Datasets:

ComplexDataLab
/

cdl-data-chai-enwiki-20250520

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 70.1M rows

title stringlengths 1 251	section stringlengths 0 6.12k	text stringlengths 0 716k
African Americans	Official identity	Official identity thumb\|Racially segregated Negro section of keypunch operators at the US Census Bureau Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the United States government has officially classified Black people (revised to Black or African American in 1997) as "having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa." Other federal offices, such as the US Census Bureau, adhere to the Office of Management and Budget standards on race in their data collection and tabulation efforts. In preparation for the 2010 US census, a marketing and outreach plan called 2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan (ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as Black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of Black people in the United States. The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity. The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat the entire Black population of the US as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The Federal Bureau of Investigation of the US Department of Justice categorizes Black or African American people as "[a] person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, US Department of Commerce, derived from the 1977 Office of Management and Budget classification.
African Americans	Admixture	Admixture Historically, "race mixing" between Black and White people was taboo in the United States. So-called anti-miscegenation laws, barring Blacks and Whites from marrying or having sex, were established in colonial America as early as 1691, and endured in many Southern states until the Supreme Court ruled them unconstitutional in Loving v. Virginia (1967). The taboo among American Whites surrounding White-Black relations is a historical consequence of the oppression and racial segregation of African Americans. Historian David Brion Davis notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the planter class to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took Black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families."Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World.(2006) p. 201 A famous example was Thomas Jefferson's mistress, Sally Hemings. Although publicly opposed to race mixing, Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1785, wrote: "The improvement of the Blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life". Harvard University historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. wrote in 2009 that "African Americans...are a racially mixed or mulatto people—deeply and overwhelmingly so". After the Emancipation Proclamation, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and intermarriage with Native Americans, although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples. There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the civil rights movement and up to the present day. Approval in national opinion polls has risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007.Krugman, Paul, The Conscience of a Liberal, W. W. Norton & Company, 2007, p. 210. A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 found that 84% of Whites and 96% of Blacks approved of interracial marriage, and 87% overall. Black men are more than twice as likely to date and marry interracially than Black women. At the end of World War II, some African American military men stationed in Japan and Germany impregnated local non-Black women, resulting in the birth of thousands of mixed-race children. Many of these families later immigrated to the United States.
African Americans	<span id="The">Terminology dispute</span>	Terminology dispute Author Debra Dickerson has argued that the term Black should refer strictly to the descendants of Africans who were brought to America as slaves, and not to the sons and daughters of Black immigrants who lack that ancestry. Thus, under her definition, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan, is not Black. She makes the argument that grouping all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendants, in addition to denying Black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress." Similar comments have been made concerning Kamala Harris, the daughter of a Caribbean immigrant, who was elected vice president in 2020. Similar viewpoints to Dickerson's have been expressed by author Stanley Crouch in a New York Daily News piece, Charles Steele Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and African American columnist David Ehrenstein of the Los Angeles Times, who accused White liberals of flocking to Blacks who were Magic Negros, a term that refers to a Black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream White (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history." The American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) movement coalesces around this view, arguing that Black descendants of American slavery deserve a separate ethnic category that distinguishes them from other Black groups in the United States. Their terminology has gained popularity in some circles, but others have criticized the movement for a perceived bias against (especially poor and Black) immigrants, and for its often inflammatory rhetoric. Politicians such as Obama and Harris have received especially pointed criticism from the movement, as neither are ADOS and have spoken out at times against policies specific to them. Many Pan-African movements and organizations that are ideologically Black nationalist, anti-imperialist, anti-Zionist, and Scientific socialist like The All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP), have argued that African (relating to the diaspora) or New Afrikan should be used instead of African American. Most notably, Malcolm X and Kwame Ture expressed similar views that African Americans are Africans who "happen to be in America", and should not claim or identify as being American if they are fighting for Black (New Afrikan) liberation. Historically, this is due to the enslavement of Africans during the transatlantic slave trade, ongoing anti-Black violence, and structural racism in countries like the United States.
African Americans	Terms no longer in common use	Terms no longer in common use Before the independence of the Thirteen Colonies until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African American slave was commonly known as a negro. Free negro was the legal status in the territory of an African American person who was not enslaved. In response to the project of the American Colonization Society to transport free Blacks to the future Liberia, a project most Blacks strongly rejected, the Blacks at the time said they were no more African than White Americans were European, and referred to themselves with what they considered a more acceptable term, "colored Americans". The term was used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when it was considered outmoded and generally gave way again to the exclusive use of negro. By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized (Negro); but by the mid-1960s, it was considered disparaging. By the end of the 20th century, negro had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative. The term is rarely used by younger Black people, but remained in use by many older African Americans who had grown up with the term, particularly in the Southern US. The term remains in use in some contexts, such as the United Negro College Fund, an American philanthropic organization. There are many other deliberately insulting terms, many of which were in common use (e.g., nigger), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the Black community, of the slur nigger rendered as nigga, representing the pronunciation of the word in African American English. This usage has been popularized by American rap and hip-hop music cultures and is used as part of an in-group lexicon and speech. It is not necessarily derogatory and, when used among Black people, the word is often used to mean "homie" or "friend". Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word nigga is still debated, although it has established a foothold among younger generations. The NAACP denounces the use of both nigga and nigger.
African Americans	See also	See also African-American art African American cinema African-American middle class African-American neighborhood African-American politics: African-American leftism African-American socialism Black anarchism Black conservatism in the United States Black liberalism Black populism Black women in American politics African-American upper class African diaspora in the Americas Afrophobia AP African American Studies Black Belt in the American South Black Hispanic and Latino Americans Black mecca Black Ozarkers Black Southerners Brown Babies Civil rights movement (1865–1896) Civil rights movement (1896–1954) Juneteenth National Museum of African American History and Culture North Africans in the United States Society and Black people in the Spanish Colonial Americas South African Americans Stereotypes of African Americans Timeline of the civil rights movement African immigration to the United States West Indian Americans African American–Jewish relations African American–Korean American relations
African Americans	Diaspora	Diaspora African Americans in Africa African Americans in Ghana Americo-Liberian people Sierra Leone Creole people African Americans in Canada African Americans in France African Americans in Israel Black Nova Scotians Samaná Americans Haitian emigration Merikins
African Americans	Lists	Lists Index of articles related to African Americans List of African-American neighborhoods List of majority-Black counties in the United States List of African-American newspapers and media outlets List of historically black colleges and universities List of African-American astronauts List of African-American inventors and scientists List of African-American LGBT people List of African American poets List of African-American visual artists List of monuments to African Americans List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations List of topics related to the African diaspora List of African-American holidays Lists of African Americans
African Americans	Notes	Notes
African Americans	References	References
African Americans	Further reading	Further reading Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass (3 vol Oxford University Press, 2006). Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century (5 vol. Oxford University Press, US, 2009). John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947. Gates, Henry L. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), African American Lives, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies. Hine, Darlene Clark, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, (Indiana University Press 2005). Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America, African Roots Through the Civil War. Vol. 1 (Rutgers University Press, 2002); Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America: Volume 2: From the Civil War to the Millennium (2002). online Kranz, Rachel. African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs (Infobase Publishing, 2004). Salzman, Jack, ed. Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York City: Macmillan Library Reference US, 1996.
