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Severus Alexander | See also | See also
Severan dynasty family tree
Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander
Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I |
Severus Alexander | References | References |
Severus Alexander | Citations | Citations |
Severus Alexander | Bibliography | Bibliography |
Severus Alexander | Ancient sources | Ancient sources
Cassius Dio ( 230), Roman History, Book 80
Herodian ( 240), Roman History, Book 6
Aurelius Victor att. ( 400), Epitome de Caesaribus
Historia Augusta, Life of Severus Alexander
Zosimus ( 500), Historia Nova
Joannes Zonaras ( 1120), Compendium of History |
Severus Alexander | Modern sources | Modern sources
Although a few phrases appear to be copied from this encyclopedia, all of them are attributed here to primary sources. |
Severus Alexander | Further reading | Further reading
Heller, André (2022). Kommentar zur Vita Alexandri Severi der Historia Augusta. Bonn: Habelt, .
Nasti, Fara (2006). L’attività normativa di Severo Alessandro 1: Politica di governo, riforme amministrative e giudiziarie. Napoli: Satura, .
Städtler, Domenic (2021). Münzen und Denkmäler von und für Severus Alexander. Konstruktion eines Herrscherbildes. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač, . |
Severus Alexander | External links | External links
Severus Alexander on NumisWiki
Coins of Severus Alexander
Category:208 births
Category:235 deaths
Category:3rd-century people
Category:3rd-century Roman emperors
Category:3rd-century murdered monarchs
Category:Ancient child monarchs
Category:Ancient Roman adoptees
Category:Aurelii
Category:Crisis of the Third Century
Category:Deified Roman emperors
Category:Emesene dynasty
Category:3rd-century Roman consuls
Category:Murdered Roman emperors
Category:People from Homs
Category:People from Roman Syria
Category:Severan dynasty
Category:Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae
Category:Roman pharaohs
Category:Damnatio memoriae |
Severus Alexander | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Emperor, Early reign, Domestic achievements, Military discipline, Persian War, Germanic War, Assassination, Legacy, Portland Vase, Personal life, Family, Christianity, Severan dynasty family tree, See also, References, Citations, Bibliography, Ancient sources, Modern sources, Further reading, External links |
Alexander | About | Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Aleksander, Oleksandr, Oleksander, Aleksandr, and Alekzandr. Related names and diminutives include Iskandar, Alec, Alek, Alex, Alexsander, Alexandre, Aleks, Aleksa, Aleksandre, Alejandro, Alessandro, Alasdair, Sasha, Sandy, Sandro, Sikandar, Skander, Sander and Xander; feminine forms include Alexandra, Alexandria, and Sasha. |
Alexander | Etymology | Etymology
The name Alexander originates from the (; 'defending men'. or 'protector of men'). It is a compound of the verb (; 'to ward off, avert, defend'). and the noun (, genitive: , ; meaning 'man')..
The earliest attested form of the name, is the Mycenaean Greek feminine anthroponym , , (/Alexandra/), written in the Linear B syllabic script. Alaksandu, alternatively called Alakasandu or Alaksandus, was a king of Wilusa who sealed a treaty with the Hittite king Muwatalli II c. 1280 BC; this is generally assumed to have been a Greek called Alexandros.
The name was one of the epithets given to the Greek goddess Hera and as such is usually taken to mean "one who comes to save warriors". In the Iliad, the character Paris is also known as Alexander.Ἀλέξανδρος, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on the Perseus Digital Library. The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of Alexander the Great. Most later Alexanders in various countries were directly or indirectly named after him. |
Alexander | People known as Alexander | People known as Alexander
Alexander has been the name of many rulers, including kings of Macedon, of Scotland, emperors of Russia and popes. |
Alexander | Rulers of antiquity | Rulers of antiquity
Alexander (Alexandros of Ilion), more often known as Paris of Troy
Alexander of Corinth, 10th king of Corinth (816–791 BC)
Alexander I of Macedon
Alexander II of Macedon
Alexander the Great
Alexander IV of Macedon
Alexander V of Macedon
Alexander of Pherae despot of Pherae between 369 and 358 BC
Alexander I of Epirus king of Epirus about 342 BC
Alexander II of Epirus king of Epirus 272 BC
Alexander of Corinth, viceroy of Antigonus Gonatas and ruler of a rump state based on Corinth c. 250 BC
Alexander (satrap) (died 220 BC), satrap of Persis under Seleucid king Antiochus III
Alexander Balas, ruler of the Seleucid kingdom of Syria between 150 and 146 BC
Alexander Zabinas, ruler of part of the Seleucid kingdom of Syria based in Antioch between 128 and 123 BC
Alexander Jannaeus king of Judea, 103–76 BC
Alexander of Judaea, son of Aristobulus II, king of Judaea
Alexander Severus (208–235), Roman emperor
Julius Alexander, lived in the 2nd century, an Emesene nobleman
Domitius Alexander, Roman usurper who declared himself emperor in 308 |
Alexander | Rulers of the Middle Ages | Rulers of the Middle Ages
Alexander, Byzantine Emperor (912–913)
Alexander I of Scotland (c. 1078–1124)
Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249)
Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263), Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Vladimir
Alexander III of Scotland (1241–1286)
Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia, Voivode of Wallachia (died 1364)
Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, tsar of Bulgaria (beginnings of the 14th century – 1371)
Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver, Prince of Tver as Alexander I and Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal as Alexander II (1301–1339)
Aleksander (1338–before 1386), Prince of Podolia (son of Narymunt)
Alexander II of Georgia (1483–1510)
Eskender, Emperor of Ethiopia (1472–1494)
Alexander Jagiellon (Alexander of Poland), King of Poland (1461–1506) |
Alexander | Modern rulers | Modern rulers
Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825), emperor of Russia
Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), emperor of Russia
Alexander III of Russia (1845–1894), emperor of Russia
Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia (1842–1858)
Alexander of Bulgaria (1857–1893), first prince of modern Bulgaria
Alexander I Obrenović of Serbia (1876–1903), king of Serbia
Alexander, Prince of Lippe (1831–1905), prince of Lippe
Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934), first king of Yugoslavia
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (born 1945), head of the Yugoslav Royal Family
Zog I, also known as Skenderbeg III (1895–1961), king of Albanians
Alexander of Greece (1893–1920), king of Greece
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (1939–2011), king of Albanians (throne pretender)
Willem-Alexander, King of the Netherlands (born 1967), eldest child of Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus |
Alexander | Other royalty | Other royalty
Alexander, Judean Prince, one of the sons of Herod the Great from his wife Mariamne
Alexander Helios, Ptolemaic prince, one of the sons of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony
Alexander, Judean Prince, son to the above Alexander and Cappadocian princess Glaphyra
Alexander (d. 1418), son of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shishman
Prince Alexander John of Wales (1871), short-lived son of Edward VII
Prince Alfred of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1874–1899)
Olav V of Norway (Prince Alexander of Denmark) (1903–1991) |
Alexander | Religious leaders | Religious leaders
Pope Alexander I (pope 97–105)
Alexander of Apamea, 5th-century bishop of Apamea
Pope Alexander II (pope 1058–1061)
Pope Alexander III (pope 1159–1181)
Pope Alexander IV (pope 1243–1254)
Pope Alexander V ("Peter Philarges" c. 1339–1410)
Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), Roman pope
Pope Alexander VII (1599–1667)
Pope Alexander VIII (pope 1689–1691)
Alexander of Constantinople, bishop of Constantinople (314–337)
St. Alexander of Alexandria, Coptic Pope, Patriarch of Alexandria between 313 and 328
Pope Alexander II of Alexandria, Coptic Pope (702–729)
Alexander of Lincoln, bishop of Lincoln
Alexander of Jerusalem
See also Saint Alexander, various saints with this name |
Alexander | Other people | Other people |
Alexander | Antiquity | Antiquity
Alexander (artists), the name of a number of artists of ancient Greece and Rome
Alexander of Lyncestis (died 330 BC), contemporary of Alexander the Great
Alexander (son of Polyperchon) (died 314 BC), regent of Macedonia
Alexander (Antigonid general), 3rd-century BC cavalry commander under Antigonus III Doson
Alexander of Athens, 3rd-century BC Athenian comic poet
Alexander Aetolus (), poet and member of the Alexandrian Pleiad
Alexander (son of Lysimachus) (), Macedonian royal
Alexander (grandson of Seleucus I Nicator) (), Greek Anatolian nobleman
Alexander (Aetolian general), briefly conquered Aegira in 220 BC
Alexander of Acarnania (died 191 BC), confidant of Antiochus III the Great
Alexander Isius (), Aetolian military commander
Alexander Lychnus, early 1st-century BC poet and historian
Alexander Philalethes, 1st century BC physician
Alexander Polyhistor, Greek scholar of the 1st century BC
Alexander of Myndus, ancient Greek writer on zoology and divination
Alexander of Aegae, peripatetic philosopher of the 1st century AD
Alexander of Cotiaeum, 2nd-century Greek grammarian and tutor of Marcus Aurelius
Alexander Numenius, 2nd-century Greek rhetorician
Alexander Peloplaton, 2nd-century Greek rhetorician
Alexander of Abonoteichus (), Greek religious leader and imposter
Alexander of Aphrodisias (), Greek commentator and philosopher
Alexander of Lycopolis, 4th-century author of an early Christian treatise against Manicheans
Alexander, a member of the Jerusalem Temple Sanhedrin mentioned in Acts 4:6 |
Alexander | Middle Ages | Middle Ages
Alexander of Hales, English theologian in the 13th century |
Alexander | Modern | Modern
Alexander (magician) (1880–1954), American stage magician specializing in mentalism |
Alexander | People with the given name | People with the given name
People with the given name Alexander or variants include:
Technoblade (1999–2022), American YouTuber, real name Alexander, surname not made public
Alexander Aigner (1909–1988), Austrian mathematician
Aleksandr Akimov (1953–1986), Russian nuclear engineer who died in Chernobyl
Alexander Albon (born 1996), Thai-British racing driver
Aleksander Allila (1890–?), Finnish politician
Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883–1946), Russian composer
