MRT lines were previously fixed-block, newer MRT lines use a moving block system and the former two lines have also been migrated to a moving block system. Although all MRT lines are automated and correspond to a Grade of Automation (GOA) 4, degraded modes in the form of Coded Manual and Restricted Manual are available for emergency and shunting purposes. Railway standards In the 1980s the railway standards adopted on the MRT network were from the United Kingdom and Japan, with the former being for railway signalling and train control systems and the latter for rolling stock. The NFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems from the USA were also initially adopted as no local standards for a rapid transit system existed then until the development of the Standard for Fire Safety in Rapid Transit Systems (SFSRTS) by LTA and the Singapore Civil Defense Force in 2000. Subsequent railway standards for subsequent MRT lines were adopted from CENELEC of Europe; LTA also ensures that these new lines are compliant to standards laid out under ISO TC 269 and IEC TC 9, the latter which LTA is also a participating member. In March 2021, the first three areas of the Singapore Railway Standards was launched with the ultimate goal being to provide a benchmark for the rail industry players in Singapore. Developed by 17 working groups under a technical committee established in 2020, the standards would cover on asset management, maintenance, safety and security, and service. See also Transport in Singapore References Bibliography (An historical article of approx. 1,500 words, covering about a dozen Asian countries.) External links Singapore Railways History – A detailed history of Singapore's early railways Industrial Railways in Singapore – About industrial railways in early Singapore history SGTrains – A train enthusiast community-created website on contemporary rail transport in Singapore