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Aalen
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Memorial sites
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Memorial sites
thumb|upright|Memorial stone at Schillerlinde
There is memorial stone at the Schillerlinde tree above Wasseralfingen's ore pit dedicated to four prisoners of the subcamp of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp killed there. Also in Wasseralfingen, in the cemetery a memorial with the Polish inscription "To the victims of Hitler" which commemorates the deceased forced labourers buried there.
In 1954, on the Schillerhöhe hill the town erected a bell tower as a memorial to Aalen's victims of both world wars and to the displacement of ethnic Germans. The tower was planned by Emil Leo, the bell was endowed by Carl Schneider. The tower is open on request. Every evening at 18:45 (before 2003: at 19:45), the memorial's bell rings.
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Aalen
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Aalen
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Churches
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Churches
thumb|St. John's Church
thumb|upright|St. Stephen's Church, Wasseralfingen
The town centre is dominated by the Evangelical-Lutheran St. Nicholas' Church in the heart of the pedestrian area. The church, in its present shape being built between 1765 and 1767, is the only major Late Baroque building in Aalen and is the main church of the Evangelical-Lutheran parish of Aalen.
St. John's Church is located inside of St. John's cemetery in the western centre. The building presumably is from the 9th century and thus is one of Württemberg's oldest existing churches. The interior features frescos from the early 13th century.
For other churches in Aalen, see the Religions section.
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Aalen
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Historic Town Hall with "Spy"
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Historic Town Hall with "Spy"
thumb|upright|"Spy's Tower"
The Historic Town Hall was originally built in the 14th century. After the fire of 1634, it was re-constructed in 1636. This building received a clock from Lauterburg, and the Imperial City of Nuremberg donated a Carillon. It features a figurine of the "Spy of Aalen" and historically displayed other figurines, however the latter ones were lost by a fire in 1884. Since then, the Spy resides inside the reconstructed tower and has become a symbol of the town. The building was used as the town hall until 1907. Since 1977, the Geological-Paleontological Museum resides in the Historic Town Hall.
According to legend, the citizens of Aalen owe the "Spy of Aalen" (Spion von Aalen) their town having been spared from destruction by the emperor's army:
The Imperial City of Aalen was once in quarrel with the emperor, and his army was shortly before the gates to take the town. The people of Aalen got scared and thus dispatched their "most cunning" one out into the enemy's camp to spy out the strength of their troops. Without any digression, he went straight into the middle of the enemy camp, which inescapably led to him being seized and presented to the emperor. When the emperor asked him what he had lost here, he answered in Swabian German: "Don't frighten, high lords, I just want to peek how many cannons and other war things you've got, since I am the spy of Aalen". The emperor laughed upon such a blatancy and acted naïvety, steered him all through the camp and then sent him back home. Soon the emperor withdrew with his army as he thought a town such wise guys reside in deserved being spared.
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Aalen
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Old Town Hall
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Old Town Hall
The earliest record of the Old Town Hall was in 1575. Its outside wall features the oldest known coat of arms, which is of 1664. Until 1851, the building also housed the Krone-Post hotel, which coincided with being a station of the Thurn und Taxis postal company. It has housed many notable persons. Thus the so-called "Napoleon Window" with its "N" painted on reminds of the stay of French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805. According to legend, he rammed his head so hard it bled on this window, when he was startled by the noise of his soldiers ridiculing the "Spy of Aalen". The building was used as Aalen's town hall from 1907 until 1975. Today it houses a cabaret café and the stage of the Theatre of the Town of Aalen. The town has adopted the Wischau Linguistic Enclave Society due to their godparenthood and stores their traditional costumes in the building.
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Aalen
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Bürgerspital
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Bürgerspital
The Bürgerspital ("Civic Asylum") is a timber-frame house erected on Spritzenhausplatz ("Fire Engine House Square") in 1702. Until 1873, it was used as civic hospital, then, later as a retirement home. After a comprehensive renovation in 1980 it was turned into a senior citizen's community centre.
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Aalen
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Limes-Thermen
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Limes-Thermen
On a slope of the Langert mountain, south of the town, the Limes-Thermen ("Limes Thermae") hot springs are located. They were built in ancient Roman style and opened in 1985. The health spa is supplied with water about .
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Aalen
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Market square
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Market square
The market square is the historic hub of Aalen and runs along about from the town hall in the south to the Historic Town Hall and the Old Town Hall in the north, where it empties into Radgasse alley. Since 1809, it is site of the weekly market on Wednesday and Saturday. About in front of the Reichsstädter Brunnen fountain at the town hall, the coats of arms of Aalen, its twinned cities and of the Wischau linguistic enclave are paved into the street as mosaic.
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Aalen
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Market fountain
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Market fountain
thumb|Statue depicting Joseph I at the market fountain
In 1705, for the water supply of Aalen a well casing was erected at the northern point of the market square, in front of the Historic Town Hall. It was a present of duke Eberhard Louis. The fountain bore a statue of emperor Joseph I., who was enthroned in 1705 and in 1707 renewed Aalen's Imperial City privileges. The fountain was supplied via a wooden pipe. Excessive water was dissipated through ditches branched from Kocher river. When in the early 1870s Aalen's water network was constructed, the fountain was replaced by a smaller fountain about distant. In 1975, the old market fountain was re-erected in baroque style. It bears a replica of the emperor's statue, with the original statue exhibited in the new town hall's lobby. The cast iron casing plates depict the 1718 coat of arms of the Duchy of Württemberg and the coats of arms of Aalen and of the merged municipalities.
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Aalen
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Reichsstädter Brunnen
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Reichsstädter Brunnen
The Reichsstädter Brunnen fountain ("Imperial Civic Fountain") is located in front of the town hall at the southern point of the market square. It was created by sculptor Fritz Nuss in 1977 to commemorate Aalen's time as an Imperial City (1360–1803). On its circumference is a frieze showing bronze figurines illustrating the town's history.
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Aalen
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Radgasse
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Radgasse
The Radgasse ("Wheel Alley") features Aalen's oldest façade. Originally a small pond was on its side. The buildings were erected between 1659 and 1662 for peasants with citizenry privileges and renovated in the mid-1980s. The namesake for the alley was the "Wheel" tavern, which was to be found at the site of today's address Radgasse 15.
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Aalen
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Tiefer Stollen
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Tiefer Stollen
thumb|Tiefer Stollen tourist mine
The former iron ore pit Wilhelm at Braunenberg hill was converted into the Tiefer Stollen tourist mine in order to remind of the old-day miners' efforts and to maintain it as a memorial of early industrialisation in the Aalen area. It has a mining museum open for visitors, and a mine railway takes visitors deep into the mountain. The Town of Aalen, a sponsorship association, and many citizens volunteered several thousand hours of labour to put the mine into its current state. As far as possible, things were left in the original state. In 1989, a sanitary gallery was established where respiratory diseases are treated within rest cures. Thus the Aalen village of Röthard, where the gallery is located, was awarded the title of "Place with sanitary gallery service" in 2004.
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Aalen
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Observatory
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Observatory
The Aalen Observatory was built in 1969 as school observatory for the Schubart Gymnasium. In 2001, it was converted to a public observatory. Since then, it has been managed by the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Aalen ("Aalen Astronomical Society"). It is located on Schillerhöhe hill and features two refractive telescopes. They were manufactured by Carl Zeiss AG which has its headquarters in nearby Oberkochen and operates a manufacturing works in Aalen (see below). In the observatory, guided tours and lectures are held regularly.
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Aalen
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Windpark Waldhausen
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Windpark Waldhausen
thumb|Wind turbine at Windpark Waldhausen
The Windpark Waldhausen wind farm began operations in early 2007. It consists of seven REpower MM92 wind turbines with a nameplate capacity of 2 MW each. The hub height of each wind turbine is , with a rotor diameter of .
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Aalen
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Aalbäumle observation tower
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Aalbäumle observation tower
thumb|upright|Aalbäumle observation tower
The tall Aalbäumle observation tower is built atop Langert mountain. This popular hiking destination was built in 1898 and was remodelled in 1992. It features a good view over Aalen and the Welland region, up to the Rosenstein mountain and Ellwangen. Beneath the tower, an adventure playground and a cabin is located. A flag on the tower signals whether the cabin's restaurant is open.
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Aalen
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Natural monuments
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Natural monuments
The Baden-Württemberg State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Natural Conservation has laid out six protected landscapes in Aalen (the Swabian Jura escarpment between Lautern and Aalen with adjacent territories, the Swabian Jura escarpment between Unterkochen and Baiershofen, the Hilllands around Hofen, the Kugeltal and Ebnater Tal valleys with parts of Heiligental valley and adjacent territories, Laubachtal valley and Lower Lein Valley with side valleys), two sanctuary forests (Glashütte and Kocher Origin), 65 extensive natural monuments, 30 individual natural monuments and the following two protected areas:
The large Dellenhäule protected area between Aalen's Waldhausen district and Neresheim's Elchingen district, created in 1969, is a sheep pasture with juniper and wood pasture of old willow oaks.
The large Goldshöfer Sande protected area was established in 2000 and is situated between Aalen's Hofen district and Hüttlingen. The sands on the hill originated from the Early Pleistocene are of geological importance, and the various grove structures offer habitat to severely endangered bird species.
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Aalen
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Sports
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Sports
thumb|upright=1.5|Scholz Arena
The football team, VfR Aalen, was founded in 1921 and played in the 2nd German League between 2012 and 2015, after which they were relegated to 3. Liga. Its playing venue is the Scholz-Arena situated in the west of the town, which bore the name Städtisches Waldstadion Aalen ("Civic Forest Stadium of Aalen") until 2008. From 1939 until 1945, the VfR played in the Gauliga Württemberg, then one of several parallel top-ranking soccer leagues of Germany.
The KSV Aalen wrestles in the Wrestling Federal League. It was German champion in team wrestling in 2010. Its predecessor, the KSV Germania Aalen disbanded in 2005, was German champion eight times and runner-up five times since 1976. Another Aalen club, the TSV Dewangen, wrestled in the Federal League until 2009.
