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Category:IDW Publishing | Table of Content | Commons category |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Short description |
Bolivia's drinking water and sanitation coverage has greatly improved since 1990 due to a considerable increase in sectoral investment. However, the country continues to suffer from what happens to be the continent's lowest coverage levels and from low quality of services. Political and institutional instability have contributed to the weakening of the sector's institutions at the national and local levels. Two concessions to foreign private companies in two of the three largest cities—Cochabamba and La Paz/El Alto—were prematurely ended in 2000 and 2006 respectively. The country's second largest city, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, relatively successfully manages its own water and sanitation system by way of cooperatives. The government of Evo Morales intends to strengthen citizen participation within the sector. Increasing coverage requires a substantial increase of investment financing.
According to the government the main problems in the sector are low access to sanitation throughout the country; low access to water in rural areas; insufficient and ineffective investments; a low visibility of community service providers; a lack of respect of indigenous customs; "technical and institutional difficulties in the design and implementation of projects"; a lack of capacity to operate and maintain infrastructure; an institutional framework that is "not consistent with the political change in the country"; "ambiguities in the social participation schemes"; a reduction in the quantity and quality of water due to climate change; pollution and a lack of integrated water resources management; and the lack of policies and programs for the reuse of wastewater. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Access | Access
In 2015, in Bolivia 90% of the total population had access to "improved" water, or 97% and 76%, in urban and rural areas, respectively. Regarding sanitation, 50% of the total population had access to "improved" sanitation, or 61% and 28%, in urban and rural areas, respectively.WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Quality of service | Quality of service
The quality of service in the majority of the country's water and sanitation systems is low. In 2000, according to the WHO, in only 26% of the urban systems water was disinfectedOMS/OPS 2000 and only 25% of the collected wastewater was treated. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Recent developments | Recent developments
In the last decades, frequent changes of government resulted in several restructurings of the institutional framework to face the problems of the sector. Consequently, it seems difficult to draw up a long-term continuous and sustainable sector policy. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | The 1990s: Privatization and regulation | The 1990s: Privatization and regulation
In 1999, during the second mandate of Hugo Banzer (1997–2001), the sectoral institutional framework law (Law 2029) established the legal framework for the sector that is in force today. It allows for private sector participation and formalized SISAB as a regulator (SISAB replaced the former Superintendencia de Agua created in 1997). During that period two major concessions for water and sanitation were granted to the private sector: One in La Paz/El Alto to the Aguas de Illimani S.A. (AISA), a subsidiary of the French Suez (formerly Lyonnaise des Eaux) in 1997; and a second one in Cochabamba to Aguas de Tunari, a subsidiary of the multinationals Biwater and Bechtel in 1999.
Following two popular uprisings against water privatization, the first in Cochabamba in April 2000 and the second in La Paz/El Alto in January 2005, which centered on natural gas concessions, the two water concessions were terminated. In the latter case, Aguas de Illimani was replaced by the public utility Empresa Pública Social de Agua y Saneamiento (EPSAS), which came under severe criticism in 2008 due to water shortages, accounting errors, tariff increases and poor disaster preparedness. Consequently, representatives of the La Paz neighborhood association announced to create their own service provider.
The Bolivian Norm NB 688, an important technical norm for the design and 40´/. water is in bolivia construction of sewage and sanitation, was revised in 2001.WSP-PAS Nota de Campo The revised norm permits the installation of more efficient and of lower cost condominial sewerage systems and helps to increase sanitation coverage with limited funds.
Furthermore, the government defined the National Plan for Basic Sanitation Services 2001-2010 to increase the water and sanitation access to improve the quality of service and promote their sustainability. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Evo Morales government: popular participation | Evo Morales government: popular participation
In 2006 the MAS won the elections and Evo Morales became president of the Republic. "Water cannot be a private business because it converts it into a merchandise and thus violates human rights. Water is a resource and should be a public service," emphasized president-elect Morales.Adital The new president created the Water Ministry (see below) and nominated a leader of the protests in El Alto against Aguas de Illimani as the country's first water minister. He nominated Luis Sánchez-Gómez Cuquerella, who was formerly an activist of the struggle against the privatization in Cochabamba, as vice-minister of Basic Services. In May 2006 the government dissolved the regulatory agency SISAB, saying that it failed to properly regulate tariffs and that it lacked accountability.((Es)) IRC:Bolivia: eliminarán la Superintendencia de Saneamiento Básico, 9 June 2006
The government of Evo Morales considered passing a new water and sanitation services law called “Water for Life”. According to vice-minister Rene Orellana, under this law the legal concept of the concession would be eliminated. A preferential electricity tariff would be introduced for EPSAs and community water rights would be strengthened.Agua Bolivia
In 2008 the government published a National Basic Sanitation Plan that analyzes the main problems in the sector, puts forward a vision, sets targets (90% access to water and 80% access to sanitation by 2015) and defines the investments needed to achieve the targets (US$283 million per year). These figures include investments for the reuse of wastewater and to adapt to climate change.Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia:Plan Nacional de Saneamiento Basico 2008-2015 , retrieved on September 30, 2010 |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | 2016 Water Shortages and National Emergency | 2016 Water Shortages and National Emergency
In November 2016, the worst drought in 25 years led to water rationing in La Paz and El Alto. Various causes were cited for the shortage, which saw the capital's main reservoir level drop to less than 1% capacity. Just two weeks into the crisis, Bolivia's Vice Ministry of Civil Defense estimated that the drought had affected 125,000 families and threatened 290,000 hectares (716,605 acres) of agricultural land and 360,000 heads of cattle. President Evo Morales called on local governments to devote funds and workers to drill wells and transport water to cities in vehicles, with the support of the armed forces, from nearby bodies of water.
