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Draft:Mukden Arsenal | As 90th North China Arsenal | As 90th North China Arsenal
"North China Type 35 rifle"
"North China Type 36 submachine gun"
Other various small arms |
Draft:Mukden Arsenal | References | References |
Draft:Mukden Arsenal | External links | External links
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1932v04/d384
Category:Arsenals
Category:Manchukuo
Category:Warlord Era |
Draft:Mukden Arsenal | Table of Content | Short description, History, Production, As Fengtian / Northeastern Arsenal, As Hoten Arsenal, As 90th North China Arsenal, References, External links |
Under the Lion Tenement | Infobox building
| Under the Lion Tenement House (also known as the Boreckiego Tenement, Koczowiczowska Tenement, formerly the Inn Under the Lion) (Polish: Kamienica pod Lwem) is a tenement house located at 4 Józefińska Street in Kraków in the district Podgórze. |
Under the Lion Tenement | History | History
The Neoclassical building likely dates back to the late 18th century (around 1785) and was reconstructed in the early 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, the roof was remodeled from a mansard to a hipped roof. The facade's ornamentation, including a large lion relief, has been preserved, as well as the historic vaults on the ground and first floors.
The building served as an inn near the border bridge (initially Charles Bridge, later Podgórski Bridge) between Austria and Kraków.
On April 20, 1936, the villa was entered into the Registry of Cultural Property. It is also entered into the municipal register of monuments of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. |
Under the Lion Tenement | References | References
Category:Buildings and structures in Kraków
Category:18th century in Poland |
Under the Lion Tenement | Table of Content | Infobox building
, History, References |
Draft:Biyarslan Campaign | AfC submission | The Campaign against the Biyarslan Clan was a military expedition in December 1562 led by Kabardian prince Temryuk Aydarovich, with support from Russian voivode Grigory Pleshcheev. The campaign targeted the territories of the Biyarslan clan, loyal to Temryuk's rival Pshepshuko Kaytukov, in the upper Kuban region. Temryuk’s forces captured and plundered several settlements, including the towns of Mokhan, Yengir, and Kavan. The campaign resulted in the weakening of Kaytukov’s influence and strengthened Temryuk’s position in the region.Study devoted to the origins and early history of Turkic societies in the Central Caucasus. Reviewed by Dr. V. V. Trepavlov and Dr. I. V. Zaytsev. |
Draft:Biyarslan Campaign | References | References |
Draft:Biyarslan Campaign | Table of Content | AfC submission, References |
Category:Mesoregion of Sorocaba geography stubs | WPSS-cat | *Sorocaba |
Category:Mesoregion of Sorocaba geography stubs | Table of Content | WPSS-cat |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Short description | The religious reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands refers to the implementation of Catholic policies by religious and civil authorities in the Spanish Netherlands and the Principality of Liège as part of the Catholic Reformation following the Council of Trent. Central to this process was the establishment of a , initiated by papal bulls in 1559 and 1561 at the request of Philip II. Nineteen dioceses replaced the previous five to enhance the independence of local religious authorities from neighboring states such as France and to position bishops closer to their clergy, improving the effectiveness of their evangelical mission. These bishops faced two main challenges: countering Calvinist iconoclastic violence in the Seventeen Provinces and implementing the decrees of the Council of Trent, which concluded in 1563.
During the same period, the Southern Netherlands saw the introduction and reorganization of religious orders such as the Jesuits and Capuchins, often supported by Spanish authorities. The Inquisition, previously restructured under Charles V, was also further reorganized to counter the spread of Protestantism.
This reorganization, aimed at ensuring both spiritual and political unity, instead contributed to increased conflict within the Southern Netherlands. Controversy arose over the selection and financial support of new bishops, alongside public fears that it signaled the introduction of the Spanish Inquisition. The ecclesiastical structure established during this period formally ended with the Treaty of Münster in 1648, which marked the political and religious division of Charles V’s Seventeen Provinces.
thumb|Philip II of Spain, ruler of the Spanish Netherlands during the reorganization
thumb|Seventeen Provinces |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Background | Background
Nicknamed the Conditor Belgii (“Unifier of the Netherlands”) by Justus Lipsius, Duke Philip the Good politically united several formerly autonomous principalities in the Belgian Netherlands, laying the foundations of a centralized state. Emperor Charles V further consolidated nearly all of the Belgian Netherlands, with the exception of the Principality of Liège, through a series of acquisitions: Tournai in 1521; Friesland in 1523; Utrecht and Overijssel in 1528; Drenthe and Groningen in 1536; and the Duchy of Guelders and County of Zutphen in 1543. This unification was formalized with the creation of the Burgundian Circle in 1548 and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549.
Unlike political organization, the religious structure remained largely unchanged since the Merovingian era, despite significant population growth. The territory of the Seventeen Provinces was divided among six bishoprics, only four of which—Cambrai, Tournai, Arras, and Utrecht—were truly local.: Théodore Juste counts only three: “Until then, the Netherlands had only three bishoprics: Tournai, Arras, and Utrecht. In most of the country, ecclesiastical jurisdiction was exercised by foreign bishops.” Much of the region was under the authority of foreign dioceses, and these four native bishoprics were themselves subject to two foreign metropolitan sees: Cologne and Reims. In the Duchy of Brabant, spiritual authority was shared between the bishops of Liège and Cambrai, while the Duchy of Luxembourg was divided among six different prelates. This fragmented ecclesiastical organization had adverse political and religious effects:
Faced with a fragmented Catholic Church, Protestantism—particularly Calvinism—spread rapidly in regions such as Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, and Hainaut. Similar developments were occurring across Europe. In response, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent on December 13, 1545, to address the challenges posed by Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Reorganization of the secular clergy | Reorganization of the secular clergy
thumb|The bishoprics before their reorganization
thumb|The bishoprics after their reorganization |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Preparations | Preparations |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Secret commission | Secret commission
The decisions enshrined in the general bull of erection were carefully and secretly prepared by a commission established by Philip II, tasked with devising a detailed plan for a new ecclesiastical division. To avoid arousing suspicion or resistance, this commission discreetly gathered extensive information on existing dioceses, including their geographic extent, distances between towns, population size, religious conditions, abbeys, prebends, and more. To advocate for the reorganization before the Roman Curia, Philip II sent the theologian François Van de Velde, commonly known as Sonnius. According to Michel Dierickx, three main reasons justified the reorganization: dioceses were too large for bishops to perform their pastoral duties; bishops, often Romance-language speakers, were ill-equipped to govern Germanic-speaking congregations; and the threat of heresy demanded a more active and localized pastoral presence. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Audiences in Rome and the bull | Audiences in Rome and the bull
Sonnius departed the Belgian provinces on March 15, 1558, and arrived in Rome on May 13, 1558, where he secured an audience with Pope Paul IV. There, he presented a dire assessment of the Catholic situation in the Netherlands, arguing that the challenges facing the faith justified appointing new bishops who would be supported by doctors of theology or canon law. In response, the Pope appointed a commission of cardinals to whom Sonnius repeatedly presented the reorganization project. However, progress was slow due to repeated delays—initially because of the pope’s poor health, as Paul IV was over eighty years old, and also due to political considerations. During the ongoing conflict between the Habsburgs and the Valois, the pope was reluctant to grant Philip II a reorganization that might diminish the territory of the French ecclesiastical provinces.
