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Casa Milà | Building history | Building history |
Casa Milà | Architect | Architect
Antoni Gaudí i Cornet was born on June 25, 1852, in Catalonia, Spain. As a child, Gaudí's health was poor, suffering from rheumatism. Because of this, he was afforded lengthy periods of time resting at his summer house in Riudoms. Here he spent a large portion of his time outdoors, allowing him to deeply study nature. This would become one of the major influences in his architecture to come.
Gaudí was a very practical man and a craftsman at his core. In his work he followed impulses and turned creative plans into reality. His openness to embrace new styles combined with a vivid imagination helped mold new styles of architecture and consequently helped push the limits of construction. Today he is regarded as a pioneer of the modern architecture style.
In 1870, Gaudí moved to Barcelona to study architecture. He was an inconsistent student who showed flashes of brilliance. It took him eight years to graduate due to a mix of health complications, military service as well as other activities.
After completion of his education he became a prolific architect as well as designing gardens, sculptures and all other decorative arts. Gaudí's most famous works consisted of several buildings: Parque Güell; Palacio Güell; Casa Mila; Casa Vicens. He also is attributed for his work on the Crypt of La Sagrada Familia and the Nativity facade. Gaudí's work at the time was both admired and criticized for his bold, innovative solutions.
Gaudí was injured on June 7, 1926, when he was run over by a tram. He later died in the hospital due to his injuries on June 10, 1926, at the age of 73. A few years after his death, his fame became renowned by critics and the general public alike. |
Casa Milà | Building owners | Building owners
Casa Milà was built for Roser Segimón and her husband Pere Milà. Roser Segimón was the wealthy widow of Josep Guardiola, an Indiano or Americano, or former colonist returned from the Americas, who had made his fortune with a coffee plantation in Guatemala. Her second husband, Pere Milà, was a developer known for his flamboyant lifestyle. |
Casa Milà | Construction process | Construction process
thumb|left|200px|La Casa Milà being built
In 1905, Milà and Segimón married and on June 9, Roser Segimón bought a house with garden which occupied an area of 1,835 square meters, located on Paseo de Gracia, 92. In September, they commissioned Gaudí for building them a new house with the idea of living in the main floor and renting out the rest of the apartments. On February 2, 1906, the project was presented to the Barcelona City Council and the works began, demolishing the pre-existing building instead of reforming it, as in the case of the Casa Batlló.
The building was completed in December 1910 and the owner asked Gaudí to make a certificate to inhabit the main floor, which the City Council authorized in October 1911, and the couple moved in. On October 31, 1912, Gaudí issued the certificate stating that, in accordance with his plans and his direction, the work had been completed and the whole house was ready to be rented. |
Casa Milà | Critics and controversies | Critics and controversies
The building did not respect any rules of conventional style, for which Gaudí received much criticism. To begin with, the name "La Pedrera" is in fact a nickname assigned by the citizens who disapproved of its unusualness. The unique structure of the building and the relationship between the building's architect and Pere Milà became the object of ridicule for the people of Barcelona and many humorous publications of the time. |
Casa Milà | Catholic symbols | Catholic symbols
thumb|180px|A fragment from first drafts of the architectural plans from 1906, showing the sculptures mounted on the upper facade.
Gaudí, a Catholic and a devotee of the Virgin Mary, planned for the Casa Milà to be a spiritual symbol. Overt religious elements include an excerpt from the Rosary on the cornice and planned statues of Mary, specifically Our Lady of the Rosary, and two archangels, St. Michael and St. Gabriel.La Pedrera (Casa Milà, 1906–1910) Gaudiclub.com
However, the Casa Milà was not built entirely to Gaudí's specifications. The local government ordered the demolition of elements that exceeded the height standard for the city, and fined the Milàs for many infractions of building codes.Gaudí: A Biography; Gijs van Hensbergen; Harper Collins; pp. 214–216 After Semana Trágica, an outbreak of anticlericalism in the city, Milà prudently decided to forgo the religious statues. Gaudí contemplated abandoning the project but a priest persuaded him to continue. |
Casa Milà | Change of ownership | Change of ownership
thumb|left|Interior of Casa Milà in 1910
In 1940, Milà died. Segimon sold the property in 1946 for 18 million pesetas to Josep Ballvé i Pellisé, known for his department stores on , in partnership with the family of Pío Rubert Laporta. The Compañía Inmobiliaria Provenza, SA (CIPSA) was founded to administer the building.Huertas Claveria,... Roser Segimon continued to live on the main floor until her death in 1964.Cronologia de l'edifici a La Pedrera Educació
thumb|Casa Milà in 1914
The new owners divided the first floor facing into five apartments instead of the original two. In 1953, they commissioned to convert 13 rubbish-filled attic laundry rooms to street-facing apartments, leaving a communal hallway on the side facing the courtyards. Some of these two or three room apartments had a loft and were designed and furnished in a typical early 1950s style using brick, ceramic and wood. Items of furniture, such as the , were reminiscent of Eero Saarinen's work.Barba Corsini, F.J. Apartamentos en el desván de la Pedrera. Cuadernos de Arquitectura Núm. 22. Any: 1955
The insurance company Northern took over the main floor in 1966. By then, Casa Milà had housed a bingo hall, an academy and the offices of Cementos Molins and Inoxcrom among others. Maintenance costs were high and the owners had allowed the building to become dilapidated, causing stones to loosen in 1971. Josep Anton Comas made some emergency repairs, especially to the paintings in the courtyards, while respecting the original design.Hernàndez-Cros, Josep Emili (ed.). Catàleg del Patrimoni Arquitectònic Històrico-Artístic de la Ciutat de Barcelòna, Barcelona, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1987 |
Casa Milà | Restoration | Restoration
thumb|left|After being re-painted a dreary brown, the building's colors were restored in the 1980s
Gaudí's work was designated a historic and artistic monument on July 24, 1969. Casa Milà was in poor condition in the early 1980s. It had been painted a dreary brown and many of its interior color schemes had been abandoned or allowed to deteriorate, but it has been restored since including restoring many of the original colors.
In 1984, the building became part of a World Heritage Site encompassing some of Gaudí's works. The Barcelonan city council tried to rent the main floor as an office for the 1992 Olympic bid. Finally, the day before Christmas 1986, Caixa Catalunya bought La Pedrera for 900 million pesetas. On February 19, 1987, urgently needed work began on the restoration and cleaning of the façade. The work was done by the architects Joseph Emilio Hernández-Cros and Rafael Vila. The renovated main floor opened in 1990 as part of the Cultural Olympiad of Barcelona. The floor became an exhibition room with an example of modernism in the Eixample. |
Casa Milà | Design | Design
The building is 1,323 m2 per floor on a plot of 1,620 m2. Gaudí made the first sketches in his workshop in the Sagrada Família. He designed the house as a constant curve, both outside and inside, incorporating ruled geometry and naturalistic elements.
thumb|right|The courtyard
Casa Milà consists of two buildings, which are structured around two courtyards that provide light to the nine stories: basement, ground floor, mezzanine, main (or noble) floor, four upper floors, and an attic. The basement was intended to be the garage, the main floor the residence of the Milàs (a flat of all 1,323 m2), and the rest distributed over 20 apartments. The resulting layout is shaped like an asymmetrical "8" because of the different shapes and sizes of the courtyards. The attic housed the laundry and drying areas, forming an insulating space for the building and simultaneously determining the levels of the roof.
One of the most notable elements of the building is the roof, crowned with skylights, staircase exits, fans, and chimneys. All of these elements, constructed out of brick covered with lime, broken marble, or glass have a specific architectural function but are also real sculptures integrated into the building.
The apartments feature plastered ceilings with dynamic reliefs, handcrafted wooden doors, windows, and furniture, as well as hydraulic tiles and various ornamental elements.
The stairways were intended as service entries, with the main access to the apartments by elevator except for the noble floor, where Gaudí added a prominent interior staircase. Gaudí wanted the people who lived in the flats to all know each other. Therefore, there were only elevators on every other floor, so people on different floors would meet one another. |
Casa Milà | Structure | Structure
thumbnail|right|150px|CasaMila-Balcony, showing the self-supporting stone facade, also supported by curved iron beams
Casa Milà is characterized by its self-supporting stone facade, meaning that it is free of load-bearing walls. The facade connects to the internal structure of each floor by means of curved iron beams surrounding the perimeter of each floor. This construction system allows, on one hand, large openings in the facade which give light to the homes, and on the other, free structuring of the different levels, so that internal walls can be added and demolished without affecting the stability of the building. This allows the owners to change their minds at will and to modify, without problems, the interior layout of the homes.Descripció casa Milà a «any Gaudí» a l'Ajuntament de Barcelona |
Casa Milà | Constructive and decorative items | Constructive and decorative items |
Casa Milà | Facade | Facade
The facade is composed of large blocks of limestone from the Garraf Massif on the first floor and from the Villefranche quarry for the higher levels. The blocks were cut to follow the plot of the projection of the model, then raised to their location and adjusted to align in a continuous curve to the pieces around them.
The windows of La Pedrera are an integral part of the overall facade design. Gaudí made sure that the windows were of varying sizes, designed to optimize the amount of natural light that could enter the building.
Viewed from the outside the building has three parts: the main body of the six-storey blocks with winding stone floors, two floors set a block back with a different curve, similar to waves, a smoother texture and whiter color, and with small holes that look like embrasures, and finally the body of the roof.Permanyer, 1996....pàg. 150–166
Gaudí's original facade had some of its lower-level ironwork removed. In 1928, the tailor Mosella opened the first store in La Pedrera, and he eliminated the bars. This did not concern anyone, because in the middle of twentieth century, wrought ironwork had little importance. The ironwork was lost until a few years later, when Americans donated one of them to the MoMa, where it is on display.
With restoration initiatives launched in 1987, the facade was rejoined to some pieces of stone that had fallen. In order to respect the fidelity of the original, material was obtained from the Villefranche quarry, even though by then it was no longer operating. |
Casa Milà | Hall and courtyards | Hall and courtyards
The building uses a completely original solution to solve the issue of a lobby being too closed and dark. Its open and airy courtyards provide a place of transit and are directly visible to those accessing the building. There are two patios on the side of the Passeig de Gracia and of the street Provence.
Patios
thumb|right|240px|The patio
Patios, structurally, are key as supporting loads of interior facades. The floor of the courtyard is supported by pillars of cast iron. In the courtyard, there are traditional elliptical beams and girders but Gaudí applied an ingenious solution of using two concentric cylindrical beams with stretched radial beams, like the spokes of a bicycle. They form a point outside of the beam to two points above and below, making the function of the central girder a keystone and working in tension and compression simultaneously. This supported structure is twelve feet in diameter and is considered "the soul of the building" with a clear resemblance to Gothic crypts. The centerpiece was built in a shipyard by Josep Maria Carandell who copied a steering wheel, interpreting Gaudí's intent as to represent the helm of the ship of life.
Interior, gates
thumb|left|240px|Paintings cover the walls, with access protected by a giant iron gate
Access is protected by a massive iron gate with a design attributed to Jujol. It was originally used by both people and cars, as access to the garage is in the basement, now an auditorium.
The two halls are fully polychrome with oil paintings on the plaster surfaces, with eclectic references to mythology and flowers.
During construction there was a problem including a basement as a garage for cars, the new invention that was thrilling the bourgeois at the time. The future neighbor Felix Anthony Meadows, owner of Industrial Linera, requested a change because his Rolls-Royce could not access it. Gaudí agreed to remove a pillar on the ramp that led into the garage so that Felix, who was establishing sales and factory in Parets del Vallès, could go to both places with his car from La Pedrera.
For the floors of Casa Milà, Gaudí used a model of floor forms of square timbers with two colors, and the hydraulic pavement hexagonal pieces of blue and sea motifs that had originally been designed for the Batllo house. The wax was designed in gray by John Bertrand under the supervision of Gaudí who "touched up with their own fingers," in the words of the manufacturer Josep Bay.Bassegoda, 2003....pàg. 20 |
Casa Milà | Loft | Loft
thumb|right|150px|The attic
Like in Casa Batlló, Gaudí shows the application of the catenary arch as a support structure for the roof, a form which he had already used shortly after graduating in the wood frameworks of Mataró's cooperative known as "L'Obrera Mataronense." In this case, Gaudí used the Catalan technique of timbrel, imported from Italy in the fourteenth century.