Two American sports, American Football and Baseball, are pursued by the MTV Aalen. Volleyball has been gaining in popularity in Aalen for years. The first men's team of DJK Aalen accomplished qualification for regional league in the season of 2008/09.
The Ostalb ski lifts are located south of the town centre, at the northern slope of the Swabian Jura. The skiing area comprises two platter lifts that have a vertical rise of , with two runs with lengths of and a beginners' run.
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Aalen
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Regular events
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Regular events
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Aalen
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Reichsstädter Tage
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Reichsstädter Tage
Since 1975, Reichsstädter Tage ("Imperial City days") festival is held annually in the town centre on the second weekend in September. It is deemed the largest festival of the Ostwürttemberg region, and is associated with a shopping Sunday in accordance with the code. The festival is also attended by delegations from the twinned cities. On the town hall square, on Sunday an ecumenical service is held.
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Aalen
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Roman Festival
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Roman Festival
The international Roman Festival (Römertage) are held biannially on the site of the former Roman fort and the modern Limes museum. The festival's ninth event in 2008 was attended by around 11,000 people.
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Aalen
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Aalen Jazz Festival
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Aalen Jazz Festival
Annually during the second week of November, the Aalen Jazz Festival brings known and unknown artists to Aalen. It has already featured musicians like Miles Davis, B. B. King, Ray Charles, David Murray, McCoy Tyner, Al Jarreau, Esbjörn Svensson and Albert Mangelsdorff. The festival is complemented by individual concerts in spring and summer, and, including the individual concerts, comprises around 25 concerts with a total of about 13,000 visitors.
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Aalen
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Economy and infrastructure
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Economy and infrastructure
In 2008 there were 30,008 employees liable to social insurance living in Aalen. 13,946 (46.5 percent) were employed in the manufacturing sector, 4,715 (15.7 percent) in commerce, catering, hotels and transport, and 11,306 (37.7 percent) in other services. Annually 16,000 employees commute to work, with about 9,000 living in the town and commuting out.
Altogether in Aalen there are about 4,700 business enterprises, 1,100 of them being registered in the trade register. The others comprise 2,865 small enterprises and 701 craft enterprises.
In Aalen, metalworking is the predominant industry, along with machine-building. Other industries include optics, paper, information technology, chemicals, textiles, medical instruments, pharmaceuticals, and food.
Notable enterprises include SHW Automotive (originating from the former Schwäbische Hüttenwerke steel mills and a mill of 1671 in Wasseralfingen), the Alfing Kessler engineering works, the precision tools manufacturer MAPAL Dr. Kress, the snow chain manufacturer RUD Ketten Rieger & Dietz and its subsidiary Erlau, the Gesenkschmiede Schneider forging die smithery, the SDZ Druck und Medien media company, the Papierfabrik Palm paper mill, the alarm system manufacturer Telenot, the laser show provider LOBO electronic and the textile finisher Lindenfarb, which all have their seat in Aalen. A branch in Aalen is maintained by optical systems manufacturer Carl Zeiss headquartered in nearby Oberkochen.
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Aalen
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Transport
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Transport
thumb|Aalen station
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Aalen
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Rail
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Rail
Aalen station is a regional railway hub on the Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt–Nördlingen railway from Stuttgart and , the Aalen–Ulm railway from Ulm and the Goldshöfe–Crailsheim railway to Crailsheim. Until 1972, the Härtsfeld Railway connected Aalen with Dillingen an der Donau via Neresheim. Other railway stations within the town limits are Hofen (b Aalen), Unterkochen, Wasseralfingen and Goldshöfe station. The Aalen-Erlau stop situated in the south is no longer operational.
Aalen station is served at two-hour intervals by trains of Intercity line 61 Karlsruhe–Stuttgart–Aalen–Nuremberg. For regional rail travel, Aalen is served by various lines of the Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn categories. Since the beginning of 2019, the British company Go-Ahead took over the regional railway business of DB Regio in the region surrounding Aalen. The town also operates the Aalen industrial railway (Industriebahn Aalen), which carries about 250 carloads per year.
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Aalen
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Bus
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Bus
Aalen also is a regional hub in the bus network of OstalbMobil, the transport network of the district Aalen is in. The bus lines are operated and serviced by regional companies like OVA and RBS RegioBus Stuttgart.
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Aalen
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Street
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Street
The junctions of Aalen/Westhausen and Aalen/Oberkochen connect Aalen with the Autobahn A7 (Würzburg–Füssen). Federal roads (Bundesstraßen) connecting with Aalen are B 19 (Würzburg–Ulm), B 29 (Waiblingen–Nördlingen) and B 290 (Tauberbischofsheim–Westhausen). The Schwäbische Dichterstraße ("Swabian Poets' Route") tourist route established in 1977/78 leads through Aalen.
Several bus lines operate within the borough. The Omnibus-Verkehr Aalen company is one of the few in Germany that use double-decker buses, it has done so since 1966. A district-wide fare system, OstalbMobil, has been in effect since 2007.
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Aalen
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Air transport
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Air transport
Stuttgart Airport, offering international connections, is about away, the travel time by train is about 100 Minutes. At Aalen-Heidenheim Airport, located south-east of Aalen, small aircraft are permitted. Gliding airfields nearby are in Heubach and Bartholomä.
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Aalen
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Bicycle
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Bicycle
Bicycle routes stretching through Aalen are the Deutscher Limes-Radweg ("German Limes Bicycle Route") and the Kocher-Jagst Bicycle Route.
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Aalen
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Public facilities
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Public facilities
Aalen houses an Amtsgericht (local district court), chambers of the Stuttgart Labour Court, a notary's office, a tax office and an employment agency. It is the seat of the Ostalbkreis district office, of the Aalen Deanery of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church and of the Ostalb deanery of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart.
The Stuttgart administrative court, the Stuttgart Labour Court and the Ulm Social Welfare Court are in charge for Aalen.
Aalen had a civic hospital, which resided in the Bürgerspital building until 1873, then in a building at Alte Heidenheimer Straße. In 1942, the hospital was taken over by the district. The district hospital at the present site of Kälblesrain, known today as Ostalb-Klinikum, was opened in 1955.
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Aalen
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Media
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Media
The first local newspaper, Der Bote von Aalen ("The Herald of Aalen"), has been published on Wednesdays and Saturdays since 1837.
Currently, local newspapers published in Aalen are the Schwäbische Post, which obtains its supra-regional pages from the Ulm-based Südwestpresse, and the Aalener Nachrichten (erstwhile Aalener Volkszeitung), a local edition of Schwäbische Zeitung in Leutkirch im Allgäu.
Two of Germany's biggest Lesezirkels (magazine rental services) are headquartered in Aalen: Brabandt LZ Plus Media and Lesezirkel Portal.
Regional event magazines are Xaver, åla, ålakultur.
The commercial broadcasters Radio Ton and Radio 7 have studios in Aalen.
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Aalen
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Education
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Education
A Latin school was first recorded in Aalen in 1447; it was remodeled in 1616 and also later in various buildings that were all situated near the town church, and continued up through the 19th century. In the course of the reformation, a "German school" was established in tandem, being a predecessor of the latter Volksschule school type. In 1860, the Ritterschule was built as a Volksschule for girls; the building today houses the Pestalozzischule. In 1866, a new building was erected for the Latin school and for the Realschule established in 1840. This building, later known as the Alte Gewerbeschule, was torn down in 1975 to free up land for the new town hall. In 1912, the Parkschule building was opened. It was designed by Paul Bonatz and today houses the Schubart-Gymnasium.
The biggest educational institution in the town is the Hochschule Aalen, which was founded in 1962 and focuses on engineering and economics. It is attended by 5000 students on five campuses and employs 129 professors and 130 other lecturers.
The town provides three Gymnasiums, four Realschulen, two Förderschulen (special schools), six combined Grundschulen and Hauptschulen and eight standalone Grundschulen. The Ostalbkreis district provides three vocational schools and three additional special schools. Finally, six non-state schools of various types exist.
The German Esperanto Library (German: Deutsche Esperanto-Bibliothek, Esperanto: Germana Esperanto-Biblioteko) has been located in the building of the town library since 1989.
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Aalen
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TV and radio transmission tower
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TV and radio transmission tower
The Südwestrundfunk broadcasting company operates the Aalen transmission tower on the Braunenberg hill. The tower was erected in 1956, it is tall and made of reinforced concrete.
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Aalen
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Things named after Aalen
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Things named after Aalen
The following vehicles are named "Aalen":
The Lufthansa Boeing 737-500 D-ABJF
The Deutsche Bahn ICE 3 Tz309 (since 2 June 2008)
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Aalen
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Notable people
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Notable people
thumb|140px|Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, before 1804
thumb|140px|Karl Joseph von Hefele, 1869
thumb|140px|Kurt Jooss, 1971
Johann Christoph von Westerstetten (1563–1637), Prince-bishop of Eichstätt and counter-reformer
Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739–1791), poet, organ player, composer and journalist; lived in Aalen as a child and adolescent.
Karl Joseph von Hefele (1809–1893), Roman Catholic theologian, clerical historian and bishop.
Stephan Jakob Neher (1829–1902), Catholic priest and church historian.
Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (1873–1914), King of Duala and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun, lived in Aalen from 1891 until 1896.
Karl Wahl (1892–1981), Gauleiter of Gau Swabia, Obergruppenführer
Kurt Jooss (1901–1979), born in Wasseralfingen; dancer, choreographer and dance educator
Georg Elser (1903–1945), opponent of Nazism, worked in 1923 as an apprentice carpenter in Aalen.
August Zehender (1903–1945), SS Brigade Commander and Major General of the Waffen-SS
Bruno Heck (1917–1989), politician (CDU), former minister of the government and CDU secretary general
Hermann Bausinger (1926–2021), cultural scientist
Hans Elsässer (1929–2003), astronomer and founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Werner Sobek (born 1953), architect and structural engineer
Gerhard Thiele (born 1953 in Heidenheim), physicist and former astronaut, attended school in Aalen.
