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Alvin Toffler | Bibliography | Bibliography
Alvin Toffler co-wrote his books with his wife Heidi.
The Culture Consumers (1964) St. Martin's Press,
The Schoolhouse in the City (1968) Praeger (editors),
Future Shock (1970) Bantam Books,
The Futurists (1972) Random House (editors),
Learning for Tomorrow (1974) Random House (editors),
The Eco-Spasm Report (1975) Bantam Books,
The Third Wave (1980) Bantam Books,
Previews & Premises (1983) William Morrow & Co,
The Adaptive Corporation (1985) McGraw-Hill,
Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century (1990) Bantam Books,
War and Anti-War (1993) Warner Books,
Creating a New Civilization (1995) Turner Pub,
Revolutionary Wealth (2006) Knopf, |
Alvin Toffler | See also | See also
Daniel Bell
Norman Swan
Human nature
John Naisbitt |
Alvin Toffler | References | References |
Alvin Toffler | External links | External links
– official Alvin Toffler site
Toffler Associates
Interview with Alvin Toffler by the World Affairs Council
Discuss Alvin Toffler's Future Shock with other readers, BookTalk.org
Future Shock Forum 2018
Finding aid to the Alvin and Heidi Toffler papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library
Category:1928 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Category:American technology writers
Category:American futurologists
Category:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers
Category:People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
Category:Writers from Connecticut
Category:Writers from Brooklyn
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers
Category:American transhumanists
Category:New York University alumni
Category:Singularitarians
Category:People from Redding, Connecticut
Category:20th-century American male writers
Category:American male non-fiction writers
Category:Jewish American journalists
Category:People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
Category:21st-century American male writers
Category:21st-century American Jews |
Alvin Toffler | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Career, Ideas and opinions, Influences and popular culture, Critical assessment, Selected awards, Personal life, Bibliography, See also, References, External links |
The Amazing Spider-Man | short description | The Amazing Spider-Man is an ongoing American superhero comic book series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man as its title character and main protagonist. Being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issue of Amazing Fantasy. The series began publication with a March 1963 cover date and has been published nearly continuously to date over six volumes with only one significant interruption. Issues of the title currently feature an issue number within its sixth volume, as well as a "legacy" number reflecting the issue's overall number across all Amazing Spider-Man volumes. The title reached 900 issues in 2022.
The series began as a bimonthly periodical before being increased to monthly after four issues. It was the character's sole monthly headlining title until Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man would launch in 1976. After 441 issues, The Amazing Spider-Man was restarted in 1999 as issue No. 1 of Volume 2. It ran for 58 issues before reverting to the title's overall issue number with #500 in 2003. The series ran essentially continuously over the first two volumes from 1963 until its landmark 700th issue at the end of 2012 when it was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Marvel's comic lines. The title was occasionally published biweekly during the first two volumes, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. After the relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics, The Amazing Spider-Man briefly became the highest-numbered active American comic book.
The Amazing Spider-Man returned with volume 3 in April 2014 following the conclusion of The Superior Spider-Man story arc after 31 issues. In late 2015, the series was relaunched with a fourth volume following the 2015 Secret Wars event. After 45 years, the volume was once again relaunched as part of Marvel Legacy, returning to the overall "legacy" numbering with issue No. 789 in late 2017. Less than a year later, the series was relaunched again with a fifth volume as part of Marvel's Fresh Start. For the first time, although the issue numbers were again restarted from #1, the issues also bore the overall "legacy" issue number. A sixth volume commenced in April 2022 to celebrate Spider-Man's 60th anniversary. Since the second volume, the title has had various release schedules, including monthly and bi-weekly, among others. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Publication history | Publication history
Writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Steve Ditko created the character of Spider-Man, and the pair produced 38 issues from March 1963 to July 1966. Ditko left after the 38th issue, while Lee remained as writer until issue 100. Since then, many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic through the years, chronicling the adventures of Marvel's most identifiable hero.
The Amazing Spider-Man has been the character's flagship series for his first fifty years in publication, and was the only monthly series to star Spider-Man until Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, in 1976, although 1972 saw the debut of Marvel Team-Up, with the vast majority of issues featuring Spider-Man along with a rotating cast of other Marvel characters. Most of the major characters and villains of the Spider-Man saga have been introduced in Amazing, and with few exceptions, it is where most key events in the character's history have occurred. The title was published continuously until No. 441 (Nov. 1998) when Marvel Comics relaunched it as vol. 2 No. 1 (Jan. 1999), but on Spider-Man's 40th anniversary, this new title reverted to using the numbering of the original series, beginning again with issue No. 500 (Dec. 2003) and lasting until the final issue, No. 700 (Feb. 2013). |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 1960s | 1960s
Due to strong sales on the character's first appearance in Amazing Fantasy No. 15, Spider-Man was given his own ongoing series in March 1963.DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 91: "Thanks to a flood of fan mail, Spider-Man was awarded his own title six months after his first appearance. Amazing Spider-Man began as a semi-monthly title, but was quickly promoted to a monthly." The initial years of the series, under Lee and Ditko, chronicled Spider-Man's nascent career as a masked super-human vigilante with his civilian life as hard-luck yet perpetually good-humored and well-meaning teenager Peter Parker. Peter balanced his career as Spider-Man with his job as a freelance photographer for The Daily Bugle under the bombastic editor-publisher J. Jonah Jameson to support himself and his frail Aunt May. At the same time, Peter dealt with public hostility towards Spider-Man and the antagonism of his classmates Flash Thompson and Liz Allan at Midtown High School, while embarking on a tentative, ill-fated romance with Jameson's secretary, Betty Brant.
By focusing on Parker's everyday problems, Lee and Ditko created a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero, and the first major teenaged superhero to be a protagonist and not a sidekick. Ditko's quirky art provided a stark contrast to the more cleanly dynamic stylings of Marvel's most prominent artist, Jack Kirby, and combined with the humor and pathos of Lee's writing to lay the foundation for what became an enduring mythos.
Most of Spider-Man's key villains and supporting characters were introduced during this time. Issue No. 1 (Mar. 1963) featured the first appearances of J. Jonah JamesonDeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 91 and his astronaut son John Jameson, and the supervillain the Chameleon. It included the hero's first encounter with the superhero team the Fantastic Four. Issue No. 2 (May 1963) featured the first appearance of the VultureDeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 92: "Introduced in the lead story of The Amazing Spider-Man No. 2 and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the Vulture was the first in a long line of animal-inspired super-villains that were destined to battle everyone's favorite web-slinger." and the Tinkerer as well as the beginning of Parker's freelance photography career at the newspaper The Daily Bugle.
The Lee-Ditko era continued to usher in a significant number of villains and supporting characters, including Doctor Octopus in No. 3 (July 1963);DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 93: "Dr. Octopus shared many traits with Peter Parker. They were both shy, both interested in science, and both had trouble relating to women...Otto Octavius even looked like a grown up Peter Parker. Lee and Ditko intended Otto to be the man Peter might have become if he hadn't been raised with a sense of responsibility" the Sandman and Betty Brant in No. 4 (Sept. 1963); the Lizard in No. 6 (Nov. 1963);DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 95 Living Brain in No. 8 (Jan. 1964); Electro in No. 9 (Mar. 1964);DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 98 Mysterio in No. 13 (June 1964); the Green Goblin in No. 14 (July 1964);DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 101: "When the Green Goblin soared into the webhead's life, Stan Lee and Steve Ditko didn't bother to discuss his secret identity. They just knew they had an interesting character to add to Spider-Man's growing gallery of villains." Kraven The Hunter in No. 15 (Aug. 1964); reporter Ned Leeds in No. 18 (Nov. 1964); and the Scorpion in No. 20 (Jan. 1965). The Molten Man was introduced in No. 28 (Sept. 1965) which also featured Parker's graduation from high school. Peter began attending Empire State University in No. 31 (Dec. 1965), which featured the first appearances of friends and classmates Gwen StacyDeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 111: "Gwen Stacy, the platinum blonde ex-beauty queen of Standard High, met Peter Parker on his first day in college in this issue." and Harry Osborn. Harry's father, Norman Osborn first appeared in No. 23 (April 1965) as a member of Jameson's country club but was not named nor revealed as Harry's father until No. 37 (June 1966).
One of the most celebrated issues of the Lee-Ditko run is No. 33 (Feb. 1966), the third part of the story arc "If This Be My Destiny...!", which features the dramatic scene of Spider-Man, through force of will and thoughts of family, escaping from being pinned by heavy machinery. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "Steve Ditko squeezes every ounce of anguish out of Spider-Man's predicament, complete with visions of the uncle he failed and the aunt he has sworn to save." Peter David observed that "After his origin, this two-page sequence from Amazing Spider-Man No. 33 is perhaps the best-loved sequence from the Stan Lee/Steve Ditko era." Steve Saffel stated the "full page Ditko image from The Amazing Spider-Man No. 33 is one of the most powerful ever to appear in the series and influenced writers and artists for many years to come." and Matthew K. Manning wrote that "Ditko's illustrations for the first few pages of this Lee story included what would become one of the most iconic scenes in Spider-Man's history." The story was chosen as No. 15 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that "These first five pages are a modern-day equivalent to Shakespeare as Parker's soliloquy sets the stage for his next action. And with dramatic pacing and storytelling, Ditko delivers one of the great sequences in all comics."
Although credited only as artist for most of his run, Ditko would eventually plot the stories as well as draw them, leaving Lee to script the dialogue. A rift between Ditko and Lee developed, and the two men were not on speaking terms long before Ditko completed his last issue, The Amazing Spider-Man No. 38 (July 1966). The exact reasons for the Ditko-Lee split have never been fully explained.DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 117: "To this day, no one really knows why Ditko quit. Bullpen sources reported he was unhappy with the way Lee scripted some of his plots, using a tongue-in-cheek approach to stories Ditko wanted handled seriously." Spider-Man successor artist John Romita Sr., in a 2010 deposition, recalled that Lee and Ditko "ended up not being able to work together because they disagreed on almost everything, cultural, social, historically, everything, they disagreed on characters..."
In successor penciler Romita Sr.'s first issue, No. 39 (Aug. 1966), nemesis the Green Goblin discovers Spider-Man's secret identity and reveals his own to the captive hero. Romita's Spider-Man – more polished and heroic-looking than Ditko's – became the model for two decades. The Lee-Romita era saw the introduction of such characters as Daily Bugle managing editor Robbie Robertson in No. 52 (Sept. 1967) and NYPD Captain George Stacy, father of Parker's girlfriend Gwen Stacy, in No. 56 (Jan. 1968). The most important supporting character to be introduced during the Romita era was Mary Jane Watson, who made her first full appearance in No. 42 (Nov. 1966),DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 119: "After teasing the readers for more than two years, Stan Lee finally allowed Peter Parker to meet Mary Jane Watson." although she first appeared in No. 25 (June 1965) with her face obscured and had been mentioned since No. 15 (Aug. 1964). Peter David wrote in 2010 that Romita "made the definitive statement of his arrival by pulling Mary Jane out from behind the oversized potted plant [that blocked the reader's view of her face in issue no. 25] and placing her on panel in what would instantly become an iconic moment."David and Greenberger, p. 38 Romita has stated that in designing Mary Jane, he "used Ann-Margret from the movie Bye Bye Birdie as a guide, using her coloring, the shape of her face, her red hair and her form-fitting short skirts."Saffel "A Legend is Born", p. 27
Lee and Romita toned down the prevalent sense of antagonism in Parker's world by improving Parker's relationship with the supporting characters and having stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider-Man's adventures. The stories became more topical,Manning "1960s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 46: "Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when, with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney, he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University." addressing issues such as civil rights, racism, prisoners' rights, the Vietnam War, and political elections.