The attic, where the laundry rooms were located, was a clear room under a Catalan vault roof supported by 270 parabolic vaults of different heights and spaced by about 80 cm. The roof resembles both the ribs of a huge animal and a palm, giving the roof-deck a very unconventional shape similar to a landscape of hills and valleys. The shape and location of the courtyards makes the arches higher when the space is narrowed and lower when the space expands.
The builder Bayó explained its construction: "First the face of a wide wall was filled with mortar and plastered. Then Canaleta indicated the opening of each arch and Bayó put a nail at each starting point of the arch at the top of the wall. From these nails was dangled a chain so that the lowest point coincided with the deflection of the arch. Then the profile displayed on the wall by the chain was drawn and on this profile the carpenter marked and placed the corresponding centering, and the timbrel vault was started with three rows of plane bricks. Gaudí wanted to add a longitudinal axis of bricks connecting all vaults at their keystones". |
Casa Milà | Roof and chimneys | Roof and chimneys
thumb|left|240px|Casa Milà roof architecture, chimneys known as espanta bruixes (witch scarers)
The work of Gaudí on the rooftop of La Pedrera brought his experience at Palau Güell together with solutions that were clearly more innovative – this time creating shapes and volumes with more body, more prominence, and less polychromasia.https://www.permanyer.com/345438/
On the rooftop there are six skylights/staircase exits (four of which were covered with broken pottery and some that ended in a double cross typical of Gaudí), twenty-eight chimneys in several groupings, two half-hidden vents whose function is to renew the air in the building, and four domes that discharged to the facade. The staircases also house the water tanks; some of which are snail-shaped.
The stepped roof of La Pedrera, called "the garden of warriors" by the poet Pere Gimferrer because the chimneys appear to be protecting the skylights, has undergone a radical restoration, removing chimneys added in interventions after Gaudí, television antennas, and other elements that degraded the space. The restoration brought back the splendor to the chimneys and the skylights that were covered with fragments of marble and broken Valencia tiles. One of the chimneys was topped with glass pieces – it was said that Gaudí did that the day after the inauguration of the building, taking advantage of the empty bottles from the party. It was restored with the bases of champagne bottles from the early twentieth century. The repair work has enabled the restoration of the original impact of the overhangs made of stone from Ulldecona with fragments of tiles. This whole set is more colorful than the facade, although here the creamy tones are dominant.Ruta del Modernisme . Ajuntament de Barcelona |
Casa Milà | Furniture | Furniture
thumb|left|180px|The building's inside decor (pictured in 2005) has been changed several times, both paint and furniture
thumb|right|240px|Furniture in 2008
Gaudí, as he had done in Casa Batlló, designed furniture specifically for the main floor. This was part of the concept artwork itself integral to modernism in which the architect assumed responsibility for global issues such as the structure and the facade, as well as every detail of the decor, designing furniture and accessories such as lamps, planters, floors or ceilings.
This was another point of friction with Segimon, who complained that there was no straight wall to place her Steinway piano. Gaudí's response was blunt: "So play the violin." The result of these disagreements has been the loss of the decorative legacy of Gaudí, as most of the furniture was removed due to climate change and the changes she made to the main floor when Gaudí died. Some remain in private collections, including a curtain made of oak 4 m. long by 1.96 m. high in the Museum of Catalan Modernism; and a chair and desktop of Milà.
Gaudí carved oak doors similar to what he had done for the Casa y Bardes, but these were only included on two floors as when Segimon discovered the price, she decided there would be no more at that quality. |
Casa Milà | Architecture | Architecture
thumb|Scale model at the Catalunya en Miniatura park
Casa Milà is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Works of Antoni Gaudí". It was a predecessor of some buildings with a similar biomorphic appearance:
the 1921 Einstein Tower in Potsdam, designed by Erich Mendelsohn
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan, New York, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France, designed by Le Corbusier
the Hundertwasserhaus and other works by Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser
Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, by Frank Gehry
Free exhibitions often are held on the first floor, which also provides some opportunity to see the interior design. There is a charge for entrance to the apartment on the fourth floor and the roof. The other floors are not open to visitors. |
Casa Milà | Constructive similarities | Constructive similarities
Gaudí's La Pedrera was inspired by a mountain, but there is no agreement as to which mountain was the reference model. Joan Bergós thought it was the rocks of Fray Guerau in Prades mountains. Joan Matamala thought that the model could have been St. Miquel del Fai, while the sculptor Vicente Vilarubias believed it was inspired by the cliffs Torrent Pareis in Menorca. Other options include the mountains of Uçhisar in Cappadocia, suggested by Juan Goytisolo, or Mola Gallifa, suggested by Louis Permanyer, based on the fact that Gaudí visited the area in 1885 to escape an outbreak of cholera in Barcelona.
Some people say that the interior layout of La Pedrera comes from studies that Gaudí made of medieval fortresses. This image is reinforced by the seeming appearance of the rooftop chimneys as "sentinels" with great helmets. The structure of the iron door in the lobby does not follow any symmetry, straight or repetitive pattern. Rather, it evokes bubbles of soap that are formed between the hands or the structures of a plant cell.CIRICI A. Barcelona pam a pam. Barcelona 1971 (7th ed. 1985) Ed. Teide |
Casa Milà | Criticism and controversy | Criticism and controversy
thumb|Casa Milà at night
The building's unconventional style made it the subject of much criticism. It was given the nickname "La Pedrera", meaning "the quarry". Casa Milà appeared in many satirical magazines. Joan Junceda presented it as a traditional "Easter cake" by means of cartoons in Patufet. Joaquim Garcia made a joke about the difficulty of setting the damask wrought iron balconies in his magazine. Homeowners in Passeig de Gracia became angry with Milà and ceased to greet him, arguing that the weird building by Gaudí would lower the price of land in the area. |
Casa Milà | Administrative problems | Administrative problems
Casa Milà also caused some administrative problems. In December 1907 the City Hall stopped work on the building because of a pillar which occupied part of the sidewalk, not respecting the alignment of facades. Again on August 17, 1908, more problems occurred when the building surpassed the predicted height and borders of its construction site by . The Council called for a fine of 100,000 pesetas (approximately 25% of the cost of work) or for the demolition of the attic and roof. The dispute was resolved a year and a half later, December 28, 1909, when the Commission certified that it was a monumental building and thus not required to have a 'strict compliance' with the bylaws. |
Casa Milà | Design competitions | Design competitions
The owner entered La Pedrera in the annual sponsored by the Barcelona City Council (Ayuntament). Other entries in the competition included two works by Sagnier (Calle Mallorca 264, and one on Corsica and Av. Diagonal), the by architect , and the , designed by . Although the most dramatic and clear favorite was Casa Milà, the jury opined that even though the facades were complete, "there's still a lot left to do before it's fully completed, finalized and in a perfect state of appreciation." The winner in 1910 was Samanillo Perez, for his building which now houses the headquarters of the Circulo Ecuestre. |
Casa Milà | Design disagreements | Design disagreements
Gaudí's relations with Segimon deteriorated during the construction and decoration of the house. There were many disagreements between them, one example being the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario, which Gaudí wanted as the statue on the front of the building in homage to the name of the owner, that the artist Carles Mani i Roig was to sculpt. The statue was not made although the words "Ave gratia M plena Dominus tecum" were written at the top of the facade. Continuing disagreements led Gaudí to take Milà to court over his fees. The lawsuit was won by Gaudí in 1916, and he gave the 105,000 pesetas he won in the case to charity, stating that "the principles mattered more than money." Milà was having to pay the mortgage.
After Gaudí's death in 1926, Segimon got rid of most of the furniture that Gaudí had designed and covered over parts of Gaudí's designs with new decorations in the style of Louis XVI. La Pedrera was acquired in 1986 by and when restoration was done four years later, some of the original decorations re-emerged.
When the Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Milàs were on vacation. Part of the building was collectivized by the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia; the Milàs fled the area with some artwork. |
Casa Milà | In media and literature | In media and literature
A scene in The Passenger (Italian: Professione: reporter), a film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Jack Nicholson and Maria Schneider, was filmed on the roof of the building.
A scene filmed on the roof in the 2008 film Vicky Cristina Barcelona, directed by Woody Allen.
A major part in the story "A murderer is born" in the novel Seiobo There Below by László Krasznahorkai happens here
Mentioned in the book by Eoin Colfer Artemis Fowl and the Lost Colony
Mentioned in the book by Trudi Alexy The Mezuzah in the Madonna's Foot
Mentioned in the 'Ballrooms and Biscotti' episode (season 4, episode 1) of Gilmore Girls
Several scenes in the film, Gaudi Afternoon
A scale model exhibited at the Catalunya en Miniatura park.
Featured in the music video for Deep Forest's song 'Sweet Lullaby'
The home of Edmond Kirsch in Dan Brown's novel Origin, the 5th book featuring Robert Langdon. |
Casa Milà | Gallery | Gallery |
Casa Milà | See also | See also
List of Gaudí buildings
List of Modernisme buildings in Barcelona |
Casa Milà | References | References
Rainer Zervst. Gaudí, 1852–1926, Antoni Gaudí i Cornet – A Life Devoted to Architecture. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH & Co. KG., 1988. p176. |
Casa Milà | External links | External links
La Pedrera Official Website
Works of Antoni Gaudí UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
Virtual tour
Immersive photographies of Casa Milà
Link pictures
La Casa Milà, furniture and decorative arts
Category:Visionary environments
Category:Buildings and structures in Barcelona
Category:Passeig de Gràcia
Category:World Heritage Sites in Catalonia
Category:Antoni Gaudí buildings
Category:Tourist attractions in Barcelona
Category:Apartment buildings in Spain
Category:Residential buildings completed in 1910
Category:Eixample
Category:Modernisme architecture in Barcelona
Category:Art Nouveau apartment buildings |
Casa Milà | Table of Content | Short description, Building history, Architect, Building owners, Construction process, Critics and controversies, Catholic symbols, Change of ownership, Restoration, Design, Structure, Constructive and decorative items, Facade, Hall and courtyards, Loft, Roof and chimneys, Furniture, Architecture, Constructive similarities, Criticism and controversy, Administrative problems, Design competitions, Design disagreements, In media and literature, Gallery, See also, References, External links |
Antiparticle | short description | thumb|alt=Diagram illustrating the particles and antiparticles of electron, neutron and proton, as well as their "size" (not to scale). It is easier to identify them by looking at the total mass of both the antiparticle and particle. On the left, from top to bottom, is shown an electron (small red dot), a proton (big blue dot), and a neutron (big dot, black in the middle, gradually fading to white near the edges). On the right, from top to bottom, are shown the anti electron (small blue dot), anti proton (big red dot) and anti neutron (big dot, white in the middle, fading to black near the edges).|Illustration of electric charge of particles (left) and antiparticles (right). From top to bottom; electron/positron, proton/antiproton, neutron/antineutron.
In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also known as an antielectron). While the electron has a negative electric charge, the positron has a positive electric charge, and is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay. The opposite is also true: the antiparticle of the positron is the electron.
Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. Otherwise, for each pair of antiparticle partners, one is designated as the normal particle (the one that occurs in matter usually interacted with in daily life). The other (usually given the prefix "anti-") is designated the antiparticle.
Particle–antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other, producing photons; since the charges of the particle and antiparticle are opposite, total charge is conserved. For example, the positrons produced in natural radioactive decay quickly annihilate themselves with electrons, producing pairs of gamma rays, a process exploited in positron emission tomography.
The laws of nature are very nearly symmetrical with respect to particles and antiparticles. For example, an antiproton and a positron can form an antihydrogen atom, which is believed to have the same properties as a hydrogen atom. This leads to the question of why the formation of matter after the Big Bang resulted in a universe consisting almost entirely of matter, rather than being a half-and-half mixture of matter and antimatter. The discovery of charge parity violation helped to shed light on this problem by showing that this symmetry, originally thought to be perfect, was only approximate. The question about how the formation of matter after the Big Bang resulted in a universe consisting almost entirely of matter remains an unanswered one, and explanations so far are not truly satisfactory, overall.
