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Anno Domini | CE and BCE | CE and BCE
Alternative names for the anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae (found 1615 in Latin),
"Vulgar Era" (in English, as early as 1635),
"Christian Era" (in English, in 1652),
"Common Era" (in English, 1708),
and "Current Era".
Since 1856,The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC.
The "Common/Current Era" ("CE") terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references but still uses the same epoch as the anno Domini notation.
For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E. […] do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D." Upon its foundation, the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was (). Later, in 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted () for all purposes domestic and foreign. |
Anno Domini | No year zero: start and end of a century | No year zero: start and end of a century
In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars, AD 1 is immediately preceded by 1 BC, with nothing in between them (there was no year zero). There are debates as to whether a new decade, century, or millennium begins on a year ending in zero or one.
For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc. In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD. |
Anno Domini | See also | See also
Before Present
Holocene calendar |
Anno Domini | Notes | Notes |
Anno Domini | References | References |
Anno Domini | Citations | Citations |
Anno Domini | Sources | Sources
Bede. (731). Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum . Retrieved 2007-12-07.
Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.
(despite beginning with 2, it is English)
Declercq, G. "Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". Sacris Erudiri 41 (2002): 165–246. An annotated version of part of Anno Domini.
Doggett. (1992). "Calendars" (Ch. 12), in P. Kenneth Seidelmann (Ed.) Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. .
Patrick, J. (1908). "General Chronology" . In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2008-07-16 from New Advent: Catholic Encyclopedia: General Chronology
|
Anno Domini | External links | External links
Calendar Converter
Category:6th-century Christianity
Category:Calendar eras
Category:Christian terminology
Category:Chronology
Category:Latin religious words and phrases
Category:Timelines of Christianity |
Anno Domini | Table of Content | short description, Usage, History, Popularization, New year, Other Christian and European eras, CE and BCE, No year zero: start and end of a century, See also, Notes, References, Citations, Sources, External links |
AV | Wiktionary | AV, Av or A.V. may refer to: |
AV | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment
The abbreviation of audiovisual, possessing both a sound and a visual component
A.V. (film), a 2005 Hong Kong film directed by Pang Ho-Cheung
Adult video, an alternative name/synonym of a pornographic film
AV The Hunt, a 2020 Turkish thriller film directed by Emre Akay |
AV | Businesses and organizations | Businesses and organizations
America Votes, an American 501(c)4 organization that promotes progressive causes
Ambulance Victoria, an ambulance service operated in the Australian state of Victoria
Anonymous for the Voiceless, a grassroots animal rights organization specializing in street activism
Aston Villa F.C., an English professional football club
AV Akademikerverlag GmbH & Co. KG an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing (now OmniScriptum)
Avaya, a technology company formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange with symbol "AV"
Avianca (IATA airline code AV)
Aviva, British insurance company, listed on the New York Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange as "AV"
AeroVironment, manufacturer of unmanned military aircraft and systems
Amusement Vision, the former name of Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio |
AV | People | People
Av or Avrum Gross (1936–2018), American lawyer and Attorney General of Alaska
Av or Avrom Isaacs (1926–2016), Canadian art dealer
Av Westin (1929–2022), American television producer
Arun Vijay (born 1977), Indian actor |
AV | Places | Places
Anguilla (FIPS country code and obsolete NATO diagram AV)
Antelope Valley, a valley in Southern California
Province of Avellino, a province of Italy |
AV | Science and technology | Science and technology |
AV | Anatomy and medicine | Anatomy and medicine
Aerobic vaginitis, vaginal infection associated with overgrowth of aerobic bacteria
Arteriovenous (disambiguation)
Atrioventricular (disambiguation) |
AV | Electronics and computing | Electronics and computing
Access violation, a computer software error
Age verification, system for checking a user's age
Antivirus software, used to prevent, detect and remove malicious software
Audio and video connector, a cable between two devices
Analog video
AV Linux, a Linux-based operating system |
AV | Fluid dynamics | Fluid dynamics
Annular velocity, speed of the drilling fluid's movement in a column called an annulus in oil wells
Apparent viscosity, shear stress divided by shear rate |
AV | Vehicles | Vehicles
AV (cyclecar), a British cyclecar manufactured between 1919 and 1924
Bavarian A V, an 1853 steam locomotive model
A US Navy hull classification symbol: Seaplane tender (AV)
Autonomous vehicles |
AV | Other uses in science and technology | Other uses in science and technology
A-type main-sequence star, in astronomy, abbreviated A V
Aperture value mode, setting on photo cameras that allows to choose a specific aperture value |
AV | Other uses | Other uses
Alternative vote, an electoral system used to elect a single winner from a field of more than two candidates
Approval voting, a non-ranking vote system
Authorised Version of the Bible (also known as King James Version)
Av (month), a month in the Hebrew calendar
av, the Avar language's ISO 639-1 code
Av. or Ave, an abbreviation for Avenue (landscape)
or AV from Latin aurum (avrvm), a numismatic abbreviation for "gold"
A.V., the putative mark of ébéniste Adam Weisweiler
Aviation, abbreviated Av in military use
Andhra Vidyalaya College, aka A. V. College, a school in Hyderabad, India |
AV | See also | See also
2023 AV, an asteroid that passed closed to the Earth in 2023
A5 (disambiguation)
α5 (disambiguation)
AV idol, a type of Japanese porn star
Category:Masculine given names
Category:Hypocorisms |
AV | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Businesses and organizations, People, Places, Science and technology, Anatomy and medicine, Electronics and computing, Fluid dynamics, Vehicles, Other uses in science and technology, Other uses, See also |
Amino group | # | redirect amine |
Amino group | Table of Content | # |
Alcuin | Short description | Alcuin of York (; ; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. Before that, he was also a court chancellor in Aachen. "The most learned man anywhere to be found", according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne (–833), he is considered among the most important intellectual architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.
Alcuin wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. In 796, he was made abbot of Marmoutier Abbey, in Tours, where he worked on perfecting the Carolingian minuscule script. He remained there until his death. |
Alcuin | Biography | Biography |
Alcuin | Background | Background
thumb|upright|Alcuin, roof figure, Museum of History of Arts, Vienna
Alcuin was born in Northumbria, presumably sometime in the 730s. Virtually nothing is known of his parents, family background, or origin. In common hagiographical fashion, the Vita Alcuini asserts that Alcuin was of "noble English stock", and this statement has usually been accepted by scholars. Alcuin's own work only mentions such collateral kinsmen as Wilgils of Ripon, father of the missionary saint Willibrord; and Beornrad (also spelled Beornred), abbot of Echternach and bishop of Sens. Willibrord, Alcuin and Beornrad were all related by blood.