Issue No. 50 (June 1967) introduced the highly enduring criminal mastermind the Kingpin,DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 122: "Stan Lee wanted to create a new kind of crime boss. Someone who treated crime as if it were a business...He pitched this idea to artist John Romita and it was Wilson Fisk who emerged in The Amazing Spider-Man #50." who would become a major force as well in the superhero series Daredevil. Other notable first appearances in the Lee-Romita era include the Rhino in No. 41 (Oct. 1966),DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 119: "The first original super-villain produced by the new Spider-Man team of Stan Lee and John Romita was the Rhino." the Shocker in No. 46 (Mar. 1967),DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 121 the Prowler in No. 78 (Nov. 1969), and the Kingpin's son, Richard Fisk, in No. 83 (Apr. 1970). |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 1970s | 1970s
Several spin-off series debuted in the 1970s: Marvel Team-Up in 1972,Sanderson, Peter "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 155: "Marvel Team-Up No. 1 inaugurated a new series in which Spider-Man teamed with a different hero in each issue."" and The Spectacular Spider-Man in 1976.Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 177: "Spider-Man already starred in two monthly series: The Amazing Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up. Now Marvel added a third, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, initially written by Gerry Conway with art by Sal Buscema and Mike Esposito." A short-lived series titled Giant-Size Spider-Man began in July 1974 and ran six issues through 1975. Spidey Super Stories, a series aimed at children ages 6–10, ran for 57 issues from October 1974 through 1982.
The flagship title's second decade took a grim turn with a story in #89-90 (Oct.-Nov. 1970) featuring the death of Captain George Stacy.Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 55: "Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider-Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible. So in Spider-Man's world, there was a good chance that he would be destined to die." This was the first Spider-Man story to be penciled by Gil Kane, who would alternate drawing duties with Romita for the next year-and-a-half and would draw several landmark issues.
One such story took place in the controversial issues #96–98 (May–July 1971). Writer-editor Lee defied the Comics Code Authority with this story, in which Parker's friend Harry Osborn, was hospitalized after over-dosing on pills. Lee wrote this story upon a request from the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for a story about the dangers of drugs. Citing its dictum against depicting drug use, even in an anti-drug context, the CCA refused to put its seal on these issues. With the approval of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman, Lee had the comics published without the seal. The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts.Saffel "Bucking the Establishment, Marvel Style", p. 60: "The stories received widespread mainstream publicity, and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns." The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs, among other new freedoms.Daniels, pp. 152 and 154: "As a result of Marvel's successful stand, the Comics Code had begun to look just a little foolish. Some of its more ridiculous restrictions were abandoned because of Lee's decision."
"The Six Arms Saga" of #100–102 (Sept.–Nov. 1971) introduced Morbius, the Living Vampire. The second installment was the first Amazing Spider-Man story not written by co-creator Lee,Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 59: "In the first issue of The Amazing Spider-Man to be written by someone other than Stan Lee, Roy Thomas was faced with the mammoth task of not only filling the vaunted writer's shoes but also solving the bizarre cliffhanger from the last issue." with Roy Thomas taking over writing the book for several months before Lee returned to write #105–110 (Feb.-July 1972).Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 61: "Stan Lee had returned to The Amazing Spider-Man for a handful of issues after leaving following issue No. 100 (September 1971). With issue No. 110. Lee once again departed the title into which he had infused so much of his own personality over his near 10-year stint as regular writer." Lee, who was going on to become Marvel Comics' publisher, with Thomas becoming editor-in-chief, then turned writing duties over to 19-year-old Gerry Conway,Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 62: "[The Amazing Spider-Man #111] marked the dawning of a new era: writer Gerry Conway came on board as Stan Lee's replacement. Alongside artist John Romita, Conway started his run by picking up where Lee left off." who scripted the series through 1975. Romita penciled Conway's first half-dozen issues, which introduced the gangster Hammerhead in No. 113 (Oct. 1972). Kane then succeeded Romita as penciler, although Romita would continue inking Kane for a time.
Issue 121 (June 1973 by Conway-Kane-Romita) featured the death of Gwen Stacy at the hands of the Green Goblin in "The Night Gwen Stacy Died."Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 159: "In June [1973], Marvel embarked on a story that would have far-reaching effects. The Amazing Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. suggested killing off Spider-Man's beloved Gwen Stacy to shake up the book's status quo."Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 68: "This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider-Man's life."David and Greenberger p. 49: "The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented...Gwen's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level." Her demise and the Goblin's apparent death one issue later formed a story arc widely considered as the most defining in the history of Spider-Man.Saffel "Death and the Spider", p. 65: "Death struck again, with repercussions that would ripple through comics from that day forward." The aftermath of the story deepened both the characterization of Mary Jane Watson and her relationship with Parker.
In 1973 Gil Kane was succeeded by Ross Andru, whose run lasted from issue #125 (Oct. 1973) to #185 (Oct. 1978). Issue#129 (Feb. 1974) introduced the Punisher,Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 72: "Writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru introduced two major new characters to Spider-Man's world and the Marvel Universe in this self-contained issue. Not only would the vigilante known as the Punisher go on to be one of the most important and iconic Marvel creations of the 1970s, but his instigator, the Jackal, would become the next big threat in Spider-Man's life." who would become one of Marvel Comics' most popular characters. The Conway-Andru era featured the first appearances of the Man-Wolf in #124–125 (Sept.-Oct. 1973); the near-marriage of Doctor Octopus and Aunt May in #131 (Apr. 1974); Harry Osborn stepping into his father's role as the Green Goblin in #135–137 (Aug.-Oct.1974); and the original "Clone Saga", containing the introduction of Spider-Man's clone, in #147–149 (Aug.-Oct. 1975).
Archie Goodwin and Gil Kane produced the title's 150th issue (Nov. 1975) before Len Wein became writer with issue No. 151.Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 85: "To signify the start of this new era Spider-Man's new regular chronicler writer Len Wein would come onboard with this issue." During Wein's tenure, Harry Osborn and Liz Allen dated and became engaged; J. Jonah Jameson was introduced to his eventual second wife, Marla Madison; and Aunt May suffered a heart attack. Wein's last story on Amazing was a five-issue arc in #176–180 (Jan.-May 1978) featuring a third Green Goblin (Harry Osborn's psychiatrist, Bart Hamilton).
Marv Wolfman, Marvel's editor-in-chief from 1975 to 1976, succeeded Wein as writer and, in his first issue, #182 (July 1978), had Parker propose marriage to Watson, who refused in the following issue.Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 103: "As new regular writer Marv Wolfman took over the scripting duties from Len Wein and partnered with artist Ross Andru, Peter Parker decided to make a dramatic change in his personal life." Keith Pollard succeeded Andru as artist shortly afterward and, with Wolfman, introduced the likable rogue the Black Cat (Felicia Hardy) in #194 (July 1979).Manning "1970s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 107: "Spider-Man wasn't exactly sure what to think about his luck when he met a beautiful new thief on the prowl named the Black Cat, courtesy of a story by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Keith Pollard." As a love interest for Spider-Man, the Black Cat would go on to be an important supporting character for the better part of the next decade and remain a friend and occasional lover into the 2010s. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 1980s | 1980s
thumb|The Amazing Spider-Man No. 252 (May 1984): Spider-Man's black costume debuts. Cover art by Ron Frenz and Klaus Janson.
The Amazing Spider-Man #200 (Jan. 1980) featured the return and death of the burglar who killed Spider-Man's Uncle Ben. Writer Marv Wolfman and penciler Keith Pollard both left the title by mid-year, succeeded by Dennis O'Neil, a writer known for groundbreaking 1970s work at rival DC Comics,Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 115: "Acclaimed writer Denny O'Neil had returned to Marvel and...took over as the regular writer on The Amazing Spider-Man from issue No. 207 (August [1980]) until the end of 1981." and penciler John Romita Jr. O'Neil wrote two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man Annual which were both drawn by Frank Miller. The 1980 Annual featured a team-up with Doctor StrangeManning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 114: "Writer Denny O'Neil and artist Frank Miller...used their considerable talents in this rare collaboration that teamed two other legends – Dr. Strange and Spider-Man." while the 1981 Annual showcased a meeting with the Punisher.Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 120: "Writer Denny O'Neil teamed with artist Frank Miller to concoct a Spider-Man annual that played to both their strengths. Miller and O'Neil seemed to flourish in the gritty world of street crime so tackling a Spider/Punisher fight was a natural choice." Roger Stern, who had written nearly 20 issues of sister title The Spectacular Spider-Man, took over Amazing with #224 (Jan. 1982).Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 126: "Writer Roger Stern moved from the helm of Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man to sit behind the wheel as the new regular writer of The Amazing Spider-Man with this issue." During his two years on the title, Stern augmented the backgrounds of long-established Spider-Man villains and, with Romita Jr., created the mysterious supervillain the Hobgoblin in #238–239 (Mar.–Apr. 1983).Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 133: "Writer Roger Stern and artists John Romita Jr. and John Romita Sr. introduced a new – and frighteningly sane – version of the [Green Goblin] concept with the debut of the Hobgoblin." Fans engaged with the mystery of the Hobgoblin's secret identity, which continued throughout #244–245 and 249–251 (Sept.-Oct. 1983 and Feb.-April 1984). One lasting change was the reintroduction of Mary Jane Watson as a more serious, mature woman who becomes Peter's confidante after she reveals that she knows his secret identity. Stern also wrote "The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man" in The Amazing Spider-Man #248 (Jan. 1984), a story which ranks among his most popular.David and Greenberger, pp. 68–69: "Writer Roger Stern is primarily remembered for two major contributions to the world of Peter Parker. One was a short piece entitled 'The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man'...[his] other major contribution was the introduction of the Hobgoblin."
By mid-1984, Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz took over scripting and penciling. DeFalco helped establish Parker and Watson's mature relationship, laying the foundation for the characters' wedding in 1987. Notably, in #257 (Oct. 1984), Watson tells Parker that she knows he is Spider-Man, and in #259 (Dec. 1984), she reveals to Parker the extent of her troubled childhood. Other notable issues of the DeFalco-Frenz era include #252 (May 1984), the first appearance of Spider-Man's black costume, which the hero would wear almost exclusively for the next four years' worth of comics; the debut of criminal mastermind the Rose in #253 (June 1984); the revelation in #258 (Nov. 1984) that the black costume is a living being, a symbiote; and the introduction of the female mercenary Silver Sable in #265 (June 1985).
DeFalco and Frenz were both removed from The Amazing Spider-Man in 1986 by editor Jim Owsley under acrimonious circumstances. A succession of artists including Alan Kupperberg, John Romita Jr., and Alex Saviuk penciled the series from 1987 to 1988, and Owsley wrote the book for the first half of 1987, scripting the five-part "Gang War" story (#284–288) that DeFalco plotted. Former Spectacular Spider-Man writer Peter David scripted #289 (June 1987), which revealed Ned Leeds as being the Hobgoblin although this was retconned in 1996 by Roger Stern into Leeds not being the original Hobgoblin after all.
