introduced. These learning outcomes explicitly highlight the essential knowledge students should master and were built in a progressive, systematic, and layered fashion inspired by Hirsch's ideas. Various analysts attribute to these rigorous and demanding standards, among other factors, the notable 2015 improvement in Portuguese student results in PISA and TIMSS international studies. Personal life Hirsch was married to Gertrud Erna Winkelsen from 1956 and from 1958 to Mary Monteith Pope until her death in 2015. He is currently married to Natasha "Tasha" Tobin. He has four children. Fellowships, awards and memberships Hirsch has been awarded several fellowships and honors, including the Fulbright Fellowship (1955), the Morse Fellowship (1960), the Guggenheim Fellowship (1964), the Explicator Prize (1965), the NEA Fellowship (1970), the NEH Senior Fellowship (1971–71), the Wesleyan University Center for the Humanities Fellowship (1973), the Princeton University Fellowship in the Humanities (1977), and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Fellowship at Stanford University (1980–81). At the University of Virginia he was Linden Kent Memorial Professor of English Emeritus, in addition to Professor of Education and Humanities. He has received honorary degrees from Rhodes College and Williams College. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a board member of the Albert Shanker Institute. He lives in Charlottesville, Virginia. Works Wordsworth and Schelling (1960) Innocence and Experience: An Introduction to Blake (1964) Validity in Interpretation (Yale University Press, 1967) The Aims of Interpretation (1976) The Philosophy of Composition (1977) Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (1987) The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (1988) The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them (1996) "The Validity of Allegory" in Convegno internazionale sul tema ermeneutica e critica (1996) The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know by E. D. Hirsch, Joseph F. Kett and James Trefil (2002) The Knowledge Deficit: Closing the Shocking Education Gap for American Children (2006) The Making of Americans: Democracy and Our Schools (2010) Why Knowledge Matters (2016) How to Educate a Citizen: The Power of Shared Knowledge to Unify a Nation (2020) See also The Core Knowledge Foundation Daniel T. Willingham Notes References Publications by Hirsch and the Core Knowledge Foundation Further reading Commentary Aeschliman, M.D., "Culture and Anarchy" Review of E.D. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy, The World and I (Washington, DC), February 1988 Ibid., "Core Knowledge in the TASIS Schools: England, Puerto Rico, Switzerland,"