ASEAN leaders approved a joint haze monitoring system at a cost of US$100,000. Additionally, Singapore has offered to start working directly with Indonesian farmers to encourage sustainable practices and minimise the problem over time by "tackling the haze issue at its root". Singapore has worked with farmers in this way in Indonesia's Jambi province in the past. Shortcomings Indonesia, as the primary haze producing party to the problem, was the last ASEAN country to ratify the agreement in 2014, 12 years after it was first signed in 2002. Concerns remain over the ability of the Indonesian government to monitor and effect changes to the problem. The treaty failed to prevent the annual return of the haze between 2004 and 2010, and again in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Recently Indonesia has been placed as the world's third largest greenhouse gas emitter with 75% of its emissions stemming from deforestation. Key debates in literature and policy community The 'haze treaty' is accused of being vague and lacking enforcement mechanisms or strong instruments for dispute-resolution. However, ASEAN has clearly tried to depart from its institutional culture in attempt to achieve deeper co-operation on this issue. This is evident in that this is a legally binding treaty, something ASEAN has vehemently opposed in the past. The treaty is ill-served by the ASEAN style of regional engagement which adamantly protects national sovereignty. The result is that states are compelled to act in their own self-interest rather than regional interests. Additionally, the close relationships between key economic actors and political elites have meant maintenance of the status quo. In 2014, Singapore enacted the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act to penalize emissions that cause harm across national boundaries. See also 2005 Malaysian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze 2013 Southeast Asian haze 2015 Southeast Asian haze Asian brown cloud Southeast Asian haze References External links Documents on the agreement ASEAN Haze Online On-The-Ground Team Provides Insight Of Causes Of Riau Fires ASEAN treaties Environmental treaties Treaties concluded in 2002 2002 in Southeast Asia 2002 in the environment Treaties of Malaysia Treaties of Singapore Treaties of Brunei Treaties of Myanmar Treaties of Vietnam Treaties of Thailand Treaties of Laos Treaties of Cambodia Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of Indonesia 2002 in Malaysia Southeast Asian haze