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Armed Forces of Armenia | Iraq | Iraq
After the end of the invasion of Iraq, Armenia deployed a unit of 46 peacekeepers under Polish command. Armenian peacekeepers were based in Al-Kut, from the capital of Baghdad. On 23 July 2006, the fourth shift of Armenian peacekeepers departed for Iraq. The shift included 3 staff commanders, 2 medical officers, 10 combat engineers and 31 drivers. Throughout the length of the deployment, there was one Armenian wounded and no deaths. The Armenian government extended the small troop presence in Iraq by one year at the end of 2005 and 2006. On 7 October 2008, Armenia withdrew its contingent of 46 peacekeepers. This coincided with the withdrawal of the Polish contingent in Iraq. |
Armed Forces of Armenia | Afghanistan | Afghanistan
Armenia deployed 130 soldiers in Afghanistan as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They were serving under German command protecting an airport in Kunduz. |
Armed Forces of Armenia | Lebanon | Lebanon
In 2014, Armenia deployed 33 peacekeepers to Lebanon as part of UNIFIL. Since then, they have served under the Italian contingent and fulfill headquarter security functions. |
Armed Forces of Armenia | Mali | Mali
In 2015, one peacekeeper was dispatched to Mali on a monitoring-peacekeeping mission. |
Armed Forces of Armenia | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan
In 2022, Armenia sent around 100 servicemen to Kazakhstan as part of the Collective Security Treaty Organization peacekeeping forces. Nikol Pashinyan, who serves as the CSTO chairman, confirmed that the alliance will send 'peacekeepers' to Kazakhstan for a limited period given the threat to national security and the sovereignty of Kazakhstan, due to the 2022 Kazakh protests. |
Armed Forces of Armenia | References | References
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Armed Forces of Armenia | External links | External links
Armed Forces of Armenia
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Armed Forces of Armenia | Table of Content | Short description, History, Early Armenian Army, Soviet era, 1988–1992, Post-1992, Organization and service branches, Ground Forces, Air Force and Air Defense, Military of Artsakh, Personnel, Educational institutions, Contract service, Conscription, Women in the armed forces, Minorities, Equipment, International military cooperation, Russia, Collective Security Treaty Organisation, NATO, France, Greece, Baltic States, United States, European Union, Peacekeeping operations, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Mali, Kazakhstan, References, External links |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Short description | Since its independence, Armenia has maintained a policy of trying to have positive and friendly relations with Iran, Greece, and the West, including the United States and the European Union.– "Armenian Foreign Policy Between Russia, Iran And U.S." – 29 March 2010 It has full membership status in a number of international organizations, such as the Council of Europe and the Eurasian Economic Union, and observer status, etc. in some others. However, the dispute over the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict have created tense relations with two of its immediate neighbors, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy agenda of the Government of Armenia and organizes and manages diplomatic services abroad. Since August 2021, Ararat Mirzoyan has served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
Armenia is a member of more than 70 different international organizations, including the following:
Asian Development Bank
Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Commonwealth of Independent States
Council of Europe
The EU's Eastern Partnership and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
The UN's Eastern European Group
Eurocontrol
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
European Political Community
Eurasian Economic Union
Eurasian Development Bank and the Eurasian Customs Union
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Monetary Fund
Interpol
La Francophonie
NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Individual Partnership Action Plan, and Partnership for Peace
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
TRACECA
United Nations
World Bank, the World Customs Organization, and the World Trade Organization
Armenia is also an observer member of the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, the Community of Democratic Choice, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of American States, the Pacific Alliance, the Arab League, the Community of Democracies, a dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and a regional member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Armenian genocide recognition | Armenian genocide recognition
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As of 2025, 34 states have officially recognized the historical events as genocide. Parliaments of countries that recognize the Armenian genocide include Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. Additionally, some regional governments of countries recognize the Armenian genocide too, such as New South Wales and South Australia in Australia as well as Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales in the United Kingdom. US House Resolution 106 was introduced on 30 January 2007, and later referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. The bill has 225 co-sponsors. The bill called for former President George W. Bush to recognize and use the word genocide in his annual 24 April speech which he never used. His successor President Barack Obama expressed his desire to recognize the Armenian genocide during the electoral campaigns, but after being elected, did not use the word "genocide" to describe the events that occurred in 1915. The US House of Representatives formally recognized the Armenian genocide with House Resolution 296 on 29 October 2019. The United States Senate unanimously recognized the genocide with Senate Resolution 150 on 12 December 2019. In 2021, President Joe Biden became the first U.S. president to formally recognize the Armenian genocide. As of 2022, all 50 U.S. states have also recognized the events as genocide. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Disputes | Disputes |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Armenia provides political, material and military support to the Republic of Artsakh in the longstanding Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
The current conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 when Armenian demonstrations against Azerbaijani rule broke out in Nagorno–Karabakh and later in Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast voted to secede from Azerbaijan and join Armenia. Soon, violence broke out against Armenians in Azerbaijan and Azeris in Armenia. In 1990, after violent episodes in Nagorno–Karabakh and Azerbaijani cities like Baku, Sumgait and Kirovabad, Moscow declared a state of emergency in Karabakh, sending troops to the region, and forcibly occupied Baku, killing over a hundred civilians. In April 1991, Azerbaijani militia and Soviet forces targeted Armenian populations in Karabakh, known as Operation Ring. Moscow also deployed troops to Yerevan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, conflict escalated into a full-scale war between the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (supported by Armenia), and Azerbaijan. Military action was influenced by the Russian military, which manipulated the rivalry between the two neighbouring sides in order to keep both under control.
More than 30,000 people were killed in the fighting during the period of 1988 to 1994. In May 1992, Armenian forces seized Shusha and Lachin (thereby linking Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia). By October 1993, Armenian forces succeeded in taking almost all of former NKAO, Lachin and large areas in southwestern Azerbaijan. In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted four resolutions calling for the cessation of hostilities, unimpeded access for international humanitarian relief efforts, and the eventual deployment of a peacekeeping force in the region. Fighting continued, however, until May 1994 at which time Russia brokered a cease-fire between the three sides.
Negotiations to resolve the conflict peacefully have been ongoing since 1992 under the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The Minsk Group is co-chaired by Russia, France, and the United States and has representation from Turkey, the U.S., several European nations, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Despite the 1994 cease-fire, sporadic violations, sniper-fire and land mine incidents continue to claim over 100 lives each year.
Since 1997, the Minsk Group co-chairs have presented three proposals to serve as a framework for resolving the conflict. Each proposal was rejected. Beginning in 1999, the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia initiated a direct dialogue through a series of face-to-face meetings, often facilitated by the Minsk Group Co-Chairs. The OSCE sponsored a round of negotiations between the presidents in Key West, Florida. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell launched the talks on 3 April 2001, and the negotiations continued with mediation by the U.S., Russia and France until 6 April 2001. The Co-Chairs are still continuing to work with the two presidents in the hope of finding lasting peace.
The two countries are still at war. Citizens of Armenia, as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent, are forbidden entry to Azerbaijan. If a person's passport shows evidence of travel to Nagorno–Karabakh, they are forbidden entry to Azerbaijan.
In 2008, in what became known as the 2008 Mardakert Skirmishes, Armenian forces and Azerbaijan clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh. The fighting between the sides was brief, with few casualties on either side.
The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh were the latest escalations of the unresolved conflict. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Countries without diplomatic relations | Countries without diplomatic relations
Armenia does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries (organized by continent): |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Africa | Africa
, , |
Foreign relations of Armenia | The Americas | The Americas
|
Foreign relations of Armenia | Asia | Asia
, (Pakistan is the only country in the world that does not recognize Armenia), |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Oceania | Oceania
, , ,
Armenia also has no diplomatic relations with states with limited recognition except for the now defunct Republic of Artsakh and the State of Palestine. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Countries with diplomatic relations | Countries with diplomatic relations
List of countries which Armenia maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Foreign relations of Armenia | Multilateral relations | Multilateral relations
Notes on some of Armenia's multilateral relations follow:
Organization Formal Relations BeganNotes Armenia established diplomatic relations with the African Union on 25 October 2010.
The African Union Commission hailed the Armenian government's intention to have a representative in the African Union, and expressed willingness to develop relations with Armenia.
The Representative of Armenia to the African Union is located in Cairo, Egypt. Armenia was granted Observer Status in the Arab League in 2004 after a Syrian invitation.
Armenia maintains positive relations with most Arab states.
A memorandum on mutual understanding and cooperation between Armenia and the Arab League was signed in January 2005. The agreement promotes intensifying cooperation and the opening of Armenian diplomatic missions in Arab states.
The Representative of Armenia to the Arab League is located in Cairo, Egypt. Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation See Armenia–BSEC relations
Armenia joined the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) on 25 June 1992 as one of the eleven founding members of the economic organization.
The Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC is located in Istanbul, Turkey. Collective Security Treaty Organization See Armenia–CSTO relations
Armenia joined the CSTO in 1994.
The Armenian Permanent Mission to the CSTO is based in Moscow, Russia. Council of Europe See Armenia in the Council of Europe
Armenia joined the Council of Europe on 25 January 2001.
The Armenian Permanent Mission to the Council of Europe is based in Strasbourg, France. The Council of Europe maintains an Office in Yerevan, Armenia.
The Council of Europe has recognized the Armenian genocide. Eurasian Economic Union See Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union
Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union on 2 January 2015.
Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Customs Union Free-trade area.
Other members include Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Observer members Cuba, Moldova, and Uzbekistan. See Armenia–European Union relations and Potential enlargement of the European Union
Formal relations began in 1991 when Armenia gained independence from the Soviet Union.
In 2002, the European Parliament announced that Armenia could potentially join the EU in the future.
A Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between the EU and Armenia was finalized in 2017.
Armenia is a member of the EU's Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, Eastern Partnership, and Energy Community.
The Delegation of the European Union to Armenia Office is located in Yerevan, Armenia. The Armenian Permanent Mission to the EU is based in Brussels, Belgium.
Since 2013, EU citizens enjoy visa-free travel to Armenia.
In 2017, Armenia began talks on visa-liberalization for Armenian citizens traveling into the EU's Schengen Area.
In 2024, the European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia meets Maastricht Treaty Article 49 requirements and may apply for EU membership.
On 12 February 2025, Armenia's parliament approved a bill officially endorsing Armenia's EU accession.
The European Parliament has recognized the Armenian genocide. See Armenia–NATO relations
Armenia is not a member of NATO.
Armenia joined the NATO Partnership for Peace on 5 October 1994. In 2002, Armenia became an associate member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
The Information Centre on NATO in Armenia Office is located in Yerevan, Armenia. The Armenian Permanent Mission to the NATO is based in Brussels, Belgium. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Bilateral relations | Bilateral relations
Notes on some of Armenia's bilateral relations follow (organized by continent): |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Africa | Africa
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes See Algeria–Armenia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1992. See Angola–Armenia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1994. See Armenia–Benin relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 2007. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2023. See Armenia–Burkina Faso relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1992. See Armenia–Burundi relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1992. See Armenia–Cameroon relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 2007. See Armenia–Cape Verde relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 2007. See Armenia–Central African Republic relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Chad relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 2006. See Armenia–Comoros relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 2008. See Armenia–Congo relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 2007. See Armenia–Côte d'Ivoire relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1998. See Armenia–Democratic Republic of Congo relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 2015. See Armenia–Djibouti relationsIn October 2015, both countries Foreign Ministers met to discuss establishing diplomatic relations and possible ways of developing bilateral ties. Both countries officially established diplomatic relations on 22 May 2019 at the United Nations. See Armenia–Egypt relations
Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan.
Armenia has an embassy in Cairo.
Roughly 6,000 Armenians live in Egypt. See also Armenians in Egypt See Armenia–Equatorial Guinea relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1992. See Armenia–Eritrea relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1994. See Armenia–Eswatini relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 2013. See Armenia–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1993.
Armenia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Ethiopia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
There is a small community of Armenians in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa. See also Armenians in Ethiopia See Armenia–Gabon relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1994. See Armenia–Gambia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2018. See Armenia–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1992. See Armenia–Guinea relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. See Armenia–Guinea-Bissau relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1992. See Armenia–Kenya relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1993. See Armenia–Liberia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Libya relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in the year 2000. See Armenia–Madagascar relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Madagascar were established on 25 June 1993. See Armenia–Malawi relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 2012. See Armenia–Mali relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1994. See Armenia–Mauritania relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 2008. See Armenia–Mauritius relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Mauritius were established on 28 June 2013. See Armenia–Morocco relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in June 1992.