A national state of emergency was declared after 172 of the country's 339 municipalities declared their own emergencies related to the drought. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Responsibilities for water and sanitation | Responsibilities for water and sanitation
The sector's institutional framework is the Law #2029 of 1999, or Water and Sanitation Services Law, revised in 2000 as Law #2066. As mentioned above in “Recent Developments”, the Morales government is contemplating a new water and sanitation services law, named “Water for Life”. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Policies | Policies
left|thumbnail|300px|Potosí
Policies are set by the government; within the government the Vice-Ministry of Basic Sanitation in the Ministry of Environment and Water and is in charge of setting water policies. Another Vice-Ministry in the same ministry is in charge of water resources management and irrigation. Before 2006 these sectors were under different ministries, notably the Ministry of Housing and Basic Services and the Ministry of the Environment. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Provision of services | Provision of services
thumbnail|350px|right|Santa Cruz de la Sierra
In urban areas, municipal governments (either directly or through decentralized companies) are in charge of service provision as well as the development of plans and programs for service expansion in areas under their jurisdiction, in coordination with departmental governments.
In some cities, cooperatives (utilities owned by their consumers) are in charge of water supply and sanitation service provision. SAGUAPAC in Santa Cruz is the largest consumer cooperative utility in the world. According to the World Bank, its performance indicators place it among the best water utilities in Latin America.World Bank:CONSUMER COOPERATIVES: AN ALTERNATIVE INSTITUTIONAL MODEL FOR DELIVERY OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES? Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes, Note No. 5, January 2006, by Fernando Ruiz-Mier and Meike van Ginneken, retrieved on September 30, 2010
The country has 9 departments and 327 municipalities. It also has 14 water and sanitation providers, which are called Empresas Prestadores de Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado (EPSA) in the largest cities. In 1982, the EPSAs have formed the National Association of Water and Sewage Companies (ANESAPA).
In rural areas Juntas or Water Committees are in charge of operating and maintaining the systems. In more dispersed areas of the country it is often the households themselves who take the initiative to obtain access to water and sanitation services, an approach called self-supply of water and sanitation. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Financial aspects | Financial aspects |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Investment | Investment
In the 1980s investment in the sector was below US$20 million per year. Starting in 1990, this average increased to approximately US$40 million.WSP In 1999, when US$69.4 million were invested the annual investment reached its peak. After 2000 investments dropped back again (see table below)Source: Vice Ministry of public investment and external financing |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Sources of financing | Sources of financing
Between 1992 and 2000, 58% of investments were externally financed (mainly from the IDB, World Bank, Japanese JICA and the German KfW), 17% by municipal governments, 8% by the private sector and 17% by departmental governments. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Financing mechanisms | Financing mechanisms
In 2004 the government of President Carlos Mesa defined a new Sectoral Financial Policy. The EPSA would receive credits and transfers for investments for participating in a Plan for Institutional Modernization (PMI) and establishing an Integral Development Plan (PID). Resources are assigned to each EPSA with priority to those with larger poverty levels and lower levels of coverage, according to a mathematic formula called Asignador Financiero Sectoral (AFS). The subsidies are higher and the conditions of loans less onerous to the EPSA with lower coverage and higher levels of poverty. The National Fund for Regional Development (FNDR) is the government's instrument for the targeting of loans destined for water and sanitation investments.
The Foundation for the Support to Sustainable Basic Sanitation (FUNDASAB) channels technical assistance to services to promote their sustainability. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | External support | External support |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Germany | Germany
GTZ-supported project Drinking water supply and sanitation in small and medium-sized cities, see also GTZ.
The development bank KfW provides funds for infrastructure improvements and institutional development of water utility companies. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Inter-American Development Bank | Inter-American Development Bank
BO0175 : Basic Sanitation for Small Municipalities: Approved on December 8, 1999, the US$40 million loan focuses on increasing quality and coverage of basic water and sanitation services in rural communities less than 1,000. |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | World Bank | World Bank
Bolivia Urban Infrastructure Project: Approved on November 21, 2006, the US$30 million loan is aimed at improving access to basic services to urban poor and is directed towards sewerage (43%) and flood protection (7%). |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | In popular culture | In popular culture
The water supply issue in Bolivia was the main theme of the James Bond movie Quantum of Solace.Quantum of Solace The story was based on the Cochabamba Water Revolt.Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt, PBS.org |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | See also | See also
Pampalarama Dam
Electricity sector in Bolivia |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | References | References |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | External links | External links
Viceministerio de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico en el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua
Asociación Nacional de Empresas e Instituciones de Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado (ANESAPA)
Category:Health in Bolivia |
Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia | Table of Content | Short description, Access, Quality of service, Recent developments, The 1990s: Privatization and regulation, Evo Morales government: popular participation, 2016 Water Shortages and National Emergency, Responsibilities for water and sanitation, Policies, Provision of services, Financial aspects, Investment, Sources of financing, Financing mechanisms, External support, Germany, Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, In popular culture, See also, References, External links |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:Mustafa Ghafari | <div class="boilerplate mfd" style="background-color: #E3D2FB; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
:''The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellany page below. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review | The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellany page below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted by Metros232. — xaosflux Talk 02:39, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
Talk:Mustafa Ghafari
This page doesn't have an associated page with it, and its only content consists of a statement about the creator's love life. I think it should be deleted, but there's no CSD for this, so I'm nominating it for deletion here. —Ortensia 02:35, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page. |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:Mustafa Ghafari | Table of Content | <div class="boilerplate mfd" style="background-color: #E3D2FB; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">
:''The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellany page below. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review |
Neprilysin | Short description | Neprilysin (; also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MME gene. Neprilysin is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues and inactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin. It also degrades the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal folding and aggregation in neural tissue has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Synthesized as a membrane-bound protein, the neprilysin ectodomain is released into the extracellular domain after it has been transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.
