced by the Composer Arcangelo Corelli.
Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his St John Passion, St Matthew Passion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, a further three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and basso continuo (BWV 1065) based upon the concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo (RV 580). |
Antonio Vivaldi | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Antonio Vivaldi (engraving by François Morellon de La Cave, from Michel-Charles Le Cène's edition of Vivaldi's Op. 8, 1725)
thumb|Antonio Vivaldi monument at Rooseveltplatz in Vienna, Austria
In the early 20th century, Fritz Kreisler's Concerto in C, in the Style of Vivaldi (which he passed off as an original Vivaldi work) helped revive Vivaldi's reputation. Kreisler's concerto in C spurred the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin an academic study of Vivaldi's oeuvre. Many Vivaldi manuscripts were rediscovered, and were acquired by the Turin National University Library as a result of the generous sponsorship of Turinese businessmen Roberto Foa and Filippo Giordano, in memory of their sons. This led to a renewed interest in Vivaldi by, among others, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Pound, Olga Rudge, Desmond Chute, Arturo Toscanini, Arnold Schering and Louis Kaufman, all of whom were instrumental in the revival of Vivaldi throughout the 20th century.
In 1926, in a monastery in Piedmont, researchers discovered fourteen bound volumes of Vivaldi's work (later discovered to be fifteen) that were previously thought to have been lost during the Napoleonic Wars. Some missing tomes in the numbered set were discovered in the collections of the descendants of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the monastery complex in the 18th century. The volumes contained 300 concertos, 19 operas and over 100 vocal-instrumental works.Antonio Vivaldi biography by Alexander Kuznetsov and Louise Thomas, a booklet attached to the CD "The best of Vivaldi", published and recorded by Madacy Entertainment Group Inc, St. Laurent Quebec Canada
The resurrection of Vivaldi's unpublished works in the 20th century greatly benefited from the noted efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organized the historic Vivaldi Week, in which the rediscovered Gloria (RV 589) and l'Olimpiade were revived. Since World War II, Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed wide success. Historically informed performances, often on "original instruments", have increased Vivaldi's fame still further.
Recent rediscoveries of works by Vivaldi include two psalm settings: Psalm 127, Nisi Dominus RV 803 (in eight movements); and Psalm 110, Dixit Dominus RV 807 (in eleven movements). These were identified in 2003 and 2005, respectively, by the Australian scholar Janice Stockigt. The Vivaldi scholar Michael Talbot described RV 807 as "arguably the best nonoperatic work from Vivaldi's pen to come to light since ... the 1920s".Michael Talbot, liner notes to the CD Vivaldi: Dixit Dominus, Körnerscher Sing-Verein Dresden (Dresdner Instrumental-Concert), Peter Kopp, Deutsche Grammophon 2006, catalogue number 4776145
In February 2002, musicologist discovered 70% of the music for the opera Motezuma (RV 723) in the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin archives. Long thought lost, it was described by Dutch musicologist as "the most important Vivaldi discovery in 75 years." One of the earliest operas to have been set in the Americas, versions of it were staged in Düsseldorf in 2005 and Long Beach in 2009.Apthorp, Shirley (22 September 2005). "Vivaldi's Motezuma Has Dusseldorf Premiere After Court Win", Bloomberg News. Retrieved 14 March 2015.Ng, David (March 22, 2009). "Vivaldi's 'Motezuma,' lost, found, restored, re-imagined", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
Vivaldi's 1730 opera, Argippo (RV 697), which had also been considered lost, was rediscovered in 2006 by the harpsichordist and conductor Ondřej Macek, whose Hofmusici orchestra performed the work at Prague Castle on 3 May 2008—its first performance since 1730.
Modern depictions of Vivaldi's life include a 2005 radio play, commissioned by ABC Radio National and written by Sean Riley. Entitled The Angel and the Red Priest, the play was later adapted for the stage and performed at the Adelaide Festival of the Arts. Films about Vivaldi include: (1989), an Italian-French co-production under the direction of Étienne Périer; (2006), an Italian-French co-production under the direction of ; and Vivaldi, the Red Priest (2009), an Italian film created and directed by Liana Marabini, and loosely based on Vivaldi's life as both priest and composer. |
Antonio Vivaldi | References | References |
Antonio Vivaldi | Notes | Notes |
Antonio Vivaldi | Citations | Citations |
Antonio Vivaldi | Sources | Sources
|
Antonio Vivaldi | Further reading | Further reading
Romijn, André. Hidden Harmonies: The Secret Life of Antonio Vivaldi, 2007
Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1994). Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications. . |
Antonio Vivaldi | External links | External links
Category:1678 births
Category:1741 deaths
Category:18th-century Italian composers
Category:18th-century Italian male musicians
Category:18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Category:Catholic liturgical composers
Category:Composers for cello
Category:Composers for violin
Category:Composers for flute
Category:Composers for bassoon
Category:Italian Baroque composers
Category:Italian classical cellists
Category:Italian classical composers of church music
Category:Italian classical violinists
Category:Italian expatriates in Austria
Category:Italian impresarios
Category:Italian male classical violinists
Category:Italian male opera composers
Category:Italian opera composers
Category:Musicians from Venice
Category:Oratorio composers
Category:Republic of Venice clergy |
Antonio Vivaldi | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Birth and background, Youth, Career, Ospedale della Pietà, Opera impresario, Mantua and the'' Four Seasons'', Late period, Death, Works, Catalogues of Vivaldi works, Style and influence, Legacy, References, Notes, Citations, Sources, Further reading, External links |
Adrian | about | Adrian is a form of the Latin given name Adrianus or Hadrianus. Its ultimate origin is most likely via the former river Adria from the Venetic and Illyrian word adur, meaning "sea" or "water".Adrian Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, p.7. .
The Adria was until the 8th century BC the main channel of the Po River into the Adriatic Sea but ceased to exist before the 1st century BC. Hecataeus of Miletus (c.550 – c.476 BC) asserted that both the Etruscan harbor city of Adria and the Adriatic Sea had been named after it. Emperor Hadrian's family was named after the city or region of Adria/Hadria, now Atri, in Picenum, which most likely started as an Etruscan or Greek colony of the older harbor city of the same name.
Several saints and six popes have borne this name, including the only English pope, Adrian IV, and the only Dutch pope, Adrian VI. As an English name, it has been in use since the Middle Ages. |
Adrian | Religion | Religion
Pope Adrian I (c. 700–795)
Pope Adrian II (c. 792–872)
Pope Adrian III (c. 830–885)
Pope Adrian IV (c. 1100–1159), English pope
Pope Adrian V (c. 1205–1276)
Pope Adrian VI (1459–1523)
Adrian of Batanea (died 308), Christian martyr and saint
Adrian of Canterbury (died 710), scholar and Abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury
Adrian of Castello (1460–1521), Italian cardinal and writer
Adrian of May (died 875), Scottish saint from the Isle of May, martyred by Vikings
Adrian of Moscow (1627–1700), last pre-revolutionary Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Adrian of Nicomedia (died 306), martyr and Herculian Guard of the Roman Emperor Galerius Maximian
Adrian of Ondrusov (died 1549), Russian Orthodox saint and wonder-worker
Adrian of Poshekhonye (died 1550), Russian Orthodox saint, hegumen of Dormition monastery in Yaroslavl region
Adrian of Transylvania (fl. 1183–1201), Hungarian bishop and chancellor
Adrian Fortescue (martyr) (1476–1539), English courtier at Henry VIII's court, beatified as a Roman Catholic martyr
Adrian Gouffier de Boissy (1479–1523), French Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu (1923–2009), Ugandan Roman Catholic bishop
Adrian Leo Doyle (born 1936), Australian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church |
Adrian | Government and politics | Government and politics
Adrian Amstutz (born 1953), Swiss politician
Adrian Arnold (1932–2018), American politician
Adrian Bailey (born 1945), British politician
Adrian Baillie (1898–1947), British politician
Adrian A. Basora (born 1938), US Ambassador to the Czech Republic
Adrian Benepe (born 1957), American Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
Adrian Bennett (1933–2006), Australian politician
Adrian Benjamin Bentzon (1777–1827), Norwegian Governor of the British West Indies
Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose (1937–2016), British hereditary peer and journalist
Adrian P. Burke (1904–2000), American judge and politician
Adrián Fernández Cabrera (born 1967), Mexican politician
Adrian Cioroianu (born 1967), Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adrian Cochrane-Watson (born 1967), Irish politician
Adrian Davis (civil servant), British economist and civil servant
Adrian Delia (born 1969), Maltese politician
Adrian Fenty (born 1970), American politician, mayor of Washington D.C.