Alexander Argov (1914–1995), Russian-born Israeli composer
Alexander Armah (born 1994), American football player
Alexander Armstrong (born 1970), British comedian and singer
Aleksandr Averbukh (born 1974), Israeli pole vaulter
Alex Baldock (born 1970), British businessman
Alec Baldwin (born Alexander Rae Baldwin III, 1958), American actor
Alexander Björk (born 1990), Swedish golfer
Alexander Borodin (1833–1887), Russian composer
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), Scottish inventor of the first practical telephone
Aleksander Barkov (born 1995), Finnish ice hockey player
Alexander Calder (1898–1976), American sculptor best known for making mobiles
Aleksandr Davidovich (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Davidson (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Day (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Nicholas de Abrew Abeysinghe (1894–1963), Sri Lankan Sinhala politician
Alex DeBrincat (born 1997), American ice hockey player
Alexander Davidovich Dilman (born 1976), Russian organic chemist
Aleksandar Djordjevic (born 1967), Serbian basketball player
Alexander Dubček (1921–1992), leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969)
Alex Ebert (born 1978), American singer-songwriter
Alexander Lee (born 1988), also known as Alexander or Xander, South Korean singer, member of U-KISS
Alexander Exarch (1810–1891), Bulgarian revivalist, publicist and journalist, participant in the struggle for an independent Bulgarian Exarchate
Alex Ferguson (born 1941), Scottish football player and manager
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Scottish discoverer of penicillin
Alexander Zusia Friedman (1897–1943), Polish rabbi, educator, activist, and journalist
Aleksander Gabelic (born 1965), Swedish politician
Alex Galchenyuk (born 1994), American ice hockey player
Alexander Gardner (disambiguation), multiple people
Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer
Alexander Goldberg (born 1974), British rabbi, barrister, and human rights activist
Alexander Goldberg (chemical engineer), Israeli chemical engineer and President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Alexander Goldscheider (born 1950), Czech/British composer, producer and writer
Alexander Gomelsky (1928–2005), Russian head coach of USSR basketball national team for 30 years
Alexander Gordon (disambiguation), several people
Aleksandr Gordon (1931–2020), Russian-Soviet director, screenwriter and actor
Aleksandr Gorelik (1945–2012), Soviet figure skater
Alexander Gould (born 1994), American actor
Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014), German-born French mathematician
Alexander Gustafsson (born 1987), Swedish mixed martial arts fighter
Alexander Haig (1924–2010), American general and politician
Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), first United States Secretary of the Treasury and one of the founding fathers of the United States
Alexander Hamilton Jr. (1786–1875), American attorney and son of Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton Jr. (1816–1889), son of James Alexander Hamilton and grandson of Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Haugg (born 1968), German actor
Alexander Held (born 1958), German actor
Alexander Henn, German anthropologist
Alexander Henry (1823–1883), mayor of Philadelphia
Alex Higgins (1949–2010), Northern Irish snooker player
Alexander Hollins (born 1996), American football player
Alexander Holtz (born 2002), Swedish ice hockey player
Alex Horne (born 1978), British comedian
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Prussian naturalist and explorer
Alexander Ilečko (1937–2023), Slovak sculptor
Alexander Isak (born 1999), Swedish Football Player
Alexander Isakov (1730–1794), Russian major general
Alex Israel (born 1982), American artist
Alex Israel, founder of Metropolis Technologies
Alex Jones (born 1974), American radio show host and conspiracy theorist
Aleksandr Kamshalov (1932–2019), Soviet politician
Alex Kapranos (born 1972), Scottish musician, author, songwriter and producer, front-man of Franz Ferdinand
Aleksandar Katai (born 1991), Serbian footballer
Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970) leader of Russian Provisional Government
Alexander Kerfoot (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player
Alex Killorn (born 1989), Canadian ice hockey player
Alexander Klaws (born 1983), German singer and songwriter
Alexander Klingspor (born 1977), Swedish painter and sculptor
Aleksandr Kogan (born 1985/86), Moldovan-born American psychologist and data scientist
Alexander Korda (1893–1956), Hungarian film director
Alexander Kucheryavenko (born 1987), Russian ice hockey player
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born 1954), former President of Poland
Aleksander Lesser (1814–1884), Polish painter, illustrator, and art critic
Alexander Levinsky (1910–1990), Canadian ice hockey player
Alexander Ivanovich Levitov (1835–1877), Russian writer
Alexander Lévy (born 1990), French golfer
Alexander Ludwig (born 1992), Canadian actor
Alexander "Sandy" Lyle (born 1958), Scottish golfer
Alexander Lukashenko (born 1954), President of Belarus
Alex Manninger (born 1977), Austrian footballer
Alexander "Ali" Marpet (born 1993), American football player
Aleksandr Marshal (born 1957), Russian singer, songwriter, and musician
Alexander Mattison (born 1998), American football player
Alexander McClure (1828–1909), American politician, editor and writer
Alexander Lyell McEwin (1897–1988), known as Lyell McEwin, Australian politician, Minister for Health
Alexander McQueen (1969–2010), British fashion designer and couturier
Alexander Michel Melki (born 1992), Swedish-Lebanese footballer
Alexander Mirsky (born 1964), Latvian politician
Alexander Francis Molamure (1888–1951), 1st Speaker of the State Council of Ceylon and 1st Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Aleksandr Nikolayev (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Nikolov (boxer) (born 1940), Bulgarian boxer
Alex Norén (born 1982), Swedish golfer
Alexander Nylander (born 1998), Swedish ice hockey player
Alexander O'Neal (born 1953), American singer
Alexander Ovechkin (born 1985), Russian hockey player
Alexander Patch (1889–1945), American general during World War II
Aleksandr Panayotov, Russian-Ukrainian singer and songwriter
Alexander Pechtold (born 1965), Dutch politician
Alexander Penn (1906–1972), Israeli poet
Alexander Perera Jayasuriya (1901–1980), Sri Lankan Sinhala MP and Cabinet Minister
Alexander Pichushkin (born 1974), prolific Russian serial killer
Alex Pietrangelo (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player
Alexander Piorkowski (1904–1948), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant executed for war crimes
Alexander Ponomarenko (born 1964), Russian billionaire businessman
Alexander Pope (1688–1744), English poet
Alexander Popov (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Ptushko (1900–1973), Russian film director
Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837), Russian writer
Alexander Radulov (born 1986), Russian ice hockey player
Alexander Raevsky (aviator) (1887–1937), Russian aviator
Alexander Ragoza (1858–1919), Russian general in World War I
Alexander Edmund de Silva Wijegooneratne Samaraweera Rajapakse (1866–1937), Sri Lankan Sinhala politician
Alexander Rendell (born 1990), Thai actor and singer
Alex Rodriguez (born 1975), Major League Baseball star, won 3 AL MVP awards, also known as A-Rod
Alexander Rou (1906–1973), Russian film director
Alexander Rowe (born 1992), Australian athlete
Alexander Rudolph ("Al McCoy"; 1894–1966), American boxer
Alexander Russell (born 2002), Welsh cricketer
Alexander Rybak (born 1986), Belarusian-born Norwegian artist and violinist
Alexander Salkind (1921–1997), French film producer
Alex Salmond (1954–2024), Scottish politician, first minister of Scotland (2007–2014)
Alexander Scholz (born 1992), Danish footballer
Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915), Russian composer and pianist
Alexander Selkirk (1676–1721), Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer
Alexander Semin (born 1984), Russian hockey player
Aleksander Serov (born 1954), Russian singer
Alexander Serov (1820–1871), Russian composer
Alexander Shatilov (born 1987), Uzbek-Israeli artistic gymnast
Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (1925–2014), American chemist, psychopharmacologist, and author
Alexander Sieghart (born 1994), Thai footballer
Alexander Skarsgård (born 1976), Swedish actor
Alexander Stafford, British politician
Alexander Stavenitz (1901–1960), Russian Empire-born American visual artist and educator
Alex Stitt (1939–2016), Australian graphic designer and animator
Alexander Suvorov (1730–1800), Russian military leader, considered a national hero, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Italy, and the last Generalissimo of the Russian Empire
Alexander McCall Smith (born 1948), Scottish writer
Alexander Solonik (1960–1997), Russian murder victim
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008), Russian writer, Nobel laureate, Soviet dissident
Alexander Steen (born 1984), Swedish ice hockey player
Alexander Stubb (born 1968), Finnish politician, president of Finland 2024–2030
Alexander Thorburn (1836–1894), Canadian politician
Alexander Tikhonov (born 1947), Russian biathlete
Alex Turner (born 1986), British musician, songwriter and producer, front-man of Arctic Monkeys and The Last Shadow Puppets
Alexander Vainberg (born 1961), Russian politician
Lex van Dam (born 1968), Dutch trader and TV personality
Alexander Van der Bellen (born 1944), President of Austria
Alexander Varchenko (born 1949), Russian mathematician
Aleksander Veingold (born 1953), Estonian and Soviet chess player and coach
Alexander Verkhovskiy (born 1956), Russian entrepreneur
Aleksandr Verkhovsky (1886–1938), Russian military and political figure
Aleksandr Vlasov (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Volkanovski (born 1988), UFC Fighter
Alexander Voltz (born 1999), Australian composer
Alexander Wennberg (born 1994), Swedish ice hockey player
Alexander Vika (1933–2025), Slovak sculptor
Alexander Wilson (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Wijemanne, Sri Lankan Sinhala lawyer and politician
Alex Zanardi (born 1966), Italian racing driver and paracyclist
Aleksandar Zečević (born 1996), Serbian basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Oleksandr Zubov (born 1983), Ukrainian chess player and Grandmaster
Oleksandr Usyk (born 1987), Ukrainian professional boxer
Alexander Zverev (born 1997), German tennis player |
Alexander | In other languages | In other languages
Afrikaans: Alexander
Albanian: Aleksandër
Albanian diminutive: Leka
Amharic: እስክንድር (Isikinidiri, Eskender)