In his Life of St Willibrord, Alcuin writes that Wilgils called a Pater familias, had founded an oratory and church at the mouth of the Humber, which had fallen into Alcuin's possession by inheritance. Because in early Anglo-Latin writing paterfamilias ("head of a family, householder") usually referred to a ("churl"), Donald A. Bullough suggests that Alcuin's family was of ("churlish") status: i.e., free but subordinate to a noble lord, and that Alcuin and other members of his family rose to prominence through beneficial connections with the aristocracy. If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as Deira. |
Alcuin | York | York
The young Alcuin came to the cathedral church of York during the golden age of Archbishop Ecgbert and his brother, the Northumbrian King Eadberht. Ecgbert had been a disciple of the Venerable Bede, who urged him to raise York to an archbishopric. King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgbert oversaw the re-energising and reorganisation of the English church, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that Bede had begun. Ecgbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage.Mayr-Harting "Ecgberht" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The York school was renowned as a centre of learning in the liberal arts, literature, and science, as well as in religious matters. From here, Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the Frankish court. He revived the school with the trivium and quadrivium disciplines, writing a codex on the trivium, while his student Hrabanus wrote one on the quadrivium.
Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the ancestor of St Peter's School, began after Æthelbert of York became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time, Alcuin became a deacon in the church. He was never ordained a priest. Though no real evidence shows that he took monastic vows, he lived as if he had.
In 781, King Ælfwald I of Northumbria sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the Pope for official confirmation of York's status as an archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, Eanbald I. On his way home, he met Charlemagne (whom he had met once before), this time in the Italian city of Parma. |
Alcuin | Charlemagne | Charlemagne
Alcuin's intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars whom Charlemagne had gathered around him, the mainsprings of the Carolingian Renaissance: Peter of Pisa, Paulinus II of Aquileia, Rado, and Abbot Saint Fulrad. Alcuin would later write, "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles".
Alcuin became master of the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen () in 782. It had been founded by the king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court). However, Charlemagne wanted to include the liberal arts, and most importantly, the study of religion. From 782 to 790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons Pepin and Louis, as well as young men sent to be educated at court, and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel. Bringing with him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf, and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the "school of Master Albinus".
In this role as adviser, he took issue with the emperor's policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe". His arguments seem to have prevailed – Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.
Charlemagne gathered the best men of every land in his court and became far more than just the king at the centre. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to him as "David", a reference to the Biblical king David. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with Charlemagne and the other men at court, where pupils and masters were known by affectionate and jesting nicknames. Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'. While at Aachen, Alcuin bestowed pet names upon his pupils – derived mainly from Virgil's Eclogues. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "He loved Charlemagne and enjoyed the king's esteem, but his letters reveal that his fear of him was as great as his love."
After the death of Pope Adrian I, Alcuin was commissioned by Charlemagne to compose an epitaph for Adrian. The epitaph was inscribed on black stone quarried at Aachen and carried to Rome where it was set over Adrian's tomb in the south transept of St. Peter's Basilica just before Charlemagne's coronation in the basilica on Christmas Day 800. |
Alcuin | Return to Northumbria and back to Francia | Return to Northumbria and back to Francia
In 790, Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to England, to which he had remained attached. He dwelt there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the Adoptionist heresy, which was at that time making great progress in Toledo, the old capital of the Visigoths and still a major city for the Christians under Islamic rule in Spain. He is believed to have had contacts with Beatus of Liébana, from the Kingdom of Asturias, who fought against Adoptionism. At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine against the views expressed by Felix of Urgel, an heresiarch according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Having failed during his stay in Northumbria to influence King Æthelred I in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home.
He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid-792, writing a series of letters to Æthelred, to Hygbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne, and to Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury in the succeeding months, dealing with the Viking attack on Lindisfarne in July 793. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject, , provide the only significant contemporary account of these events. In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments." |
Alcuin | Tours and death | Tours and death
In 796, Alcuin was in his 60s. He hoped to be free from court duties and upon the death of Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, Charlemagne put Marmoutier Abbey into Alcuin's care, with the understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel. There, he encouraged the work of the monks on the beautiful Carolingian minuscule script, ancestor of modern Roman typefaces using a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters. Latin paleography in the 8th century leaves little room for a single origin of the script, and sources contradict his importance as no proof has been found of his direct involvement in the creation of the script. Carolingian minuscule was already in use before Alcuin arrived in Francia. Most likely he was responsible for copying and preserving the script while at the same time restoring the purity of the form.
Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some 10 years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin's Church under an epitaph that partly read:
The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. Also, autobiographical sections are in Alcuin's poem on York and in the Vita Alcuini, a hagiography written for him at Ferrières in the 820s, possibly based in part on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils. |
Alcuin | Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy | Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy |
Alcuin | Mathematician | Mathematician
The collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes ("Problems to Sharpen Youths") is sometimes attributed to Alcuin. In a 799 letter to Charlemagne, the scholar claimed to have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness",Epistola 172, MGH Epistolae 4.2: 285: "aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis laetitiae causa" which some scholars have identified with the Propositiones.
The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve river crossings, including the problem of three anxious brothers, each of whom has an unmarried sister whom he cannot leave alone with either of the other men lest she be defiled (Problem 17); the problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage (Problem 18); and the problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19). Alcuin's sequence is the solution to one of the problems of that book. |
Alcuin | Literary influence | Literary influence
Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne. These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of humanism during the Carolingian age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety, and in the midst of these pursuits, he died.
Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the Carolingian Renaissance, in which three main periods have been distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the second, Alcuin and the English are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of Theodulf of Orléans is preponderant.
Alcuin also developed manuals used in his educational work – a grammar and works on rhetoric and dialectics. These are written in the form of a dialogue, and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He wrote several theological treatises: a De fide Trinitatis, and commentaries on the Bible. Alcuin is credited with inventing the first known question mark, though it did not resemble the modern symbol.
Alcuin transmitted to the Franks the knowledge of Latin culture, which had existed in Anglo-Saxon England. A number of his works still exist. Besides some graceful epistles in the style of Venantius Fortunatus, he wrote some long poems, and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of the church at York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae. At the same time, he is noted for making one of the only explicit comments on Old English poetry surviving from the early Middle Ages, in a letter to one Speratus, the bishop of an unnamed English see (possibly Unwona of Leicester): ("Let God's words be read at the episcopal dinner-table. It is right that a reader should be heard, not a harpist, patristic discourse, not pagan song. What has Ingeld to do with Christ?").Donald A. Bullough, "What has Ingeld to do with Lindisfarne?", Anglo-Saxon England, 22 (1993), 93-125 (p. 93 for the Latin [quoted from Epistolae Karolini Aevi II, ed. by E. Dummler, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistula 4 (Berlin, 1895), p. 183 (no. 12)]; p. 124 for the translation); . |
Alcuin | Legacy | Legacy
Alcuin is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 20 May the first available day after the day of his death (as Dunstan is celebrated on 19 May).