Adrian Flook (born 1963), British politician
Adrian Foster (politician), Canadian politician
Adrian Hasler (born 1964), Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Adrian Knatchbull-Hugessen (1891–1976), Canadian lawyer and senator
Adrian Kubicki (born 1987), Consul General of the Republic of Poland in New York City.
Adrián Vázquez Lázara (born 1982), Spanish politician
Adrian Molin (1880–1942), Swedish writer and political activist
Adrian Năstase (born 1950), Romanian politician
Adrian Neritani, former Permanent Representative of Albania to the United Nations
Adrián Rivera Pérez (born 1962), Mexican politician
Adrian Piccoli (born 1970), Australian politician
Adrian Cola Rienzi (1905–1972), Trinidadin and Tobagonian trade unionist, civil rights activist, politician, and lawyer
Adriano Sánchez Roa (born 1956), Dominican politician
Adrian Rurawhe (born 1961), New Zealand politician
Adrian M. Smith (born 1970), American politician
Adrian Sanders (born 1959), British politician
Adrian Severin (born 1954), Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament
Adrian Smith (politician) (born 1970), American politician
Adrian Stokes (courtier) (1519–1586), English politician
Adrian Stoughton (1556–1614), English politician
Adrian Zuckerman (born 1956), US Ambassador to Romania |
Adrian | Academia | Academia
Adrian Albert (1905–1972), American mathematician
Adrian Baddeley (born 1955), Australian scientist
Adrian Bailey (academic), American scholar
Adrian Bejan (born 1948), Romanian-born professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University
Adrian Beverland (1650–1716), Dutch philosopher and jurist who settled in England
Adrian Bird (born 1947), British geneticist
Adrian Bowyer (born 1952), British engineer, creator of the RepRap project
Adrian John Brown (1852–1919), British professor and pioneer
Adrian David Cheok (born 1971/1972), Australian electrical engineer and professor
Adrian Curaj (born 1958), Romanian engineer
Adrian Darby (born 1937), British conservationist and academic
Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969), British historian and author who writes mostly about ancient Roman history
Adrian Hardy Haworth (1767–1833), English entomologist, botanist and carcinologist
Adrian Ioana (born 1981), Romanian mathematician
Adrian Mihai Ionescu, Romanian professor
Adrian Ioviță (born 1954), Romanian-Canadian mathematician
Adrian Jacobsen (1853–1947), Norwegian ethnologist and explorer
Adrian Kaehler, American scientist, engineer, entrepreneur, inventor, and author
Adrian Liston (born 1980), British immunologist and author
Adrian Paterson, South African scientist and engineer
Adrián Recinos (1886–1962), Guatemalan historian, Mayanist and diplomat
Adrian Smith (born 1946), British statistician
Adrian Stephens (1795–1876), English engineer, inventor of the steam whistle
Adrian V. Stokes (1945–2020), British computer scientist
Adrian Webb (born 1943), British academic and public administrator
Adrian Zenz (born 1974), German anthropologist |
Adrian | Military | Military
Adrian Becher (1897–1957), British Army officer and cricketer
Adrian von Bubenberg (1434–1479), Bernese knight, military commander and mayor
Adrian Carton de Wiart (1880–1963), Belgian-born British Army lieutenant-general awarded the Victoria Cross
Adrian Cole (RAAF officer) (1895–1966), Australian World War I flying ace
Adrian Johns (born 1951), English governor of Gibraltar and former Royal Navy vice-admiral
Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha (1848–1920), German military commander in Africa
Adrian Marks (1917–1998), United States Navy pilot
Adrian Consett Stephen (1894–1918), Australian artillery officer and playwright
Adrian Warburton (1918–1944), British Second World War pilot
Adrián Woll (1795–1875), French Mexican general during the Texas Revolution and the Mexican–American War |
Adrian | Sports | Sports |
Adrian | American football | American football
Adrian Amos (born 1993), American football player
Adrian Arrington (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Awasom (born 1983), Cameroon-born American football player
Adrian Baird (born 1979), Canadian football player
Adrian Baril (1898–1961), American football player
Adrian Battles (born 1987), American football player
Adrian Breen (quarterback) (born 1965), American football player
Adrian Burk (1927–2003), American football player
Adrian Clarke (born 1991), Canadian football player
Adrian Clayborn (born 1988), American football player
Adrian Colbert (born 1993), American football player
Adrian Cooper (born 1968), American football player
Adrian Davis (Canadian football) (born 1981), Canadian football player
A. J. Davis (cornerback, born 1983), American football player known as A.J. Davis
Adrian Dingle (American football) (born 1977), American football player
Adrian Ealy (born 1999), American football player
Adrian Ford (1904–1977), American football player
Adrian Grady (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Hamilton (born 1987), American football player
Adrian Hardy (born 1970), American football player
Adrian Hubbard (born 1992), American football player
Adrian Jones (American football) (born 1981), American football player
Adrian Killins (born 1998), American football player
Adrian Klemm (born 1977), American football player and coach
Adrian Madise (born 1980), American football player
Adrian Magee (born 1996), American football player
Adrian Martinez (American football) (born 2000), American football player
Adrian Mayes (born 1980), American football player
Adrian Moten (born 1988), American football player
Adrian Murrell (born 1970), American football player
Adrian Peterson (American football, born 1979), American football player
Adrian Peterson (born 1985), American football player
Adrian Phillips (born 1992), American football player
Adrian Robinson (1989–2015), American football player
Adrian Ross (born 1975), American football player
Adrian Tracy (born 1988), American football player
Adrian White (American football) (born 1964), American football player
Adrian Wilson (American football) (born 1979), American football player
Adrian Young (American football) (born 1949), American football player |
Adrian | Association football | Association football
Adrián Aldrete (born 1988), Mexican footballer
Adrian Aliaj (born 1976), Albanian footballer
Adrian Allenspach (born 1969), Swiss footballer
Adrian Alston (born 1949), English footballer
Adrián Álvarez (born 1968), Argentine footballer
Adrian Anca (born 1976), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Antunović (born 1989), Croatian footballer
Adrián Argachá (born 1986), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian García Arias (born 1975), Mexican footballer and manager
Adrián Arregui (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrián Ascues (born 2002), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Ávalos (born 1974), Argentine footballer
Adrian Avrămia (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrian Bajrami (born 2002), Swiss footballer
Adrian Bakalli (born 1976), Belgian footballer
Adrian Bălan (born 1990), Romanian footballer
Adrián Balboa (born 1994), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Baldovin (born 1971), Romanian footballer
Adrian Barbullushi (born 1968), Albanian footballer
Adrian Bartkowiak (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Basta (born 1988), Polish footballer
Adrián Bastía (born 1978), Argentine footballer
Adrian Beck (born 1997), German footballer
Adrian Benedyczak (born 2000), Polish footballer
Adrián Berbia (born 1977), Uruguayan goalkeeper
Adrián Bernabé (born 2001), Spanish footballer
Adrian Bevington (born ), British football PR and director
Adrian Bielawski (born 1996), Polish footballer
Adrian Bird (born 1969), English footballer
Adrian Błąd (born 1991), Polish footballer
Adrian Blake (born 2005), English footballer
Adrian Bogoi (born 1973), Romanian footballer
Adrián Bone (born 1988), Ecuadorian footballer
Adrian Boothroyd (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Borza (born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Budka (born 1980), Polish footballer
Adrian Bumbescu (born 1960), Romanian footballer
Adrian Bumbut (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrian Butters (born 1988), Canadian soccer player
Adrián Butzke (born 1999), Spanish footballer
Adrian Caceres (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrián Calello (born 1987), Argentine footballer
Adrián Cañas (born 1992), Spanish footballer
Adrian Cann (born 1980), Canadian soccer player
Adrian Cașcaval (born 1987), Moldovan footballer
Adrián Centurión (born 1993), Argentine footballer
Adrián Čermák (born 1993), Slovak footballer
Adrian Chama (born 1989), Zambian footballer
Adrián Chávez (born 1962), Mexican footballer
Adrian Chomiuk (born 1988), Polish footballer