David Michelinie took over as writer in the next issue, for a story arc in #290–292 (July–Sept. 1987) that led to the marriage of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson in Amazing Spider-Man Annual No. 21. The "Kraven's Last Hunt" storyline by writer J.M. DeMatteis and artists Mike Zeck and Bob McLeod crossed over into The Amazing Spider-Man #293 and 294.DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 231: "The six-issue story arc...ran through all the Spider-Man titles for two months." Issue No.298 (Mar. 1988) was the first Spider-Man comic to be drawn by future industry star Todd McFarlane, the first regular artist on The Amazing Spider-Man since Frenz's departure. McFarlane revolutionized Spider-Man's look. His depiction – "Ditko-esque" poses, large eyes; wiry, contorted limbs; and messy, knotted, convoluted webbing – influenced the way virtually all subsequent artists would draw the character. McFarlane's other significant contribution to the Spider-Man canon was the design for what would become one of Spider-Man's most wildly popular antagonists, the supervillain Venom.Manning "1980s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 169: "In this landmark installment [issue No. 298], one of the most popular characters in the wall-crawler's history would begin to step into the spotlight courtesy of one of the most popular artists to ever draw the web-slinger." Issue No. 299 (Apr. 1988) featured Venom's first appearance (a last-page cameo) before his first full appearance in #300 (May 1988). The latter issue featured Spider-Man reverting to his original red-and-blue costume.
Other notable issues of the Michelinie-McFarlane era include #312 (Feb. 1989), featuring the Green Goblin vs. the Hobgoblin; and #315–317 (May–July 1989), with the return of Venom. In July 2012, Todd McFarlane's original cover art for The Amazing Spider-Man No. 328 sold for a bid of $657,250, making it the most expensive American comic book art ever sold at auction at the time. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 1990s | 1990s
With a civilian life as a married man, the Spider-Man of the 1990s was different from the superhero of the previous three decades. McFarlane left the title in 1990 to write and draw a new series titled simply Spider-Man. His successor, Erik Larsen, penciled the book from early 1990 to mid-1991. After issue No. 350, Larsen was succeeded by Mark Bagley, who had won the 1986 Marvel Tryout ContestSaffel "Taking Stock: The 1990s" pp. 185–186 and was assigned a number of low-profile penciling jobs followed by a run on New Warriors in 1990. Bagley penciled the flagship Spider-Man title from 1991 to 1996.Mark Bagley's run on The Amazing Spider-Man at the Grand Comics Database During that time, Bagley's rendition of Spider-Man was used extensively for licensed material and merchandise.
Issues #361–363 (April–June 1992) introduced Carnage,Cowsill, Alan "1990s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 197: "Artist Mark Bagley's era of The Amazing Spider-Man hit its stride as Carnage revealed the true face of his evil. Carnage was a symbiotic offspring produced when Venom bonded to psychopath Cletus Kasady." a second symbiote nemesis for Spider-Man. The series' 30th-anniversary issue, No. 365 (Aug. 1992), was a double-sized, hologram-cover issueCowsill "1990s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 199 with the cliffhanger ending of Peter Parker's parents, long thought dead, reappearing alive. It would be close to two years before they were revealed to be impostors, who are killed in No. 388 (April 1994), scripter Michelinie's last issue. His 1987–1994 stint gave him the second-longest run as writer on the title, behind Stan Lee.
Issue No. 375 was released with a gold foil cover.Cowsill "1990s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 203 There was an error affecting some issues, which caused them to be missing the majority of the foil.
With No. 389, writer J. M. DeMatteis, whose Spider-Man credits included the 1987 "Kraven's Last Hunt" story arc and a 1991–1993 run on The Spectacular Spider-Man, took over the title. From October 1994 to June 1996, Amazing stopped running stories exclusive to it, and ran installments of multi-part stories that crossed over into all the Spider-Man books. One of the few self-contained stories during this period was in No. 400 (April 1995), which featured the death of Aunt May – later revealed to have been faked (although the death still stands in the MC2 continuity). The "Clone Saga" culminated with the revelation that the Spider-Man who had appeared in the previous 20 years of comics was a clone of the real Spider-Man. This plot twist was massively unpopular with many readers, and was later reversed in the "Revelations" story arc that crossed over the Spider-Man books in late 1996.
The Clone Saga tied into a publishing gap after No. 406 (Oct. 1995), when the title was temporarily replaced by The Amazing Scarlet Spider #1–2 (Nov.-Dec. 1995), featuring Ben Reilly. The series picked up again with No. 407 (Jan. 1996), with Tom DeFalco returning as writer. Bagley completed his 5½-year run by September 1996. A succession of artists, including Ron Garney, Steve Skroce, Joe Bennett, Rafael Kayanan and John Byrne penciled the book until the final issue, No. 441 (Nov. 1998), after which Marvel rebooted the title with vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan. 1999). |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Relaunch and the 2000s | Relaunch and the 2000s
Marvel began The Amazing Spider-Man relaunching the 'Amazing' comic book series with (vol. 2) #1 (Jan. 1999).Cowsill "1990s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 246: "This new series heralded a fresh start for the web-slinger's adventures." Howard Mackie wrote the first 29 issues. The relaunch included the Sandman being regressed to his criminal ways and the "death" of Mary Jane, which was ultimately reversed. Other elements included the introduction of a new Spider-Woman (who was spun off into her own short-lived series) and references to John Byrne's miniseries Spider-Man: Chapter One, which was launched at the same time as the reboot. Byrne also penciled issues #1–18 (from 1999 to 2000) and wrote #13–14, John Romita Jr. took his place soon after in October 2000. Mackie's run ended with The Amazing Spider-Man Annual 2001, which saw the return of Mary Jane, who then left Parker upon reuniting with him.
With issue No. 30 (June 2001), J. Michael Straczynski took over as writerCowsill "2000s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 262: "J. Michael Straczynski and artist John Romita Jr. took the helm in this issue to create some of the best Spider-Man stories of the decade." and oversaw additional storylines – most notably his lengthy "Spider-Totem" arc, which raised the issue of whether Spider-Man's powers were magic-based, rather than as the result of a radioactive spider's bite. Additionally, Straczynski resurrected the plot point of Aunt May discovering her nephew was Spider-Man, and returned Mary Jane, with the couple reuniting in The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 2) #50. Straczynski gave Spider-Man a new profession, having Parker teach at his former high school.
Issue No. 30 began a dual numbering system, with the original series numbering (#471) returned and placed alongside the volume two number on the cover. Other longtime, rebooted Marvel Comics titles, including Fantastic Four, likewise were given the dual numbering around this time. After (vol. 2) #58 (Nov. 2003), the title reverted completely to its original numbering for issue No. 500 (Dec. 2003). Mike Deodato Jr. penciled the series from mid-2004 until 2006.
That year Peter Parker revealed his Spider-Man identity on live television in the company-crossover storyline "Civil War", in which the superhero community is split over whether to conform to the federal government's new Superhuman Registration Act. This knowledge was erased from the world with the event of the four-part, crossover story arc, "One More Day", written partially by J. Michael Straczynski and illustrated by Joe Quesada, running through The Amazing Spider-Man #544–545 (Nov.-Dec. 2007), Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man No. 24 (Nov. 2007) and The Sensational Spider-Man No. 41 (Dec. 2007), the final issues of those two titles. Here, the demon Mephisto makes a Faustian bargain with Parker and Mary Jane, offering to save Parker's dying Aunt May if the couple will allow their marriage to have never existed, rewriting that portion of their pasts. This story arc marked the end of Straczynski's work on the title.
Following this, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, increasing its frequency of publication to three issues monthly, and inaugurating the series with a sequence of "back to basics" story arcs under the banner of "Brand New Day". Parker now exists in a changed world where he and Mary Jane had never married, and Parker has no memory of being married to her, with domino effect differences in their immediate world. The most notable of these revisions to Spider-Man continuity are the return of Harry Osborn, whose death in The Spectacular Spider-Man No. 200 (May 1993) is erased; and the reestablishment of Spider-Man's secret identity, with no one except Mary Jane able to recall that Parker is Spider-Man (although he soon reveals his secret identity to the New Avengers and the Fantastic Four). Under the banner of Brand New Day, Marvel tried to only use newly created villains instead of relying on older ones. Characters like Mister Negative and Overdrive both in Free Comic Book Day 2007 Spider-Man (July 2007), Menace in No. 549 (March 2008), Ana and Sasha Kravinoff in No. 565 (September 2008) and No. 567 (October 2008) respectively, and several more were introduced. The alternating regular writers were initially Dan Slott, Bob Gale, Marc Guggenheim, and Zeb Wells, joined by a rotation of artists that included Steve McNiven, Salvador Larroca, Phil Jimenez, Barry Kitson, Chris Bachalo, Mike McKone, Marcos Martín, and John Romita Jr. Joe Kelly, Mark Waid, Fred Van Lente and Roger Stern later joined the writing team and Paolo Rivera, Lee Weeks and Marco Checchetto the artist roster. Waid's work on the series included a meeting between Spider-Man and Stephen Colbert in The Amazing Spider-Man No. 573 (Dec. 2008).Cowsill "2000s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 316: "The issue [#573] also saw TV star Stephen Colbert team up with Spider-Man in a back-up story written by Mark Waid and drawn by Patrick Olliffe."
Issue No. 583 (March 2009) included a back-up story in which Spider-Man meets President Barack Obama.Cowsill "2000s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 319: "With President Obama about to be inaugurated, Marvel produced a special variant issue of The Amazing Spider-Man complete with...a five-page back-up strip co-starring the President, written by Zeb Wells and drawn by Todd Nauck." |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2010s and temporary end of publication | 2010s and temporary end of publication
Mark Waid scripted the opening of "The Gauntlet" storyline in issue No. 612 (Jan. 2010).Cowsill "2010s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 327: "Written by Mark Waid and drawn by Paul Azaceta, the two-part opening mixed the real-world drama of the economic meltdown with some Spidey action." The Gauntlet story was concluded by Grim Hunt (No. 634–637) which saw the resurrection of long-dead Spider-Man villain, Kraven the Hunter. The series became a twice-monthly title with Dan Slott as sole writer at issue No. 648 (Jan. 2011), launching the Big Time storyline.Cowsill "2010s" in Gilbert (2012), p. 334: "Spidey's adventures were about to take an exciting new direction as Dan Slott became the title's sole writer." Archive requires scrolldown Eight additional pages were added per issue. Big Time saw major changes in Spider-Man/Peter Parker's life, Peter would start working at Horizon Labs and begin a relationship with Carlie Cooper (his first serious relationship since his marriage to Mary Jane), Mac Gargan returned as Scorpion after spending the past few years as Venom, Phil Urich would take up the mantle of Hobgoblin, and the death of J. Jonah Jameson's wife, Marla Jameson. Issues 654 and 654.1 saw the birth of Agent Venom, Flash Thompson bonded with the Venom symbiote, which would lead to Venom getting his own series Venom (volume 2). Starting in No. 659 and going to No. 665, the series built-up to the Spider-Island event which officially started in No. 666 and ended in No. 673. Ends of the Earth was the next event that ran from No. 682 through No. 687. This publishing format lasted until issue No. 700, which concluded the "Dying Wish" storyline, in which Parker and Doctor Octopus swapped bodies, and the latter taking on the mantle of Spider-Man when Parker apparently died in Doctor Octopus' body. The Amazing Spider-Man ended with this issue, with the story continuing in the new series The Superior Spider-Man. Despite The Superior Spider-Man being considered a different series to The Amazing Spider-Man, the first 33 issue run goes towards the legacy numbering of The Amazing Spider-Man acting as issues 701–733. In December 2013, the series returned for five issues, numbered 700.1 through 700.5, with the first two written by David Morrell and drawn by Klaus Janson. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2014 relaunch | 2014 relaunch
In January 2014, Marvel confirmed that The Amazing Spider-Man would be relaunched on April 30, 2014, starting from issue No. 1, with Peter Parker as Spider-Man once again.
The first issue of this new version of The Amazing Spider-Man was, according to Diamond Comics Distributors, the "best-selling comic book... in over a decade."