Angela Schanelec (born 1962), actress, film director and screenwriter
Ulrich Spiesshofer (born 1964), business executive, former CEO of the ABB Group
Martin Gerlach, (DE Wiki) (born 1965), independent politician, mayor of Aalen (2005–2013)
Steffen Schorn (born 1967), jazz musician & professor at the Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg
Carlo Waibel (born 1990), singer known as Cro, wears a panda mask on stage.
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Aalen
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Sport
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Sport
Werner Bickelhaupt (born 1939), football coach, lives in Aalen since 2004, head coach for Swaziland for 3 months in 2003
Walter Adams (born 1945 in Wasseralfingen), middle-distance runner
Thomas Zander (born 1967), wrestler, world champion in 1994 and silver medallist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Carl-Uwe Steeb (born 1967), retired tennis player
Erol Sabanov (born 1974), former football goalkeeper who played about 300 games
Andreas Beck (born 1987), footballer, immigrated aged 3, grew up in Aalen; played about 475 games and 9 for Germany
Patrick Funk (born 1990), footballer, played about 375 games
Fabio Kaufmann (born 1992), footballer, played over 350 games
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Aalen
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Honorary citizens
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Honorary citizens
Ruland Ayßlinger, composer
Erwin Rommel (1891–1944), Field Marshal of World War II, grew up in Aalen
Paul Edel
Wilhelm Jakob Schweiker (1859–1927), founder of the Aalen Historical Society (Geschichts- und Altertumsverein Aalen) and name giver of the Wilhelm Jakob Schweiker Award
Ulrich Pfeifle, Mayor of Aalen from 1976 until 2005
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Aalen
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Notes
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Notes
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Aalen
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References
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References
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Aalen
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Further reading
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Further reading
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Aalen
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External links
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External links
Town of Aalen's website
Geographical information system of the town of Aalen (in German)
Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Category:Ostalbkreis
Category:150s establishments in the Roman Empire
Category:260s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
Category:Populated places established in the 7th century
Category:7th-century establishments in Germany
Category:States and territories established in 1360
Category:1360s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Category:1360 establishments in Europe
Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1800s
Category:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Category:Free imperial cities
Category:Holocaust locations in Germany
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Aalen
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Table of Content
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Short description, Geography, Situation, Geology, Extent of the borough, Boroughs, Spatial planning, Climate, History, Civic history, First settlements, Roman era, Foundation, Imperial City, Reformation, Fire of 1634, Napoleonic era and end of the Imperial City of Aalen, Industrial Revolution, Nazi era, Post-war era, Religions, Protestantism, Catholicism, Other Christian communities, Other religions, Mergings, Population's progression and structure, Politics, Council, Mayors, Coat of arms and flag, Godparenthood, Municipal finances, Twin towns – sister cities, Culture and sights, Theatre, Schubart Literary Award, Music, Arts, Museums and memorial sites, Museums, Memorial sites, Buildings, Churches, Historic Town Hall with "Spy", Old Town Hall, Bürgerspital, Limes-Thermen, Market square, Market fountain, Reichsstädter Brunnen, Radgasse, Tiefer Stollen, Observatory, Windpark Waldhausen, Aalbäumle observation tower, Natural monuments, Sports, Regular events, Reichsstädter Tage, Roman Festival, Aalen Jazz Festival, Economy and infrastructure, Transport, Rail, Bus, Street, Air transport, Bicycle, Public facilities, Media, Education, TV and radio transmission tower, Things named after Aalen, Notable people, Sport, Honorary citizens, Notes, References, Further reading, External links
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Alois Alzheimer
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short description
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Alois Alzheimer ( , ,"Alzheimer's disease". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist, neuropathologist and colleague of Emil Kraepelin. He is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin later identified as Alzheimer's disease.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Early life and education
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Early life and education
thumb|Alzheimer's birthplace
Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria, on 14 June 1864, the son of Anna Johanna Barbara Sabina and Eduard Román Alzheimer. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown."Alzheimer´s Birthplace" , marktbreit.de; accessed 14 July 2017. The family was devoutly Catholic.
The Alzheimers moved to Aschaffenburg when Alois was still young in order to give their children an opportunity to attend the Royal Humanistic Gymnasium. After graduating with Abitur in 1883, Alzheimer studied medicine at University of Berlin, University of Tübingen, and University of Würzburg. In his final year at university, he was a member of a fencing fraternity, and even received a fine for disturbing the peace while out with his team. In 1887, Alzheimer graduated from Würzburg as Doctor of Medicine.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Career
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Career
In 1888, Alzheimer spent five months assisting mentally ill women before he took an office in the city mental asylum in Frankfurt, the Städtische Anstalt für Irre und Epileptische (Asylum for Lunatics and Epileptics). , a noted psychiatrist, was the dean of the asylum. Another neurologist, Franz Nissl, began to work in the same asylum with Alzheimer. Together, they conducted research on the pathology of the nervous system, specifically the normal and pathological anatomy of the cerebral cortex. Alzheimer was the co-founder and co-publisher of the journal Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, though he never wrote a book that he could call his own.
While at the Frankfurt asylum, Alzheimer also met Emil Kraepelin, one of the best-known German psychiatrists of the time. Kraepelin became a mentor to Alzheimer, and the two worked very closely for the next several years. When Kraepelin moved to Munich to work at the Royal Psychiatric Hospital in 1903, he invited Alzheimer to join him.
At the time, Kraepelin was doing clinical research on psychosis in senile patients; Alzheimer, on the other hand, was more interested in the lab work of senile illnesses. They faced many challenges involving the politics of the psychiatric community. For example, formal and informal arrangements were made among psychiatrists at asylums and universities to receive cadavers.
In 1904, Alzheimer completed his habilitation at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he was appointed as a professor in 1908. Afterward, he left Munich for the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University in Breslau in 1912, where he accepted a post as professor of psychiatry and director of the Neurologic and Psychiatric Institute. His health deteriorated shortly after his arrival so that he was hospitalized. He died three years later.
Alzheimer is known for having a variety of medical interests including vascular diseases of the brain, early dementia, brain tumors, forensic psychiatry and epilepsy.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Auguste Deter
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Auguste Deter
In 1901, Alzheimer observed a patient at the Frankfurt asylum named Auguste Deter. The 51-year-old patient had strange behavioral symptoms, including a loss of short-term memory; she became his obsession over the coming years. Auguste Deter was a victim of the politics of the time in the psychiatric community; the Frankfurt asylum was too expensive for her husband. Herr Deter made several requests to have his wife moved to a less expensive facility, but Alzheimer intervened in these requests. Auguste D., as she was known, remained at the Frankfurt asylum, where Alzheimer had made a deal to receive her records and brain upon her death, paying for the remainder of her stay in return.
On 8 April 1906, Auguste Deter died, and Alzheimer had her medical records and brain brought to Munich where he was working in Kraepelin's laboratory. With two Italian physicians, he used the newly developed Bielschowsky stain to identify amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These brain anomalies became identifiers of what is now known as Alzheimer's disease.
thumb|First description of Alzheimer's dementia (1906)
On 3November 1906, Alzheimer discussed his findings on the brain pathology and symptoms of presenile dementia publicly, at the Tübingen meeting of the Southwest German Psychiatrists. The attendees at this lecture seemed uninterested in what he had to say. The lecturer that followed Alzheimer was to speak on the topic of "compulsive masturbation", which the audience of 88 individuals was so eagerly awaiting that they sent Alzheimer away without any questions or comments on his discovery of the pathology of a peculiar case of early-onset dementia.
Following his presentation, Alzheimer published a short paper summarizing his presentation; in 1907 he wrote a longer paper detailing the disease and his findings. It became known as Alzheimer's disease in 1910, when Kraepelin named it so in the chapter on "Presenile and Senile Dementia" in the 8th edition of his Handbook of Psychiatry. By 1911, his description of the disease was being used by European physicians to diagnose patients in the US.
Additional case descriptions by Alzheimer and his colleagues continued in the following years, including older patients than the early-onset dementia of Auguste Deter. Alzheimer eventually conceived "his" disease as mainly characterized clinically by a severe dementia with instrumental symptoms, and pathologically by extended neurofibrillary tangles. He debated fiercely with Oskar Fischer, a German-speaking pathologist from Prague, who instead emphasized on the importance of neuritic plaques and of presbyophrenia as the phenotype. Finally, it must be highlighted that Fischer–Alzheimer's nosological considerations had less impact than Kraepelin's 1910 Textbook of Psychiatry, which distinguished between "Alzheimer's disease" and senile dementia, including presbyophrenia. This textbook had a strong influence on early 20th century research on senile dementia and played a significant role in the classification of dementia in the following decades.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Personal life and death
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Personal life and death
thumb|Alzheimer in his later years just before his death ()
In 1894, Alzheimer married Cecilie Simonette Nathalie Geisenheimer, with whom he had three children. She died in 1901.
thumb|upright|Alzheimer's grave in Frankfurt
In August 1912, Alzheimer fell ill on the train on his way to the University of Breslau, where he had been appointed professor of psychiatry in July 1912. Most probably a streptococcal infection and subsequent rheumatic fever led to valvular heart disease, heart failure and kidney failure. He died of heart failure on 19 December 1915 at age 51, in Breslau, Silesia (present-day Wrocław, Poland). His body was buried four days later, next to Cecilie's at the Frankfurt Main Cemetery.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Contemporaries
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Contemporaries
American Solomon Carter Fuller gave a report similar to that of Alzheimer at a lecture five months before Alzheimer. Oskar Fischer was a fellow German psychiatrist, twelve years Alzheimer's junior, who reported twelve cases of senile dementia in 1907 around the time that Alzheimer published his short paper summarizing his presentation.
Alzheimer and Fischer had different interpretations of the disease, but owing to Alzheimer's short life, they never had the opportunity to meet and discuss their ideas.