Because charge is conserved, it is not possible to create an antiparticle without either destroying another particle of the same charge (as is for instance the case when antiparticles are produced naturally via beta decay or the collision of cosmic rays with Earth's atmosphere), or by the simultaneous creation of both a particle and its antiparticle (pair production), which can occur in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Particles and their antiparticles have equal and opposite charges, so that an uncharged particle also gives rise to an uncharged antiparticle. In many cases, the antiparticle and the particle coincide: pairs of photons, Z0 bosons, mesons, and hypothetical gravitons and some hypothetical WIMPs all self-annihilate. However, electrically neutral particles need not be identical to their antiparticles: for example, the neutron and antineutron are distinct. |
Antiparticle | History | History |
Antiparticle | Experiment | Experiment
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber – a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas. The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the radius of curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field. Positrons, because of the direction that their paths curled, were at first mistaken for electrons travelling in the opposite direction. Positron paths in a cloud-chamber trace the same helical path as an electron but rotate in the opposite direction with respect to the magnetic field direction due to their having the same magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio but with opposite charge and, therefore, opposite signed charge-to-mass ratios.
The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then, the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerator experiments. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps. |
Antiparticle | Dirac hole theory | Dirac hole theory
Solutions of the Dirac equation contain negative energy quantum states. As a result, an electron could always radiate energy and fall into a negative energy state. Even worse, it could keep radiating infinite amounts of energy because there were infinitely many negative energy states available. To prevent this unphysical situation from happening, Dirac proposed that a "sea" of negative-energy electrons fills the universe, already occupying all of the lower-energy states so that, due to the Pauli exclusion principle, no other electron could fall into them. Sometimes, however, one of these negative-energy particles could be lifted out of this Dirac sea to become a positive-energy particle. But, when lifted out, it would leave behind a hole in the sea that would act exactly like a positive-energy electron with a reversed charge. These holes were interpreted as "negative-energy electrons" by Paul Dirac and mistakenly identified with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these "negative-energy electrons" turned out to be positrons, and not protons.
This picture implied an infinite negative charge for the universea problem of which Dirac was aware. Dirac tried to argue that we would perceive this as the normal state of zero charge. Another difficulty was the difference in masses of the electron and the proton. Dirac tried to argue that this was due to the electromagnetic interactions with the sea, until Hermann Weyl proved that hole theory was completely symmetric between negative and positive charges. Dirac also predicted a reaction + → + , where an electron and a proton annihilate to give two photons. Robert Oppenheimer and Igor Tamm, however, proved that this would cause ordinary matter to disappear too fast. A year later, in 1931, Dirac modified his theory and postulated the positron, a new particle of the same mass as the electron. The discovery of this particle the next year removed the last two objections to his theory.
Within Dirac's theory, the problem of infinite charge of the universe remains. Some bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle (only fermions do), hole theory does not work for them. A unified interpretation of antiparticles is now available in quantum field theory, which solves both these problems by describing antimatter as negative energy states of the same underlying matter field, i.e. particles moving backwards in time. |
Antiparticle | Elementary antiparticles | Elementary antiparticles
+AntiquarksGenerationNameSymbolSpinCharge (e)Mass (MeV/c2) Observed1up antiquark−Yesdown antiquark +Yes2charm antiquark−Yesstrange antiquark +Yes3top antiquark−Yesbottom antiquark +Yes
+AntileptonsGenerationNameSymbolSpinCharge (e)Mass (MeV/c2) Observed1positron +10.511Yeselectron antineutrino0Yes2antimuon +1105.7Yesmuon antineutrino0Yes3antitau +1Yestau antineutrino0Yes
+AntibosonsNameSymbolSpinCharge (e)Mass (GeV/c2) Interaction mediatedObservedanti W boson1 +1weak interactionYes |
Antiparticle | Composite antiparticles | Composite antiparticles
+ClassSubclassNameSymbolSpinCharge
(e)Mass (MeV/c2) Mass (kg)ObservedAntihadronAntibaryonAntiproton−1938.27208943(29)1.67262192595(52)×10−27YesAntineutron0939.56542194(48)?Yes |
Antiparticle | Particle–antiparticle annihilation | Particle–antiparticle annihilation
frame|alt=Feynman diagram of a kaon oscillation. A straight red line suddenly turns purple, showing a kaon changing into an antikaon. A medallion is show zooming in on the region where the line changes color. The medallion shows that the line is not straight, but rather that at the place the kaon changes into an antikaon, the red line breaks into two curved lines, corresponding the production of virtual pions, which rejoin into the violet line, corresponding to the annihilation of the virtual pions. |An example of a virtual pion pair that influences the propagation of a kaon, causing a neutral kaon to mix with the antikaon. This is an example of renormalization in quantum field theory – the field theory being necessary because of the change in particle number.
If a particle and antiparticle are in the appropriate quantum states, then they can annihilate each other and produce other particles. Reactions such as + → (the two-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair) are an example. The single-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair, + → , cannot occur in free space because it is impossible to conserve energy and momentum together in this process. However, in the Coulomb field of a nucleus the translational invariance is broken and single-photon annihilation may occur. The reverse reaction (in free space, without an atomic nucleus) is also impossible for this reason. In quantum field theory, this process is allowed only as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle. This opens the way for virtual pair production or annihilation in which a one particle quantum state may fluctuate into a two particle state and back. These processes are important in the vacuum state and renormalization of a quantum field theory. It also opens the way for neutral particle mixing through processes such as the one pictured here, which is a complicated example of mass renormalization. |
Antiparticle | Properties | Properties
Quantum states of a particle and an antiparticle are interchanged by the combined application of charge conjugation , parity and time reversal .
and are linear, unitary operators, is antilinear and antiunitary,
.
If denotes the quantum state of a particle with momentum and spin whose component in the z-direction is , then one has
where denotes the charge conjugate state, that is, the antiparticle. In particular a massive particle and its antiparticle transform under the same irreducible representation of the Poincaré group which means the antiparticle has the same mass and the same spin.
If , and
can be defined separately on the particles and antiparticles, then
where the proportionality sign indicates that there might be a phase on the right hand side.
As anticommutes with the charges, , particle and antiparticle have opposite electric charges q and -q. |
Antiparticle | Quantum field theory | Quantum field theory
This section draws upon the ideas, language and notation of canonical quantization of a quantum field theory.
One may try to quantize an electron field without mixing the annihilation and creation operators by writing
where we use the symbol k to denote the quantum numbers p and σ of the previous section and the sign of the energy, E(k), and ak denotes the corresponding annihilation operators. Of course, since we are dealing with fermions, we have to have the operators satisfy canonical anti-commutation relations. However, if one now writes down the Hamiltonian
then one sees immediately that the expectation value of H need not be positive. This is because E(k) can have any sign whatsoever, and the combination of creation and annihilation operators has expectation value 1 or 0.
So one has to introduce the charge conjugate antiparticle field, with its own creation and annihilation operators satisfying the relations
where k has the same p, and opposite σ and sign of the energy. Then one can rewrite the field in the form
where the first sum is over positive energy states and the second over those of negative energy. The energy becomes
where E0 is an infinite negative constant. The vacuum state is defined as the state with no particle or antiparticle, i.e., and . Then the energy of the vacuum is exactly E0. Since all energies are measured relative to the vacuum, H is positive definite. Analysis of the properties of ak and bk shows that one is the annihilation operator for particles and the other for antiparticles. This is the case of a fermion.
This approach is due to Vladimir Fock, Wendell Furry and Robert Oppenheimer. If one quantizes a real scalar field, then one finds that there is only one kind of annihilation operator; therefore, real scalar fields describe neutral bosons. Since complex scalar fields admit two different kinds of annihilation operators, which are related by conjugation, such fields describe charged bosons. |
Antiparticle | Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation <!--'[[Feynman–Stueckelberg interpretation]]', '[[Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation]]', '[[Stueckelberg–Feynman interpretation]]', '[[Stueckelberg-Feynman interpretation]]', '[[Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation]]', '[[Feynman-Stückelberg interpretation]]', '[[Stückelberg–Feynman interpretation]]', and '[[Stückelberg-Feynman interpretation]]' redirect here--> | Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation
By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stückelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q. This allowed him to rewrite perturbation theory precisely in the form of diagrams. Richard Feynman later gave an independent systematic derivation of these diagrams from a particle formalism, and they are now called Feynman diagrams. Each line of a diagram represents a particle propagating either backward or forward in time. In Feynman diagrams, anti-particles are shown traveling backwards in time relative to normal matter, and vice versa. This technique is the most widespread method of computing amplitudes in quantum field theory today.
Since this picture was first developed by Stückelberg,Stückelberg, Ernst (1941), "La signification du temps propre en mécanique ondulatoire." Helv. Phys. Acta 14, pp. 322–323. and acquired its modern form in Feynman's work, it is called the Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation of antiparticles to honor both scientists. |
Antiparticle | See also | See also
List of particles
Antimatter
Gravitational interaction of antimatter
Parity, charge conjugation, and time reversal symmetry
CP violations
Quantum field theory
Baryogenesis, baryon asymmetry, and Leptogenesis
One-electron universe
Paul Dirac |
Antiparticle | Notes | Notes |
Antiparticle | References | References |
Antiparticle | External links | External links
Antimatter at CERN
Category:Subatomic particles
Category:Quantum field theory
Antimatter
Category:Particle physics |
Antiparticle | Table of Content | short description, History, Experiment, Dirac hole theory, Elementary antiparticles, Composite antiparticles, Particle–antiparticle annihilation, Properties, Quantum field theory, Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation <!--'[[Feynman–Stueckelberg interpretation]]', '[[Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation]]', '[[Stueckelberg–Feynman interpretation]]', '[[Stueckelberg-Feynman interpretation]]', '[[Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation]]', '[[Feynman-Stückelberg interpretation]]', '[[Stückelberg–Feynman interpretation]]', and '[[Stückelberg-Feynman interpretation]]' redirect here-->, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Arabian Prince | Short description | Kim Renard Nazel (born June 17, 1965), better known by his stage names Arabian Prince or Professor X, is an American rapper and record producer. He was a founding member of N.W.A and contributed to a few tracks from N.W.A. and the Posse (1987) and their debut studio album Straight Outta Compton (1989), the latter of which was released shortly after he left the group. |
Arabian Prince | Early life | Early life
Nazel was born in Compton, California, to the son of Joseph "Skippy" Nazel Jr., an African American author and radio talk show host. His musical background came from his mother, a piano teacher and classical musician. His family tried its best to shelter him, sending him to a Catholic school and keeping him busy with football to keep him away from the gangs. The younger Nazel got his first experience with making music at the radio station his father hosted his talk show on; Nazel used the radio station's equipment to put together mixtapes that he would sell at school. Nazel went on to graduate from Junípero Serra High School in nearby Gardena. |
Arabian Prince | Music career | Music career
Nazel took the stage name of DJ Prince and started selling mixtapes at school. While working at a Petshop at a Lennox California Mall, its owner, Sam Nassif, asked him to DJ a party at a community dance hall. He kept performing there for several weekends and the success persuaded Nassif to invest even more in the place, renaming it "The Cave",(And Later "The Basement") where Nazel would continue to host for over three years and even after his N.W.A days. Nassif also funded DJ Prince's first record, "Strange Life".
He changed his stage name when he was 15 years old at the Skateland USA, the same skating venue credited for launching N.W.A a few years later, due to a fan's suggestion. He said about his name:
Arabian Prince started working with Bobby Jimmy & the Critters in 1984. He also produced the hit single and album for J.J. Fad, "Supersonic".
In 1987, he was a founding member of N.W.A, helping with production on some tracks and appearing as a vocalist on "Panic Zone" from N.W.A. and the Posse (1987) and the last track off the group's debut studio album Straight Outta Compton (1989), "Something 2 Dance 2", a relatively radio-friendly song which was also removed from later pressings of the album due to a dispute. Arabian Prince left N.W.A in late 1988, shortly before the release of Straight Outta Compton, over royalty and contract disagreements. "I started off as a solo artist", he said, "so I was aware of what a royalty statement was. I knew that when these many records were sold, there is a quarterly statement. When you look at it, you can see how much money was paid and then share it. This was not the case. We were also never paid for touring." Eazy-E, Ice Cube and MC Ren remained as the main performers, DJ Yella was the turntablist and Dr. Dre was the main producer.
After leaving N.W.A, Arabian Prince began a solo career. His first album, Brother Arab, was released in 1989 with the single "She's Got A Big Posse"; Where's My Bytches followed in 1993.
In the mid-2000s, he started releasing music again, with his Professor X project on the Dutch label Clone Records. "I could not release the record under Arabian Prince", he said, "because I already had a single out, so I called myself Professor X on that record." In 2007, he performed as a DJ on the 2K Sports Holiday Bounce Tour with artists from the Stones Throw label. In 2008, Stones Throw released a compilation of his electro-rap material from the 1980s. One of his songs was included on the 2007 video game, College Hoops 2K8.