Issues #1–6 were a story arc called "Lucky to be Alive", taking place immediately after "Goblin Nation", with issues No. 4 and No. 5 being a crossover with the Original Sin storyline. Issue No. 4 introduced Silk, a new heroine who was bitten by the same spider as Peter Parker. Issues #7–8 featured a team-up between Ms. Marvel and Spider-Man, and had backup stories that tied into "Edge of Spider-Verse". The next major plot arc, titled "Spider-Verse", began in Issue No. 9 and ended in No. 15, features every Spider-Man from across the dimensions being hunted by Morlun, and a team-up to stop him, with Peter Parker of Earth-616 in command of the Spider-Men's Alliance. The Amazing Spider-Man Annual No. 1 of the relaunched series was released in December 2014, featuring stories unrelated to "Spider-Verse". |
The Amazing Spider-Man | The Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows | The Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows
In 2015, Marvel started the universe wide Secret Wars event where the core and several other Marvel universes were combined into one big planet called Battleworld. Battleworld was divided into sections with most of them being self-contained universes. Marvel announced that several of these self-contained universes would get their own tie in series and one of them was Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, an alternate universe where Peter Parker and Mary Jane are still married and give birth to their child Annie May Parker, written by Dan Slott. Despite the series being considered separate from the main Amazing Spider-Man series, the original 5 issue run is counted towards its legacy numbering acting as No. 752-756. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2015 relaunch | 2015 relaunch
Following the 2015 Secret Wars event, a number of Spider-Man-related titles were either relaunched or created as part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event. Among them, The Amazing Spider-Man was relaunched as well and primarily focused on Peter Parker continuing to run Parker Industries and becoming a successful businessman operating worldwide. It also tied with Civil War II (involving an Inhuman named Ulysses Cain who can predict possible futures), Dead No More (where Ben Reilly [the original Scarlet Spider] revealed to be revived and as one of the antagonists instead), and Secret Empire (during Hydra's reign led by a Hydra influenced Captain America/Steve Rogers, and the dismissal of Parker Industries by Peter Parker to stop Otto Octavius). Starting in September 2017, Marvel started the Marvel Legacy event which renumbered several Marvel series to their original numbering. The Amazing Spider-Man was put back to its original numbering for #789. Issues #789 through 791 focused on the aftermath of Peter destroying Parker Industries and his fall from grace. Issues #792 and 793 were part of the Venom Inc. story. Threat Level: Red was the story for the next three issues which saw Norman Osborn obtain and bond with the Carnage symbiote. Go Down Swinging saw the results of the combination of Osborn's goblin serum and Carnage symbiote creating the Red Goblin. Issue No. 801 was Dan Slott's goodbye issue. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2018 relaunch | 2018 relaunch
In March 2018, it was announced that writer Nick Spencer would be writing the main semi-monthly The Amazing Spider-Man series beginning with a new No. 1, replacing long-time writer Dan Slott, as part of the Fresh Start relaunch that July.
The first five-issue story arc was titled 'Back to Basics.' During the Back to Basics story, Kindred, a mysterious villain with some relation to Peter's past, was introduced, and Peter resumed his romantic relationship with Mary Jane once more. The first major story under Spencer was Hunted which ran through issues 16 through 23, the story also included four ".HU" issues for issues 16, 18, 19, and 20. The end of the story saw the death of long-running Spider-Man villain Kraven the Hunter, being replaced by his clone son, The Last Son of Kraven. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2020s | 2020s
Issue 45 kicked off the Sins Rising story which saw the resurrected Sin-Eater carry out the plans of Kindred to cleanse the world of sin, particularly that of Norman Osborn. The story concluded with issue 49, issue 850 in legacy numbering, seeing Spider-Man and Green Goblin team up to defeat Sin-Eater. Last Remains started in issue 50 and concluded in issue 55, the story saw Kindred's plans come to fruition as he tormented Spider-Man. The story has also seen five ".LR" for issues 50, 51, 52, 53, and 54 which focused on The Order of the Web, a new faction of Spider-People consisting of Julia Carpenter (Madame Web), Miles Morales (Spider-Man), Gwen Stacy (Ghost-Spider), Cindy Moon (Silk), Jessica Drew (Spider-Woman), and Anya Corazon (Spider-Girl) . The story also revealed that Kindred is Harry Osborn. Last Remains also received two fallout issues called Last Remains Post-Mortem.
Nick Spencer concluded his run with the Sinister War story which wrapped up in No. 74 (legacy numbering 875). The story saw several retcons to the Spider-Man mythos including that Kindred was Gabriel and Sarah Stacy all along, the fact that the Stacy twins were actually genetically engineered beings using Norman Osborn and Gwen Stacy's DNA, that the Harry Osborn that returned in Brand New Day was actually a clone, and that Norman had made a deal with Mephisto where he sold Harry's soul to the demon. The story ended with the deaths of the Harry clone, Gabriel, and Sarah and the real Harry's soul being freed from Mephisto's grasp.
After Spencer left the book, Marvel announced the "Beyond" era of Spider-Man would start in #75. The book would be moving back to the format it had during Brand New Day where it would have a rotating cast of writers including Kelly Thompson, Saladin Ahmed, Cody Ziglar, Patrick Gleason, and Zeb Wells. The book would also be released three times a month. "Beyond" would focus on Ben Reilly taking up the mantle of Spider-Man once again but backed by the Beyond corporation. Peter also falls ill and cannot be Spider-Man so he gives Ben his blessing to carry on as the main Spider-Man. However, following the conclusion of the storyline in #93, Peter has resumed active duties as Spider-Man, while Ben suffers a mental breakdown after losing his memories and becomes the villain Chasm. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2022 relaunch | 2022 relaunch
In January 2022, it was announced that writer Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. would be working on a relaunched The Amazing Spider-Man, bringing the number of volumes for the title to its sixth, with the series beginning in April 2022 as a semi-monthly publication. The relaunch encompasses both a legacy numbering of #900 as well as the 60th anniversary for the character. The relaunch took place months after a mysterious event that left Peter on bad terms with the superhero community and ended his relationship with Mary Jane. He ends up taking a job at Oscorp and begins working closely with Norman Osborn (who becomes the heroic Gold Goblin) and starts dating Black Cat. The volume's first crossover event was entitled Dark Web, with Chasm having teamed up with Madelyne Pryor to bring limbo to Earth.
It's later revealed that Benjamin Rabin, the emissary of the Mayan god of mischief Wayeb', sent Peter and Mary Jane to an alternate dimension to conduct a ceremony that would allow Wayeb to control the Earth. Peter was sent back to his Earth, while due to the alternative passage of time, Mary Jane and Paul, Rabin's son in that dimension, spent four years in the realm together and adopted two children. When Peter eventually rescued them, Mary Jane refused to part with her new family. Rabin then planned to sacrifice Mary Jane to resurrect Wayeb, but is ultimately stopped by Ms. Marvel sacrificing herself, but not before Rabin reveals that Paul and Mary Jane's kids were illusions created by him and ceased their existence. Mary Jane becomes the superheroine Jackpot using the bracelet acquired from the other dimension as Black Cat breaks up with Peter shortly before Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson's wedding.
The second crossover event was entitled Gang War, where Peter led a team of street-level superheroes to stop a massive war between New York's gangs led by Madam Masque, Tombstone, and Beetle. During an encounter with Kraven the Hunter, Peter temporarily becomes infected by Norman Osborn's sins and becomes the villainous Spider-Goblin. Eventually, Norman's sins return to him and he resumes being the Green Goblin. While fighting Spider-Man, the goblin reveals that he implanted a trigger phrase within Peters's mind that would bring forth the Spider-Goblin persona. Norman then sends Spider-Goblin to attack the Sinister Six, who he brutally defeats, but is stopped from killing them due to the intervention of Chasm. With help from the Living Brain and his allies, Peter is able to purge himself and Norman of the Goblin for good. Wells' run ended in June 2024 with a climactic showdown between Spider-Man and Tombstone, where the former stops the latter from killing his daughter to establish his dominance over New York's gangs. Peter also begins to date Shay Marken, a nurse at the Ravencroft Institute.
In July 2024, it was announced that following the conclusion of Wells' run, a 10-issue event would begin publication in the Fall called The 8 Deaths of Spider-Man. The series was written by Joe Kelly and Justina Ireland and illustrated by Ed McGuinness and Gleb Melnikov. The event featured the recently crowned Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Doom designating Spider-Man as Earth's champion to take on Doctor Strange's annual task of facing the Scions of Cyttorak, giving him an arcane armor and eight reeds that could revive him if he got killed. After being killed several times and being forced to face Cyra's challenge of enduring the future deaths of his loved ones and millions of others, Peter became disillusioned and gave up until his inactivity nearly costs the lives of Aunt May and his friends. He uses his remaining reeds to resurrect them before teaming up with Juggernaut and the X-Men to take on Callix, who had been infected by the Blight and killed his siblings. After Callix kills him, Cyra, inspired by Peter's indomitable will, sacrifices her immortality to resurrect him and briefly imbue him with Juggernaut's strength. Cyttorak, seeing Peter willing to risk his life in the face of tragedy, decides to shield his remaining children from the Blight, saving the planet. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | 2025 relaunch | 2025 relaunch