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Alois Alzheimer
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Critics and rediscovery
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Critics and rediscovery
In the early 1990s, critics began to question Alzheimer's findings and form their own hypotheses based on Alzheimer's notes and papers. Amaducci and colleagues hypothesized that Auguste Deter had metachromatic leukodystrophy, a rare condition in which accumulations of fats affect the cells that produce myelin. Claire O'Brien, meanwhile, hypothesized that Auguste Deter actually had a vascular dementing disease.
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Alois Alzheimer
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See also
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See also
Gaetano Perusini
German inventors and discoverers
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Alois Alzheimer
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References
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References
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Alois Alzheimer
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External links
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External links
Alzheimer's: 100 years on
Alois Alzheimer's Biography, International Brain Research Organization
Bibliography of secondary sources on Alois Alzheimer and Alzheimer's disease, selected from peer-reviewed journals
Graeber Manuel B. "Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915)", International Brain Research Organization
Category:1864 births
Category:1915 deaths
Category:People from Marktbreit
Category:Physicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Category:German neuroscientists
Category:German Roman Catholics
Category:Alzheimer's disease
Category:German psychiatrists
Category:Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
Category:Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Category:Academic staff of the University of Breslau
Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Category:University of Tübingen alumni
Category:University of Würzburg alumni
Category:Neuropathologists
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Alois Alzheimer
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Table of Content
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short description, Early life and education, Career, Auguste Deter, Personal life and death, Contemporaries, Critics and rediscovery, See also, References, External links
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Aedile
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Short description
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Aedile ( , , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public order and duties to ensure the city of Rome was well supplied and its civil infrastructure well maintained, akin to modern local government.
There were two pairs of aediles: the first were the "plebeian aediles" (Latin: aediles plebis) and possession of this office was limited to plebeians; the other two were "curule aediles" (Latin: aediles curules), open to both plebeians and patricians, in alternating years. An aedilis curulis was classified as a magister curulis.
The office of the aedilis was generally held by young men intending to follow the cursus honorum to high political office, traditionally after their quaestorship but before their praetorship. It was not a compulsory part of the cursus, and hence a former quaestor could be elected to the praetorship without having held the position of aedile. However, it was an advantageous position to hold because it demonstrated the aspiring politician's commitment to public service, as well as giving him the opportunity to hold public festivals and games, an excellent way to increase his name recognition and popularity.
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Aedile
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History of the office
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History of the office
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Aedile
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Plebeian aediles
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Plebeian aediles
The plebeian aediles were created in the same year as the tribune of the plebs (494 BC). Originally intended as assistants to the tribunes, they guarded the rights of the plebeians with respect to their headquarters, the Temple of Ceres. Subsequently, they assumed responsibility for maintenance of the city's buildings as a whole.McCullough, 938 Their duties at first were simply ministerial. They were the assistants to the tribunes in whatever matters that the tribunes might entrust to them, although most matters with which they were entrusted were of minimal importance.
Around 446 BC, they were given the authority to care for the decrees of the Senate. When a senatus consultum was passed, it would be transcribed into a document and deposited in the public treasury, the Aerarium. They were given this power because the consuls, who had held this power before, arbitrarily suppressed and altered the documents.Liv. III.55 They also maintained the acts of the Plebeian Council (People's Assembly), the "plebiscites". Plebiscites, once passed, were also transcribed into a physical document for storage. While their powers grew over time, it is not always easy to distinguish the difference between their powers, and those of the censors. Occasionally, if a censor was unable to carry out one of his tasks, an aedile would perform the task instead.
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Aedile
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Curule aediles
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Curule aediles
According to Livy (vi. 42), after the passing of the Licinian rogations in 367 BC, an extra day was added to the Roman games; the plebeian aediles refused to bear the additional expense, whereupon the patricians offered to undertake it, on condition that they were admitted to the aedileship. The plebeians accepted the offer, and accordingly two curule aediles were appointed—at first from the patricians alone, then from patricians and plebeians in turn, lastly, from either—at the Tribal Assembly under the presidency of the consul. Curule aediles, as formal magistrates, held certain honors that plebeian aediles (who were not technically magistrates), did not hold.
Besides having the right to sit on a curule seat (sella curulis) and to wear a toga praetexta, the curule aediles also held the power to issue edicts (jus edicendi). These edicts often pertained to matters such as the regulation of the public markets, or what we might call "economic regulation".Cic. Verr. V.14 Livy suggests, perhaps incorrectly, that both curule as well as plebeian Aediles were sacrosanct. Although the curule aediles always ranked higher than the plebeian, their functions gradually approximated and became practically identical. Within five days after the beginning of their terms, the four aediles (two plebeian, two curule) were required to determine, by lot or by agreement among themselves, what parts of the city each should hold jurisdiction over.Tabula Heracleensis, ed. Alessio Simmacho Mazzocchi
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Aedile
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Differences between the two
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Differences between the two
There was a distinction between the two sets of aediles when it came to public festivals. Some festivals were plebeian in nature, and thus were under the superintendence of plebeian aediles.Liv. XXXI.56 Other festivals were supervised exclusively by the curule aediles,Liv. XXXI.50 and it was often with these festivals that the aediles would spend lavishly. This was often done to secure voters' support in future elections. Because aediles were not reimbursed for public expenditures, most individuals seeking the office were independently wealthy. Since this office was a stepping stone to higher office and the Senate, it helped to ensure that only wealthy individuals (mostly landowners) would win election to high office. These extravagant expenditures began shortly after the end of Second Punic War, and increased as the spoils returned from Rome's new eastern conquests. Even the decadence of the emperors rarely surpassed that of the aediles under the Republic, as could have been seen during Julius Caesar's aedileship.Plut. Caesar, 5
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Aedile
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Election to the office
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Election to the office
Plebeian aediles and Curule aediles were elected by the Tribal Assembly. Since the plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians rather than by all of the people of Rome (plebeians as well as patricians), they were not technically magistrates. Before the passage of the Lex Villia Annalis, individuals could run for the aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven. After the passage of this law in 180 BC, a higher age was set, probably thirty-six.Livy, XL.44 By the 1st century BC, aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.
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Aedile
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Powers of the office
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Powers of the office
Cicero (Legg. iii. 3, 7) divides these functions under three heads:
(1) Care of the city:
the repair and preservation of temples, sewers and aqueducts; street cleansing and paving; regulations regarding traffic, dangerous animals and dilapidated buildings; precautions against fire; superintendence of baths and taverns; enforcement of sumptuary laws; punishment of gamblers and usurers; the care of public morals generally, including the prevention of foreign superstitions and the registration of meretrices. They also punished those who had too large a share of the ager publicus, or kept too many cattle on the state pastures.
(2) Care of provisions:
investigation of the quality of the articles supplied and the correctness of weights and measures; the purchase of grain for disposal at a low price in case of necessity.
(3) Care of the games:
superintendence and organization of the public games, as well as of those given by themselves and private individuals (e.g., at funerals) at their own expense.
Ambitious persons often spent enormous sums in this manner to win the popular favor with a view to official advancement.
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Aedile
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Under the Empire
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Under the Empire
In 44 BC, Julius Caesar added two plebeian aediles called cereales, whose special duty was the care of the cereal (grain) supply. Under Augustus the office lost much of its importance, its judicial functions and the care of the games being transferred to the praetor, while its city responsibilities were limited by the appointment of an urban prefect. Augustus took for himself its powers over various religious duties. By stripping it of its powers over temples, he effectively destroyed the office, by taking from it its original function. After this point, few people were willing to hold such a powerless office, and Augustus was even known to compel individuals into holding the office. He accomplished this by randomly selecting former tribunes and quaestors for the office.Dio Cassius LV.24 Future emperors would continue to dilute the power of the office by transferring its powers to newly created offices. However, the office did retain some powers over licentiousness and disorder, in particular over the baths and brothels, as well as the registration of prostitutes.Tacitus Annales, II.85 In the 3rd century, it disappeared altogether.
Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied. It seems as though they were usually chosen annually.De Aedil. Col, &c. Otto. Lips. 1732
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Aedile
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Modern day
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Modern day
Examples of modern use of the term "edil" include:
Portugal, where the county mayor can still be referred to as edil (e.g. 'O edil de Coimbra', meaning 'the mayor of Coimbra'), a form of reference used also in Brazil.
Romania, where the term edit is used for a mayor (e.g. 'Edil al Bucureștiului', meaning 'mayor of Bucharest').
Spain (and Latin America), where the members of municipal councils are called concejales or ediles.
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Aedile
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Shakespeare
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Shakespeare
In his play Coriolanus, Shakespeare references the aediles. However, they are minor characters, and their chief role is to serve as policemen.
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Aedile
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References
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References
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Aedile
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Books
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Books
Category:Cursus honorum
Category:Ancient Roman occupations
Category:Ancient Roman titles
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Aedile
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Table of Content
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Short description, History of the office, Plebeian aediles, Curule aediles, Differences between the two, Election to the office, Powers of the office, Under the Empire, Modern day, Shakespeare, References, Books
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American Airlines
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Short description
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American Airlines, Inc. is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and is the largest airline in the world in terms of passengers carried and daily flights. American, along with its regional subsidiaries and contractors operating under the brand name American Eagle, operate an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in 48 countries. The airline is also a founding member of the Oneworld alliance, one of the world's three major airline alliances.
American Airlines and American Eagle operate out of ten hubs, with Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) being the largest. The airline serves more than 200 million passengers annually, and averages more than 500,000 daily. , the company employs 103,440 staff members.
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American Airlines
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History
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History
thumb|right|DC-3 "Flagship" American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period
American Airlines was started in 1930 as a union of more than eighty small airlines. The two organizations from which American Airlines originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first created in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation. This, in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system and was renamed American Airlines. The airline fully developed its international business between 1970 and 2000. It purchased Trans World Airlines in 2001.