Neprilysin is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in kidney. It is also a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important cell surface marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL.
Hematopoietic progenitors expressing CD10 are considered "common lymphoid progenitors", which means they can differentiate into T, B or natural killer cells. CD10 is of use in hematological diagnosis since it is expressed by early B, pro-B and pre-B lymphocytes, and by lymph node germinal centers. Hematologic diseases in which it is positive include ALL, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (90%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (variable), follicular center cells (70%), hairy cell leukemia (10%), and myeloma (some). It tends to be negative in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. CD10 is found on non-T ALL cells, which derive from pre-B lymphocytes, and in germinal center-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma such as Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, but not on leukemia cells or lymphomas, which originate in more mature B cells. |
Neprilysin | Amyloid beta regulation | Amyloid beta regulation
Neprilysin-deficient knockout mice show both Alzheimer's-like behavioral impairment and amyloid-beta deposition in the brain, providing strong evidence for the protein's association with the Alzheimer's disease process. Because neprilysin is thought to be the rate-limiting step in amyloid beta degradation, it has been considered a potential therapeutic target; compounds such as the peptide hormone somatostatin have been identified that increase the enzyme's activity level. Declining neprilysin activity with increasing age may also be explained by oxidative damage, known to be a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease; higher levels of inappropriately oxidized neprilysin have been found in Alzheimer's patients compared to cognitively normal elderly people. |
Neprilysin | Signaling peptides | Signaling peptides
thumb|Neprilysin immunohistochemical staining of normal kidney.
Neprilysin is also associated with other biochemical processes, and is particularly highly expressed in kidney and lung tissues. Inhibitors have been designed with the aim of developing analgesic and antihypertensive agents that act by preventing neprilysin's activity against signaling peptides such as enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
Associations have been observed between neprilysin expression and various types of cancer; however, the relationship between neprilysin expression and carcinogenesis remains obscure. In cancer biomarker studies, the neprilysin gene is often referred to as CD10 or CALLA. In some types of cancer, such as metastatic carcinoma and some advanced melanomas, neprilysin is overexpressed; in other types, most notably lung cancers, neprilysin is downregulated, and thus unable to modulate the pro-growth autocrine signaling of cancer cells via secreted peptides such as mammalian homologs related to bombesin.
Some plant extracts (methanol extracts of Ceropegia rupicola, Kniphofia sumarae, Plectranthus cf barbatus, and an aqueous extract of Pavetta longiflora) were found able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of neutral endopeptidase. |
Neprilysin | Inhibitors | Inhibitors
Inhibitors have been designed with the aim of developing analgesic and antihypertensive agents that act by preventing neprilysin's activity against signaling peptides such as enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
Some are intended to treat heart failure.
Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto/LCZ696), which has been tested against enalapril in patients with heart failure.
Sacubitril (AHU-377), a prodrug which is a component of sacubitril/valsartan
Sacubitrilat (LBQ657), the active form of sacubitril
RB-101, an enkephalinase inhibitor, used in scientific research.
UK-414,495
Omapatrilat (dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin-converting enzyme) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns.
Ecadotril
Candoxatril
Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE/angiotensin receptor were (in 2003) being developed by pharmaceutical companies. |
Neprilysin | Immunochemistry | Immunochemistry
CD10 is used in clinical pathology for diagnostic purpose. |
Neprilysin | In lymphomas and leukemias | In lymphomas and leukemias
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are CD10+.
Follicular lymphoma (follicle centre cell lymphoma) are CD10+.
Burkitt Lymphoma cells are CD10+.
CD10+ diffuse large B cell lymphoma (CD10+ DLBCL)
Marker for germinal center phenotype (CD10, HGAL, BCL6, CD38) are considered a favorable prognostic factor, but CD10+, BCL2+ tumors could have poorer survival. For some authors, CD10 expression in DLBCL does not influence survival.
Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) are CD10+ and distinguishes AITL from other T cell lymphomas (CD10−)
Some benign T cells can be CD10+ |
Neprilysin | In epithelial tumors | In epithelial tumors
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (Clear cell RCC)
CD10+ distinguishes renal cell carcinoma, conventional type with eosinophilic morphology from its mimickers. Chromophobe carcinoma and oncocytoma are CD10−.
Pancreatic tumors
Solid pseudopapillary tumours are CD10+.
CD10+ differentiates mucinous cystic neoplasms (CD10+/CK20+) from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of branch duct type (CD10−/CK20-).
Cutaneous tumors
CD10 may differentiate basal cell carcinoma (CD10 epithelial staining) from trichoblastoma (CD10 peritumoral stromal staining), basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation (CD10 stromal and epithelial staining) and squamous cell carcinoma (strong stromal staining).
CD10 differentiates CD10+ atypical fibroxanthoma from CD10− spindle cell melanoma and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma.
Urothelial tumors express CD10 (42-67%).
CD10 expression is strongly correlated with high tumor grade and stage in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. CD10 may be associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer pathogenesis. |
Neprilysin | In other tumors | In other tumors
CD10 expression might be one of the characteristics of müllerian system-derived neoplastic mesenchymal cells.