African Americans	External links	External links Richard Thompson Ford Name Games, Slate, September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining African American Scientific American Magazine (June 2006) Trace Elements Reconnecting African Americans to an ancestral past Black History related original documents and photos Frank Newport, "Black or African American?" , Gallup, September 28, 2007 "The Long Journey of Black Americans" – slideshow by The First Post Category:Ethnic groups in the United States Category:History of civil rights in the United States Category:Ethnonyms of African Americans
African Americans	Table of Content	Short description, History, Colonial era, From the American Revolution to the Civil War, Reconstruction era and Jim Crow, Great migration and civil rights movement, Post–civil rights era, Demographics, Proportion in each county, US cities, Education, Historically Black colleges and universities, Economic status, African American homeownership, Politics, Black national anthem, Religion, Sexuality, Health, General health, Sexual health, Mental health, Genetics, Genome-wide studies, Y-DNA, mtDNA, Racism and social status, Policing and criminal justice, Social issues, Political legacy, Media and coverage, Black-owned and oriented media outlets, Culture, Language, Traditional names, Music, Dance, Sports, Literature and academics, Terminology, General, Official identity, Admixture, <span id="The">Terminology dispute</span>, Terms no longer in common use, See also, Diaspora, Lists, Notes, References, Further reading, External links
Artistic License	Short description	The Artistic License is an open-source license used for certain free and open-source software packages, most notably the standard implementation of the Perl programming language and most CPAN modules, which are dual-licensed under the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Artistic License	History	History
Artistic License	Artistic License 1.0	Artistic License 1.0 The original Artistic License was written by Larry Wall. The name of the license is a reference to the concept of artistic license. Whether or not the original Artistic License is a free software license is largely unsettled. The Free Software Foundation explicitly called the original Artistic License a non-free license, criticizing it as being "too vague; some passages are too clever for their own good, and their meaning is not clear". The FSF recommended that the license not be used on its own, but approved the common AL/GPL dual-licensing approach for Perl projects. In response to this, Bradley Kuhn, who later worked for the Free Software Foundation, made a minimal redraft to clarify the ambiguous passages. This was released as the Clarified Artistic License and was approved by the FSF. It is used by the Paros Proxy, the JavaFBP toolkit and NcFTP. The terms of the Artistic License 1.0 were at issue in Jacobsen v. Katzer in the initial 2009 ruling by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California declared that FOSS-like licenses could only be enforced through contract law rather than through copyright law, in contexts where contract damages would be difficult to establish.New Open Source Legal Decision: Jacobsen & Katzer and How Model Train Software Will Have an Important Effect on Open Source Licensing, Radcliffe, Mark (Law & Life: Silicon Valley) (2007-08-22) On appeal, a federal appellate court "determined that the terms of the Artistic License are enforceable copyright conditions".Opinion, Jacobsen v. Katzer , United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (2008-08-13) The case was remanded to the District Court, which did not apply the superior court's criteria on the grounds that, in the interim, the governing Supreme Court precedent applicable to the case had changed. However, this left undisturbed the finding that a free and open-source license nonetheless has economic value. Jacobsen ultimately prevailed in 2010, and the Case established a new standard making terms and conditions under Artistic License 1.0 enforceable through copyright statutes and relevant precedents.
Artistic License	Artistic License 2.0	Artistic License 2.0 In response to the Request for Comments (RFC) process for improving the licensing position for Raku, Kuhn's draft was extensively rewritten by Roberta Cairney and Allison Randal for readability and legal clarity, with input from the Perl community. This resulted in the Artistic License 2.0, which has been approved as both a free software and open source license. The Artistic license 2.0 is also notable for its excellent license compatibility with other FOSS licenses due to a relicensing clause, a property other licenses like the GPL lack.Interview with Allison Randal about Artistic License 2.0 on www.theperlreview.com It has been adopted by some of the Raku implementations, the Mojolicious framework and the NPM. It is also used by the SNEeSe emulator, which was formerly licensed under the Clarified Artistic License. The OSI recommends that all developers and projects licensing their products with the Artistic License adopt Artistic License 2.0.
Artistic License	See also	See also Software using the Artistic license (category)
Artistic License	References	References
Artistic License	External links	External links Version 1.0 The Artistic LicenseThe original Artistic License 1.0, the one which is still used by Perl and CPAN; They use a disjunction of the Artistic License 1.0 and the GNU GPL for Perl 5 and above. The Clarified Artistic License Version 2.0 The Artistic License 2.0It's e.g. used by Parrot. 2.0 revision RFC process Prominent uses DuskThe first online Novel and Blog written under Artistic License 2.0. Is about R.E.M.'s choice of the Artistic License 2.0 for videos from one of their albums. Category:Free and open-source software licenses
Artistic License	Table of Content	Short description, History, Artistic License 1.0, Artistic License 2.0, See also, References, External links
Afrikaans	Short description	thumb\|Colin speaking Afrikaans thumb\|Alaric speaking Afrikaans thumb\|Rossouw speaking Afrikaans Afrikaans is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and to a lesser extent Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Argentina where there is a group in Sarmiento that speaks the Patagonian dialect. It evolved from the Dutch vernacularK. Pithouse, C. Mitchell, R. Moletsane, Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action, p.91 of South Holland (Hollandic dialect)Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans – G.G. Kloeke (1950) spoken by the predominantly Dutch settlers and enslaved population of the Dutch Cape Colony, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the 17th and 18th centuries. thumb\|Obelisks of the Afrikaans Language Monument near Paarl Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages including German, Malay and Khoisan languages, an estimated 90 to 95% of the vocabulary of Afrikaans is of Dutch origin. Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans, and different spellings. There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, especially in written form.
Afrikaans	Etymology	Etymology The name of the language comes directly from the Dutch word (now spelled ) meaning 'African'. It was previously referred to as 'Cape Dutch' ( or ), a term also used to refer to the early Cape settlers collectively, or the derogatory 'kitchen Dutch' () from its use by slaves of colonial settlers "in the kitchen".
Afrikaans	History	History
Afrikaans	Origin	Origin The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony, through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects, during the course of the 18th century. As early as the mid-18th century and as recently as the early-20th century, pre-standardized Afrikaans was still viewed by the many in Southern Africa as 'kitchen Dutch' (), lacking the prestige accorded an officially recognised language like Dutch and English, at that time. In the 19th century Boer republics, proto-Afrikaans was not yet widely seen by the Afrikaner population itself, nor by its leaders, as a separate language to standard Dutch. Dutch was expressly the sole and only legally recognised language at that time. Other early epithets, in Southern Africa, setting apart ('Cape Dutch', i.e. Proto-Afrikaans) as putatively beneath official Dutch language standards included , and ('mutilated, broken, or uncivilised Dutch'), as well as ('incorrect Dutch'). Historical linguist Hans den Besten theorises that modern Standard Afrikaans derives from two sources: Cape Dutch, a direct transplantation of European Dutch to Southern Africa, and 'Hottentot Dutch', a pidgin that descended from 'Foreigner Talk' and ultimately from the Dutch pidgin spoken by slaves, via hypothetical Dutch-based creole languages. So Afrikaans, in his view, is neither a creole nor a direct descendant of Dutch, but a fusion of two transmission pathways.