Arabic: (Iskandar)
Armenian: Ալեքսանդր (Aleksandr)
Asturian: Alexandru, Xandru
Azerbaijani: İsgəndər/Исҝәндәр/ایسگندر, Aleksandr/Александр/آلئکساندر
Basque: Alesander
Belarusian: Аляксандр (Aliaksandr), Алесь (Ales)
Bengali: আলেকজান্ডার (Alēkjānḍār), সিকান্দার (Sikāndār), ইস্কান্দার (Iskāndār)
Bulgarian: Александър (Aleksandŭr), Сашко (Sashko)
Catalan: Alexandre/Aleixandre
Chinese:
Historical:
Traditional: , Simplified: , Baxter-Sagart:
Traditional and Simplified: , Baxter Romanization: 'a lejH sanH
Contemporary: Traditional: , Simplified: , Pinyin: Yàlìshāndà, Jyutping: aa3 lik6 saan1 daai6, Wugniu: iá-liq-sé-da, BUC: Ā-lĭk-săng-dâi
Czech: Alexandr, Alexander
Danish: Aleksander, Alexander
Dutch: Alexander
Esperanto: Aleksandro
Estonian: Aleksander
English: Alexander
Finnish: Aleksanteri
French: Alexandre
Galician: Alexandre
Georgian: ალექსანდრე (Aleksandre)
German: Alexander
Greek
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀫 (Aléxandros)
Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros)
Koine Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros)
Modern Greek: Αλέξανδρος (Aléxandros)
Hawaiian: Alekanekelo
Hebrew: אלכסנדר (Aleksander)
Hindi: सिकंदर (Sikandar)
Hungarian: Sándor, Alexander, Elek
Icelandic: Alexander
Indonesian: Iskandar, Alexander
Irish: Alastar
Italian: Alessandro
Japanese: アレキサンダー (Arekisandā)
Korean: 알렉산더 (Alleksandeo)
Kazakh: Искандер (Iskander)
Kyrgyz: Искендер (Iskender)
Latin: Alexander
Latvian: Aleksandrs
Lithuanian: Aleksandras
Macedonian: Александар (Aleksandar), Сашко (Sashko, Saško)
Malay: Iskandar
Malayalam
Syriac Origin : ചാണ്ടി (t͡ʃaːɳʈI), ഇടിക്കുള (IʈIkkʊɭa)
Greek Origin : അലക്സിയോസ് (alaksIyos), അലക്സി (alaksI)
Anglican Origin : അലക്സാണ്ടര് (alaksa:ndar), അലക്സ് (alaks)
Mongolian: Александр (Alyeksandr)
Norwegian: Aleksander, Alexander
Pashto: سکندر (Sikandar)
Persian: (Aleksânder), (Eskandar)
Polish: Aleksander
Portuguese: Alexandre, Alexandro, Alessandro, Leandro
Punjabi: Sikandar
Romanian: Alexandru, Alex, Sandu
Russian: Александр (Aleksandr), Саша (Sasha)
Rusyn: Александер (Aleksander)
Sanskrit: अलक्षेन्द्र (Alakṣendra)
Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair
Scots: Alastair, Alistair, Alister, Sandy
Serbo-Croatian: Александар / Aleksandar
Slovak: Alexander
Slovene: Aleksander
Spanish: Alejandro
Swedish: Alexander
Tagalog: Alejandro
Turkish: İskender
Ukrainian: Олександр (Oleksandr, sometimes anglicized Olexander), Сашко (Sashko), Олесь (Oles), Олелько (Olelko)
Urdu: سکندر (Sikandar)
Valencian: Alecsandro, Aleksandro, Aleixandre, Alexandre
Vietnamese: Alexander, A Lịch San
Welsh: Alexander
Yiddish: אלעקסאנדער (Aleksander), סענדער (Sender) |
Alexander | Variants and diminutives | Variants and diminutives
Alex
Alexsander
Alexey
Sasha/Sash
Sandy
Xander |
Alexander | See also | See also
Alex (disambiguation)
Alexander (surname)
Alexandra
Hera Alexandros, epithet of the Greek goddess Hera
Justice Alexander (disambiguation)
|
Alexander | References | References
Category:Armenian masculine given names
Category:Czech masculine given names
Category:Danish masculine given names
Category:Dutch masculine given names
Category:English-language masculine given names
Category:English masculine given names
Category:German masculine given names
Category:Irish masculine given names
Category:Given names of Greek language origin
Category:Masculine given names
Category:Norwegian masculine given names
Category:Russian masculine given names
Category:Slavic masculine given names
Category:Swedish masculine given names
Category:Welsh masculine given names
Category:Welsh given names |
Alexander | Table of Content | About, Etymology, People known as Alexander, Rulers of antiquity, Rulers of the Middle Ages, Modern rulers, Other royalty, Religious leaders, Other people, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern, People with the given name, In other languages, Variants and diminutives, See also, References |
Alexander I | '''Alexander I''' | Alexander I may refer to:
Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon from 495 to 454 BC
Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
Alexander I Theopator Euergetes, surnamed Balas, ruler of the Seleucid Empire 150-145 BC
Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of Alexandria
Alexander I of Scotland ( – 1124), king of Scotland
Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver (1301–1339), prince of Tver as Alexander I
Alexander I of Georgia (1386–?), king of Georgia
Alexander I of Moldavia (died 1432), prince of Moldavia
Alexander I of Kakheti (1445–1511), king of Kakheti
Alexander Jagiellon (1461–1506), king of Poland
Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825), emperor of Russia
Alexander of Battenberg (1857–1893), prince of Bulgaria
Alexander I of Serbia (1876–1903), king of Serbia
Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934), king of Yugoslavia
Alexander of Greece (1893–1920), king of Greece |
Alexander I | See also | See also
King Alexander (disambiguation) |
Alexander I | Table of Content | '''Alexander I''', See also |
Alexander II | '''Alexander II''' | Alexander II may refer to:
Alexander II of Macedon, king of Macedon from 370 to 368 BC
Alexander II of Epirus (died 260 BC), king of Epirus in 272 BC
Alexander II Zabinas, king of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 128–123 BC
Alexander (Byzantine emperor) ruled from 912 to 913
Pope Alexander II of Alexandria, ruled from 702 to 729
Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria
Pope Alexander II (died 1073), pope from 1061 to 1073
Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249), king of Scots
Alexander II of Imereti (died 1510), king of Georgia and of Imereti
Alexander II of Kakheti (1527–1605), king of Kakheti
Alexander II Mircea
Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), emperor of Russia
Alexander II of Yugoslavia (born 1945), crown prince of Serbia |
Alexander II | See also | See also
King Alexander (disambiguation) |
Alexander II | Table of Content | '''Alexander II''', See also |
Alexander III | '''Alexander III''' | Alexander III may refer to:
Alexander III of Macedon (356 BC – 323 BC), also known as Alexander the Great
Alexander (Byzantine emperor) (870–913), Byzantine emperor
Pope Alexander III (1100s–1181)
, grand duke of Vladimir (1328–1331), prince of Suzdal
Alexander III of Scotland (1241–1286), king of Scotland
Alexander III of Imereti (1609–1660), king of Imereti
Alexander III of Russia (1845–1894), emperor of Russia
, an arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris
Russian battleship , Russian warship
Alexander III of Antioch (1869–1958), Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch |
Alexander III | See also | See also
King Alexander (disambiguation) |
Alexander III | Table of Content | '''Alexander III''', See also |
Alexander Aetolus | Short description | Alexander Aetolus (, Alexandros ho Aitōlos) or Alexander the Aetolian was a Hellenistic Greek poet and grammarian, who worked at the Library of Alexandria and composed poetry in a variety of genres, now almost entirely lost. He is the only known Aetolian poet of antiquity.Knaack 1894; Dover 1996. |
Alexander Aetolus | Life and works | Life and works
Alexander was a native of Pleuron in Aetolia. A contemporary of Callimachus and Theocritus, he was born c. 315 BC, and according to the Suda the names of his parent were Satyros and Stratokleia.Knaack 1894; Dover 1996; Suda, α 1127 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 106–107, test. 1. By the 280s he was one of a group of literary scholars working at the Library of Alexandria, where Ptolemy II Philadelphus commissioned him to organize and correct the texts of the tragedies and satyr plays in the collection of the Library.Dover 1996; Lightfoot 2009, pp. 110–115, test. 7. Later, along with Antagoras and Aratus, he spent time at the court of the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas.Schmitz 1870; Knaack 1894; Dover 1996; Lightfoot 2009, pp. 106–111, test. 2–6.
In addition to his work as a scholar, Alexander was a versatile poet who produced verse in a variety of meters and genres, although only about 70 lines of his work survive, mostly in short fragments quoted by later sources.Olson 2000. He was admired for his tragedies, which earned him a place among the seven Alexandrian tragedians who constituted the so-called Tragic Pleiad.Schmitz 1870; Knaack 1894; Dover 1996; Suda, α 1127 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 106–107, test. 1. One of his tragedies (or perhaps a satyr play),Spanoudakis 2005. the Astragalistai ("Knucklebone-players"), described the killing of a fellow student by the young Patroklos.Dover 1996; Scholiast to Iliad 2386 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 134–135, fr. 17. Alexander also wrote epics or epyllia, of which a few names and short fragments survive: the Halieus ("Fisherman"), about the sea-god Glaukos,Knaack 1894; Athenaeus 7.296e = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 120–123, fr. 3. and the Krika or Kirka (perhaps "Circe"?)Knaack 1894; Olson 2000; Athenaeus 7.283a = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 122–123, fr. 4. The interpretation of the title is uncertain, and Athenaeus indicates that there was doubt about the authenticity of the poem. The longest surviving example of his work is a 34-line excerpt from the Apollo, a poem in elegiac couplets, which tells the story of Antheus and Cleoboea.Dover 1996; preserved in Parthenius 14 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 594–599. A few other elegiac fragments are quoted by other authors,Athenaeus 15.699c; Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.22.4–5; Strabo 12.4.8 (C566). and two epigrams in the Greek Anthology are usually considered his work.AP 7.709, A. Plan 4.172 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 118–119, fr. 1 and 2; see Gow and Page 1965 for discussion of other epigrams sometimes attributed to him. Ancient sources also describe him as a writer of kinaidoi (obscene verses, known euphemistically as "Ionic poems") in the manner of Sotades.Knaack 1894; Lightfoot 2009, pp. 102; Strabo 14.1.41 (C648) and Athenaeus 14.620e, 136–137 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 136–137, fr. 18a, b. A short fragment in anapestic tetrameters compares the gruff and sullen personality of Euripides with the honeyed quality of his poetry.Dover 1996; Aulus Gellius 15.20 = Lightfoot 2009, pp. 138–139, fr. 19. The attribution of these verses is uncertain; see Lloyd-Jones 1994. |
Alexander Aetolus | Editions | Editions
A. Meineke, Analecta alexandrina (Berlin 1843), pp. 215–251.
J. U. Powell, Collectanea alexandrina: Reliquiae minores poetarum graecorum aetatis ptolemaicae, 323–146 A.C. (Oxford 1925), pp. 121–129.