Adrián Chovan (born 1995), Slovak footballer
Adrian Cieślewicz (born 1990), Polish footballer
Adrian Clarke (footballer) (born 1974), English footballer
Adrian Clifton (born 1988), English footballer
Adrián Colombino (born 1993), Uruguayan footballer
Adrián Colunga (born 1984), Spanish footballer
Adrian Coote (born 1978), English footballer
Adrián Cortés (born 1983), Mexican footballer
Adrian Cristea (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrián Cruz (born 1987), Spanish footballer
Adrián Cuadra (born 1997), Chilean footballer
Adrian Cuciula (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrian Cucovei (born 1982), Moldovan footballer
Adrian Dabasse (born 1993), French footballer
Adrián Dalmau (born 1994), Spanish footballer
Adrian Danek (born 1994), Polish footballer
Adrián Diéguez (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrian Drida (born 1982), Romanian footballer
Adrian Dubois (born 1987), American footballer
Adrian Dulcea (born 1978), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Durrer (born 2001), Swiss footballer
Adrian Edqvist (born 1999), Swedish footballer
Adrián El Charani (born 2000), Venezuelan footballer
Adrian Elrick (born 1949), New Zealand footballer
Adrián Escudero (1927–2011), Spanish footballer
Adrián Faúndez (born 1989), Chilean footballer
Adrian Fein (born 1999), German footballer
Adrián Fernández (footballer, born 1980), Argentine footballer
Adrián Fernández (footballer, born 1992), Paraguayan footballer
Adrian Foncette (born 1988), Trinidadian footballer
Adrian Forbes (born 1979), English footballer
Adrian Foster (footballer) (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrián Fuentes (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Gabbarini (born 1985), Argentine footballer
Adrian Dan Găman (born 1978), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gheorghiu (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gîdea (born 2000), Romanian footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1976), Argentine footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 1995), Argentine footballer
Adrián González (footballer, born 2003), Mexican footballer
Adrián Hernán González (born 1976), Argentine footballer
Adrián Goransch (born 1999), Mexican footballer
Adrian Grbić (born 1996), Austrian footballer
Adrian Grigoruță (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Gryszkiewicz (born 1999), Polish footballer
Adrián Gunino (born 1989), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Hajdari (born 2000), Macedonian footballer
Adrian Aleksander Hansen (born 2001), Norwegian footballer
Adrian Heath (born 1961), English footballer and manager
Adrian Henger (born 1996), Polish footballer
Adrián José Hernández (born 1983), Spanish footballer, known as Pollo
Adrián Horváth (born 1987), Hungarian footballer
Adrian Iencsi (born 1975), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Ilie (born 1974), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ilie (footballer, born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionescu (footballer, born 1958), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionescu (footballer, born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ioniță (born 2000), Romanian footballer
Adrian Iordache (born 1980), Romanian footballer
Adrian Dragoș Iordache (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Jevrić (born 1986), German footballer
Adrián Jusino (born 1992), Bolivian footballer
Adrian Kappenberger (born 1996), Danish footballer
Adrian Kasztelan (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrian Klepczyński (born 1981), Polish footballer
Adrian Klimczak (born 1997), Polish footballer
Adrian Knup (born 1968), Swiss footballer
Adrián Kocsis (born 1991), Hungarian footballer
Adrian Kunz (born 1967), Swiss footballer
Adrián Lapeña (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Torres Lázaro (born 1998), Spanish footballer commonly known as Lele
Adrian Leijer (born 1986), Australian footballer
Adrián Leites (born 1992), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian LeRoy (born 1987), Canadian soccer player
Adrián Leško (born 1995), Slovak footballer
Adrian Liber (born 2001), Croatian footballer
Adrian Lis (born 1992), Polish footballer
Adrian Littlejohn (born 1970), English footballer
Adrián Lois (born 1989), Spanish footballer
Adrián López (footballer, born 1987), Spanish footballer
Adrián López (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrián Lozano (born 1999), Mexican footballer
Adrian Lucaci (1966–2020), Romanian footballer
Adrián Lucero (born 1985), Argentine footballer
Adrián Marín Lugo (born 1994), Mexican footballer
Adrián Luna (born 1992), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Łyszczarz (born 1999), Polish footballer
Adrian Madaschi (born 1982), Australian footballer
Adrian Małachowski (born 1998), Polish footballer
Adrian Marek (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Mariappa (born 1986), English footballer
Adrián Marín (footballer, born 1994), Mexican footballer
Adrián Marín (footballer, born 1997), Spanish footballer
Adrian Mărkuș (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrián Martín (footballer) (born 1982), Spanish footballer
Adrián Martínez (Mexican footballer) (born 1970)
Adrián Martínez (Venezuelan footballer) (born 1993)
Adrián Emmanuel Martínez (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrián Nahuel Martínez (born 1992), Argentine footballer
Adrian Matei (footballer) (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Mazilu (born 2005), Romanian footballer
Adrian Mierzejewski (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrian Mihalcea (born 1976), Romanian footballer
Adrian Moescu (born 2001), Romanian footballer
Adrián Mouriño (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Adrian Mrowiec (born 1983), Polish footballer
Adrian Mutu (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Nalați (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Napierała (born 1982), Polish footballer
Adrian Neaga (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Negrău (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Neniță (born 1996), Romanian footballer
Adrian Nikçi (born 1989), Swiss footballer
Adrian Romeo Niță (born 2003), Romanian footballer
Adrian Olah (born 1981), Romanian footballer
Adrian Olegov (born 1985), Bulgarian footballer
Adrian Olszewski (born 1993), Polish footballer
Adrián Ortolá (born 1993), Spanish footballer
Adrian Paluchowski (born 1987), Polish footballer
Adrian Pătraș (born 1984), Moldovan footballer
Adrian Pătulea (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrián Paz (born 1966), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Pelka (born 1981), German footballer
Adrian Pennock (born 1971), English footballer
Adrián Peralta (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrian Pereira (born 1999), Norwegian footballer
Adrian Petre (born 1998), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pettigrew (born 1986), English footballer
Adrian Pigulea (born 1968), Romanian footballer
Adrian Piț (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pitu (born 1975), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popa (footballer, born 1988), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popa (footballer, born 1990), Romanian footballer
Adrian Poparadu (born 1987), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popescu (born 1960), Romanian footballer
Adrian Popescu (footballer, born 1975), Romanian footballer
Adrian Pukanych (born 1981), Ukrainian footballer
Adrian Pulis (born 1979), Maltese footballer
Adrian Purzycki (born 1997), Polish footballer
Adrian Rakowski (born 1990), Polish footballer
Adrián Ramos (born 1986), Colombian footballer
Adrián Ricchiuti (born 1978), Argentine footballer
Adrián Riera (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Adrián Ripa (born 1985), Spanish footballer
Adrian Rochet (born 1987), Israeli footballer
Adrián Rojas (born 1977), Chilean footballer
Adrian Rolko (born 1978), Czech footballer
Adrián Romero (Argentine footballer) (born 1975)
Adrián Romero (Uruguayan footballer) (born 1977)
Adrian Ropotan (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrián Ruelas (born 1991), American soccer player
Adrian Rus (born 1996), Romanian footballer
Adrian Rusu (born 1984), Romanian footballer
Adrián Sahibeddine (born 1994), French footballer
Adrian Sălăgeanu (born 1983), Romanian footballer
Adrián Sánchez (born 1999), Argentine footballer
Adrián San Miguel del Castillo (born 1987), Spanish football goalkeeper known as simply Adrián
Adrián Sardinero (born 1990), Spanish footballer
Adrian Sarkissian (born 1979), Uruguayan footballer
Adrian Scarlatache (born 1986), Romanian footballer
Adrian Schlagbauer (born 2002), German footballer
Adrián Scifo (born 1987), Argentine footballer