Afrikaans	Development	Development thumb\|right\|Standard Dutch used in a 1916 South African newspaper before Afrikaans replaced it for use in media Most of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces (now Netherlands), with up to one-sixth of the community of French Huguenot origin, and a seventh from Germany. African and Asian workers, Cape Coloured children of European settlers and Khoikhoi women, and slaves contributed to the development of Afrikaans. The slave population was made up of people from East Africa, West Africa, Mughal India, Madagascar, and the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia). A number were also indigenous Khoisan people, who were valued as interpreters, domestic servants, and labourers. Many free and enslaved women married or cohabited with the male Dutch settlers. M. F. Valkhoff argued that 75% of children born to female slaves in the Dutch Cape Colony between 1652 and 1672 had a Dutch father. Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman argue that Afrikaans' development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language." Beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa, written with the Arabic alphabet: see Arabic Afrikaans. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the Latin script, started to appear in newspapers and political and religious works in around 1850 (alongside the already established Dutch). In 1875 a group of Afrikaans-speakers from the Cape formed the ('Society for Real Afrikaners'), and published a number of books in Afrikaans including grammars, dictionaries, religious materials and histories. Until the early 20th century Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect, alongside Standard Dutch, which it eventually replaced as an official language. Before the Boer wars, "and indeed for some time afterwards, Afrikaans was regarded as inappropriate for educated discourse. Rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as 'a kitchen language' or 'a bastard jargon', suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants."
Afrikaans	Recognition	Recognition thumb\|upright=1.2\| ("This is our earnestness."), In 1925 Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a distinct language, rather than simply a vernacular of Dutch. On 8 May 1925, that is 23 years after the Second Boer War ended, the Official Languages of the Union Act, 1925 was passed—mostly due to the efforts of the Afrikaans-language movement—at a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the Senate, in which the Afrikaans language was declared a variety of Dutch. The Constitution of 1961 reversed the position of Afrikaans and Dutch, so that English and Afrikaans were the official languages, and Afrikaans was deemed to include Dutch. The Constitution of 1983 removed any mention of Dutch altogether. The Afrikaans Language Monument is on a hill overlooking Paarl in the Western Cape Province. Officially opened on 10 October 1975, it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Society of Real Afrikaners, and the 50th anniversary of Afrikaans being declared an official language of South Africa in distinction to Dutch. In May 2022, Afrikaans was recognized as an indigenous language of South Africa.
Afrikaans	Standardisation	Standardisation thumb\|The side view of the Pretoria Art Museum in Arcadia, Pretoria, with its name written in Afrikaans, Xhosa and Southern Ndebele. The earliest Afrikaans texts were some doggerel verses from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Afrikaans used the Latin alphabet around this time, although the Cape Muslim community used the Arabic script. In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his (Conversation between Nicholas Truthsayer and John Doubter), which is considered to be the first book published in Afrikaans. The first grammar book was published in 1876; a bilingual dictionary was later published in 1902. The main modern Afrikaans dictionary in use is the (HAT). A new authoritative dictionary, called (WAT), was under development The official orthography of Afrikaans is the , compiled by .
Afrikaans	The Afrikaans Bible	The Afrikaans Bible The Afrikaners primarily were Protestants, of the Dutch Reformed Church of the 17th century. Their religious practices were later influenced in South Africa by British ministries during the 1800s. A landmark in the development of the language was the translation of the whole Bible into Afrikaans. While significant advances had been made in the textual criticism of the Bible, especially the Greek New Testament, the 1933 translation followed the Textus Receptus and was closely akin to the . Before this, most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch . This had its origins with the Synod of Dordrecht of 1618 and was thus in an archaic form of Dutch. This was hard for Dutch speakers to understand, and increasingly unintelligible for Afrikaans speakers. C. P. Hoogehout, Arnoldus Pannevis, and Stephanus Jacobus du Toit were the first Afrikaans Bible translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the (Gospel of Mark, lit. 'Gospel according to Mark'); however, this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library, Cape Town. The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by J. D. du Toit, E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, and BB Keet. This monumental work established Afrikaans as , that is "a pure and proper language" for religious purposes, especially among the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a Bible translation that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to. In 1983 a fresh translation marked the 50th anniversary of the 1933 version. The final editing of this edition was done by E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg and W. Kempen. This translation was influenced by Eugene Nida's theory of dynamic equivalence which focused on finding the nearest equivalent in the receptor language to the idea that the Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic wanted to convey. A new translation, was released in November 2020. It is the first truly ecumenical translation of the Bible in Afrikaans as translators from various churches, including the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches, were involved.
Afrikaans	Classification	Classification Indo-European languages Germanic West Germanic Low Franconian Dutch Afrikaans Afrikaans descended from Dutch dialects in the 17th century. It belongs to a West Germanic sub-group, the Low Franconian languages. Other West Germanic languages related to Afrikaans are German, English, the Frisian languages, Yiddish, and the unstandardised language Low German.
Afrikaans	Geographic distribution	Geographic distribution
Afrikaans	Statistics	Statistics thumb\|upright=1.2\|The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home. Country Speakers Percentage of speakers Year Reference 6,855,082 94.71% 2011 219,760 3.04% 2011 49,375 0.68% 2021 36,966 0.51% 2018 29,670 0.41% 2021 28,4060.39%2016 8,082 0.11% 2011 7,489 0.10% 2021 2,228 0.03% 2016 6500.01%2019 150 0.002% 2023 36 0.0005% 2011 Total7,237,894
Afrikaans	Sociolinguistics	Sociolinguistics thumb\|upright=1.2\|The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: density of Afrikaans home-language speakers. thumb\|The geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia. Besides South-Africa, Afrikaans is also widely spoken in Namibia. Before independence, Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language. Since independence in 1990, Afrikaans has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language. There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in Bophuthatswana, an Apartheid-era Bantustan. Eldoret in Kenya was founded by Afrikaners. There are also around 30,000 South-Africans in the Netherlands, of which the majority are of Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaner and Coloured South-African descent. A much smaller and unknown number of Afrikaans speakers also reside in the Dutch Caribbean. Contrary to popular belief, the majority of Afrikaans speakers today are not Afrikaners or Boers, but Coloureds. In 1976, secondary-school pupils in Soweto began a rebellion in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2% of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the second language of a majority of South Africans.Govt info available online in all official languages – South Africa – The Good News Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometres from Soweto. The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underlined when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction. Afrikaans-medium schools were also accused of using language policy to deter Black African parents. Some of these parents, in part supported by provincial departments of education, initiated litigation which enabled enrolment with English as language of instruction. By 2006 there were 300 single-medium Afrikaans schools, compared to 2,500 in 1994, after most converted to dual-medium education. Due to Afrikaans being viewed as the "language of the white oppressor" by some, pressure has been increased to remove Afrikaans as a teaching language in South African universities, resulting in bloody student protests in 2015. Under South Africa's Constitution of 1996, Afrikaans remains an official language, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the South African Broadcasting Corporation reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while South African Airways dropped its Afrikaans name from its livery. Similarly, South Africa's diplomatic missions overseas now display the name of the country only in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans. Meanwhile, the constitution of the Western Cape, which went into effect in 1998, declares Afrikaans to be an official language of the province alongside English and Xhosa.Constitution of the Western Cape, 1997, Chapter 1, The Afrikaans-language general-interest family magazine has the largest readership of any magazine in the country. When the British design magazine Wallpaper described Afrikaans as "one of the world's ugliest languages" in its September 2005 article about the monument, South African billionaire Johann Rupert (chairman of the Richemont Group), responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels, Montblanc and Alfred Dunhill from the magazine.Afrikaans stars join row over 'ugly language' Cape Argus, 10 December 2005. The author of the article, Bronwyn Davies, was an English-speaking South African.