E. Magnelli, Alexandri Aetoli testimonia et fragmenta (Florence 1999).
J. L. Lightfoot, Hellenistic Collection (Loeb Classical Library: Cambridge, Mass. 2009), pp. 99–145 (with English translation). |
Alexander Aetolus | References | References |
Alexander Aetolus | Sources | Sources
Dover, K. 1996. "Alexander of Pleuron", Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Oxford, p. 60.
Gow, A. S. F., and D. L. Page. 1965. The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge, vol. 2, pp. 27–29.
Knaack, G. 1894. "Alexandros 84", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft I.2, 1894, cols. 1447–1448.
Lightfoot, J. L., ed. 2009. Hellenistic Collection, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 99–145.
Lloyd-Jones, H. 1994. "Alexander Aetolus, Aristophanes, and the Life of Euripides", Storia poesia e pensiero nel mondo antico: Studi in onore di M. Gigante, Naples, pp. 371–379.
Olson, S. 2000. review of Enrico Magnelli, Alexandri Aetoli testimonia et fragmenta, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.11.14.
Spanoudakis, K. 2005. "Alexander Aetolus' Astragalistai", Eikasmos 16, pp. 149–154.
Category:Ancient Aetolians
Category:Ancient Greek tragic poets
Category:Ancient Greek epic poets
Category:Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology
Category:Ancient Greek elegiac poets
Category:3rd-century BC Greek poets
Category:Ptolemaic court
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown |
Alexander Aetolus | Table of Content | Short description, Life and works, Editions, References, Sources |
Alexander Jannaeus | Short description | Alexander Jannaeus ( ,DGRBM, "Alexander Jannaeus"; RE, "Alexandros 24" English: "Alexander Jannaios", usually Latinised to "Alexander Jannaeus"; Yannaʾy;Corpus Inscriptioum Iudaeae/Palaestinae vol. 3, De Gruyter, [ p. 53] born Jonathan ) was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of John Hyrcanus, he inherited the throne from his brother Aristobulus I, and married his brother's widow, Queen Salome Alexandra. From his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been described as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict. The major historical sources of Alexander's life are Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews and The Jewish War.
thumb|A bronze prutah coin of Alexander Jannaeus. Obverse: the Paleo-Hebrew inscription "Jonathan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews". Reverse: a pair of Cornucopias or Horns of Plenty, which were a Hellenistic and Roman symbol. The pomegranate in the center of the coin gives it a Jewish aspect. Pomegranate appears on many Hasmonean coins. Itamar Atzmon Collection
The kingdom reached its greatest territorial extent under Alexander Jannaeus, incorporating most of Palestine's Mediterranean coastline and regions surrounding the Jordan River. Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and adverse interactions with his subjects, he was continuously embroiled with foreign wars and domestic turmoil. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Family | Family
Alexander Jannaeus was the third son of John Hyrcanus by his second wife. When Aristobulus I, Hyrcanus' son by his first wife, became king, he deemed it necessary for his own security to imprison his half-brother. Aristobulus died after a reign of one year. Upon his death, his widow, Salome Alexandra had Alexander and his brothers released from prison. One of these brothers is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne.
Alexander, as the oldest living brother, had the right not only to the throne, but also to Salome, the widow of his deceased brother, who had died childless. Although she was thirteen years older than him, he married her in accordance with the Jewish law of levirate marriage. By her he had two sons: the eldest, Hyrcanus II, became high priest in 62 BCE; and Aristobulus II, who was high priest from 66 – 62 BCE and started a bloody civil war with his brother, ending in his capture by Pompey the Great.
Like his brother, Alexander was an avid supporter of the aristocratic priestly faction known as the Sadducees. His wife Salome came from a Pharisaic family. Her brother was Simeon ben Shetach, a famous Pharisee leader. Salome was more sympathetic to their cause, and protected them throughout his turbulent reign.
Like his father, Alexander served as high priest. This raised the ire of the Pharisees, who insisted that these two offices should not be combined. According to the Talmud, Alexander was a questionable desecrated priest, rumour had it that his mother was captured in Modi'in and violated, and, in the opinion of the Pharisees, was not allowed to serve in the temple. This infuriated the king and he sided with the Sadducees who defended him. This incident led the king to turn against the Pharisees, and he persecuted them until his death. |
Alexander Jannaeus | War with Ptolemy Lathyrus | War with Ptolemy Lathyrus
Alexander's first expedition was against the city of Ptolemais. While Alexander went ahead to besiege the city, Zoilus of Dora took the opportunity to see if he could relieve Ptolemais in hopes of establishing his rule over coastal territories. Alexander's Hasmonean army quickly defeated Zoilus's forces. Ptolemais then requested aid from Ptolemy IX Lathyros, who had been banished by his mother Cleopatra III. Ptolemy had founded a kingdom in Cyprus after being cast out by his mother.
The situation at Ptolemais was seized as an opportunity by Ptolemy to possibly gain a stronghold and control the Judean coast in order to invade Egypt by sea. An individual named Demaenetus convinced the inhabitants of their imprudence in requesting Ptolemy's assistance. They realised that by allying themselves with Ptolemy, they had unintentionally declared war on Cleopatra. When Ptolemy arrived at the city, the inhabitants denied him access.
Alexander too didn't want to be involved in a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, so he abandoned his campaign against Ptolemais and returned to Jerusalem. After offering Ptolemy four hundred talents and a peace treaty in return for Zoilus's death, Alexander met him with treachery by negotiating an alliance with Cleopatra. Once he had formed an alliance with Ptolemy, Alexander continued his conquests by capturing the coastal cities of Dora and Straton's Tower.
As soon as Ptolemy learned of Alexander's scheme, he was determined to kill him. Ptolemy put Ptolemais under siege, but left his generals to attack the city, while he continued to pursue Alexander. Ptolemy's pursuit caused much destruction in the Galilee region. Here he captured Asochis on the Sabbath, taking ten thousand people as prisoners. Ptolemy also initiated an unsuccessful attack on Sepphoris. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Battle of Asophon | Battle of Asophon
Ptolemy and Alexander engaged in battle at Asophon near the Jordan River. Estimated to have fifty to eighty thousand soldiers, Alexander's army consisted of both Jews and pagans. At the head of his armed forces were his elite pagan mercenaries. They were specialised in Greek-style phalanx. One of Ptolemy's commanders, Philostephanus, began the first attack by crossing the river that divided both forces.
The Hasmoneans had the advantage. Philostephanus held back a certain amount of his forces whom he sent to recover lost ground. Perceiving them as vast reinforcements, Alexander's army fled. Some of his retreating forces tried to push back, but quickly dispersed as Ptolemy's forces pursued Alexander's fleeing army. Thirty to fifty thousand Hasmonean soldiers died.
Ptolemy's forces at Ptolemais succeeded in capturing the city. He then continued to conquer much of the Hasmonean kingdom, occupying the entirety of northern Judea, the coast, and territories east of the Jordan River. While doing so, he pillaged villages and ordered his soldiers to cannibalise women and children to create psychological fear towards his enemies. At the time, Salome Alexandra was notified of Cleopatra's approach to Judea. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Intervention of Cleopatra III | Intervention of Cleopatra III
Realising that her son had amassed a formidable force in Judea, Cleopatra appointed Jewish generals Ananias and Chelkias to command her forces. She went with a fleet towards Judea. When Cleopatra arrived at Ptolemais, the people refused her entry, so she besieged the city. Ptolemy, believing Syria was defenseless, withdrew to Cyprus after his miscalculation. While in pursuit of Ptolemy, Chelkias died in Coele-Syria.
The war abruptly came to an end with Ptolemy fleeing to Cyprus. Alexander then approached Cleopatra. Bowing before her, he requested to retain his rule. Cleopatra was urged by her subordinates to annex Judea. Ananias demanded she consider the residential Egyptian Jews who were the main support of her throne. This induced Cleopatra to modify her longings for Judea. Alexander met her demands and suspended his campaigns. These negotiations took place at Scythopolis. Cleopatra died five years later. Confident, after her death, Alexander found himself free to continue with new campaigns. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Transjordan and coastal conquest | Transjordan and coastal conquest
right|thumb|The Hasmonean Kingdom under Alexander Jannaeus
Alexander captured Gadara and fought to capture the strong fortress of Amathus in the Transjordan region, but was defeated. He was more successful in his expedition against the coastal cities, capturing Raphia and Anthedon. In 96 BCE, Jannaeus defeated the inhabitants of Gaza. This victory gained Judean control over the Mediterranean outlet of the main Nabataean trade route. Alexander initially returned his focus back to the Transjordan region where, avenging his previous defeat, he destroyed Amathus. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Battle of Gaza | Battle of Gaza
Determined to proceed with future campaigns despite his initial defeat at Amathus, Alexander set his focus on Gaza. A victory against the city wasn't so easily achieved. Gaza's general Apollodotus strategically employed a night attack against the Hasmonean army. With a force of two thousand less-skilled soldiers and ten thousand slaves, Gaza's military was able to deceive the Hasmonean army into believing they were being attacked by Ptolemy. The Gazans killed many and the Hasmonean army fled the battle. When morning exposed the delusive tactic, Alexander continued his assault but lost a thousand additional soldiers.
