vehicles as well as to improve upon the interior comfort seats for passengers." The English guild category is known as "The Worshipful Company Of Furniture Makers" but in sixteenth through nineteenth century times this trade was known as cabinet-makers. The common nexus was the iron workers and blacksmith shops that were developing carriage springs and supplying hardware parts for cabinet-makers. George Thrupp illustrated a coil spring used in a carriage presented to the French Academy in 1703. In 1706, Henry Mills received Great Britain patent 376 "For A New Mathematical Instrument For New Sorts Of Springs...And That The New Invented Springs Are Made And Contrived of several forms-semicircular, circular, angular, oval, or other forms..." These spring were lighter weight, a set weighing only 20 pounds versus other coach springs in use that weighed 120 pounds per set. These were helical extension springs also known as "worm" springs due to the spiral nature. in 1762, Richard Tredwell, Great Britain Patent of Rotherham in the County of York, received a patent for a leaf spring for carriages, and, again, in 1763, Richard Tredwell received Great Britain Patent 792 for "Springs For Carriages". There are four pages in this patent and the fourth page clearly shows nine iterations of helical suspension or worm springs and the patent clearly states it is "my new method of making and constructing springs for hanging of coaches". Coil compression springs would not be used for hanging a carriage. Tredwell's patent had no contribution to upholstery spring developments. In 1780, William Blakey, an expert clock historian, wrote The Art Of Making Watch Springs (translated by M Wayman) where he said that, "The art of making watch and clock springs could possibly be, of all mechanical operations, the one which provides the greatest amount of knowledge of the physical properties of steel. In the process of discovering the qualities of iron which are essential in order to convert it into steel, the artisan cannot avoid recognizing the different qualities of metal, such as its hardness, its malleability, its elasticity, etc." He also said it was not easy to ascribe a date in the discovery of steel and its qualities--but this began when clocks and watches were being perfected. In 1822, Georg Junigl of Vienna, Austria, received a "privilidg" which was an Austrian legal term for a patent for a wire spring used in combination with upholstery filling. This patent