Afrikaans	Mutual intelligibility with Dutch	Mutual intelligibility with Dutch An estimated 90 to 95 percent of the Afrikaans lexicon is ultimately of Dutch origin, and there are few lexical differences between the two languages. Afrikaans has a considerably more regular morphology, grammar, and spelling. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, particularly in written form. Afrikaans acquired some lexical and syntactical borrowings from other languages such as Malay, Khoisan languages, Portuguese, German and Bantu languages. Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by South African English, especially in the Western Cape. Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the other way round. Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. In general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is far better than between Dutch and Frisian or between Danish and Swedish. The South African poet writer Breyten Breytenbach, attempting to visualise the language distance for Anglophones once remarked that the differences between (Standard) Dutch and Afrikaans are comparable to those between the Received Pronunciation and Southern American English.
Afrikaans	Current status	Current status +Use of Afrikaans as a first language by province Province 1996 2001 2011 2022 Western Cape 58.5% 55.3% 49.7% 41.2% Eastern Cape 9.8% 9.6% 10.6% 9.6% Northern Cape 57.2% 56.6% 53.8% 54.6% Free State 14.4% 11.9% 12.7% 10.3% KwaZulu-Natal 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% 1.0% North West 8.8% 8.8% 9.0% 5.2% Gauteng 15.6% 13.6% 12.4% 7.7% Mpumalanga 7.1% 5.5% 7.2% 3.2% Limpopo 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.3% 14.4% 13.3% 13.5% 10.6% Afrikaans is an official language of the Republic of South Africa and a recognised national language of the Republic of Namibia. Post-apartheid South Africa has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, media (TV and radio), and general status throughout the country, given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media – radio, newspapers and televisionOranje FM, Radio Sonder Grense, Jacaranda FM, Radio Pretoria, Rapport, Beeld, Die Burger, Die Son, Afrikaans news is run every day; the PRAAG website is a web-based news service. On pay channels, it is provided as second language on all sports, Kyknet – than any of the other official languages, except English. More than 300 book titles in Afrikaans are published annually. South African census figures suggest a decreasing number of first language Afrikaans speakers in South Africa from 13.5% in 2011 to 10.6% in 2022. The South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) projects that a growing majority of Afrikaans speakers will be Coloured. Afrikaans speakers experience higher employment rates than other South African language groups, though half a million were unemployed. Despite the challenges of demotion and emigration that it faces in South Africa, the Afrikaans vernacular remains competitive, being popular in DSTV pay channels and several internet sites, while generating high newspaper and music CD sales. A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music since the late 1990s has invigorated the language, especially among a younger generation of South Africans. A recent trend is the increased availability of pre-school educational CDs and DVDs. Such media also prove popular with the extensive Afrikaans-speaking emigrant communities who seek to retain language proficiency in a household context. Afrikaans-language cinema showed signs of new vigour in the early 21st century. The 2007 film , the first full-length Afrikaans movie since in 1998, is seen as the dawn of a new era in Afrikaans cinema. Several short films have been created and more feature-length movies, such as Poena Is Koning and (both in 2008) have been produced, besides the 2011 Afrikaans-language film , which was the first Afrikaans film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was also released in 2011. The Afrikaans film industry started gaining international recognition via the likes of big Afrikaans Hollywood film stars, like Charlize Theron (Monster) and Sharlto Copley (District 9) promoting their mother tongue. SABC 3 announced early in 2009 that it would increase Afrikaans programming due to the "growing Afrikaans-language market and [their] need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current South African television market". In April 2009, SABC3 started screening several Afrikaans-language programmes.SABC3 "tests" Afrikaans programming , Screen Africa, 15 April 2009 There is a groundswell movement within Afrikaans to be inclusive, and to promote itself along with the indigenous official languages. In Namibia, the percentage of Afrikaans speakers declined from 11.4% (2001 Census) to 10.4% (2011 Census). The major concentrations are in Hardap (41.0%), ǁKaras (36.1%), Erongo (20.5%), Khomas (18.5%), Omaheke (10.0%), Otjozondjupa (9.4%), Kunene (4.2%), and Oshikoto (2.3%). Some native speakers of Bantu languages and English also speak Afrikaans as a second language. It is widely taught in South African schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students. Afrikaans is offered at many universities outside South Africa, including in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Russia and the United States.
Afrikaans	Grammar	Grammar In Afrikaans grammar, there is no distinction between the infinitive and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs 'to be' and 'to have'. infinitive form present indicative form Dutch English or be have In addition, verbs do not conjugate differently depending on the subject. For example, Afrikaans Dutch English I am you are (sing.) he/she/it is we are you are (plur.) they are Only a handful of Afrikaans verbs have a preterite, namely the auxiliary ('to be'), the modal verbs, and the verb ('to think'). The preterite of ('may') is rare in contemporary Afrikaans. Afrikaans Dutch English present past present past present past I am I was I can I could I must (I had to) I want to I wanted to I shall I should I may I might I think I thought All other verbs use the perfect tense, het + past participle (ge-), for the past. Therefore, there is no distinction in Afrikaans between I drank and I have drunk. (In colloquial German, the past tense is also often replaced with the perfect.) Afrikaans Dutch English I drank \|\| \|\| I have drunk When telling a longer story, Afrikaans speakers usually avoid the perfect and simply use the present tense, or historical present tense instead (as is possible, but less common, in English as well). A particular feature of Afrikaans is its use of the double negative; it is classified in Afrikaans as and is something that is absent from the other West Germanic standard languages. For example: English: He can not speak Afrikaans. / He can't speak Afrikaans. Both French and San origins have been suggested for double negation in Afrikaans. While double negation is still found in Low Franconian dialects in West Flanders and in some "isolated" villages in the centre of the Netherlands (such as Garderen), it takes a different form, which is not found in Afrikaans. The following is an example: * (lit. I want not this do not.) English: I do not want to do this. * Compare with , which changes the meaning to 'I want not to do this'. Whereas emphasizes a lack of desire to act, emphasizes the act itself. The was the Middle Dutch way to negate but it has been suggested that since became highly non-voiced, or was needed to complement the . With time the disappeared in most Dutch dialects. The double negative construction has been fully grammaticalised in standard Afrikaans and its proper use follows a set of fairly complex rules as the examples below show: Afrikaans Dutch (literally translated) More correct Dutch Literal English Idiomatic English I did (not) know that he would (not) come. I did (not) know that he was (not) going to come. He will not come, as he is sick. He is sick and is not going to come. It is not so difficult to learn Afrikaans. A notable exception to this is the use of the negating grammar form that coincides with negating the English present participle. In this case there is only a single negation. English: He is in [the] hospital, though he doesn't eat. Certain words in Afrikaans would be contracted. For example, , which literally means 'must not', usually becomes ; although one does not have to write or say it like this, virtually all Afrikaans speakers will change the two words to in the same way as do not is contracted to don't in English. The Dutch word ('it' in English) does not correspond to in Afrikaans. The Dutch words corresponding to Afrikaans are , , and . Afrikaans Dutch English have, has the it
Afrikaans	Phonology	Phonology thumb\|A voice recording of ('The Voice of South Africa'), the former national anthem, read in poetic form
Afrikaans	Vowels	Vowels + Monophthong phonemes Front Central Back unrounded rounded unroundedrounded short long short long short long short long short long Close () () Mid () () () Near-open () () Open As phonemes, and occur only in the words 'mirror' and 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences and , respectively. In other cases, and occur as allophones of, respectively, and before . is phonetically long before . is always stressed and occurs only in the word 'wedges'. The closest unrounded counterparts of are central , rather than front . occur only in a few words. occurs as an allophone of before , though this occurs primarily dialectally, most commonly in the former Transvaal and Free State provinces.