Alcuin is also venerated as a Saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians in the British Isles and Ireland. The Orthodox Fellowship of John the Baptist publishes a liturgical calendar that is widely used in that region, and this calendar includes a feast for St Alcuin.
Alcuin College, one of the colleges of the University of York, is named after him. In January 2020, Alcuin was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme In Our Time. In December 2024, Alcuin was prominently featured in a Part 2 of a 3-part podcast series on Charlemagne in The Rest Is History (podcast). |
Alcuin | Selected works | Selected works
For a complete census of Alcuin's works, see Marie-Hélène Jullien and Françoise Perelman, eds., Clavis scriptorum latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735–987, Tomus II – Alcuinus, Turnhout, Brepols, 1999. |
Alcuin | Poetry | Poetry
Carmina, ed. Ernst Dümmler, MGH Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I, Berlin, Weidmann, 1881, 160–351.
Godman, Peter, trad., Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, 118–149.
Stella, Francesco, trad., comm., La poesia carolingia, Firenze: Le Lettere, 1995, pp. 94–96, 152–161, 266–267, 302–307, 364–371, 399–404, 455–457, 474–477, 503–507.
Isbell, Harold, trad.; The Last Poets of Imperial Rome, Baltimore, Penguin, 1971.
Poem on York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Euboricensis ecclesiae, ed. and trad. Peter Godman, The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982.
De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii, "On the destruction of the monastery of Lindisfarne" (Carmen 9, ed. Dümmler, pp. 229–235). |
Alcuin | Letters | Letters
Of Alcuin's letters, over 310 have survived:
Epistolae, ed. Ernst Dümmler, MGH, Epistolae, IV.2, Berlin, Weidmann, 1895, 1–493;
Jaffé, Philipp, Ernst Dümmler, and W. Wattenbach, eds. Monumenta Alcuiniana, Berlin, Weidmann, 1873, 132–897;
Chase, Colin, ed. Two Alcuin Letter-books, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975;
Allott, Stephen, trad. Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804 – His life and letters, York, William Sessions, 1974;
Sturgeon, Thomas G., trad. The Letters of Alcuin – Part One, the Aachen Period (762–796). Harvard University PhD thesis, 1953. |
Alcuin | Didactic works | Didactic works
Ars grammatica. PL 101, 854–902;
De orthographia, ed. H. Keil, Grammatici Latini VII, 1880, 295–312; ed. Sandra Bruni, Alcuino de orthographia, Florence, SISMEL, 1997;
De dialectica, PL 101, 950–976;
Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico, "Dialogue of Pepin, the Most Noble and Royal Youth, with the Teacher Albinus", ed. L. W. Daly and W. Suchier, Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti Philosophi, Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press, 1939, 134–146; ed. Wilhelm Wilmanns, "Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastic", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, 14 (1869), 530–555, 562.
Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus sapientissimi regis Carli et Albini magistri, ed. and trad. Wilbur Samuel Howell, The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne, New York, Russell and Russell, 1965 (1941); ed. C. Halm, Rhetorici Latini Minores, Leipzig, Teubner, 1863, 523–550;
De virtutibus et vitiis (moral treatise dedicated to Count Wido of Brittany, 799–800), PL 101, 613–638 (transcript available online). A new critical edition is being prepared for the Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis;
De animae ratione (ad Eulaliam virginem) (written for Gundrada, Charlemagne's cousin), PL 101, 639–650;
De Cursu et Saltu Lunae ac Bissexto, astronomical treatise, PL 101, 979–1002;
(?) Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes, ed. Menso Folkerts, "Die alteste mathematische Aufgabensammlung in lateinischer Sprache, Die Alkuin zugeschriebenen Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes; Überlieferung, Inhalt, Kritische Edition", in idem, Essays on Early Medieval Mathematics: The Latin Tradition, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003. |
Alcuin | Theology | Theology
Compendium in Canticum Canticorum: Alcuino, Commento al Cantico dei cantici – con i commenti anonimi Vox ecclesie e Vox antique ecclesie, ed. Rossana Guglielmetti, Firenze, SISMEL 2004;
Quaestiones in Genesim, PL 100, 515–566;
De Fide Sanctae Trinitatis et de Incarnatione Christi; Quaestiones de Sancta Trinitate, ed. E. Knibbs and E. Ann Matter (Corpus Christianorum – Continuatio Mediaevalis 249, Brepols, 2012). |
Alcuin | Hagiography | Hagiography
Vita II Vedastis episcopi Atrebatensis, Revision of the earlier Vita Vedastis by Jonas of Bobbio, Patrologia Latina, 101, 663–682;
Vita Richarii confessoris Centulensis, Revision of an earlier anonymous life, MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, 4, 381–401;
Vita Willibrordi archiepiscopi Traiectensis, ed. W. Levison, Passiones vitaeque sanctorum aevi Merovingici, MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, 7, 81–141. |
Alcuin | Notes and references | Notes and references |
Alcuin | Notes | Notes |
Alcuin | References | References |
Alcuin | See also | See also
Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes
Carolingian art
Carolingian Empire
Category: Carolingian period
Correctory
Codex Vindobonensis 795 |
Alcuin | Bibliography | Bibliography
Allott, Stephen; Alcuin of York, his life and letters
Dales, Douglas J.; "Accessing Alcuin – A Master Bibliography", The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge, 2013
Diem, Albrecht; "The Emergence of Monastic Schools – The Role of Alcuin", in: Luuk A. J. R. Houwen and Alasdair A. McDonald (eds.), Alcuin of York – Scholar at the Carolingian Court, Groningen 1998 (Germania Latina, vol. 3), pp. 27–44.
Duckett, Eleanor Shipley; Carolingian Portraits, (1962)
Ganshof, F.L.; The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy
Godman, Peter; Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance
Lorenz, Frederick; The life of Alcuin, (Thomas Hurst, 1837).
McGuire, Brian P.; Friendship and Community – The Monastic Experience
Murphy, Richard E.; Alcuin of York – De Virtutibus et Vitiis, Virtues and Vices
Stehling, Thomas; Medieval Latin Love Poems of Male Love and Friendship.