In December 2024, it was announced that Kelly would become the writer of a new volume of ASM that will launch after 8 Deaths of Spider-Man in April 2025, with John Romita Jr. and Pepe Larraz providing the work on the art. |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Contributors | Contributors |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 1 (1963–1998, 2003–2014, 2017–2018) | Vol. 1 (1963–1998, 2003–2014, 2017–2018) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 1963–1972, 1973, 1980, 1984Stan Lee #1-100, #105-110, #116-118, #200 (epilogue), Annual #1-5, #18 1971–1972 Roy Thomas #101-104 1972–1975 Gerry Conway #111-149, Giant-Size Super-Heroes #1 1975–1978 Archie Goodwin #150, #181, Annual #11 1975–1978 Len Wein #151-181, Annual #10 1976–1978, 1981, 1983 Bill Mantlo #181, #222, Annual #10-11, #17 1978–1980 Marv Wolfman #182-204, Annual #13 1978 Jim Starlin #187 1980, 1987–1994 David Michelinie #205, #290-292, #296-352, #359-375, #377-388, Annual #21 1980, 1982–1984, 2009–2010 Roger Stern #206, #224-227, #229-252, #580, #627-629, Annual #16-17 1980–1982 Dennis O’Neil #207-219, #221, #223, Annual #14-15 1980 Jim Shooter #208 1980 Mark Gruenwald #208 1981 Michael Fleisher #220 1981, 1987, 1994–1995 J. M. DeMatteis #223, #293-294, #389-406 1982 Jan Strnad #228 1984–1987, 1992–1993, 1996–1998 Tom DeFalco #251-261, #263, #265, #268-285, #365, #375, #407-439, #-1 1985 Bob Layton #262 1985 Craig Anderson #264 1985–1987 Peter David #266-267, #278, #289 1985 Louise Simonson Annual #19 1986 Jo Duffy #278 1987 Jim Owsley #284-288 1987 Ann Nocenti #295 1987 Jim Shooter Annual #21 1991–1993 Al Milgrom #353-358, #371-372 1993 Steven Grant #376-377 1995 Todd Dezago #404-405 1998 John Byrne #440-441 1998–2003 J. Michael Straczynski #442-499 (vol. 2 #1-58) 2003–2007 J. Michael Straczynski #500-545 2008–2013, 2017–2018 Dan Slott #546–548, #559–561, #564, #568–573, #581–582, #590–591, #600, #618–621, #647–660, #662–676, #678–700, #789-801; #679.1, #699.1 2008–2010 Marc Guggenheim #549-551, #564-567, #574, #584-588, #608-610, #647 2008 Bob Gale #552-554, #558, #562-564, #647 2008–2010 Zeb Wells #555-557, #577, #583, #630-633, #636, #647 2008–2010 Joe Kelly #575-577, #595-599, #606-607, #611-612, #617, #625, #634-637 2009–2012 Mark Waid #578-579, #583, #592-594, #601, #612-614, #623-624, #642-646, #647, #677 2009–2011 Fred Van Lente #589, #602-605, #615-616, #622, #626, #647, #654, #659-660 2010 Tom Peyer #623-624 2010 Joe Quesada #638-641 2011–2013, 2017–2018 Christos Gage #661-662, #664, #695-697, #790, #794-795 2012 Christopher Yost #679.1, #680-681 2013 Joe Keatinge #699.1 2014 David Morrell #700.1-700.2 2014 Joe Casey #700.3-700.4 2014 Brian Reed #700.5 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 1963–1966 Steve Ditko #1–38, Annual #1-2 1966–1974, 1992, 2003 John Romita Sr. #39-75, #82-88, #93–95, #106–119, #132, #365, #500, Annual #3-4 1968 Larry Lieber Annual #5 1968 Don Heck #57, #59-63, #66 1969–1970, 1980 Jim Mooney #68-69, #71, #80, #84-87, #207 1969–1970 John Buscema #72-73, #76-81, #84-85 1970–1973, 1975–1976 Gil Kane #89-92, #96–105, #120–124, #150, Annual #10 1973–1978 Ross Andru #125–131, #133–149, #151–153, #156–180, #182–185 1976–1979, 1985–1986 Sal Buscema #154-155, #181, #198-199, #266, #272 1978–1981 Keith Pollard #186, #188, #191-195, #197, #200-205 1978 Jim Starlin #187 1979–1980 John Byrne #189-190, #206, Annual #13 1979 Al Milgrom #196 1980–1984, 1987, 1998, 2003–2004, 2008–2009 John Romita Jr. #208, #210-218, #223–227, #229–236, #238–250, #290-291, #432, #500-508, #568-573, #584–585, #587-588, #600, Annual #16 1980 Alan Weiss #209 1980–1981 Frank Miller Annual #14-15 1981 Luke McDonnell #219 1981, 1985 Bob McLeod #220, #267 1981, 1987 Alan Kupperberg #221, #285-286, #288-289 1981–1983 Bob Hall #222, #237 1982–1986 Rick Leonardi #228, #253-254, #279, #282 1983 Ed Hannigan Annual #17 1984–1986, 1996 Ron Frenz #248, #251-252, #255–261, #263, #265, #268-277, #280-281, #283-284, Annual #18, Annual ‘96 1985 Bob Layton #262 1985 Paty Cockrum #264 1985 Mary Wilshire Annual #19 1986 Tom Morgan #274, #289 1986 James Fry #274 1986 Mike Harris #278 1986–1987 Brett Breeding #280, #284 1986 Mark Beachum Annual #20 1987, 1989-1991 Erik Larsen #287, #324, #327, #329-344, #346-350 1987-1988 Alex Saviuk #292, #296-297 1987 Mike Zeck #293-294 1987 Cindy Martin #295 1988-1990 Todd McFarlane #298-323, #325, #328 1991-1996 Mark Bagley #345, #351-358, #361-365, #368–375, #378–404, #407–415 1992 Chris Marrinan #359-360 1992 Jerry Bingham #366-367 1992 Scott McDaniel Annual #26 1993 Jeff Johnson #376-377 1995 Darick Robertson #405 1995 Angel Medina #406 1996, 2006-2007 Ron Garney #416-417, #529, #532-543 1996-1997 Steve Skroce #418-421, #425-428 1997–1998 Joe Bennett #422-424, #429-431, #434-436, #-1 1997–1998 Tom Lyle #433, Annual ‘97-‘98 1998 Rafael Kayanan #437, #439-441 1998 Scott Kolins #438 2004–2006 Mike Deodato #509-528 2006 Tyler Kirkham #530-531 2007, 2010 Joe Quesada #544-545, #638-641 2008 Steve McNiven #546-548 2008 Salvador Larroca #549-551 2008–2009 Phil Jimenez #552-554, #565-567, #595 2008–2010 Chris Bachalo #555-557, #575-576, #630-633 2008–2009 Barry Kitson #558, #574, #577, #583, #586, #590-591, #594, #602, #604 2008–2011, 2018 Marcos Martin #559-561, #578-579, #618-620, #655-657, #800-801 2008–2009, 2011 Mike McKone #562-563, #581-582, #592-594, #606-607, #660 2008–2009 Paulo Siqueira #564, #589, #596, #598-599 2008 Mark Pennington #566 2008 Andy Lanning #567 2009–2010 Paolo Rivera #577, #638-641 2009–2010 Lee Weeks #580, #627-629 2009 Klaus Janson #582 2009–2010, 2013 Marco Checchetto #597-599, #608-610, #636-637, #699.1 2009 Stephen Segovia #599 2009 Mario Alberti #601 2009 Robert Atkins #603 2009–2011 Javier Pulido #605, #615-617, #620, #658, #661 2009 Adriana Melo #607 2009–2010 Luke Ross #608-610 2010 Eric Canete #611 2010 Paul Azaceta #612-614, #623-624, #642-646 2010 Ken Niimura #612 2010 Max Fiumara #617, #625, #647 2010 Michael Lark #621, #634-637 2010 Joe Quinones #622 2010 Javier Rodriguez #624 2010 Michael Gaydos #626 2010, 2012 Emma Rios #631-633, #677 2011–2013, 2018 Humberto Ramos #648-651, #654.1, #667–672, #676, #678–679, #684–685, #692–694, #699–700, #800 2011–2012 Stefano Caselli #652-654, #657, #659-660, #666, #673, #682-683, #686-687 2011 Ty Templeton #657 2011 Nuno Plati #657 2011 Reilly Brown #661-662 2011–2013, 2018 Giuseppe Camuncoli #663-665, #674-675, #680-681, #688-691, #695-697, #700, #800 2011, 2018 Ryan Stegman #665, #792-793 2012 Matthew Clark #679.1 2013 Richard Elson #698 2013 Valentine De Landro #699.1 2014 Klaus Janson #700.1-700.2 2014 Timothy Green #700.3-700.4 2014 Sean Chen #700.5 2017–2018 Stuart Immonen #789–791, #794, #797–800 2018 Mike Hawthorne #795-796, #800 2018 Nick Bradshaw #800 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 2 (1999–2003) | Vol. 2 (1999–2003) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 1999–2001 Howard Mackie (vol. 2) #1-13, #15-29 2000 John Byrne #13-14 2001–2003 J. Michael Straczynski #30-58 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 1999–2000 John Byrne (vol. 2) #1-18 2000 Erik Larsen (vol. 2) #19-21 2000–2003 John Romita Jr. (vol. 2) #22-27, #30-58 2001 Joe Bennett (vol. 2) #28 2001 Lee Weeks (vol. 2) #29 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 3 (2014–2015) | Vol. 3 (2014–2015) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 2014–2015 Dan Slott #1-18 2015 Gerry Conway #16.1-20.1 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 2014–2015 Humberto Ramos (vol. 3) #1-6, #8, #16-18 2014–2015 Giuseppe Camuncoli (vol. 3) #1, #7-9, #12–15 2015 Olivier Coipel (vol. 3) #9-11 2015 Carlo Barberi #16.1-20.1 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 4 (2015–2017) | Vol. 4 (2015–2017) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 2015–2017 Dan Slott #1-32 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 2015–2017 Giuseppe Camuncoli #1–5, #9–16, #19–24 2016 Matteo Buffagni #6-8 2016 R.B. Silva #17-18 2017 Stuart Immonen #25-31 2017 Greg Smallwood #32 |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 5 (2018–2022) | Vol. 5 (2018–2022) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 2018–2021 Nick Spencer #1-74; #18.HU-20.HU; #50.LR-54.LR 2020–2021 Matthew Rosenberg #50.LR-54.LR 2021 Ed Brisson #68-69 2021 Christos Gage #74 2021–2022 Zeb Wells #75-76, #86, #93; #92.BEY 2021–2022 Kelly Thompson #77-78, #91-92 2022 Jed MacKay #87-88, #92; #78.BEY, #92.BEY 2022 Cody Ziglar #79-80, #84-85; #80.BEY, #92.BEY 2022 Saladin Ahmed #81-82 2022 Patrick Gleason #83, #89-90 2022 Geoffrey Thorne #88.BEY |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 2018–2020 Ryan Ottley #1-5, #11-13, #16, #23-25, #30-31, #37, #41-43, #49 2018–2021 Humberto Ramos #6-10, #17-18, #20, #22, #25, #49, #74 2018 Steve Lieber #6-7 2019 Michele Bandini #9-10 2019 Chris Bachalo #14-15 2019 Alberto Jimenez Alburquerque #16 2019 Gerardo Sandoval #19, #21 2019–2022 Patrick Gleason #25, #32-34, #50-52, #55, #61-62, #75-76, #83, #93 2019 Kev Walker #25-28 2019 Francesco Manna #29 2020, 2022 Jan Bazaldua #35-36, #88.BEY 2020 Iban Coello #38-40 2020 José Carlos Silva #40 2020 Kim Jacinto #44 2020, 2022 Bruno Oliveira #44; #92.BEY 2020–2022 Mark Bagley #45, #48–49, #53–54, #56–57, #60, #64, #66–69, #74, #89-90, #93; #92.BEY 2020–2021 Marcelo Ferreira #46-47, #58-59, #67-69, #72-74 2021 Federico Vicentini #63-65, #70-72 2021 Federico Sabbatini #65, #71 2021–2022 Carlos Gómez #67-69, #72-74, #81, #87; #80.BEY 2021 Ze Carlos #68-69, #72-74 2021 Travel Foreman #75 2021–2022 Sara Pichelli #77-78, #91-93 2021–2022 Jim Towe #78, #88.BEY 2022 Elenora Carlini #78.BEY 2022 Michael Dowling #79-80, #86, #88 2022 Jorge Fornes #82 2022 Paco Medina #84-85; #80.BEY 2022 Ivan Fiorelli #80.BEY 2022 Fran Galán #91-92; #92.BEY 2022 José Carlos Silva #92 2022 Luigi Zagaria #92.BEY |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Vol. 6 (2022–2025) | Vol. 6 (2022–2025) |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Writers | Writers
Years Writer Issues 2022–present Zeb Wells #1-18, #21-60 2022–2023 Dan Slott #6, #31 2022 Daniel Kibblesmith #6 2022 Jeff Loveness #6 2023-2025 Joe Kelly #19-20, #61-62, #65, #69-70 2023 Celeste Bronfman #31 2023 Cale Atkinson #31 2023 Albert Monteys #31 2023 Steve Foxe #312024-2025Justina Ireland#63-64, #66-682025Derek Landy#65.DEATHSChristos Gage#68.DEATHS |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Pencilers | Pencilers
Years Penciler Issues 2022–2024 John Romita Jr. #1-5, #7-8, #11-13, #21-26, #31, #39-44, #49, #55-60 2022–2025 Ed McGuinness #6, #15-18, #27-30, #37-38, #50-54, #60-62, #69-70 2022–2023 Patrick Gleason #9, #32-36, #60 2022 Nick Dragotta #10 2023 Michael Dowling #14 2023 Kyle Hotz #14 2023 Terry Dodson #14, #19-20 2023 Ryan Stegman #14 2023 Ze Carlos #31 2023 Emilio Laiso #31, #55 2024 Carmen Carnero #45-46 2024 Todd Nauck #47-48, #51-542024Gleb Melnikov#63-642025CAFU#652025Kev Walker#65.DEATHS2025Andrea Broccardo#66-682025Mark Buckingham#68.DEATHS |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Collected editions | Collected editions
See: Spider-Man Collected Editions |
The Amazing Spider-Man | See also | See also |
The Amazing Spider-Man | References | References |
The Amazing Spider-Man | External links | External links
The Amazing Spider-Man comic book sales figures from 1966–present at The Comics Chronicles
The Amazing Spider-Man cover gallery
Spiderman Videos
Category:1963 comics debuts
Category:Comics by Archie Goodwin (comics)
Category:Comics by Dennis O'Neil
Category:Comics by Gerry Conway
Category:Comics by J. M. DeMatteis
Category:Comics by J. Michael Straczynski
Category:Comics by John Byrne (comics)
Category:Comics by Len Wein
Category:Comics by Mark Waid
Category:Comics by Marv Wolfman
Category:Comics by Roger Stern
Category:Comics by Stan Lee
Category:Comics by Steve Ditko
Category:Spider-Man titles |
The Amazing Spider-Man | Table of Content | short description, Publication history, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, Relaunch and the 2000s, 2010s and temporary end of publication, 2014 relaunch, The Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, 2015 relaunch, 2018 relaunch, 2020s, 2022 relaunch, 2025 relaunch, Contributors, Vol. 1 (1963–1998, 2003–2014, 2017–2018), Writers, Pencilers, Vol. 2 (1999–2003), Writers, Pencilers, Vol. 3 (2014–2015), Writers, Pencilers, Vol. 4 (2015–2017), Writers, Pencilers, Vol. 5 (2018–2022), Writers, Pencilers, Vol. 6 (2022–2025), Writers, Pencilers, Collected editions, See also, References, External links |
AM | Wiktionary | AM or Am may refer to: |
AM | Arts and entertainment | Arts and entertainment |
AM | Music | Music
A minor, a minor scale in music
A.M. (Chris Young album)
A.M. (Wilco album)
AM (Abraham Mateo album)
AM (Arctic Monkeys album)
AM (musician), American musician
Am, the A minor chord symbol
Armeemarschsammlung (Army March Collection), catalog of German military march music
Andrew Moore (musician), Canadian musician known as A.M.