The Gazans remained defiant in hopes that the Nabataean kingdom would come to their aid. The city eventually suffered defeat due to its own leadership. Gaza at the time was governed by two brothers, Lysimachus and Apollodotus. Lysimachus convinced the people to surrender, and Alexander peacefully entered the city. Though he at first seemed peaceful, Alexander suddenly turned against the inhabitants. Some men killed their wives and children out of desperation, to ensure they wouldn't be captured and enslaved. Others burned down their homes to prevent the soldiers from plundering. The town council and five hundred civilians took refuge at the Temple of Apollo, where Alexander had them massacred. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Judean Civil War | Judean Civil War |
Alexander Jannaeus | War with Obodas I | War with Obodas I
The Judean Civil War initially began after the conquest of Gaza around 99 BCE. Due to Jannaeus's victory at Gaza, the Nabataean kingdom no longer had direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. Alexander soon captured Gadara, which together with the loss of Gaza caused the Nabataeans to lose their main trade routes leading to Rome and Damascus. After losing Gadara, the Nabataean king Obodas I launched an attack against Alexander in a steep valley at Gadara, where Alexander barely managed to escape. After his defeat in the Battle of Gadara, Jannaeus returned to Jerusalem, and was met with fierce Jewish opposition. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Feast of Tabernacles | Feast of Tabernacles
During the Jewish holiday Sukkot, Alexander Jannaeus, while officiating as the High Priest at the Temple in Jerusalem, demonstrated his displeasure against the Pharisees by refusing to perform the water libation ceremony properly: instead of pouring it on the altar, he poured it on his feet. The crowd responded with shock at his mockery and showed their displeasure by pelting him with etrogim (citrons). They made the situation worse by insulting him. They called him a descendant of a captive woman and unsuitable to hold office and to sacrifice. Outraged, he killed six thousand people. Alexander also had wooden barriers built around the altar and the temple preventing people from going near him. Only the priests were permitted to enter. This incident during the Feast of Tabernacles was a major factor leading up to the Judean Civil War. |
Alexander Jannaeus | War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War | War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War
thumb|Alexander Jannaeus feasting during the crucifixion of the Pharisees, engraving by Willem Swidde, 17th century
After Jannaeus succeeded early in the war, the rebels asked for Seleucid assistance. Judean insurgents joined forces with Demetrius III Eucaerus to fight against Jannaeus. Alexander had gathered six thousand two hundred mercenaries and twenty thousand Jews for battle. Demetrius had forty thousand soldiers and three thousand horses. There were attempts from both sides to persuade each other to abandon positions, but were unsuccessful. The Seleucid forces defeated Jannaeus at Shechem, and all of Alexander's mercenaries were killed in battle.
This defeat forced Alexander to take refuge in the mountains. In sympathy towards Jannaeus, six thousand Judean rebels ultimately returned to him. In fear of this news, Demetrius withdrew. War between Jannaeus and the rebels who returned to him continued. They fought until Alexander achieved victory. Most of the rebels died in battle, while the remaining rebels fled to the city of Bethoma until they were defeated.
Jannaeus had brought the surviving rebels back to Jerusalem where he had eight hundred Jews, primarily Pharisees, crucified. Before their deaths, Alexander had the rebels' wives and children executed before their eyes as Jannaeus ate with his concubines. Alexander later returned the land he had seized in Moab and Galaaditis from the Nabataeans in order to have them end their support for the Jewish rebels. The remaining rebels who numbered eight thousand, fled by night in fear of Alexander. Afterward, all rebel hostility ceased and Alexander's reign continued undisturbed. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Final campaigns | Final campaigns
From 83 to 80 BCE, Alexander continued campaigning in the east. The Nabataean king Aretas III managed to defeat Alexander in battle. However, Alexander continued expanding the Hasmonean kingdom into Transjordan. In Gaulanitis, he captured the cities of Golan, Seleucia, and Gamala. In Galaaditis, the cities of Pella, Dium, and Gerasa. Alexander had Pella destroyed because its inhabitants refused to Judaize.
He is believed to have expanded and fortified the Hasmonean palace near Jericho. |
Alexander Jannaeus | Death | Death
thumb|Swimming pool at the Hasmonean palace near Jericho, believed to have been built by Alexander
For the last three years of his life, Alexander Jannaeus suffered from the combined effects of alcoholism and quartan ague (malaria).
After a reign of 27 years, he died c. 76 BCE at the age of fifty-one, during the siege of Ragaba.
In Josephus's "Antiquities," he presents an account that differs from his earlier "War" and Syncellus's accounts. According to Josephus, Jannaeus fell fatally ill on the battlefield at Ragaba, with his wife Salome Alexandra present. Jannaeus instructed her to hide his death until she captured Ragaba and to subsequently share power with the Pharisees. He also requested that she allow the Pharisees to abuse his corpse, believing they would then give him an honorable burial, despite this request violating Deuteronomy 21:22-23. This request is interpreted as Jannaeus seeking atonement for previously violating this commandment by abusing the bodies of crucified Pharisees. Kenneth Atkinson writes that Josephus's style and wording suggest Jannaeus died in Jerusalem and never reached Ragaba. Josephus may have concealed this fact to hide the undignified nature of this death.
Alexander's reign ended with a significant political decision, naming his wife as successor and granting her the authority to appoint the next high priest. |
Alexander Jannaeus | References | References |
Alexander Jannaeus | Bibliography | Bibliography
Category:2nd-century BC births
Category:76 BC deaths
Category:2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
Category:1st-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
Category:2nd-century BCE high priests of Israel
Category:1st-century BCE high priests of Israel |
Alexander Jannaeus | Table of Content | Short description, Family, War with Ptolemy Lathyrus, Battle of Asophon, Intervention of Cleopatra III, Transjordan and coastal conquest, Battle of Gaza, Judean Civil War, War with Obodas I, Feast of Tabernacles, War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War, Final campaigns, Death, References, Bibliography |
Alexander IV | '''Alexander IV''' | Alexander IV may refer to:
Pope Alexander IV (1199 or –1261)
Alexander IV of Macedon (323 BC–309 BC), son of Alexander the Great
Alexander IV of Imereti (died 1695), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, king of Imereti (western Georgia) |
Alexander IV | Table of Content | '''Alexander IV''' |
Alexander V | '''Alexander V''' | Alexander V may refer to:
Alexander V of Macedon (died 294 BCE)
Antipope Alexander V (–1410)
Alexander V of Imereti (–1752)
|
Alexander V | Table of Content | '''Alexander V''' |
Alexandrists | Short description | The Alexandrists were a school of Renaissance philosophers who, in the great controversy on the subject of personal immortality, adopted the explanation of the De Anima given by Alexander of Aphrodisias.
According to the orthodox Thomism of the Catholic Church, Aristotle rightly regarded reason as a facility of the individual soul. Against this, the Averroists, led by Agostino Nifo, introduced the modifying theory that universal reason in a sense individualizes itself in each soul and then absorbs the active reason into itself again. These two theories respectively evolved the doctrine of individual and universal immortality, or the absorption of the individual into the eternal One.
The Alexandrists, led by Pietro Pomponazzi, assailed these beliefs and denied that either was rightly attributed to Aristotle. They held that Aristotle considered the soul as a material and therefore a mortal entity which operates during life only under the authority of universal reason. Hence the Alexandrists denied that Aristotle viewed the soul as immortal, because in their view, since they believed that Aristotle viewed the soul as organically connected with the body, the dissolution of the latter involves the extinction of the former. |
Alexandrists | References | References
Attribution
Category:Christian philosophers |
Alexandrists | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Alexios I Komnenos | short description | Alexios I Komnenos (, – 15 August 1118), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. After usurping the throne, he was faced with a collapsing empire and constant warfare throughout his reign, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Seljuk Turks were the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne.
The son of John Komnenos and a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos, Alexios served with distinction under three Byzantine emperors. In 1081, he led a rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates and took the throne for himself. He immediately faced an invasion of the western Balkans by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond. Despite initial defeats, Alexios secured an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and drove back the Normans, recovering most of Byzantine losses by 1085. In 1091, he achieved a decisive victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion in Thrace with the help of Cuman allies.
Later in the 1090s, Alexios directed his attention towards Asia Minor, most of which had fallen to the Seljuk Turks. Desiring western support, he took reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy, and in 1095 his envoys made a formal appeal to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza. At the subsequent Council of Clermont, Pope Urban formally called the First Crusade, which began a year after and concluded with much of western Anatolia restored to Byzantine rule. On Alexios' death in 1118, he was suceeeded by his son John II Komnenos. Alexios' reign and campaigns were recorded by his daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a political and military history, which she named after her father. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Biography | Biography
Alexios was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,Kazhdan 1991, p. 63 and the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). Alexios' father declined the throne on the abdication of Isaac, who was thus succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) and died as a monk in 1067. Alexios and his elder brother, Manuel Komnenos served under Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071) with distinction against the Seljuk Turks.Norwich 1995, p. 4Garland 1999, p. 187. under Michael VII Doukas Parapinakes (1071–1078) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–1081), he was militarily employed, along with his elder brother Isaac, against rebels in Asia Minor, Thrace, and in Epirus.Bury 1911
In 1074, western mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul rebelled in Asia Minor,Norwich 1995, p. 2 but Alexios successfully subdued them by 1076."Alexiad", 1.1 In 1078, he was appointed commander of the field army in the West by Nikephoros III.Norwich 1995, p. 3 In this capacity, Alexios defeated the rebellions of Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder (whose son or grandson later married Alexios' daughter Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the first at the Battle of Kalavrye and the latter in a surprise night attack on his camp."Alexiad", 1.8 Alexios was ordered to march against his brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos in Asia Minor but refused to fight his kinsman. This did not, however, lead to a demotion, as Alexios was needed to counter the expected invasion of the Normans of Southern Italy, led by Robert Guiscard. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Conspiracy and revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates | Conspiracy and revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates
While Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, the Doukas faction at court approached Alexios and convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III. The mother of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was to play a prominent role in this coup d'état of 1081, along with the current empress, Maria of Alania.Garland 2007 First married to Michael VII Doukas and secondly to Nikephoros III Botaneiates, she was preoccupied with the future of her son by Michael VII, Constantine Doukas. Nikephoros III intended to leave the throne to one of his close relatives,Finlay 1854, p. 59 and this resulted in Maria's ambivalence and alliance with the Komnenoi, though the real driving force behind this political alliance was Anna Dalassene."Alexiad", 2.2.1–2