The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, signed on April 3, 1559, ended nearly fifty years of conflict and paved the way for Pope Paul IV to finalize the establishment of the new dioceses. On May 12, 1559, during a consistory attended by numerous bishops and Sonnius, the pope solemnly declared the creation of fourteen new dioceses. The preparation of the papal bull took additional time, partly due to the pope’s ongoing health issues, but primarily because Sonnius sought to introduce new clauses. Ultimately, the general bull of erection Super universas was completed on July 31, 1559, though it bore the date of May 12, 1559—the day of the consistory.
From then on, three archiepiscopal sees replaced the previous single one, and fifteen suffragan bishoprics took the place of five, covering the entire territory of the Seventeen Provinces. This restructuring corrected the previous ecclesiastical boundaries that had ignored political borders, which had hindered effective governance. The new bishoprics were tasked with implementing the reforms decreed by the Council of Trent—through synods and regular visitations—to enhance pastoral care and combat heresy. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Papal commission | Papal commission
The erection bull Super universas included only general provisions about the boundaries and endowments of the new dioceses and did not specify the appointments of bishops for each see. To establish these precise boundaries and financial arrangements, Pope Paul IV appointed Salvatore Pacini, Bishop of Chiusi, as his legate to the Netherlands by a brief dated July 10, 1559. He also created a papal commission to assist . This commission was composed of a small group of key figures: Granvelle, then Bishop of Arras; Viglius, President of the Council of State; , Chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece; and (known as Driutius), dean of the collegiate church of Saint Peter in Leuven—who was later replaced after his death by , parish priest of the same church. Shortly afterward, Philip II added François Van de Velde (Sonnius) to these original commissioners.
On October 7, the papal legate granted the Commission of Five “the permission and authority to divide and delimit the provinces and dioceses, and to dismember, from convents and provostries, the endowments of the dioceses.” For two years, from August 1559 to August 1561, this commission, working alongside political and religious authorities, meticulously and secretly defined the implementation details of this papal decision regarding diocesan reorganization. This reorganization involved three main aspects: territorial—by delineating the boundaries of each diocese; financial—by assigning endowments to archbishops and bishops; and hierarchical—by addressing the appointment processes for bishops and canons. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Territorial reorganization | Territorial reorganization
For the creation of the new bishoprics, the Commission of Five, established by Pope Paul IV and Philip II of Spain, considered not only the diocesan boundaries but also those of the provinces and even areas south of the linguistic border. The papal bull of delimitation and endowment Ex Injuncto, dated March 11, 1561, established the boundaries of most dioceses, with the exception of the four dioceses in the northeast and the one in Ghent. In summary:
The eastern part of the old diocese of Thérouanne was divided, according to the linguistic border, between the dioceses of Ypres and Saint-Omer;
The former diocese of Tournai consisted of three archdeaconries:
The new diocese of Bruges roughly corresponds to the former archdeaconry of Bruges;
The diocese of Ghent corresponds to the former archdeaconry of Antwerp, with the part of the old diocese of Utrecht extending south of the county of Zeeland (which explains why the new diocese of Tournai retains the area between Kortrijk and Izegem in the Dutch-speaking region);
The former diocese of Cambrai lost all of its Dutch-speaking territory to:
The archdiocese of Mechelen, which then included all the lands between the linguistic border and the archdeaconry of Antwerp, including part of the former diocese of Liège;
The diocese of Antwerp, composed of the archdeaconry of Antwerp and the northern Brabant area extending to the Meuse and detached from the old diocese of Liège;
What remained of the Duchy of Brabant, except for a small eastern part attached to the diocese of Roermond, formed the diocese of Hertogenbosch, in addition to some territories south of the Waal like the Bommelerwaard and Heusden;
The bishopric of Namur corresponded to the county of Namur and the Roman Païs;
The diocese of Middelburg corresponded to the county of Zeeland;
The diocese of Haarlem encompassed the part of the County of Holland north of Leiden. Consequently, except for the diocese of Tournai, the linguistic border divided the ecclesiastical provinces of Mechelen and Cambrai, while the river Waal served as the boundary between the ecclesiastical provinces of Mechelen and Utrecht.
The diocese of Leeuwarden extended over the lordship of Friesland;
The diocese of Groningen extended over the lordship of Groningen and the province of Drenthe;
The diocese of Deventer comprised Overijssel and all of Gelderland north of Arnhem;
The diocese of Roermond consisted of eight detached territories: Gelderland south of the Waal, the , and a strip of Brabant territory. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Hierarchical reorganization | Hierarchical reorganization
The bull Super universas established three archiepiscopal sees: Cambrai, Mechelen, and Utrecht, each with the obligation for the archbishop to visit his suffragan bishops. The archbishop of Cambrai had as suffragans the bishops of Arras, Saint-Omer, Tournai, and Namur. The archbishop of Mechelen oversaw the bishops of Ghent, Bruges, Ypres, Antwerp, ’s-Hertogenbosch, and Roermond. The archbishop of Utrecht had under his jurisdiction the bishops of Haarlem, Middelburg, Deventer, Groningen, and Leeuwarden. Philip II’s plan was fully realized except for the substitution of the archiepiscopal see of Cambrai in place of Arras.
The reorganization of bishopric appointments raised the question of who held the right to designate bishops: the pope or the king. Historically, the Dukes of Burgundy influenced bishop appointments in their territories, while Charles V and Francis I secured appointment rights in Spain and France, respectively. Charles V also claimed authority over the bishoprics of Tournai and Thérouanne after conquering them in 1521 and 1553, and imposed conditions on the Utrecht diocese to elect only his proposed candidates. The bishoprics of Arras and Cambrai, however, remained under papal appointment for over two centuries. Charles V's successor sought appointment rights over eighteen bishoprics, but the cardinals deferred the decision to the pope. Sonnius, citing canon law (jus patronatus acquiritur dote, aedificatione et fundo), argued that the king gained nomination rights by ceding diocesan territories and providing endowments, provided the allocated income remained unclaimed. Despite the pope's intent to limit this right to dioceses already under royal influence and retain authority over Cambrai, Mechelen, and Antwerp, the bull Super universas granted the king nomination rights over all sees except Cambrai, which remained under papal control. The condition was that appointees be doctors of theology, or doctors or licentiates in canon law. This granted Philip II significant influence over the Church in the Netherlands, leading to opposition.
During the period of bishopric appointments in the Netherlands, the selection of bishops was primarily guided by the recommendations of Viglius, Granvelle, and Margaret of Parma. With the notable exception of Granvelle’s appointment as Archbishop of Mechelen, which historian Michel Dierickx deemed wholly suitable, the king’s role was largely limited to approving candidates proposed by these influential figures from the Netherlands.