Adrian Šemper (born 1998), Croatian footballer
Adrian Senin (born 1979), Romanian footballer
Adrian Serioux (born 1979), Canadian soccer player
Adrian Sikora (born 1980), Polish footballer
Adrian Sosnovschi (born 1977), Moldovan footballer and manager
Adrián Spörle (born 1995), Argentine footballer
Adrian Spyrka (born 1967), German footballer
Adrian Stanilewicz (born 2000), German footballer
Adrian Șter (born 1998), Romanian footballer
Adrian Stoian (born 1991), Romanian footballer
Adrian Stoicov (1967–2017), Romanian footballer
Adrian Șut (born 1999), Romanian footballer
Adrian Świątek (born 1986), Polish footballer
Adrián Szekeres (born 1989), Hungarian footballer
Adrián Szőke (born 1998), Serbian footballer
Adrian Toma (born 1976), Romanian footballer
Adrián Torres (born 1989), Argentine footballer
Adrian Trinidad (born 1982), Argentine footballer
Adrián Turmo (born 2001), Spanish footballer
Adrián Ugarriza (born 1997), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Ursea (born 1967), Romanian footballer and manager
Adrian Valentić (born 1987), Croatian footballer
Adrian Vera (born 1997), American footballer
Adrian Viciu (born 1991), Romanian footballer
Adrian Viveash (born 1969), English footballer, better known as Adi Viveash
Adrian Vlas (born 1982), Romanian footballer
Adrian Ionuț Voicu (born 1992), Romanian footballer
Adrian Voiculeț (born 1985), Romanian footballer
Adrian Webster (footballer, born 1951), English footballer and coach
Adrian Webster (footballer, born 1980), New Zealand footballer
Adrian Whitbread (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Williams, better known as Ady Williams (born 1971), English footballer and manager
Adrian Winter (born 1986), Swiss footballer
Adrian Woźniczka (born 1982), Polish footballer
Adrian Zahra (born 1990), Australian footballer
Adrian Zaluschi (born 1989), Romanian footballer
Adrián Zambrano (born 2000), Venezuelan footballer
Adrián Zela (born 1989), Peruvian footballer
Adrian Zendejas (born 1995), American footballer
Adrián Zermeño (born 1979), Mexican footballer |
Adrian | Baseball | Baseball
Adrian Constantine Anson better known as Cap Anson (1852–1922), American baseball player
Adrián Beltré (born 1979), Dominican Republic baseball player
Adrian Brown (baseball) (born 1974), American baseball player
Adrian Burnside (born 1977), Australian baseball player
Adrian Cárdenas (born 1987), American baseball player
Adrian Devine (1951–2020), American baseball player
Adrian Garrett (1943–2021), American baseball player and coach
Adrián González (born 1982), American-Mexican baseball player
Adrian Houser (born 1993), American baseball player
Addie Joss (1880–1911), American baseball pitcher
Adrian Lynch (1897–1934), American baseball player
Adrián Morejón (born 1999), Cuban baseball player
Adrián Nieto (born 1989), Cuban baseball player
Adrian Sampson (born 1991), American baseball player
Adrián Sánchez (born 1990), Colombian-Venezuelan baseball player
Adrián Zabala (1916–2002), Cuban baseball player |
Adrian | Basketball | Basketball
Adrian Autry (born 1972), American basketball player
Adrian Banks (born 1986), American basketball player
Adrian Bauk (born 1985), Australian basketball player
Adrian Branch (born 1963), American basketball player
Adrian Caldwell (born 1966), American basketball player
Adrian Celada, Filipino basketball player
Adrian Dantley (born 1956), American basketball player
Adrian Griffin (born 1974), American basketball player
Adrian Pledger (born 1976), American basketball player
Adrian Smith (basketball) (born 1936), American basketball player
Adrian Tudor (born 1985), Romanian basketball player
Adrian Williams-Strong (born 1977), American basketball player |
Adrian | Boxing | Boxing
Adrian Blair (born 1943), Australian boxer
Adrian Clark (boxer) (born 1986), American boxer
Adrian Diaconu (born 1978), Romanian boxer
Adrián Hernández (boxer) (born 1986), Mexican boxer
Adrian Mora (born 1978), American boxer |
Adrian | Cricket | Cricket
Adrian Aymes (born 1964), British cricketer
Adrian Barath (born 1990), West Indian cricketer
Adrian Birrell (born 1960), South African cricketer and coach
Adrian Brown (cricketer) (born 1962), English cricketer
Adrian Jones (cricketer) (born 1961), English cricketer
Adrian Rollins (born 1972), English cricketer |
Adrian | Ice hockey | Ice hockey
Adrian Aucoin (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player
Adrian Foster (ice hockey) (born 1982), Canadian ice hockey player
Adrian Kempe (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
Adrian Wichser (born 1980), Swiss ice hockey player |
Adrian | Racing | Racing
Adrian Adgar (born 1965), English cyclist
Adrian Archibald (born 1969), British motorcycle racer
Adrian Banaszek (born 1993), Polish cyclist
Adrián Campos (1960–2021), Spanish racing driver
Adrián Campos Jr. (born 1988), Spanish racing driver
Adrian Carrio (born 1989), American racing driver
Adrian "Wildman" Cenni, American off-road racing driver
Adrián Fernández (born 1965), Mexican racing driver and team owner
Adrián Fernández (motorcyclist) (born 2004), Spanish motorcycle racer
Adrián González (cyclist) (born 1992), Spanish cyclist
Adrian Kurek (born 1988), Polish road bicycle racer
Adrián Martín (motorcyclist) (born 1992), Spanish motorcycle racer
Adrian Newey (born 1958), British race car engineer and designer
Adrian Quaife-Hobbs (born 1991), British racing driver
Adrian Aas Stien (born 1992), Norwegian cyclist
Adrian Sutil (born 1983), German racing driver
Adrián Vallés (born 1986), Spanish race car driver
Adrian Zaugg (born 1986), South African racing driver |
Adrian | Rugby | Rugby
Adrian Apostol (born 1990), Romanian rugby player
Adrian Barich (born 1963), Australian rules footballer and television and radio presenter
Adrian Barone (born 1987), New Zealand rugby union footballer
Adrian Bassett (born 1967), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Battiston (born 1963), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Beer (born 1943), Australian rules footballer
Adrian Clarke (rugby union) (born 1938), New Zealand rugby player
Adrian Davies (born 1969), English rugby player
Adrian Davis (rugby league) (born 1990), Australian rugby player
Adrian Garvey (born 1968), Zimbabwean-born South African rugby union player
Adrian Lungu (born 1960), Romanian rugby player
Adrian Morley (born 1977), English rugby player
Adrian Pllotschi (born 1959), Romanian rugby player and coach
Adrian Stoop (1883–1957), English rugby union player
Adrian Young (footballer) (1943–2020), Australian rugby player |
Adrian | Swimming | Swimming
Adrian Andermatt (born 1969), Swiss swimmer
Adrian Moorhouse (born 1964), English swimmer
Adrian O'Connor (born 1972), Irish backstroke swimmer
Adrian Radley (born 1976), Australian swimmer
Adrian Robinson (swimmer) (born 2000), Botswanan swimmer
Adrian Romero (swimmer) (born 1972), Guamanian swimmer
Adrian Turner (born 1977), British Olympic swimmer |
Adrian | Tennis | Tennis
Adrian Andreev (born 2001), Bulgarian tennis player
Adrian Bey (1938–2019), Rhodesian-born American professional tennis player
Adrian Bodmer (born 1995), Swiss tennis player
Adrian Bohane (born 1981), Irish-American former professional tennis player
Adrian Cruciat (born 1983), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Gavrilă (born 1984), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Mannarino (born 1988), French tennis player
Adrian Marcu (born 1961), professional tennis player from Romania
Adrián Menéndez Maceiras (born 1985), Spanish tennis player
Adrian Quist (1913–1991), Australian tennis player
Adrian Ungur (born 1985), Romanian tennis player
Adrian Voinea (born 1974), Romanian tennis player |
Adrian | Other | Other
Adrian Adonis (1954–1988), American professional wrestler
Adrian Ang (born 1988), Malaysian bowler
Adrián Annus (born 1973), Hungarian hammer thrower
Adrian Bachmann (born 1976), Swiss sprint canoer
Adrian Ballinger (born 1976), British-American climber, skier, and mountain guide
Adrián Ben (born 1998) Spanish middle-distance runner
Adrian Berce (born 1958), Australian field hockey player
Adrian Blincoe (born 1979), New Zealand runner
Adrian Błocki (born 1990), Polish racewalker
Adrian Breen (hurler) (born 1992), Irish hurler
Adrian Cosma (1950–1996), Romanian handball player
Adrian Crișan (born 1980), Romanian table tennis player
Adrián Gavira (born 1987), Spanish beach volleyball player
Adrian Gomes (born 1990), Brazilian gymnast
Adrian Gray (born 1981), English darts player
Adrian Gunnell (born 1972), English snooker player
Adrian Hansen (born 1971), South African squash player
Adrian Lewis (born 1985), English darts player
Adrian Metcalfe (1942–2021), British runner and sports broadcaster
Adrian Neville (born 1986), English professional wrestler, known professionally as Pac
Adrian Parker (born 1951), British modern pentathlete and Olympic champion