Morocco has an honorary consulate in Yerevan See Armenia–Mozambique relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1995. See Armenia–Namibia relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Namibia were established on 2 October 2006. See Armenia–Niger relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Niger were established on 26 November 2016. See Armenia–Nigeria relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1993. See Armenia–Rwanda relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 2004. There are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.See Armenia–São Tomé and Príncipe relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and São Tomé and Príncipe. See Armenia–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 2004.
Armenia is represented by Senegal through its embassy in Moscow. See Armenia–Seychelles relationsDiplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 19 April 2006. See Armenia–Sierra Leone relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 2004. See Armenia–Somalia relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Somalia were established on 28 June 2001. See Armenia–South Africa relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and South Africa were established on 23 June 1993.
Armenia is represented in South Africa through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
South Africa is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.See Armenia–South Sudan relationsArmenia and South Sudan have not yet established diplomatic relations, however the Foreign Minister of Armenia stated that Armenia recognizes the Republic of South Sudan as an independent state on 9 July 2011. See Armenia–Sudan relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 1992.
There is a small Armenian community in Sudan, most are concentrated in the Sudanese capital Khartoum. See Armenia–Tanzania relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. See Armenia–Togo relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 2013. See Armenia–Tunisia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2002. See Armenia–Uganda relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2013. See Armenia–Zambia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1993. See Armenia–Zimbabwe relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | The Americas | The Americas
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes See Antigua and Barbuda–Armenia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1993. See Argentina–Armenia relations
Argentina is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Yerevan.
Armenia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Argentine parliament has recognized the Armenian genocide.
Around 135,000 ethnic Armenians live in the country.
List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and Armenia (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish) See Armenia–Bahamas relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Barbados relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Barbados. See Armenia–Belize relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relation on 12 February 1999. See Armenia–Bolivia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1992.
Bolivia recognized the Armenian genocide in 2014. See Armenia–Brazil relations
Armenia has an embassy in Brasília.
Brazil has an embassy in Yerevan.
Brazil recognized the Armenian genocide in 2015.
There are between 80,000- 100,000 people of Armenian descent living in Brazil. See also Armenia–Canada relations, Embassy of Armenia in Ottawa, Armenian Canadian
Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada has an embassy in Yerevan.
In 2004, the parliament of Canada recognized the Armenian Genocide.
There are approximately 65,000 Armenians in Canada
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Armenian See Armenia–Chile relations
Armenia is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consulate in Santiago.
Chile is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Chile recognized the Armenian genocide in 2007.
There are around 1,600 people of Armenian descent living in Chile.
Chile recognized the Armenian genocide on 14 September 2007.. Fuente Diario Armenia See Armenia–Colombia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1994.
Armenia is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Colombia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
The city of Armenia, Colombia was renamed after Armenia in memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.
There are mainly 250 people of Armenian descent.http://www.soyarmenio.com.ar/2014/01/el-nombre-armenia-en-colombia-por.html 29 January 2014 See Armenia–Costa Rica relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1997. See Armenia–Cuba relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.
Armenia is represented in Cuba through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
Cuba is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia. See Armenia–Dominica relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 2019. See Armenia–Dominican Republic relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2007. See Armenia–Ecuador relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1997.
Ecuador is a member of the Andean Parliament which recognized the Armenian genocide in September 2016. See Armenia–El Salvador relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1999. See Armenia–Guatemala relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1998. See Armenia–Guyana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 2003. See Armenia–Greenland relationsArmenia maintains relations with Greenland via Denmark, established on 14 January 1992.See Armenia–Grenada relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April. 2012. See Armenia–Haiti relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1999. See Armenia–Honduras relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2011. See Armenia–Jamaica relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1995. See Armenia–Mexico relations
Armenia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and an Honorary Consulate in Yerevan
There are approximately 400 Armenians living in Mexico and several thousand Mexicans of Armenian descent.
Mexico recognized the Armenian genocide in 2023.
See also: Armenians in Mexico See Armenia–Nicaragua relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1994. See Armenia–Panama relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1998. See Armenia–Paraguay relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July. 1992.
In 2015, Paraguay recognized the Armenian Genocide. See Armenia–Peru relations
Peru recognized Armenia on 26 December 1991.
Peru is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
There are around 50 people of Armenian descent living in Peru.
Peru is a member of the Andean Parliament which recognized the Armenian genocide in September 2016. See Armenia–Saint Lucia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 2000. See Armenia–Saint Kitts and Nevis relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2004. See Armenia–Suriname relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1999. See Armenia–Trinidad and Tobago relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 2023.1920 & 1991 See Armenia–United States relationsThe dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and created the opportunity for bilateral relations with the New Independent States (NIS) as they began a political and economic transformation. The U.S. recognized the independence of Armenia on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in Yerevan in February 1992.
Armenia has an embassy in Washington, D.C., a consulate-general in Los Angeles, and honorary consulates in Chicago, Fresno, and Las Vegas.
The United States has an embassy in Yerevan, which is the second-largest American embassy in the world.
As of 2022, all 50 U.S. states have fully recognized the Armenian Genocide.
The U.S. House of Representatives recognized the Armenian genocide on 29 October 2019.
The U.S. Senate recognized the Armenian genocide on 12 December 2019.
On 24 April 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide.
There are approximately 1,500,000 Armenian Americans.
The Armenia–United States Strategic Partnership Charter was signed on 14 January 2025. See Armenia–Uruguay relations
Armenia has an embassy in Montevideo.
Uruguay has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 20,000 people of Armenian descent living in Uruguay.
Uruguay was the first country to recognize the Armenian genocide on 20 April 1965.
In May 2022, the two countries agreed to open embassies in each other's countries; Yerevan and Montevideo. See Armenia–Venezuela relations
Armenia has an honorary consulate in Caracas
Venezuela is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
There are around 4000 people of Armenian descent living in Venezuela.
Venezuelan parliament has recognized the Armenian genocide. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Asia | Asia
Country Formal relations beganNotes See Afghanistan–Armenia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1996.Relations suspended following the 2021 Taliban offensive.No diplomatic relationsSee Armenia–Azerbaijan relations, First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Sumgait pogrom, Baku pogrom, Maraga massacre, Khachkar destruction in Nakhichevan, Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
The two nations have fought two wars in 1918–20 (Armenian–Azerbaijani War) and in the 1988–94 (Nagorno-Karabakh War), in the past century, with last one ended with provisional cease fire agreement signed in Bishkek. There are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries, because of the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and dispute.During the Soviet period, many Armenians and Azeris lived in relative peace under the Soviet iron fist. However, when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika, the majority of Armenians from the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan SSR began a movement to unify with the Armenian SSR. In 1988, the Armenians of Karabakh voted to secede and join Armenia. This, along with sporadic massacres in Azerbaijan against Armenians resulted in the conflict that became known as the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The violence resulted in de facto Armenian control of former NKAO and seven surrounding Azerbaijani regions which was effectively halted when the three sides agreed to observe a cease-fire which has been in effect since May 1994, and in late 1995 the sides also agreed to mediation of the OSCE Minsk Group. The Minsk Group is co-chaired by the U.S., France and Russia, and comprises Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and several Western European nations. Despite the cease fire, up to 40 clashes are reported along the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict lines of control each year.The sides are still technically at war. Citizens of Armenia, as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent, are forbidden entry to the Republic of Azerbaijan. If a person's passport shows any evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh, they are forbidden to enter the Republic of Azerbaijan.In 2008, in what became known as the 2008 Mardakert Skirmishes, Armenia and Azerbaijan clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh. The fighting between the three sides was brief, with few casualties on either side.The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, and the ongoing Armenia-Azerbaijan border crisis have further deteriorated relations and heightened tension between the two nations. See Armenia–Bahrain relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in October 1996. See Armenia–Bangladesh relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1992.
There is a small community of Armenians in the capital Dhaka, the neighborhood of Armanitola was named after the Armenian Community. See also Armenians in Bangladesh. See Armenia–Bhutan relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2012. See Armenia–Brunei Darussalam relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 2012. See Armenia–Cambodia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1992. See Armenia–China relations
China recognized Armenia on 21 December 1991.
Armenia has an embassy in Beijing.
China has an embassy in Yerevan.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, cultural exchange has been a major component of bilateral relations, as both nations recognize the importance of creating a strong foundation based upon their ancient and rich histories. See Armenia–Georgia relationsArmenians and Georgians have a lot in common. Both are ancient Christian civilizations with their own distinct alphabets. Both use the terms "Apostolic" and "Orthodox" in the full titles of their respective churches. They also use the term "Catholicos" to refer to their church patriarchs. Despite all this, however, Armenians and Georgians have tended to have a tenuous relationship (at times, sharing close bonds while at other times regarding each other as rivals).Today, relations with Georgia are of particular importance for Armenia because, under the economic blockade imposed by Turkey and Azerbaijan due to the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Georgia offers Armenia its only land connection with Europe and access to its Black Sea ports. However, because of Armenia's reliance on Russia and Georgia, both of whom fought the 2008 South Ossetia war and severed diplomatic and economic relations as a result; and as 70% of Armenia's imports entered via Georgia especially from Russia which has imposed an economic blockade on Georgia, Armenia also has been indirectly affected from this blockade as well. The development of close relations between Turkey and Georgia (such as the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and South Caucasus natural gas pipeline) have also weighed on the mutual relations. For example, on 20 March 2006, Georgian Ambassador to Armenia Revaz Gachechiladze stated, "We sympathize with the sister nation but taking decisions of the kind we should take into account the international situation. When the time comes Georgia will do everything within the limits of the possible for the recognition of the Armenian genocide by the international community including Georgia." However, Armenian-Georgian relations have begun to improve. On 10 May 2006, Armenia and Georgia agreed on the greater part of the lines of the state border between the two countries. The Javakheti region in southern Georgia contains a large Armenian population and although there have been local civic organizations (such as United Javakhk) pushing for autonomy, there has been no violence between Armenians and Georgians in the area.
Armenia has an embassy in Tbilisi and general consulate in Batumi.
Georgia has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are roughly 170,000 Armenians in Georgia today. See Armenia–India relations
Since 1999, Armenia has an embassy in New Delhi and two honorary consulates Mumbai, and Chennai.
India has an embassy in Yerevan.
Indian government is funding the renovation of schools in Lori region.
Around 700 Medical students are studying in Armenian universities.
Armenia recognizes Kashmir to be part of India and not of Pakistan.
Armenia supports India's bid for permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council. See Armenia–Indonesia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1992.
Armenia has an embassy in Jakarta
Indonesia has an honorary consulate in Yerevan
Armenia's Representative to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is also located in Jakarta. See Armenia–Iran relationsDespite religious and ideological differences, relations between Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran remain cordial and Armenia and Iran are strategic partners in the region. Armenia and Iran enjoy cultural and historical ties that go back thousands of years. There are no border disputes between the two countries and the Christian Armenian minority in Iran enjoys official recognition. Of special importance is the cooperation in the field of energy security which lowers Armenia's dependence on Russia and can in the future also supply Iranian gas to Europe through Georgia and the Black Sea.
Armenia has an embassy in Tehran.
Iran has an embassy in Yerevan.
An estimated 200,000 Armenians live in Iran. See also Iranian Armenians See Armenia–Iraq relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in the year 2000
Armenia has an embassy in Baghdad
Iraq has an embassy in Yerevan
In 2015, Armenia announced it would establish a consulate general in Erbil, the capital of Kurdistan Region.
Today it is estimated that there are around 15,000 Armenians in Iraq.
Armenian is an official minority language in Iraq. See Armenia–Israel relationsSince independence, Armenia has received support from Israel. While both countries have diplomatic relations, neither maintained an embassy in the other country, until Armenia opened an embassy in Tel Aviv in 2020. Ehude Moshe Eytam, the Israeli ambassador to Armenia is based in Tbilisi, Georgia, and visits Yerevan twice a month. Israel has recognized 24 Armenians as Righteous Among the Nations for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
Israel is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Tbilisi (Georgia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Armenia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Jerusalem.
Between 3,000 and 10,000 Armenians live in Israel. (See Armenians in Israel.)
One of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem is known as the Armenian Quarter. See Armenia–Japan relations
Armenia has an embassy in Tokyo.
Japan has an embassy in Yerevan.
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia
Japanese and Armenian relations See Armenia–Jordan relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1996.
Armenia is represented by a consulate in the capital Amman.