The papal bulls Ex injuncto and De statu Ecclesiarum, issued on March 11, 1561, outlined the structure for bishopric appointments and endowments in the Netherlands. These bulls mandated that each bishopric reserve ten chapter prebends: one for the bishop and nine for a council of canons. The nine canons were to consist of three doctors or licentiates in theology, three doctors or licentiates in law, and three nobles holding at least a licentiate in theology or law. This council would advise the bishop, with one jurist and one theologian among them designated as papal inquisitors. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Opposition | Opposition
This reorganization clashed with jurisdictions and privileges, encountered considerable resistance, and proved incapable of managing a reform movement that had become increasingly significant. Territorial reorganization posed no problem; Michel Dierickx states:
The requirement in the papal bull that candidates for bishopric positions hold licentiate or doctoral degrees in theology or law sparked significant opposition, particularly among the nobility. Many noble families, accustomed to securing high ecclesiastical offices for their sons, were frustrated by this clause, as younger nobles attending universities often resisted obtaining formal degrees, viewing them as beneath their status. This academic prerequisite effectively excluded many nobles from the most prestigious and financially rewarding church positions. Historian Michel Dierickx argues that this clause was not intended to favor "commoners" over nobles, as suggested by Louis Rogier, but rather aligned with similar measures later adopted by the Council of Trent, predating them by a few years. Despite its intent, the Belgian government made repeated efforts to circumvent this academic requirement.
The primary source of opposition from the nobility to the reorganization of bishoprics in the Netherlands stemmed from the incorporation of three Brabantine abbeys into the dioceses of three Brabantine bishops. These abbeys, whose abbots traditionally held seats in the provincial States of Brabant, were significant because the Duchy of Brabant, the most autonomous province in the Belgian Netherlands, operated under the privileges of the Joyous Entry. The States served as the governing body of the duchy, enabling it to resist the centralizing policies of the King of Spain. By integrating these abbeys, three bishops appointed by the king would gain seats in the States, thereby increasing royal influence over Brabant’s governance. This move was not only opposed by the nobility but also provoked strong objections from the monastic orders of the affected abbeys, as their monks traditionally elected their abbot, who oversaw both the religious life and the management of abbey properties.
The expansion of inquisitorial powers granted to bishops in the Netherlands raised significant concerns among the region’s inhabitants, particularly in Antwerp, where the installation of a bishop was delayed, and in the northeastern provinces, which had been recently incorporated into Spanish control and where Lutheranism had gained a strong foothold. In these provinces, Governor Margaret of Parma, between 1563 and 1564, ceased efforts to appoint bishops due to widespread resistance from both the nobility and the general population, despite multiple unsuccessful attempts. Historian Michel Dierickx attributes this opposition primarily to a regionalist and provincial mindset, while also acknowledging the population’s apprehension toward a more rigorous inquisition. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Implementation | Implementation
The establishment of new bishoprics in the Netherlands commenced in 1561 with the diocese of Utrecht, where the installation process proceeded smoothly as a formality. Resistance was limited to the provost-archdeacons and the five Utrecht chapters, which experienced a significant loss of authority and financial privileges. A similar pattern occurred in the diocese of Middelburg, where was consecrated as bishop on December 26, 1561, and in the diocese of Haarlem, where Nicolaas van Nieuwland was appointed. In the County of Flanders, the installation of bishops also proceeded relatively smoothly: Rythovius was appointed bishop of Ypres, and became bishop of Bruges, though his appointment encountered some opposition from the Bishop of Tournai, who objected to the reduction of his diocese's boundaries. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Inquisition | Inquisition
Under the Dukes of Burgundy, the Inquisition in the Netherlands experienced an initial phase of centralization, with jurisdiction over heresy cases primarily assigned to the Great Council of Mechelen. However, historian Aline Goosens notes that this centralization did not diminish the authority of local councils in addressing such matters. Goosens further observes that, prior to the reign of Charles V, the inquisitorial system in the former Netherlands possessed a distinctively Belgian character, setting it apart from practices in other regions:
During the early 16th century, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, modified public law prerogatives in the Netherlands, significantly reducing certain Church freedoms and limiting the authority of ecclesiastical courts. This shift led to tensions between local civic jurisdictions and religious tribunals. Ecclesiastical courts, or officialités, were primarily responsible for adjudicating religious matters and held authority over civil cases involving clergy. However, historian Aline Goosens notes that these courts often encroached upon the jurisdiction of aldermanic courts, issuing stricter judgments and appropriating confiscated goods and fines, which heightened conflicts with secular authorities. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Reorganization of the regular clergy | Reorganization of the regular clergy
During the late 16th century, political and religious authorities in the Netherlands, including Governor Alexander Farnese and Laevinus Torrentius, the second bishop of Antwerp, strongly supported the introduction and reform of religious orders of the regular clergy, notably the Jesuits and Capuchins, to advance ecclesiastical and spiritual objectives. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Among the Jesuits | Among the Jesuits
left|thumb|155x155px|The Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus, an order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and approved on The Society of Jesus, formally established by the papal bull Regimini militantis ecclesiae issued by Pope Paul III on September 27, 1540, began its activities in the Low Countries in 1542 with the founding of a house in Louvain. This establishment was initiated by students expelled from Paris due to the war between France and Spain, during which King Francis I ordered all subjects of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire to leave France under threat of death. A second Jesuit house was founded in Tournai in 1554. By 1556, the Jesuits sought legal recognition for their presence in the Spanish Netherlands, engaging in negotiations with the court of Philip II. In October 1555, Pedro de Ribadeneira was sent to Brussels to represent the order, supported by letters from its founder, Ignatius of Loyola. In a letter dated June 10, 1556, shortly before his death, Loyola expressed confidence in the order’s mission to promote Catholic teachings in the region: "When divine goodness opens to us in Lower Germany the path that now seems blocked, we intend to send more Jesuits to the colleges. In this way, the fruit produced by the sowing of the word of God and the sacraments may be preserved and grow thanks to the solid and stable establishment of our men." Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus, died on July 31, 1556. Three days later, on August 3, 1556, Pedro de Ribadeneira received verbal authorization from Philip II of Spain, allowing the Jesuits to establish their presence in the Netherlands. This timing led Ribadeneira and other Jesuits to attribute the approval to Ignatius’s spiritual intercession. The formal decree granting legal recognition to Jesuit houses in the Netherlands was issued on August 20, 1556.
In 1557, the Society of Jesus established the Province of Lower Germany, encompassing its three initial houses in Louvain, Tournai, and Cologne. The order subsequently expanded within this province, founding additional houses in the Spanish Netherlands and the Principality of Liège, including Dinant in 1562, and Antwerp and Cambrai in 1563. In 1564, James Lainez, successor to Ignatius of Loyola, created a separate Rhenish Province, splitting it from Lower Germany. The Province of Lower Germany, also referred to as the Province of Flanders, the Belgian Province, or the Province of Belgium, continued to include Jesuit houses in the Spanish Netherlands and the Principality of Liège. Over time, this province incorporated the Missions of Holland and England.
The Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, rapidly gained prominence in the Low Countries during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The order attracted numerous new members, supported by influential figures such as Luís de Zúñiga y Requesens and Alexander Farnese, and guided by , the Belgian Provincial. This growth prompted Claudio Acquaviva, the Superior General, to caution against admitting excessive numbers of novices. From eight members in Louvain in 1542, the order expanded to nearly 1,000 within seventy years. To manage this growth, the Jesuits established a vice-province with limited autonomy, encompassing the Meuse colleges of Dinant, Liège, Maastricht, Roermond, and 's-Hertogenbosch, as well as those in Luxembourg, Mons, and Valenciennes. However, this administrative structure was deemed ineffective due to the disproportionate number of houses relative to members.