The empress was already closely connected to the Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who had been married to Isaac Komnenos, thus the Komnenos brothers were able to treat her as member of the family's enlarged kinship. Furthermore, by espousing the custom of adoptive kingship, which was a social trend in the palace during the reign of empress Zoe, Maria had accepted to adopt Alexios as her son in order to aid the conspiracy.Norwich 1995, p. 5 Maria was induced to do so on advice of her own "Alans", that is her Georgian entourage, and her eunuchs, the latter being instructed by Isaac Komnenos to talk the empress into. Apparently, Anna must have been informed of the arrangement of the adoptive kingship, and her tacit agreement on the matter allowed for the final conclusion of Alexios' adoption by the empress. As a result, Alexios became the adoptive brother of Constantine Doukas's, natural son of empress Maria. The completion of the adoptive kingship entailed as part of the ritual performed from the adoptive member's behalf pledging an oath of loyalty and allegiance to the heir of the throne, a typical practice in which the prospective member since he bore no blood relation and was not of imperial lineage he had to be tied to the emperor's person by a sacred oath. Therefore, both Alexios and his brother, Isaac pledged to safeguard the heir's rights to the throne."Alexiad", 2,1,4–6, 2.3.2–3,2.3.4; cf. Bryennius 4.2, who dates the adoption to early in the reign of Botaneiates
thumb|250px|Seal of Alexios as "Grand Domestic of the West"
According to Anna Comnena's narrative in the Alexiad, Isaac and Alexios left Constantinople in mid-February 1081 to raise an army against Botaneiates.Norwich 1995, p. 6 When the time was right and the army already marching to the capital, Anna Dalassene quickly and surreptitiously mobilised the remainder of the family and took sanctuary in the cathedral of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the safety of her family, while disclaiming her two sons' hostile actions against the emperor. Anna Comnena offers in detail the course of steps her grandmother took to be able to enter the church. Under the pretence of making a vesperal visit to worship at the church, she deliberately excluded the grandson of Botaneiates and his loyal tutor and met with her sons' Alexios and Isaac and went with them to the forum of Constantine. When the tutor discovered she had gone missing, he went looking for her to eventually find her on the palace's grounds. Yet again cunningly Anna convinced him that they would leave the palace shortly. However, the rest of the female members of her family in order to be allowed to gain entrance although the church was at that time closed, pretended to be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had been penniless and wanted to prostrate the holy icons before their return trip. Straboromanos and royal guards who were caught up with them, were summoned back to the palace. Anna then went on protesting for the safety of her family, that she feared of the emperor's wrath and that her sons were nothing but loyal subjects, despite the fact that Alexios and Isaac were discovered to be missing without the emperor's consent. She even suggested that a plot had been unravelling by enemies of the family to have them blinded and for that she had fled to the capital so they may continue to be of loyal service to the emperor."Alexiad", 2.5.5 She refused to go with them and demanded that they allow her to pray to the Mother of God for protection. This request was granted and Anna then manifested her true communicative and leadership capabilities:
thumb|right|200px|Alexios I in a 12th-century Greek manuscript, Vatican library
Nikephoros III Botaneiates was forced into a public vow that he would grant protection to the family. Straboromanos tried to give Anna his cross, but for her it was not large enough for all bystanders to witness the oath. She also demanded that the cross be personally sent by Botaneiates as a vow of his good faith. He obliged, sending a complete assurance for the family with his own cross. At the emperor's further insistence, and for their own protection, they took refuge at the convent of Petrion, where they were eventually joined by Maria of Bulgaria, mother of Irene Doukaina. Botaneiates allowed them to be treated as refugees rather than as guests. They were allowed to have family members bring in their own food and were on good terms with the guards from whom they learned the latest news."Alexiad", 2.5.7–9 Anna was highly successful in three important aspects of the revolt: she bought time for her sons to steal imperial horses from the stables and escape the city; she distracted the emperor, giving her sons time to gather and arm their troops; and she gave a false sense of security to Botaneiates that there was no real treasonous plot against him. After bribing the Western troops guarding the city, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital victoriously on 1 April 1081.Finlay 1854, p. 63
During this time, Alexios was rumored to be the lover of Empress Maria, the daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia, who had been successively married to Michael VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and who was renowned for her beauty.Norwich 1995, p. 10 Alexios arranged for Maria to stay on the palace grounds, and it was thought that he was considering marrying her. However, his mother consolidated the Doukas family connection by arranging the Emperor's marriage to Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of the Caesar John Doukas, the uncle of Michael VII, who would not have supported Alexios otherwise. As a measure intended to keep the support of the Doukai, Alexios restored Constantine Doukas, the young son of Michael VII and Maria, as co-emperor.Norwich 1995, p. 12
This situation changed drastically, however, when Alexios' first son John II Komnenos was born in 1087:Kazhdan 1991, p. 658 Anna's engagement to Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved to the main Palace to live with her mother and grandmother. Alexios became estranged from Maria, who was stripped of her imperial title and retired to a monastery, and Constantine Doukas was deprived of his status as co-emperor. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas | Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas
The thirty-seven year reign of Alexios was full of struggle. At the outset he faced the formidable attack of the Normans, led by Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu and laid siege to Larissa in Thessaly. Alexios suffered several defeats before he was able to strike back with success. He enhanced his resistance by an agreement with the German king Henry IV, who, in exchange for 360,000 gold pieces, did attack the Normans in Italy,Norwich 1995, p. 21 which forced the Normans to concentrate on their defenses at home in 1083–84. He also secured the alliance of Henry, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, who controlled the Gargano Peninsula and dated his charters by Alexios' reign. Henry's allegiance would be the last example of Byzantine political control on peninsular Italy. The Norman military danger subsided with the death of Guiscard in 1085, and the Byzantines recovered most of their losses.Norwich 1995, p. 25
Alexios next had to deal with disturbances in Thrace, where the heretical sects of the Bogomils and the Paulicians revolted and made common cause with the Pechenegs from beyond the Danube.Finlay 1854, p. 101 Paulician soldiers in imperial service likewise deserted during Alexios' battles with the Normans.Finlay 1854, p. 78 As soon as the Norman threat had passed, Alexios set out to punish the rebels and deserters, confiscating their lands. This led to a further revolt near Philippopolis, and the commander of the field army in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle. In 1087 the Pechenegs raided into Thrace, and Alexios crossed into Moesia to retaliate but failed to take Dorostolon (Silistra).Finlay 1854, p. 102 During his retreat, the emperor was confronted and defeated by the Pechenegs, who forced him to sign a truce and to pay protection money. In 1090 the Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,Finlay 1854, p. 104 while Tzachas, the brother-in-law of the Sultan of Rum, launched a fleet and attempted to arrange a joint siege of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.Norwich 1995, p. 26 Alexios overcame this crisis by entering into an alliance with a horde of 40,000 Cumans, with whose help he conquered the Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace on 29 April 1091.Norwich 1995, p. 27
This put an end to the Pecheneg threat, but in 1094 the Cumans began to raid the imperial territories in the Balkans. Led by a pretender claiming to be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead son of the Emperor Romanos IV,Finlay 1854, p. 86 the Cumans crossed the mountains and raided into eastern Thrace until their leader was eliminated at Adrianople. With the Balkans more or less pacified, Alexios could now turn his attention to Asia Minor, which had been almost completely overrun by the Seljuq Turks.Finlay 1854, p. 108 |
Alexios I Komnenos | Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade | Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade
right|thumb|300px|Europe in 1097, during the First Crusade
By the time Alexios ascended the throne, the Seljuqs had taken most of Asia Minor. Alexios secured much of the coastal regions by sending peasant soldiers to raid the Seljuq camps, but this did not stop the Turks altogether.Finlay 1854, p. 111 He also got military support from Western rulers like Robert I, Count of Flanders (Robert the Frisian). Robert, while returning from an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1086, spent time assisting the Byzantine Emperor against the Turks.Runciman, Steven, The First Crusade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 32 In one battle, Robert and three of his companions rode ahead of the main army, charging the forces under the command of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, Trans. E.R.A. Sewter (London: The Penguin Group, 1969), p. 351.
As early as 1090, Alexios had taken reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy,Norwich 1995, p. 30 with the intention of seeking western support against the Seljuqs. In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza.Main historic authority on the proceedings of this event is Bernold of Constance. The help he sought from the West was some mercenary forces, not the immense hosts that arrived, to his consternation and embarrassment, after the pope preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont later that same year.Norwich 1995, p. 31 This was the People's Crusade: a mob of mostly unarmed poor peasants and serfs, led by the preacher Peter the Hermit, fleeing from hunger in their home regions to a promised land of milk and honey. Not quite ready to supply this number of people as they traversed his territories, the emperor saw his Balkan possessions subjected to further pillage at the hands of his own allies.Norwich 1995, p. 33 Eventually Alexios dealt with the People's Crusade by hustling them on to Asia Minor. There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I at the Battle of Civetot in October 1096.Kazhdan 1991, p. 1479
The "Prince's Crusade", the second and much more formidable host of Crusaders, gradually made its way to Constantinople, led in sections by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV of Toulouse, and other important western nobles.Norwich 1995, p. 36 Alexios met the Crusader leaders separately as they arrived, extracting from them oaths of homage and the promise to turn over conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire.Finlay 1854, p. 123 Transferring each contingent into Asia, Alexios promised to supply them with provisions in return for their oaths of homage. The Crusade was a notable success for Byzantium, as Alexios recovered a number of important cities and islands. The siege of Nicaea by the Crusaders forced the city to surrender to the emperor in 1097, and the subsequent Crusader victory at Dorylaion enabled Alexios to recover much of western Asia Minor.Norwich 1995, p. 42 John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Rhodes, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and Philadelphia in 1097–1099. This success is ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his policy and diplomacy, but by the Latin historians of the crusade to his treachery and deception. In 1099, he sent a Byzantine fleet of ten ships to assist the Crusaders in capturing Laodicea and other coastal towns as far as Tripoli. The Crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when the Byzantine contingent under Tatikios failed to help them during the siege of Antioch; Bohemund, who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch, did not return the ancient city, despite his previous agreement with Alexios. He briefly went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but he was blockaded by the Byzantine forces and agreed to become a vassal of Alexios by the Treaty of Deabolis in 1108.Norwich 1995, p. 48
Around this time, in 1106, the twenty-fifth year of his reign, Hesychius of Miletus records that the sky suddenly darkened and a "violent southern wind" blew the great statue of Constantine at the Strategion from its column, killing a number of men and women nearby.Patria of Constantinople
In 1116, though already terminally ill, Alexios conducted a series of defensive operations in Bithynia and Mysia to defend his Anatolian territories against the inroads of Malik Shah, the Seljuq Sultan of Iconium. In 1117 he moved onto the offensive and pushed his army deep into the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, where he defeated the Seljuq sultan at the Battle of Philomelion. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Personal life | Personal life
thumb|Low relief depicting Alexios I, Campiello de Cà Angaran, Venice, early 12th century.