There are an estimated 3,000–5,000 Armenians living in the country today. See Armenia–Kazakhstan relations
Since 1992 Armenia first had its embassy in Almaty and later moved it to Astana.
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Yerevan.
Both countries are members of the Eurasian Union.
There are 25,000 people of Armenian descent living in Kazakhstan.
Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia See Armenia–Kuwait relations
Armenia has an embassy in Kuwait city.
Kuwait has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 6,000 people of Armenian descent living in Kuwait. 1993See Armenia–Kyrgyzstan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in January 1993 by protocol.
Armenia is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan and an honorary consulate in Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization and Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area.
Around 1,000 Armenians live in the country. 1998See Armenia–Laos relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1998. See Armenia–Lebanon relationsDiplomatic relations between Armenia and Lebanon were established on 4 March 1992.Armenian-Lebanese relations are very friendly. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world with around 160,000 Armenians in the country. Lebanon is the only member of the Arab League, much less of the Middle East and the Islamic World that recognizes the Armenian genocide. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on 27 July 2006.Armenia To Provide Relief To Lebanon , Armenialiberty.org.Armenia Sent Humanitarian Assistance To Lebanon , PanArmenian.NetIn September 2009 Mr. Ashot Kocharian was appointed the Ambassador of Armenia in Lebanon. On 18 April 2013, the newly appointed Ambassador of Lebanon to Armenia Mr. Jean Makaron presented his credentials to the President of Armenia.On 4 March 2016, Mr. Samvel Mkrtchyan was appointed the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Armenia to the Lebanese Republic.
Armenian is a recognized minority language in Lebanon.
Armenia has an embassy in Beirut.
Lebanon has an embassy in Yerevan. See Armenia–Malaysia relations
Armenia is represented in Malaysia through embassy in New Delhi (India).
Malaysia is represented in Armenia through embassy in Moscow (Russia). 1995See Armenia–Maldives relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995. 1992See Armenia–Mongolia relations* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992.
Armenia is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Beijing, China. See Armenia–Myanmar relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2013. See Armenia–Nepal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1993.13 February 1992See Armenia–North Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) started on 13 February 1992. See Armenia–Oman relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in July 1992.
Armenia has announced plans to open an embassy in Muscat.
Oman has an honorary consulate in Yerevan.See Armenia–Pakistan relationsArmenia-Pakistan relations are poor owing to disagreements between the two countries. The main issue is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Pakistan is a major supporter of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Pakistan also does not recognize Armenia despite Armenia recognizing Pakistan. Pakistan does not recognize the Armenian genocide and maintains that during the war large number of Armenians and Muslims were killed. Armenia also has friendly relations with India, which Pakistan heavily opposes. See Armenia–Palestine relationsOn 21 June 2024, the Armenian government recognized the State of Palestine. On 27 September 2024, diplomatic relations were established. See Armenia–Philippines relations
The Philippines has a consulate in Yerevan.
Armenia has a consulate in Manila. See Armenia–Qatar relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1997.
Approximately 5,500 Armenians live in Qatar, mostly in the capital Doha. See also Armenians in Qatar.
Armenia has an embassy in Doha.
Qatar has an embassy in Yerevan.See Armenia–Saudi Arabia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 2023.
Armenia is represented in Saudi Arabia through its embassy in Abu Dhabi, (United Arab Emirates).
Saudi Arabia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Tbilisi, (Georgia). See Armenia–Singapore relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1992.21 February 1992 See Armenia–South Korea relationsThe establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Korea began on 21 February 1992.
The Republic of Korea and the Republic of Armenia Policy Consultation will deal with ways to vitalize high-level exchanges promote substantive cooperation and work together on regional and global issues.
Armenia has an honorary consulate in Seoul.
The Republic of Korea has an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Bilateral trade in 2014:
Exports : $15 million (textile, automobile)
Imports : $3 million (animal feed, rubber)
The number of the South Korean citizens living in Armenia in 2019 was about 373. See Armenia–Sri Lanka relations
Armenia is represented in Sri Lanka through the Embassy of Armenia in New Delhi.
Sri Lanka is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. Syria See Armenia–Syria relations
Armenia has an embassy in Damascus and a consulate general in Aleppo and honorary consulate in Der ez-Zor .
Since 1997, Syria has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 150,000 people of Armenian descent living in the Syria. During the Armenian genocide, the main killing fields of Armenians were located in the Syrian desert of Deir ez-Zor. In 2015, the government of Syria recognized the Armenian Genocide.
Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Syrian embassy in Yerevan 1992See Armenia–Tajikistan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1992 by protocol.
Armenia is represented in Tajikistan through its embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan and an honorary consulate in Dushanbe.
Tajikistan is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization and Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area.
There are roughly 3,000 Armenians living in Tajikistan. 1992See Armenia–Thailand relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1992 by protocol.
Armenia has an honorary consulate in Bangkok.
Thailand is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. See Armenia–Timor-Leste relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 2003. No formal diplomatic relationsSee Armenia–Turkey relationsTurkey was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries for numerous reasons. Some bones of contention include the unresolved Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan (which has resulted in Turkey imposing a blockade on Armenia that is still in effect today), the treatment of Armenians in Turkey, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, and the Armenian claim of Turkey's holding of historic Armenian lands (ceded to them in the Treaty of Kars, a treaty which Armenia refuses to recognize to this day since it was signed between the Soviet Union and Turkey, and not between Armenia and Turkey proper). At the forefront of all disputes, however, is the issue surrounding the Armenian Genocide. The killing and deportation of between one and one-and-a-half million Armenians from the Ottoman Empire orchestrated by the Young Turks is a taboo subject in Turkey itself as the Turkish government refuses to acknowledge that a genocide ever happened. However, since Turkey has become a candidate to join the European Union, limited discussion of the event is now taking place in Turkey. Some in the European Parliament have even suggested that one of the provisions for Turkey to join the E.U. should be the full recognition of the event as genocide.On 5 June 2005, Armenian President Robert Kocharian announced that he was ready to "continue dialogue with Azerbaijan for the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and with Turkey on establishing relations without any preconditions." Armenia has also stated that as a legal successor to the Armenian SSR, it is loyal to the Treaty of Kars and all agreements inherited by the former Soviet Armenian government. Yet Turkey continues to lay preconditions on relations, insisting that Armenia abandon its efforts to have the Genocide recognized, which official Yerevan is not willing to do.In the wake of the 2008 South Ossetia war between Georgia and Russia, Armenia and Turkey have shown signs of an inclination to reconsider their relationship. According to The Economist magazine, 70% of Armenia's imports enter via Georgia. Because of the apparently belligerent posture of the Russian state, economic ties with Turkey appear especially attractive."Turkey and Armenia; Friends and Neighbors, rising hopes of better relations between two historic enemies", The Economist, 27 September 2008, p. 67.In 2021, Armenia and Turkey appointed their special representatives as part of the normalization process. It is estimated that around 70,000 Armenians live in Turkey today, down from nearly 2 million before the start of the Armenian genocide in 1915. See Armenians in Turkey.
Armenia does not have a diplomatic mission in Turkey.
Turkey does not have a diplomatic mission in Armenia. See Armenia–Turkmenistan relations
Armenia has an embassy in Ashgabat.
Turkmenistan has an embassy in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
There are between 20,000 and 32,000 people of Armenian descent living in Turkmenistan. See Armenia–United Arab Emirates relations
Diplomatic relations between Armenia and the UAE were established on 25 June 1998.
Armenia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 3,500 people of Armenian descent living in the United Arab Emirates.
Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: presentation of the Emirati ambassador's credentials to the Armenian Foreign Minister See Armenia–Uzbekistan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1995 by protocol.
Uzbekistan is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States and Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area.
Around 70,000 Armenians live in Uzbekistan. See Armenia–Vietnam relations
Diplomatic relations between Armenia and Vietnam were established on 14 July 1992.
Armenia has an embassy in Hanoi.
Vietnam is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia. See Armenia–Yemen relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1995. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Europe | Europe
Country Formal relations beganNotes See Albania–Armenia relations
Armenia is represented in Albania through its embassy in Athens, (Greece).
Albania is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Athens, (Greece).
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Andorra–Armenia relations
Armenia is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Paris, (France).
Andorra is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Paris, (France). See Armenia–Austria relations
Armenia has an embassy in Vienna.
Austria has an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Approximately 6,000 Armenians live in Austria. See Armenians in Austria.
Austria recognized the Armenian genocide in 2015.
Armenia's permanent representative to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is located in Vienna.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Belarus relations
Armenia has an embassy in Minsk.
Belarus has an embassy in Yerevan and honorary consulate in Gyumri.
Both countries are full members of the Eurasian Union.
Approximately 30,000 Armenians live in Belarus, mainly in Minsk. See also Armenians in Belarus.
Armenia's permanent representative to the Commonwealth of Independent States is located in Minsk, Belarus. See Armenia–Belgium relations
Armenia has an embassy in Brussels.
Belgium is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow.
Around 8,000 Armenians live in Belgium.
Belgium recognized the Armenian genocide in 1998.
Armenia's permanent representative to the European Union is located in Brussels.
Armenia's permanent representative to NATO is located in Brussels. See Armenia–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Bosnia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow. See Armenia–Bulgaria relations
Armenia has an embassy in Sofia and honorary consulates in Plovdiv and Varna.
Since 19 December 1999, Bulgaria has an embassy in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
There are around 50,000 people of Armenian descent living in Bulgaria.
Bulgaria recognized the Armenian genocide in 2015. See Armenia–Croatia relations
Armenia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy) and honorary consulate in Zagreb.
Croatia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Athens (Greece) and honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Cyprus relations
Cyprus was the second country to recognise the Armenian genocide, on 24 April 1975.
Armenia has an embassy in Nicosia.
Cyprus has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are over 3.500 people of Armenian descent living in Cyprus.[57]
Armenian is an official minority language in Cyprus.
Vahan Ovanesyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation visited Cyprus on 24 January 2001 to take part in celebrations of the 110th anniversary of the federation.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Czech Republic relations
Armenia is represented in Czech Republic through its embassy in Prague.
The Czech Republic is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Yerevan.
The Czech Republic has recognized the Armenian Genocide.
There are around 12,000 people of Armenian descent living in the Czech Republic.
Armenia and Czechia signed an agreement on military-technical cooperation.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Denmark relations
Armenia is represented in Denmank through its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Denmark is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine and honorary consulate in Yerevan.
On 26 January 2017, the Parliament of Denmark approved a resolution condemning Turkish violence and massacres against Armenians during the Armenian Genocide.
There are approximately 3,000 Armenians in Denmark.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.See Armenia–Estonia relations
Armenia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Vilnius (Lithuania) and an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
Estonia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Athens (Greece) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
There are approximately 3,000 Armenians in Estonia.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Finland relations
Before 1918, both countries were part of the Russian Empire. Finland recognised Armenia on 30 December 1991. Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Stockholm, Sweden). Finland is represented in Armenia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. Around 1,000 people of Armenian descent live in Finland.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–France relationsFranco-Armenian relations have existed since the French and the Armenians established contact in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and are close to this day. 2006 was proclaimed the Year of Armenia in France.
Armenia has an embassy in Paris and honorary consulates in Lyon and Marseille.
France has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 750,000 Armenians in France. See also Armenians in France.
France recognized the Armenian genocide in 1998.
Armenia's permanent representative to the Council of Europe is located in Strasbourg, France.
Armenia's permanent representative to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie is located in Paris, France. See Armenia–Germany relations
Armenia has an embassy in Berlin and honorary consulate in Karlsruhe.
Germany has an embassy in Yerevan.
Between 90,000 and 110,000 Armenians live in Germany today. See also Armenians in Germany.
Germany recognized the Armenian genocide in 2005. See Armenia–Greece relationsGreece was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence on 21 September 1991, and one of those that have officially recognized the Armenian Genocide. Since the independence of Armenia the two countries have been partners within the framework of international organizations (United Nations, OSCE, Council of Europe, BSEC), whilst Greece firmly supports the community programs aimed at further developing relations between the EU and Armenia.Continuous visits of the highest level have shown that both countries want to continue to improve the levels of friendship and cooperation (Visit by the President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrossian to Greece in 1996, visit by the President of the Hellenic Republic Costis Stephanopoulos in 1999, visit by the President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan to Greece in 2000 and 2005 and visit by Greek president Karolos Papoulias to Armenia in June 2007).Greece is, after Russia, the major military partner of Armenia. Armenian officers are trained in Greek military academies, and various technical assistance is supplied by Greece. Since 2003, an Armenian platoon has been deployed in Kosovo as part of KFOR, where they operate as a part of the Greek battalion of KFOR. It is estimated that around 80,000 Armenians live in Greece.
