Holder (2013) - overturned Sections 4(b) and 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, limiting the law's enforcement. Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014) - held that Proposal 2, an amendment to the Constitution of Michigan prohibiting affirmative action does not violate the Equal Protection Clause Executive Orders and Proclamations Emancipation Proclamation (1862) - Issued by President Abraham Lincoln. It declared that all slaves in Confederate territory still in rebellion were freed. Executive Order 8802 (1942) - Issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It banned racial discrimination in government departments and defense industries. It also established Fair Employment Practice Committee directed to oversee compliance with the order. Executive Order 9908 (1946) Executive Order 9980 (1948) Executive Order 9981 (1948) - Issued by President Harry S. Truman. It desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. Executive Order 10577 (1954) Executive Order 10590 (1955) - Issued by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It established the President's Committee on Government Employment Policy. It aimed to eliminate discrimination in federal hiring. Executive Order 10925 (1961) - Issued by President John F. Kennedy. It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, which later became the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and requires equal opportunity in placement and promotion in the U.S. military. Executive Order 11063 (1962) - Issued by President John F. Kennedy. It banned segregation in federally funded housing. Executive Order 11114 (1963) Executive Order 11246 (1965) - Issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It prohibited discrimination in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Executive Order 11478 (1969) - Issued by President Richard M. Nixon. It prohibited discrimination on certain grounds in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce, including the United States Postal Service and civilian employees of the United States Armed Forces. Federal bureaucracy Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (June 1865 through December 1868) Fair Employment Practice Committee (1941) President's Committee on Civil Rights (December 1946 through December 1947) Civil Rights Commission (created 1957) Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice (created 1957) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (created 1964) Head Start (created 1965) National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (created 1967) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (created 1968) Minority Business Development Agency (1969) Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (1977) Office of Minority Health in the Department of Health and Human Services (1986) Office for Civil Rights in the