Stella, Francesco; "Alkuins Dichtung" in Alkuin von York und die geistige Grundlegung Europas , Sankt Gallen, Verlag am Klosterhof, 2010, pp. 107–128.
Throop, Priscilla; trans. Alcuin – His Life; On Virtues and Vices; Dialogue with Pepin (Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2011)
Andrew Fleming West Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools (C. Scribner's Sons, 1912)
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Alcuin | External links | External links
Alcuin's book, Problems for the Quickening of the Minds of the Young
Introduction to Alcuin's writings by Robert Levine and Whitney Bolton
The Alcuin Society
Anglo-Saxon York on History of York site
Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis – new critical editions in preparation
Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum – complete texts and full bibliography
The Life of Alcuin by Frederick Lorenz
Category:730s births
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:804 deaths
Category:8th-century astronomers
Category:8th-century Christian theologians
Category:8th-century English writers
Category:8th-century Frankish writers
Category:8th-century writers in Latin
Category:8th-century mathematicians
Category:8th-century philosophers
Category:8th-century poets
Category:9th-century Christian abbots
Category:9th-century Christian theologians
Category:9th-century English writers
Category:9th-century English clergy
Category:9th-century philosophers
Category:People educated at St Peter's School, York
Category:Anglo-Saxon poets
Category:Anglo-Saxon saints
Category:Anglo-Saxon writers
Category:Carolingian poets
Category:Christian hagiographers
Category:Deacons
Category:English monks
Category:Grammarians of Latin
Category:Texts of Anglo-Saxon England in Latin
Category:Medieval chancellors (government)
Category:Medieval English mathematicians
Category:Medieval English theologians
Category:Medieval Latin-language poets
Category:8th-century linguists
Category:People from York
Category:Saints from the Carolingian Empire
Category:Scholastic philosophers
Category:Sources on Germanic paganism
Category:Writers from the Carolingian Empire
Category:Anglican saints
Category:Yorkshire saints |
Alcuin | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Background, York, Charlemagne, Return to Northumbria and back to Francia, Tours and death, Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy, Mathematician, Literary influence, Legacy, Selected works, Poetry, Letters, Didactic works, Theology, Hagiography, Notes and references, Notes, References, See also, Bibliography, External links |
Angilbert | Short description | Angilbert, Count of Ponthieu ( – 18 February 814) was a noble Frankish poet who was educated under Alcuin and served Charlemagne as a secretary, diplomat, and son-in-law. He is venerated as a pre-Congregation saint and is still honored on the day of his death, 18 February. |
Angilbert | Life | Life
thumb|A page from the Psalter of Charlemagne, copied between 795 and 800, and probably given by Charlemagne to Angilbert when the king visited Saint-Riquier for Easter 800Michel Huglo, "The Cantatorium, from Charlemagne to the Fourteenth Century", in Peter Jeffery (ed.), The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West (Boydell Press, 2001), pp. 89–104, at 89–92.
Angilbert seems to have been brought up at the court of Charlemagne at the palace school in Aquae Granni (Aachen). He was educated there as the pupil and then-friend of the great English scholar Alcuin. When Charlemagne sent his young son Pepin to Italy as King of the Lombards, Angilbert went along as primicerius palatii, a high administrator of the satellite court. As the friend and adviser of Pepin, he assisted for a while in the government of Italy. Angilbert delivered the document on Iconoclasm from the Frankish Synod of Frankfurt to Pope Adrian I, and was later sent on three important embassies to the pope, in 792, 794, and 796. At one time, he served an officer of the maritime provinces. He accompanied Charlemagne to Rome in 800 and was one of the witnesses to his will in 811.
There are various traditions concerning Angilbert's relationship with Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne. One holds that they were married, another that they were not. They had, however, at least one daughter and two sons, one of whom, Nithard, became a notable figure in the mid-9th century, while their daughter Bertha went on to marry Helgaud II, Count of Ponthieu. Control of marriage and the meanings of legitimacy were hotly contested in the Middle Ages. Bertha and Angilbert are an example of how resistance to the idea of a sacramental marriage could coincide with holding church offices. On the other hand, some historians have speculated that Charlemagne opposed formal marriages for his daughters out of concern for political rivalries from their potential husbands; none of Charlemagne's daughters were married, despite political offers of arranged marriages.
In 790, Angilbert retired to the abbey of Centulum, the "Monastery of St Richarius" () at present-day Saint-Riquier in Picardy. Elected abbot in 794, he rebuilt the monastery and endowed it with a library of 200 volumes. It was not uncommon for the Merovingian, Carolingian, or later kings to make laymen abbots of monasteries; the layman would often use the income of the monastery as his own and leave the monks a bare minimum for the necessary expenses of the foundation. Angilbert, in contrast, spent a great deal rebuilding Saint-Riquier; when he completed it, Charlemagne spent Easter of the year 800 there. In keeping with Carolingian policies, Angilbert established a school at Saint-Riquier to educate the local boys. |
Angilbert | Poetry | Poetry
Angilbert's Latin poems reveal the culture and tastes of a man of the world, enjoying the closest intimacy with the imperial family. Charlemagne and the other men at court were known by affectionate and jesting nicknames. Charlemagne was referred to as "David", a reference to the Biblical king David. Angilbert was nicknamed "Homer" because he wrote poetry, and was the probable author of an epic, of which the fragment which has been preserved describes the life at the palace and the meeting between Charlemagne and Leo III. It is a mosaic from Virgil, Ovid, Lucan and Venantius Fortunatus, composed in the manner of Einhard's use of Suetonius. Of the shorter poems, besides the greeting to Pippin on his return from the campaign against the Avars (796), an epistle to David (i.e., Charlemagne) incidentally reveals a delightful picture of the poet living with his children in a house surrounded by pleasant gardens near the emperor's palace. The reference to Bertha, however, is distant and respectful, her name occurring merely on the list of princesses to whom he sends his salutation.
The poem De conversione Saxonum has been attributed to Angilbert.
Angilbert's poems were published by Ernst Dümmler in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. For criticisms of this edition, see Ludwig Traube in Max Roediger's Schriften für germanische Philologie (1888). |
Angilbert | Notes | Notes |
Angilbert | References | References
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Angilbert | Attribution | Attribution
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Angilbert | Further reading | Further reading
A. Molinier, Les Sources de l'histoire de France.
Category:8th-century births
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:814 deaths
Category:Medieval Latin-language poets
Category:Saints from the Carolingian Empire
Category:8th-century writers in Latin
Category:8th-century Frankish writers |
Angilbert | Table of Content | Short description, Life, Poetry, Notes, References, Attribution, Further reading |
Amine | Short description | thumb|164x164px|Amine
In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Formally, amines are derivatives of ammonia ((in which the bond angle between the nitrogen and hydrogen is 107°), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines). Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines, trimethylamine, and aniline. Inorganic derivatives of ammonia are also called amines, such as monochloramine ().