Normal endometrial stroma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) are CD10+ (Smooth muscle tumors are usually CD10−, but can be CD10+
Malignant müllerian mixed tumor (MMMT)
Müllerian adenosarcoma
Uterine high-grade leiomyosarcoma
Uterine rhabdomyosarcoma
Vascular tumors
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma are mostly CD10+.
Hemangioblastoma is usually CD10− (metastatic renal cell carcinoma is CD10+) |
Neprilysin | See also | See also
List of histologic stains that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions |
Neprilysin | References | References |
Neprilysin | External links | External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M13.001
Category:Alzheimer's disease
Category:EC 3.4.24
Category:Tumor markers |
Neprilysin | Table of Content | Short description, Amyloid beta regulation, Signaling peptides, Inhibitors, Immunochemistry, In lymphomas and leukemias, In epithelial tumors, In other tumors, See also, References, External links |
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1983 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom | short description | Women's slalom World Cup 1982/1983 |
1983 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom | Calendar | Calendar
Round Race No Place Country Date Winner Second Third 1 4 Limone Piemonte December 10, 1982 Tamara McKinney Erika Hess Hanni Wenzel 2 6 Piancavallo December 17, 1982 Erika Hess Perrine Pelen Christin Cooper 3 10 Davos January 11, 1983 Tamara McKinney Erika Hess Perrine Pelen 4 12 Schruns January 16, 1983 Anni Kronbichler Maria Rosa Quario Małgorzata Tlałka 5 18 Les Diablerets January 30, 1983 Maria Rosa Quario Hanni Wenzel Dorota Tlałka 6 21 Maribor February 9, 1983 Erika Hess Hanni Wenzel Anni Kronbichler 7 22 Vysoké Tatry February 12, 1983 Maria Rosa Quario Erika Hess Małgorzata Tlałka 8 25 Waterville Valley March 8, 1983 Roswitha Steiner Tamara McKinney Hanni Wenzel 9 30 Furano March 20, 1983 Tamara McKinney Erika Hess Małgorzata Tlałka |
1983 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom | Final point standings | Final point standings
In women's slalom World Cup 1982/83 the best 5 results count. Deductions are given in ().
Place Name Country Total Points Deduction 4 6 10 12 18 21 22 25 30 1 Erika Hess 110 (20) 20 25 20 - - 25 20 - (20) 2 Tamara McKinney 105 25 - 25 - 10 - - 20 25 3 Maria Rosa Quario 89 (7) 12 7 (5) 20 25 - 25 (2) - 4 Hanni Wenzel 82 (23) 15 12 (11) - 20 20 - 15 (12) 5 Roswitha Steiner 70 (10) - - 10 11 12 - 12 25 (10) 6 Anni Kronbichler 66 (15) 7 (6) (3) 25 9 15 - 10 (6) 7 Małgorzata Tlałka 65 - - - 20 4 - 15 11 15 8 Dorota Tlałka 54 (15) (1) 8 - 12 15 10 (8) (6) 9 9 Daniela Zini 46 (7) 11 - - - 7 11 10 7 (7) Petra Wenzel 46 (3) - - 9 (3) 11 12 9 5 - 11 Perrine Pelen 45 4 20 15 - 6 - - - - Maria Epple 45 (10) 10 11 7 (6) 8 9 - - (4) 13 Paoletta Magoni 39 (7) 8 10 8 - 5 (2) (5) - 8 14 Olga Charvátová 35 - - 4 10 - - 6 10 5 15 Ursula Konzett 31 9 - - - - - 11 - 11 16 Christin Cooper 27 - 15 12 - - - - - - 17 Lorena Frigo 23 6 9 - 5 - - - - 3 18 Monika Hess 20 - - - - 1 7 - 12 - 19 Anja Zavadlav 16 5 2 - 2 - - 7 - - 20 Fabienne Serrat 14 - 1 - 8 - 1 1 3 - 21 Alexandra Mařasová 9 - - - 9 - - - - - Brigitte Nansoz 9 - 5 - - - 4 - - - Karin Buder 9 - - 6 - - - 3 - - 24 Ewa Grabowska 8 - - - - - 8 - - - Hélène Barbier 8 - - - - - - - 8 - 26 Rosi Aschenwald 7 - - - 7 - - - - - 27 Blanca Fernández Ochoa 6 - - - - - 6 - - - Anne Flore Rey 6 - - - - - - 2 4 - 29 Paola Toniolli 5 - 3 2 - - - - - - Christa Kinshofer 5 - - - - - 5 - - - Brigitte Oertli 5 2 - - - - 3 - - - 32 Fulvia Stevenin 4 - 4 - - - - - - - Ida Ladstätter 4 - - - 4 - - - - - Lea Sölkner 4 - - - - - - 4 - - 35 Andreja Leskovšek 3 3 - - - - - - - - Heidi Preuss 3 - - - - 3 - - - - Michaela Gerg 3 - - - - 2 - - 1 - 38 Irene Epple 2 - - - - - - - - 2 39 Renate Lazak 1 - - 1 - - - - - - Sylvia Eder 1 - - - 1 - - - - - Cindy Nelson 1 - - - - - - - - 1
Alpine skiing World Cup WomenOverall |
Downhill |
Giant/Super G |
Slalom |
Combined 1983 |
1983 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom | References | References
fis-ski.com
World Cup
Category:FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's slalom discipline titles |
1983 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's slalom | Table of Content | short description, Calendar, Final point standings, References |
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Fred Ruiz Castro | Short description | Fred Ruiz Castro (September 2, 1914 – April 19, 1979) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from January 5, 1976, until his death on April 19, 1979, while on an official trip to India. |
Fred Ruiz Castro | Personal life | Personal life
He was born to Dr. Santos Foronda Castro and Engracia Acosta Ruiz at Laoag, Ilocos Norte, the 9th of 13 children. He attended elementary school in his hometown and in Angeles, Pampanga. He finished high school in three years at the University of the Philippines (U.P.) in 1930. Castro then obtained his Associates in Arts from the U.P. College of Liberal Arts in 1932, and LL.B from the U.P. College of Law in 1936, passing the bar examinations the same year. The following year of 1937, he earned a Ph.B in English, cum laude. Justice Castro was a scholar, student, leader, debater, poet, writer, and editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian, 1935–1936.