Afrikaans	Diphthongs	Diphthongs + Diphthong phonemes Starting point Ending point Front Central Back Mid Open , ɑːi occur mainly in loanwords.
Afrikaans	Consonants	Consonants + Consonant phonemes Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Dorsal Glottal Nasal Plosive ()() Fricative () () Approximant Rhotic ~ ~ ~ All obstruents at the ends of words are devoiced, so that e.g. a final is realized as . occur only in loanwords. is also an allophone of in some environments. is most often uvular . Only this source mentions the trilled realization. Velar occurs only in some speakers. The rhotic is usually an alveolar trill or tap . In some parts of the former Cape Province, it is realized uvularly, either as a trill or a fricative .
Afrikaans	Dialects	Dialects thumb\|A warning sign in Afrikaans: or "Danger, Traps". Following early dialectal studies of Afrikaans, it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the Great Trek in the 1830s. These dialects are the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape dialects. Northern Cape dialect may have resulted from contact between Dutch settlers and the Khoekhoe people between the Great Karoo and the Kunene, and Eastern Cape dialect between the Dutch and the Xhosa. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans, although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans (Orange River Afrikaans) is a major variety, including the Oranjerivier Afrikaans spoken by whites and Griqua Afrikaans spoken by Griqua as well as Namakwalands. There is also a prison cant, known as Sabela, which is based on Afrikaans, yet heavily influenced by Zulu. This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.
Afrikaans	Patagonian Afrikaans	Patagonian Afrikaans Patagonian Afrikaans is a distinct dialect of Afrikaans is spoken by the 650-member South African community of Argentina, in the region of Patagonia.
Afrikaans	Namibian Afrikaans	Namibian Afrikaans Namibian Afrikaans is a variety of Afrikaans spoken in Namibia. The country was governed by South Africa until 1990, which had favoured Afrikaans. Before that, Dutch had been introduced when the Dutch occupied Walvis Bay and the surrounding area.Website van de Republikein, een krant in Namibisch-Afrikaans
Afrikaans	Influences on Afrikaans from other languages	Influences on Afrikaans from other languages
Afrikaans	Malay	Malay Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town, who are now known as Coloureds, numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans. Some of these words entered Dutch via people arriving from what is now known as Indonesia as part of their colonial heritage. Malay words in Afrikaans include: , which means 'very'/'much'/'many' (from ) is a very commonly used Afrikaans word, different from its Dutch equivalent or . , Afrikaans for jacket (from , ultimately from Persian), used where Dutch would use or . The word in Dutch is now considered archaic and only used in written, literary texts. , a traditional Cape-Malay dish, made from spiced minced meat baked with an egg-based topping. , which means banana. This is different from the common Dutch word . The Indonesian word is also used in Dutch, though usage is less common. , which means saucer (from , also from Persian). , a dish similar to shish kebab.
Afrikaans	Portuguese	Portuguese Some words originally came from Portuguese such as ('umbrella') from the Portuguese , ('pen/cattle enclosure') from the Portuguese and ('corn', from ). Some of these words also exist in Dutch, like 'parasol', though usage is less common and meanings can slightly differ.
Afrikaans	Khoisan languages	Khoisan languages , meaning cannabis , meaning lizard, diminutive adapted from a Khoekhoe word , meaning insect, from the Khoisan , blanket of animal hides , walking stick from Khoekhoe Some of these words also exist in Dutch, though with a more specific meaning: for example means 'South-African tribal javelin' and means 'South-African tribal blanket of animal hides'.
Afrikaans	Bantu languages	Bantu languages Loanwords from Bantu languages in Afrikaans include the names of indigenous birds, such as and , and indigenous plants, such as and . , from the Zulu word meaning 'scholar' or 'student"', but used to mean someone who is a student of/expert on a certain subject, i.e. He is a language . , meaning bride price, from (and referring to) lobolo of the Nguni languages , the grey crowned crane, known in Latin as Balearica regulorum , medium-sized dioecious tree known in Latin as Sclerocarya birrea , species of thatching grass known as Hyparrhenia , deciduous tree also known by its Latin name, Spirostachys africana / , an adaption of the word , meaning "to go home" or "to knock off (from work)".
Afrikaans	French	French The revoking of the Edict of Nantes on 22 October 1685 was a milestone in the history of South Africa, for it marked the beginning of the great Huguenot exodus from France. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 300,000 Protestants left France between 1685 and 1700; out of these, according to Louvois, 100,000 had received military training. A measure of the calibre of these immigrants and of their acceptance by host countries (in particular South Africa) is given by H. V. Morton in his book: In Search of South Africa (London, 1948). The Huguenots were responsible for a great linguistic contribution to Afrikaans, particularly in terms of military terminology as many of them fought on the battlefields during the wars of the Great Trek. Most of the words in this list are descendants from Dutch borrowings from French, Old French or Latin, and are not direct influences from French on Afrikaans. + Afrikaans Dutch French English advice alarm ammunition funny artillery studio luggage bastion battalion battery library invoice fort meatball garrison general grenade infantry interesting calibre cannon gunner cartridge captain colonel commander quarter lieutenant magazine way (to) march furniture militarily piece mortar (to) mutiny musket wall mine officer order paper pioneer ceiling flat ferry chief round salvo soldier aunt carpet bunch
Afrikaans	Orthography	Orthography The Afrikaans writing system is based on Dutch, using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, plus 16 additional vowels with diacritics. The hyphen (e.g. in a compound like 'sea duck'), apostrophe (e.g. 'mothers'), and a whitespace character (e.g. in multi-word units like 'Dead Sea') is part of the orthography of words, while the indefinite article is a ligature. All the alphabet letters, including those with diacritics, have capital letters as allographs; the does not have a capital letter allograph. This means that Afrikaans has 88 graphemes with allographs in total. Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)AÁÄBCDEÉÈÊËFGHIÍÎÏJKLMNOÓÔÖPQRSTUÚÛÜVWXYÝZMinuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)aáäbcdeéèêëfghiíîïjklmnŉoóôöpqrstuúûüvwxyýz In Afrikaans, many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling. For example, ('only') in Dutch becomes in Afrikaans. Also, Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between and , having merged the latter into the former; while the word for "south" is written in Dutch, it is spelled in Afrikaans (as well as dialectal Dutch writings) to represent this merger. Similarly, the Dutch digraph , normally pronounced as , corresponds to Afrikaans , except where it replaces the Dutch suffix which is pronounced as , as in > . Another difference is the indefinite article, in Afrikaans and in Dutch. "A book" is in Afrikaans, whereas it is either or in Dutch. This is usually pronounced as just a weak vowel, , just like English "a". The diminutive suffix in Afrikaans is , or , whereas in Dutch it is or , hence a "bit" is ŉ in Afrikaans and in Dutch. The letters c, q, x, and z occur almost exclusively in borrowings from French, English, Greek and Latin. This is usually because words that had c and ch in the original Dutch are spelled with k and g, respectively, in Afrikaans. Similarly original qu and x are most often spelt kw and ks, respectively. For example, instead of equatoriaal, and instead of excuus. The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: á, ä, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ö, ú, û, ü, ý. Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising, though they are still important, even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. For example, ("ate") instead of the 3 e's alongside each other: *, which can never occur in Afrikaans, or , which translates to "say", whereas is a possessive form. The acute's (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) primary function is to place emphasis on a word (i.e. for emphatic reasons), by adding it to the emphasised syllable of the word. For example, sál ("will" (verb)), néé ('no'), móét ("must"), hý ("he"), gewéét ("knew"). The acute is only placed on the i if it is the only vowel in the emphasised word: wil ('want' (verb)) becomes wíl, but lui ('lazy') becomes lúi. Only a few non-loan words are spelled with acutes, e.g. dié ('this'), ná ('after'), óf ... óf ('either ... or'), nóg ... nóg ('neither ... nor'), etc. Only four non-loan words are spelled with the grave: ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)).