The substituent is called an amino group.
The chemical notation for amines contains the letter "R", where "R" is not an element, but an "R-group", which in amines could be a single hydrogen or carbon atom, or could be a hydrocarbon chain.
Compounds with a nitrogen atom attached to a carbonyl group, thus having the structure , are called amides and have different chemical properties from amines. |
Amine | Classification of amines | Classification of amines
Amines can be classified according to the nature and number of substituents on nitrogen. Aliphatic amines contain only H and alkyl substituents. Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atom connected to an aromatic ring.
Primary (1°) amine Secondary (2°) amine Tertiary (3°) amine 100px|primary amine 100px|secondary amine 100px|tertiary amineAmines, alkyl and aryl alike, are organized into three subcategories (see table) based on the number of carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen (how many hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule are replaced by hydrocarbon groups):
Primary (1°) amines—Primary amines arise when one of three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by an alkyl or aromatic group. Important primary alkyl amines include methylamine, most amino acids, and the buffering agent tris, while primary aromatic amines include aniline.
Secondary (2°) amines—Secondary amines have two organic substituents (alkyl, aryl or both) bound to the nitrogen together with one hydrogen. Important representatives include dimethylamine, while an example of an aromatic amine would be diphenylamine.
Tertiary (3°) amines—In tertiary amines, nitrogen has three organic substituents. Examples include trimethylamine, which has a distinctively fishy smell, and EDTA.
A fourth subcategory is determined by the connectivity of the substituents attached to the nitrogen:
Cyclic amines—Cyclic amines are either secondary or tertiary amines. Examples of cyclic amines include the 3-membered ring aziridine and the six-membered ring piperidine. N-methylpiperidine and N-phenylpiperidine are examples of cyclic tertiary amines.
It is also possible to have four organic substituents on the nitrogen. These species are not amines but are quaternary ammonium cations and have a charged nitrogen center. Quaternary ammonium salts exist with many kinds of anions. |
Amine | Naming conventions | Naming conventions
Amines are named in several ways. Typically, the compound is given the prefix "amino-" or the suffix "-amine". The prefix "N-" shows substitution on the nitrogen atom. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth.
Lower amines are named with the suffix -amine.
center|thumb|butan-1-amine
Higher amines have the prefix amino as a functional group. IUPAC however does not recommend this convention, but prefers the alkanamine form, e.g. butan-2-amine.
center|thumb|135x135px|2-aminobutane (or butan-2-amine) |
Amine | Physical properties | Physical properties
Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the properties of primary and secondary amines. For example, methyl and ethyl amines are gases under standard conditions, whereas the corresponding methyl and ethyl alcohols are liquids. Amines possess a characteristic ammonia smell, liquid amines have a distinctive "fishy" and foul smell.
The nitrogen atom features a lone electron pair that can bind H+ to form an ammonium ion R3NH+. The lone electron pair is represented in this article by two dots above or next to the N. The water solubility of simple amines is enhanced by hydrogen bonding involving these lone electron pairs. Typically salts of ammonium compounds exhibit the following order of solubility in water: primary ammonium () > secondary ammonium () > tertiary ammonium (R3NH+). Small aliphatic amines display significant solubility in many solvents, whereas those with large substituents are lipophilic. Aromatic amines, such as aniline, have their lone pair electrons conjugated into the benzene ring, thus their tendency to engage in hydrogen bonding is diminished. Their boiling points are high and their solubility in water is low. |
Amine | Spectroscopic identification | Spectroscopic identification
Typically the presence of an amine functional group is deduced by a combination of techniques, including mass spectrometry as well as NMR and IR spectroscopies. 1H NMR signals for amines disappear upon treatment of the sample with D2O. In their infrared spectrum primary amines exhibit two N-H bands, whereas secondary amines exhibit only one. In their IR spectra, primary and secondary amines exhibit distinctive N-H stretching bands near 3300 cm−1. Somewhat less distinctive are the bands appearing below 1600 cm−1, which are weaker and overlap with C-C and C-H modes. For the case of propyl amine, the H-N-H scissor mode appears near 1600 cm−1, the C-N stretch near 1000 cm−1, and the R2N-H bend near 810 cm−1. |
Amine | Structure | Structure |
Amine | Alkyl amines | Alkyl amines
thumb|right|Inversion of an amine spatial configuration: Amine "flip-flop" like an umbrella turned over by the wind. The pair of dots represents the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom.
Alkyl amines characteristically feature tetrahedral nitrogen centers. C-N-C and C-N-H angles approach the idealized angle of 109°. C-N distances are slightly shorter than C-C distances. The energy barrier for the nitrogen inversion of the stereocenter is about 7 kcal/mol for a trialkylamine. The interconversion has been compared to the inversion of an open umbrella into a strong wind.
Amines of the type NHRR' and NRR′R″ are chiral: the nitrogen center bears four substituents counting the lone pair. Because of the low barrier to inversion, amines of the type NHRR' cannot be obtained in optical purity. For chiral tertiary amines, NRR′R″ can only be resolved when the R, R', and R″ groups are constrained in cyclic structures such as N-substituted aziridines (quaternary ammonium salts are resolvable). |
Amine | Aromatic amines | Aromatic amines
In aromatic amines ("anilines"), nitrogen is often nearly planar owing to conjugation of the lone pair with the aryl substituent. The C-N distance is correspondingly shorter. In aniline, the C-N distance is the same as the C-C distances.G. M. Wójcik "Structural Chemistry of Anilines" in Anilines (Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups), S. Patai, Ed. 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. |
Amine | Basicity | Basicity
Like ammonia, amines are bases. Compared to alkali metal hydroxides, amines are weaker.
Alkylamine or aniline pKa of protonated amine Kb Methylamine (MeNH2) 10.62 Dimethylamine (Me2NH) 10.64 Trimethylamine (Me3N) 9.76 Ethylamine (EtNH2) 10.63 Aniline (PhNH2) 4.62 4-Methoxyaniline (4-MeOC6H4NH2) 5.36 N,N-Dimethylaniline (PhNMe2) 5.07 3-Nitroaniline (3-NO2-C6H4NH2) 2.46 4-Nitroaniline (4-NO2-C6H4NH2) 1.00 4-Trifluoromethylaniline (CF3C6H4NH2) 2.75
The basicity of amines depends on:
The electronic properties of the substituents (alkyl groups enhance the basicity, aryl groups diminish it).
