that "Change over time, 'definition one' of evolution, actually describes devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution.... actual epidemiological data from human genetic disorders and fatal birth defects, identify 'natural selection,' the alleged 'primary mechanism' for evolution, as actually a mechanism for devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution." and elsewhere, "Evolution is the development of an organism from its chemicals or primitive state to its present state. Devolution is the sequence toward greater simplicity or disappearance or degeneration." John C. Sanford, a plant geneticist and creationist, has argued for devolution in a 2005 book entitled Genetic Entropy & the Mystery of the Genome; he claims that the genome is deteriorating and therefore could not have evolved in the way specified by the Modern evolutionary synthesis. Sanford has published two peer reviewed papers detailing computer simulations that model genetic entropy. The creationist author Lee Spetner is a critic of the role of mutations in the modern evolutionary synthesis, he has argued in his book Not by Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution that mutations cause devolution. Peter Stoner, an old earth creationist, claimed that the universe was immensely old, writing on astronomy he wrote that "every star is losing energy and mass", he claimed that the second law of thermodynamics proves "cosmic devolution". Brian Regal associates devolution with the work of dentist and creationist Jack Cuozzo. Cuozzo in his book Buried Alive (1998) claims that Neanderthal dentition proves that the Neanderthals lived much longer than modern humans and that modern humans have devolved, according to Cuozzo "it seems as if human jaws are becoming smaller over time". The concept of devolution is found in the teachings of Hindu creationism. Michael Cremo of ISKCON has authored a book titled Human Devolution: A Vedic alternative to Darwin's theory, Cremo suggests that Darwinian evolution should be replaced with "devolution" from the original unity with Brahman. Examples of devolution cited by creationists include vestigial organs, stickleback, Amblyopsidae and the Greta oto. Evolutionary biologists point out that examples such as this are not evidence for devolution and the creationists have misunderstood the mechanisms of evolution. In literature and popular culture The band Devo bases their name and much of their early song subjects on a cynical take on human devolution. Speculative evolution sometimes includes devolution, including transhuman and posthuman species. DC Comics' Aquaman has one of the seven races of Atlantis called