Justice Castro was married to Natividad Hizon. Their children are Fred Ruiz Castro, Jr., Rowena Cristina Benipayo, Carlos Delano Castro, Frieda Teresita Castro (deceased), and Melisande Veronica Poblador (deceased). |
Fred Ruiz Castro | Quotations from peers | Quotations from peers
"The Judicial, Public Administration and Uniformed services today and all younger Filipinos should derive inspiration from the exemplary life and story of Fred Ruiz Castro." - Fidel V. Ramos, President of the Philippines 1992-1998
"With mingled emotions of joy and sorrow, we present this gavel to you, through your beloved widow with the utmost esteem and respect and with abiding affection and admiration. This gavel will belong to everyone, it will belong to our people; it will belong, as you yourself, belong to the ages." – Ameurfina A. Melencio Herrera, Justice of the Supreme Court 1979 to 1992.
"He was born a leader of men. His decisions were both groundbreaking and decisive…he never let emotion or public sentiment cloud his judicial decisions…an attitude normally expected of a judge, but at that time seems admirable give a martial law regime, when public figures were besieged by all kinds of pressure from the powers-that-be." – Edgardo J. Angara, Senator of the Republic, 1987–1998.
“Chief Justice Fred Ruiz Castro was a consummate patriot. He loved his country, fought for its freedom, upheld its laws and wrote poems about his extraordinary experiences. Truly, he is a person worthy of emulation.” – Adolfo S. Azcuna, Justice of the Supreme Court, 2002–2009.
“I passed the bar examination practically the same time Justice Castro assumed the post as Chief Justice…this can compare to the elation of a priest who has been ordained at the time of a great Pope…Here was a man renowned for his nationalism…A man lives forever when we remember him.” – Roberto P. Laurel, President of the Lyceum Philippines.
“Chief Justice Castro was truly a legal luminary of the High Court without whom the current state of the legal profession would not be the same. Indeed the Philippine Legal Profession was blessed and fortunate to have been under the leadership of such a learned and insightful man.” – Teodoro D. Regala, Sr.
Primus Inter Pares: A Patriot for the People
Copyright 2014 |
Fred Ruiz Castro | Judicial career | Judicial career
thumb|left|150px|Official portrait of CJ Fred Ruiz Castro and other Chief Justices, SC building
Castro was Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and in this capacity oversaw the Philippine War Crimes Trials from 1947 to 1949 against Japanese war criminals interred in the country. He was appointed Executive Secretary by President Ramon Magsaysay in 1954. He became an Associate Justice for the Court of appeals from 1956-1966 until he became Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on May 29, 1966. |
Fred Ruiz Castro | Achievements | Achievements
Castro was considered one of the advocates for the integration of the Philippine Bar, paving the way for the establishment of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines in the 1970s. He is also behind the creation of the Supreme Court Reports Annotated, which is currently the voluminous source of decisions of the Supreme Court used by practitioners and law students. |
Fred Ruiz Castro | The Martial Law years | The Martial Law years
Castro, together with Justice Querube Makalintal, was the ‘swing vote’ in the Ratification Cases which upheld the 1973 Constitution, which paved the way of extending Marcos’ regime. When the question of whether the petitioners are entitled to relief, the two justices answered ‘No’, thus upholding the 1973 Constitution and made legitimate the rule of Marcos and his power.
Castro approved of the Martial Law years, as reflected in his decisions / opinions and public statements. In one of the cases involving the writ of habeas corpus of Marcos critic Benigno Aquino Jr., he said, in a concurring opinion, that the declaration of Martial Law automatically suspends the application of the said writ, thus effectively depriving the former senator of such privilege.
In a speech to the 8th World Peace Through Law Conference held in Manila, Castro proclaimed:
“Martial law is known to the west as the drastic solution to a violent situation... In the Philippines, this primary purpose remains, but it has been enlarged to embrace also the extirpation of the ills and conditions which spawned the riot, the anarchy and the rebellion!” |
Fred Ruiz Castro | References | References
Bernas, Joaquin (2003). The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary. Rex Book Store, Manila
Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court. Rex Book Store, Manila
Supreme Court Reports Annotated, Volume 89 (In Memoriam). Central Law Book Publishing, Manila
Category:1914 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:Chief justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Category:Associate justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Category:University of the Philippines alumni
Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers
Category:Executive secretaries of the Philippines
Category:People from Laoag
Category:Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
Category:Magsaysay administration cabinet members
Category:Justices of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines |
Fred Ruiz Castro | Table of Content | Short description, Personal life, Quotations from peers, Judicial career, Achievements, The Martial Law years, References |
Robert McIntosh | '''Robert McIntosh''' | Robert McIntosh or derivatives may refer to:
Bert McIntosh (1892–1952), Scottish footballer
Bobby McIntosh, rapper
Robert A. McIntosh (born 1943), United States Air Force general
Robert Henry McIntosh (1894–1983), British aviator
Robert J. McIntosh (1922–2008), United States Representative from Michigan
Robbie McIntosh (born 1957), English guitarist
Robert McIntosh (cricketer) (1907–1988), English cricketer
Robbie McIntosh (drummer) (1950–1974), Scottish drummer
Robert "Say" McIntosh (1943–2023), restaurant owner and political activist from Little Rock, Arkansas |
Robert McIntosh | Table of Content | '''Robert McIntosh''' |
El Peligro | Infobox settlement
| El Peligro is a town in the La Plata Partido of Buenos Aires Province, located about 22 km west from La Plata City (the capital city of the District) and about 45 km southeast from Buenos Aires City.