In 2015, a biopic about N.W.A. titled Straight Outta Compton was released; however, Arabian Prince was not portrayed in the film. After the release film, Prince said to VladTV: "A lot of the scenes in real life, I was there—I'm just not there in the film, which I'm like, if you're gonna write me out of a movie, shoot some other scenes. Don't write scenes where I was there." Some of the pivotal scenes would be choosing the name for the band, the tour and the infamous Detroit concert. He also remembers himself as the main opposer to Jerry Heller about the royalties and the money, a role that in the film was instead given to Ice Cube.
The following year, N.W.A. was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but again, Arabian Prince was not included nor mentioned.
In 2018, Arabian Prince appeared on the AmeriKKKant album of industrial-metal band Ministry. He made a second appearance on Ministry's 2021 album Moral Hygiene. |
Arabian Prince | Other ventures | Other ventures
Aside from his music career, he worked in special effects, 3D animation and video games. |
Arabian Prince | Discography | Discography |
Arabian Prince | Solo | Solo
Strange Life (Rapsur, 1984)
It Ain’t Tough (Rapsur, 1985)
Take You Home Girl / Innovator (Rapsur, 1985)
Situation Hot (Street Kut, 1986)
Freak City (Macola, 1986)
Professor X (Saga) (Techno Kut, 1989)
Brother Arab (Orpheus, 1989)
Where's My Bytches (Da Bozak, 1993)
Simple Planet / Beatdabeat (Stones Throw, 2008) |
Arabian Prince | Compilations | Compilations
Situation Hot (Macola, 1990)
Innovative Life: The Anthology, 1984–1989 (Stones Throw, 2008)
Professor X (Clone, 2007/2008) |
Arabian Prince | With Bobby Jimmy and the Critters | With Bobby Jimmy and the Critters
Ugly Knuckle Butt (1985)
Roaches: The Beginning (1986)
Back and Proud (1987) |
Arabian Prince | With N.W.A | With N.W.A
"Panic Zone" (single) (1987)
N.W.A. and the Posse (1987)
Straight Outta Compton (1989) |
Arabian Prince | References | References |
Arabian Prince | External links | External links
Interview with Arabian Prince & Biography on westcoastpioneers
August 2008 Interview with L.A. Record
Arabian Prince RBMA lecture
Arabian Prince: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse? at Phoenix New Times
DJ Arabian Prince Interview at NAMM Oral History Library (2020)
Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American male rappers
Category:20th-century American male rappers
Category:Musicians from Compton, California
Category:N.W.A members
Category:Ruthless Records artists
Category:20th-century American rappers
Category:21st-century American rappers
Category:American hip-hop singers
Category:African-American male singer-songwriters
Category:American male singer-songwriters
Category:American electro musicians
Category:Gangsta rappers
Category:Rappers from Los Angeles
Category:20th-century African-American male singers
Category:West Coast hip-hop musicians
Category:20th-century American male singers
Category:20th-century American singers
Category:21st-century African-American male singers
Category:21st-century American male singers
Category:Singer-songwriters from California
Category:American special effects people |
Arabian Prince | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Music career, Other ventures, Discography, Solo, Compilations, With Bobby Jimmy and the Critters, With N.W.A, References, External links |
August 7 | pp-pc1 | |
August 7 | Events | Events |
August 7 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.John of Antioch, Historia chronike, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, , p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople.
768 – Pope Stephen III is elected to office, and quickly seeks Frankish protection against the Lombard threat, since the Byzantine Empire is no longer able to help.
936 – Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.
1461 – The Ming dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
1479 – Battle of Guinegate: French troops of King Louis XI were defeated by the Burgundians led by Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg. |
August 7 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1679 – The brigantine Le Griffon becomes the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America.
1714 – The Battle of Gangut: The first important victory of the Russian Navy.
1743 – The Treaty of Åbo ended the 1741–1743 Russo-Swedish War.Shirokorad A.B. Northern Wars of Russia. Moscow, 2001 (in Russian)Merovuo, Jenni. "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 66.4 (2017): pp. 283-293.
1782 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart.
1786 – The first federal Indian Reservation is created by the United States.
1789 – The United States Department of War is established.
1791 – American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War.
1794 – U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
1819 – Simón Bolívar triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá.
1858 – The first Australian rules football match is played between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College. p303.
1890 – Anna Månsdotter, found guilty of the 1889 Yngsjö murder, became the last woman to be executed in Sweden. |
August 7 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1909 – Alice Huyler Ramsey and three friends become the first women to complete a transcontinental auto trip, taking 59 days to travel from New York, New York to San Francisco, California.
1927 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.
1930 – The last confirmed lynching of black people in the Northern United States occurs in Marion, Indiana; two men, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, are killed.
1933 – The Kingdom of Iraq slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Simele. This date is recognized as Martyrs Day or National Day of Mourning by the Assyrian community in memory of the Simele massacre.
1942 – World War II: The Battle of Guadalcanal begins as the United States Marines initiate the first American offensive of the war with landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands.
1944 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
1946 – The government of the Soviet Union presented a note to its Turkish counterparts which refuted the latter's sovereignty over the Turkish Straits, thus beginning the Turkish Straits crisis.
1947 – Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft, the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day, journey across the Pacific Ocean in an attempt to prove that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America.(pdf )
1947 – The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
1959 – Explorer program: Explorer 6 launches from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1960 – Ivory Coast becomes independent from France.
1962 – Canadian-born American pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey is awarded the U.S. President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service for her refusal to authorize thalidomide..
1964 – Vietnam War: The U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces.
1969 – Richard Nixon appoints Luis R. Bruce, a Mohawk-Oglala Sioux and co-founder of the National Congress of American Indians, as the new commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
1970 – California judge Harold Haley is taken hostage in his courtroom and killed during an effort to free George Jackson from police custody.
1974 – Philippe Petit performs a high wire act between the twin towers of the World Trade Center in the air.
1976 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters orbit around Mars.
1978 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter declares a federal emergency at Love Canal due to toxic waste that had been disposed of negligently.
1981 – The Washington Star ceases all operations after 128 years of publication.
1985 – Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts.
1987 – Cold War: Lynne Cox becomes the first person to swim from the United States to the Soviet Union, crossing the Bering Strait from Little Diomede Island in Alaska to Big Diomede in the Soviet Union.
1989 – U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
1990 – First American soldiers arrive in Saudi Arabia as part of the Gulf War.
1993 – Ada Deer, a Menominee activist, is sworn in as the head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
1995 – The Chilean government declares state of emergency in the southern half of the country in response to an event of intense, cold, wind, rain and snowfall known as the White Earthquake.
1997 – Space Shuttle Program: The Space Shuttle Discovery launches on STS-85 from the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1997 – Fine Air Flight 101 crashes after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing five people.
1998 – Bombings at United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya kill approximately 212 people.
1999 – The Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades neighboring Dagestan.
2007 – At AT&T Park, Barry Bonds hits his 756th career home run to surpass Hank Aaron's 33-year-old record.
2008 – The start of the Russo-Georgian War over the territory of South Ossetia.
2020 – Air India Express Flight 1344 overshoots the runway at Calicut International Airport in the Malappuram district of Kerala, India, and crashes, killing 21 of the 190 people on board. |
August 7 | Births | Births |
August 7 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
317 – Constantius II, Roman emperor (d. 361)
1282 – Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (d. 1316)
1533 – Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish soldier and poet (d. 1595)
1560 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian aristocrat and purported serial killer (d. 1614)
1571 – Thomas Lupo, English viol player and composer (d. 1627)
1574 – Robert Dudley, English explorer and cartographer (d. 1649)
1598 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet and linguist (d. 1672) |
August 7 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1613 – William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Dutch stadtholder (d. 1664)
1702 – Muhammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1748)
1726 – James Bowdoin, American banker and politician, 2nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1790)
1742 – Nathanael Greene, American general (d. 1786)
1751 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (d. 1820)
1779 – Carl Ritter, German geographer and academic (d. 1859)
1826 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889)
1844 – Auguste Michel-Lévy, French geologist and author (d. 1911)
1862 – Henri Le Sidaner, French painter (d. 1939)
1862 – Victoria of Baden (d. 1931)
1867 – Emil Nolde, Danish-German painter and illustrator (d. 1956)
1868 – Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian-German economist and statistician (d. 1931)
1868 – Huntley Wright, English actor (d. 1941)
1869 – Mary Frances Winston, American mathematician (d. 1959)
1876 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (d. 1917)
1879 – Johannes Kotze, South African cricketer (d. 1931)
1884 – Billie Burke, American actress and singer (d. 1970)
1884 – Nikolai Triik, Estonian painter and illustrator (d. 1940)
1887 – Anna Elisabet Weirauch, German author and playwright (d. 1970)
1890 – Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, American author and activist (d. 1964) |
August 7 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Ann Harding, American actress and singer (d. 1981)
1903 – Louis Leakey, Kenyan-English palaeontologist and archaeologist (d. 1972)
1904 – Ralph Bunche, American political scientist, academic, and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
1907 – Albert Kotin, Belarusian-American soldier and painter (d. 1980)
1911 – István Bibó, Hungarian lawyer and politician (d. 1979)
1911 – Nicholas Ray, American director and screenwriter (d. 1979)
1916 – Kermit Love, American actor, puppeteer, and costume designer (d. 2008)
1918 – C. Buddingh', Dutch poet and translator (d. 1985)
1918 – Gordon Zahn, American sociologist and author (d. 2007)
1921 – Manitas de Plata, French guitarist (d. 2014)
1921 – Karel Husa, Czech-American composer and conductor (d. 2016)
1925 – Felice Bryant, American songwriter (d. 2003)
1926 – Stan Freberg, American puppeteer, voice actor, and singer (d. 2015)
1927 – Edwin Edwards, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2021)
1928 – Betsy Byars, American author and academic (d. 2020)
1928 – Owen Luder, English architect, designed Tricorn Centre and Trinity Square (d. 2021)
1928 – James Randi, Canadian-American stage magician and author (d. 2020)
1929 – Don Larsen, American baseball player (d. 2020)
1930 – Togrul Narimanbekov, Azerbaijani-French painter and academic (d. 2013)
1930 – Veljo Tormis, Estonian composer and educator (d. 2017)
1932 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian runner (d. 1973)
1932 – Edward Hardwicke, English actor (d. 2011)
1932 – Rien Poortvliet, Dutch painter and illustrator (d. 1995)
1932 – Maurice Rabb, Jr., American ophthalmologist and academic (d. 2005)
1933 – Eddie Firmani, South African footballer and manager
1933 – Elinor Ostrom, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
1933 – Jerry Pournelle, American journalist and author (d. 2017)
1933 – Alberto Romulo, Filipino politician and diplomat
1934 – Sándor Simó, Hungarian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001)
1935 – Lee Corso, American college football coach and broadcaster
1935 – Rahsaan Roland Kirk, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1977)
1937 – Zoltán Berczik, Hungarian table tennis player and coach (d. 2011)
1937 – Don Wilson, English cricketer and coach (d. 2012)
1938 – Giorgetto Giugiaro, Italian automotive designer
1940 – Jean-Luc Dehaene, French-Belgian lawyer and politician, 63rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014)
1940 – Uwe Nettelbeck, German record producer, journalist and film critic (d. 2007)
1941 – Matthew Evans, Baron Evans of Temple Guiting, English publisher and politician (d. 2016)
1942 – Garrison Keillor, American humorist, novelist, short story writer, and radio host
1942 – Carlos Monzón, Argentinian boxer and actor (d. 1995)
1942 – Caetano Veloso, Brazilian singer-songwriter, writer and producer
1942 – Richard Sykes, English biochemist and academic
1942 – B. J. Thomas, American singer (d. 2021)
1943 – Mohammed Badie, Egyptian religious leader
1943 – Lana Cantrell, Australian singer-songwriter and lawyer
1943 – Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
1944 – John Glover, American actor
1944 – Robert Mueller, American soldier and lawyer, 6th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
1945 – Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor and director (d. 2014)
1945 – Alan Page, American football player and jurist
1947 – Franciscus Henri, Dutch-Australian singer-songwriter
1947 – Sofia Rotaru, Ukrainian singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