Adrian Patrick (born 1973), English former sprinter
Adrián Alonso Pereira (born 1988), Spanish futsal player
Adrián Popa (born 1971), Hungarian weightlifter
Adrian Rollinson (born 1965), British strongman
Adrian Schultheiss (born 1988), Swedish figure skater
Adrian Smith (strongman) (born 1964), British strongman
Adrian Street (1940–2023), Welsh wrestler and author
Adrian Strzałkowski (born 1990), Polish long jumper
Adrián Paz Velázquez (born 1964), Mexican Paralympic athlete
Adrian Watt (born 1947), American ski jumper
Adrian White (equestrian) (born 1933), New Zealand equestrian
Adrian Alejandro Wittwer (born 1986), Swiss extreme athlete and ice swimmer
Adrian Zieliński (born 1989), Polish weightlifter |
Adrian | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
Adrian Adlam (born 1963), British violinist and conductor
Adrian Aeschbacher (1912–2002), Swiss classical pianist
Adrian Alandy (born 1980), Filipino actor and model
Adrian Allinson (1890–1959), British painter, potter and engraver
Adrián Alonso (born 1994), Mexican actor
Adrian Alphona, Canadian comic book artist
Adrian Anantawan (born 1986), Canadian violinist
Adrian Augier, St. Lucian poet and producer
Adrian Bică Bădan (born 1988), Romanian footballer
Adrian Baker (born 1951), English singer, songwriter, and record producer
Adrian Bărar (1960–2021), Romanian guitarist and composer
Adrian Barber (1938–2020), English musician and producer
Adrian Batten (1591–1637), English organist
Adrian Bawtree (born 1968), English composer and organist
Adrian Beaumont (born 1937), British composer, conductor, and professor
Adrian Beers (1916–2004), British double bass player and teacher
Adrian Belew (born 1949), American guitarist, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer
Adrian Biddle (1952–2005), English cinematographer
Adrian Blevins (born 1964), American poet
Adrian Borland (1957–1999), English singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer
Adrian Boult (1889–1983), English conductor
Adrian Brown (1929–2019), British director and poet
Adrian Brown (born 1949), British conductor
Adrian Brunel (1892–1958), English film director and screenwriter
Adrian Bustamante (born 1981), American actor
Adrián Caetano (born 1969), Uruguayan-Argentine film director, producer and screenplay writer
Adrian Carmack (born 1969), American video game artist
Adrián Carrio (born 1986), Spanish pianist
Adrian Chiles (born 1967), British television and radio presenter
Adrian Clarke (photographer), English photographer
Adrian Clarke (poet), British poet
Adrian Conan Doyle (1910–1970), English race-car driver, big-game hunter, explorer, and writer
Adrian Dingle (artist) (1911–1974), Welsh-Canadian painter and comic book artist
Adrian Dunbar (born 1958), Northern Ireland actor
Adrian Edmondson (born 1957), better known as Ade Edmondson, English actor, comedian, director, writer and musician
Adrian Enescu (1948–2016), Romanian composer
Adrian Erlandsson (born 1970), Swedish heavy metal drummer
Adrian Fisher (musician) (1952–2000), former guitarist for Sparks (band)
Adrian Gaxha (born 1984), Macedonian singer-songwriter and producer
Adrian Ghenie (born 1977), Romanian painter
Adrian Gonzales (1937–1998), Filipino comic book artist
Adrián Luis González (born 1939), Mexican potter
Adrian Gray (born 1961), British artist
Adrian Adolph Greenburg (1903–1959), costume designer for over 250 films, known as simply Adrian
Adrian Grenier (born 1976), American actor, producer, director, musician and environmentalist
Adrian Griffin (drummer), Australian drummer
Adrian Gurvitz (born 1949), English singer, musician and songwriter
Adrian Hall (actor) (born 1959), British actor and co-director
Adrian Hall (artist) (born 1943), British artist
Adrian Hall (director) (1927–2023), American theatre director
Adrian Hates (born 1973), German dark wave musician
Adrian Heath (1920–1992), British painter
Adrian Heathfield, British writer and curator
Adrian Hoven (1922–1981), Austrian actor, producer and film director
Adrian A. Husain (born 1945), Pakistani poet
Adrian Ivaniţchi (born 1947), Romanian folk musician and guitarist
Adrian Jones (sculptor) (1845–1938), English sculptor and painter who specialized in animals, particularly horses
Adrian Jones (born 1978), Swedish musician, member of Gjallarhorn
Adrian Karsten (1960–2005), American sports reporter
Adrian Kowanek (born 1977), Polish musician
Adrian Le Roy (1520–1598), French string player, composer, music publisher and educator
Adrian Leaper (born 1953), English conductor
Adrian Legg (born 1948), English guitar player
Adrian Lester (born 1968), British actor
Adrian Lucas (born 1962), English organist, tutor, and composer
Adrian Lulgjuraj (born 1980), Albanian rock singer
Adrian Lukis (born 1957), British actor
Adrian Lux (born 1986), Swedish disc jockey and music producer
Adrian Lyne (born 1941), English filmmaker and producer
Adrian Martin (born 1959), Australian film and arts critic
Adrian Martinez (actor) (born 1972), American actor and comedian
Adrian McKinty (born 1968), Northern Irish writer of crime and mystery novels
Adrian Minune (born 1974), Romani-Romanian manele singer
Adrian Mitchell (1932–2008), English poet, novelist and playwright
Adrian William Moore (born 1956), British philosopher and broadcaster
Adrián Navarro (born 1969), Argentine actor
Adrian Noble (born 1950), English theatre director
Adrian Pasdar (born 1965), American actor and film director
Adrian Paul (born 1959), English actor
Adrian Pecknold (1920–1999), Canadian mime, director, and author
Adrian Petriw (born 1987), Canadian actor
Adrian Picardi (born 1987), American filmmaker
Adrian Pintea (1954–2007), Romanian actor
Adrian Piotrovsky (1898–1937), Russian dramaturge
Adrian Piper (born 1948), American conceptual artist and philosophy professor
Adrian R'Mante (born 1978), American television actor
Adrian Rawlins (born 1958), English actor
Adrian Ludwig Richter (1803–1884), German painter and etcher
Adrian Rodriguez (DJ), German DJ
Adrián Rodríguez (born 1988), Spanish actor and singer from Catalonia
Adrian Rodriguez, American bass guitarist for The Airborne Toxic Event
Adrian Rollini (1903–1956), American multi-instrumentalist best known for his jazz music
Adrian Ross (1859–1933), British lyricist
Adrián Rubio, Mexican actor and model
Adrian Scarborough (born 1968), English character actor
Adrian Scott (1912–1972), American screenwriter and film producer
Adrian Shaposhnikov (1888–1967), Russian classical composer
Adrian Sherwood (born 1958), English record producer
Adrian Sînă (born 1977), Romanian singer-songwriter and record producer
Adrian D. Smith (born 1944), American architect
Adrian Smith (born 1957), English musician and one of three guitarists/songwriters in the English band Iron Maiden
Adrian Smith (illustrator), British illustrator
Adrian Steirn, Australian photographer and filmmaker working in Africa
Adrian Consett Stephen (1894–1918), Australian artillery officer and playwright
Adrian Stokes (critic) (1902–1972), British art critic
Adrian Scott Stokes (1854–1935), English landscape painter
Adrian Stroe (born 1959), Romanian serial killer
Adrian Sturges (born 1976), British film producer
Adrián Suar (born 1968), Argentine actor and media producer
Adrian Tanner, English writer and director
Adrian Taylor (producer) (1954–2014), American television news producer
Adrian Tchaikovsky (born 1972), British fantasy and science fiction author
Adrián Terrazas-González (born 1975), Mexican jazz composer and wind player
Adrian Thaws (born 1968), English musician and actor
Adrian Tomine (born 1974), American cartoonist
Adrian Utley (born 1957), English musician best known as a member of the band Portishead
Adrian Vandenberg (born 1954), Dutch rock guitarist
Adrian Wells (born 1989), British-American clinical psychologist, singer and songwriter
Adrian White (musician), Canadian drummer
Adrian Willaert (c. 1490–1562), Flemish composer of the Renaissance and founder of the Venetian School
Adrian Wilson (actor) (born 1969), South African model and actor
Adrian Wilson (artist) (born 1964), British artist and photographer
Adrian Wong (born 1990), Hong Kong actress
Adrian Wright (1947–2015), English-Australian actor
Adrian Young (born 1969), American drummer for the rock band No Doubt
Adrian Younge (born 1978), American composer, arranger, and music producer
Adrian Zagoritis (born 1968), British songwriter and record producer
Adrian Zingg (1734–1816), Swiss painter
Adrian Zmed (born 1954), American television personality and film actor |
Adrian | Criminals | Criminals
Adrian Gonzalez (kidnapper) (born 2000), American kidnapper
Adrián Gómez González, Mexican drug lord
Adrián Arroyo Gutiérrez (born 1976), Costa Rican serial killer and rapist, known as The Southern Psychopath
Adrian Lim (1942–1988), Singaporean serial killer
Adrian Stroe (born 1959), Romanian serial killer |
Adrian | Other | Other