The town has borders with other towns of the same partido (county) namely: Buchanan, Abasto, Arturo Seguí and Melchor Romero, as well as bordering on Berazategui Partido.
There is not any train station inside its borders; the nearest being Villa Elisa Station. The town is about 40 km southeast of Ministro Pistarini International Airport (the main international airport of Argentina). |
El Peligro | Accesses | Accesses
Its main accesses from Buenos Aires City are the Autovía 2 (former National Route 2) and the Provincial Route 36; both routes meet themselves and run alongside one another up to National Route A004 in the Berazategui District, where Autovía 2 ends and Provincial Route 36 continues its way to Buenos Aires City. The National Route A004 is a highway which at the Hudson Junction connects itself to Ricardo Balbin Highway (better known as Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway).
From La Plata City, its main accesses are also the Autovía 2 (former National Route 2) and the Provincial Route 36; to which one could access through both, 44th and 520th avenues. Another way to get to the town from La Plata City is through Ricardo Balbin Highway (better known as Buenos Aires-La Plata Highway), then taking National Route A004 and finally Autovía 2 or Provincial Route 36.
A secondary way to get to the town is the former Provincial Route 19 (commonly known as Arana Avenue), which links it to Villa Elisa, another town of the same District. |
El Peligro | Characteristics | Characteristics
A company called EDELAP is responsible for the electricity supply, and the telephonic service as well as gas supply is provided by a cooperative. There's no running water supply. Mobile Telephone services are available through three operators: Movistar, Claro and Personal (the three available in Argentina). |
El Peligro | Primary schools | Primary schools
School N°123 "Estados Unidos de Brasil", located at the km 44.5 of the Autovía 2.
School N°49 "José Hernández", located at the km 44.0 of the Provincial Route 36. |
El Peligro | External links | External links
Category:Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Category:La Plata Partido |
El Peligro | Table of Content | Infobox settlement
, Accesses, Characteristics, Primary schools, External links |
Anna Vissi Live | More citations needed | Live is the name of a live album by Greek singer Anna Vissi, released in 2004 in Greece and Cyprus. It is her second live album and it has gone Platinum. It was also released as a live music DVD.
In 2019, the album was selected for inclusion in the Panik Gold box set The Legendary Recordings 1982-2019. The release came after Panik's acquisition rights of Vissi's back catalogue from her previous record company Sony Music Greece. This box set was printed on a limited edition of 500 copies containing CD releases of all of her albums from 1982 to 2019 plus unreleased material. |
Anna Vissi Live | Background Information | Background Information
All tracks of the album were recorded during Vissi's appearances in Diogenis Studio club, Athens, premiering on December 18, 2003. Featured artists were Nino, Constantinos Christophorou and Hi-5, though their own gigs were not included in the recording.
The release of the album followed a dispute between Angela Dimitriou and music composer Manos Koufianakis with Vissi's label over the inclusion of the live cover of the formers' hit song Pia Thysia in the CD's tracklist. Later print runs omitted the track, sporting an informational sticker on the front of the jewel case. In the Panik Records' re-release, the initial tracklist, including Pia Thysia, is restored. |
Anna Vissi Live | Music | Music
Music and lyrics are by Nikos Karvelas, Soffi Pappa, Christodoulos Siganos, Natalia Germanou, Energee, Ilias Fillipou, Spyros Zagoreos, Dimitris Gkoutis, T. Delias, A. Repanis, H. Petraki, Phoebus, A. Papacostantinou, G. Metsingas, V. Tsimpouli, A. Kaldaras, Sp. Skordilis, E. Ntaina, V. Atraidis, G. Vassilopoulos, Chr. Nikolopoulos, T. Delias, V. Kelaidis, N. Vaksevanelis, G. Spanos, K. Kindinis, M. Plessas, Pythagoras, N. Petridis, S. Tiliakou, H. Kaloudis, M. Koufianakis, G. Manisalis, K. Psyhogios, S. Kapiris, M. Hristopoulos, T. Ikonimou, Sp. Papavasiliou, I. Lymperopoulos, G. Mpithikotsis, S. Maneta, Ferro G. Rafael, Iglesias De La Cueve Julio, F. Nikolaou, D. Iatropoulos, N. Leonardos, A. Vissi, M. Mikelis |
Anna Vissi Live | Track listing | Track listing |
Anna Vissi Live | Disc 1 | Disc 1
"To Treno" (Train)
"Eisai" (You are)
"Psihedelia" (Psychedelia)
"Vaterlo" (Waterloo)
"Ola Ta Lefta" (All the money)
"Sigharitiria" (Congratulations)
"Me Mia Signomi" (With an apology)
"Fevgo" (I'm leaving)
"Den Me Agapas" (You don't love me)
"Kai Ti Edine" (And what happened)
"Ego Moro Mou" (Me, baby)
"Paresthisis" (Hallucinations)
"Paralio" (I paralyze)
"Eho Pethani Gia Sena" (I've died for you)
"Kravgi" (Scream)
"Agapi Ipervoliki" (Excessive love)
"Aftoshediasmos" (Improvisation)
"Travma" (Trauma)
"Sentonia" (Sheets)
"Antidoto" (Antidote)
"Na Se Kala" (Be well)
"Atmosfera Ilektrismeni" (Electrifying atmosphere)
