population of whole species, rather than local subpopulations, can be assessed. Thissen and Agusdinata have argued that little attention is given to the systematic identification and assessment of uncertainties in environmental studies which is critical in situations where uncertainty cannot be easily reduced by doing more research. In line with this, Maier et al. have concluded on the need to consider uncertainty at all stages of the decision-making process. In such a way decisions can be made with confidence or known uncertainty. These proposals are justified on data that shows that environmental assessments fail to predict accurately the impacts observed. Tenney et al. and Wood et al. have reported evidence of the intrinsic uncertainty attached to EIAs predictions from a number of case studies worldwide. The gathered evidence consisted of comparisons between predictions in EIAs and the impacts measured during, or following project implementation. In explaining this trend, Tenney et al. have highlighted major causes such as project changes, modelling errors, errors in data and assumptions taken and bias introduced by people in the projects analyzed. Some approaches to deal with uncertainty in EIA have been reviewed in. There has also been criticism on the EIAs in the United States not addressing environmental justice concerns sufficiently. Yakuba writes "However, environmental history provides evidence that political process and special interests govern the attainment of the EJ goal by way of inadequate adherence to the NEPA provisions. Public participation (PP) is a principal requirement for achieving environmental justice and constitutes a pivotal determinant of EIA outcome." Most recent analyses indicated that the persistent problem may have its roots in socio-cultural settings, and environment-nurturing cultural value should be regarded as one among major progressive cultures, and its implementation will need to engage the corporate sector. See also --- List of international environmental agreements References Sources Notes Further reading Carroll, B. and Turpin T. (2009). Environmental impact assessment handbook, 2nd ed. Thomas Telford Ltd, Fischer, T. B. (ed., 2016). Environmental Assessment. Critical Concepts of the Built Environment, Routledge, New York. Glasson, J; Therivel, R; Chadwick A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. London: Routledge Hanna, K. (2009). Environmental Impact Assessment: Practice and Participation, 2nd ed. Oxford Petts, J. (ed.), Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, Vols 1 & 2. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. External links European Commission - EIA website European Commission-funded project on Impact Assessment Tools Environmental Impact Assessment at the University of Sydney International