Adrian Arendt (born 1952), Romanian sailor
Adrian Bancker (1703–1772), American silversmith
Adrian Beecroft (born 1947), British venture capitalist
Adrian Bell (1901–1980), English ruralist journalist, crossword compiler, and farmer
Adrian Bellamy (born 1941/1942), British businessman
Adrian Block (1567–1627), Dutch explorer of the American East Coast
Adrian Brown (archivist) (born 1969), British archivist
Adrian Brown (journalist), Australian journalist
Adrian Cheng (born 1979), Hong Kong entrepreneur and business executive
Adrian Cioroianu (born 1967), Romanian historian, politician, journalist, and essayist
Adrian Cronauer (1938–2018), American former lawyer and radio speaker
Adrian Diel (1756–1839), German physician
Adrian Finighan (born 1964), British journalist
Adrian Frutiger (1928–2015), Swiss typeface designer
Adrian Fulford (born 1953), British judge
Adrian Geiges (born 1960), German writer and journalist
Adrian Anthony Gill (1954–2016), British writer and critic
Adrian Hanauer (born 1966), American businessman and minority owner and general manager of the Seattle Sounders FC
Adrian Hayes (adventurer) (born 1959), British explorer
Adrian Holovaty (born 1981), American web developer, journalist and entrepreneur
Adrian van Hooydonk (born 1964), Dutch automobile designer
Adrian Albert Jurgens (1886–1953), South African philatelist
Adrian Kantrowitz (1918–2008), American cardiac surgeon
Adrian Kashchenko (1858–1921), Ukrainian writer, historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
Adrian Knox (1863–1932), Australian judge
Adrian Künzi (born 1973), Swiss banker
Adrian Lamo (born 1981), Colombian-American threat analyst and "grey hat" hacker
Adrian Long, British civil engineer
Adrian Mikhalchishin (born 1954), Ukrainian chess grandmaster
Adrian von Mynsicht (1603–1638), German alchemist
Adrian Parr (born 1967), Australian philosopher and cultural critic
Adrian Păunescu (1943–2010), Romanian poet, journalist, and politician
Adrian Plass (born 1948), English author and speaker
Adrian Rogers (1931–2005), American pastor, conservative, and author
Adrian Andrei Rusu (born 1951), Romanian medieval archaeologist
Adrian Anthony Spears (1910–1991), American judge
Adrián Steckel, Mexican businessman
Adrian Stephen (1883–1948), British author and psychoanalyst, brother of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell
Adrian Swire (1932–2018), billionaire British heir and businessman
Adrian Ursu (born 1968), Romanian journalist
Adrian Weale (born 1964), English writer, journalist, illustrator and photographer
Adrian Wewer (1836–1914), German-born American architect and Franciscan friar
Adrian White (businessman) (born 1942), British businessman, founder of Biwater
Adrian Zecha (born 1933), Indonesian hotelier |
Adrian | Fictional characters | Fictional characters |
Adrian | Male | Male
Adrien Agreste, a superhero and male protagonist of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
Adrian Blenderbland, a character for The Millionairess, a play by George Bernard Shaw
Adrian Chase, DC Comics superhero
Adrian Corbo, alias Flex, a Marvel Comics superhero
Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher, character on the British medical dramas Casualty and Holby City
Adrian Ivashkov, character in Richelle Mead's Vampire Academy and protagonist in Bloodlines
Adrian Leverkühn, protagonist of Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus
Adrian Mole, protagonist of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole
Adrian Monk, protagonist of the television series Monk
Adrian Montague, protagonist of the novel The Nobleman's Guide to Scandal and Shipwrecks by Mackenzi Lee
Adrian Pimento, a recurring character in Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Adrian Shephard, protagonist of the Half-Life expansion "Half-Life: Opposing Force"
Adrian Fahrenheit Ţepeş, alias Alucard, character in the Castlevania video games
Adrian Toomes, alias Vulture, a Marvel Comics villain
Adrian Veidt, alias Ozymandias, character in the Watchmen graphic novel series
Adrian Woodhouse, spawn of Satan in the film Rosemary's Baby
Adrian, in Shakespeare's Coriolanus
Adrian, a son of Satan in Little Nicky |
Adrian | Female | Female
Adrian Andrews, Ace Attorney character from Justice for All
Adrian Hall, character on the soap opera Home and Away
Adrian Pennino, wife of Rocky Balboa in the Rocky series
Adrian Seidelman, character from the Cybersix comic and television series
Adrian, a mental woman in The Crush (1993) |
Adrian | See also | See also
Adreian
Hadrien |
Adrian | References | References |
Adrian | Sources | Sources
Category:English masculine given names
Category:Masculine given names
Category:German masculine given names
Category:Dutch masculine given names
Category:Norwegian masculine given names
Category:Swedish masculine given names
Category:Danish masculine given names
Category:Icelandic masculine given names
Category:Romanian masculine given names
Category:Spanish masculine given names |
Adrian | Table of Content | about, Religion, Government and politics, Academia, Military, Sports, American football, Association football, Baseball, Basketball, Boxing, Cricket, Ice hockey, Racing, Rugby, Swimming, Tennis, Other, Arts and entertainment, Criminals, Other, Fictional characters, Male, Female, See also, References, Sources |
Aare | Short description | The Aare () or Aar () is the main tributary of the High Rhine (its discharge even exceeds that of the latter at their confluence) and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland.
Its total length from its source to its junction with the Rhine comprises about , during which distance it descends , draining an area of , almost entirely within Switzerland, and accounting for close to half the area of the country, including all of Central Switzerland.
There are more than 40 hydroelectric plants along the course of the Aare.
The river's name dates to at least the La Tène period, and it is attested as Nantaror "Aare valley" in the Berne zinc tablet.
The name was Latinized as Arula/Arola/Araris. |
Aare | Course | Course
thumb|right|The Unteraargletscher
thumb|The Aare at Innertkirchen
thumb|Inside the Aare Gorge
The Aare rises in the great Aargletschers (Aare Glaciers) of the Bernese Alps, in the canton of Bern and west of the Grimsel Pass. The Finsteraargletscher and Lauteraargletscher come together to form the Unteraargletscher (Lower Aar Glacier), which is the main source of water for the Grimselsee (Lake of Grimsel). The Oberaargletscher (Upper Aar Glacier) feeds the Oberaarsee, which also flows into the Grimselsee. The Aare leaves the Grimselsee just to the east to the Grimsel Hospiz, below the Grimsel Pass, and then flows northwest through the Haslital, forming on the way the magnificent Handegg Waterfall, , past Guttannen.
Right after Innertkirchen it is joined by its first major tributary, the Gamderwasser. Less than later the river carves through a limestone ridge in the Aare Gorge (). It is here that the Aare proves itself to be more than just a river, as it attracts thousands of tourists annually to the causeways through the gorge. A little past Meiringen, near Brienz, the river expands into Lake Brienz. Near the west end of the lake it indirectly receives its first important tributary, the Lütschine, by the Lake of Brienz. It then runs across the swampy plain of the Bödeli (Swiss German diminutive for ground) between Interlaken and Unterseen before flowing into Lake Thun.
Near the west end of Lake Thun, the river indirectly receives the waters of the Kander, which has just been joined by the Simme, by the Lake of Thun. Lake Thun marks the head of navigation. On flowing out of the lake it passes through Thun, and then flows through the city of Bern, passing beneath eighteen bridges and around the steeply-flanked peninsula on which the Old City is located. To the south of the Old City peninsula is the , a weir which provides water for the small Matte hydroelectric power plant. River swimming in the Aare is popular in Bern, and the river is sometimes full of bathers on summer days. The river soon changes its northwesterly flow for a due westerly direction, but after receiving the Saane or La Sarine it turns north until it nears Aarberg. There, in one of the major Swiss engineering feats of the 19th century, the Jura water correction, the river, which had previously rendered the countryside north of Bern a swampland through frequent flooding, was diverted by the Aare-Hagneck Canal into the Lac de Bienne. From the upper end of the lake, at Nidau, the river issues through the Nidau-Büren Canal, also called the Aare Canal, and then runs east to Büren. The lake absorbs huge amounts of eroded gravel and snowmelt that the river brings from the Alps, and the former swamps have become fruitful plains: they are known as the "vegetable garden of Switzerland".