The degree of solvation of the protonated amine, which includes steric hindrance by the groups on nitrogen. |
Amine | Electronic effects | Electronic effects
Owing to inductive effects, the basicity of an amine might be expected to increase with the number of alkyl groups on the amine. Correlations are complicated owing to the effects of solvation which are opposite the trends for inductive effects. Solvation effects also dominate the basicity of aromatic amines (anilines). For anilines, the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen delocalizes into the ring, resulting in decreased basicity. Substituents on the aromatic ring, and their positions relative to the amino group, also affect basicity as seen in the table. |
Amine | Solvation effects | Solvation effects
Solvation significantly affects the basicity of amines. N-H groups strongly interact with water, especially in ammonium ions. Consequently, the basicity of ammonia is enhanced by 1011 by solvation. The intrinsic basicity of amines, i.e. the situation where solvation is unimportant, has been evaluated in the gas phase. In the gas phase, amines exhibit the basicities predicted from the electron-releasing effects of the organic substituents. Thus tertiary amines are more basic than secondary amines, which are more basic than primary amines, and finally ammonia is least basic. The order of pKb's (basicities in water) does not follow this order. Similarly aniline is more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution.
In aprotic polar solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and acetonitrile the energy of solvation is not as high as in protic polar solvents like water and methanol. For this reason, the basicity of amines in these aprotic solvents is almost solely governed by the electronic effects. |
Amine | Synthesis | Synthesis |
Amine | From alcohols | From alcohols
Industrially significant alkyl amines are prepared from ammonia by alkylation with alcohols:
ROH + NH3 -> RNH2 + H2O |
Amine | From alkyl and aryl halides | From alkyl and aryl halides
Unlike the reaction of amines with alcohols the reaction of amines and ammonia with alkyl halides is used for synthesis in the laboratory:
RX + 2 R'NH2 -> RR'NH + [RR'NH2]X
In such reactions, which are more useful for alkyl iodides and bromides, the degree of alkylation is difficult to control such that one obtains mixtures of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as quaternary ammonium salts.
Selectivity can be improved via the Delépine reaction, although this is rarely employed on an industrial scale. Selectivity is also assured in the Gabriel synthesis, which involves organohalide reacting with potassium phthalimide.
Aryl halides are much less reactive toward amines and for that reason are more controllable. A popular way to prepare aryl amines is the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction. |
Amine | From alkenes | From alkenes
Disubstituted alkenes react with HCN in the presence of strong acids to give formamides, which can be decarbonylated. This method, the Ritter reaction, is used industrially to produce tertiary amines such as tert-octylamine.
Hydroamination of alkenes is also widely practiced. The reaction is catalyzed by zeolite-based solid acids. |
Amine | Reductive routes | Reductive routes
Via the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated N-containing functional groups are reduced to amines using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Suitable groups include nitriles, azides, imines including oximes, amides, and nitro. In the case of nitriles, reactions are sensitive to acidic or alkaline conditions, which can cause hydrolysis of the group. is more commonly employed for the reduction of these same groups on the laboratory scale.
Many amines are produced from aldehydes and ketones via reductive amination, which can either proceed catalytically or stoichiometrically.
Aniline () and its derivatives are prepared by reduction of the nitroaromatics. In industry, hydrogen is the preferred reductant, whereas, in the laboratory, tin and iron are often employed. |
Amine | Specialized methods | Specialized methods
Many methods exist for the preparation of amines, many of these methods being rather specialized.
Reaction name Substrate Comment Staudinger reductionOrganic azide This reaction also takes place with a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride. Schmidt reactionCarboxylic acid Aza-Baylis–Hillman reactionImine Synthesis of allylic amines Birch reduction Imine Useful for reactions that trap unstable imine intermediates, such as Grignard reactions with nitriles. Hofmann degradationAmide This reaction is valid for preparation of primary amines only. Gives good yields of primary amines uncontaminated with other amines. Hofmann elimination Quaternary ammonium saltUpon treatment with strong base Leuckart reaction Ketones and aldehydes Reductive amination with formic acid and ammonia via an imine intermediate Hofmann–Löffler reaction Haloamine Eschweiler–Clarke reaction Amine Reductive amination with formic acid and formaldehyde via an imine intermediate |
Amine | Reactions | Reactions |
Amine | Alkylation, acylation, and sulfonation, etc. | Alkylation, acylation, and sulfonation, etc.
Aside from their basicity, the dominant reactivity of amines is their nucleophilicity. Most primary amines are good ligands for metal ions to give coordination complexes. Amines are alkylated by alkyl halides. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with primary and secondary amines to form amides (the "Schotten–Baumann reaction").
center|Amide formation
Similarly, with sulfonyl chlorides, one obtains sulfonamides. This transformation, known as the Hinsberg reaction, is a chemical test for the presence of amines.
Because amines are basic, they neutralize acids to form the corresponding ammonium salts . When formed from carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amines, these salts thermally dehydrate to form the corresponding amides.
