pilgrims" in Hassaniya) gradually settled in trading areas of northwestern Senegal, from where they dominated the gum arabic trade, as well as shipment of grain from the Wolof region to the Bidan (white North Africans), and a trade between Wolofs and the Maghreb for horses for their military campaigns. As is common among trading peoples, over time intermarriage had taken place between the Idaw al-Hajj and Wolof peoples, and the northerners gradually became assimilated into the sub-Saharan African community, including the use of Wolof as their language. Notes Further reading UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from ... edited by M. El Fasi UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century Desert Frontier: Ecological And Economic Change Along The Western Sahel ... By James L.A., Jr. Webb Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change Along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia By John A. Shoup Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia Ethnic groups in Mauritania History of Mauritania Ancient peoples Mandé people Wolof people Serer people Fula