American had a direct role in the development of the Douglas DC-3, which resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith to Douglas Aircraft Company founder Donald Wills Douglas Sr., when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC-2 to replace American's Curtiss Condor II biplanes. (The existing DC-2's cabin was wide, too narrow for side-by-side berths.) Douglas agreed to proceed with development only after Smith informed him of American Airline's intention to purchase 20 aircraft. The prototype DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) first flew on December 17, 1935, the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Its cabin was wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3. There was no prototype DC-3; the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines.Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas DC-3 Survivors, Volume 1. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. , p. 17 American Airlines inaugurated passenger service on June 26, 1936, with simultaneous flights from Newark, New Jersey, and Chicago, Illinois.Holden, Henry. "DC-3 History" . dc3history.org. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
thumb|Passengers exiting plane at the El Paso Airport in 1957American also had a direct role in the development of the DC-10, which resulted from a specification from American Airlines to manufacturers in 1966 to offer a widebody aircraft that was smaller than the Boeing 747, but capable of flying similar long-range routes from airports with shorter runways. McDonnell Douglas responded with the DC-10 trijet shortly after the two companies' merger.Waddington 2000, pp. 6–18. On February 19, 1968, the president of American Airlines, George A. Spater, and James S. McDonnell of McDonnell Douglas announced American's intention to acquire the DC-10. American Airlines ordered 25 DC-10s in its first order.Endres 1998, p. 16."American Orders 25 'Airbus' Jets". St. Petersburg Times, September 14, 2011. The DC-10 made its first flight on August 29, 1970,Endres 1998, pp. 25–26. and received its type certificate from the FAA on July 29, 1971.Endres 1998, p. 28. On August 5, 1971, the DC-10 entered commercial service with American Airlines on a round-trip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago.Endres 1998, p. 52.
In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, American Airlines' parent company, the AMR Corporation, filed for bankruptcy protection. In 2013, American Airlines merged with US Airways but kept the American Airlines name, as it was the better-recognized brand internationally; the combination of the two airlines resulted in the creation of the largest airline in the United States, and ultimately the world.
In December 2023, the company was added to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index.
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American Airlines
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Network
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Network
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American Airlines
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Destinations
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Destinations
, American Airlines flies (or has flown) to the following destinations:
Country or Territory City Airport Notes RefsAmerican SamoaPago PagoPago Pago International AirportAntigua and BarbudaSt. John'sV. C. Bird International Airport ArgentinaBuenos AiresMinistro Pistarini International Airport CórdobaIngeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International AirportArubaOranjestadQueen Beatrix International Airport AustraliaBrisbaneBrisbane AirportSydneySydney Airport BahamasNassauLynden Pindling International Airport FreeportFreeport International Airport BarbadosBridgetownGrantley Adams International Airport BelgiumBrusselsBrussels AirportBelizeBelize CityPhilip S. W. Goldson International Airport BermudaHamiltonL.F. Wade International Airport BoliviaLa PazEl Alto International AirportSanta Cruz de la SierraViru Viru International AirportBonaireKralendijkFlamingo International Airport BrazilBelo HorizonteTancredo Neves International AirportBrasíliaBrasília International AirportCampinasViracopos International AirportCuritibaAfonso Pena International AirportFortalezaPinto Martins International AirportManausEduardo Gomes International AirportPorto AlegreSalgado Filho International AirportRecifeRecife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International AirportRio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport Salvador da BahiaDeputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International AirportSão PauloSão Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport CanadaCalgaryCalgary International Airport MontrealMontréal–Trudeau International Airport TorontoToronto Pearson International Airport VancouverVancouver International Airport Cayman IslandsGeorge TownOwen Roberts International Airport ChileSantiagoArturo Merino Benítez International Airport ChinaBeijingBeijing Capital International AirportBeijing Daxing International AirportShanghaiShanghai Pudong International Airport ColombiaBarranquillaErnesto Cortissoz International Airport BogotáEl Dorado International Airport CaliAlfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport CartagenaRafael Núñez International Airport MedellínJosé María Córdova International Airport PereiraMatecaña International Airport San AndresGustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport Costa RicaLiberiaGuanacaste Airport San JoséJuan Santamaría International Airport CroatiaDubrovnikDubrovnik AirportCubaCamagüeyIgnacio Agramonte International Airport HavanaJosé Martí International Airport HolguínFrank País Airport Santa ClaraAbel Santamaría Airport Santiago de CubaAntonio Maceo Airport VaraderoJuan Gualberto Gómez Airport CuraçaoWillemstadCuraçao International Airport Czech RepublicPragueVáclav Havel Airport PragueDenmarkCopenhagenCopenhagen Airport Dominican RepublicLa RomanaLa Romana International AirportPuerto PlataGregorio Luperón International Airport Punta CanaPunta Cana International Airport Santiago de los CaballerosCibao International Airport Santo DomingoLas Américas International Airport EcuadorGuayaquilJosé Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport QuitoMariscal Sucre International Airport El SalvadorSan SalvadorEl Salvador International Airport FinlandHelsinkiHelsinki AirportFranceParisCharles de Gaulle Airport Orly AirportNiceCôte d'Azur Airport GermanyBerlinBerlin Tegel AirportDüsseldorfDüsseldorf AirportFrankfurtFrankfurt Airport MunichMunich Airport GreeceAthensAthens International AirportGrenadaSt. George'sMaurice Bishop International Airport GuadeloupePointe-à-PitrePointe-à-Pitre International AirportGuatemalaGuatemala CityLa Aurora International Airport GuyanaGeorgetownCheddi Jagan International Airport HaitiCap-HaïtienHugo Chávez International AirportPort-au-PrinceToussaint Louverture International Airport (Suspended) HondurasRoatánJuan Manuel Gálvez International Airport San Pedro SulaLa Mesa International Airport TegucigalpaComayagua International Airport Hong KongHong KongHong Kong International AirportHungaryBudapestBudapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport IcelandReykjavíkKeflavík International AirportIndiaDelhiIndira Gandhi International Airport IndonesiaJakartaSoekarno–Hatta International AirportIrelandDublinDublin Airport ShannonShannon AirportIsraelTel AvivDavid Ben Gurion International AirportItalyBolognaBologna Guglielmo Marconi AirportMilanMilan Malpensa Airport NaplesNaples International Airport RomeRome Fiumicino Airport VeniceVenice Marco Polo AirportJamaicaKingstonNorman Manley International Airport Montego BaySangster International Airport JapanNagoyaChubu Centrair International AirportKomaki AirportOsakaKansai International AirportTokyoHaneda Airport Narita International Airport MartiniqueFort-de-FranceMartinique Aimé Césaire International AirportMexicoCancúnCancún International Airport CozumelCozumel International Airport GuadalajaraGuadalajara International Airport Mexico CityMexico City International Airport MoreliaGeneral Francisco Mujica International Airport LeónBajío International Airport OaxacaOaxaca International Airport PueblaPuebla International AirportPuerto VallartaLicenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport San José del CaboLos Cabos International Airport ZihuatanejoIxtapa-Zihuatanejo International AirportNetherlandsAmsterdamAmsterdam Airport Schiphol New ZealandAucklandAuckland Airport ChristchurchChristchurch AirportNicaraguaManaguaAugusto C. Sandino International Airport PanamaPanama CityTocumen International Airport ParaguayAsunciónSilvio Pettirossi International AirportPeruLimaJorge Chávez International Airport CuzcoAlejandro Velasco Astete International AirportPortugalLisbonLisbon AirportQatarDohaHamad International Airport RussiaMoscowDomodedovo International AirportSaint Kitts and NevisBasseterreRobert L. Bradshaw International Airport Saint LuciaVieux FortHewanorra International Airport Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesKingstownArgyle International Airport Sint MaartenPhilipsburgPrincess Juliana International Airport South KoreaSeoulIncheon International Airport SpainBarcelonaJosep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport MadridAdolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport SurinameParamariboJohan Adolf Pengel International AirportSwedenStockholmStockholm Arlanda AirportSwitzerlandZürichZurich Airport Trinidad and TobagoPort of SpainPiarco International Airport Turks and Caicos IslandsProvidencialesProvidenciales International Airport South CaicosNorman B. Saunders Sr. International Airport United KingdomBirminghamBirmingham AirportEdinburghEdinburgh AirportGlasgowGlasgow AirportLondonGatwick AirportHeathrow Airport Stansted AirportManchesterManchester AirportUnited States (Alabama)BirminghamBirmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport HuntsvilleHuntsville International Airport MobileMobile Regional Airport MontgomeryMontgomery Regional Airport United States (Alaska)AnchorageTed Stevens Anchorage International AirportFairbanksFairbanks International AirportUnited States (Arizona)PhoenixPhoenix Sky Harbor International AirportTucsonTucson International Airport YumaYuma International Airport United States (Arkansas)BentonvilleNorthwest Arkansas Regional Airport United States (California)BurbankHollywood Burbank Airport FresnoFresno Yosemite International Airport Los AngelesLos Angeles International AirportOaklandOakland International AirportOntarioOntario International Airport Palm SpringsPalm Springs International Airport SacramentoSacramento International Airport San DiegoSan Diego International Airport San FranciscoSan Francisco International Airport San JoseSan Jose Mineta International Airport Santa AnaJohn Wayne Airport Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara Municipal Airport United States (Colorado)Colorado SpringsColorado Springs Airport DenverDenver International Airport Stapleton International AirportEagle/VailEagle County Regional Airport Hayden/Steamboat SpringsYampa Valley AirportMontroseMontrose Regional Airport United States (Connecticut)HartfordBradley International Airport United States (District of Columbia)Washington, D.C.Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National AirportUnited States (Florida)Fort LauderdaleFort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport Fort MyersSouthwest Florida International Airport JacksonvilleJacksonville International Airport MiamiMiami International AirportOrlandoOrlando International Airport SarasotaSarasota–Bradenton International Airport PensacolaPensacola International Airport TampaTampa International Airport West Palm BeachPalm Beach International Airport United States (Georgia)AtlantaHartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport United States (Hawaii)HonoluluDaniel K. Inouye International Airport KahuluiKahului Airport Kailua-KonaKona International Airport LihueLihue Airport United States (Idaho)BoiseBoise Airport United States (Illinois)ChicagoO'Hare International AirportUnited States (Indiana)IndianapolisIndianapolis International Airport United States (Iowa)Des MoinesDes Moines International Airport United States (Kansas)WichitaWichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport United States (Kentucky)LouisvilleLouisville Muhammad Ali International Airport United States (Louisiana)Baton RougeBaton Rouge Metropolitan Airport New OrleansLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport United States (Maine)PortlandPortland International Jetport United States (Maryland)BaltimoreBaltimore/Washington International Airport United States (Massachusetts)BostonLogan International Airport WorcesterWorcester Regional Airport United States (Michigan)DetroitDetroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport United States (Minnesota)MinneapolisMinneapolis−Saint Paul International Airport United States (Mississippi) JacksonJackson–Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport GulfportGulfport–Biloxi International Airport United States (Missouri)Kansas CityKansas City International Airport St. LouisSt. Louis Lambert International Airport United States (Montana)BozemanBozeman Yellowstone International AirportMissoulaMissoula International Airport United States (Nebraska)OmahaEppley Airfield United States (Nevada)Las VegasHarry Reid International Airport RenoReno–Tahoe International Airport United States (New Hampshire)ManchesterManchester-Boston Regional Airport United States (New Jersey)NewarkNewark Liberty International Airport United States (New Mexico)AlbuquerqueAlbuquerque International Sunport Santa FeSanta Fe Municipal Airport United States (New York)AlbanyAlbany International Airport BuffaloBuffalo Niagara International Airport New York CityJohn F. Kennedy International AirportLaGuardia AirportRochesterGreater Rochester International Airport SyracuseSyracuse Hancock International Airport WatertownWatertown International Airport United States (North Carolina)CharlotteCharlotte Douglas International AirportGreensboroPiedmont Triad International Airport RaleighRaleigh–Durham International Airport WilmingtonWilmington International Airport United States (North Dakota)BismarckBismarck Municipal Airport FargoHector International Airport United States (Ohio)AkronAkron–Canton Airport Cincinnati/CovingtonCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport ClevelandCleveland Hopkins International Airport ColumbusJohn Glenn Columbus International Airport DaytonDayton International Airport ToledoToledo Express Airport United States (Oklahoma)Oklahoma CityWill Rogers World Airport TulsaTulsa International Airport United States (Oregon)PortlandPortland International Airport RedmondRedmond Municipal Airport United States (Pennsylvania)HarrisburgHarrisburg International Airport PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia International AirportWyoming ValleyWilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport PittsburghPittsburgh International Airport United States (Puerto Rico)AguadillaRafael Hernández AirportPonceMercedita AirportSan JuanLuis Muñoz Marín International Airport United States (Rhode Island)ProvidenceRhode Island T. F. Green International Airport United States (South Carolina)CharlestonCharleston International Airport United States (Tennessee)KnoxvilleMcGhee Tyson Airport MemphisMemphis International Airport NashvilleNashville International Airport United States (Texas)AustinAustin–Bergstrom International Airport DallasDallas Fort Worth International AirportEl PasoEl Paso International Airport HoustonGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport McAllenMcAllen Miller International Airport San AntonioSan Antonio International Airport United States (U.S. Virgin Islands)Saint CroixHenry E. Rohlsen Airport Saint ThomasCyril E. King Airport United States (Utah)Salt Lake CitySalt Lake City International Airport United States (Virginia)NorfolkNorfolk International Airport RichmondRichmond International Airport United States (Washington)SeattleSeattle–Tacoma International Airport SpokaneSpokane International Airport United States (Wisconsin)MilwaukeeMilwaukee Mitchell International Airport United States (Wyoming)JacksonJackson Hole AirportUruguayMontevideoCarrasco International AirportVenezuelaCaracasSimón Bolívar International AirportMaracaiboLa Chinita International AirportValenciaArturo Michelena International Airport
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American Airlines
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Hubs
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Hubs
thumb|right|alt=A plane lands as other planes are parked in the background|American operates its largest hub at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.
American currently operates ten hubs.
Charlotte: American's hub for the southeastern United States and secondary Caribbean gateway.
Chicago–O'Hare: American's hub for the Midwest.
Dallas/Fort Worth: American's hub for the southern United States and largest hub overall.
Los Angeles: American's hub for the West Coast and secondary transpacific gateway.
Miami: American's primary Latin American and Caribbean hub.
New York–JFK: American's secondary transatlantic hub mainly serves destinations with high demand from local New York traffic.
New York–LaGuardia: American's New York hub for domestic flights with a few exceptions.
Philadelphia: American's primary transatlantic hub.
Phoenix–Sky Harbor: American's southwestern hub.
Washington–National: American's hub for the capital of the United States.
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American Airlines
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Interline agreements
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Interline agreements
American Airlines have interline agreements with the following airlines:
Singapore Airlines
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American Airlines
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Alliance and codeshare agreements
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Alliance and codeshare agreements
American Airlines is a member of the Oneworld alliance and have codeshares with the following airlines:
Aer Lingus
Air Tahiti Nui
Alaska Airlines
British Airways
Cape Air
Cathay Pacific
China Southern Airlines
Etihad Airways
Finnair
Fiji Airways
Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes
Hawaiian Airlines
Iberia
IndiGo
Japan Airlines
JetSmart
LAM Mozambique Airlines
Malaysia Airlines
Philippine Airlines
Qantas
Qatar Airways
Royal Air Maroc
Royal Jordanian
Silver Airways
SriLankan Airlines
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American Airlines
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Joint ventures
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Joint ventures
American Airlines has established three joint ventures with fellow Oneworld alliance members, expanding beyond basic codesharing to include coordinated route planning, scheduling, and revenue sharing on jointly operated routes. The Atlantic Joint Business covers transatlantic flights with Aer Lingus, British Airways, Finnair and Iberia. The Pacific Joint Business encompasses transpacific flights with Japan Airlines. A joint venture with Qantas covers routes between the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
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American Airlines
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Fleet
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Fleet
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American Airlines
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Cabins
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Cabins
Flagship First
thumb|Flagship First on an Airbus A321
Flagship First is American's international and transcontinental first class product. It is offered only on Boeing 777-300ERs and select Airbus A321s, which American designates "A321T". The seats are fully lie-flat and offer direct aisle access with only one on each side of the aisle in each row. As with the airline's other premium cabins, Flagship First offers wider food and beverage options, larger seats, and lounge access at certain airports. American offers domestic Flagship First service on transcontinental routes between New York–JFK and Los Angeles, New York–JFK and San Francisco, New York-JFK and Santa Ana, Boston and Los Angeles, and Miami and Los Angeles, as well as on the standard domestic route between New York-JFK and Boston. The airline will debut new Flagship Suite premium seats and a revamped aircraft interior for its long-haul fleet with fresh deliveries of its Airbus A321XLR and Boeing 787-9 aircraft, beginning in 2024.
Flagship Business
thumb|Flagship Business on an Airbus A321
Flagship Business is American's international and transcontinental business class product. It is offered on all Boeing 777-200ERs, Boeing 777-300ERs, Boeing 787-8s, and Boeing 787-9s, as well as select Airbus A321s. All Flagship Business seats are fully lie-flat. The amenities in Flagship Business include complimentary alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages, multi-course meals, and lounge access.
First and Business
thumb|First/Business on a Boeing 737 MAX 8
First class is the highest class of service on domestically configured aircraft. When such aircraft are used on international services this cabin is branded as business class. Seats range from in width and have of pitch. Dining options include complimentary alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages on all flights as well as standard economy snack offerings, enhanced snack basket selections on flights over , and meals on flights or longer.
Premium Economy is American's economy plus product. It is offered on all widebody aircraft. The cabin debuted on the airline's Boeing 787-9s in late 2016 and is also available on Boeing 777-200s and -300s, and Boeing 787-8s. Premium Economy seats are wider than seats in the main cabin (American's economy cabin) and provide more amenities: Premium Economy customers get two free checked bags, priority boarding, and enhanced food and drink service, including free alcohol. This product made American Airlines the first U.S. carrier to offer a four-cabin aircraft.
Main Cabin
thumb|Main Cabin on an Airbus A321neo
Main Cabin (economy class) is American's economy product found on all mainline and regional aircraft in its fleet. Seats range from in width and have of pitch. American markets several rows within the main cabin immediately behind Main Cabin Extra as "Main Cabin Preferred", which requires an extra charge to select for those without status.
Main Cabin Extra seats are located in the front few rows and exit rows of the economy cabin on all aircraft and have additional pitch, complimentary alcoholic beverages and boarding one group ahead of the main cabin. It is available on all of the mainline fleet and American Eagle aircraft.
Basic Economy
American also offers Basic Economy, the airline's lowest main cabin fare on many routes. Basic Economy consists of a Main Cabin ticket with numerous restrictions, including waiting until check-in for a seat assignment, no upgrades or refunds, and boarding in the last group. Originally Basic Economy passengers could only carry a personal item. Later, American revised their Basic Economy policies to allow for a carry-on bag.
In May 2017, American announced it would add more seats to some of its Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets and reduce overall legroom in the basic economy class. The last three rows were to lose , going from the current . The remainder of the main cabin was to have of legroom. This "Project Oasis" seating configuration has since been expanded to all 737 MAX 8s as well as standard Boeing 737-800 and non-transcontinental Airbus A321 jets. New Airbus A321neo jets have been delivered with the same configuration. This configuration has been considered unpopular with passengers, especially American's frequent flyers, as the new seats have less padding, less legroom, and no seatback entertainment.
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American Airlines
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Reward programs
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Reward programs
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American Airlines
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AAdvantage
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AAdvantage
AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program for American Airlines. It was launched on May 1, 1981, and remains the largest frequent flyer program, with over 115 million members as of 2021. Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets, upgrade service class, or obtain free or discounted car rentals, hotel stays, merchandise, or other products and services through partners. The most active members, based on the accumulation of Loyalty Points with American Airlines, are designated AAdvantage Gold, AAdvantage Platinum, AAdvantage Platinum Pro, and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members, with privileges such as separate check-in, priority upgrade, and standby processing, or free upgrades. AAdvantage status corresponds with Oneworld status levels allowing elites to receive reciprocal benefits from American's Oneworld partner airlines.oneworld Alliance . Aa.com (October 1, 2010). Retrieved on November 4, 2010.