1948 – Marty Appel, American businessman and author
1948 – Greg Chappell, Australian cricketer and coach
1949 – Walid Jumblatt, Lebanese journalist and politician
1949 – Matthew Parris, South African-English journalist and politician
1950 – Rodney Crowell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1950 – Alan Keyes, American politician and diplomat, 16th Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs
1950 – S. Thandayuthapani, Sri Lankan educator and politician
1952 – Caroline Aaron, American actress and producer
1952 – Eamonn Darcy, Irish golfer
1952 – Kees Kist, Dutch footballer
1952 – Alexei Sayle, English comedian, actor, and author
1953 – Anne Fadiman, American journalist and author
1954 – Valery Gazzaev, Russian footballer, manager and politician
1954 – Jonathan Pollard, Israeli spy
1954 – Alan Reid, Scottish politician
1955 – Wayne Knight, American actor, comedian and voice actor
1955 – Greg Nickels, American lawyer and politician, 51st Mayor of Seattle
1955 – Vladimir Sorokin, Russian author and playwright
1957 – Daire Brehan, Irish journalist, lawyer, and actress (d. 2012)
1957 – Alexander Dityatin, Russian gymnast and colonel
1958 – Russell Baze, Canadian-American jockey
1958 – Bruce Dickinson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1958 – Alberto Salazar, Cuban-American runner and coach
1959 – Koenraad Elst, Belgian orientalist and author
1959 – Ali Shah, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach
1960 – David Duchovny, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1961 – Brian Conley, English actor and singer
1961 – Yelena Davydova, Russian gymnast
1961 – Walter Swinburn, English jockey and trainer (d. 2016)
1961 – Carlos Vives, Colombian singer, songwriter, and actorbiografías.es
1962 – Alison Brown, American banjo player, songwriter, and producer
1963 – Paul Dunn, Australian rugby league player
1963 – Nick Gillespie, American journalist and author
1963 – Marcus Roberts, American pianist and educator
1964 – John Birmingham, English-Australian journalist and author
1964 – Ian Dench, English guitarist and songwriter
1964 – Peter Niven, Scottish jockey
1965 – Raul Malo, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1965 – Elizabeth Manley, Canadian figure skater
1966 – David Cairns, Scottish laicised priest and politician, Minister of State for Scotland (d. 2011)
1966 – Shobna Gulati, British actress
1966 – Kristin Hersh, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1966 – Jimmy Wales, American-British entrepreneur, co-founder of Wikipedia
1967 – Jason Grimsley, American baseball player
1968 – Francesca Gregorini, Italian-American director and screenwriter
1968 – Trevor Hendy, Australian surfer and coach
1968 – Sophie Lee, Australian actress and author
1969 – Markus Bundi, Swiss writer
1969 – Paul Lambert, Scottish footballer and manager
1969 – Dana G. Peleg, Israeli writer and LGBT activist
1970 – Eric Namesnik, American swimmer (d. 2006)
1971 – Dominic Cork, England cricketer and sportscaster
1971 – Rachel York, American actress and singer
1972 – Gerry Peñalosa, Filipino boxer and promoter
1973 – Mikhail Gorsheniov, Russian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
1973 – Danny Graves, Vietnamese-American baseball player
1973 – Kevin Muscat, English-Australian footballer, coach, and manager
1974 – Chico Benymon, American actor
1974 – Michael Shannon, American actor
1975 – Koray Candemir, Turkish singer-songwriter
1975 – Gerard Denton, Australian cricketer
1975 – Megan Gale, Australian model and actress
1975 – Ray Hill, American football player (d. 2015)
1975 – Rebecca Kleefisch, American journalist and politician, 44th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
1975 – Édgar Rentería, Colombian baseball player
1975 – Charlize Theron, South African actress
1976 – Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Greek footballer and manager
1976 – Shane Lechler, American football player
1977 – Charlotte Ronson, English fashion designer
1977 – Samantha Ronson, English singer-songwriter and DJ
1977 – Justin Brooker, Rugby League Player
1978 – Alexandre Aja, French director, producer, and screenwriter
1978 – Jamey Jasta, American singer-songwriter
1978 – Mark McCammon, English-Barbadian footballer
1978 – Cirroc Lofton, American actor
1979 – Eric Johnson, American actor, director, and screenwriter
1979 – Miguel Llera, Spanish footballer
1979 – Birgit Zotz, Austrian anthropologist and author
1980 – Carsten Busch, German footballer
1980 – Aurélie Claudel, French model and actress
1980 – Tácio Caetano Cruz Queiroz, Brazilian footballer
1980 – Seiichiro Maki, Japanese footballer
1981 – David Testo, American soccer player
1981 – Randy Wayne, American actor and producer
1982 – Ángeles Balbiani, Argentine actress and singer
1982 – Abbie Cornish, Australian actress
1982 – Juan Martín Hernández, Argentine rugby player
1982 – Marquise Hill, American football player (d. 2007)
1982 – Vassilis Spanoulis, Greek basketball player
1982 – Martin Vučić, Macedonian singer and drummer
1983 – Christian Chávez, Mexican singer-songwriter and actor
1983 – Murat Dalkılıç, Turkish singer-songwriter
1983 – Danny, Portuguese footballer
1983 – Andriy Hrivko, Ukrainian cyclist
1983 – Mark Pettini, English cricketer and journalist
1984 – Stratos Perperoglou, Greek basketball player
1984 – Tooba Siddiqui, Pakistani model and actress
1984 – Yun Hyon-seok, South Korean poet and author (d. 2003)
1986 – Paul Biedermann, German swimmer
1986 – Valter Birsa, Slovenian footballer
1986 – Altaír Jarabo, Mexican model and actress
1986 – Juan de la Rosa, Mexican boxer
1987 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player
1987 – Mustapha Dumbuya, Sierra Leonean footballer
1987 – Ryan Lavarnway, American baseball player
1987 – Rouven Sattelmaier, German footballer
1988 – Jonathan Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player
1988 – Mohamed Coulibaly, Senegalese footballer
1988 – Anisa Mohammed, West Indian cricketer
1988 – Melody Oliveria, American blogger
1988 – Erik Pieters, Dutch footballer
1988 – Beanie Wells, American football player
1989 – DeMar DeRozan, American basketball player
1990 – Jake Allen, Canadian ice hockey player
1990 – Josh Franceschi, English singer-songwriter
1991 – Luis Salom, Spanish motorcycle racer (d. 2016)
1991 – Mitchell te Vrede, Dutch footballer
1992 – Adam Yates, English cyclist
1992 – Simon Yates, English cyclist
1992 – Wout Weghorst, Dutch footballer
1993 – Francesca Eastwood, American actress and television personality
1993 – Martti Nõmme, Estonian ski jumper
1993 – Karol Zalewski, Polish sprinter
1996 – Dani Ceballos, Spanish footballer
1997 – Matty Cash, Polish footballer
1997 – Kyler Murray, American football player
1998 – Vladimir Barbu, Italian diver
1998 – María Belén Bazo, Peruvian windsurfer
1998 – Jalen Hurts, American football player
1999 – Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone, American hurdler and sprinter
2000 – Lauren Hemp, English footballer |
August 7 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 7 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
461 – Majorian, Roman emperor (b. 420)
707 – Li Chongjun, Chinese prince
1028 – Alfonso V, king of León (b. 994)
1106 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1050)
1234 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. c. 1155)
1272 – Richard Middleton, English Lord Chancellor
1296 – Heinrich II von Rotteneck, prince-bishop of Regensburg
1385 – Joan of Kent, mother of Richard II (b. 1328)
1485 – Alexander Stewart, duke of Albany (b. 1454)
1547 – Cajetan, Italian priest and saint (b. 1480) |
August 7 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1613 – Thomas Fleming, English judge and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1544)
1616 – Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect, designed Teatro Olimpico (b. 1548)
1632 – Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford, English soldier (b. 1575)
1635 – Friedrich Spee, German poet and academic (b. 1591)
1639 – Martin van den Hove, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (b. 1605)
1661 – Jin Shengtan, Chinese journalist and critic (b. 1608)
1787 – Francis Blackburne, English Anglican churchman and activist (b. 1705)
1817 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French economist and politician (b. 1739)
1834 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French weaver and inventor, invented the Jacquard loom (b. 1752)
1848 – Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Swedish chemist and academic (b. 1779)
1855 – Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 19th President of Mexico (b. 1802)
1864 – Li Xiucheng, Chinese field marshal (b. 1823)
1893 – Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer and academic (b. 1854)
1899 – Jacob Maris, Dutch painter and educator (b. 1837)
1900 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German lawyer and politician (b. 1826) |
August 7 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1912 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss limnologist and academic (b. 1841)
1917 – Edwin Harris Dunning, South African-English commander and pilot (b. 1891)
1938 – Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director (b. 1863)
1941 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
1948 – Charles Bryant, English-American actor and director (b. 1879)
1953 – Abner Powell, American baseball player and manager (b. 1860)
1957 – Oliver Hardy, American actor, singer, and director (b. 1892)
1958 – Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, American author and educator (b. 1892)
1960 – Luis Ángel Firpo, Argentine boxer (b. 1894)
1963 – Ramon Vila Capdevila, last of the Spanish Maquis, holding out after the end of the Spanish Civil War (b. 1908)
1968 – Giovanni Bracco, Italian race car driver (b. 1908)
1969 – Jean Bastien, French professional footballer (b. 1915)
1969 – Joseph Kosma, Hungarian-French composer (b. 1905)
1970 – Harold Haley, American lawyer and judge (b. 1904)
1970 – Jonathan P. Jackson, American bodyguard and kidnapper (b. 1953)
1972 – Joi Lansing, American model, actress, and singer (b. 1929)
1973 – Jack Gregory, Australian cricketer (b. 1895)
1974 – Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet and author (b. 1925)
1974 – Sylvio Mantha, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1902)
1978 – Eddie Calvert, English trumpeter (b. 1922)
1981 – Gunnar Uusi, Estonian chess player (b. 1931)
1985 – Grayson Hall, American actress (b. 1922)
1987 – Camille Chamoun, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 7th President of Lebanon (b. 1900)
1989 – Mickey Leland, American lawyer and politician (b. 1944)
1994 – Larry Martyn, English actor (b. 1934)
1995 – Brigid Brophy, English author and critic (b. 1929)
2001 – Algirdas Lauritėnas, Lithuanian basketball player (b. 1932)
2003 – K. D. Arulpragasam, Sri Lankan zoologist and academic (b. 1931)
2003 – Mickey McDermott, American baseball player and coach (b. 1929)
2004 – Red Adair, American firefighter (b. 1915)
2004 – Colin Bibby, English ornithologist and academic (b. 1948)
2005 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American journalist and author (b. 1938)
2005 – Ester Šimerová-Martinčeková, Slovak painter (b. 1909)
2006 – Mary Anderson Bain, American lawyer and politician (b. 1911)
2007 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, and producer (b. 1917)
2007 – Angus Tait, New Zealand businessman, founded Tait Communications (b. 1919)
2008 – Bernie Brillstein, American talent agent and producer (b. 1931)
2008 – Andrea Pininfarina, Italian engineer and businessman (b. 1957)
2009 – Louis E. Saavedra, American educator and politician, 48th Mayor of Albuquerque (b. 1933)
2009 – Mike Seeger, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)
2010 – John Nelder, English mathematician and statistician (b. 1924)
2011 – Mark Hatfield, American soldier, academic, and politician, 29th Governor of Oregon (b. 1922)
2011 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain and spy (b. 1912)
2012 – Murtuz Alasgarov, Azerbaijani academic and politician, Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (b. 1928)
2012 – Judith Crist, American critic and academic (b. 1922)
2012 – Vladimir Kobzev, Russian footballer and coach (b. 1959)
2012 – Anna Piaggi, Italian journalist and author (b. 1931)
2012 – Mayer Zald, American sociologist and academic (b. 1931)
2012 – Dušan Zbavitel, Czech indologist and author (b. 1925)
2013 – Samuel G. Armistead, American linguist, historian, and academic (b. 1927)
2013 – Almir Kayumov, Russian footballer (b. 1964)
2013 – Anthony Pawson, English-Canadian biologist, chemist, and academic (b. 1952)
2013 – Margaret Pellegrini, American actress and dancer (b. 1923)
2013 – Meeli Truu, Estonian architect (b. 1946)
2013 – Alexander Yagubkin, Russian boxer (b. 1961)
2014 – Víctor Fayad, Argentine lawyer and politician (b. 1955)
2014 – Perry Moss, American football player and coach (b. 1926)
2014 – Henry Stone, American record producer (b. 1921)
2015 – Manuel Contreras, Chilean general (b. 1929)
2015 – Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist and physician (b. 1914)
2015 – Louise Suggs, American golfer, co-founded LPGA (b. 1923)
2016 – Bryan Clauson, American racing driver (b. 1989)
2017 – Don Baylor, American baseball player (b. 1949)
2017 – David Maslanka, American composer (b. 1943)
2018 – M. Karunanidhi, Indian politician, former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and prominent leader of Tamils (b. 1924)
2018 – Stan Mikita, Slovak hockey player (b. 1940)
2019 – David Berman, American musician, singer, poet and cartoonist (b. 1967)
2020 – Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (b. 1931)
2021 – Markie Post, American actress (b. 1950)
2021 – Trevor Moore, American comedian (b. 1980)
2022 – David McCullough, American historian and author (b. 1933)
2023 – William Friedkin, American film director (b. 1935)
2024 – Jon McBride, American astronaut (b. 1943) |
August 7 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Assyrian Martyrs Day (Assyrian community)
Battle of Boyacá Day (Colombia)
Christian feast day:
Albert of Trapani
Cajetan of Thienna
Carpophorus and companions
Dometius of Persia
Donatus of Arezzo
Donatus of Besançon
Donatus of Muenstereifel
John Mason Neale (Episcopal Church (USA))
Nantovinus
Pope Sixtus II
August 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Filseta (Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church)
Emancipation Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Republic Day (Ivory Coast)
Youth Day (Kiribati)
National Purple Heart Day (United States) |
August 7 | References | References |
August 7 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 7 | Table of Content | pp-pc1, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
August 8 | Redirect | |
August 8 | Events | Events |
August 8 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as the new Duke of Qi – but is defeated at Qianshi by Jiu's brother and rival claimant, the newly inaugurated Duke Huan of Qi.