Afrikaans	Initial apostrophes	Initial apostrophes A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are . The last (the indefinite article) is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans, since the other examples are shortened versions of other words ( and , respectively) and are rarely found outside of a poetic context. Here are a few examples: Apostrophed version Usual version Translation Notes I said it Uncommon, more common: Did you eat it? Extremely uncommon A man walks there Standard Afrikaans pronounces as a schwa vowel. The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and are never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, .
Afrikaans	Table of characters	Table of characters For more on the pronunciation of the letters below, see Help:IPA/Afrikaans. +Afrikaans letters and pronunciation Grapheme IPA Examples and Notes a , ('apple'; ), ('languages'; ). Represents in closed syllables and in stressed open syllablesá/a/, /ɑː/ná (after)ä/a/, /ɑː/sebraägtig ('zebra-like'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable. aa ('monkey', 'ape'). Only occurs in closed syllables. aai ('turn') ae ('questions'); the vowels belong to two separate syllables ai ('many', 'much' or 'very'), (expression of frustration or resignation) b , /p/ ('tree') c , Found only in borrowed words or proper nouns; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the Latinate plural ending (singular form ) ch , , ('surgeon'; ; typically is used instead), ('chemistry'; ), ('chitin'; ). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns d , ('day'), ('part', 'divide', 'share') dj , ('teak'), ('sandwich'). Used to transcribe foreign words for the former pronunciation, and in the diminutive suffix for the latter in words ending with d e , , , , (), ('person', /eː/) (lengthened before ) ('meal', and respectively), ('I', /æ/), berg ('mountain', /æː/) (lengthened before ). is the unstressed allophone of é, , dié ('this'), mét ('with', emphasised), ék ('I; me', emphasised), wéét ('know', emphasised) è Found in loanwords (like crèche) and proper nouns (like Eugène) where the spelling was maintained, and in four non-loanwords: ('yes?', 'right?', 'eh?'), ('here, take this!' or '[this is] yours!'), hè ('huh?', 'what?', 'eh?'), and appèl ('(formal) appeal' (noun)). ê , ('to say'), ('world'), ('file') (Allophonically before ) ë – Diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus , and are pronounced like 'e', 'ee' and 'ei', respectively ee ('to know'), ('one') eeu leeu ('lion'), eeu ('century', 'age') ei ('to lead') eu ('son' or 'lad') f ('bicycle') g , exists as the allophone of if at the end of a root word preceded by a stressed single vowel + and suffixed with a schwa, e.g. ('mountain') is pronounced as , and is pronounced as gh ('golf'). Used for when it is not an allophone of ; found only in borrowed words. If the h instead begins the next syllable, the two letters are pronounced separately. h ('hail'), ('dog') i , ('child'; ), ('ink'; ), ('crisis'; and respectively), ('electricity'; for all three; third 'i' is part of diphthong 'ei')í/i/, /ə/ ('crisis', emphasised), ('that', emphasised) î (plural of ; 'wedges' or 'quoins') ï /i/, /ə/ Found in words such as ('to influence'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable. ('something'), ('four') j (plural 'you') k ('cat'), ('can' (verb) or 'jug') l ('laugh') m ('man') n ('nail')ŉ/ə/indefinite article ŉ ('a'), styled as a ligature (Unicode character U+0149) ng ('to sing') o , , ('up(on)'; ), ('size'; ), ('police'; )ó, óp ('done, finished', emphasised), gróót ('huge', emphasised) ô ('tomorrow') ö , Found in words such as ('co-operation'). The diaeresis indicates the start of new syllable, thus is pronounced the same as 'o' based on the following remainder of the word. oe ('book'), ('course', 'direction') oei ('cow') oo ('uncle' or 'sir') ooi ('pretty', 'beautiful'), ('invite') ou ('the guy'), ('the old shoe'). Sometimes spelled in loanwords and surnames, for example . p ('pot'), ('purple' — or 'press' indicating the news media; the latter is often spelled with an <ê>) q Found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically is used instead r ('red') s , , , ('six'), ('voice' or 'vote'), ('position', for first 's', for second 's'), ('rational', (nonstandard; formally /s/ is used instead) ('visual', (nonstandard; /z/ is more formal) sj ('shawl'), ('chocolate') t ('table') tj , ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). The latter pronunciation occurs in the common diminutive suffix u , ('piece'), ('union')ú/œ/, /y(ː)/búk ('bend over', emphasised), ú ('you', formal, emphasised) û ('bridges') ü – Found in words such as ('reunion'). The diaeresis indicates the start of a new syllable, thus is pronounced the same as , except when found in proper nouns and surnames from German, like . ui ('out') uu ('hour') v , /v/ ('fish'), visuëel ('visual') w , ('water'; ); allophonically after obstruents within a root; an example: ('brush'; ) x , ('xiphoid'; ), ('x-ray'; ). y ('bite')ý/əi/hý ('he', emphasised) z ('Zulu'). Found only in onomatopoeia and loanwords
Afrikaans	Sample text	Sample text Psalm 23 1953 translation: Die Here is my Herder, niks sal my ontbreek nie. Hy laat my neerlê in groen weivelde; na waters waar rus is, lei Hy my heen. Hy verkwik my siel; Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid, om sy Naam ontwil. Al gaan ek ook in 'n dal van doodskaduwee, ek sal geen onheil vrees nie; want U is met my: u stok en u staf die vertroos my. Psalm 23 1983 translation: Die Here is my Herder, ek kom niks kort nie. Hy laat my rus in groen weivelde. Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is. Hy gee my nuwe krag. Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam. Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes, sal ek nie bang wees nie, want U is by my. In U hande is ek veilig. Lord's Prayer (Afrikaans New Living Version translation): Ons Vader in die hemel, laat u Naam geheilig word. Laat u koninkryk kom. Laat u wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel. Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het. En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook óns skuldenaars vergewe het. Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie; maar bevry ons van die greep van die bose. Want aan U behoort die koningskap, en die krag, en die heerlikheid, vir altyd. Amen. Lord's Prayer (Original translation): Onse Vader wat in die hemel is, laat U Naam geheilig word; laat U koninkryk kom; laat U wil geskied op die aarde, net soos in die hemel. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; en vergeef ons ons skulde soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie maar verlos ons van die bose Want aan U behoort die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid. Amen
Afrikaans	See also	See also Arts Festival Afrikaans literature Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa Arabic Afrikaans (Afrikaans Dictionary) Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch IPA/Afrikaans (Arts Festival) Languages of South Africa List of Afrikaans language poets List of Afrikaans singers List of English words of Afrikaans origin South African Translators' Institute
Afrikaans	Notes	Notes
Afrikaans	References	References
Afrikaans	Citations	Citations
Afrikaans	Sources	Sources
Afrikaans	Further reading	Further reading Grieshaber, Nicky. 2011. Diacs and Quirks in a Nutshell – Afrikaans spelling explained. Pietermaritzburg. ; e-.