At the Provincial Congregation held in Tournai the following year, an assembly of the Jesuit Province of Lower Germany that convened triennially, members nearly unanimously agreed to request a division of the province. The proposed division was based on linguistic differences rather than existing political or religious boundaries:
Alfred Poncelet found in the Acts of the Congregation two reasons “discreetly intertwined” for this linguistic division. The first was easier administration of the Provinces; the other was the union of hearts and peace among the religious (sive gubernationis facilitatem… sive animorum unionem et pacem subditorum). Initially, the proposed names for the two new provinces were Upper Belgium and Lower Belgium, but the Superior General, fearing unpleasant associations with the adjective “lower,” proposed instead to name them Flandro-Belgium and Gallo-Belgium. The latter would only begin to be called the “Walloon Province” ten years later, in 1622. The decree establishing the two provinces, included in the German Assistancy, was read in Lille on May 10, 1612, and the Provincialate of the Flandro-Belgian Province was installed in Antwerp.
The number of new Jesuit vocations continued to increase during the early 17th century. By 1626, the Gallo-Belgian Province comprised approximately 1,600 Jesuits, including 773 members, eighteen colleges, two residences, and a house of probation in Tournai. The province reached a peak of 856 Jesuits in 1636. In the same year, the Flandro-Belgian Province counted 801 members, with sixteen colleges, four residences, one professed house, and a boarding school in Mechelen; this figure rose to 867 by 1643. Superior General Claudio Acquaviva described the two Belgian provinces as the "flower of the Society" (illae provinciae sunt et semper habui pro flore Societatis).
The linguistic division within the Jesuit organization was not universally accepted. In 1648, the States of Liège, with the backing of Louis XIV, sought to establish a separate Jesuit province for the Principality by appealing to Pope Innocent X. The request was unsuccessful, a result attributed by historian Jean-François Gilmont to local political tensions. Following the annexation of Artois and significant parts of Flanders and Hainaut by France—dividing the Belgian Jesuit provinces between two states—, Louis XIV attempted in 1682–1683 to integrate the Gallo-Belgian Province into the French Assistancy. He also sought to replace Flemish Jesuits in the annexed cities with Walloon counterparts. Despite pressure, including the expulsion of the Assistant from Rome and a ban on communication between the Gallo-Belgian Province and the Roman authorities, the Jesuits maintained their organizational integrity. A compromise was eventually reached, remaining in effect until the king's death: the Provincials of the Gallo-Belgian Province and the rectors of major institutions on French territory were required to be of French origin. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Among the Capuchins | Among the Capuchins
thumb|Map of the Provincia Walloniae of the Capuchins
Unlike the Jesuits, the Capuchin Friars Minor encountered no major obstacles in obtaining legal recognition in the Spanish Netherlands. The Spanish authorities actively supported the arrival of missionary orders and provided assistance to religious congregations engaged in the Catholic reconquest. The Capuchins arrived in the region in 1583, with four friars—three Flemish and one Italian—from the Paris Provincial House initially settling in Saint-Omer. They were soon transferred to Antwerp, a recently reconquered center of Protestant resistance. In September 1585, the friars met with Governor Alexander Farnese, who became a key supporter. The Italian friar, Félix of Lapedona, shared regional origins and military experience with Farnese, having also participated in the Battle of Lepanto. Farnese offered them protection and temporary accommodation near the Saint-Julien hospital in Antwerp, pending the allocation of land for a convent. On August 17, 1587, Philip II officially approved the foundation, and the Antwerp convent became an independent commissariat under the leadership of Father .
Like the Jesuits, the Capuchin order experienced rapid growth. By 1595, it had established 12 communities, expanding to 40 communities and 699 members by 1616. That same year, the Capuchins followed the example of the Jesuits by dividing the Belgian Province along linguistic lines, creating two separate provinces: |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Among the Dominicans | Among the Dominicans
The Order of Preachers, closely associated with the Inquisition, underwent a territorial reorganization under Charles V aimed at unifying the convents within the Spanish Netherlands. The convent of Lille was incorporated into the Province of Lower Germany in 1515. The convent of Liège, originally part of the Province of France since its foundation in the 13th century, joined the Province of Lower Germany in 1569 but returned to the French Province in 1580, where it remained until 1698. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Historiographical considerations | Historiographical considerations
The subject, particularly the establishment of the new dioceses, received limited scholarly and systematic attention until the second half of the 20th century. In 1967, Michel Dierickx observed: |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Dutch historiography | Dutch historiography
In Dutch historiography, the resistance of the United Provinces to the Spanish crown's reorganization of Catholic dioceses and the enforcement of the Inquisition is often portrayed as a reflection of the commitment to confessional freedom and religious tolerance within the Seventeen Provinces, particularly during the Dutch Golden Age. This tradition of tolerance has been characterized by some historians as a defining national trait and a driving force in Dutch history. However, the tendency to essentialize this narrative has led to the construction of a historical myth, prompting critical responses. While the Revolt of the Gueux is frequently interpreted as a triumph of tolerance, scholars such as Nicolette Mout argue that it can also be viewed as a defeat for religious tolerance.
The Dutch of the late 16th century drew on both the real and mythical past of the Belgic Netherlands to legitimize their resistance to the religious policies of the Habsburg monarchy. The Spanish initiative to introduce what the Dutch referred to—“with much effect but little accuracy,” according to Benjamin Kaplan—, as the Spanish Inquisition was widely perceived as an infringement on spiritual autonomy, particularly because it involved gewetensdwang, or the regulation of individual conscience.: "However vague their positive content, no one mistook the privileges' negative import as an indictment of, and justification for resistance to, the Habsburg government's unwelcome initiatives and innovations. Foremost among the latter were the efforts of Philip II to introduce what the Dutch, with great effect if little accuracy, called the 'Spanish Inquisition': an institutional structure for suppressing Protestantism, reforming the Catholic Church, and imposing Tridentine orthodoxy on the people of the Netherlands. Such a programme entailed gewetensdwang, the forcing of consciences, on a massive scale." Pamphlets published in 1579, for instance, appealed to the liberties guaranteed by the Joyous Entry of Brabant, in which the Duke of Brabant pledged not to subject the inhabitants to coercion "in any way," a phrase that was emphasized to affirm a right to freedom not only in property or person, but also in thought and conscience. Some contemporary writers framed the Revolt of the Gueux as a struggle for Liberty in the abstract, rather than for specific historical privileges. Jacques de Wesembeke, a propagandist for William the Silent, invoked the idea of an “ancient spiritual liberty” zealously defended by the people of the Belgic Netherlands. The Batavian myth also played a prominent role in Dutch self-representation. From 1580 onwards, especially in Holland, the Batavians—an ancient Germanic tribe—were widely depicted in literature, theater, and visual art as symbols of the Dutch love of liberty, celebrating their legendary resistance to Roman rule as a historical parallel to the contemporary struggle against Spanish domination. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Belgian historiography | Belgian historiography
According to Jean-Marie Lacrosse, who identifies as “rather unitarist,” the emergence of the Belgian nation occurred during the Counter-Reformation, shaped simultaneously by unity and division. He attributes this development to the central role of the Catholic Church and religious orders, particularly the Jesuits, whose territorial organization both reflected and restructured earlier feudal subdivisions. These structures also aligned with the linguistic boundary, based on detailed censuses, to enhance the effectiveness of preaching. Lacrosse further observes that the Jesuits promoted bilingualism by teaching the other national language on each side of the linguistic divide—an aspect he considers essential for understanding subsequent declines in linguistic coexistence.