870 – Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald partition the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions.
1220 – Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
1264 – Mudéjar revolt: Muslim rebel forces took the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera after defeating the Castilian garrison.
1503 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.
1509 – Krishnadeva Raya is crowned Emperor of Vijayanagara at Chittoor.
1576 – The cornerstone for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory is laid on the island of Hven.
1585 – John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in search of the Northwest Passage.
1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The naval engagement ends, ending the Spanish Armada's attempt to invade England. |
August 8 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1647 – The Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Dungan's Hill: English Parliamentary forces defeat Irish forces.
1648 – Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648) as Ottoman sultan.
1709 – Bartolomeu de Gusmão demonstrates the lifting power of hot air in an audience before the king of Portugal in Lisbon, Portugal.
1786 – Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is climbed for the first time by Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard.
1794 – Joseph Whidbey leads an expedition to search for the Northwest Passage near Juneau, Alaska.
1831 – Four hundred Shawnee people agree to relinquish their lands in Ohio in exchange for land west of the Mississippi River in the Treaty of Wapakoneta.
1844 – The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, headed by Brigham Young, is reaffirmed as the leading body of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
1863 – American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (which is refused upon receipt).
1863 – Tennessee Military Governor Andrew Johnson frees his personal slaves in Greeneville, Tennessee despite them being exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, now commemorated as Emancipation Day in the state.
1870 – The Republic of Ploiești, a failed Radical-Liberal rising against Domnitor Carol of Romania.
1876 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.
1897 – Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo assassinates Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo |
August 8 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1903 – Black Saturday occurs, killing 12 in a stadium collapse in Philadelphia.
1908 – Wilbur Wright makes his first flight at a racecourse at Le Mans, France. It is the Wright Brothers' first public flight.
1918 – World War I: The Battle of Amiens begins a string of almost continuous Allied victories with a push through the German front lines (Hundred Days Offensive).
1919 – The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 is signed. It establishes peaceful relations between Afghanistan and the UK, and confirms the Durand line as the mutual border. In return, the UK is no longer obligated to subsidize the Afghan government.
1929 – The German airship Graf Zeppelin begins a round-the-world flight.
1940 – The "Aufbau Ost" directive is signed by Wilhelm Keitel.
1942 – Quit India Movement is launched in India against the British rule in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for swaraj or complete independence.
1945 – The London Charter is signed by France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States, establishing the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg trials.
1946 – First flight of the nuclear capable Convair B-36, heaviest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft at the time.
1956 – Marcinelle mining disaster in Belgium. 262 coal miners, including a substantial number of Italian migrant workers, were killed in one of the largest mining accidents in Belgian history.
1963 – Great Train Robbery: In England, a gang of 15 train robbers steal £2.6 million in bank notes.
1963 – The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), the current ruling party of Zimbabwe, is formed by a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union.
1967 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
1969 – At a zebra crossing in London, photographer Iain Macmillan takes the iconic photo that becomes the cover image of the Beatles' album Abbey Road.
1973 – Kim Dae-jung, a South Korean politician and later president of South Korea, is kidnapped.
1974 – President Richard Nixon, in a nationwide television address, announces his resignation from the office of the President of the United States effective noon the next day.
1988 – The 8888 Uprising begins in Rangoon (Yangon), Burma (Myanmar). Led by students, hundreds of thousands join in nationwide protests against the one-party regime. On September 18, the demonstrations end in a military crackdown, killing thousands.
1988 – The first night baseball game in the history of Chicago's Wrigley Field (game was rained out in the fourth inning).
1989 – Space Shuttle program: STS-28 Mission: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret five-day military mission.
1990 – Iraq occupies Kuwait and the state is annexed to Iraq. This would lead to the Gulf War shortly afterward.
1991 – The Warsaw radio mast, then the tallest construction ever built, collapses.
1993 – The 7.8 Guam earthquake shakes the island with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), causing around $250 million in damage and injuring up to 71 people.
1998 – Iranian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan is raided by Taliban leading to the deaths of ten Iranian diplomats and a journalist.
2000 – Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor and 30 years after its discovery by undersea explorer E. Lee Spence.
2001 – Albanian rebels ambush a convoy of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia near Tetovo, killing 10 soldiers.
2004 – A tour bus belonging to the Dave Matthews Band dumps approximately 800 pounds of human waste onto a boat full of passengers.
2007 – An EF2 tornado touches down in Kings County and Richmond County, New York, the most powerful tornado in New York to date and the first in Brooklyn since 1889.
2007 – Space Shuttle program: STS-118 Mission: Endeavor takes off on a mission to the International Space Station.
2008 – A EuroCity express train en route from Kraków, Poland to Prague, Czech Republic strikes a part of a motorway bridge that had fallen onto the railroad track near Studénka railway station in the Czech Republic and derails, killing eight people and injuring 64 others.
2008 – The 29th modern summer Olympic Games took place in Beijing, China until August 24.
2009 – A Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil and Piper PA-32R collide over the Hudson River, killing nine people.
2010 – China Floods: A mudslide in Zhugqu County, Gansu, China, kills more than 1,400 people.
2013 – A suicide bombing at a funeral in the Pakistani city of Quetta kills at least 31 people.
2015 – Eight people are killed in a shooting in Harris County, Texas.
2016 – Terrorists attack a government hospital in Quetta, Pakistan with a suicide blast and shooting, killing between 70 and 94 people, and injuring around 130 others.
2019 – An explosion at the State Central Navy Testing Range in Nyonoksa, Russia, kills five people.
2022 – The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) executes a search warrant at former president Donald Trump's residence in Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida.
2023 – Hawaii wildfires: Seventeen thousand acres of land are burned and at least 101 people are killed, with two others missing, when a series of wildfires break out on the island of Maui in Hawaii.
2024 – Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus takes oath as Chief Adviser to form an interim government in Bangladesh. |
August 8 | Births | Births |
August 8 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
422 – Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
1079 – Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
1170 – Saint Dominic, founder of the Dominicans (d. 1221)
1306 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1353)
1492 – Matteo Tafuri, Italian alchemist (d. 1582)
1518 – Conrad Lycosthenes, French-German scholar and author (d. 1561)
1558 – George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, English noble (d. 1605) |
August 8 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1605 – Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, English lawyer and politician, Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1675)
1640 – Amalia Catharina, German poet and composer (d. 1697)
1646 – Godfrey Kneller, German-English painter (d. 1723)
1673 – John Ker, Scottish spy (d. 1726)
1693 – Laurent Belissen, French composer (d. 1762)
1694 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher and academic (d. 1746)
1706 – Johan Augustin Mannerheim, Swedish nobleman and military leader (d. 1778)
1709 – Hermann Anton Gelinek, German-Italian monk and violinist (d. 1779)
1720 – Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish general and politician (d. 1796)
1754 – Hipólito Ruiz López, Spanish botanist (d. 1816)
1758 – Friedrich Georg Weitsch, German painter (d. 1828)
1790 – Ferenc Kölcsey, Hungarian poet, critic, and politician (d. 1838)
1807 – Emilie Flygare-Carlén, Swedish author (d. 1892)
1814 – Esther Hobart Morris, American suffragette and judge (d. 1902)
1822 – George Stoneman, Jr., United States Army cavalry officer (d. 1894)
1839 – Nelson A. Miles, American general (d. 1925)
1851 – George Turner, Australian politician, 18th Premier of Victoria (d. 1916)
1856 – Thomas Anstey Guthrie, English journalist and author (d. 1934)
1857 – Cécile Chaminade, French pianist and composer (d. 1944)
1863 – Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, American painter (d. 1930)
1866 – Matthew Henson, American explorer (d. 1955)
1874 – Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield, English businessman and politician, President of the Board of Trade (d. 1948)
1875 – Artur Bernardes, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 12th President of Brazil (d. 1955)
1876 – Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly, Indian-Syrian priest, founded the Sisters of the Destitute (d. 1929)
1879 – Bob Smith, American physician and surgeon, co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous (d. 1950)
1879 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican general and politician (d. 1919)
1880 – Earle Page, Australian lawyer, academic, and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961)
1881 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal (d. 1954)
1882 – Ladislas Starevich, Russian-French animator, screenwriter, and cinematographer (d. 1965)
1884 – Sara Teasdale, American poet and educator (d. 1933)
1889 – Hans Egede Budtz, Danish actor (d. 1968)
1889 – Jack Ryder, Australian cricketer (d. 1977)
1891 – Adolf Busch, German violinist and composer (d. 1952)
1896 – Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, American author and academic (d. 1953)
1898 – Marguerite Bise, French chef (d. 1965) |
August 8 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
1902 – Paul Dirac, English-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
1904 – Achille Varzi, Italian racing driver (d. 1948)
1905 – André Jolivet, French composer (d. 1974)
1907 – Benny Carter, American saxophonist, trumpet player, and composer (d. 2003)
1907 – Jimmy Steele (Irish republican), lifelong militant and editor (d. 1970)Coogan, Tim, (1981),The IRA, William Collins & Sons Ltd, Glasgow, UK, p. 208.