Armenia has an embassy in Athens and an honorary consulate in Thessaloniki.
Greece has an embassy in Yerevan.
Greece recognized the Armenian genocide in 1996.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Holy See relations
Armenia maintains an embassy in the Vatican.
In 2000, the Vatican recognized the Armenian Genocide.
The Holy See maintains an Apostolic Nunciature in Yerevan. See Armenia–Hungary relations
Armenia is represented in Hungary through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
Hungary is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Tbilisi (Georgia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
There are around 30,000 people of Armenian descent living in Hungary.
Armenian is an official minority language in Hungary.See Armenia–Iceland relations
Iceland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. See Armenia–Ireland relations
Ireland recognized Armenia's independence in December 1991.
Armenia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Ireland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
There is a small Armenian community in Ireland, mostly in Dublin. See Armenia–Italy relations
Armenia has an embassy in Rome. and honorary consulate in Milan.
Italy has an embassy in Yerevan and an honorary consulate in Gyumri.
Italy has recognized the Armenian genocide in 2000.
There are around 4,000 people of Armenian descent living in Italy.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.See Armenia–Kosovo relations
Armenia has not established diplomatic relations with Kosovo. See Armenia–Latvia relations
Armenia is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Vilnius (Lithuania).
Latvia is represented in Armenia through a non-resident ambassador based in Riga (at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Latvia recognized the Armenian genocide in 2021.
There are around 5,000 people of Armenian descent living in Latvia.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Liechtenstein relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 2008. See Armenia–Lithuania relations
Armenia has an embassy in Vilnius.
Lithuania has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 2,500 people of Armenian descent living in Lithuania. See also Armenians in Lithuania.
Lithuania recognized the Armenian genocide in 2005.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Luxembourg relations
Armenia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels, (Belgium), and an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
Luxembourg maintains a consulate in Yerevan.
Luxembourg recognized the Armenian genocide in 2015.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Malta relations
Armenia is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome.
Malta is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Warsaw and honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Around 500 Armenians live in Malta.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Moldova relations
Armenia has an embassy in Chișinău.
Moldova is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
There are around 8000 people of Armenian descent living in Moldova.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Monaco relations
Armenia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
Monaco does not have an accreditation to Armenia.See Armenia–Montenegro relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 2006.
Armenia is represented in Montenegro through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic) and an honorary consulate in Podgorica.
Montenegro is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Netherlands relations and Armenians in the Netherlands
Armenia has an embassy in The Hague and honorary consulate in Hilversum.
The Netherlands has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are between 12,000 and 20,000 people of Armenian descent living in the Netherlands.
The Netherlands recognized the Armenian genocide in 2004.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.See Armenia–North Macedonia relationsBoth countries established relations on 27 April 1993. See Armenia–Norway relations
Armenia is represented in Norway through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark).
Norway has an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Approximately 2,000 Armenians live in Norway.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Poland relations
Armenia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Yerevan.
There are around 50,000 Armenians in Poland. Armenian is an official minority language in Poland. See also Armenians in Poland
See also Poles in Armenia
Poland recognized the Armenian genocide in 2005.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Portugal relations
Armenia is represented in Portugal through its embassy in Rome (Italy) and honorary consulates in Lisbon and Porto.
Portugal is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Portugal recognized the Armenian genocide in 2019.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
One of the most notable Armenians who resided in Portugal was Calouste Gulbenkian. He was a wealthy Armenian businessman and philanthropist, who made Lisbon the headquarters for his businesses. He established the international charity, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. He also founded the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian in Lisbon. See Armenia–Romania relations
Armenia has an embassy in Bucharest.
Romania has an embassy in Yerevan.
Around 10,000 Armenians live in Romania.
Armenian is an official minority language in Romania.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Russia relationsArmenia's most notable recent foreign policy success came with 29 August treaty with Russia on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, in which Moscow committed itself to the defense of Armenia should it be attacked by a third party. Russia is the key regional security player, and has proved a valuable historical ally for Armenia. Although it appeared as a response to Aliyev's US trip, the treaty had probably long been under development. However, it is clear from the wider context of Armenian foreign policy that—while Yerevan welcomes the Russian security guarantee—the country does not want to rely exclusively on Moscow, nor to become part of a confrontation between Russian and US-led alliances in the Transcaucasus.
Armenia has an embassy in Moscow and general consulates Rostov-on-Don and Saint Petersburg and honorary consulates in Kaliningrad and Sochi.
Russia has an embassy in Yerevan and general consulate in Gyumri.
Armenia's permanent representative to the CSTO is located in Moscow.
Russia has recognized the Armenian genocide in 1995.
Armenia joined the Russian-led Eurasian Union in 2015.
It is estimated that there are between 2,500,000 and 2,900,000 million Armenians in Russia. See Armenia–San Marino relations
Armenia is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
San Marino has an honorary consulte in Yerevan. See Armenia–Serbia relations
Armenia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece) and honorary consulate in Belgrad.
Serbia has an embassy in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Slovakia relations
Armenia is represented in Slovakia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).
Slovakia has an embassy in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Council of Europe.
Between 24 and 28 February 2008, Slovak Foreign Minister Ján Kubiš made an official visit to Armenia.
Slovakia recognized the Armenian genocide in 2004.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Slovenia relations
Armenia is represented in Slovenia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic) and an honorary consulate in Ljubljana.
Slovenia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Sovereign Military Order of Malta relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 29 May 1998.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains an embassy in Yerevan.
The Order of Malta has recognized the Armenian Genocide. See Armenia–Spain relations
Armenia has an embassy in Madrid and there are two honorary consulates in Valencia and Barcelona.
Spain is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Five regional parliaments in Spain including the Balearic Islands, Aragon, Navarre, Basque Country and Catalonia as well as 29 municipalities have recognized the Armenian Genocide.
Around 80,000 Armenians live in Spain.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Sweden relations
Armenia has an embassy in Stockholm.
Sweden has an embassy in Yerevan in 2014.
Sweden recognized the Armenian genocide in 2010.
Around 5,000–8,000 Armenians live in Sweden. See also Armenians in Sweden.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. See Armenia–Switzerland relations
The Armenian ambassador to Switzerland and the Swiss ambassador to Armenia (based in Yerevan, Armenia) were both accredited in 2011.
The Armenian ambassador to Switzerland is based in Geneva, in the Armenian representation to the United Nations.
Switzerland maintains an embassy in Yerevan.
There are roughly 5,000 Armenians in Switzerland.
Switzerland recognized the Armenian genocide in 2003.
Armenia's representative to the World Trade Organization is also located in Geneva.
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia See Armenia–Ukraine relationsArmenian–Ukrainian relations have lasted for centuries and today are cordial. Relations between Armenia and Ukraine have deflated since Armenia recognized the disputed referendum in Crimea and its subsequent annexation by Russia, and Ukraine has withdrawn its ambassador to Armenia for consultations. The Ukrainian government has asserted that this is temporary and that diplomatic relations between the two states shall indeed continue.
Armenia has an embassy in Kyiv and consulates in Odesa and Yalta.
Ukraine has an embassy in Yerevan and honorary consulate in Gyumri.
Armenian is an official minority language in Ukraine.
An estimated 250,000 Armenians live in Ukraine.
Crimea recognized the Armenian genocide in 2005. See Armenia–United Kingdom relations
The United Kingdom recognised Armenia on 31 December 1991.
The first embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Europe was established in London in October 1992.
Since 1995, the United Kingdom has had an embassy in Yerevan.British embassy in Yerevan
The two countries maintain collaborative and friendly relations, however the United Kingdom does not recognize the Armenian genocide, as it considers that the evidence is not clear enough to respectively consider "the terrible events that afflicted the Ottoman Armenian population at the beginning of the last century" genocide under the 1948 UN convention. The British government states the "massacres were an appalling tragedy" and states that this was the view of the government during that period. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland consider it to be a genocide, and there is a memorial in Cardiff, Wales.
There are approximately 20,000 Armenians in the UK, mostly in Greater London and Manchester.
British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Armenia |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Oceania | Oceania
Country Formal Relations BeganNotes See Armenia–Australia relations
The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s, during the gold rush.
The majority came to Australia in the 1960s, starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then, in the early 1970s, from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992, a period of civil unrest in Lebanon.
Person-to-person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest. In September 2003, The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. In October 2005, the Armenian Foreign Minister, H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan, visited Australia. In November 2005, The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP, Minister for Human Services, visited Armenia.
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia refuses to recognise the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as Genocide, although the State of New South Wales and South Australia passed a law recognising the Armenian Genocide. The Australian Government elections of 2007 created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections.
There are around 60,000 Armenians in Australia.
Australia maintains a consulate in Yerevan. See Armenia–Fiji relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 2010. See Armenia–Kiribati relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2018. See Armenia–Marshall Islands relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and the Marshall Islands. See Armenia–Micronesia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Nauru relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2017. See Armenia–New Zealand relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1992.
Armenia is represented by New Zealand through its embassy in Moscow.
There is a small Armenian community in New Zealand, mostly in Auckland. See Armenia–Palau relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017. See Armenia–Papua New Guinea relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Papua New Guinea. See Armenia–Samoa relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Samoa. See Armenia–Solomon Islands relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 2025.See Armenia–Tonga relationsThere are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Tonga. See Armenia–Tuvalu relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 2012. See Armenia–Vanuatu relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2013. |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Other international organizations | Other international organizations
Armenia is additionally a full member, unless otherwise noted, in the following international organizations, programs and treaties: |
Foreign relations of Armenia | See also | See also
Armenia and the International Criminal Court
Armenia and the United Nations
Armenia–BSEC relations
Armenia in the Council of Europe
Armenia–European Union relations
Armenia–NATO relations
Armenia–OSCE relations
Armenian diaspora
Armenian population by urban area
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
Foreign relations of Artsakh
List of ambassadors of Armenia
List of diplomatic missions in Armenia
List of diplomatic missions of Armenia
List of ministers of foreign affairs of Armenia
Politics of Europe
Visa policy of Armenia
Visa requirements for Armenian citizens |
Foreign relations of Armenia | Footnotes | Footnotes |
Foreign relations of Armenia | References | References
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Foreign relations of Armenia | External links | External links
Argentina
List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and Armenia (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
Canada
Armenian embassy in Ottawa
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Armenian
Chile
Chilean Senate: recognition of the Armenian genocide (in Spanish only)
Czech
Armenian embassy in London
British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Armenia *British embassy in Yerevan
Denmark
Danish Foreign Ministry: development program with Armenia
NATO
Iskandaryan, Alexander:"NATO and Armenia: A Long Game of Complementarism" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 5
International
Khachatrian, Haroutiun: "Foreign Investments in Armenia: Influence of the Crisis and Other Peculiarities" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 28
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Foreign relations of Armenia | Table of Content | Short description, Foreign relations, Armenian genocide recognition, Disputes, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Countries without diplomatic relations, Africa, The Americas, Asia, Oceania, Countries with diplomatic relations, Multilateral relations, Bilateral relations, Africa, The Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Other international organizations, See also, Footnotes, References, External links |
Demographics of American Samoa | Short description | Demographics of American Samoa include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean.
