[ts] and characterized, such as other Eastern pre-Hilalian dialects, by the preservation of the three short vowels). The traras-Msirda dialect is spoken in the area north of Tlemcen, including the eastern Traras, Rachgoun and Honaine (it is noted for its pronunciation of [q] as [k]) ; Judeo-Algerian Arabic is no longer spoken after Jews left Algeria in 1962, following its independence. Phonology Consonants In comparison to other Maghrebi dialects, Algerian Arabic has retained numerous phonetic elements of Classical Arabic lost by its relatives; In Algiers dialect, the letters , , and are not used, they are in most cases pronounced as the graphemes , , and respectively. This conservatism concerning pronunciation is in contrast to Algerian Arabic grammar which has shifted noticeably. In terms of differences from Classical Arabic, the previous and phonemes have developed contrastive glottalized forms and split into and ; and and . Additionally, from Classical Arabic has split into and in most dialects. The phonemes and which are not common in Arabic dialects arise almost exclusively from (predominantly French) loanwords. The voiceless "Ch" (t͡ʃ) is used in some words in the Algerian dialect like "" (orange) or "" (A kind of Algerian sweet) but remains rare. Dissimilation A study of Northwestern Algerian Arabic (specifically around Oran) showed that laterals or or the nasal consonant would be dissimilated into either in the case of or ; or or in the case of when closely preceding a corresponding lateral or nasal consonant. Thus (earthquake) has become , conversely "mutton" becomes . Assimilation The same study also noted numerous examples of assimilation in Northwestern Algerian Arabic, due to the large consonant clusters created from all of the historical vowel deletion: examples include "chicken", becoming and "good", becoming . An example of assimilation that occurs after the short vowel deletion is the historical / "now" becoming and then being assimilated to , illustrating the order in which the rules of Algerian Arabic may operate. Vowels The phonemic vowel inventory of Algerian Arabic consists of three long vowels: , , and contrasted with two short vowels: and /ə/. Algerian Arabic Vowels retains a great deal of features in relation to Classical Arabic Arabic phonology, namely the continued existence of 3 long vowels: , , and , Algerian Arabic also retains the short close back vowel in speech, however the short equivalents of and have fused in modern Algerian Arabic, creating a