From here the Aare flows northeast for a long distance, past the ambassador town Solothurn (below which the Grosse Emme flows in on the right), Aarburg (where it is joined by the Wigger), Olten, Aarau, near which is the junction with the Suhre, and Wildegg, where the Seetal Aabach falls in on the right. A short distance further, below Brugg, it receives first the Reuss, its major tributary, and shortly afterwards the Limmat, its second strongest tributary. It now turns due north, and soon becomes itself a tributary of the Rhine, which it even surpasses in volume when the two rivers unite downstream from Koblenz (Switzerland), opposite Waldshut in Germany. The Rhine, in turn, empties into the North Sea after crossing into the Netherlands. |
Aare | Tributaries | Tributaries
thumb|Aare in Bern
thumb|Old bridge at Wangen an der Aare
thumb|At the "Wasserschloss", where the rivers Aare, Reuss and Limmat flow together
thumb|The convergence of the Aare and the Rhine at Koblenz
Limmat (after and northeast of Brugg, and northwest of Baden)
Reppisch
Sihl
Alp
Minster
Lake Zurich
Jona
Wägitaler Aa
Linthkanal
Lake Walen
Linth
Löntsch
Sernf
Flätschbach
Seez
Seerenbach
Reuss (after and northeast of Brugg, and northwest of Baden)
Lorze
Kleine Emme
Lake Lucerne
Sarner Aa
Engelberger Aa
Muota
Schächen
Chärstelenbach
Göschener Reuss
Aabach (coming from Seetal, in Wildegg)
Bünz
Suhre (after and north of Aarau)
Wyna
Aabach (from the left in Aarau)
Stegbach
Dünnern (in Olten)
Wigger (right before Aarburg)
Murg (before, west of Murgenthal)
Rot (Roggwil)
Langete (Langenthal)
Ursenbach (Kleindietwil)
Rotbach (Huttwil)
(Grosse) Emme (after, east of Solothurn)
Lake of Bienne
La Suze (in Biel/Bienne, right next to the outflow)
Zihlkanal
Lake of Neuchatel
La Broye (flows through Lake Morat)
Zihl/La Thielle
L'Orbe
Le Talent
Saane/La Sarine (after, west of Wohlensee)
Sense
Gürbe (in Muri bei Bern)
Zulg (west of Steffisburg)
Lake Thun
Kander (west of Spiez)
Simme
Entschlige
Lake Brienz
Lütschine (at the end of Lake Brienz, right next to the outflow)
Gadmerwasser (right after, northwest of Innertkirchen) |
Aare | Reservoirs | Reservoirs
Lake Grimsel,
Lake Brienz,
Lake Thun,
Lake Wohlen,
Niederriedsee,
Lake Biel,
Klingnauer Stausee, |
Aare | Incidents | Incidents
On May 26, 2022, Indonesia West Java Governor Ridwan Kamil's eldest child, Emmeril Kahn Mumtadz, was declared missing after being swept away by the river current. Chronologically, Eril was swimming in the river with his sister and friends. When he wanted to rise to the surface, Eril was dragged by a fairly swift current of the river which had previously received help from his friend. The search efforts involving the police search and rescue team, maritime police, fire department, and authority of the city of Bern. One week after declared missing, Emmeril Kahn Mumtadz was declared dead in absentia at the age of 22. Although on June 9, 2022, Eril's body was located. The funeral procession of Emmeril “Eril” Kahn Mumtadz took place in the family's burial ground located in Cimaung, Bandung regency, West Java. Soon after news about Eril's body brought back to his home, Indonesian netizens review bombed Aare River's Google listing, leaving negative comments and one-star ratings as if the waterway was fully to blame for the tragedy. |
Aare | See also | See also
Rivers of Switzerland |
Aare | Notes | Notes |
Aare | Footnotes | Footnotes |
Aare | References | References
|
Aare | External links | External links
The Aare Gorge (Aareschlucht)
Category:Rivers of Switzerland
Category:Rivers of the canton of Bern
Category:Rivers of Aargau
Category:Water transport in Switzerland
Category:Rivers of the Alps |
Aare | Table of Content | Short description, Course, Tributaries, Reservoirs, Incidents, See also, Notes, Footnotes, References, External links |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | short description | Abbotsford is a historic country house in the Scottish Borders, near Galashiels, on the south bank of the River Tweed. Now open to the public, it was built as the residence of historical novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott between 1817 and 1825.James C. Corson, Notes and Index to Sir Herbert Grierson's Edition of the Letters of Sir Walter Scott (Oxford, 1979), pp. 343–344. It is a Category A Listed Building and the estate is listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | Description | Description
thumb|left|Abbotsford by Henry Fox Talbot, 1844
thumb|left|Ground plan of Abbotsford.
The nucleus of the estate was a farm of , called Cartleyhole, nicknamed Clarty (i.e., muddy) Hole, and was bought by Scott on the lapse of his lease (1811) of the neighbouring house of Ashestiel. Scott renamed it "Abbotsford" after a neighbouring ford used by the monks of Melrose Abbey.
Following a modest enlargement of the original farmhouse in 1811–1812, massive expansions took place in 1816–1819 and 1822–1824. In this mansion Scott gathered a large library, a collection of ancient furniture, arms and armour, and other relics and curiosities especially connected with Scottish history, notably the Celtic Torrs Pony-cap and Horns and the Woodwrae Stone, all now in the Museum of Scotland. Scott described the resulting building as "a sort of romance in Architecture"Grierson, op. cit., 8.129: Scott to John Richardson, [November–December 1823]. and "a kind of Conundrum Castle to be sure".The Journal of Sir Walter Scott, ed. W. E. K. Anderson (Oxford, 1972), 11: 7 January 1828.
The last and principal acquisition was that of Toftfield (afterwards named Huntlyburn), purchased in 1817. The new house was then begun and completed in 1824.
The general ground-plan is a parallelogram, with irregular outlines, one side overlooking the Tweed; and the style is mainly the Scottish Baronial. With his architects William Atkinson and Edward Blore Scott was a pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style of architecture: the house is recognized as a highly influential creation with themes from Abbotsford being reflected across many buildings in the Scottish Borders and beyond.
The manor as a whole appears as a "castle-in-miniature", with small towers and imitation battlements decorating the house and garden walls. Into various parts of the fabric were built relics and curiosities from historical structures, such as the doorway of the old Tolbooth in Edinburgh.
Scott collected many of these curiosities to be built into the walls of the South Garden, which previously hosted a colonnade of gothic arches along the garden walls. Along the path of the former colonnade sits the remains of Edinburgh's 15th century Mercat Cross and several examples of classical sculpture.
The estate and its neo-Medieval features nod towards Scott's desire for a historical feel, but the writer ensured that the house would provide all the comforts of modern living. As a result, Scott used the space as a proving-ground for new technologies. The house was outfitted with early gas lighting and pneumatic bells connecting residents with servants elsewhere in the house.
Scott had only enjoyed his residence one year when (1825) he met with that reverse of fortune which involved the estate in debt. In 1830, the library and museum were presented to him as a free gift by the creditors. The property was wholly disencumbered in 1847 by Robert Cadell, the publisher, who cancelled the bond upon it in exchange for the family's share in the copyright of Sir Walter's works.
Scott's only son Walter did not live to enjoy the property, having died on his way from India in 1847. Among subsequent possessors were Scott's grandson Walter Scott Lockhart (later Walter Lockhart Scott, 1826–1853), his younger sister Charlotte Harriet Jane Hope-Scott (née Lockhart) 1828–1858, J. R. Hope Scott, QC, and his daughter (Scott's great-granddaughter), the Hon. Mrs Maxwell Scott.
thumb|A View of Abbotsford from across the Tweed, by Elizabeth Nasmyth
The house was opened to the public in 1833, but continued to be occupied by Scott's descendants until 2004. The last of his direct descendants to hold the Lairdship of Abbotsford was his great-great-great-granddaughter Dame Jean Maxwell-Scott (8 June 1923 – 5 May 2004). She inherited it from her elder sister Patricia Maxwell-Scott in 1998. The sisters turned the house into one of Scotland's premier tourist attractions, after they had to rely on paying visitors to afford the upkeep of the house. It had electricity installed only in 1962.
Dame Jean was at one time a lady-in-waiting to Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, patron of the Dandie Dinmont Club, a breed of dog named after one of Sir Walter Scott's characters; and a horse trainer, one of whose horses, Sir Wattie, ridden by Ian Stark, won two silver medals at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
On Dame Jean's death the Abbotsford Trust was established to safeguard the estate.
In 2005, Scottish Borders Council considered an application by a property developer to build a housing estate on the opposite bank of the River Tweed from Abbotsford, to which Historic Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland objected. There have been modifications to the proposed development, but it is still being opposed in 2020.
Sir Walter Scott rescued the "jougs" from Threave Castle in Dumfries and Galloway and attached them to the castellated gateway he built at Abbotsford.
Tweedbank railway station is located near to Abbotsford. |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous
thumb|left|Visitors Centre, Abbotsford
Abbotsford gave its name to the Abbotsford Club, founded by William Barclay Turnbull in 1833 or 1834 in Scott's honour, and a successor to the Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs. It was a text publication society, which existed to print and publish historical works connected with Scott's writings. Its publications extended from 1835 to 1864.
In August 2012, a new Visitor Centre opened at Abbotsford which houses a small exhibition, gift shop and Ochiltree's café with views over the house and grounds. The house re-opened to the public after extensive renovations in July 2013.