alt=A rising line graph|thumb|Population in thousands; Data of FAO, year 2005. |
Demographics of American Samoa | Population | Population
The statistics from 1900 to 1950 and every decennial census are from the U.S. Census Bureau. There was no census taken in 1910, but a special census taken in 1912. Beginning with the 1930 Census, Swain Island is included in the population count for American Samoa. The remaining statistics are from the World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
Approximately 55,212, but the Factbook states 49,437 (2020 estimate). About 65% of the population are U.S. nationals, of whom at least 10% are U.S. citizens.2010 American Samoa Demographic Profile Data, U.S. Census Bureau. Of the foreign-born population, 81% are from Samoa, 9% are from other parts of Oceania, and 9% are from Asia. |
Demographics of American Samoa | Structure of the population | Structure of the population
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal% Total 28 164 27 355 55 519 100 0–4 3 417 3 194 6 611 11.91 5–9 3 470 3 065 6 535 11.77 10–14 3 214 3 065 6 279 11.31 15–19 3 218 3 078 6 296 11.34 20–24 1 944 1 947 3 891 7.01 25–29 1 670 1 654 3 324 5.99 30–34 1 726 1 784 3 510 6.32 35–39 1 845 1 764 3 609 6.50 40–44 1 793 1 807 3 600 6.48 45–49 1 673 1 716 3 389 6.10 50–54 1 335 1 344 2 679 4.83 55–59 1 011 1 038 2 049 3.69 60–64 755 725 1 480 2.67 65–69 500 460 960 1.73 70–74 321 333 654 1.18 75–79 155 182 337 0.61 80–84 76 130 206 0.37 85+ 41 69 110 0.20Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent 0–14 10 101 9 324 19 425 34.99 15–64 16 970 16 857 33 827 60.93 65+ 1 093 1 174 2 267 4.08 |
Demographics of American Samoa | Vital statistics | Vital statistics |
Demographics of American Samoa | Registered births and deaths | Registered births and deaths
+21st-century demography of American SamoaYearPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseTotal Fertility Rate 2001 59,400 1,655 239 1,416 27.9 4.0 23.9 3.50 2002 60,800 1,629 295 1,334 26.8 4.9 21.9 3.86 2003 62,600 1,608 257 1,351 25.7 4.1 21.6 3.85 2004 64,100 1,713 289 1,424 26.7 4.5 22.2 4.14 2005 65,500 1,720 279 1,441 26.3 4.3 22.0 3.92 2006 66,900 1,442 267 1,175 21.6 4.0 17.6 3.52 2007 68,200 1,293 251 1,042 19.0 3.7 15.3 2.87 2008 69,200 1,338 240 1,098 19.3 3.5 15.8 2.91 2009 70,100 1,375 324 1,051 19.6 4.6 15.0 2.86 2010 67,380 1,279 247 1,032 19.0 3.7 15.3 3.11 2011 64,292 1,287 283 1,004 20.0 4.4 15.6 3.10 2012 63,596 1,175 282 893 18.5 4.4 14.1 2.85 2013 62,610 1,161 270 891 18.5 4.3 14.2 2.61 2014 61,811 1,084 259 825 17.5 4.2 13.3 2.60 2015 60,863 1,096 314 782 18.0 5.2 12.8 2.55 2016 60,200 1,013 280 733 16.8 4.7 12.1 2.69 2017 60,300 1,001 310 691 16.6 5.1 11.5 2.59 2018 59,600 921 298 623 15.5 5.0 10.5 2019 58,500 840 278 562 14.4 4.8 9.6 2020 49,841 734 322 412 14.7 6.5 8.2 2021 51,561 706 331 375 13.7 6.4 7.3 2022 51,269 706 399 307 13.8 7.8 6.0 2023 737 356 381 13.8 6.7 7.1 |
Demographics of American Samoa | Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups
Pacific Islander 92.6% (includes Samoan 88.9%, Tongan 2.9%, other 0.8%)
Asian 3.6% (includes Filipino 2.2%, other 1.4%)
Mixed 2.7%
Other 1.2% (2010 est.) |
Demographics of American Samoa | Languages | Languages
thumb|Sign in English and Samoan in American Samoa
Native languages include:
Samoan 88.6%
English 3.9%
Tongan 2.7%
Other Pacific islander 3%
Other 1.8% (2010 est.)
English proficiency is very high. |
Demographics of American Samoa | Religion | Religion
Christian 98.3%
Other 1%
Unaffiliated 0.7% (2010 est.)
Major Christian denominations on the island include the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa, the Catholic Church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Methodist Church of Samoa. Collectively, these churches account for the vast majority of the population.
J. Gordon Melton in his book claims that the Methodists, Congregationalists with the London Missionary Society, and Catholics led the first Christian missions to the islands. Other denominations arrived later, beginning in 1895 with the Seventh-day Adventists, various Pentecostals (including the Assemblies of God), Church of the Nazarene, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The World Factbook 2010 estimate shows the religious affiliations of American Samoa as 98.3% Christian, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.7%. World Christian Database 2010 estimate shows the religious affiliations of American Samoa as 98.3% Christian, 0.7% agnostic, 0.4% Chinese Universalist, 0.3% Buddhist, and 0.3% Baháʼí.
According to Pew Research Center, 98.3% of the total population is Christian. Among Christians, 59.5% are Protestant, 19.7% are Catholic and 19.2% are other Christians. A major Protestant church on the island, gathering a substantial part of the local Protestant population, is the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa, a Reformed denomination in the Congregationalist tradition. , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website claims membership of 16,180 or one-quarter of the whole population, with 41 congregations, and 4 family history centers in American Samoa. The Jehovah's Witnesses claim 210 "ministers of the word" and 3 congregations. |
Demographics of American Samoa | References | References
Category:Economy of American Samoa
Category:Geography of American Samoa
Category:Society of American Samoa
American Samoa |
Demographics of American Samoa | Table of Content | Short description, Population, Structure of the population, Vital statistics, Registered births and deaths, Ethnic groups, Languages, Religion, References |
Politics of American Samoa | Short description |
Politics of American Samoa takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the governor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. American Samoa is an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Its constitution was ratified in 1966 and came into effect in 1967. Executive power is discharged by the governor and the lieutenant governor. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the legislature. The party system is based on the United States party system. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
There is also the traditional village politics of the Samoan Islands, the and the , which continues in American Samoa and in independent Samoa, and which interacts across these current boundaries. The is the language and customs, and the the protocols of the (council) and the chiefly system. The and the take place at all levels of the Samoan body politic, from the family, to the village, to the region, to national matters. The (chiefs) are elected by consensus within the of the extended family and village(s) concerned. The and the (which is itself made of ) decide on distribution of family exchanges and tenancy of communal lands. The majority of lands in American Samoa and independent Samoa are communal. A can represent a small family group or a great extended family that reaches across islands, and to both American Samoa and independent Samoa. |
Politics of American Samoa | Government | Government
The government of American Samoa is defined under the Constitution of American Samoa. As an unincorporated territory, the Ratification Act of 1929 vested all civil, judicial, and military powers in the president, who in turn delegated authority to the secretary of the interior in . The secretary promulgated the Constitution of American Samoa which was approved by a constitutional convention of the people of American Samoa and a majority of the voters of American Samoa voting at the 1966 election, and came into effect in 1967.Revised Constitution of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
The governor of American Samoa is the head of government and along with the lieutenant governor of American Samoa is elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.4.0105 Term of office, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
The legislative power is vested in the American Samoa Fono, which has two chambers. The House of Representatives has 21 members serving two-year terms, being 20 representatives popularly elected from various districts and one delegate from Swains Island elected in a public meeting. The Senate has 18 members, elected for four-year terms by and from the chiefs of the islands.
The judiciary of American Samoa is composed of the High Court of American Samoa, a District Court, and village courts.3.0101 Vesting of judicial power, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association. The High Court is led by a chief justice and an associate justice, appointed by the secretary of the interior.3.1001 Chief and Associate Justices-Appointment, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association. Other judges are appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of the chief justice and confirmed by the Senate.3.1010 District court judges-Term, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.3.1004 Associate judges-Appointment-Term, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association. |
Politics of American Samoa | Elections | Elections |
Politics of American Samoa | International organization participation | International organization participation
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (associate)
Interpol (subbureau)
International Olympic Committee
Pacific Community |
Politics of American Samoa | See also | See also
Political party strength in American Samoa
American Samoa's at-large congressional district |
Politics of American Samoa | References | References
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Politics of American Samoa | Table of Content | Short description, Government, Elections, International organization participation, See also, References |
Economy of American Samoa | Short description | The economy of American Samoa is a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of the land is communally owned. American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States; economic activity is strongly linked to the main customs zone of the U.S., with which American Samoa conducts the great bulk of its trade. Tuna fishing and processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna being the primary export. Transfers from the U.S. federal government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being. Attempts by the government to develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by Samoa's remote location, its limited transportation, and its devastating hurricanes.
thumb|A StarKist tuna cannery. Tuna canning represents a major export industry in the territory |
Economy of American Samoa | Statistics | Statistics
thumb|Employment in the canning industry in American Samoa. Employment in the industry fell following the 2009 closure of a Chicken of the Sea cannery
GDP: purchasing power parity – $537 million (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 210
GDP (official exchange rate): $462.2 million (2005)
GDP – real growth rate: 3% (2003)
country comparison to the world: 139
GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $7,874 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 120
GDP – composition by sector:
agriculture:
NA%
industry:
NA%
services:
NA% (2002)
Labor Force: 17,630 (2005)
country comparison to the world: 203
Labor force – by occupation: government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)
Unemployment rate: 23.8% (2010)
country comparison to the world: 175
Population below poverty line:
NA% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
NA%
highest 10%:
NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA% (2003 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $155.4 million (37% in local revenue and 63% in US grants)
expenditures: $183.6 million (FY07)
Agriculture – products: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, papayas; dairy products, livestock
Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity – production: 180 GWh (2006)
country comparison to the world: 179
Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel:
100%
hydro:
0%
nuclear:
0%
other:
0% (2001)
Electricity – consumption: 167.4 GWh (2006)
country comparison to the world: 179
Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (2007)
Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (2007)
Oil – production: (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 209
Oil – consumption: (604 m3/d), 2006
country comparison to the world: 170
Oil – exports: (2005)
country comparison to the world: 142
Oil – imports: (2005)
country comparison to the world: 166
Natural gas – production: 0 cu m (2007)
country comparison to the world: 208
Natural gas – consumption: 0 cu m (2007)
country comparison to the world: 207
Natural gas – exports: 0 cu m (2007)
country comparison to the world: 202
Natural gas – imports: 0 cu m (2007)
country comparison to the world: 201
Natural gas – proved reserves: 0 cu m (2006)
country comparison to the world: 205
Exports: $445.6 million (2004)
country comparison to the world: 167
Exports – commodities:
canned tuna 93% (2004)
Exports – partners:
Indonesia 70%, Australia 6.7%, Japan 6.7%, Samoa 6.7% (2002)
Imports: $308.8 million (2004)
country comparison to the world: 195
Imports – commodities:
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and parts 6% (2004)
Imports – partners:
Australia 36.6%, New Zealand 20.3%, South Korea 16.3%, Mauritius 4.9% (2002)
Debt – external:
$NA (2002 est.)
Economic aid – recipient:
$NA; note – important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in 1994
Currency:
US dollar (USD)
Currency code:
USD
Exchange rates:
US dollar is used
Fiscal year:
1 October – 30 September |
Economy of American Samoa | References | References |
Economy of American Samoa | External links | External links
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Economy of American Samoa | Table of Content | Short description, Statistics, References, External links |
August 13 | pp-pc1 | |
August 13 | Events | Events |
August 13 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes.
523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas.
554 – Emperor Justinian I rewards Liberius for his service in the Pragmatic Sanction, granting him extensive estates in Italy.
582 – Maurice becomes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
871 – Emperor Louis II of Italy and Empress Engelberga are captured by Prince Adelchis of Benevento.Barbara Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), pp. 46–47.
900 – Count Reginar I of Hainault rises against Zwentibold of Lotharingia and slays him near present-day Susteren.
1099 – Raniero is elected as Pope Paschal II, who would become deeply entangled in the Investiture Controversy.
1516 – The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.
1521 – After an extended siege, forces led by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés capture Tlatoani Cuauhtémoc and conquer the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
1532 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.
1536 – Buddhist monks from Kyoto, Japan's Enryaku-ji temple set fire to 21 Nichiren temples throughout Kyoto in what will be known as the Tenbun Hokke Disturbance.
1553 – Michael Servetus is arrested by John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland as a heretic. |
August 13 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1624 – The French king Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu as prime minister.
1645 – Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Brömsebro.
1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.
1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim: English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops.
1724 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott, BWV 101, a chorale cantata on a famous tune.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Royal Navy defeats the Penobscot Expedition with the most significant loss of United States naval forces prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
1792 – King Louis XVI of France is formally arrested by the National Tribunal, and declared an enemy of the people.
1806 – Battle of Mišar during the Serbian Revolution begins. The battle ends two days later with a Serbian victory over the Ottomans.
1814 – The Convention of London, a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United Netherlands, is signed in London, England.
1868 – The 8.5–9.0 Arica earthquake struck southern Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin wide tsunami that affected Hawaii and New Zealand.
1889 – William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut is granted United States Patent Number 408,709 for "Coin-controlled apparatus for telephones."
1898 – Spanish–American War: Spanish and American forces engage in a mock battle for Manila, after which the Spanish commander surrendered in order to keep the city out of Filipino rebel hands.
1898 – Carl Gustav Witt discovers 433 Eros, the first near-Earth asteroid to be found.