AAdvantage co-branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits. The cards are issued by CitiCards, a subsidiary of Citigroup, Barclaycard, and Bilt card in the United States, by several banks including Butterfield Bank and Scotiabank in the Caribbean, and by Banco Santander in Brazil. In December 2024, it was announced that American would be cutting ties with Barclays and would instead be rolling members into its partnership with Citigroup starting in 2026.
AAdvantage allows one-way redemption, starting at 7,500 miles.
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American Airlines
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Admirals Club
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Admirals Club
The Admirals Club was conceived by AA president C.R. Smith as a marketing promotion shortly after he was made an honorary Texas Ranger. Inspired by the Kentucky colonels and other honorary title designations, Smith decided to make particularly valued passengers "admirals" of the "Flagship fleet" (AA called its aircraft "Flagships" at the time). The list of admirals included many celebrities, politicians, and other VIPs, as well as more "ordinary" customers who had been particularly loyal to the airline.
There was no physical Admirals Club until shortly after the opening of LaGuardia Airport. During the airport's construction, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia had an upper-level lounge for press conferences and business meetings. At one such press conference, he noted that the entire terminal was being offered for lease to airline tenants; after a reporter asked whether the lounge would be leased as well, LaGuardia replied that it would, and a vice president of AA immediately offered to lease the premises. The airline then procured a liquor license and began operating the lounge as the "Admirals Club" in 1939.
The second Admirals Club opened at Washington National Airport. Because it was illegal to sell alcohol in Virginia at the time, the club contained refrigerators for the use of its members so they could store their liquor at the airport. For many years, membership in the Admirals Club (and most other airline lounges) was by the airline's invitation. After a passenger sued for discrimination, the club switched to a paid membership program in 1974.American Airlines, Inc., 64 C.A.B. 555 (1974).
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American Airlines
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Flagship Lounge
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Flagship Lounge
Though affiliated with the Admirals Club and staffed by many of the same employees, the Flagship Lounge is a separate lounge designed explicitly for customers flying in first class and business class on international flights and transcontinental domestic flights.
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American Airlines
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Corporate affairs
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Corporate affairs
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American Airlines
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Business trends
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Business trends
The key trends for American Airlines are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):
Net income(US$ m)Number ofemployees(FTE, k)Passengerenplanements(m)Passengerload factor(%)Fleet sizeReferences20157,6109920183.094620162,67610119881.793020171,91910319481.994820181,41210220382.095620191,68610421584.69422020−8,885789564.18552021−1,9939716575.3865202212710219982.9925202382210321083.5965202484610322684.9977
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American Airlines
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Ownership and structure
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Ownership and structure
American Airlines, Inc., is publicly traded through its parent company, American Airlines Group Inc., under NASDAQ: AAL , with a market capitalization of about $11 billion as of 2024, and is included in the S&P 500 index.
American Eagle is a network of six regional carriers that operate under a codeshare and service agreement with American, operating flights to destinations in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Three of these carriers are independent, and three are subsidiaries of American Airlines Group: Envoy Air Inc., Piedmont Airlines, Inc., and PSA Airlines Inc.
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American Airlines
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Headquarters
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Headquarters
thumb|Image of the signs of the former headquarters
American Airlines is headquartered across several buildings in Fort Worth, Texas that it calls the "Robert L. Crandall Campus" in honor of former president and CEO Robert Crandall. The , five-building office complex called was designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects. The campus is located on 300 acres, adjacent to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, American's fortress hub.
Before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City.World Airline Directory. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "472". ."Flatiron / Gramercy / Murray Hill / Union Square: Manhattan Neighborhood Map". About.com. Retrieved January 25, 2009. In 1979, American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, which affected up to 1,300 jobs. Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a "betrayal" of New York City.Sterba, James P. "American Will Shift Headquarters From Manhattan to Dallas Airport; Big Economies Predicted". The New York Times. Thursday November 16, 1978. Page A1. Retrieved August 27, 2009. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas."American Airlines Finishes Moving into Headquarters Monday". Associated Press at Ocala Star-Banner. January 16, 1983. 6A. Google News 4 of 62. Retrieved August 27, 2009. On January 17, 1983, the airline finished moving into a $150 million ($ when adjusted for inflation), facility in Fort Worth; $147 million (about $ when adjusted for inflation) in Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport bonds financed the headquarters. The airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. Following the merger of US Airways and American Airlines, the new company consolidated its corporate headquarters in Fort Worth, abandoning the US Airways headquarters in Phoenix, AZ.
As of 2015, American Airlines is the corporation with the most significant presence in Fort Worth.
In 2015, American announced it would build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016, and occupancy was completed in September 2019. The airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building.
It will be located on a property adjacent to the airline's flight academy and conference and training center, west of Texas State Highway 360, west from the current headquarters. The airline will lease from Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, and this area will include the headquarters. Construction of the new headquarters began after the demolition of the Sabre facility, previously on the site.
The airline considered developing a new headquarters in Irving, Texas, on the old Texas Stadium site, before deciding to keep the headquarters in Fort Worth.
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American Airlines
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Corporate identity
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Corporate identity
thumb|American Airlines' fourth logo, used until 2013
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American Airlines
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Logo
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Logo
In 1931, an American employee, Goodrich Murphy designed the AA logo as an entry in a logo contest. The eagle in the logo was copied from a Scottish hotel brochure. The logo was redesigned by Massimo Vignelli in 1967. Thirty years later, in 1997, American Airlines was able to make its logo Internet-compatible by buying the domain AA.com. AA is also American's two-letter IATA airline designator.
On January 17, 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign with FutureBrand dubbed "A New American". This included a new logo, which includes elements of the 1967 logo.
American Airlines faced difficulty obtaining copyright registration for their 2013 logo. On June 3, 2016, American Airlines sought to register it with the United States Copyright Office, but in October of that year, the Copyright Office ruled that the logo was ineligible for copyright protection, as it did not pass the threshold of originality, and was thus in the public domain. American requested that the Copyright Office reconsider. Still, on January 8, 2018, the Copyright Office affirmed its initial determination. After American Airlines submitted additional materials, the Copyright Office reversed its decision on December 7, 2018, and ruled that the logo contained enough creativity to merit copyright protection.
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American Airlines
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Aircraft livery
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Aircraft livery
American's early liveries varied widely, but a standard livery was adopted in the 1930s, featuring an eagle painted on the fuselage. The eagle became a symbol of the company and inspired the name of American Eagle Airlines. Propeller aircraft featured an international orange lightning bolt running down the length of the fuselage, which was replaced by a simpler orange stripe with the introduction of jets."Boeing 707 Jet Airliner Non-Stop Service between New York City and Los Angeles", Boeing Magazine 30 (1958), 66.
In the late 1960s, American commissioned designer Massimo Vignelli to develop a new livery. The original design called for a red, white, and blue stripe on the fuselage and a simple "AA" logo, without an eagle, on the tail; instead, Vignelli created a highly stylized eagle, which remained the company's logo until January 16, 2013.
thumb|American's previous livery on an MD-83 at O'Hare International Airport in May 2012
On January 17, 2013, American unveiled a new livery. Before then, American had been the only major U.S. airline to leave most of its aircraft surfaces unpainted. This was because C. R. Smith would not say he liked painted aircraft and refused to use any liveries that involved painting the entire plane. Robert "Bob" Crandall later justified the distinctive natural metal finish by noting that less paint reduced the aircraft's weight, thus saving fuel costs.
In January 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign dubbed "The New American." In addition to a new logo, American Airlines introduced a new livery for its fleet. The airline calls the new livery and branding "a clean and modern update". The current design features an abstract American flag on the tail, along with a silver-painted fuselage, as a throw-back to the old livery. The new design was painted by Leading Edge Aviation Services in California. Doug Parker, the incoming CEO, indicated that the new livery could be short-lived, stating that "[the] only reason this is an issue now is that they just did it right in the middle [of the merger], which kind of makes it confusing, so that allows us, actually, to decide if we are going to do something different because we have so many airplanes to paint".King, Eric. (March 28, 2013) American Airline's New Livery Soon Could Become Its Old Look | NBC 5 Dallas–Fort Worth . Nbcdfw.com. Retrieved on July 18, 2013. The current logo and livery have had mixed criticism, with Design Shack editor Joshua Johnson writing that they "boldly and proudly communicate the concepts of American pride and freedom wrapped into a shape that instantly makes you think about an airplane", and AskThePilot.com author Patrick Smith describing the logo as a linoleum knife poking through a shower curtain'. Later in January 2013, Bloomberg asked the designer of the 1968 American Airlines logo (Massimo Vignelli) on his opinion over the rebranding.
thumb|left|Boeing 737-800 in the current livery at Boston Logan International Airport in June 2013
In the end, American let their employees decide the new livery's fate. On an internal website for employees, American posted two options, one the new livery and one a modified version of the old livery. All of the American Airlines Group employees (including US Airways and other affiliates) were able to vote. American ultimately decided to keep the new look. Parker announced that American would keep a US Airways and America West heritage aircraft in the fleet, with plans to add a heritage TWA aircraft and a heritage American plane with the old livery. As of September 2019, American has heritage aircraft for Piedmont, PSA, America West, US Airways, Reno Air, TWA, and AirCal in their fleet. They also have two AA branded heritage 737-800 aircraft, an AstroJet N905NN, and the polished aluminum livery used from 1967 to 2013, N921NN.
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American Airlines
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Customer Service
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Customer Service
American, both before and after the merger with US Airways, has consistently performed poorly in rankings. The Wall Street Journal's annual airline rankings have ranked American as the worst or second-worst U.S. carrier for ten of the past twelve years, and in the bottom three of U.S. Airlines for at least the past twelve years. The airline has persistently performed poorly in the areas of losing checked luggage and bumping passengers due to oversold flights.