1908 – Arthur Goldberg, American jurist and politician, 6th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 1990)
1909 – Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, English cricketer and politician, 9th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1977)
1909 – Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, 31st Premier of New South Wales (d. 1987)
1909 – Bill Voce, England cricketer and coach (d. 1984)
1910 – Jimmy Murphy, Welsh-English footballer and manager (d. 1989)
1910 – Sylvia Sidney, American actress (d. 1999)
1911 – Rosetta LeNoire, American actress (d. 2002)
1915 – James Elliott, American runner and coach (d. 1981)
1919 – Dino De Laurentiis, Italian actor and producer (d. 2010)
1919 – John David Wilson, English animator and producer (d. 2013)
1920 – Leo Chiosso, Italian songwriter and producer (d. 2006)
1920 – Jimmy Witherspoon, American jump blues singer (d. 1997)
1921 – William Asher, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1921 – Webb Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1991)
1921 – Esther Williams, American swimmer and actress (d. 2013)
1922 – Rory Calhoun, American actor (d. 1999)
1922 – Rudi Gernreich, Austrian-American fashion designer, created the Monokini (d. 1985)
1922 – Gertrude Himmelfarb, American historian, author, and academic (d. 2019)
1922 – Károly Reich, Hungarian illustrator (d. 1988)
1925 – Alija Izetbegović, Bosnian lawyer and politician, 1st President of Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 2003)
1925 – Aziz Sattar, Malaysian actor, comedian, singer and director (d. 2014)
1926 – Richard Anderson, American actor and producer (d. 2017)
1927 – Johnny Temple, American baseball player and coach (d. 1994)
1927 – Maia Wojciechowska, Polish-American author (d. 2002)
1928 – Don Burrows, Australian saxophonist, clarinet player, and flute player (d. 2020)
1929 – Larisa Bogoraz, Russian linguist and activist (d. 2004)
1929 – Luis García Meza Tejada, Bolivian general and politician, 68th President of Bolivia (d. 2018)
1929 – Ronnie Biggs, English criminal (d. 2013)
1930 – Terry Nation, Welsh-American author and screenwriter (d. 1997)
1930 – Jerry Tarkanian, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)
1931 – Roger Penrose, English physicist, mathematician, and philosopher, Nobel Prize laureate
1932 – Mel Tillis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017)
1933 – Joe Tex, American soul singer-songwriter (d. 1982)
1934 – Sarat Pujari, Indian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
1935 – Donald P. Bellisario, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1935 – John Laws, Papua New Guinean-Australian singer and radio host
1936 – Frank Howard, American baseball player and manager (d. 2023)
1936 – Jan Pieńkowski, Polish-English author and illustrator (d. 2022)
1937 – Dustin Hoffman, American actor and director
1937 – Sheila Varian, American horse breeder (d. 2016)
1937 – Cornelis Vreeswijk, Dutch-Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 1987)
1938 – Jack Baldwin, English chemist and academic (d. 2020)
1938 – Jacques Hétu, Canadian composer and educator (d. 2010)
1938 – Connie Stevens, American actress and businesswoman
1939 – Jana Andrsová, Czech actress and ballerina (d. 2023)
1939 – Viorica Viscopoleanu, Romanian long jumper
1939 – Alexander Watson, American diplomat, United States Ambassador to Peru
1940 – Dilip Sardesai, Indian cricketer (d. 2007)
1940 – Dennis Tito, American engineer and businessman, founded Wilshire Associates
1942 – James Blanchard, American diplomat and politician, 45th Governor of Michigan
1942 – Dennis Canavan, Scottish educator and politician
1942 – John Gustafson, English singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2014)
1942 – Vardo Rumessen, Estonian pianist and musicologist (d. 2015)
1944 – John C. Holmes, American film actor (d. 1988)
1944 – Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2017)
1944 – John Renbourn, English-Scottish guitarist and songwriter (d. 2015)
1944 – Simon Taylor, English journalist and author
1946 – Joe Bethancourt, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)
1947 – Ken Dryden, Canadian ice hockey player, lawyer, and politician
1947 – Larry Wilcox, American actor, director, and producer
1948 – Svetlana Savitskaya, Russian engineer and astronaut
1948 – Margaret Urban Walker, American philosopher
1949 – Terry Burnham, American actress (d. 2013)Rubin, Steven Jay (2018). Twilight Zone Encyclopedia. Chicago, Ill: Chicago Review Press. .
1949 – Keith Carradine, American actor
1949 – Ricardo Londoño, Colombian racing driver (d. 2009)
1950 – Willie Hall, American drummer and producer
1950 – Ken Kutaragi, Japanese businessman, created PlayStation
1951 – Martin Brest, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1951 – Phil Carlson, Australian cricketer (d. 2022)
1951 – Mohamed Morsi, Egyptian engineer, academic, and politician, 5th President of Egypt (d. 2019)
1951 – Mamoru Oshii, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter
1951 – Randy Shilts, American journalist and author (d. 1994)
1951 – Louis van Gaal, Dutch footballer and manager
1952 – Anton Fig, South African-American drummer
1952 – Jostein Gaarder, Norwegian author
1952 – Doug Melvin, Canadian baseball player and manager
1952 – Robin Quivers, American nurse, radio host/personality, and author
1952 – Sudhakar Rao, Indian cricketer
1953 – Nigel Mansell, English racing driver
1953 – Don Most, American actor and singer
1954 – Nick Holtam, English bishop
1955 – Diddú, Icelandic singer-songwriter
1955 – Herbert Prohaska, Austrian footballer and manager
1955 – Michael Roe, Irish racing driver
1956 – Chris Foreman, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1956 – David Grant, English singer
1956 – Cecilia Roth, Argentinian actress
1957 – Dennis Drew, American keyboard player
1958 – Deborah Norville, American journalist
1959 – Caroline Ansink, Dutch flute player, composer, and educator
1960 – Mustafa Balbay, Turkish journalist and politician
1960 – Ulrich Maly, German politician, 16th Mayor of Nuremberg
1961 – The Edge, British-Irish musician, singer and songwriter
1961 – Daniel House, American bass player and producer
1961 – Ron Klain, American lawyer and politician, White House Chief of Staff
1961 – Bruce Matthews, American football player and coach
1961 – Rikki Rockett, American glam rock drummer
1962 – Kool Moe Dee, American musician, singer and actor
1963 – Hur Jin-ho, South Korean director and screenwriter
1963 – Ron Karkovice, American baseball player and manager
1963 – Emi Shinohara, Japanese voice actress and singer (d. 2024)
1963 – Rika Fukami, Japanese voice actress and singer
1963 – Jon Turteltaub, American director and producer
1963 – Stephen Walkom, Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and manager
1964 – Anastasia M. Ashman, American blogger and author
1964 – Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy
1964 – Scott Sandelin, American ice hockey player and coach
1964 – Paul Taylor, English cricketer
1965 – Angus Fraser, English cricketer, manager, and journalist
1965 – Kate Langbroek, Australian talk show host
1966 – Chris Eubank, English boxer
1966 – John Hudek, American baseball player and coach
1967 – Marcelo Balboa, American soccer player, coach, and sportscaster
1967 – Yūki Amami, Japanese theater and film actress
1968 – Yvie Burnett, Scottish soprano
1968 – Aldo Calderón van Dyke, Honduran journalist (d. 2013)
1968 – Abey Kuruvilla, Indian cricketer and coach
1968 – Huey Morgan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1969 – Monika Tsõganova, Estonian chess player
1969 – Faye Wong, Chinese singer-songwriter and actress
1970 – Trev Alberts, American football player and journalist
1970 – Ben G. Davis, English chemist and academic
1970 – José Francisco Molina, Spanish footballer and manager
1970 – Chester Williams, South African rugby player and coach (d. 2019)
1971 – Johnny Balentina, Dutch baseball player
1972 – Joely Collins, Canadian actress and producer
1972 – Andrea de Rossi, Italian rugby player and coach
1972 – Axel Merckx, Belgian cyclist
1972 – Steven Tweed, Scottish footballer and manager
1973 – Shane Lee, Australian cricketer and guitarist
1973 – Gert Olesk, Estonian footballer and manager
1973 – Scott Stapp, American singer-songwriter and producer
1973 – Mark Wills, American singer-songwriter
1973 – Ilka Agricola, German mathematician
1974 – Manjul Bhargava, Canadian-American mathematician and academic
1974 – Scott D'Amore, Canadian wrestler and manager
1974 – Brian Harvey, English singer-songwriter
1974 – Andy Priaulx, Guernseyan racing driver
1975 – Mick Moss, English singer-songwriter
1976 – JC Chasez, American singer and dancer
1976 – Drew Lachey, American singer and actor
1977 – Lindsay Sloane, American actress
1977 – Darren Manzella, American sergeant (d. 2013)
1977 – Rocky Thompson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1977 – Nicolas Vogondy, French cyclist
1977 – Mohammad Wasim, Pakistani cricketer
1978 – Alan Maybury, Irish footballer and coach
1978 – Louis Saha, French footballer
1978 – Miho Shiraishi, Japanese actress
1979 – Richard Harwood, English cellist
1979 – Rashard Lewis, American basketball player
1979 – Richard Lyons, Northern Irish racing driver
1980 – Shayna Baszler, American mixed martial artist and wrestler
1980 – Craig Breslow, American baseball pitcher and executive
1980 – Jack Cassel, American baseball player
1980 – Denisse Guerrero, Mexican singer-songwriter
1980 – Sabine Klaschka, German tennis player
1980 – Diego Markwell, Dutch baseball player
1980 – Pat Noonan, American soccer player
1980 – Michael Urie, American actor, director, and producer
1981 – Vanessa Amorosi, Australian singer-songwriter
1981 – Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player
1981 – Meagan Good, American actress and producer
1981 – Harel Skaat, Israeli singer-songwriter
1982 – David Florence, English canoe racer
1982 – Ross Ohlendorf, American baseball player
1983 – Guy Burnet, English actor and producer
1983 – Willie Tonga, Australian rugby league player
1984 – Kirk Broadfoot, Scottish footballer
1984 – Norbert Michelisz, Hungarian racing driver
1984 – Martrez Milner, American football player
1985 – Toby Flood, English rugby player
1985 – Ryan Koolwijk, Dutch footballer
1985 – James Morgan, Welsh actor and producer
1985 – Brett Ratliff, American football player
1985 – Anita Włodarczyk, Polish track and field athlete
1986 – Kateryna Bondarenko, Ukrainian tennis player
1986 – Jackie Cruz, Dominican-American actress and singer
1986 – Pierre Garçon, American football player
1986 – Chris Pressley, American football player
1987 – Pierre Boulanger, French actor
1987 – Katie Leung, Scottish actress
1987 – Tatjana Maria, German tennis player
1988 – Princess Beatrice, British royal
1988 – Danilo Gallinari, Italian basketball player
1988 – Rinku Singh, Indian baseball player and wrestler
1988 – Laura Slade Wiggins, American actress and singer
1989 – Ken Baumann, American actor and author
1989 – Anthony Rizzo, American baseball player
1989 – Hannah Miley, English-Scottish swimmer
1989 – Prajakta Mali, Indian actress
1990 – Vladimír Darida, Czech footballer
1990 – Parker Kligerman, American race car driver
1990 – Aleksandra Szwed, Polish actress and singer
1990 – Kane Williamson, New Zealand cricket captain
1991 – Yandy Díaz, Cuban baseball player
1991 – Nélson Oliveira, Portuguese footballer
1991 – Tyrone Peachey, Australian rugby league player
1991 – Joël Matip, Cameroonian footballer
1992 – Josip Drmić, Swiss footballer
1992 – Casey Cott, American actor
1993 – Emilie Mehl, Norwegian politician
1994 – Cameron Payne, American basketball player
1995 – S.Coups, South Korean rapper and singer
1996 – A'ja Wilson, American basketball player
1997 – Karim Walid, Egyptian footballer
1998 – Ryan Garcia, American boxer
1998 – Shawn Mendes, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1999 – Xiaojun, Chinese singer
2000 – Félix Auger-Aliassime, Canadian tennis player |
August 8 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 8 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
117 – Trajan, Roman emperor (b. 53)
753 – Hildegar, bishop of Cologne
869 – Lothair II, Frankish king (b. 835)
998 – Sŏ Hŭi, Korean politician and diplomat (b. 942)
1002 – Almanzor, chief minister and de facto ruler of Córdoba
1171 – Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (b. 1111)
1303 – Henry of Castile the Senator, Spanish nobleman (b. 1230)
1533 – Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494)
1555 – Oronce Finé, French mathematician and cartographer (b. 1494)
1588 – Alonso Sánchez Coello, Spanish painter (b. 1532) |
August 8 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1604 – Horio Tadauji, Japanese daimyō (b. 1578)
1616 – Cornelis Ketel, Dutch painter (b. 1548)
1631 – Konstantinas Sirvydas, Lithuanian priest, lexicographer, and academic (b. 1579)
1684 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer, English politician (b. 1622)
1724 – Christoph Ludwig Agricola, German painter (b. 1665)
1747 – Madeleine de Verchères, Canadian raid leader (b. 1678)
1746 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher (b. 1694)
1759 – Carl Heinrich Graun, German tenor and composer (b. 1704)
1827 – George Canning, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)
1828 – Carl Peter Thunberg, Swedish botanist and psychologist (b. 1743)
1858 – Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur, Haitian Empress (b. 1758)
1863 – Angus MacAskill, Scottish-Canadian giant (b. 1825)
1879 – Immanuel Hermann Fichte, German philosopher and academic (b. 1797)
1887 – Alexander William Doniphan, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (b. 1808)
1897 – Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian and academic (b. 1818)
1898 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (b. 1824) |
August 8 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1902 – James Tissot, French painter and illustrator (b. 1836)
1902 – John Henry Twachtman, American painter and academic (b. 1853)
1909 – Mary MacKillop, Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (b. 1842)
1911 – William P. Frye, American lawyer and politician (b. 1830)
1920 – Eduard Birnbaum, Polish-born German cantor (b. 1855)
1921 – Juhani Aho, Finnish journalist and author (b. 1861)
1928 – Stjepan Radić, Croatian politician (b. 1871)
1930 – Launceston Elliot, Scottish wrestler and weightlifter (b. 1874)
1934 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1863)
1937 – Jimmie Guthrie, Scottish motorcycle racer (b. 1897)
1940 – Johnny Dodds, American clarinet player and saxophonist (b. 1892)
1944 – Erwin von Witzleben, German field marshal (b. 1881)
1944 – Michael Wittmann, German commander (b. 1914)
1950 – Fergus McMaster, Australian businessman, founded Qantas (b. 1879)