1900 – The steamer Deutschland of Hamburg America Lines set a new record for the eastward passage when it docked on Plymouth, England, five days, 11 hours and 45 minutes after sailing from New York, breaking by three hours, six minutes its previous mark in its maiden voyage in July. |
August 13 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1905 – Norwegians vote to end the union with Sweden.
1906 – The all black infantrymen of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Regiment are accused of killing a white bartender and wounding a white police officer in Brownsville, Texas, despite exculpatory evidence; all are later dishonorably discharged. (Their records were later restored to reflect honorable discharges but there were no financial settlements.)
1913 – First production in the UK of stainless steel by Harry Brearley.
1918 – Women enlist in the United States Marine Corps for the first time. Opha May Johnson is the first woman to enlist.
1918 – Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) established as a public company in Germany.
1920 – Polish–Soviet War: The Battle of Warsaw begins and will last till August 25. The Red Army is defeated.
1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Shanghai begins.
1942 – Major General Eugene Reybold of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authorizes the construction of facilities that would house the "Development of Substitute Materials" project, better known as the Manhattan Project.
1944 – World War II: German troops begin the pillage and razing of Anogeia in Crete that would continue until September 5.
1954 – Radio Pakistan broadcasts the "Qaumī Tarāna", the national anthem of Pakistan for the first time.
1960 – The Central African Republic declares independence from France.
1961 – Cold War: East Germany closes the border between the eastern and western sectors of Berlin to thwart its inhabitants' attempts to escape to the West, and construction of the Berlin Wall is started. The day is known as Barbed Wire Sunday.
1964 – Peter Allen and Gwynne Evans are hanged for the murder of John Alan West becoming the last people executed in the United Kingdom.
1967 – Two young women became the first fatal victims of grizzly bear attacks in the 57-year history of Montana's Glacier National Park in separate incidents.
1968 – Alexandros Panagoulis attempts to assassinate the Greek dictator Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos in Varkiza, Athens.
1969 – The Apollo 11 astronauts enjoy a ticker-tape parade in New York City. That evening, at a state dinner in Los Angeles, they are awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Richard Nixon.
1973 – Aviaco Flight 118 crashes on approach to A Coruña Airport in A Coruña, Spain, killing all 85 people on the plane and one other one the ground.
1977 – Members of the British National Front (NF) clash with anti-NF demonstrators in Lewisham, London, resulting in 214 arrests and at least 111 injuries.
1978 – One hundred fifty Palestinians in Beirut are killed in a terrorist attack during the second phase of the Lebanese Civil War.
1990 – A mainland Chinese fishing boat Min Ping Yu No. 5202 is hit by a Taiwanese naval vessel and sinks in a repatriation operation of mainland Chinese immigrants, resulting in 21 deaths. This is the second tragedy less than a month after Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident.
2004 – One hundred fifty-six Congolese Tutsi refugees are massacred at the Gatumba refugee camp in Burundi.
2008 – Russo-Georgian War: Russian units occupy the Georgian city of Gori.
2014 – A Cessna Citation Excel crashes in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil killing all seven people aboard, including Brazilian Socialist Party presidential candidate Eduardo Campos.
2015 – At least 76 people are killed and 212 others are wounded in a truck bombing in Baghdad, Iraq.
2020 – Israel–United Arab Emirates relations are formally established. |
August 13 | Births | Births |
August 13 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
985 – Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1021)
1311 – Alfonso XI, king of Castile and León (d. 1350)
1567 – Samuel de Champlain, French explorer (d. 1635)Fischer (2008), p. 3
1584 – Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English admiral and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland (d. 1640)
1592 – William, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count, field marshal of the Dutch State Army (d. 1642) |
August 13 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1625 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and physicist (d. 1698)
1662 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1748)
1666 – William Wotton, English linguist and scholar (d. 1727)
1700 – Heinrich von Brühl, Polish-German politician (d. 1763)
1717 – Louis François, Prince of Conti (d. 1776)
1756 – James Gillray, English caricaturist and printmaker (d. 1815)
1764 – Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (d. 1813)
1790 – William Wentworth, Australian journalist, explorer, and politician (d. 1872)
1803 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher and critic (d. 1869)
1814 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist and astronomer (d. 1874)
1818 – Lucy Stone, American abolitionist and suffragist (d. 1893)
1819 – Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet, Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist (d. 1903)
1820 – George Grove, English musicologist and historian (d. 1900)
1823 – Goldwin Smith, English-Canadian historian and journalist (d. 1910)
1824 – John J. Robison, American politician in Michigan (d. 1897)
1831 – Salomon Jadassohn, German pianist and composer (d. 1902)
1841 – Johnny Mullagh, Australian cricketer (d. 1891)
1842 – Charles Wells, English brewer, founded Charles Wells Ltd (d. 1914)
1849 – Leonora Barry, Irish-born American social activist (d. 1930)
1851 – Felix Adler, German-American religious leader and educator (d. 1933)
1860 – Annie Oakley, American target shooter (d. 1926)
1866 – Giovanni Agnelli, Italian businessman, founded Fiat S.p.A. (d. 1945)
1867 – George Luks, American painter and illustrator (d. 1933)
1871 – Karl Liebknecht, German politician, co-founded Communist Party of Germany (d. 1919)
1872 – Richard Willstätter, German-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1942)
1879 – John Ireland, English composer and educator (d. 1962)
1884 – Harry Dean, English cricketer and coach (d. 1957)
1888 – John Logie Baird, Scottish engineer, invented the television (d. 1946)
1888 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor (d. 1975)
1889 – Camillien Houde, Canadian lawyer and politician, 34th Mayor of Montreal (d. 1958)
1895 – István Barta, Hungarian water polo player (d. 1948)
1895 – Bert Lahr, American actor (d. 1967)
1898 – Jean Borotra, French tennis player (d. 1994)
1898 – Regis Toomey, American actor (d. 1991)
1899 – Alfred Hitchcock, English-American director and producer (d. 1980)
1899 – José Ramón Guizado, Panamanian politician, 17th President of Panama (d. 1964) |
August 13 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – Felix Wankel, German engineer (d. 1988)
1904 – Buddy Rogers, American actor and musician (d. 1999)
1904 – Margaret Tafoya, Native American Pueblo potter (d. 2001)
1906 – Chuck Carroll, American football player and lawyer (d. 2003)
1906 – Art Shires, American baseball player and boxer (d. 1967)
1907 – Basil Spence, Scottish architect, designed Coventry Cathedral (d. 1976)
1908 – Gene Raymond, American actor and pilot (d. 1998)
1911 – William Bernbach, American advertiser, co-founded DDB Worldwide (d. 1982)
1912 – Claire Cribbs, American basketball player and coach (d. 1985)
1912 – Ben Hogan, American golfer and sportscaster (d. 1997)
1912 – Salvador Luria, Italian-American microbiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
1913 – Makarios III, Greek archbishop and politician, 1st President of Cyprus (d. 1977)
1913 – Fred Davis, English snooker player (d. 1998)
1914 – Grace Bates, American mathematician and academic (d. 1996)
1917 – Sid Gordon, American baseball player (d. 1975)
1918 – Noor Hassanali, Trinidadian lawyer and politician, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006)
1918 – Frederick Sanger, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
1919 – Rex Humbard, American evangelist and television host (d. 2007)
1919 – George Shearing, English jazz pianist and bandleader (d. 2011)
1920 – Neville Brand, American actor (d. 1992)
1921 – Louis Frémaux, French conductor (d. 2017)
1921 – Jimmy McCracklin, American blues/R&B singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2012)
1921 – Mary Lee, Scottish singer (d. 2022)
1922 – Chuck Gilmur, American basketball player, coach, and educator (d. 2011)
1925 – Benny Bailey, American trumpet player, songwriter, and producer (d. 2005)
1925 – José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, Argentine executive and policy maker (d. 2013)
1926 – Fidel Castro, Cuban lawyer and politician, ex-President of Cuba (d. 2016)
1928 – John Tidmarsh, English journalist and radio host (d. 2019)
1929 – Pat Harrington, Jr., American actor (d. 2016)
1930 – Wilfried Hilker, German footballer and referee
1930 – Don Ho, American singer and ukulele player (d. 2007)
1930 – Bernard Manning, English comedian (d. 2007)
1930 – Wilmer Mizell, American baseball player and politician (d. 1999)
1930 – Bob Wiesler, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1933 – Joycelyn Elders, American admiral and physician, 15th Surgeon General of the United States
1935 – Alex de Renzy, American director and producer (d. 2001)
1935 – Mudcat Grant, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2021)
1938 – Dave "Baby" Cortez, American R&B pianist, organist, and composer
1938 – Bill Masterton, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1968)
1940 – Bill Musselman, American basketball player and coach (d. 2000)
1942 – Hissène Habré, Chadian politician and war criminal, 5th president of Chad (d. 2021)
1943 – Fred Hill, American football player
1943 – Ertha Pascal-Trouillot, President of Haiti
1943 – Michael Willetts, English sergeant; George Cross recipient (d. 1971)
1944 – Kevin Tighe, American actor
1945 – Lars Engqvist, Swedish politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden
1945 – Gary Gregor, American basketball player
1945 – Robin Jackman, Indian-English cricketer and sportscaster (d. 2020)
1945 – Howard Marks, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer, and legalisation campaigner (d. 2016)
1946 – Janet Yellen, American economist, 78th United States secretary of the treasury
1947 – Fred Stanley, American baseball player and manager
1947 – John Stocker, Canadian voice actor and director
1947 – Margareta Winberg, Swedish politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden
1948 – Kathleen Battle, American operatic soprano
1949 – Jim Brunzell, American wrestler
1949 – Bobby Clarke, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
1949 – Philippe Petit, French tightrope walker
1949 – Willy Rey, Dutch-Canadian model (d. 1973)
1950 – Jane Carr, English actress
1950 – Rusty Gerhardt, American baseball player, coach, and manager
1951 – Dan Fogelberg, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2007)
1952 – Dave Carter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
1952 – Gary Gibbs, American football player and coach
1952 – Suzanne Muldowney, American performance artist
1952 – Herb Ritts, American photographer and director (d. 2002)
1952 – Hughie Thomasson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2007)
1952 – Eugenio Lopez III, Filipino businessperson, CEO and chairman of ABS-CBN Corporation
1953 – Tom Cohen, American philosopher, theorist, and academic
1953 – Ron Hilditch, Australian rugby league player and coach
1953 – Thomas Pogge, German philosopher and academic
1953 – Peter Wright, English historian and author
1954 – Nico Assumpção, Brazilian bass player (d. 2001)
1955 – Keith Ahlers, English race car driver
1955 – Hideo Fukuyama, Japanese race car driver
1955 – Paul Greengrass, English director and screenwriter
1956 – Rohinton Fali Nariman, Judge of the Supreme Court of India
1958 – David Feherty, Northern Irish golfer and sportscaster
1958 – Feargal Sharkey, Northern Irish singer-songwriter
1958 – Randy Shughart, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1993)
1959 – Danny Bonaduce, American actor and wrestler
1959 – Bruce French, English cricketer and coach
1959 – Tom Niedenfuer, American baseball player
1960 – Ivar Stukolkin, Estonian swimmer
1961 – Koji Kondo, Japanese composer and sound director
1961 – Dawnn Lewis, American actress
1961 – Neil Mallender, English cricketer and umpire
1961 – Tom Perrotta, American novelist and screenwriter
1962 – John Slattery, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1963 – Steve Higgins, American talk show co-host and announcer, writer, producer, comedian and impressionist
1963 – Valerie Plame, American CIA agent and author
1963 – Sridevi, Indian actress (d. 2018)
1964 – Jay Buhner, American baseball player and sportscaster
1964 – Debi Mazar, American actress
1964 – Tom Prince, American baseball player and manager
1965 – Mark Lemke, American baseball player, coach, and radio host
1965 – Hayato Matsuo, Japanese composer and conductor
1966 – Scooter Barry, American basketball player
1966 – Shayne Corson, Canadian ice hockey player
1967 – Quinn Cummings, American actress, author, and entrepreneur
1967 – Dave Jamerson, American basketball player
1967 – Digna Ketelaar, Dutch tennis player
1968 – Tal Bachman, Canadian singer-songwriter
1968 – Todd Hendricks, American football player and coach