Afrikaans	External links	External links afrikaans.com Afrikaans English Online Dictionary at Hablaa (archived 4 June 2012) Afrikaans-English Online Dictionary at majstro.com Learn Afrikaans Online (Open Learning Environment) Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK) – Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations Dutch Writers from South Africa: A Cultural-Historical Study, Part I from the World Digital Library Afrikaans Literature and Language Web dossier African Studies Centre, Leiden (2011) Category:Analytic languages Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Languages of Botswana Category:Languages of Namibia Category:Languages of South Africa Category:Languages of Eswatini Category:Low Franconian languages Category:Stress-timed languages Category:Subject–object–verb languages Category:Verb-second languages
Afrikaans	Table of Content	Short description, Etymology, History, Origin, Development, Recognition, Standardisation, The Afrikaans Bible, Classification, Geographic distribution, Statistics, Sociolinguistics, Mutual intelligibility with Dutch, Current status, Grammar, Phonology, Vowels, Diphthongs, Consonants, Dialects, Patagonian Afrikaans, Namibian Afrikaans, Influences on Afrikaans from other languages, Malay, Portuguese, Khoisan languages, Bantu languages, French, Orthography, Initial apostrophes, Table of characters, Sample text, See also, Notes, References, Citations, Sources, Further reading, External links
Aeolus	short description	In Greek mythology,Aiolos,According to Kerényi, p. 206, the name means both "the mobile" and "the many coloured", while Rose, s.v. Aeolus (1) associates the name, "perhaps by derivation", with "the changeable". Chaucer's spelling of the name was "Eolus", the Middle English and Old French development of the Latin Aeolus, see de Weever, s.v. Eolus. transcribed as Aeolus (; ; ) refers to three characters. These three are often difficult to tell apart, and even the ancient mythographers appear to have been perplexed about which Aeolus was which. Diodorus Siculus made an attempt to define each of these three (although it is clear that he also became muddled), and his opinion is followed here. The first Aeolus was a son of Hellen and the eponymous founder of the Aeolian race.Parada, s.v. Aeolus 1; Smith, s.v. Aeolus 1; Apollodorus, 1.7.3. The second Aeolus was a son of Poseidon, who led a colony to islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The third Aeolus was a son of Hippotes who is mentioned in the Odyssey and the Aeneid as the ruler of the winds.Homer, Odyssey 10.2 All three men named Aeolus appear to be connected genealogically, although the precise relationship, especially regarding the second and third Aeolus, is often ambiguous as their identities seem to have been merged by many ancient writers. Aeolus was also the name of the following minor characters: Aeolus, a defender of Thebes in the war of the Seven against Thebes. He was killed by Parthenopaeus.Parada, s.v. Aeolus 5; Statius, Thebaid 9.765–767. Aeolus, a Trojan companion of Aeneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus, King of the Rutulians. Aeolus was the father of Clytius and Misenus.Parada, s.v. Aeolus 4; Virgil, Aeneid 6.162–164, 9.774, :12.542–547. Describing this Aeolus as "otherwise unknown to fame", Thomas, pp. 278–280, points out textual parallels between Aeneid 12.542–547 (Aeolus' apostrophe), and Achilles' aristeia in Iliad, book 20, and suggests that "Vergil's Aeolus symbolizes the figure he mirrors so markedly, the Homeric Aineias".
Aeolus	See also	See also Aeolia (mythical island), island kingdom of Aeolus, ruler of the winds
Aeolus	Notes	Notes
Aeolus	References	References Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText. Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Kerényi, Karl, The Gods of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1951. Internet Archive. Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. . Rose, H. J., s.v. Aeolus (2) in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, Hammond, N.G.L. and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), Oxford University Press, 1992. . Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Statius, Statius with an English Translation by J. H. Mozley, Volume II, Thebaid, Books V–XII, Achilleid, Loeb Classical Library No. 207, London: William Heinemann, Ltd., New York: G. P. Putnamm's Sons, 1928. . Internet Archive. Thomas, Richard. F., "The Isolation of Turnus, Aeneid, book 12", in Vergil's Aeneid: Augustan Epic and Political Context, Hans-Peter Stahl (ed.), Classical Press of Wales, pp. 271–303. . Virgil, Aeneid, Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. de Weever, Jaqueline, Chaucer Name Dictionary, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York and London, 1988, 1996. Category:Trojans Category:Characters in the Aeneid Category:Characters in Seven against Thebes
Aeolus	Table of Content	short description, See also, Notes, References
ABC	Pp	ABC are the first three letters of the Latin script. ABC or abc may also refer to:
ABC	Arts, entertainment and media	Arts, entertainment and media
ABC	Broadcasting	Broadcasting Aliw Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine broadcast company American Broadcasting Company, a commercial American TV broadcaster Disney–ABC Television Group, the former name of the parent organization of ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation, one of the national publicly funded broadcasters of Australia ABC Television (Australian TV network), the national television network of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC TV (Australian TV channel), the flagship TV station of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC Canberra (TV station), Canberra, and other ABC TV local stations in state capitals ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel), an international pay TV channel ABC Radio (disambiguation), several radio stations Associated Broadcasting Corporation, the former name of TV5 Network, Inc., a Philippine media company ABC-5, the former name of TV5, a Philippine free-to-air television network ABC (Swedish TV programme), a former Swedish regional news programme ABC Weekend TV, a former British television company Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, a Japanese commercial television and radio station Associated Broadcasting Company, a former name of Associated Television, a British television company African Barter Company, a pan-African barter broadcast syndication company
ABC	Music	Music
ABC	Albums	Albums ABC (Jin album), a 2007 album by rapper MC Jin ABC (Kreidler album), a 2014 album by Kreidler ABC (The Jackson 5 album), a 1970 album by The Jackson 5
ABC	Groups	Groups A.B.C., the former name of Japanese boy band A.B.C-Z ABC (band), an English pop band Acid Black Cherry, a Japanese rock band Alien Beat Club, a Danish pop and R&B band Another Bad Creation, an American hip hop and new jack swing group
ABC	Labels	Labels ABC Classics, an Australian record label ABC Records, an American record label
ABC	Other music	Other music ABC song (disambiguation), several songs ABC notation, a musical notation language O2 ABC Glasgow, a music venue
ABC	Periodicals	Periodicals ABC (magazine), an Italian magazine published between 1960 and 1977 ABC (newspaper), a Spanish daily newspaper founded in 1903 ABC (Monterrey newspaper), a Mexican newspaper founded in 1985 ABC Color, a Paraguayan newspaper founded in 1967
ABC	Other arts, entertainment and media	Other arts, entertainment and media ABC Cinemas, a British cinema chain Alphabet book, a type of children's book depicting the alphabet America's Best Comics, an imprint of DC Comics
