distinguished his previous "pragmatic relativism" from a similar "relativist philosophy with which he had previously been identified"---the same "relativist philosophy" that a growing chorus of twenty-first-century scholars speculate his historical interpretations ultimately fell prey to. Becker believed that this particular "relativist trend" in scholarship would and did facilitate "anti-intellectualism" and sowed the seeds of fascism. In one of his last major pieces of writing, he observed that " 'the anti-intellectual relativist trend of thought reaches a final, fantastic form: truth and morality turn out to be relative to the purposes of any egocentric somnambulist who can succeed, by a ruthless projection of his personality, in creating the power to impose his unrestrained will upon the world.' " Over sixty years later, in a final twist of irony, one of his posthumous critics offered a countervailing argument for "totalitarian" figures pursuing "perfectionist ideas" within, rather than "relativizing," a conceptual category of "positive liberty." Works The History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760–1776 (1908) Kansas (1910) The Beginnings of the American People (1915) The Eve of the Revolution (1918) America's war aims and peace program, editor (1918) The United States: An Experiment in Democracy (1920) The Declaration of Independence—A Study in the History of Political Ideas (1922, 1942) Our Great Experiment in Democracy (1924) The Spirit of '76 (with G.M. Clark and W.E. Dodd) (1926) Modern History (1931) Everyman His Own Historian (1931) The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers (1932) Progress and Power (1936) Story of Civilization (with Frederic Duncalf) (1938) Modern Democracy (1941) New Liberties for Old (1941) Cornell University: Founders and the Founding (1943) How New Will the Better World Be?—A Discussion of Post-War Reconstruction (1944) Freedom and Responsibility in the American Way of Life (1945) Freedom of Speech and Press "What are Historical Facts" Benjamin Franklin, published in 1946, after Becker's death Quotes "The temperament, the objects and the methods of a Mussolini, a Hitler, a Stalin represent everything that I most profoundly despise". "Freedom and responsibility." This saying, from a 1943 lecture, has been frequently misquoted. When Cornell memorialized Becker by naming a residential college in his honor, the university commissioned a large stone placard to be affixed to the building's entryway reading "FREEDOM WITH RESPONSIBILITY". References Further reading Bailyn, Bernard. “Becker, Andrews, and the Image of Colonial Origins.” New England Quarterly 29#4 (1956), pp. 522–34, online. Breisach, Ernst. "Carl Becker" in Kelly