Henri Pirenne highlighted the significant impact of the Jesuits on the Belgian nation and its intellectual life, emphasizing their introduction and success in the Southern Netherlands: |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Walloon historiography | Walloon historiography
Several figures associated with the Walloon movement have examined the religious reorganization within the Spanish Netherlands, often using it to support the concept of Wallonia or Walloon identity. Regarding the linguistic division of the two main religious orders in the region—the Jesuits and the Capuchins—, in a publication by the Walloon association Église-Wallonie, argued that a sense of Walloon unity emerged in this context:
In the same collective work, Omer Henrivaux argued that the adoption of a common catechism across the present-day Walloon regions, regardless of political circumstances, indicated their religious unity. However, he noted exceptions for Gaume and Tournai, a position challenged by the testimony of Abbé Pierre Dedoyart.
Philippe Destatte addresses the establishment of new dioceses and the organization of religious orders in his book L'identité wallonne, drawing notably on Jean-François Gilmont’s concept of “a homogeneous Walloon whole” prior to the territorial changes under Louis XIV. This concept refers to the archdiocese of Cambrai, created in 1559, which united the dioceses of Cambrai, Saint-Omer, Tournai, and Namur, despite the presence of Flemish-speaking parishes in Saint-Omer and the continued spiritual authority of Tournai over cities like Courtrai. Destatte also highlights examples of religious orders dividing their provinces along linguistic lines: the Jesuits in 1615, the Carmelites in 1681, and the Récollets and Capuchins with the establishment of their Provincia Walloniae. Similarly, Pierre Guérin explores the role of the Jesuits in shaping Walloon consciousness and its evolving traditions in an article included in a volume honoring .
Building on Albert Henry’s philological study of the terms Wallon and Wallonie, linguist analyzes the “Latin” prehistory of the word Wallonie in a brief article. This study is based on a corpus of maps depicting the Capuchin province of Gallo-Belgique, which feature alternative terms such as Wallonia, Vallonia, and Wallonica. These maps were compiled by Julien Lambert, a historian from Nivelles with origins in Liège, specifically for their references to the word Wallonie. Germain emphasizes that his analysis does not challenge Henry’s conclusion that there is no direct continuity between these Latin mentions from the 16th and 17th centuries and the French form Wallonie used in the context of the newly established Belgian state. He dates the maps to the second half of the 17th century, though precise dating remains uncertain. His article offers a twofold summary: a grammatical analysis, examining whether the mentions are nouns or adjectives, and a geopolitical analysis, assessing the geographic and political extent of the province as shown on the maps. Grammatically, Germain finds that the terms are roughly evenly divided between substantive forms ending in -iae (genitive) and adjectival forms ending in -ica. Geopolitically, he compares the province's depicted coverage—generally approximate—to the contemporary area inhabited by Romance-language speakers in the Spanish Netherlands and, partially, in the Principality of Liège. Regarding the possibility that Wallonie existed as a form Latinized by the Capuchins, Germain states that “one would not dare to assert it.” As for an awareness of a distinct Walloon cultural and linguistic identity, he suggests that “nothing, however, forbids us to imagine” such a developing consciousness. |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | See also | See also
Spanish Netherlands
Counter-Reformation
History of the term Wallon |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | References | References |
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Bibliography | Bibliography
|
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | External links | External links
|
Draft:Religious Reorganization of the Spanish Netherlands | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Reorganization of the secular clergy, Preparations, Secret commission, Audiences in Rome and the bull, Papal commission, Territorial reorganization, Hierarchical reorganization, Opposition, Implementation, Inquisition, Reorganization of the regular clergy, Among the Jesuits, Among the Capuchins, Among the Dominicans, Historiographical considerations, Dutch historiography, Belgian historiography, Walloon historiography, See also, References, Bibliography, External links |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Short description | Banda Aceh City House of Representatives (; , abbreviated to DPRK Banda Aceh) is the unicameral municipal legislature of the city of Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia. It has 30 members who are directly elected in the legislative general election every five years together with the national legislative election.
The current members of the DPRK Banda Aceh are the result of the 2024 election who have served for the 2024–2029 period. The Banda Aceh DPRK is led by one speaker and two deputy speaker who come from the political party with the most seats and votes. |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Leadership | Leadership
The leadership of the Banda Aceh DPRK consists of one chairman and two vice chairmen from the political party that has the most seats and votes in the council. The following is the leadership of the Banda Aceh DPRK in the last two periods.Leadership of the Banda Aceh DPRK 2019–2024
Period speaker Beginning of Office End of Office Deputy Speaker Description2014–2019 Arif Fadillah (DemocraticOctober 24, 2014September 11, 2019 Heri Julius (NasDem)Teuku Hendra Budiansyah (PA) 2019–2024 Farid Nyak Umar (PKS)October 8, 2019incumbent Usman (PAN)Isnaini Husda (Democratic) 2024–2029Irwansyah ST |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Composition | Composition
The following is the composition of the Banda Aceh DPRK members in the last three periods.
Political PartiesNumber of Seats in Period 2014–2019Banda Aceh DPRK Seat Acquisition 2014–2019 2019–2024DPRK Banda Aceh Seat Acquisition 2019–2024 2024–2029 PKB 0 0 1 Gerindra 2 4 4 Golkar 3 3 3 NasDem 4 3 5 PKS 4 5 5 PAN 3 5 5 Democratic 5 5 5 PPP 3 2 2 PNA 0 1 0 PDA 1 0 0 PA 4 2 0 PKPI 1 0Number of Members 30 30 30Number of Parties 10 9 8 |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Faction | Faction
The DPRK Banda Aceh for the 2019–2024 period consists of 6 factions as follows.
