the creation of electoral districts in Tuskegee, Alabama was gerrymandering in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. Boynton v. Virginia (1960) - ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal under the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Baker v. Carr (1962) - ruled that redistricting was a justiciabile question in federal court. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) - upheld Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 under the Commerce Clause. McLaughlin v. Florida (1964) - overturned Florida's ban on interracial cohabitation. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) - ruled that the First Amendment protections on freedom of speech restricted defamation lawsuits to cases of "actual malice." Originated with a lawsuit against The New York Times for a full-page aid criticizing the Montgomery Police Department for mistreating civil rights protesters. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) - abolished the poll tax in state elections. South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) Loving v. Virginia (1967) - ruled anti-miscegenation laws to be unconstitutional Jones v. Mayer (1968) - Held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property in order to prevent racial discrimination, upholding the Fair Housing Act of 1968 Green v. School Board of New Kent County (1968) - ruled against Freedom of Choice plans in desegregating schools. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) - upheld desegregation busing Gates v. Collier (1974) - abolished the trusty system and ended inmate abuse at Mississippi State Penitentiary, a prison notorious for its incarceration of civil rights activists Milliken v. Bradley (1974) - ruled that school districts were not responsible for desegregation across district lines Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) - overturned affirmative action programs using quotas. Harris v. Harvey (1979) - held that public defamation motivated by racial prejudice is not protected by judicial immunity Batson v. Kentucky (1986) - held that prosecutors may not use peremptory challenges to expel jurors based on race. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) - ruled that a scientific study demonstrating that the death penalty had a racially-disproportionate impact could not mitigate a death sentence Shaw v. Reno (1993) - ruled that redistricting must be held to strict scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña (1995) - ruled that affirmative action imposed by the federal government must pass strict scrutiny Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) - upheld affirmative action in college admissions. Shelby County v.