ABC	Aviation	Aviation ABC Motors, an English manufacturer of aircraft, aero engines and cars Advance Booking Charter, a type of air travel Aircraft Builders Council, a provider of aviation products liability insurance IATA airport code for Albacete Airport in Community of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain
ABC	Companies	Companies
ABC	Financial	Financial Agricultural Bank of China, a bank in the People's Republic of China Arab Banking Corporation, an international bank headquartered in Bahrain
ABC	Food and beverage	Food and beverage ABC (food), an Indonesian-based food division of the H. J. Heinz Company Aerated Bread Company, a British bakery and tea-room chain Alcoholic Beverage Control (disambiguation), or Alcoholic Beverage Commission, U.S. states' regulation over alcohol sales Appalachian Brewing Company, an American brewery
ABC	Transport	Transport ABC Rail Guide, British railway guide published between 1853 and 2007 ABC motorcycles, a British motorcycle manufacturer
ABC	Other companies	Other companies ABC Learning, a former Australian childcare business ABC (Lebanon), a chain of department stores and shopping centers, and operator of fashion boutiques in Lebanon ABC Stores, a chain of convenience stores in Hawaii Anglo Belgian Corporation, a diesel engine manufacturer Audit Bureau of Circulations (disambiguation), publication circulation auditing companies Audit Bureau of Circulations (India), a non-profit circulation-auditing organisation Audit Bureau of Circulations, former name for the North American non-profit industry organization Alliance for Audited Media Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK), a non-profit organisation
ABC	Economics and law	Economics and law ABC analysis, an inventory categorization technique Activity-based costing, an accounting method Assignment for the benefit of creditors, a concept in bankruptcy law
ABC	Organizations	Organizations
ABC	Politics and unions	Politics and unions Abantu Batho Congress, a South African political party ABC (Cuba), Cuban political organization 1931–1952, named after the system for labeling its clandestine cells ABC Vancouver, a municipal political party in Vancouver, Canada A Better Calgary Party, a municipal political party in Calgary, Canada All Basotho Convention, a political party in Lesotho Alliance for Barangay Concerns, a political party in the Philippines American Bakery and Confectionery Workers' International Union, a predecessor of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union Americans Battling Communism, an anti-communist organization founded in 1947 Anarchist Black Cross, an anarchist support organization Anything But Conservative, a 2008 Canadian political campaign Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council, a local government council in Northern Ireland Association of Barangay Captains or Association of Barangay Councils, former names of the Philippine organization League of Barangays Association of British Counties, a non-party-political society
ABC	Religious	Religious American Baptist Convention, former name of American Baptist Churches USA Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland, in Ireland and the United Kingdom
ABC	Sports	Sports ABC Futebol Clube, a football (soccer) club based in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil American Bowling Congress, which merged in 2005 with other bowling organizations to form the United States Bowling Congress Association of Boxing Commissions, a North American not-for-profit professional boxing and mixed martial arts organization Indianapolis ABCs, a 1900s Negro league baseball team
ABC	Other organizations	Other organizations Academia Británica Cuscatleca, a school in Santa Tecla, El Salvador Accessible Books Consortium, a subunit of the World Intellectual Property Organization Afrikan Black Coalition, a University of California student organization American Bird Conservancy, a non-profit membership organization Andres Bonifacio College, in Dipolog City, Philippines Association of Black Cardiologists, a North American non-profit Austin Bat Cave, a creative writing non-profit in Texas Australian Bird Count, a project of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
ABC	Places	Places ABC countries, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile ABC Islands (Alaska), Admiralty Island, Baranof Island, and Chichagof Island ABC islands (Leeward Antilles), Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao ABC Region, an industrial area outside of São Paulo, Brazil Altnabreac railway station, Scotland, by National Rail code Appa Balwant Chowk, area of Pune, India, noted for its bookshops
ABC	Science and technology	Science and technology
ABC	Biology and medicine	Biology and medicine Abacavir, an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS ABC (medicine), a mnemonic for "Airway, Breathing, Circulation" ABC model of flower development, a genetic model Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis, a posited connection between breast cancer and abortion Alien big cat, a large feline outside its indigenous range Aneurysmal bone cyst, a kind of lesion ATP-binding cassette transporter, a transmembrane protein
ABC	Computing	Computing
ABC	Hardware	Hardware ABC, a line of computers by Dataindustrier AB Acorn Business Computer, a series of microcomputers announced at the end of 1983 by the British company Acorn Computers Atanasoff–Berry computer, an early electronic digital computer
ABC	Software	Software ABC (computer virus), a memory-resident, file-infecting computer virus ABC (programming language), a programming language and environment ABC (stream cipher), a stream cipher algorithm Abstract base class, a programming language concept Artificial bee colony algorithm, a search algorithm .abc, several file formats
ABC	Mathematics	Mathematics ABC formula Approximate Bayesian computation, a family of statistical techniques abc conjecture, a concept in number theory
ABC	Other science and technology	Other science and technology ABC dry chemical, a fire extinguishing agent ABC weapon (atomic, biological, and chemical), a weapon of mass destruction Accelerated bridge construction, a technique for building bridges Aerial bundled cable, for power lines Airborne Cigar, a British military electronic countermeasure system used during World War II Atomic, biological, and chemical defense; now CBRN defense (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear)
ABC	Psychology	Psychology ABC data collection, a descriptive functional behavior assessment method in applied behavior analysis Affective-behavioral-cognitive model, an attitude component model
ABC	Transportation	Transportation Active Body Control, a type of automobile suspension technology Automatic Buffer Couplers, a type of railway couplers
ABC	Cars	Cars ABC (1906 automobile), an American car by Albert Bledsoe Cole ABC (1920 automobile), an English car by ABC Motors ABC (1922 automobile), a planned American car
ABC	Other uses	Other uses ABC strategy, for "abstinence, be faithful, use a condom", a sex-education strategy ABC trial of Crispin Aubrey, John Berry and Duncan Campbell in 1978 in the United Kingdom Abecedarium, an inscription consisting of the letters of an alphabet Air batu campur, also known as ais kacang, a Malaysian dessert American-born Chinese, people of Chinese ethnicity born in the United States Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope (1883–1963), nicknamed ABC, British WWII admiral Architectural, building and construction, an industry; for example, see Industry Foundation Classes Australian-born Chinese, people of Chinese ethnicity born in Australia
ABC	See also	See also ABCC (disambiguation)

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.