DJ AM, American DJ and producer
Skengdo & AM, British hip hop duo |
AM | Television and radio | Television and radio
AM (radio program), Australian current affairs radio program
American Morning, American morning television news program
Am, Antes del Mediodía, Argentine current affairs television program
Am, a character in the anthology Star Wars: Visions
@fter Midnight (TV series) (logo: @m), American late night comedy celebrity game show |
AM | Other media | Other media
Allied Mastercomputer, the antagonist of the short story "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" |
AM | Business | Business
Aston Martin, a British sportscar manufacturer |
AM | Education | Education
Active Minds, a mental health awareness charity
Arts et Métiers ParisTech, a French engineering school
Australian Museum, a museum in Australia
Master of Arts, an academic degree |
AM | Military | Military
A US Navy hull classification symbol: Minesweeper (AM)
Air marshal, a senior air officer rank used in Commonwealth countries
Anti-materiel rifle, rifle designed for use against military equipment
Aviation structural mechanic, a U.S. Navy occupational rating |
AM | Science | Science
AM, a complexity class related to Arthur–Merlin protocol
Adrenomedullin, a protein
Air mass (astronomy), measure of the amount of air along the line of sight in astronomical observations
Am, tropical monsoon climate in the Köppen climate classification
Americium, symbol Am, a chemical element
Attometre, a unit of length
attomolar (aM), a unit of molar concentration |
AM | Technology | Technology
Amplitude modulation, an electronic communication technique
AM broadcasting, radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation
Additive manufacturing, or 3-D printing, a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model.
Agile modeling, a software engineering methodology for modeling and documenting software systems
Automated Mathematician, an artificial intelligence program
.am, Internet domain for Armenia
.am, a file extension associated with Automake software |
AM | Timekeeping | Timekeeping
a.m., ante meridiem, the time period from midnight to noon, written e.g., 6a.m.
Anno Mundi, a calendar era based on the biblical creation of the world |
AM | Transportation | Transportation
A.M. (automobile), a 1906 French car
Aeroméxico (IATA airline code AM), airline in Mexico
All-mountain, a discipline of mountain biking
Arkansas and Missouri Railroad |
AM | Other uses | Other uses
First-person singular present of the copula verb to be
Am (cuneiform), a written syllable
Member of the Order of Australia, postnominal letters which can be used by a Member of the Order
Assembly Member (disambiguation), a political office
formerly a Member of the National Assembly for Wales, now Member of the Senedd
Member of the London Assembly
Amharic language (ISO 639-1 language code am)
Anguilla, LOC MARC code AM
Armenia (ISO country code AM)
Attacking midfielder, a position in association football
The Book of Amos, part of the Tanakh and Old Testament
Australian Museum, Sydney |
AM | See also | See also
Pro–am
`am (disambiguation)
A&M (disambiguation)
AM2 (disambiguation)
AMS (disambiguation) |
AM | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Arts and entertainment, Music, Television and radio, Other media, Business, Education, Military, Science, Technology, Timekeeping, Transportation, Other uses, See also |
Antigua and Barbuda | Short description | Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign archipelagic country composed of Antigua, Barbuda, and numerous other small islands. Antigua and Barbuda has a total area of 440 km2 (170 sq mi), making it one of the smallest countries in the Caribbean. The country is mostly flat, with the highest points on Antigua being in the Shekerley Mountains and on Barbuda the Highlands. The country has a tropical savanna climate, with pockets of tropical monsoon in Antigua's southwest. Its most populated city is St. John's, followed by All Saints and Bolans. Most of the country resides in the corridor between St. John's and English Harbour.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Caribbean Sea on the west, Antigua and Barbuda is located within the Leeward Islands moist forest and Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregions. The country shares maritime borders with Anguilla, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west, Montserrat to the southwest, and Guadeloupe to the south. Antigua and Barbuda has numerous natural parks, including Codrington Lagoon, one of the largest internal bodies of water in the Lesser Antilles. Despite its dense population, the country has large swaths of undeveloped land, however, Antigua and Barbuda has experienced many environmental issues due to climate change.
Hunter-gatherers settled the islands starting around 3000 BC, likely arriving on canoes from Central and South America. They were followed by the Arawaks of Venezuela during the Ceramic Period. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which resulted in an attempt at Spanish settlement in 1520. Antigua remained uncolonised until 1632 when Edward Warner and his small party created the first successful British colony. Barbuda was under the control of the Codrington family until the 1860s. Antiguan independence was first proposed by Prince Klaas in 1728, who attempted to make the island an independent kingdom. After emancipation in 1834, Antigua's autonomy slowly increased, while Barbuda was slowly integrated into Antigua. The first democratic elections were held in 1951, and by 1981, Antigua and Barbuda was independent. From 1960 until 2004, the Bird family dominated the archipelago's politics with only one interruption, which ended with the election of Baldwin Spencer to the premiership.
Since 2014, the Labour Party has dominated national politics. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Commonwealth and a Commonwealth realm, being a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as its head of state. The country is a unitary state, with Barbuda being administered by the Barbuda Council since 1976. Antigua is divided into six parishes. The central government is composed of three main branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature comprising the directly elected House of Representatives and the Senate appointed by the Governor-General, the representative of the monarch. The Labour Party and the United Progressive Party have dominated the country's politics since 1994. Antigua and Barbuda has a proportionally high foreign-born population, in addition to having the second highest Human Development Index in the Caribbean. Most people are of African descent, with significant populations of Europeans, Hispanics, and Indians. The country is also majority Christian, with most being Protestant. The most spoken language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole. Compared to neighboring countries, Antigua and Barbuda ranks highly in most economic indicators, and ranks about average in political freedoms.
Antigua and Barbuda is a high-income country. It is a member of the United Nations, the OECS, the Regional Security System, CARICOM, and the World Trade Organisation. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the only countries in the Caribbean to maintain an air force, and has a mostly service-based economy. Antigua and Barbuda maintains significant influence in the former British Leeward Islands and the eastern Caribbean, having the largest economy and population in the former colony. However, the country continues to struggle with human rights and political polarisation, with a significant Barbudan independence movement re-emerging and declining freedom of the press. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Etymology | Etymology
is Spanish for 'ancient' and is Spanish for 'bearded'. The island of Antigua was originally called by the Arawaks and is locally known by that name today; the Caribs possibly called Barbuda . Christopher Columbus, while sailing by in 1493, may have named it , after an icon in the Spanish Seville Cathedral. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there. |
Antigua and Barbuda | History | History |
Antigua and Barbuda | Pre-colonial period | Pre-colonial period
Antigua was first settled by archaic age Indigenous hunter-gatherers called the Ciboney. Carbon dating has established the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC. They were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River. They introduced agriculture, raising, among other crops, the famous Antigua Black Pineapple (Ananas comosus), corn, sweet potatoes, chiles, guava, tobacco, and cotton.Duval, D. T. (1996). Saladoid archaeology on St. Vincent, West Indies: results of the 1993/1994 University of Manitoba survey Later on the Caribs settled the island.
thumb|left|Antigua in 1823 |
Antigua and Barbuda | European arrival and slavery | European arrival and slavery
Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493. The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population; smallpox was probably the greatest killer.
The English settled on Antigua in 1632; Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685. Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Colonial era | Colonial era
The English maintained control of the islands, repulsing an attempted French attack in 1666. The brutal conditions endured by the slaves led to revolts in 1701 and 1729 and a planned revolt in 1736, the last led by Prince Klaas, though it was discovered before it began and the ringleaders were executed. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy. This was exacerbated by natural disasters such as the 1843 earthquake and the 1847 hurricane. Mining occurred on the isle of Redonda, however, this ceased in 1929 and the island has since remained uninhabited.
Part of the Leeward Islands colony, Antigua and Barbuda became part of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962. Antigua and Barbuda subsequently became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal autonomy on 27 February 1967. The 1970s were dominated by discussions as to the islands' future and the rivalry between Vere Bird of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party (ABLP) (Premier from 1967 to 1971 and 1976 to 1981) and the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) of George Walter (Premier 1971–1976). Eventually, Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981; Vere Bird became prime minister of the new country. The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth, retaining Elizabeth II () as head of state, with the first governor, Sir Wilfred Jacobs, as governor-general. Succeeding Wilfred Jacobs were James Carlisle (1993–2007), Louise Lake-Tack (2007–2014), and the present since 2014 being Rodney Williams.
thumb|upright=1.25|Queen Elizabeth II on 1953 Antiguan stamps |
Antigua and Barbuda | Independence era | Independence era
The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, with Vere Bird ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his son Lester Bird from 1994 to 2004. Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance. Vere Bird Jr., the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following a scandal in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers. Another son, Ivor Bird, was convicted of selling cocaine in 1995.
In 1995, Hurricane Luis caused severe damage on Barbuda.
The ABLP's dominance of Antiguan politics ended with the 2004 Antiguan general election, which was won by Winston Baldwin Spencer's United Progressive Party (UPP). Winston Baldwin Spencer was Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 2004 to 2014. However the UPP lost the 2014 Antiguan general election, with the ABLP returning to power under Gaston Browne. ABLP won 15 of the 17 seats in the 2018 snap election under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Gaston Browne.
In 2016, Nelson's Dockyard was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by Hurricane Irma, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.
Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million, the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of communal land ownership by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "disaster capitalism". |
Antigua and Barbuda | Geography | Geography
Limestone formations, rather than volcanic activity, have had the most impact on the topography of both Antigua and Barbuda, which are both relatively low-lying islands. Boggy Peak, also known as Mt. Obama from 2008 to 2016, is the highest point on both Antigua and Barbuda. It is the remnant of a volcanic crater and rises a total of 402 meters. Boggy Peak is located in the southwest of Antigua (1,319 feet).