Amines undergo sulfamation upon treatment with sulfur trioxide or sources thereof:
R2NH + SO3 -> R2NSO3H |
Amine | Diazotization | Diazotization
Amines reacts with nitrous acid to give diazonium salts. The alkyl diazonium salts are of little importance because they are too unstable. The most important members are derivatives of aromatic amines such as aniline ("phenylamine") (A = aryl or naphthyl):
ANH2 + HNO2 + HX -> AN2+ + X- + 2 H2O
Anilines and naphthylamines form more stable diazonium salts, which can be isolated in the crystalline form. Diazonium salts undergo a variety of useful transformations involving replacement of the group with anions. For example, cuprous cyanide gives the corresponding nitriles:
AN2+ + Y- -> AY + N2
Aryldiazoniums couple with electron-rich aromatic compounds such as a phenol to form azo compounds. Such reactions are widely applied to the production of dyes. |
Amine | Conversion to imines | Conversion to imines
Imine formation is an important reaction. Primary amines react with ketones and aldehydes to form imines. In the case of formaldehyde (R' H), these products typically exist as cyclic trimers: RNH2 + R'_2C=O -> R'_2C=NR + H2O Reduction of these imines gives secondary amines: R'_2C=NR + H2 -> R'_2CH-NHR
Similarly, secondary amines react with ketones and aldehydes to form enamines: R2NH + R'(R''CH2)C=O -> R''CH=C(NR2)R' + H2O
Mercuric ions reversibly oxidize tertiary amines with an α hydrogen to iminium ions: Hg^2+ + R2NCH2R' <=> Hg + [R2N=CHR']+ + H+ |
Amine | Overview | Overview
An overview of the reactions of amines is given below:
Reaction name Reaction product Comment Amine alkylationAmines Degree of substitution increases Schotten–Baumann reactionAmide Reagents: acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides Hinsberg reactionSulfonamides Reagents: sulfonyl chlorides Amine–carbonyl condensationImines Organic oxidationNitroso compounds Reagent: peroxymonosulfuric acid Organic oxidation Diazonium salt Reagent: nitrous acid Zincke reactionZincke aldehyde Reagent: pyridinium salts, with primary and secondary amines Emde degradationTertiary amine Reduction of quaternary ammonium cations Hofmann–Martius rearrangementAryl-substituted anilines von Braun reaction Organic cyanamideBy cleavage (tertiary amines only) with cyanogen bromide Hofmann elimination AlkeneProceeds by β-elimination of less hindered carbon Cope reaction AlkeneSimilar to Hofmann elimination Carbylamine reaction IsonitrilePrimary amines only Hofmann's mustard oil test IsothiocyanateCarbon disulfide and mercury(II) chloride are used. Thiocyanate smells like mustard. |
Amine | Biological activity | Biological activity
Amines are ubiquitous in biology. The breakdown of amino acids releases amines, famously in the case of decaying fish which smell of trimethylamine. Many neurotransmitters are amines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Protonated amino groups () are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid lysine. The anionic polymer DNA is typically bound to various amine-rich proteins. Additionally, the terminal charged primary ammonium on lysine forms salt bridges with carboxylate groups of other amino acids in polypeptides, which is one of the primary influences on the three-dimensional structures of proteins. |
Amine | Amine hormones | Amine hormones
Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as amine hormones. Typically, the original structure of the amino acid is modified such that a –COOH, or carboxyl, group is removed, whereas the , or amine, group remains. Amine hormones are synthesized from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine. |
Amine | Application of amines | Application of amines |
Amine | Dyes | Dyes
Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the manufacture of azo dyes. It reacts with nitrous acid to form diazonium salt, which can undergo coupling reaction to form an azo compound. As azo-compounds are highly coloured, they are widely used in dyeing industries, such as:
Methyl orange
Direct brown 138
Sunset yellow FCF
Ponceau |
Amine | Drugs | Drugs
Most drugs and drug candidates contain amine functional groups:
Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that helps to relieve allergic disorders due to cold, hay fever, itchy skin, insect bites and stings.
Chlorpromazine is a tranquilizer that sedates without inducing sleep. It is used to relieve anxiety, excitement, restlessness or even mental disorder.
Ephedrine and phenylephrine, as amine hydrochlorides, are used as decongestants.
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methcathinone are psychostimulant amines that are listed as controlled substances by the US DEA.
Thioridazine, an antipsychotic drug, is an amine which is believed to exhibit its antipsychotic effects, in part, due to its effects on other amines.American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 2510
Amitriptyline, imipramine, lofepramine and clomipramine are tricyclic antidepressants and tertiary amines.
Nortriptyline, desipramine, and amoxapine are tricyclic antidepressants and secondary amines. (The tricyclics are grouped by the nature of the final amino group on the side chain.)
Substituted tryptamines and phenethylamines are key basic structures for a large variety of psychedelic drugs.
Opiate analgesics such as morphine, codeine, and heroin are tertiary amines. |
Amine | Gas treatment | Gas treatment
Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA), diglycolamine (DGA), diethanolamine (DEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) are widely used industrially for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas and refinery process streams. They may also be used to remove CO2 from combustion gases and flue gases and may have potential for abatement of greenhouse gases. Related processes are known as sweetening. |
Amine | Epoxy resin curing agents | Epoxy resin curing agents
Amines are often used as epoxy resin curing agents. These include dimethylethylamine, cyclohexylamine, and a variety of diamines such as 4,4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane. Multifunctional amines such as tetraethylenepentamine and triethylenetetramine are also widely used in this capacity. The reaction proceeds by the lone pair of electrons on the amine nitrogen attacking the outermost carbon on the oxirane ring of the epoxy resin. This relieves ring strain on the epoxide and is the driving force of the reaction.Howarth G.A "Synthesis of a legislation compliant corrosion protection coating system based on urethane, oxazolidine and waterborne epoxy technology" pages 12, Chapter 1.3.1 Master of Science Thesis April 1997 Imperial College London Molecules with tertiary amine functionality are often used to accelerate the epoxy-amine curing reaction and include substances such as 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol. It has been stated that this is the most widely used room temperature accelerator for two-component epoxy resin systems. |
Amine | Safety | Safety
Low molecular weight simple amines, such as ethylamine, are toxic with between 100 and 1000 mg/kg. They are skin irritants, especially as some are easily absorbed through the skin. Amines are a broad class of compounds, and more complex members of the class can be extremely bioactive, for example strychnine. |
Amine | See also | See also
Acid–base extraction
Amine value
Amine gas treating
Ammine
Biogenic amine
Ligand isomerism
Official naming rules for amines as determined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) |
Amine | References | References |
Amine | Further reading | Further reading
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Amine | External links | External links
Synthesis of amines
Factsheet, amines in food
Category:Functional groups |
Amine | Table of Content | Short description, Classification of amines, Naming conventions, Physical properties, Spectroscopic identification, Structure, Alkyl amines, Aromatic amines, Basicity, Electronic effects, Solvation effects, Synthesis, From alcohols, From alkyl and aryl halides, From alkenes, Reductive routes, Specialized methods, Reactions, Alkylation, acylation, and sulfonation, etc., Diazotization, Conversion to imines, Overview, Biological activity, Amine hormones, Application of amines, Dyes, Drugs, Gas treatment, Epoxy resin curing agents, Safety, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
April 29 | pp-move | |
April 29 | Events | Events |
April 29 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura.
1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
1429 – Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orléans.
1483 – Gran Canaria, the main island of the Canary Islands, is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile.
1521 – Swedish War of Liberation: Swedish troops defeat a Danish force in the Battle of Västerås. |
April 29 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1760 – French forces commence the siege of Quebec which is held by the British.
1770 – James Cook arrives in Australia at Botany Bay, which he names.
1781 – American Revolutionary War: British and French ships clash in the Battle of Fort Royal off the coast of Martinique.
1826 – The galaxy Centaurus A or NGC 5128 is discovered by James Dunlop. Centaurus A is listed on p. 138 as entry number 482. A sketch of Centaurus A appears as Fig. 20 on the plate between pages 114 and 115.