1959 – Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (b. 1902)
1965 – Shirley Jackson, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1916)
1969 – Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, German biologist and eugenicist (b. 1896)
1971 – Freddie Spencer Chapman, English lieutenant (b. 1907)
1973 – Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish historian and author (b. 1898)
1974 – Elisabeth Abegg, German anti-Nazi resistance fighter (b. 1882)
1975 – Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist (b. 1928)
1979 – Nicholas Monsarrat, English lieutenant and author (b. 1910)
1980 – Paul Triquet, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1910)
1981 – Thomas McElwee, Irish republican, PIRA volunteer and Hunger Striker (b. 1957)
1982 – Eric Brandon, English racing driver and businessman (b. 1920)
1984 – Richard Deacon, American actor (b. 1921)
1984 – Ellen Raskin, American author and illustrator (b. 1928)
1985 – Louise Brooks, American actress (b. 1906)
1987 – Danilo Blanuša, Croatian mathematician and physicist (b. 1903)
1988 – Félix Leclerc, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1914)
1988 – Alan Napier, English actor (b. 1903)
1991 – James Irwin, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1930)
1992 – Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Iranian religious leader and scholar (b. 1899)
1996 – Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
1996 – Jüri Randviir, Estonian chess player and journalist (b. 1927)
1998 – Mahmoud Saremi, Iranian journalist (b. 1968)
2003 – Dirk Hoogendam, Dutch-German SS officer (b. 1922)
2003 – Falaba Issa Traoré, Malian director and playwright (b. 1930)
2004 – Leon Golub, American painter and academic (b. 1922)
2004 – Fay Wray, Canadian-American actress (b. 1907)
2005 – Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (b. 1922)
2005 – Ahmed Deedat, South African missionary and author (b. 1918)
2005 – John H. Johnson, American publisher, founded the Johnson Publishing Company (b. 1918)
2005 – Gene Mauch, American baseball player and manager (b. 1925)
2005 – Dean Rockwell, American commander, wrestler, and coach (b. 1912)
2005 – Monica Sjöö, Swedish-English painter (b. 1938)
2007 – Ma Lik, Chinese journalist and politician (b. 1952)
2007 – Melville Shavelson, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1917)
2008 – Orville Moody, American golfer (b. 1933)
2009 – Daniel Jarque, Spanish footballer (b. 1983)
2010 – Patricia Neal, American actress (b. 1926)
2012 – Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, German-American physicist and academic (b. 1926)
2012 – Ruth Etchells, English poet and academic (b. 1931)
2012 – Surya Lesmana, Indonesian footballer and manager (b. 1944)
2012 – Kurt Maetzig, German director and screenwriter (b. 1911)
2013 – Karen Black, American actress (b. 1939)
2013 – Johannes Bluyssen, Dutch bishop (b. 1926)
2013 – Fernando Castro Pacheco, Mexican painter, engraver, and illustrator (b. 1918)
2013 – Igor Kurnosov, Russian chess player (b. 1985)
2013 – Regina Resnik, American soprano and actress (b. 1922)
2014 – Menahem Golan, Israeli director and producer (b. 1929)
2014 – Charles Keating, English-American actor (b. 1941)
2014 – Leonardo Legaspi, Filipino archbishop (b. 1935)
2014 – Peter Sculthorpe, Australian composer and conductor (b. 1929)
2014 – Red Wilson, American football and baseball player (b. 1929)
2015 – Sean Price, American rapper (b. 1972)
2015 – Gus Mortson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1925)
2017 – Glen Campbell, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1936)
2018 – Nicholas Bett, Kenyan track and field athlete (b. 1990)
2020 – Gabriel Ochoa Uribe, Colombian football player and manager (b. 1929)
2020 – Alfredo Lim, former Philippine senator and Mayor of Manila (b. 1929)
2021 – Bill Davis, Canadian politician, 18th premier of Ontario (b. 1929)
2022 – Olivia Newton-John, English-Australian singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1948)
2023 – Rodriguez, American singer and songwriter (b. 1942)
2024 – Issa Hayatou, Cameroonian basketball player and football executive (b. 1946)
2024 – Mitzi McCall, American actress (b. 1930)
2024 – Chi-Chi Rodríguez, Puerto Rican professional golfer (b. 1935)
2024 – Steve Symms, American politician and lobbyist (b. 1938) |
August 8 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Ceasefire Day (end of Iran–Iraq War) (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Christian Feast Day:
Altmann of Passau
Cyriacus
Dominic de Guzmán, founder of the Dominican Order.
Four Crowned Martyrs
Largus
Mary MacKillop
Saint Smaragdus (and companions)
Severus of Vienne
August 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Father's Day or Bā bā Day (爸爸節), Bā Bā is Mandarin for "father" and "8-8", or August 8. (Mongolia, Taiwan)
Happiness Happens Day
International Cat Day
Namesday of the Queen (Sweden)
Nane Nane Day (Tanzania)
Signal Troops Day (Ukraine) |
August 8 | References | References |
August 8 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 8 | Table of Content | Redirect, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
Associative property | Short description | In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs.
Within an expression containing two or more occurrences in a row of the same associative operator, the order in which the operations are performed does not matter as long as the sequence of the operands is not changed. That is (after rewriting the expression with parentheses and in infix notation if necessary), rearranging the parentheses in such an expression will not change its value. Consider the following equations:
Even though the parentheses were rearranged on each line, the values of the expressions were not altered. Since this holds true when performing addition and multiplication on any real numbers, it can be said that "addition and multiplication of real numbers are associative operations".
Associativity is not the same as commutativity, which addresses whether the order of two operands affects the result. For example, the order does not matter in the multiplication of real numbers, that is, , so we say that the multiplication of real numbers is a commutative operation. However, operations such as function composition and matrix multiplication are associative, but not (generally) commutative.
Associative operations are abundant in mathematics; in fact, many algebraic structures (such as semigroups and categories) explicitly require their binary operations to be associative.
However, many important and interesting operations are non-associative; some examples include subtraction, exponentiation, and the vector cross product. In contrast to the theoretical properties of real numbers, the addition of floating point numbers in computer science is not associative, and the choice of how to associate an expression can have a significant effect on rounding error. |
Associative property | Definition | Definition
thumbnail|A binary operation ∗ on the set S is associative when this diagram commutes. That is, when the two paths from to compose to the same function from to .
Formally, a binary operation on a set is called associative if it satisfies the associative law:
, for all in .
Here, ∗ is used to replace the symbol of the operation, which may be any symbol, and even the absence of symbol (juxtaposition) as for multiplication.
, for all in .
The associative law can also be expressed in functional notation thus: |
Associative property | Generalized associative law | Generalized associative law
thumb|In the absence of the associative property, five factors , ,, , result in a Tamari lattice of order four, possibly different products.
If a binary operation is associative, repeated application of the operation produces the same result regardless of how valid pairs of parentheses are inserted in the expression. This is called the generalized associative law.
The number of possible bracketings is just the Catalan number,
, for n operations on n+1 values. For instance, a product of 3 operations on 4 elements may be written (ignoring permutations of the arguments), in possible ways:
If the product operation is associative, the generalized associative law says that all these expressions will yield the same result. So unless the expression with omitted parentheses already has a different meaning (see below), the parentheses can be considered unnecessary and "the" product can be written unambiguously as
As the number of elements increases, the number of possible ways to insert parentheses grows quickly, but they remain unnecessary for disambiguation.
An example where this does not work is the logical biconditional . It is associative; thus, is equivalent to , but most commonly means , which is not equivalent. |
Associative property | Examples | Examples
thumb|The addition of real numbers is associative.
Some examples of associative operations include the following. |
Associative property | Propositional logic | Propositional logic |
Associative property | Rule of replacement | Rule of replacement
In standard truth-functional propositional logic, association, or associativity are two valid rules of replacement. The rules allow one to move parentheses in logical expressions in logical proofs. The rules (using logical connectives notation) are:
and
where "" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a proof with". |
Associative property | Truth functional connectives | Truth functional connectives
Associativity is a property of some logical connectives of truth-functional propositional logic. The following logical equivalences demonstrate that associativity is a property of particular connectives. The following (and their converses, since is commutative) are truth-functional tautologies.
Associativity of disjunction
Associativity of conjunction
Associativity of equivalence
Joint denial is an example of a truth functional connective that is not associative. |
Associative property | Non-associative operation | Non-associative operation
A binary operation on a set S that does not satisfy the associative law is called non-associative. Symbolically,
For such an operation the order of evaluation does matter. For example:
Subtraction
Division
Exponentiation
Vector cross product
Also although addition is associative for finite sums, it is not associative inside infinite sums (series). For example,
whereas
Some non-associative operations are fundamental in mathematics. They appear often as the multiplication in structures called non-associative algebras, which have also an addition and a scalar multiplication. Examples are the octonions and Lie algebras. In Lie algebras, the multiplication satisfies Jacobi identity instead of the associative law; this allows abstracting the algebraic nature of infinitesimal transformations.
Other examples are quasigroup, quasifield, non-associative ring, and commutative non-associative magmas. |
Associative property | Nonassociativity of floating point calculation | Nonassociativity of floating point calculation
In mathematics, addition and multiplication of real numbers are associative. By contrast, in computer science, addition and multiplication of floating point numbers are not associative, as different rounding errors may be introduced when dissimilar-sized values are joined in a different order.Knuth, Donald, The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3, section 4.2.2
To illustrate this, consider a floating point representation with a 4-bit significand:
Even though most computers compute with 24 or 53 bits of significand, this is still an important source of rounding error, and approaches such as the Kahan summation algorithm are ways to minimise the errors. It can be especially problematic in parallel computing. |
Associative property | Notation for non-associative operations | Notation for non-associative operations
In general, parentheses must be used to indicate the order of evaluation if a non-associative operation appears more than once in an expression (unless the notation specifies the order in another way, like ). However, mathematicians agree on a particular order of evaluation for several common non-associative operations. This is simply a notational convention to avoid parentheses.
A left-associative operation is a non-associative operation that is conventionally evaluated from left to right, i.e.,
while a right-associative operation is conventionally evaluated from right to left:
Both left-associative and right-associative operations occur. Left-associative operations include the following:
Subtraction and division of real numbersGeorge Mark Bergman "Order of arithmetic operations""The Order of Operations". Education Place."The Order of Operations", timestamp 5m40s. Khan Academy."Using Order of Operations and Exploring Properties" , section 9. Virginia Department of Education.Bronstein, :de:Taschenbuch der Mathematik, pages 115-120, chapter: 2.4.1.1,
Function application
This notation can be motivated by the currying isomorphism, which enables partial application.
Right-associative operations include the following:
Exponentiation of real numbers in superscript notation
Exponentiation is commonly used with brackets or right-associatively because a repeated left-associative exponentiation operation is of little use. Repeated powers would mostly be rewritten with multiplication:
Formatted correctly, the superscript inherently behaves as a set of parentheses; e.g. in the expression the addition is performed before the exponentiation despite there being no explicit parentheses wrapped around it. Thus given an expression such as , the full exponent of the base is evaluated first. However, in some contexts, especially in handwriting, the difference between , and can be hard to see. In such a case, right-associativity is usually implied.
Function definition
Using right-associative notation for these operations can be motivated by the Curry–Howard correspondence and by the currying isomorphism.
Non-associative operations for which no conventional evaluation order is defined include the following.
Exponentiation of real numbers in infix notationExponentiation Associativity and Standard Math Notation Codeplea. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Knuth's up-arrow operators
Taking the cross product of three vectors
Taking the pairwise average of real numbers
Taking the relative complement of sets
.(Compare material nonimplication in logic.) |
Associative property | History | History
William Rowan Hamilton seems to have coined the term "associative property" around 1844, a time when he was contemplating the non-associative algebra of the octonions he had learned about from John T. Graves. |
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