"Min Psahnis Tin Agapi" (Don't look for love) |
Anna Vissi Live | Disc 2 | Disc 2
"Vaterlo" (Waterloo)
"Horis To Moro Mou" (Without my baby)
"S' Eho Epithimisi" (I've missed you)
"Denome" (Attached)
"Prosefhi" (Prayer)
"Mes Tis Polis To Haman" (In the city's hammam (The harem in the hammam))
"Ma Ti Leo" (But what I say)
"Ego Moro Mou" (Me, baby)
"Gucci Forema" (Gucci dress)
"Horis Dekara" (Without a dime)
"Oso Aksizeis Esi" (As long as you deserve it)
"Tifli Empistosini" (Blind trust)
"Fevgo" (I'm leaving)
"Oti Arhizei Oreo" (Everything starts nice)
"Amathes Na Klapsis Klapse" (If you want to cry, cry)
"Se Zilevo" (I'm jealous of you)
"Siko Katse" (Stand up, sit down)
"Mes Tis Polis To Hamam" (In the city's hammam (The harem in the hammam))
"Ola Ta Lefta" (All the money)
"Ekatomiria" (Millions)
"O Andras Tis Zois Mou" (The man of my life)
"Moni Mou" (On my own)
"Erotevmenaki" (My little love)
"Kaka Pedia" (Bad guys)
"Mia Fora Monaha Ftani" (Just one time enough)
"Ti Na Thimitho Ti Na Ksehaso" (What to remember and what to forget)
"Tha Pio Apopse To Feggari" (I'll drink the moon tonight)
"Nihta Stasou" (Whoa, night)
"Pali Tha Klapso" (I'll cry again)
"Pia Thisia" (What sacrifice)
"Istoria Mou" (Duet with Nikos Karvelas) (My story)
"Pes To Ksana" (Say it again)
"Allimono Allimono" (Alack, alack)
"Kalokeria Kai Himones" (Summers and winters)
"An Einai I Agapi Amartia" (If love is a sin)
"File Mou" (My friend)
"Agapa Me (Abrazame)" (Love me (Hug me))
"Den Thelo Na Ksereis" (I don't want you to know)
"Gazi" (Throttle)
"Oso Eho Foni" (As long as I have a voice)
"Aftos Pou Perimeno" (Who wait)
"Kalimera Kainourgia Mou Agapi" (Good morning my new love)
"De S' Allazo" (I don't change you)
"Esorouha" (Underwear)
"San Kai Mena Kamia" (None like me)
"Kalokerines Diakopes Gia Panta" (Summer vacation forever (Palaio Faliro))
"Eisai" (You are)
"Methismeni Politia" (Drunk state)
"Dodeka" (Twelve o'clock) |
Anna Vissi Live | Music videos | Music videos
"Dodeka"/"Den Thelo Na Xeris" Medley |
Anna Vissi Live | Charts | Charts
Chart ProvidersPeakPositionCertification Greek Albums Chart IFPI1PlatinumCypriot Albums Chart All Records Top 201Platinum |
Anna Vissi Live | DVD | DVD |
Anna Vissi Live | Video list | Video list
"To Treno"
"Eisai"
"Psihedelia"
"Vaterlo"
"Ola Ta Lefta"
"Sigharitiria"
"Me Mia Signomi"
"Fevgo"
"Den Me Agapas"
"Kai Ti Egine"
"Ego Moro Mou"
"Paresthisis"
"Paralio"
"Eho Pethani Gia Sena"
"Kravgi"
"Agapi Ipervoliki"
"Aftoshediasmos"
"Travma"
"Sentonia"
"Antidoto"
"Atmosfera Ilekrtismeni"
"Min Psahnis Tin Agapi"
"Mia Fora Monaha Ftani"
"Ti Na Thimitho"
"Tha Pio Apopse To Fegari"
"Nihta Stasou"
"Pali Tha Klapso
"Pia Thisia"
"Pes To Skana"
"Alimono Alimono"
"Kalokeria Ke Himones"
"An Einai I Agapi Amartia"
"File Mou"
"Agapa Me"
"Den Thelo Na Kseris"
"Gazi"
"Oso Eho Foni"
"Aftos Pou Perimeno"
"Kalimera Kenougia Agapi"
"Den S' Alazo"
"Esorouha"
"San Kai Mena Kamia"
"Kalokerines Diakopes"
"Eisai" (Unplugged)
"Methismeni Politia"
"Dodeka" |
Anna Vissi Live | Extras | Extras
"Eisai" (Live at Mad Music Video Awards)
"Live in Cyprus"
"Eisai" (Video clip)
"Fevgo" (Video clip)
"Psihedelia" (Video clip)
"Eisai" (Video clip) |
Anna Vissi Live | Personnel | Personnel
G. Kifonidis – keyboard
V. Theodorakoglou – keyboard
V. Tasopoulos – keyboard
L. Karvelas – guitar
Peter Young – drums
V. Tasopoulos – saxophone
V. Tasopoulos – percussion
G. Ziogas – percussion
E. Nikolidis – bouzouki
N. Mermingas – bouzouki
Th. Vasilopoulos – clarinet
Mia Michaels – choreographer
Alex Panaghi – background singer
Viktoria Halkiti – background singer
Stefaniou Rizou – background singer
Giannis Kifonidis – background singer
Velisarios Dimopoulos – music
A. Paramithis – music
P. Anapalis – music
V. Kalaras – music
N. Lisikatos – lighting
M. Lisikatos – lighting
Katerina Tsitsani – photography
Manolis Hiotis – photography
Panos Pitsilidis – art direction
Arsenis Miaris – photo image processing
Giannis Kifonidis (Studio Bi-Kay) – digital editing |
Anna Vissi Live | Chart performance | Chart performance
ChartPeak positionCertificationGreek DVD Chart1PlatinumCypriot DVD Chart1Platinum |
Anna Vissi Live | References | References
Category:2000s Greek-language albums
Category:Albums produced by Nikos Karvelas
Category:2004 live albums
Category:Anna Vissi live albums
Category:Sony Music Greece live albums |
Anna Vissi Live | Table of Content | More citations needed, Background Information, Music, Track listing, Disc 1, Disc 2, Music videos, Charts, DVD, Video list, Extras, Personnel, Chart performance, References |
Category:Nordic cross flags | Cat main | Category:Flags with crosses |
Category:Nordic cross flags | Table of Content | Cat main |
Travellerspoint | Short description | Travellerspoint is a travel and social networking site for people who want to learn from or share experiences with other travellers. Members of the site participate through forums, blogs, photo galleries and a wiki travel guide, similar to Wikivoyage. |
Travellerspoint | Features | Features
Forums: members discuss their travel experiences in several destination and topic related forums.