1861 – Maryland in the American Civil War: Maryland's House of Delegates votes not to secede from the Union.
1862 – American Civil War: The Capture of New Orleans by Union forces under David Farragut.
1864 – Theta Xi fraternity is founded at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the only fraternity to be founded during the American Civil War.; |
April 29 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1903 – A landslide kills 70 people in Frank, in the District of Alberta, Canada.
1910 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the People's Budget, the first budget in British history with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the British public.
1911 – Tsinghua University, one of mainland China's leading universities, is founded.
1916 – World War I: The UK's 6th Indian Division surrenders to Ottoman Forces at the Siege of Kut in one of the largest surrenders of British forces up to that point.
1916 – Easter Rising: After six days of fighting, Irish rebel leaders surrender to British forces in Dublin, bringing the Easter Rising to an end.
1945 – World War II: The Surrender of Caserta is signed by the commander of German forces in Italy.
1945 – World War II: Airdrops of food begin over German-occupied regions of the Netherlands.
1945 – World War II: Adolf Hitler marries his longtime partner Eva Braun in a Berlin bunker and designates Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor.
1945 – Dachau concentration camp is liberated by United States troops.
1946 – The International Military Tribunal for the Far East convenes and indicts former Prime Minister of Japan Hideki Tojo and 28 former Japanese leaders for war crimes.
1952 – Pan Am Flight 202 crashes into the Amazon basin near Carolina, Maranhão, Brazil, killing 50 people.
1953 – The first U.S. experimental 3D television broadcast shows an episode of Space Patrol on Los Angeles ABC affiliate KECA-TV.
1967 – After refusing induction into the United States Army the previous day, Muhammad Ali is stripped of his boxing title.
1970 – Vietnam War: United States and South Vietnamese forces invade Cambodia to hunt Viet Cong.
1974 – Watergate scandal: United States President Richard Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of White House tape recordings relating to the scandal.
1975 – Vietnam War: Operation Frequent Wind: The U.S. begins to evacuate U.S. citizens from Saigon before an expected North Vietnamese takeover. U.S. involvement in the war comes to an end.
1975 – Vietnam War: The North Vietnamese army completes its capture of all parts of South Vietnam-held Trường Sa Islands.
1985 – Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on STS-51-B.
1986 – A fire at the Central library of the Los Angeles Public Library damages or destroys 400,000 books and other items.
1986 – The United States Navy aircraft carrier becomes the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal, navigating from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to relieve the .
1986 – An assembly of Sikhs, known as a Sarbat Khalsa, officially declared independence for a state of Khalistan.
1991 – A cyclone strikes the Chittagong district of southeastern Bangladesh with winds of around , killing at least 138,000 people and leaving as many as ten million homeless.
1991 – The 7.0 Racha earthquake affects Georgia with a maximum MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), killing 270 people.
1992 – Riots in Los Angeles begin, following the acquittal of police officers charged with excessive force in the beating of Rodney King. Over the next three days 63 people are killed and hundreds of buildings are destroyed.
1997 – The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 enters into force, outlawing the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons by its signatories.
2004 – The final Oldsmobile is built in Lansing, Michigan, ending 107 years of vehicle production.
2011 – The Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.
2013 – A powerful explosion occurs in an office building in Prague, believed to have been caused by natural gas, and injures 43 people.
2013 – National Airlines Flight 102, a Boeing 747-400 freighter aircraft, crashes during takeoff from Bagram Airfield in Parwan Province, Afghanistan, killing all seven people on board.
2015 – A baseball game between the Baltimore Orioles and the Chicago White Sox sets the all-time low attendance mark for Major League Baseball. Zero fans were in attendance for the game, as the stadium was officially closed to the public due to the 2015 Baltimore protests. |
April 29 | Births | Births |
April 29 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1469 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1509)
1587 – Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1635) |
April 29 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1636 – Esaias Reusner, German lute player and composer (d. 1679)
1665 – James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1745)
1667 – John Arbuthnot, Scottish-English physician and polymath (d. 1735)
1727 – Jean-Georges Noverre, French actor and dancer (d. 1810)
1745 – Oliver Ellsworth, American lawyer and politician, 3rd Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1807)
1758 – Georg Carl von Döbeln, Swedish general (d. 1820)
1762 – Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, French general and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1833)
1780 – Charles Nodier, French librarian and author (d. 1844)
1783 – David Cox, English landscape painter (d. 1859)
1784 – Samuel Turell Armstrong, American publisher and politician, 14th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1850)
1810 – Thomas Adolphus Trollope, English journalist and author (d. 1892)
1818 – Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881)
1837 – Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general and politician, French Minister of War (d. 1891)
1842 – Carl Millöcker, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1899)
1847 – Joachim Andersen, Danish flautist, composer and conductor (d. 1907)
1848 – Raja Ravi Varma, Indian painter and academic (d. 1906)
1854 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician, physicist and engineer (d. 1912)
1863 – Constantine P. Cavafy, Egyptian-Greek journalist and poet (d. 1933)
1863 – William Randolph Hearst, American publisher and politician, founded the Hearst Corporation (d. 1951)
1863 – Maria Teresia Ledóchowska, Austrian nun and missionary (d. 1922)
1872 – Harry Payne Whitney, American businessman and lawyer (d. 1930)
1872 – Forest Ray Moulton, American astronomer and academic (d. 1952)
1875 – Rafael Sabatini, Italian-English novelist and short story writer (d. 1950)
1879 – Thomas Beecham, English conductor (d. 1961)
1880 – Adolf Chybiński, Polish historian, musicologist and academic (d. 1952)
1882 – Auguste Herbin, French painter (d. 1960)
1882 – Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman, Dutch printer, typographer, and Nazi resister (d. 1945)
1885 – Egon Erwin Kisch, Czech journalist and author (d. 1948)
1887 – Robert Cushman Murphy, American ornithologist (d. 1973)
1888 – Michael Heidelberger, American immunologist (d. 1991)
1891 – Edward Wilfred Taylor, British businessman (d. 1980)
1893 – Harold Urey, American chemist and astronomer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
1894 – Marietta Blau, Austrian physicist and academic (d. 1970)
1895 – Vladimir Propp, Russian scholar and critic (d. 1970)
1895 – Malcolm Sargent, English organist, composer and conductor (d. 1967)
1898 – E. J. Bowen, British physical chemist (d. 1980)
1899 – Duke Ellington, American pianist, composer and bandleader (d. 1974)
1899 – Mary Petty, American illustrator (d. 1976)
1900 – Amelia Best, Australian politician (d. 1979) |
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