During the last twenty years of his life Alexios lost much of his popularity.Norwich 1995, p. 54 The years were marked by persecution of the followers of the Paulician and Bogomil heresiesFinlay 1854, p. 81—one of his last acts was publicly to burn at the stake Basil, a Bogomil leader, with whom he had engaged in a theological dispute. In spite of the success of the First Crusade, Alexios also had to repel numerous attempts on his territory by the Seljuqs in 1110–1117.Norwich 1995, p. 58
Alexios was for many years under the strong influence of an eminence grise, his mother Anna Dalassene, a wise and immensely able politician whom, in a uniquely irregular fashion, he had crowned as Augusta instead of the rightful claimant to the title, his wife Irene Doukaina. Anna Dalassene's ability to help him seize power and control the aristocracy, as well as her ability to understand and resolve dilemmas, assured Alexius that her mother was a capable counsel and managing partner by his side, and a sane and trusted regent in his absence.Norwich 1995, p. 59 Alexios was never happier than when taking part in military exercises and he assumed personal command of his troops whenever possible.Norwich 1996, p. 52. As such, Dalassene was the effective administrator of the Empire during Alexios' long absences in military campaigns: she was constantly at odds with her daughter-in-law and had assumed total responsibility for the upbringing and education of her granddaughter Anna Komnene. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Succession | Succession
Alexios' last years were also troubled by anxieties over the succession. Although he had crowned his son John II Komnenos co-emperor at the age of five in 1092, his wife Irene Doukaina wished to alter the succession in favor of their daughter Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.Norwich 1995, p. 61 |
Alexios I Komnenos | Pretenders and rebels | Pretenders and rebels
Apart from all of his external enemies, a host of rebels also sought to overthrow Alexios from the imperial throne, thereby posing another major threat to his reign. Due to the troubled times the empire was enduring, he faced more rebellions than any other Byzantine emperor.Finlay 1854, p. 71 These included: |
Alexios I Komnenos | Pre First Crusade | Pre First Crusade
Raictor, a Byzantine monk who claimed to be the emperor Michael VII. He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.
A conspiracy in 1084 involving several senators and officers of the army. This was uncovered before too many followers were enlisted. In order to conceal the importance of the conspiracy, Alexios merely banished the wealthiest plotters and confiscated their estates.
Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic emir who assumed the title of emperor in 1092.Finlay 1854, p. 72
Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in gaining the throne in 1081 conspired against him in 1091 with an Armenian called Ariebes.
John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, governor of Dyrrachium, accused of a conspiracy by Theophylact of Bulgaria.
Theodore Gabras, the quasi-independent governor of Trebizond and his son Gregory.
Michael Taronites, the brother-in-law of Alexios.
Nikephoros Diogenes, the son of emperor Romanos IV.
Pseudo-Leo Diogenes, an impostor who assumed the identity of another of Romanos' sons, Leo Diogenes.Finlay 1854, p. 73
Karykes, the leader of a revolt in Crete.
Rhapsomates, who tried to create an independent kingdom in Cyprus. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Post First Crusade | Post First Crusade
Salomon, a senator of great wealth who in 1106 engaged in a plot with four brothers of the Anemas family.Finlay 1854, p. 74
Gregory Taronites, another governor of Trebizond.
The illegitimate descendant of a Bulgarian prince named Aron formed a plot in 1107 to murder Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica. The presence of the empress Irene and her attendants, however, made the execution of the plot difficult. In an attempt to have her return to Constantinople, the conspirators produced pamphlets that mocked and slandered the empress, and left them in her tent. A search for the author of the publications uncovered the whole plot, yet Aron was only banished due to his connection to the royal line of Bulgaria, whose blood also flowed in the veins of the empress Irene.Finlay 1854, p. 75 |
Alexios I Komnenos | Reform of the monetary system | Reform of the monetary system
thumb|right|Scyphate (cup-shaped) hyperpyron minted under Manuel I Komnenos
Under Alexios the debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was discontinued and a gold coinage of higher fineness (generally .900–.950) was established in 1092, commonly called the hyperpyron at 4.45 grs. The hyperpyron was slightly smaller than the solidus.
It was introduced along with the electrum aspron trachy worth a third of a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, the billon aspron trachy or stamenon, valued at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the copper tetarteron and noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|right|250px|Rare seal of Alexios I with a depiction of the Resurrection
Alexios I had overcome dangerous crises and stabilised the Byzantine Empire, inaugurating a century of imperial prosperity and success. He had also profoundly altered the nature of the Byzantine government.Finlay 1854, p. 69 By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to the tradition of imperial exclusivity and co-opted most of the nobility into his extended family and, through it, his government. Those who did not become part of this extended family were deprived of power and prestige. This measure, which was intended to diminish opposition, was paralleled by the introduction of new courtly dignities, like that of panhypersebastos given to Nikephoros Bryennios, or that of sebastokrator given to the emperor's brother Isaac Komnenos. Although this policy met with initial success, it gradually undermined the relative effectiveness of imperial bureaucracy by placing family connections over merit. Alexios' policy of integration of the nobility bore the fruit of continuity: every Byzantine emperor who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was related to him by either descent or marriage. |
Alexios I Komnenos | Family | Family
thumb|Aspron trachy depicting Alexios I and Irene Doukaina.
By his marriage with Irene Doukaina, Alexios I had the following children:
Anna Komnene (1 December 1083 – 1148/55), in her infancy she was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, and with him treated as co-ruler by her father until after the birth of John II. In 1097 she married Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, later raised to Caesar. Highly ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully to usurp the throne. She then withdrew to a monastery, where she wrote her history of Alexios' reign. The couple had several children, but only four survived her.
Maria Komnene (19 September 1085 – after 1136), initially betrothed to Gregory Gabras, but married to Nikephoros Katakalon. The couple had several children, but only two sons are known by name.
John II Komnenos (13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143), who succeeded as emperor.
Andronikos Komnenos (18 September 1091 – 1130/31), was named sebastokrator and participated in several campaigns until his death from disease. He married Irene, likely a Russian princess, and had at least two sons.
Isaac Komnenos (16 January 1093 – after 1152), sebastokrator.
Eudokia Komnene (14 January 1094 – ), who married the son of Constantine Iasites.
Theodora Komnene (15 January 1096) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes and (2) Constantine Angelos. By him she was the grandmother of Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, as well as the progenitor of the ruling dynasty of the Despotate of Epirus. Through Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's children by Philip of Swabia, she is an ancestor of many European royal families, including all European monarchs currently reigning.
Manuel Komnenos, born February 1097 and known only from a manuscript now in Moscow, died probably soon after his birth
Zoe Komnene, born March 1098 and known only from a manuscript now in Moscow, died probably soon after her birth |
Alexios I Komnenos | See also | See also
Byzantine army (Komnenian era)
List of Byzantine emperors |
Alexios I Komnenos | Notes | Notes |
Alexios I Komnenos | Sources | Sources |
Alexios I Komnenos | Primary sources | Primary sources |
Alexios I Komnenos | Secondary sources | Secondary sources
|
Alexios I Komnenos | Further reading | Further reading
|
Alexios I Komnenos | External links | External links
Alexius coinage
*
Category:1050s births
Category:1118 deaths
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:11th-century rebels
Category:11th-century Byzantine emperors
Category:1080s in the Byzantine Empire
Category:1090s in the Byzantine Empire
Category:1100s in the Byzantine Empire
Category:1110s in the Byzantine Empire
Category:12th-century Byzantine emperors
Category:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Norman wars
Category:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars
Category:Byzantine people of the Crusades
Category:Christian anti-Gnosticism
Category:Domestics of the Schools
Category:Nobilissimi
Category:Panhypersebastoi
Category:People associated with Xenophontos Monastery
Category:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Pecheneg wars |
Alexios I Komnenos | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Conspiracy and revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates, Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas, Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade, Personal life, Succession, Pretenders and rebels, Pre First Crusade, Post First Crusade, Reform of the monetary system, Legacy, Family, See also, Notes, Sources, Primary sources, Secondary sources, Further reading, External links |
Alexis (poet) | Short description | Alexis (; 350s288 BC) was a Greek comic poet of the Middle Comedy period. He was born in Thurii (in present-day Calabria, Italy) in Magna Graecia and taken early to Athens,Suda s.v. where he became a citizen, being enrolled in the deme Oion () and the tribe Leontides.Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. It is thought he lived to the age of 106 and died on the stage while being crowned. According to the Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia, Alexis was the paternal uncle of the dramatist Menander and wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments now survive, including some 130 preserved titles. |
Alexis (poet) | Life | Life
He appears to have been rather addicted to the pleasures of the table, according to Athenaeus.Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae viii. p. 344 He had a son named Stephanus (Στέφανος) who was also a comic poet.Suda, alpha, 1138
He won his first Lenaean victory in the 350s BC, most likely, where he was sixth after Eubulus, and fourth after Antiphanes. While being a Middle Comic poet, Alexis was contemporary with several leading figures of New Comedy, such as Philippides, Philemon, Diphilus, and even Menander. There is also some evidence that, during his old age, he wrote plays in the style of New Comedy.
Plutarch says that he lived to the age of 106 and 5 months, and that he died on the stage while being crowned victor.Plutarch, Defect. Orac. p. 420 e He was certainly alive after 345 BC, for Aeschines mentions him as alive in that year. He was also living at least as late as 288 BC, from which his birth date is calculated. According to the Suda he wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments including some 130 titles survive. His plays include Meropis, Ankylion, Olympiodoros, Parasitos (exhibited in 360 BC, in which he ridiculed Plato), Agonis (in which he ridiculed Misgolas), and the Adelphoi and the Stratiotes, in which he satirized Demosthenes, and acted shortly after 343 BC.
Also Hippos (316 BC) (in which he referred to the decree of Sophocles against the philosophers), Pyraunos (312 BC), Pharmakopole (306 BC), Hypobolimaios (306 BC), and Ankylion.