Faction name Political parties Chairman Total members PKS Faction PKS Tuanku Muhammad (PKS) 5 PAN Faction PAN Aulia Afridza (PAN) 5 Democratic-Golkar Faction Royes Ruslan (Demokrat)8 Gerindra Faction Gerindra Safni (Gerindra)4 NasDem-PNA Faction Daniel Abdul Wahab (NasDem)4 PPP-PA Faction Ilmiza Sa'aduddin Djamal (PPP)4 |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Commission | Commission
DPRK Banda Aceh has four commissions as follows:
Commission I for Government and Law
Commission II for Finance and Economic Affairs
Commission III for Development
Commission IV for People's Welfare and Aceh's Special Autonomy |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Electoral District | Electoral District
In 2019 legislative election and 2024 legislative election, The Banda Aceh City DPR election is divided into 5 electoral districts known as dapil (constituency) follows:
Constituency Name Constituency Regions Number of Seats(2019) Number of Seats(2024)BANDA ACEH CITY 1 Baiturrahman, Lueng Bata7 7BANDA ACEH CITY 2 Kuta Alam6 5BANDA ACEH CITY 3 Syiah Kuala, Ulee Kareng7 7BANDA ACEH CITY 4 Banda Raya, Jaya Baru6 6BANDA ACEH CITY 5 Kuta Raja, Meuraxa4 5TOTAL30 30 |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | References | References
Id:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kota Banda Aceh
Regional House of Representatives
Banda Aceh
Category:Politics of Aceh |
Banda Aceh City House of Representatives | Table of Content | Short description, Leadership, Composition, Faction, Commission, Electoral District, References |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | Short description | Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam, commonly known as Nazirhat Bara Madrasa, is a Qawmi madrasa located in Nazirhat, Fatikchhari Upazila, in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. It was established in 1912 by Sufi Azizur Rahman and two associates. Although it is one of the earliest Qawmi madrasas in the country, the Dawra-e-Hadith program—the highest level of Qawmi education—was not introduced until about 70 years after its founding. Infrastructure and academic programs were expanded during the period when Shamsuddin served in an administrative capacity. As of 2025, the institution is led by Habibur Rahman Qasmi. Since 1993, it has published a monthly periodical titled Dawatul Haq, which functions as its official publication. |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | History | History
The madrasa was founded in 1912 at Nazirhat, Fatikchhari Upazila, Chittagong, modeled after Darul Uloom Hathazari. The founders included Azizur Rahman Miyaji of Nazirhat, local landowner Ashraf Ali, and Sufi Azizur Rahman of Babunagar. Sufi Azizur Rahman served as the institution's first director. In 1925, Nur Ahmad succeeded him in this role. Following an eye operation in 1961, Shamsuddin was appointed as a teacher and took on the madrasa's financial responsibilities. After Nur Ahmad's death on March 6, 1978, the Majlis-e-Shura appointed Shamsuddin as director, a position he held for over two decades. His tenure marked significant institutional development. After his death, Shah Muhammad Idris became director and remained in office until his death on May 28, 2020. Subsequently, Assistant Director Habibur Rahman Qasemi began serving in an acting capacity. However, on June 17, 2020, Shah Ahmad Shafi, acting as mutawalli, appointed Education Director Salimullah to the directorship, which triggered objections from Shura members and local residents who demanded a formal consultative process.
Tensions escalated into a physical altercation on September 24 between supporters of opposing factions, prompting the local administration to enforce Section 144 and temporarily close the madrasa for ten days. Approximately ten individuals were injured. Fatikchhari Member of Parliament Syed Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari intervened and brokered a temporary resolution, after which a Shura meeting was scheduled for October 28. Prior to the meeting, Salimullah held a press conference on October 24, which led to student protests and renewed clashes, disrupting the event and causing further injuries. The formal Shura meeting took place under administrative oversight, with Shura members including Muhibbullah Babunagari, Abdul Halim Bukhari, Junaid Babunagari, and Nurul Islam Jihadi in attendance. Following the meeting, Habibur Rahman Qasmi was officially appointed director, while Junaid Babunagari was named mutawalli. Salimullah was removed from all institutional responsibilities, and thirteen teachers aligned with him were dismissed from their posts. |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | Infrastructure | Infrastructure
thumb|The educational building—Shiksha Bhawan—of Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam, positioned at the center of the compound
During Nur Ahmad's tenure, the madrasa's infrastructure comprised five main structures: the original mosque; a semi-permanent, three-room building in front of the mosque; a five-room building aligned north–south near the entrance; a two-story building on the northern side; and the original Hifzkhana (Qur'an memorization section). Under the leadership of Shamsuddin, six concrete rooms were added to the northern side, followed by substantial infrastructural expansion. New constructions included a full two-story building on the western side, a two-story replacement for the old Hifzkhana, a newly built three-story mosque, a five-story student dormitory on the north, a four-story residential building, a six-story teachers' quarters on the eastern side, and several commercial structures such as the three-story Jamia Market in the local bazar, the two-story Jamia Shopping Complex, the three-story Harun Building, and Chowdhury Market, among others. |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | Departments | Departments
During Shamsuddin's leadership, in Shawwal 1404 Hijri, the madrasa introduced the Dawra-e-Hadith program, the highest academic level in Qawmi education, starting with ten students—approximately seventy years after the institution's founding. At the beginning of 1421 Hijri, the Darul Ifta (Fatwa Department) was established. In May 1993, the Islamic cultural and civilizational periodical Dawatul Haq was launched under his administration. A women's madrasa adjacent to the main institution was also founded during this period. The Madani Library was established in 1405 Hijri, followed by the creation of the dawah organization Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq on 13 Rajab 1408 Hijri. Additionally, departments for Qira'at (Qur'anic recitation) and Tajweed (pronunciation rules) were introduced, along with a Mutafarriqa Jamaat, a specialized class for students memorizing the Qur'an (Hifz). As of 2025, the madrasa has approximately 60 teaching staff, both male and female, and educates around 3,000 students, with about half receiving free tuition, supported by a staff of ten. |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | See also | See also
List of Deobandi madrasas
List of Qawmi madrasas |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | References | References
Category:Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam
Category:Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh affiliated madrasas
Category:1912 establishments in India |
Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam | Table of Content | Short description, History, Infrastructure, Departments, See also, References |
Draft:Incredibox Sprunki | AfC submission | Incredibox Sprunki, better known as just Sprunki, or SpRUNki, is an Incredibox mod https://incredibox-sprunki.fandom.com/wiki/Incredibox_-_Sprunki. There are 20 different sprunkis, each with their own sound and characteristics. They are split into 4 different groups: beats, effects, melodies, and vocals. The 5 beats are: Orange, Red, Silver, Fun Bot, and Green. The 5 effects are: Gray, Brown, Gold, Lime, and Sky Blue. The 5 melodies are: Mr. Sun, Purple, Mr. Tree, Yellow, and Tan. And the 5 vocals are: Mr. Fun Computer, White, Pink, Blue, and Black.
|
Draft:Incredibox Sprunki | References | References |
Draft:Incredibox Sprunki | Table of Content | AfC submission, References |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Infobox television
| Black, White & Gray – Love Kills is a 2025 Hindi-language Indian Mockumentary Crime thriller web series streaming on SonyLIV. It is directed by Pushkar Sunil Mahabal and produced by Swaroop Sampat and Hemal Thakkar.
It stars Mayur More, Palak Jaiswal, Hakkim Shahjahan, Deven Bhojani, Tigmanshu Dhulia and the series is released on 2nd May, 2025. |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Synopsis | Synopsis
In a world where love can be lethal, a string of high-profile murders unravels into a tangled web of forbidden desires and betrayal. As the investigation deepens, it becomes clear — the truth doesn’t come in black or white, but in dangerous shades of grey. |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Cast | Cast
Mayur More as The Accused
Palak Jaiswal as The Girl
Tigmanshu Dhulia as Officer Chauhan
Deven Bhojani as Rao
Hakkim Shahjahan as Sunny
Edward Sonnenblick as Daniel Gray
Kamlesh Sawant
Anant Jog
Kavita Ghai
Jairoop Jeevan
Nishant Shamaskar
Abhishek Bhalerao
Singh Rajni
Abhinav Gupta
Isha Mate
Sanjay Kumar Sahu |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Release | Release
It is released on 2nd of May 2025. |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Reception | Reception
Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "Patriarchy, parental opposition, class differences, power structures, are all present in this crime drama, reminding you of several others that have come before."