1968 – Tony Jarrett, English sprinter and hurdler
1969 – Midori Ito, Japanese figure skater
1970 – Will Clarke, American author
1970 – Elvis Grbac, American football player and coach
1970 – Seana Kofoed, American actress
1970 – Alan Shearer, English footballer and manager
1971 – Patrick Carpentier, Canadian race car driver
1971 – Adam Housley, American baseball player and journalist
1971 – Moritz Bleibtreu, German actor
1972 – Kevin Plank, American businessman, founded Under Armour
1973 – Molly Henneberg, American journalist
1973 – Eric Medlen, American race car driver (d. 2007)
1974 – Scott MacRae, American baseball player and coach
1974 – Joe Perry, English snooker player
1974 – Niklas Sundin, Swedish musician and artist
1974 – Jarrod Washburn, American baseball player and coach
1975 – Shoaib Akhtar, Pakistani cricketer
1975 – Marty Turco, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
1976 – Geno Carlisle, American basketball player
1976 – Nicolás Lapentti, Ecuadorian tennis player
1977 – Michael Klim, Polish-Australian swimmer
1977 – Kenyan Weaks, American basketball player and coach
1978 – Dwight Smith, American football player
1979 – Román Colón, Dominican baseball player
1979 – Corey Patterson, American baseball player
1979 – Taizō Sugimura, Japanese politician
1980 – Murtz Jaffer, Canadian journalist
1982 – Christopher Raeburn, English fashion designer
1982 – Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Governor of Arkansas, American political consultant and press secretary
1982 – Sebastian Stan, Romanian-American actor
1983 – Dallas Braden, American baseball player
1983 – Aleš Hemský, Czech ice hockey player
1983 – Ľubomír Michalík, Slovak footballer
1983 – Christian Müller, German footballer
1984 – Alona Bondarenko, Ukrainian tennis player
1984 – Niko Kranjčar, Croatian footballer
1984 – Boone Logan, American baseball player
1984 – James Morrison, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1985 – Gerrit van Look, German rugby player and coach
1987 – Jose Lorenzo Diokno, Filipino director, producer, and screenwriter
1987 – Devin McCourty, American football player
1987 – Jason McCourty, American football player
1987 – Jamie Reed, Welsh footballer
1988 – Keith Benson, American basketball player
1988 – Jerry Hughes, American football player
1988 – Brandon Workman, American baseball player
1989 – Greg Draper, New Zealand footballer
1989 – Justin Greene, American basketball player
1989 – Israel Jiménez, Mexican footballer
1990 – DeMarcus Cousins, American basketball player
1990 – Benjamin Stambouli, French footballer
1991 – Dave Days, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1991 – Lesley Doig, Scottish lawn bowler
1992 – Katrina Gorry, Australian football player
1992 – Lucas Moura, Brazilian footballer
1992 – Alicja Tchórz, Polish swimmer
1992 – Taijuan Walker, American baseball player
1993 – Johnny Gaudreau, American ice hockey player (d. 2024)
1993 – Moses Mbye, Australian rugby league player
1994 – Filip Forsberg, Swedish ice hockey player
1996 – Antonia Lottner, German tennis player
1998 – Dalma Gálfi, Hungarian tennis player
1999 – Lennon Stella, Canadian singer and actress
2000 – Na Jaemin, South Korean rapper, singer, dancer and actor |
August 13 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 13 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
587 – Radegund, Frankish princess and saint (b. 520)
604 – Wen, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (b. 541)
612 – Fabia Eudokia, Byzantine empress (b. 580)
662 – Maximus the Confessor, Byzantine theologian
696 – Takechi, Japanese prince
900 – Zwentibold, king of Lotharingia (b. 870)
908 – Al-Muktafi, Abbasid caliph
981 – Gyeongjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 955)
1134 – Irene of Hungary, Byzantine empress (b. 1088)
1297 – Nawrūz, Mongol emir
1311 – Pietro Gradenigo, doge of Venice
1382 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of Castile (b. 1358)
1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan (b. 1392)
1523 – Gerard David, Flemish painter (b. 1460) |
August 13 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1608 – Giambologna, Italian sculptor (b. 1529)
1617 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss clergyman and theologian (b. 1540)
1667 – Jeremy Taylor, Irish bishop and saint (b. 1613)
1686 – Louis Maimbourg, French priest and historian (b. 1610)
1721 – Jacques Lelong, French priest and author (b. 1665)
1744 – John Cruger, Danish-American businessman and politician, 39th Mayor of New York City (b. 1678)
1749 – Johann Elias Schlegel, German poet and critic (b. 1719)
1766 – Margaret Fownes-Luttrell, English painter (b. 1726)
1795 – Ahilyabai Holkar, Queen of Indore (b. 1725)
1826 – René Laennec, French physician, invented the stethoscope (b. 1781)
1863 – Eugène Delacroix, French painter and lithographer (b. 1798)
1865 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician and obstetrician (b. 1818)
1900 – Collis Potter Huntington, American railway magnate (b. 1821) |
August 13 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1910 – Florence Nightingale, Italian-English nurse and theologian (b. 1820)
1912 – Jules Massenet, French composer (b. 1842)
1917 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
1934 – Mary Hunter Austin, American author and playwright (b. 1868)
1937 – Sigizmund Levanevsky, Soviet aircraft pilot of Polish origin (b. 1902)
1946 – H. G. Wells, English novelist, historian, and critic (b. 1866)
1954 – Demetrius Constantine Dounis, Greek violinist and mandolin player (b. 1886)
1958 – Francis J. McCormick, American football, basketball player, and coach (b. 1903)
1963 – Louis Bastien, French cyclist and fencer (b. 1881)
1965 – Hayato Ikeda, Japanese lawyer and politician, 58th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1899)
1971 – W. O. Bentley, English race car driver and engineer, founded Bentley Motors Limited (b. 1888)
1974 – Ida McNeil, American broadcaster and designer of the flag of South Dakota (b. 1888)
1975 – Murilo Mendes, Brazilian poet and telegrapher (b. 1901)
1978 – Lonnie Mayne, American wrestler (b. 1944)
1979 – Andrew Dasburg, American painter and sculptor (b. 1887)
1984 – Tigran Petrosian, Georgian-Armenian chess player (b. 1929)
1986 – Helen Mack, American actress (b. 1913)
1989 – Tim Richmond, American race car driver (b. 1955)
1989 – Larkin I. Smith, American police officer and politician (b. 1944)
1991 – James Roosevelt, American general and politician (b. 1907)
1995 – Alison Hargreaves, English mountaineer (b. 1963)
1995 – Jan Křesadlo, Czech-English psychologist and author (b. 1926)
1995 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1931)
1996 – António de Spínola, Portuguese general and politician, 14th President of Portugal (b. 1910)
1998 – Nino Ferrer, Italian-French singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1934)
1998 – Edward Ginzton, Ukrainian-American physicist and academic (b. 1915)
1998 – Julien Green, American author (b. 1900)
1998 – Rafael Robles, Dominican-American baseball player (b. 1947)
1999 – Ignatz Bubis, German Jewish religious leader (b. 1927)
1999 – Jaime Garzón, Colombian journalist and lawyer (b. 1960)
2000 – Nazia Hassan, Pakistani singer-songwriter (b. 1965)
2001 – Otto Stuppacher, Austrian race car driver (b. 1947)
2001 – Jim Hughes, American baseball player and manager (b. 1923)
2001 – Betty Cavanna, American author (b. 1909)
2003 – Ed Townsend, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1929)
2004 – Julia Child, American chef, author, and television host (b. 1912)
2005 – Miguel Arraes, Brazilian lawyer and politician (b. 1916)
2005 – David Lange, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1942)
2006 – Tony Jay, English actor and singer (b. 1933)
2006 – Jon Nödtveidt, Swedish musician (b. 1975)
2007 – Brian Adams, American wrestler (b. 1964)
2007 – Brooke Astor, American philanthropist and socialite (b. 1902)
2007 – Phil Rizzuto, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1917)
2008 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician and academic (b. 1904)
2008 – Bill Gwatney, American politician (b. 1959)
2008 – Jack Weil, American businessman (b. 1901)
2009 – Lavelle Felton, American basketball player (b. 1980)
2010 – Panagiotis Bachramis, Greek footballer (b. 1976)
2010 – Lance Cade, American wrestler (b. 1981)
2010 – Edwin Newman, American journalist and author (b. 1919)
2011 – Tareque Masud, Bangladeshi director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1957)
2011 – Mishuk Munier, Bangladeshi journalist and cinematographer (b. 1959)
2012 – Hugo Adam Bedau, American philosopher and academic (b. 1926)
2012 – Helen Gurley Brown, American journalist and author (b. 1922)
2012 – Ray Jordon, Australian cricketer and coach (b. 1937)
2012 – Johnny Pesky, American baseball player and manager (b. 1919)
2012 – Joan Roberts, American actress and singer (b. 1917)
2013 – Lothar Bisky, German politician (b. 1941)
2013 – Aaron Selber, Jr., American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2013 – Jean Vincent, French footballer and manager (b. 1930)
2014 – Frans Brüggen, Dutch flute player and conductor (b. 1934)
2014 – Eduardo Campos, Brazilian politician, 14th Brazilian Minister of Science and Technology (b. 1965)
2014 – Martino Finotto, Italian race car driver (b. 1933)
2014 – Süleyman Seba, Turkish footballer and manager (b. 1926)
2015 – Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Iraqi politician, Iraqi Minister of Interior (b. 1952)
2015 – Bob Fillion, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (b. 1920)
2015 – Om Prakash Munjal, Indian businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Hero Cycles (b. 1928)
2016 – Kenny Baker, English actor and musician (b. 1934)
2016 – Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Indian Hindu leader (b. 1921)
2018 – Jim Neidhart, American wrestler (b. 1955)
2021 – Nanci Griffith, American singer-songwriter (b. 1953)
2024 – Richard Alatorre, American politician (b. 1943)
2024 – Wally Amos, American entrepreneur, founder of Famous Amos (b. 1936)
2024 – Sergio Donati, Italian screenwriter (b. 1933)
2024 – Greg Kihn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1949)
2024 – Frank Selvy, American basketball player and coach (b. 1932) |
August 13 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Benedetto Sinigardi
Benildus Romançon
Centola and Helen
Cassian of Imola
Clara Maass (Lutheran Church)
Fachtna of Rosscarbery
Florence Nightingale, Octavia Hill (Lutheran Church)
Herulph
Hippolytus of Rome
Jeremy Taylor (Anglican Communion)
John Berchmans (before 1970)
Junian of Mairé
Blessed Marco d'Aviano
Maximus the Confessor
Nerses Glaietsi (Catholic Church)
Pope Pontian
Radegunde
Wigbert
August 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Central African Republic from France in 1960.
International Lefthanders Day (International)
Women's Day, commemorates the enaction of Tunisian Code of Personal Status in 1956. (Tunisia)
World Organ Donation Day |
August 13 | References | References |
August 13 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 13 | Table of Content | pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
Avicenna | Short description | Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.* .(page 113) "For one thing, it means that he[Avicenna] had a Persian cultural background...he spoke Persian natively and did use it to write philosophy."(page 117) "But for the time being, it was a Persian from Khurasan who would have commentaries lavished upon him. Avicenna would be known by the honorific of "leading master" (al-shaykh al-raʾis)."(page 206) "Persians like Avicenna"
. "Avicenna was a Persian whose father served the Samanids of Khurasan and Transoxania as the administrator of a rural district outside Bukhara."
. "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian."
"Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician ..." (excerpt from A.J. Arberry, Avicenna on Theology, Kazi Publications Inc, 1995).
. "Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna." He is often described as the father of early modern medicine. His philosophy was of the Peripatetic school derived from Aristotelianism.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopediaEdwin Clarke, Charles Donald O'Malley (1996), The human brain and spinal cord: a historical study illustrated by writings from antiquity to the twentieth century, Norman Publishing, p. 20 ().Iris Bruijn (2009), Ship's Surgeons of the Dutch East India Company: Commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century, Amsterdam University Press, p. 26 (). which became a standard medical text at many medieval European universities and remained in use as late as 1650.e.g. at the universities of Montpellier and Leuven (see ). Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, and works of poetry.
Avicenna wrote most of his philosophical and scientific works in Arabic, but also wrote several key works in Persian, while his poetic works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine. |
Avicenna | Name | Name
is a Latin corruption of the Arabic patronym Ibn Sīnā (),. meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina. His formal Arabic name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn bin ʿAbdallāh bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhī al-Bukhārī (). |
Avicenna | Circumstances | Circumstances
Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.
The Samanid Empire in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Central Asia, as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq, provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad for cultural capital of the Muslim world. There, Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.
Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that Avicenna debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had met al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study of the Quran and the Hadith also thrived, and Islamic philosophy, fiqh "jurisprudence", and kalam "speculative theology" were all further developed by ibn Sina and his opponents at this time. |
Avicenna | Biography | Biography |
Avicenna | Early life and education | Early life and education
Avicenna was born in in the village of Afshana in Transoxiana to a Persian family.According to , Avicenna was "of Persian descent". According to , Avicenna was "born of Persian parentage". According to , Avicenna was "Persian by birth". , mentions Avicenna as an example for "Persian-born authors" and speaks of "presumed Persian origins" for Avicenna. , states "An ethnic Persian, he [Avicenna] was born in Kharmaithen, near Bukhara". The village was near the Samanid capital of Bukhara, which was his mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native of the city of Balkh in Bactria. An official of the Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of a village of the royal estate of Harmaytan near Bukhara during the reign of Nuh II (). Avicenna also had a younger brother. A few years later, the family settled in Bukhara, a center of learning, which attracted many scholars. It was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father.
Although both Avicenna's father and brother had converted to Isma'ilism, he himself did not follow the faith. He was instead a Hanafi Sunni, the same school followed by the Samanids.
Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by the age of 10, he had memorized the entire Quran. He was later sent by his father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterwards, he was schooled in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime later, his father invited the physician and philosopher al-Natili to their house to educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly the Categories of Aristotle (died 322 BCE) as well. After Avicenna had read the Almagest of Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him to continue his research independently. By the time Avicenna was eighteen, he was well-educated in Greek sciences. Although ibn Sina only mentions al-Natili as his teacher in his autobiography, he most likely had other teachers as well, such as the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi. |
Avicenna | Career | Career |
Avicenna | In Bukhara and Gurganj | In Bukhara and Gurganj
thumb|right|300px|alt=Geophysical map of southern Central Asia (Khurasan and Transoxiana) with the major settlements and regions|Map of Khurasan and Transoxiana
At the age of seventeen, Avicenna was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, his father died. He was subsequently given an administrative post, possibly succeeding his father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to Gurganj, the capital of Khwarazm, which he reports that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to the place is uncertain, as he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah, the ruler of Khwarazm, the Ma'munid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali. The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during that period.
He may have moved in 999, the year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and imprisoned the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his high position and strong connection with the Samanids, ibn Sina may have found himself in an unfavorable position after the fall of his suzerain.
It was through the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Greek sciences, that Avicenna entered into the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali. Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting many prominent figures, such as ibn Sina and his former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, and the philologist al-Tha'alibi. |
Avicenna | In Gorgan | In Gorgan
Avicenna later moved due to "necessity" once more (in 1012), this time to the west. There he travelled through the Khurasani cities of Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan and Jajarm. He was planning to visit the ruler of the city of Gorgan, the Ziyarid Qabus (), a cultivated patron of writing, whose court attracted many distinguished poets and scholars. However, when Avicenna eventually arrived, he discovered that the ruler had been dead since the winter of 1013. Avicenna then left Gorgan for Dihistan, but returned after becoming ill. There he met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his pupil and companion. Avicenna stayed briefly in Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr () and resided in the house of a patron. |
Avicenna | In Ray and Hamadan | In Ray and Hamadan
thumb|Coin of Majd al-Dawla (), the amir (ruler) of the Buyid branch of Ray
In , Avicenna went to the city of Ray, where he entered into the service of the Buyid amir Majd al-Dawla () and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler of the realm. There he served as the physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, though details regarding this tenure are unclear. During this period, Avicenna finished writing The Canon of Medicine and started writing his The Book of Healing.
In 1015, during Avicenna's stay in Hamadan, he participated in a public debate, as was customary for newly arrived scholars in western Iran at that time. The purpose of the debate was to examine one's reputation against a prominent resident. The person whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a member of the school of philosophers of Baghdad. The debate became heated, resulting in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack of basic knowledge in logic, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina of impoliteness.
After the debate, Avicenna sent a letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's claim that he shared the same opinion as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing a letter to an unknown person in which he made accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. The accusation made towards Avicenna may have been the same as he had received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures of the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity. The seriousness of this charge, in the words of the historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be underestimated in the larger Muslim culture".
Not long afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance to the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla, the younger brother of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin. Avicenna had been called upon by Shams al-Dawla to treat him, but after the latter's campaign in the same year against his former ally, the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (), he forced Avicenna to become his vizier.
Although Avicenna would sometimes clash with Shams al-Dawla's troops, he remained vizier until the latter died of colic in 1021. Avicenna was asked to stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (), but he instead went into hiding with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait for better opportunities to emerge. It was during this period that Avicenna was secretly in contact with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (), the Kakuyid ruler of Isfahan and uncle of Sayyida Shirin.
It was during his stay at Attar's home that Avicenna completed The Book of Healing, writing 50 pages a day. The Buyid court in Hamadan, particularly the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna of correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, and as a result, had the house of Attar ransacked and ibn Sina imprisoned in the fortress of Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. He was imprisoned for four months until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign. |
Avicenna | In Isfahan | In Isfahan
thumb|left|Coin of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (), the Kakuyid ruler of Isfahan
Avicenna was subsequently released, and went to Isfahan, where he was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved to be the most stable period of his life". Avicenna served as the advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many of his military expeditions and travels. Avicenna dedicated two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book of Science for Ala"), and a medical treatise about the pulse.
thumb|The Mausoleum of Avicenna, Hamadan, Iran
During the brief occupation of Isfahan by the Ghaznavids in January 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistan, where they stayed until the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Isfahan that he started writing his Pointers and Reminders. In 1037, while Avicenna was accompanying Ala al-Dawla to a battle near Isfahan, he contracted a severe colic, having suffered from colic throughout his life. He died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried. |
Avicenna | Philosophy | Philosophy
Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic, then the language of science in the Muslim world, and some in Early New Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in Persian, particularly the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.
Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became fundamental in kalam in the 12th century.Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006), pp. 80–81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame
The Book of Healing became available in Europe in a partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but it was suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215.cf. e.g.
Henry Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy, Routledge, 2014, p. 174.
Henry Corbin, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Princeton University Press, 2014, p. 103.
Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced the theologian William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics influenced the thought of Thomas Aquinas. |
Avicenna | Metaphysical doctrine | Metaphysical doctrine
Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence more clearly than Aristotelianism. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Avicenna, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.
Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence () and existence (). He argued that the fact of existence cannot be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. |
Avicenna | Impossibility, contingency, necessity | Impossibility, contingency, necessity
Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.Avicenna, Kitab al-shifa', Metaphysics II, (eds.) G.C. Anawati, Ibrahim Madkour, Sa'id Zayed (Cairo, 1975), p. 36Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (2001), pp. 753–778 |
Avicenna | Differentia | Differentia
The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence other than existence. Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad)Avicenna, Metaphysica of Avicenna, trans. Parviz Morewedge (New York, 1973), p. 43. since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. If no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then, in no sense are these 'Existents' not the same.Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000) Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad) and time (waqt).Avicenna, Kitab al-Hidaya, ed. Muhammad 'Abdu (Cairo, 1874), pp. 262–263Salem Mashran, al-Janib al-ilahi 'ind Ibn Sina (Damascus, 1992), p. 99Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna's Metaphysics and Cosmology," in Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 243–261 |
Avicenna | Reception | Reception
Avicenna's theology on metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.Ibn al-Qayyim, Eghaathat al-Lahfaan, Published: Al Ashqar University (2003) Printed by International Islamic Publishing House: Riyadh. While discussing the views of the theists among the Greek philosophers, namely Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted: |
Avicenna | Argument for God's existence | Argument for God's existence
Avicenna made an argument for the existence of God which would be known as the "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Avicenna argued that there must be a Proof of the Truthful, an entity that cannot not exist and through a series of arguments, he identified it with God in Islam. Present-day historian of philosophy Peter Adamson called this argument one of the most influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest contribution to the history of philosophy. |
Avicenna | Al-Biruni correspondence | Al-Biruni correspondence
Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school. al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina—Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, June 2003. |
Avicenna | Theology | Theology
Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic.Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, pp. 8–9, Oxford University Press, . His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century.James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, , Chapter 4, Cambridge Harvard University Press, pp. 152–198 [p. 156].
Avicenna wrote several short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets and messengers in Islam, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his philosophical system. In general, these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.
There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works, however, that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Chapter 4, Cambridge Harvard University Press, pp. 152–198 [pp. 160–161].
Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Chapter 4, Cambridge Harvard University Press, pp. 152–198 [pp. 156–158].
Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, and as an adult, wrote five treatises commenting on surahs of the Quran. One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.Jules Janssens (2004), "Avicenna and the Qur'an: A Survey of his Qur'anic commentaries", MIDEO 25, p. 177–192.
Avicenna is generally understood to have been aligned with the Hanafi school of Sunni thought. Avicenna studied Hanafi law, many of his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served under the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun. Avicenna said at an early age that he remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili missionary attempts to convert him.
Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) believed Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. excerpt: "... Dimitri Gutas's Avicenna's maḏhab convincingly demonstrates that I.S. was a sunnî-Ḥanafî." |
Avicenna | Thought experiments | Thought experiments
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance.See a discussion of this in connection with an analytic take on the philosophy of mind in: Nader El-Bizri, 'Avicenna and the Problem of Consciousness', in Consciousness and the Great Philosophers, eds. S. Leach and J. Tartaglia (London: Routledge, 2016), 45–53 The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:
However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance. |
Avicenna | Principal works | Principal works |
Avicenna | ''The Canon of Medicine'' | The Canon of Medicine
thumb|Canons of medicine book from Avicenna, Latin translation located at UT Health of San Antonio
Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (). It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century. The Canon still plays an important role in Unani medicine.Indian Studies on Ibn Sina's Works by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Avicenna (Scientific and Practical International Journal of Ibn Sino International Foundation, Tashkent/Uzbekistan. 1–2; 2003: 40–42 |
Avicenna | ''Liber Primus Naturalium'' | Liber Primus Naturalium
Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.Avicenna Latinus. 1992. Liber Primus Naturalium: Tractatus Primus, De Causis et Principiis Naturalium. Leiden (The Netherlands): E.J. Brill. He used the example of polydactyly to explain his perception that causal reasons exist for all medical events. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Enlightenment by seven centuries.Axel Lange and Gerd B. Müller. Polydactyly in Development, Inheritance, and Evolution. The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 92, No. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 1–38. . |
Avicenna | ''The Book of Healing'' | The Book of Healing |
Avicenna | Earth sciences | Earth sciences
Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing.Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965), The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time, p. 64, University of Chicago Press While discussing the formation of mountains, he explained: |
Avicenna | Philosophy of science | Philosophy of science
In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explained that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty". Avicenna then added two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he developed a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry." |
Avicenna | Logic | Logic
An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna.History of logic: Arabic logic , Encyclopædia Britannica. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham.Kneale p. 229Kneale: p. 266; Ockham: Summa Logicae i. 14; Avicenna: Avicennae Opera Venice 1508 f87rb Avicenna endorsed the law of non-contradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."Avicenna, Metaphysics, I; commenting on Aristotle, Topics I.11.105a4–5 |
Avicenna | Physics | Physics
In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book of Healing, developed a theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease.Fernando Espinoza (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching", Physics Education 40 (2), p. 141. He viewed inclination as a permanent force whose effect is dissipated by external forces such as air resistance.A. Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), pp. 477–482: "It was a permanent force whose effect got dissipated only as a result of external agents such as air resistance. He is apparently the first to conceive such a permanent type of impressed virtue for non-natural motion."
The theory of motion presented by Avicenna was probably influenced by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus. Avicenna's is a less sophisticated variant of the theory of impetus developed by Buridan in the 14th century. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly.Jack Zupko, "John Buridan" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2014
(fn. 48 )
"We do not know precisely where Buridan got the idea of impetus, but a less sophisticated notion of impressed forced can be found in Avicenna's doctrine of mayl (inclination). In this he was possibly influenced by Philoponus, who was developing the Stoic notion of hormé (impulse). For discussion, see Zupko (1997) ['What Is the Science of the Soul? A Case Study in the Evolution of Late Medieval Natural Philosophy,' Synthese, 110(2): 297–334]."
In optics, Avicenna was among those who argued that light had a speed, observing that "if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite."George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. 1, p. 710. He also provided a wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow as follows:
In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's theory on heat: |
Avicenna | Psychology | Psychology
Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Man argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, NY: Global Publications SUNY, 2000), pp. 149–171.Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna's De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67–89.
Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.
The soul completes the action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from matter. This process requires a concrete particular (material) to be abstracted into the universal intelligible (immaterial). The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms. The Active Intellect reveals the universals concealed in material objects much like the sun makes colour available to our eyes. |
Avicenna | Other contributions | Other contributions |
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