and the Reconstruction Era. Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act (1890) – Required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's historically black colleges and universities Racial Integrity Act of 1924 - prohibited interracial marriage in Virginia and codified the "one-drop rule." Civil Rights Act of 1957 - Established the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Civil Rights Act of 1960 - Established federal oversight of voter registration. Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Guaranteed equal voter registration requirements and prohibited discrimination in employment, public accommodations, and education. Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 - Part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty initiative. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Guaranteed voting rights for ethnic minorities and abolished restrictive measures such as literacy tests. Civil Rights Act of 1968 - Prohibited discrimination in housing. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 - gave the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue in federal courts when it finds reasonable cause to believe that there has been employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974) - Prohibited discrimination by creditors against applicants on the basis of race with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction Community Reinvestment Act (1977) - limited redlining Civil Rights Act of 1982 - Established uniform procedures for the enforcement by the Federal Government of civil rights laws. Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 - mandated that all recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1991 - Provided right to trial by jury in employment discrimination lawsuits. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1995) - requires the U.S. Sentencing Commission to increase penalties for hate crimes. Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act (2007) - allows criminal cases of violent crimes committed against African Americans before 1970 to be reopened Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009) - allows federal authorities, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, to investigate and prosecute hate crimes. Emmett Till Antilynching Act (2022) - explicitly designates lynching as a federal crime. Named in honor of lynching victim Emmett Till. U.S. Constitution Constitutional Clauses Article I, Section 2, Clause 3: Declared that