Both of these islands have very irregularly shaped coastlines that are dotted with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbours. There are reefs and shoals that surround the islands on all sides. Because of the low amount of rainfall, there are not many streams. On neither of these islands can sufficient quantities of fresh groundwater be found.
Redonda is a small, uninhabited island located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the south-west of Antigua. Redonda is a rocky island.
In Antigua and Barbuda forest cover is about 18% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,120 ha of forests in 2020, down from 10,110 ha in 1990. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Islands | Islands
Antigua and Barbuda consists mostly of its two namesake islands, Antigua, and Barbuda. Other than that, Antigua and Barbuda's biggest islands are Guiana Island and Long Island off the coast of Antigua, and Redonda island, which is far from both of the main islands. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Climate | Climate
Rainfall averages per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts. Temperatures average , with a range from to in the winter to from to in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February.
Hurricanes are common, including the powerful Category 5 Hurricane Irma, on 6 September 2017, which damaged 95% of the structures on Barbuda. Some 1,800 people were evacuated to Antigua.
Officials quoted by Time indicated that over $100 million would be required to rebuild homes and infrastructure. Philmore Mullin, Director of Barbuda's National Office of Disaster Services, said that "all critical infrastructure and utilities are non-existent – food supply, medicine, shelter, electricity, water, communications, waste management". He summarised the situation as follows: "Public utilities need to be rebuilt in their entirety... It is optimistic to think anything can be rebuilt in six months ... In my 25 years in disaster management, I have never seen something like this." |
Antigua and Barbuda | Environmental issues | Environmental issues |
Antigua and Barbuda | Demographics | Demographics
The National Bureau of Statistics estimated a population of 105,182 in 2025, making Antigua and Barbuda one of the least populated countries in the Caribbean. This is an increase of 24% from the 2011 census. Between 2008 and 2020, Antigua and Barbuda had an average of 1,188 live births per year, or one birth every seven hours. In 2011, 62% of Antiguans and Barbudans aged fifteen or over were never married, 27% were married, 5% were divorced or separated, and 3% were widowed. In 2022, the total fertility rate stood at 1.6 children per woman, significantly lower than the average of Caribbean small states. The main driver of population growth in Antigua and Barbuda is immigration.
Antigua and Barbuda's population density of 211 people per square kilometre is considerably low for the region, with Barbuda being among the least densely populated islands in the Caribbean. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the least urbanized countries in the world, with only 24% of the country inhabiting an urban area in 2023. The rural population is considered to be growing. Most of the country resides in the All Saints road corridor between St. John's and English Harbour.
In 2011, the majority of Antiguan and Barbudan homes were detached (84%), with eight percent being apartments or condos, and the remainder primarily being duplexes or townhouses. Forty-five percent of homes were owned outright, thirty percent were rented private, and thirteen percent were owned with a mortgage. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Ethnicity | Ethnicity
thumb|Largest ethnic group by enumeration district in Antigua, 2011
Respondents in the 2011 census self-reported over fifteen ethnic identities. In order of population, the major pan-ethnic groups chosen were African (87.27%), other mixed (3.80%), Hispanic (2.75%), white (1.65%), Indian (India) (1.11%), other (0.94%), mixed black/white (0.93%), not stated (0.88%), and Syrian or Lebanese (0.67%). The following groups were put in the category of "other": Amerindian (0.37% of the total population), Chinese (0.17%), Asian (0.14%), and Portuguese (0.11%). The remaining were some other ethnicity (0.13%).
By proportion, Antigua and Barbuda has the highest foreign-born population in the Americas, with immigrants making up 30% of the population in 2011. Due to this high immigrant population, people among the African descendant population tend to identify with place of origin rather than with their ethnicity. The largest immigrant groups in Antigua and Barbuda are Guyanese (7.12%), Jamaicans (5.22%), Dominica (4.31%), Americans (3.07%), and Dominican Republic (2.46%). Most immigrants to the country are of African ethnicity, with a notable exception being Dominican Republic immigrants who are mostly of Hispanic origin. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Languages | Languages
thumb|297x297px|Creole dialects in Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda has no official language. The most spoken language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, with three of its seven varieties native to the country: North Antiguan, the standard variety spoken in most of the country; South Antiguan, a partially-intelligible variety spoken in an area known as "Round South", and Barbudan, spoken only in Barbuda. The unofficial working language of the country is Antiguan and Barbudan English, which is used by all agencies of government and is the main language of business and academic communication. Virtually all persons who speak Antiguan and Barbudan Creole can also speak English, making nearly all people in the country bilingual. As of 2011, the population used the following as their main language: North Antiguan (57.06%), South Antiguan (8.05%), Guyanese Creole (7.11%), standard English (6.12%), Jamaican Patois (5.21%), Spanish (2.45%), and Barbudan Creole (1.71%). 0.67% spoke an unidentified variety of Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, and the remainder primarily spoke other Caribbean dialects. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Education | Education |
Antigua and Barbuda | Religion | Religion
A majority (77%) of Antiguans are Christians, with the Anglicans (17.6%) being the largest single denomination. Other Christian denominations present are Seventh-day Adventist Church (12.4%), Pentecostalism (12.2%), Moravian Church (8.3%), Roman Catholics
(8.2%), Methodist Church (5.6%), Wesleyan Holiness Church (4.5%), Church of God (4.1%), Baptists (3.6%), Mormonism (<1.0%), as well as Jehovah's Witnesses. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Government and politics | Government and politics |
Antigua and Barbuda | Government | Government
thumb|The meeting place of the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda
thumb|The Office of the Prime Minister, the headquarters of the executive branch–funds to build an official residence for the Prime Minister were instead used to build the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium
thumb|Government House, the official residence and working place of the Governor-General
Antigua and Barbuda is a unitary parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy. The current Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda was adopted upon independence on 1 November 1981. This replaced the pre-independence constitution of the Associated State of Antigua, which did not thoroughly define the relationship between the two islands. The island of Barbuda maintains much autonomy, while the island of Antigua is directly governed by the national government.
The executive branch has two primary leaders. The Governor-General, currently Rodney Williams, exercises the functions of the Monarch of Antigua and Barbuda, in whom executive power is vested in. The Governor-General serves at the pleasure of the Monarch, and usually serves a similar term to that of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, currently , is the head of government, and is appointed by the Governor-General. The Prime Minister must be a member of the House of Representatives, and must be the member of the House of Representatives who is most likely to command the support of the majority of members. The Governor-General has the ability to dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister, or when the majority of the members of the House of Representatives pass a motion of no confidence, and the Prime Minister does not within seven days resign or advise the Governor-General to dissolve Parliament.
The legislative power of Antigua and Barbuda is vested in Parliament, which is composed of the Monarch, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of seventeen members, who are appointed by the Governor-General. Ten of the members are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, these members being known as government senators. An eleventh government senator is also appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, who must be an inhabitant of Barbuda. Four of the members are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition, these senators being known as opposition senators. One of the members is appointed on the advice of the Barbuda Council, and an independent senator is appointed under the discretion of the Governor-General himself. The House of Representatives is currently composed of seventeen elected members, as well as the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members of the House itself. The Attorney General, while currently an elected member of Parliament, Steadroy Benjamin, may also be appointed to the House of Representatives as an ex officio member. The Attorney-General also attends sittings of the Senate. Any bill except money bills may be introduced in either chamber: money bills may only be introduced in the House. Parliament may not amend the Barbuda Local Government Act without the consent of the Barbuda Council.
The judiciary of Antigua and Barbuda is composed of the magistrates' courts, the Supreme Court including the High Court and the Court of Appeal, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the country's final court. Antiguan and Barbudan voters rejected a proposal to make the Caribbean Court of Justice the final court in 2018.2018 Referendum Results ABEC Antigua and Barbuda is composed of three magistrates' courts districts, and is part of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court system. The acting chief justice of the Supreme Court is Mario Michel, serving since 5 May 2024.
Since the 1990s, the two major parties in Antigua have been the centre-right (formerly left-wing) Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party, and the left-wing social democratic United Progressive Party. The Labour Party and its predecessors have traditionally been the dominant party on the national level since the 1946 general elections, with brief pauses during the Progressive Labour Movement government (predecessor of the UPP) from 1971 to 1976, and the United Progressive Party government from 2004 until 2014. On Barbuda, dominant party is traditionally the Barbuda People's Movement, being the only political grouping in the Barbuda Council since 2021. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
thumb|The headquarters of the Secretary of the Barbuda Council in Codrington
thumb|Parish and dependency capitals
Antigua and Barbuda is composed of six parishes and two dependencies. Saint John is the most populous parish, home to well over half of Antigua and Barbuda's population. During colonial times, the parishes were governed by parish vestries, however, the parishes now lack any sort of government. Since the 2023 general elections, various proposals have been made to establish parish councils, however, as of January 2025, none have been established. The dependency of Redonda is part of the parish of Saint John under the Redonda Annexation Act, in Magistrates' District "A".
Parishes
Saint George
Saint John
Saint Mary
Saint Paul
Saint Peter
Saint Philip
Dependencies
Barbuda
Redonda
Local government in Antigua and Barbuda is completely inactive, except for the Barbuda Council which is enshrined in the Constitution. Antigua historically had a system of village councils in the 1940s (although the legislation was never repealed), however, the Gaston Browne administration has expressed opposition to all forms of local governance. St. John's also historically had a city council during the late 1800s and early 1900s, however the St. John's Development Corporation has since consumed most of its functions. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Foreign relations | Foreign relations
thumb|Diplomatic relations of Antigua and Barbuda
thumb|Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda in Madrid
The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Barbuda Affairs is responsible for overseeing the foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda. The current minister is Paul Chet Greene. Antigua and Barbuda is a founding member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, as well as a member of the United Nations, the Caribbean Community, the Alliance of Small Island States, and the World Trade Organisation.
Antigua and Barbuda's foreign policy has been described by Gaston Browne as "we are friends of all; enemies of none". Antigua and Barbuda has rejected the notion that it is in any country's "backyard". Antigua and Barbuda usually maintains close relations with other Small Island Developing States, and has hosted various summits on that subject. The United Nations has also praised Antigua and Barbuda for its "United Nations-based multilateralism" efforts. Antigua and Barbuda also has close relations with many Caribbean countries and territories, especially Montserrat, which Antigua and Barbuda accepted 3,000 refugees from in 1997 after the Soufrière Hills eruption. Many policies adopted by the Antiguan and Barbudan government have also often had an impact on Montserrat, due to Antigua and Barbuda hosting the only air and transportation links into the territory. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Defence and national security | Defence and national security
thumb|Various members of the national security infrastructure of Antigua and Barbuda posing with the Florida National Guard at a sugar estate
The Minister of Finance, Corporate Governance and Public Private Partnerships is responsible for the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force, the country's military. The Minister of Legal Affairs, Public Safety, Immigration and Labour is responsible for the national security of Antigua and Barbuda. The Defence Force consists of the Regiment (army), the Air Wing, the Coast Guard, and the Service and Support Unit. The Defence Force is led by the Chief of Defence Staff, who is subject to the orders of the Governor-General. The Defence Force is headquartered at Camp Blizzard.
The National Security Council is responsible for the coordination of Antigua and Barbuda's national security. The National Security Adviser is a member of the council and is responsible for the gathering of intelligence and information on national security matters.
The Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda is the national police department. The Special Service Unit is Antigua and Barbuda's police tactical unit. The Police Force is composed of four lettered regional divisions, and subordinated service districts. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Human rights | Human rights
Violations of human rights in Antigua and Barbuda have been increasingly reported since 2017. In particular, a land crisis caused by Hurricane Irma has resulted in a deterioration of the relationship between the two main islands, with the central government repeatedly threatening to abolish the communal land system and allow non-Barbudans to purchase land on the island. Freedom of the press, while guaranteed by the constitution, is not fully protected in Antigua and Barbuda, and members of the government are known to frequently sue political opponents and independent media houses for defamation. Due to attacks on freedom of the press, self-censorship is common in the media, especially in the state-controlled Antigua Broadcasting Service. Antigua and Barbuda has been considered a democracy since 2004.Nohlen, p63Antigua and Barbuda: 2004 election results Caribbean Elections
Constitutionally, the death penalty is legal, however, the constitution explicitly protects against inhumane punishment. Freedom of movement, assembly, and property are all protected under the constitution. The High Court legalized same-sex sexual activity in July 2022. Abortion is illegal in Antigua and Barbuda except to save the mother's life, although 72% of women have an abortion by age 44 and a High Court ruling is pending as of 2025 to legalise it. The court system is considered independent in Antigua and Barbuda, with the courts especially distancing themselves from the government since 2022. Trial by jury was largely abolished in 2024. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Economy | Economy
Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP). As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner. Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as enacting a 0% personal income tax rate in 2019.
The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua. In February 2009 the United States Securities and Exchange Commission leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, part of the Stanford Financial Group, which was owned by Texas billionaire Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that resulted in the theft of approximately $8 billion from investors. He was charged and arrested later that year. In March 2012 he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.
Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components. Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States, from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.
Access to biocapacity is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.
The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) is the government authority responsible for processing all applications for Agent's Licenses as well as all applications for Citizenship by Investment made by applicants and their family members. This unit was established by the Prime Minister and is known as the Citizenship by Investment Unit. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Culture | Culture
thumb|Antigua Carnival
thumb|Typical Antiguan homes in Saint Mary
thumb|Typical Barbudan homes in Codrington
The music of Antigua and Barbuda has some African characteristics, with minimal influence from European music, but the music is distinct.McDaniel, pp. 798–800 The first known records of music in Antigua and Barbuda dates back to Christopher Columbus' discovery of the island nation in 1493, when it was still home to Arawak and Carib people. Still, very little research has been done on early music from the islands. African labourers are documented in history to have danced outside in the 1780s to the toombah (later tum tum), a drum adorned with tin and shell jingles, and the banjar (later bangoe, maybe related to the European banjo). Antigua's indigenous music, known as Benna, came into being after slavery was abolished. Benna uses a call-and-response format, and its audience is typically interested in obscene gossip and rumours. Benna was widely utilised as a popular communication tool by the beginning of the 20th century, disseminating information around the island.Antigua and Barbuda's Cultural Heritage and McDaniel, pp 798-800
Benna has long been eclipsed by Calypso and increasingly Soca, which includes South Asian rhythms.
The art of Antigua and Barbuda began with the Arawak people. Their artwork included pictographs and petroglyphs. These geometric shapes, animals, and plant artworks are said to have been used for ceremonial or religious purposes. Painting, sculpture, and ceramics were among the artistic traditions that European settlers brought to Antigua and Barbuda. Local painters used European art forms to produce Antiguan and Barbudan art in their own unique styles. Social issues, nature, and Caribbean identity were the subjects of this artwork. Traditional crafts from Antigua and Barbuda include scrimshaw, pottery, sculptures, ethnic dolls, and photography.
Every year, on the island of Antigua, people celebrate their freedom from slavery with the Antigua Carnival modelled after European pre-Lent Carnival. Over thirteen days, there are brightly coloured costumes, talent events, beauty pageants and music. The celebration runs from late July to Carnival Tuesday, the first Tuesday in August. On the island, Carnival Tuesday and Monday are both observed as public holidays. In an effort to boost travel to Antigua and Barbuda, the Old Time Christmas Festival was replaced in 1957 by the Antiguan Carnival. Another annual festival held in Antigua is Antigua Sailing Week. Sailing Week is a week-long yacht regatta held in the waters of English Harbour. Sailing Week was founded in 1967 and is known for being one of the top regattas in the world. The main festival held in Barbuda is Caribana. Caribana takes place every year during Whit Monday weekend and features various pageants, calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties.
Antigua and Barbuda has eleven public holidays. On the advice of the Cabinet, the Governor-General may also proclaim other holidays. Historically, about three weeks before Christmas Day, carol singers would roam the various villages, carrying carol trees and lanterns. "John Bulls" are replicas of "masked African witch doctors", that often dominated the country's Christmas festivities. Jazz bands were also common sights, dressed in red and green clown costumes. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Cuisine | Cuisine
The islands' cuisine is mostly of European origin (UK and Portugal) with regional ingredients. Fungee (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepperpot are the national dishes. Fungee is a cornmeal-based dish that resembles polenta "Antigua & Barbuda National Dish & Recipe." Recipeisland.com. Pepperpot is a spinach and okra stew, with and without beef parts or chicken. Accessed July 2011. Other national foods include saltfish (cod), lobster (from Barbuda), ducana (a sweet dumpling made from sweet potatoes and coconut), and seasoned rice, similar to Palau or arroz con pollo. Additionally, there are confections such as peanut brittle, sugar cake (made from coconut and sugar), fudge, and raspberry (local) and tamarind stew (sauce). The Antigua black pineapple is prized for its juicy, sweet flesh. It is a well-liked fruit in the area and is included in many regional specialties and sweets. It is said to be the sweetest variety of pineapple.
An important part of the Antiguan and Barbudan breakfast is Antigua Sunday bread. It is sold in many bakeries on both islands, and instead of being made with butter, it is made with lard. There are often decorative twists on the crust of the bread. Antiguan raisin buns, often called "bun and cheese", is another traditional bread, which is sweet and most popular during Easter. It is sometimes made with spices such as nutmeg. |
Antigua and Barbuda | Sport | Sport
thumb|The Antigua Recreation Ground, the national stadium
Cricket is the most popular sport within the islands. With Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards who represented the West Indies cricket team between 1974 and 1991, Antigua had one of the world's most famous batsmen ever. The Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team represented the country at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, but Antiguan cricketers otherwise play for the Leeward Islands cricket team in domestic matches and the West Indies cricket team internationally. Teams from the various villages and parishes compete in the Parish League.
Association football is the second most popular sport in the country, with the Antigua and Barbuda national football team being founded in 1928. |
Antigua and Barbuda | See also | See also
Outline of Antigua and Barbuda
Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles |
Antigua and Barbuda | Notes | Notes |
Antigua and Barbuda | References | References |
Antigua and Barbuda | Further reading | Further reading
Nicholson, Desmond V., Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda: A Historical Sketch, St. Johns, Antigua: Antigua and Barbuda Museum, 1991.
Dyde, Brian, A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle, London: Macmillan Caribbean, 2000.
Gaspar, David Barry – Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial America.
Harris, David R. – Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies. An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla.
Henry, Paget – Peripheral Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Antigua.
Lazarus-Black, Mindie – Legitimate Acts and Illegal Encounters: Law and Society in Antigua and Barbuda.
Riley, J. H. – Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Barbuda and Antigua, British West Indies.
Rouse, Irving and Birgit Faber Morse – Excavations at the Indian Creek Site, Antigua, West Indies.
Thomas Hearne. Southampton. |
Antigua and Barbuda | External links | External links
Antigua and Barbuda, United States Library of Congress
Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Antigua and Barbuda from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Antigua and Barbuda from the BBC News
World Bank's country data profile for Antigua and Barbuda
ArchaeologyAntigua.org – 2010March13 source of archaeological information for Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua & Barbuda Official Business Hub
Category:Countries in the Caribbean
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Category:Commonwealth realms
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Category:Member states of the Caribbean Community
Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
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Category:Small Island Developing States
Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Category:Former colonies in North America
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Category:States and territories established in 1981
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Antigua and Barbuda | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, History, Pre-colonial period, European arrival and slavery, Colonial era, Independence era, Geography, Islands, Climate, Environmental issues, Demographics, Ethnicity, Languages, Education, Religion, Government and politics, Government, Administrative divisions, Foreign relations, Defence and national security, Human rights, Economy, Culture, Cuisine, Sport, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
Azincourt | About | Azincourt ( ; ) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.INSEE commune file It is situated north-west of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise on the D71 road between Hesdin and Fruges.
The Late Medieval Battle of Agincourt between the English and the French took place in the commune in 1415. |
Azincourt | Toponym | Toponym
The name is attested as Aisincurt in 1175, derived from a Germanic masculine name Aizo, Aizino and the early Northern French word curt (which meant a farm with a courtyard; derived from the Late Latin cortem). It is often known as Agincourt in English. There is a village that is named "Agincourt", located in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in Eastern France. The name has no etymological link with Azincourt, and is derived separately from another Germanic male name *Ingin-. |
Azincourt | History | History
Azincourt is known for being near the site of the battle fought on 25 October 1415 in which the army led by King Henry V of England defeated the forces led by Charles d'Albret on behalf of Charles VI of France, which has gone down in history as the Battle of Agincourt. According to M. Forrest, the French knights were so encumbered by their armour that they were exhausted even before the start of the battle.The House of Commons: 1509–1558, Volume 4; Stanley T. Bindoff, John S. Roskell, Lewis Namier, Romney Sedgwick, David Hayton, Eveline Cruickshanks, R. G. Thorne, P. W. Hasler (Boydell & Brewer, 1982)
After he became king in 1509, Henry VIII is purported to have commissioned an English translation of a Life of Henry VHenry VIII; J. J. Scarisbrick, p. 23 so that he could emulate him, on the grounds that he thought that launching a campaign against France would help him to impose himself on the European stage. In 1513, Henry VIII crossed the English Channel, stopping by at Azincourt.
The battle, as was the tradition, was named after a nearby castle called Azincourt. The castle has since disappeared and the settlement now known as Azincourt adopted the name in the seventeenth century.John Cassell's Illustrated History of England, vol. 1 (1857), p. 532.
John Cassell wrote in 1857 that "the village of Azincourt itself is now a group of dirty farmhouses and wretched cottages, but where the hottest of the battle raged, between that village and the commune of Tramecourt, there still remains a wood precisely corresponding with the one in which Henry placed his ambush; and there are yet existing the foundations of the castle of Azincourt, from which the king named the field."John Cassell's Illustrated History of England, vol. 1 (1857), p. 534. |
Azincourt | Population | Population |
Azincourt | Sights | Sights
250px|right|thumb|Commemorative monument near the battlefield
The original battlefield museum in the village featured model knights made out of Action Man figures. This has now been replaced by the Centre historique médiéval d'Azincourt (CHM)—a more professional museum, conference centre and exhibition space incorporating laser, video, slide shows, audio commentaries, and some interactive elements. The museum building is shaped like a longbow similar to those used at the battle by archers under King Henry.
Since 2004 a large medieval festival organised by the local community, the CHM, The Azincourt Alliance, and various other UK societies commemorating the battle, local history and medieval life, arts and crafts has been held in the village."Videos from Azincourt" at Azincourt Alliance Prior to this date the festival was held in October, but due to the inclement weather and local heavy clay soil (like the battle) making the festival difficult, it was moved to the last Sunday in July. |
Azincourt | International relations | International relations
Azincourt is twinned with Middleham, United Kingdom. |
Azincourt | See also | See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
The neighbourhood of Agincourt, Toronto, Canada, named for Azincourt, not Agincourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle |
Azincourt | References | References |
Azincourt | External links | External links
Category:Artois
Category:Communes of Pas-de-Calais |
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