In 2014 it won the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Award for its then recent conservation project. |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | See also | See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | Notes | Notes |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | References | References
Attribution
|
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | External links | External links
Abbotsford – The Home of Sir Walter Scott – official site
RCAHMS / CANMORE site record for Abbotsford
Edinburgh University Library
Abbotsford (by W S Crockett – 1904 illustrated book pub. A & C Black)
Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey by Washington Irving, from Project Gutenberg
Category:Category A listed buildings in the Scottish Borders
Category:Category A listed houses in Scotland
Category:Scottish baronial architecture
Category:Walter Scott
Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Category:Gardens in the Scottish Borders
Category:Literary museums in Scotland
Category:Historic house museums in the Scottish Borders
Category:Country houses in the Scottish Borders
Category:Houses completed in 1824
Category:Galashiels |
Abbotsford, Scottish Borders | Table of Content | short description, Description, Miscellaneous, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Abraham | Short description | Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father who began the covenantal relationship between the Jewish people and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish; and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad. Abraham is also revered in other Abrahamic religions such as the Baháʼí Faith and the Druze faith.
The story of the life of Abraham, as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. Abraham purchases a tomb (the Cave of the Patriarchs) at Hebron to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin to earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts".
Most scholars view the patriarchal age, along with the Exodus and the period of the biblical judges, as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era. It is largely concluded that the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the Persian period, as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah during the Babylonian captivity and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus tradition of the Israelites. |
Abraham | The Abraham Cycle | The Abraham Cycle |
Abraham | Structure and narrative programs | Structure and narrative programs
The Abraham cycle (–) unfolds as a narrative of mounting tension, centered on the conflict between God's promise that Abram would father a lineage and become the ancestor of numerous nations, and a succession of crises that jeopardize this divine commitment. The storytelling method used here is the “obstacle story,” a literary device renowned for its enduring and universal popularity across cultures and eras.
The Abraham cycle is not structured by a unified plot centered on a conflict and its resolution or a problem and its solution. The episodes are often only loosely linked, and the sequence is not always logical, but it is unified by the presence of Abraham himself, as either actor or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out in concerning the sterility of Sarah and in which Abraham is ordered to leave the land of his birth for the land God will show him. |
Abraham | Origins and calling | Origins and calling
thumb|Abraham's Journey to Canaan according to the Book of Genesis.
Terah, the ninth in descent from Noah, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran ( Hārān) and Sarah.Freedman, Meyers & Beck. Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible , 2000, p. 551 and Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family lived in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed for Canaan, but settled in a place named Haran ( Ḥārān), where Terah died at the age of 205. According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated to Ur, while some of his family remained in Haran.
God had told Abram to leave his country and kindred and go to a land that he would show him, and promised to make of him a great nation, bless him, make his name great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan. |
Abraham | Sarai | Sarai
thumb|Abraham's Counsel to Sarai, watercolor by James Tissot, (Jewish Museum, New York)
There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram, Lot, and their households traveled to Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was his sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God afflicted Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try to find out what was wrong. Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram and Sarai leave. |
Abraham | Abram and Lot separate | Abram and Lot separate
When they lived for a while in the Negev after being banished from Egypt and came back to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's sizable herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen had become so troublesome that Abram suggested that Lot choose a separate area, either on the left hand or on the right hand, that there be no conflict between them. Lot decided to go eastward to the plain of Jordan, where the land was well watered everywhere as far as Zoara, and he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom. Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain of Mamre, where he built another altar to worship God. |
Abraham | Chedorlaomer | Chedorlaomer
thumb|upright=.8|Meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek, canvas by Dieric Bouts the Elder, –1467
During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, against Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with his entire household by the invading Elamite forces. The Elamite army came to collect the spoils of war, after having just defeated the king of Sodom's armies. Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.
One person who escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by splitting his group into more than one unit, and launched a night raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, as well as his household and possessions, and recovered all of the goods from Sodom that had been taken.
Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to meet with him in the Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), a priest of El Elyon, brought out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.Noth, Martin. A History of Pentateuchal Traditions (Englewood Cliffs 1972) p. 28 Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions if he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share to which his allies were entitled. |
Abraham | Covenant of the pieces | Covenant of the pieces
The voice of the Lord came to Abram in a vision and repeated the promise of the land and descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a covenant ceremony, and God told of the future bondage of Israel in Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his offspring would claim: the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites. |
Abraham | Hagar | Hagar
thumb|upright=.8|Abraham, Sarah and Hagar, Bible illustration from 1897
Abram and Sarai tried to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, because after 10 years of living in Canaan, no child had been born. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abram with the intention that she would bear him a son.
After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wilderness. An angel spoke with Hagar at the fountain on the way to Shur. He instructed her to return to Abram's camp and that her son would be "a wild ass of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the face of all his brethren." She was told to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke to her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did as she was instructed by returning to her mistress in order to have her child. Abram was 86 years of age when Ishmael was born. |
Abraham | Sarah | Sarah
Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations". Abraham then received the instructions for the covenant of the pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.
God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a son also of her". Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear [a child]?'" Immediately after Abraham's encounter with God, he had his entire household of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised. |
Abraham | {{anchor | Three visitors
thumb|upright=1|Abraham and the Three Angels, watercolor by James Tissot,
Not long afterward, during the heat of the day, Abraham had been sitting at the entrance of his tent by the terebinths of Mamre. He looked up and saw three men in the presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, then he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calf. When all was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.
One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at her age, as nothing is too hard for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing. |
Abraham | Abraham's plea | Abraham's plea
thumb|upright=1|Abraham Sees Sodom in Flames, watercolor by James Tissot,
After eating, Abraham and the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it moved God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the two other visitors left for Sodom. Then Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men found in the city, would not God spare the city?" For the sake of ten righteous people, God declared that he would not destroy the city.
When the two visitors arrived in Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at his house for the night. A rally of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot bring out his guests so that they may "know" ( 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his male guests, thus confirming the wickedness of the city and portending their imminent destruction.
Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he stood before God. He "looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of the plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace." |
Abraham | Abimelech | Abimelech
thumb|upright=.7|The Caravan of Abraham, watercolor by James Tissot, before 1903 (Jewish Museum, New York)
Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech had her brought to him. God then came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not laid hands on her, so he inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation, especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that is why he continued to exist. However, should he not return the wife of Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.
Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham stated that he thought there was no fear of God in that place, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife." Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before all. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since God had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah.
After living for some time in the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at a well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this sworn oath, they called the place of this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name of the , the everlasting God." |
Abraham | Isaac | Isaac
As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year, Sarah became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham, on the first anniversary of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred years old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight days old. For Sarah, the thought of giving birth and nursing a child, at such an old age, also brought her much laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me." Isaac continued to grow and on the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great feast to honor the occasion. During the celebration, however, Sarah found Ishmael mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the birthright of Isaac. |
Abraham | Ishmael | Ishmael
thumb|upright=.8|The Expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael, by Adriaen van der Werff, (Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Rhode Island)
Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born to Sarah. When she found Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham to send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the advice of his God. God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do as his wife commanded. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be called to thee." He also said Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".
Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. He gave her bread and water and sent them away. The two wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a moment of despair, she burst into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and will be "living on his sword". A well of water then appeared so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled archer living in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother found a wife for Ishmael from her home country, the land of Egypt. |
Abraham | Binding of Isaac | Binding of Isaac
thumb|upright=.8|The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac, by Rembrandt, 1635 (Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg)
At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to offer his son up as a sacrifice in the land of Moriah. The patriarch traveled three days until he came to the mount that God told him of. He then commanded the servants to remain while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Isaac carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac asked his father where the animal for the burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, he was interrupted by the angel of the Lord, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his son. The place was later named as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience he received another promise of numerous descendants and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba. |
Abraham | Later years | Later years
Sarah died, and Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field from Ephron the Hittite. After the death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. According to the Bible, reflecting the change of his name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of many nations", Abraham is considered to be the progenitor of many nations mentioned in the Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, Amalekites, Kenizzites, Midianites and Assyrians, and through his nephew Lot he was also related to the Moabites and Ammonites. Abraham lived to see Isaac marry Rebekah, and to see the birth of his twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. He died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael., |
Abraham | Historical context | Historical context |
Abraham | Historicity | Historicity
thumb|upright=1|Abraham's Well at Beersheba, Israel
In the early and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright and G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and John Bright believed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived in the "patriarchal age", the 2nd millennium BCE. But, in the 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found in Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974), and John Van Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition (1975). Thompson, a literary scholar, based his argument on archaeology and ancient texts. His thesis centered on the lack of compelling evidence that the patriarchs lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions and concerns. Van Seters examined the patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in biblical scholarship and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no longer consider the patriarchal narratives as historical. Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, but this has not found acceptance among scholars.: "There are a few sporadic attempts by conservative scholars to "save" the patriarchal narratives as history, such as Kenneth Kitchen [...] By and large, however, the minimalist view of Thompson's pioneering work, The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, prevails." By the beginning of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob credible historical figures. |
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