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American Airlines
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Worker relations
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Worker relations
The main representatives of key groups of employees are:
The Allied Pilots Association is an in-house union which represents the nearly 15,000 American Airlines pilots; it was created in 1963 after the pilots left the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA). However the majority of American Eagle pilots are ALPA members.
The Association of Professional Flight Attendants represents American Airlines flight attendants, including former USAirways flight attendants.
Flight attendants at wholly owned regional carriers (Envoy, Piedmont, and PSA) are all represented by Association of Flight Attendants – Communications Workers of America (AFA-CWA). US Airways flight attendants were active members of AFA-CWA before the merger, and they are honorary lifetime members. AFA-CWA is the largest flight attendant union in the industry.
The Transport Workers Union-International Association of Machinists alliance (TWU-IAM) represents the majority of American Airlines employed fleet service agents, mechanics, and other ground workers.
American's customer service and gate employees belong to the Communications Workers of America/International Brotherhood of Teamsters Passenger Service Association.
PAFCA-AAL represents the nearly 550 FAA-certificated Aircraft Dispatchers and Operations Specialists at American Airlines. This specialized group, many of whom are licensed pilots, former Air Traffic Control personnel, and military airmen share equal responsibility with the Pilot-in-Command for the safe conduct of each the flight.
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American Airlines
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Subsidiary companies
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Subsidiary companies
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American Airlines
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Sky Chefs
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Sky Chefs
In 1942, American Airlines established Sky Chefs, a wholly-owned subsidiary, as a catering company to serve their fleet. In 1986, Sky Chefs was sold to Toronto-based Onex Capital Corporation for $170 million. Since 2001, it has been fully owned by the LSG Group.
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American Airlines
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Flagship Hotels / Americana Hotels
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Flagship Hotels / Americana Hotels
In the late-1960s, American Airlines established the Flagship Hotels chain as a subsidiary of Sky Chefs. On July 21, 1972, American Airlines leased four hotels from the Loews Corporation, three of them branded as Americana Hotels, for a period of thirty years. American merged the hotels with their Flagship Hotels, and rebranded the entire chain as Americana Hotels. In 1980, American Airlines sold Americana Hotels to Bass Brothers Enterprises of Fort Worth, Texas.
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American Airlines
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Concerns and conflicts
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Concerns and conflicts
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American Airlines
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Environmental violations
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Environmental violations
Between October 1993 to July 1998, American Airlines was repeatedly cited for using high-sulfur fuel in motor vehicles at 10 major airports around the country, a violation of the Clean Air Act.
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American Airlines
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Lifetime AAirpass
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Lifetime AAirpass
In 1981, as a means of creating revenue in a period of loss-making, American Airlines offered a lifetime pass of unlimited travel for the initial cost of $250,000. This entitled the pass holder to fly anywhere in the world. Twenty-eight were sold. However, after some time, the airline realized they were making losses on the tickets, with the ticketholders costing them up to $1 million each. Ticketholders were booking large numbers of flights with some ticketholders flying interstate for lunch or flying to London multiple times a month. AA raised the cost of the lifetime pass to $3 million, and then finally stopped offering it in 2003. AA then used litigation to cancel two of the lifetime offers, saying the passes "had been terminated due to fraudulent activity".
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American Airlines
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Cabin fume events
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Cabin fume events
In 1988, on American Airlines Flight 132's approach into Nashville, flight attendants notified the cockpit that there was smoke in the cabin. The flight crew in the cockpit ignored the warning, as on a prior flight, a fume event had occurred due to a problem with the auxiliary power unit. However, the smoke on Flight 132 was caused by improperly packaged hazardous materials. According to the NTSB inquiry, the cockpit crew persistently refused to acknowledge that there was a serious threat to the aircraft or the passengers, even after they were told that the floor was becoming soft and passengers had to be reseated. As a result, the aircraft was not evacuated immediately on landing, exposing the crew and passengers to the threat of smoke and fire longer than necessary.
On April 11, 2007, toxic smoke and oil fumes leaked into the aircraft cabin as American Airlines Flight 843 taxied to the gate. A flight attendant who was present in the cabin subsequently filed a lawsuit against Boeing, stating that she was diagnosed with neurotoxic disorder due to her exposure to the fumes, which caused her to experience memory loss, tremors, and severe headaches. She settled with the company in 2011.
In 2009, Mike Holland, deputy chairman for radiation and environmental issues at the Allied Pilots Association and an American Airlines pilot, said that the pilot union had started alerting pilots of the danger of contaminated bleed air, including contacting crew members that the union thinks were exposed to contamination based on maintenance records and pilot logs.
In a January 2017 incident on American Airlines Flight 1896, seven flight attendants were hospitalized after a strange odor was detected in the cabin. The Airbus A330 involved subsequently underwent a "thorough maintenance inspection", having been involved in three fume events in three months."American Airlines Jet Has 3rd Fume Incident in 3 Months, 7 Flight Attendants Transported to Hospital and Released", ABC News, January 3, 2017. .
In August 2018, American Airlines flight attendants picketed in front of the Fort Worth company headquarters over a change in sick day policy, complaining that exposure to ill passengers, toxic uniforms, toxic cabin air, radiation exposure, and other issues were causing them to be sick.American Airlines flight attendants are gearing up for battle over the company's 'punitive' new attendance policy , Business Insider, August 31, 2018American Airlines flight attendants to picket headquarters Thursday , August 29, 2018, Chicago Business Journal
In January 2019, two pilots and three flight attendants on Flight 1897 from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale were hospitalized following complaints of a strange odor.American Airlines pilots, flight attendants fall ill on Philadelphia to Florida flight , USA Today, January 11, 2019Five American Airlines staffers hospitalized after noticing 'odor' on plane , Fox News, January 10, 2019
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American Airlines
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Discrimination complaints
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Discrimination complaints
On October 24, 2017, the NAACP issued a travel advisory for American Airlines urging African Americans to "exercise caution" when traveling with the airline. The NAACP issued the advisory after four incidents. In one incident, a black woman was moved from first class to coach while her white traveling companion was allowed to remain in first class. In another incident, a black man was forced to give up his seats after being confronted by two unruly white passengers.The NAACP issues travel advisory for American Airlines, warning black passengers of 'disturbing incidents' , PBS, October 25, 2017 According to the NAACP, while they did receive complaints on other airlines, most of their complaints in the year before their advisory were on American Airlines.NAACP: Most complaints about American Airlines. What can brands learn? , USA Today, October 25, 2017 In July 2018, the NAACP lifted their travel advisory saying that American has made improvements to mitigate discrimination and unsafe treatment of African Americans.NAACP lifts travel advisory against American Airlines , PBS, July 17, 2018
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American Airlines
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Accidents and incidents
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Accidents and incidents
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American Airlines
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Carbon footprint
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Carbon footprint
American Airlines reported total CO2e emissions (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020, at 20,092 Kt (-21,347 /-51.5% y-o-y). Alt URL The company aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. In November 2023, American Airlines purchased the first carbon credit contract (for 10,000 metric tons of sequestered at $100 per ton) from Graphyte, a carbon removal startup company invested in by Breakthrough Energy that compresses sawdust, tree bark, rice hulls, plant stalks, and other agricultural waste into biomass bricks wrapped in a polymer barrier to prevent decomposition that are stored underground.
+ American Airline's annual total CO2e emissions - Location-based scope 1 + scope 2 (in kilotonnes) Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020 39,254 Alt URL 39,388 Alt URL 40,604 Alt URL 41,439 Alt URL 20,092
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American Airlines
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Emissions and Reporting
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Emissions and Reporting
American Airlines emitted roughly between 40,000,000-45,000,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCDE) annually between 2014-2019.Bloomberg L.P. (2024) American Airlines ESG. Retrieved from Bloomberg database. In 2020, emissions declined to 20,000,000 MTCDE as a result of travel restrictions during the Covid-19 Pandemic,COVID-19 Related Transportation Statistics | Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (2023, April 18). Retrieved from www.bts.gov website:https://www.bts.gov/covid-19 and have since increased back up to 40,000,000 MTCDE in 2023. According to Bloomberg terminal data, American Airlines receives an overall Environmental Social Governance (ESG) score of 5.82, which is ranked as a “leading” score compared to competitors in the industry.
Bloomberg calculates ESG scores on a scale of 1 to 10 by compiling publicly available environmental, social, and governance data such as greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, water usage, human rights practices, employee diversity, and board composition.Bloomberg Professional Services. (2021, December 16). Transparency, methodology, and consistency in ESG scoring. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com website:
https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/sustainable-finance/transparency-methodology-and-consistency-in-esg-scoring/The University of Texas - San Antonio. (2024). LibGuides: ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Data Sources: Bloomberg ESG. Retrieved from Utsa.edu website: <nhttps://libguides.utsa.edu/c.php?g=1293624&p=9763131 American Airlines is not in compliance with the Task Force on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) due to the lack of information published by the Airline relating to pollution and waste.Bloomberg L.P. (2024) American Airlines ESG. Retrieved from Bloomberg database. TNFD is a reporting framework that provides guidance for effective environmental reporting.
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American Airlines
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Climate Change Implications
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Climate Change Implications
Climate change is affecting the company’s operations through extreme weather events that interrupt flight patterns. Extreme heat causes air density to decrease which makes it harder for planes to take off, causing the airline to burn more fuel, and therefore affecting both profits and the planet.Torrella Lluis, Eduard. “American Airlines: Grounded by Extreme Heat - Technology and Operations Management.” Technology and Operations Management, Harvard University Technology and Operations Management, 16 Nov. 2017, d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/american-airlines-grounded-by-extreme-heat/. High temperatures can also affect the weight limit, reducing the maximum revenue generated by each flight. A Colombia University study estimates that 30% of the flights departing during the hottest times of the day will not be able to carry their weight capacity by 2050.
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