The Heliantheae (sometimes called the sunflower tribe) are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America (particularly in Mexico) and South America. A few genera are pantropical. Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but some grow to the size of small trees. Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually blackened. The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century. Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes. Uses Commercially important plants in the Heliantheae include sunflower and Jerusalem artichoke. Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as Coreopsis, Cosmos, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, and Zinnia. Some authors place Coreopsis and Cosmos in the Coreopsideae tribe. In addition to the benefits brought by the group, some are also problematic weeds. Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated. Taxonomy The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th-century classification of the Asteraceae. This broad group been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae sensu stricto, Madieae, Millerieae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae. Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes. Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae. Subtribes and genera Heliantheae subtribes and genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database as of May 2022: Subtribe Ambrosiinae Ambrosia Dicoria Euphrosyne Hedosyne Iva Parthenice Parthenium Xanthium Subtribe Chromolepidinae Chromolepis Subtribe Dugesiinae Dugesia Subtribe Ecliptinae Aspilia Baltimora Blainvillea Calyptocarpus Clibadium Damnxanthodium Delilia Dimerostemma Eclipta Elaphandra Eleutheranthera Exomiocarpon Fenixia Hoffmanniella Idiopappus Iogeton Jefea Kingianthus Lantanopsis Lasianthaea Leptocarpha Lipochaeta Lundellianthus Melanthera Monactis Oblivia Otopappus Oyedaea Pascalia Pentalepis Perymeniopsis Perymenium Plagiolophus Podanthus Rensonia Riencourtia Schizoptera Sphagneticola Steiractinia Synedrella Synedrellopsis Tilesia Trigonopterum Tuberculocarpus Tuxtla Wamalchitamia Wedelia Wollastonia Zexmenia Zyzyxia Subtribe Enceliinae Encelia