Mayur Sanap of Rediff.com also gave 3 stars out 5 and observed that "Black, White & Gray - Love Kills has a unique take on the standard murder mystery that may not be perfect but is very entertaining nonetheless"
Archika Khurana of The Times of India rated 3.5/5 stars and said "With its smart mockumentary format and sociopolitical depth, Black, White & Gray—Love Kills is an engrossing watch that provokes reflection as much as it entertains."
Anisha Rao of India Today said in her review that "'Black, White and Grey - Love Kills' is a mind game. It lures you in with its true-crime coat, then punches you in the gut with emotional depth and masterful storytelling. It's fiction, yes, but it’ll haunt you like a cold case you never solved."
Arpita Sarkar of OTT Play rated it 2.5/5 stars and said, "The crime thriller series starts well with the gripping plot, however, it loses its thrill in the middle. Meanwhile, Mayur More's acting is praiseworthy."
Sonal Pandya of Times Now gave 3 stars out of 5 and commented that "Writer-director Pushkar Mahabal creates a fictional documentary approach to a crime, and viewers watch as it spirals out of control. It is a gripping crime thriller with interesting take on standard mystery.
Rahul Desai of The Hollywood Reporter India writes in his review that "The six-episode series is an inventive subversion of true-crime storytelling. Most docudramas are so preoccupied with showing (rather than suggesting) that they forget to read between the very lines they endorse. They adopt the glamour and distractions of fiction, the politics and insinuations of mythmaking. Everyone seems to be playing a role, including the makers who use creative ambiguity as an excuse for moral ambivalence. But once in a while, an audacious series like Black, White & Gray comes along and breaks the fourth wall."
Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in observed that "Black, White & Gray is intense and involving for the most part, unpeeling its many layers with dexterity. The performances are excellent."
Vinamra Mathur og Firstpost rated 3/5 stars and said "The most nifty aspect of Black White And Gray Love Kills is how it stays true to the essence of the blueprint of a skillful thriller".
Troy Ribeiro of Free Press Journal gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes, "Is it perfect? Hardly. But perhaps slickness would have diluted its rage. In an era of algorithm-massaged narratives, this series dares to stay messy, raw, and defiantly uncomfortable—like the truths it seeks to unearth." |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | References | References |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | External links | External links
Category:Hindi-language television shows
Category:SonyLIV original films
Category:Indian web series |
Black, White & Gray - Love Kills | Table of Content | Infobox television
, Synopsis, Cast, Release, Reception, References, External links |
Somto Nnoruga | Short description | Somto Alexander Nnoruga is a Nigerian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Misters of Nigeria on 11 May 2025 in Lagos, Nigeria. He is Nigeria’s representative at the Manhunt International 2025 competition. |
Somto Nnoruga | Early life and background | Early life and background
Somto was born and raised in Isuofia in Aguata LGA, Anambra State, he is the last-born and only son in a family of five.
His modelling journey began at a young age with BETH Modelling Agency Nigeria, where he was introduced to the world of fashion and high-end visuals. He has worked with some major brands, including Tecno Mobile and Octa FX. Somto is also an interior designer with his own business, he founded Bougie Interiors and Apartments and is an aspiring professional footballer. |
Somto Nnoruga | Pageantry | Pageantry
Somto represented Abia State at the 5th edition of the Misters of Nigeria competition held On Sunday, May 11th, at the Muson Center in Onikan, Lagos. He contested among 36 other contestants representing the 36 states in Nigeria and the FCT. In the end, he was crowned misters of Nigeria 2025 by the outgoing First runner-up, Favour Ogbuokiri and current Mister international Nwajagu Chinemerem Samuel.
The win qualifies him to represent Nigeria at Manhunt international 2025 in Thailand where he will be contesting alongside 30 other delegates from 30 countries. |
Somto Nnoruga | References | References
Category:Living people
Category:Male beauty pageant winners
Category:Nigerian models
Category:People from Anambra State
Category:Date of birth missing (living people) |
Somto Nnoruga | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and background, Pageantry, References |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | AfC submission | नारायण शर्मा (दाहाल) (जन्म - वि.सं. २०२५ चैत्र २२) नेपाली भाषा साहित्यमामा नेपाली भाषासाहित्यमा कलम चलाउने लेखक, अनुवादक तथा साहित्यकार हुन् । उनको स्रष्टा व्यक्तित्व लेखक तथा अनुवादकका रूपमा परिचित छ । उनी कुशल सम्पादक, अनुवादक, भाषासाहित्य र संस्कृतिका चिन्तक हुन् र विभिन्न विधाका साढे तीन दर्जन कृतिका कृतिकार शर्मा साहित्य लेखन तथा अनुसन्धानमा निरन्तर क्रियाशील छन् । |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | प्रारम्भिक जीवन | प्रारम्भिक जीवन
साढे तीन दशकदेखि साहित्यिक तथा सामाजिक क्षेत्रमा सक्रिय रहँदै आएका नारायण शर्माको जन्म वि.सं २०२४ चैत्र २२ गते सङ्खुवासभा जिल्लामा भएको हो । |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | शिक्षा | शिक्षा
नारायाण शर्माले नेपाली संस्कृत महाविद्यालय, मङ्लागौरी, वाराणासीबाट उत्तरमध्यमा (शास्त्री) सम्मको शिक्षा हासिल गरेका छन् । |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | कार्य जीवन | कार्य जीवन
नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठानको समाज अन्वेषण अर्धवार्षिक जर्नल (विज्ञ समीक्षित) का कार्यकारी सम्पादक रहेका नारायण शर्मा लेखन, अनुवादन, अनुसन्धान तथा सम्पादनमा क्रियाशील रहेका छन् । |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | लेखन तथा प्रकाशनः मुख्य कृतिहरू | लेखन तथा प्रकाशनः मुख्य कृतिहरू
गीताआख्यान – २०६१ (लेखन)
गीता दर्शनका विविध आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
गीतातत्व र साधनाका आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
गीता दर्शनका विविध आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
गीतातत्व र साधनाका आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
सदाचारका नियमहरू – २०६९ (लेखन)
श्रीगणेशपुराण – २०७५ (लेखन)
सूर्यपुराण नेपालीमा कथा मात्र–२०७५ (लेखन)
सुन्दरकाण्ड– २०७५ (लेखन)
वेदान्त सार– २०७५ (लेखन)
श्रीगणेशपुराण – २०७५ (लेखन)
सूर्यपुराण नेपालीमा कथा मात्र–२०७५ (लेखन)
सुन्दरकाण्ड– २०७५ (लेखन)
वेदान्त सार– २०७५ (लेखन)
विष्णुपुराण नेपाली कथा सार–२०७५ (लेखन)
गीताभित्र विज्ञान–२०७५ (लेखन)
शिवमहापुराण कथासार–२०७६ (लेखन)
आदिकाव्य वाल्मीकि रामायण–२०७६ (लेखन)
गीता दर्शनका विविध आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
गीतातत्व र साधनाका आयामहरू – २०६७ (लेखन)
सदाचारका नियमहरू – २०६९ (लेखन)