Travel guide: a custom built wiki in which users can edit information to help assist potential visitors; contributors are able to share in the revenue from advertising, or opt to use their share to lend through Kiva.
Blogs: an integrated blogging system allowing users to post content to their own Travellerspoint subdomain.
Photography: users can upload unlimited photos of their trips; the best photos are manually featured and displayed throughout the site.
Maps: a mapping system that allows users to plot their trip's itinerary on a world map. It is interlinked with the photos and blogs. A user's map integrates their photography and blog entries through geotagging. In March 2007, Travellerspoint travel maps were nominated in the category of 'Best Use of Social Media' for the Travolution Awards.
Travel planner: a travel planning tool that integrates with the above mapping tool; allows the planning of future trips and collaboration with other members.
Travel helpers: an early addition to the Travellerspoint set of services was a Travel Helper system, which allowed members to sign up as travel helpers for any number of countries. There are currently over 3000 travel helpers. |
Travellerspoint | See also | See also
List of social networking websites |
Travellerspoint | References | References
Category:Australian travel websites
Category:Wiki communities
Category:Internet properties established in 2002 |
Travellerspoint | Table of Content | Short description, Features, See also, References |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | more citations needed | The North Carolina Institute of Medicine (NC IOM) is a quasi-state agency charged with building consensus on critical matters of health policy facing North Carolina and advising on health matters. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | History | History
The North Carolina Institute of Medicine was chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1983 by the creation of a general statute charging it with four purposes.NCGS 90-470 Article 31.
Be concerned with the health of the people of North Carolina;
Monitor and study health matters;
Respond authoritatively when found advisable;
Respond to requests from outside sources for analysis and advice when this will aid in forming a basis for health policy decisions.
It has no affiliation with the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. It is administratively housed in the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | Leadership | Leadership |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | Presidents | Presidents
John Sessions was the first President and CEO, serving from 1984 to 1986.
Ewald W. Busse was president from 1986 until 1994.
In 1994, Gordon E. DeFriese assumed the position of President and CEO.
The current President and CEO is Pam Silberman. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | Chairs of the Board | Chairs of the Board
The founding Chair was James E. Davis who convinced North Carolina legislators that an organization based on the National IOM would greatly benefit North Carolina citizens. Dr. Davis was a notable physician at Duke University and went on to become the president of both the North Carolina Medical Society and the AMA.
E. Harvey Estes served as Chair until 2006.
The current Chair of the Board of Directors is William Atkinson, President and CEO of WakeMed Health and Hospitals. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | Publications | Publications
Since 2002, the NC IOM has been a co-publisher (with The Duke Endowment) of the North Carolina Medical Journal.
The NC IOM also produces a wide range of materials, ranging from final reports of Task Forces to smaller snapshots of the current health of North Carolinians. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | 2007 | 2007
Stockpiling Solutions: Ethics and Pandemic Influenza Planning
Providers in Demand: Primary Care and Specialty Supply Workforce
Just What Did the Doctor Order: Health Literacy |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | 2006 | 2006
NC IOM Task Force on Covering the Uninsured: Final Report
Evidence-Based Approaches to Worksite Wellness and Employee Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
2006 North Carolina Child Health Report Card (co-produced with Action for Children North Carolina) |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | 2005 | 2005
NC IOM Task Force on the NC Healthcare Safety Net: Final Report
New Directions for North Carolina: A Report of the NC Institute of Medicine Task Force on Child Abuse Prevention
2005 North Carolina Child Health Report Card |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | 2004 | 2004
NC IOM Task Force on the NC Healthcare Safety Net: Final Report
NC IOM Task Force on the NC Nursing Workforce: Final Report
2004 North Carolina Child Health Report Card |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | Trivia | Trivia
The Kentucky Institute of Medicine is based on the design of the NC IOM. |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | References | References |
North Carolina Institute of Medicine | External links | External links
North Carolina Medical Journal
Category:Medical and health organizations based in North Carolina
Category:Organizations established in 1983
Category:Health in North Carolina
Medicine |
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