Because he wrote a lot of plays, the same passages often appear in more than 3 plays. It was said that he also borrowed from Eubulus and many other playwrights in some of his plays.Athenaeus, i. p.25, f. According to Carytius of Pergamum, Alexis was the first to use the part of the parasite.Athen. vi. p.235, f. This is incorrect, because Epicharmus had already introduced it 250 years earlier. However, Alexis may have been the first to develop the part into its common form. Alexis was known in Roman times; Aulus Gellius noted that Alexis' poetry was used by Roman comedians, including Turpilius and possibly Plautus. |
Alexis (poet) | Surviving titles and fragments | Surviving titles and fragments
Only fragments have survived from any of Alexis's plays – about 340 in all, totaling about 1,000 lines. They attest to the author's wit and refinement, which Athenaeus praises.Athenaeus. ii. p.59, f. The surviving fragments also show that Alexis invented a great many words, mostly compound words, that he used normal words in an unusual way, and made strange and unusual forms of common words. The main sources of the fragments of Alexis are Stobaeus and Athenaeus.
The following 139 titles of Alexis's plays have been preserved:
Achaiis ("The Achaean Woman")
Adelphoi ("The Brothers")
Agonis, or Hippiskos
Aichmalotos ("The Prisoner of War")
Aiopoloi ("Goat-Herders")
Aisopos ("Aesop")
Aleiptria ("Female Physical Trainer")
Ampelourgos ("The Vine-Dresser")
Amphotis
Ankylion
Anteia
Apeglaukomenos
Apobates ("The Trick Rider")
Apokoptomenos
Archilochos
Asklepiokleides
Asotodidaskalos ("Teacher of Debauchery")
Atalante
Atthis
Bomos ("The Altar")
Bostrychos ("Lock of Hair")
Brettia ("The Bruttian Woman")
Choregis
Daktylios ("The Ring")
Demetrios, or Philetairus
Diapleousai ("Women Sailing Across The Sea")
Didymoi ("The Twins")
Dis Penthon ("Twice Grieving")
Dorkis, or Poppyzousa ("Lip-Smacking Woman")
Dropides
Eis To Phrear ("Into The Well")
Eisoikizomenos ("The Banished Man")
Ekkeryttomenos
Ekpomatopoios ("The Cup-Maker")
Epidaurios ("The Man From Epidaurus")
Epikleros ("The Heiress")
Epistole ("The Letter")
Epitropos ("The Guardian", or "Protector")
Eretrikos ("Man From Eretria")
Erithoi ("Weavers"), or Pannychis ("All-Night Festival")
Galateia ("Galatea")
Graphe ("The Document")
Gynaikokratia ("Government By Women")
Helene ("Helen")
Helenes Arpage ("Helen's Capture")
Helenes Mnesteres ("Helen's Suitors")
Hellenis ("The Greek Woman")
Hepta Epi Thebais ("Seven Against Thebes")
Hesione ("Hesione")
Hippeis ("Knights")
Homoia
Hypnos ("Sleep")
Hypobolimaios ("The Changeling")
Iasis ("The Cure, or Remedy")
Isostasion
Kalasiris
Karchedonios ("The Man From Carthage")
Katapseudomenos ("The False Accuser")
Kaunioi ("The Men From Kaunos")
Keryttomenos ("The Proclaimed Man")
Kitharodos ("The Citharode")
Kleobouline ("Cleobuline")
Knidia ("The Woman From Cnidus")
Koniates ("Plasterer")
Kouris ("The Lady Hairdresser")
Krateuas, or Pharmakopoles ("Pharmacist")
Kybernetes ("The Pilot or Helmsman")
Kybeutai ("The Dice-Players")
Kyknos ("The Swan")
Kyprios ("The Man from Cyprus")
Lampas ("The Torch")
Lebes ("The Cauldron")
Leukadia ("Woman From Leucas"), or Drapetai ("Female Runaways")
Leuke ("Leprosy," or possibly "The White Poplar")
Lemnia ("The Woman From Lemnos")
Linos ("Linus")
Lokroi ("The Locrians")
Lykiskos
Mandragorizomene ("Mandrake-Drugged Woman")
Manteis ("Diviners," or "Seers")
Meropis ("Meropis")
Midon ("Midon")
Milesia ("Milesian Woman")
Milkon ("Milcon")
Minos ("Minos")
Mylothros ("The Miller")
Odysseus Aponizomenos ("Odysseus Washing Himself")
Odysseus Hyphainon ("Odysseus Weaving Cloth")
Olympiodoros
Olynthia ("The Woman From Olynthos")
Opora ("Autumn")
Orchestris ("The Dancing-Girl")
Orestes ("Orestes")
Pallake ("The Concubine")
Pamphile
Pankratiastes
Parasitos ("The Parasite")
Pezonike
Phaidon, or Phaidrias
Phaidros ("Phaedrus")
Philathenaios ("Lover of the Athenian People")
Philiskos
Philokalos, or Nymphai ("Nymphs")
Philotragodos ("Lover of Tragedies")
Philousa ("The Loving Woman")
Phryx ("The Phrygian")
Phygas ("The Fugitive")
Poietai ("Poets")
Poietria ("The Poetess")
Polykleia ("Polyclea")
Ponera ("The Wicked Woman")
Pontikos ("The Man From Pontus")
Proskedannymenos
Protochoros ("First Chorus")
Pseudomenos ("The Lying Man")
Pylaia
Pyraunos
Pythagorizousa ("Female Disciple of Pythagoras")
Rhodion, or Poppyzousa ("Lip-Smacking Woman")
Sikyonios ("The Man From Sicyon")
Skeiron
Sorakoi
Spondophoros ("The Libation-Bearer")
Stratiotes ("The Soldier")
Synapothneskontes ("Men Dying Together")
Syntrechontes
Syntrophoi
Syrakosios ("Man From Syracuse")
Tarantinoi ("Men From Tarentum")
Thebaioi ("Men From Thebes")
Theophoretos ("Possessed by a God")
Thesprotoi ("Men From Thesprotia")
Theteuontes ("Serfs")
Thrason ("Thrason")
Titthe ("The Wet-Nurse")
Tokistes ("Money-Lender"), or Katapseudomenos ("The False Accuser")
Traumatias ("The Wounded Man")
Trophonios ("Trophonius")
Tyndareos ("Tyndareus") |
Alexis (poet) | Editions of fragments | Editions of fragments
Augustus Meineke. Poetarum Graecorum comicorum fragmenta, (1855).
Theodor Kock. Comicorum Atticorum fragmenta, i. (1880).
Colin Austin and Rudolf Kassel. Poetae Comici Graeci. vol. 2. |
Alexis (poet) | Notes | Notes |
Alexis (poet) | References | References
Arnott, W. Geoffrey. Alexis: The Fragments. A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. |
Alexis (poet) | External links | External links
Category:3rd-century BC Greek poets
Category:Ancient Greek centenarians
Category:Greek men centenarians
Category:Poets of Magna Graecia
Category:Middle Comic poets
Category:Metics in Classical Athens
Category:People from the Province of Cosenza
Category:Italiotes
Category:4th-century BC births
Category:3rd-century BC deaths |
Alexis (poet) | Table of Content | Short description, Life, Surviving titles and fragments, Editions of fragments, Notes, References, External links |
Alexios II Komnenos | short description | Alexios II Komnenos (; 14 September 1169, p. 383September 1183), Latinized Alexius II Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1180 to 1183. He ascended to the throne as a minor. For the duration of his short reign, the imperial power was de facto held by regents. |
Alexios II Komnenos | Biography | Biography |
Alexios II Komnenos | Early years | Early years
Born in the purple at Constantinople, Alexios was the long-awaited son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (who gave him a name that began with the letter alpha as a fulfillment of the AIMA prophecy) and Maria of Antioch. In 1171 he was crowned co-emperor, and in 1175 he accompanied his father at Dorylaion in Asia Minor in order to have the city rebuilt. On 2 March 1180, at the age of ten, he was married to Agnes of France aged eight, daughter of King Louis VII of France. She was thereafter known as Anna, and after Alexios' murder three years later, Anna would be remarried to the person responsible, Andronikos, then aged 65. |
Alexios II Komnenos | Regency of Maria and Alexios | Regency of Maria and Alexios
thumb|Alexios II with his father Manuel I Komnenos and mother Maria of Antioch, depicted in an illuminated manuscript, ca. 1179.|leftWhen Manuel I died in September 1180, Alexios II succeeded him as emperor. At this time, however, he was an uneducated boy with only amusement in mind. The imperial regency was then undertaken by the dowager empress and the prōtosebastos Alexios Komnenos (a namesake cousin of Alexios II), who was popularly believed to be her lover.
The regents depleted the imperial treasury by granting privileges to Italian merchants and to the Byzantine aristocracy. When Béla III of Hungary and Kilij Arslan II of Rum began raiding within the Byzantine western and eastern borders respectively, the regents were forced to ask for help to the pope and to Saladin. Furthermore, a party supporting Alexios II's right to reign, led by his half-sister Maria Komnene and her husband the caesar John, stirred up riots in the streets of the capital.
The regents managed to defeat the party on April 1182, but Andronikos Komnenos, a first cousin of Manuel I, took advantage of the disorder to aim at the crown. He entered Constantinople, received with almost divine honours, and overthrew the government. His arrival was celebrated by a massacre of the Latins in Constantinople, especially the Venetian merchants, which he made no attempt to stop. |
Alexios II Komnenos | Regency of Andronikos and death | Regency of Andronikos and death
On 16 May 1182 Andronikos, posing as Alexios' protector, officially restored him on the throne. As for 1180, the young emperor was uninterested in ruling matters, and Andronikos effectively acted as the power behind the throne, not allowing Alexios any voice in public affairs. One after another, Andronikos suppressed most of Alexios' defenders and supporters: his half-sister Maria Komnene, the caesar John, his loyal generals Andronikos Doukas Angelos, Andronikos Kontostephanos and John Komnenos Vatatzes, while Empress Dowager Maria was put in prison.
In 1183, Alexios was compelled to condemn his own mother to death. In September 1183, Andronikos was formally proclaimed emperor before the crowd on the terrace of the Church of Christ of the Chalkè. Probably by the end of the same month, Andronikos ordered Alexios' assassination; the young emperor was secretly strangled with a bow-string and his body thrown in the Bósporos.
In the years following Alexios' mysterious disappearance, many young men resembling him tried to claim the throne. In the end, none of those pseudo-Alexioi managed to become emperor. |
Alexios II Komnenos | Portrayal in fiction | Portrayal in fiction
Alexios is a character in the historical novel Agnes of France (1980) by Greek writer Kostas Kyriazis. The novel describes the events of the reigns of Manuel I, Alexios II, and Andronikos I through the eyes of Agnes. |
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