श्रीगणेशपुराण – २०७५ (लेखन)
सूर्यपुराण नेपालीमा कथा मात्र–२०७५ (लेखन)
सुन्दरकाण्ड– २०७५ (लेखन)
वेदान्त सार– २०७५ (लेखन)
विष्णुपुराण नेपाली कथा सार–२०७५ (लेखन)
गीताभित्र विज्ञान–२०७५ (लेखन)
शिवमहापुराण कथासार–२०७६ (लेखन)
आदिकाव्य वाल्मीकि रामायण–२०७६ (लेखन)
श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता रहस्य –२०८० (लेखन)
वैदिककालीन नारीको परिचय –२०८० (लेखन)
वेदवेदाङ्गको परिचय–२०८० (लेखन)
श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता नेपालीमा विस्तृत व्याख्या – २०५८ (अनुवाद)
उपनिषद् तत्वचिन्तन– २०६५ (अनुवाद)
उपनिषत्त्रयी – २०६६ (अनुवाद)
स्तोत्र पुष्पाञ्जलि – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
अष्टावक्र गीता – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
अवधूतगीता – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
दुर्गासप्तशती – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता गद्यपद्यानुवाद (दोस्रो संस्करण) – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
श्रीविष्णुमहापुराणम् – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
विवेक चूडामणि – २०६८ (अनुवाद)
शिवस्तोत्रसङ्ग्रह – २०६९ (अनुवाद)
ब्रम्हसूत्र – २०६९ (अनुवाद)
वेदान्तसिद्धान्तसारसङ्ग्रह – २०७० (अनुवाद)
गीतामा वैज्ञानिक चिन्तन – २०७१ (अनुवाद)
गुरुगीता – २०७१ (अनुवाद)
शिवगीता – २०७२ (अनुवाद)
श्रीहरिवंशपुराणम् – २०७२ (अनुवाद)
हितोपदेश – २०७२ (अनुवाद)
सूर्यपुराणम् – २०७३ (अनुवाद)
चाणक्यसूत्र– २०७६ (अनुवाद)
नैतिक शिक्षा– २०७७ (अनुवाद)
शिवमहापुराण सम्पूर्ण– २०७९ (अनुवाद)
चाणक्यनीति– २०७९ (अनुवाद)
चाणक्य–२०८० (अनुवाद)
सौन्दरनन्द महाकाव्य– २०८१ (अनुवाद) |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | सम्पादित पुस्तक तथा जर्नलहरू | सम्पादित पुस्तक तथा जर्नलहरू
हिन्दूराष्ट्र पाक्षिक (प्रधान सम्पादक) २०४९–२०५६
मुक्तिनाथ दर्शन (प्रधान सम्पादक) २०५६—२०७७
मुक्तिनाथ दिग्दर्शन (प्रधान सम्पादक) २०७७ देखि निरन्तर
नेपालका जातीय सामाजिक संस्कार (सम्पादक) २०८१
समाज अन्वेषण, अनुसन्धानमूलक अर्धवार्षिक जर्नल (विज्ञ समीक्षित) (कार्यकारी सम्पादक) नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | सङ्लग्नता | सङ्लग्नता
सम्पादक/प्रकाशकः मुक्तिनाथ दिग्दर्शन (त्रैमासिक)
अध्यक्षः श्रीमुक्तिनाथ पब्लिसिटी फाउण्डेशन
विभागीय सदस्यः सामाजिकशास्त्र विभाग, नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान
कार्यकारी सम्पादकः समाज अन्वेषण |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान | पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान
भानुभक्त राष्ट्रिय प्रतिभा पुरस्कार (नेपाल सरकार पर्यटन, ना.उ.तथा संस्कृति मन्त्रालय) २०८०
गुठी संस्थान– २०७३ ( कदर–पत्र)
तुजाखग स्वरूपानन्द सम्मान २०७४ (सम्मान–पत्र)
सप्तरङ्गी साहित्य समाज नेपाल, कलङ्की, काठमाडौँ (सम्मान–पत्र) |
Draft:नारायण शर्मा | Table of Content | AfC submission, प्रारम्भिक जीवन, शिक्षा, कार्य जीवन, लेखन तथा प्रकाशनः मुख्य कृतिहरू, सम्पादित पुस्तक तथा जर्नलहरू, सङ्लग्नता, पुरस्कार तथा सम्मान |
Sanjabadleh | Short description | Sanjabadleh () is a village in Khanandabil-e Sharqi Rural District of the Central District in Khalkhal County, Ardabil province, Iran. |
Sanjabadleh | Demographics | Demographics |
Sanjabadleh | Population | Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was below the reporting threshold. The village did not appear in the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 26 people in seven households. |
Sanjabadleh | See also | See also |
Sanjabadleh | References | References
Category:Populated places in Khalkhal County |
Sanjabadleh | Table of Content | Short description, Demographics, Population, See also, References |
Draft:2025–26 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team | AfC submission | The 2025–26 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team will represent Villanova University in the 2025–26 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. |
Draft:2025–26 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team | References | References |
Draft:2025–26 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team | Table of Content | AfC submission, References |
Category:Metalcore musical groups from Delaware | This category is for past and present | This category is for past and present metalcore groups from the U.S. state of Delaware.
Delaware
Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Delaware |
Category:Metalcore musical groups from Delaware | Table of Content | This category is for past and present |
Draft:Inheritance List | AFC submission |
Introduction
In real estate, the term Inheritance List refers to a compilation of leads that align individuals’ deaths with their ownership of real estate. The leads from this list are particularly valuable in real estate investing since they are able to be targeted and marketed to soon after the owner’s death, often without the property heirs having entered the probate process. The Inheritance List is a prime target for real estate investors, wholesalers, and agents due to the highly motivated nature of the heirs, which often allows for properties being sold below market value and on a quick timeline.
History
The term Inheritance List was coined by Lance Fulton and Terry Sexton, the founders of USLeadList in 2006 when they created their company around the lucrative idea of connecting death and real estate ownership. When thinking of death and real estate, many people often think of probate, but seeing as the leads from this list are provided before the process of probate would start, they had to search for a different way to set their list apart. They went through multiple renditions of names for their product, ultimately landing on the Inheritance List. The list has evolved over the years and grown to include various types of inherited real estate, including residential, commercial, and land, but at its core it remains the primary source of connecting death and real estate ownership. |
Draft:Inheritance List | References | References |
Draft:Inheritance List | Table of Content | AFC submission, References |
Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Delaware | This category is for past and present heavy metal groups from the US state of | This category is for past and present heavy metal groups from the US state of Delaware.
Delaware
Category:Rock music groups from Delaware |
Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Delaware | Table of Content | This category is for past and present heavy metal groups from the US state of |
Category:August 2025 sports events in Germany | Month year sports events in country category header | |
Category:August 2025 sports events in Germany | Table of Content | Month year sports events in country category header |
Category:August 2025 in Germany | Month events in country category header | |
Category:August 2025 in Germany | Table of Content | Month events in country category header |
File:Stumptown Coffee Roasters logo.jpeg | Summary | Summary |
File:Stumptown Coffee Roasters logo.jpeg | Licensing | Licensing |
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