marriages unless the Catholic training of the children was guaranteed, while in the agreement between von Spiegel and Bunsen no such guarantee was required. Under these circumstances it was the plain duty of the archbishop to be guided by the papal Brief, and all attempts of the government to the contrary were futile. Advised by Minister Bunsen, Frederick William III ordered the arrest of the archbishop. The order was carried on the evening of 20 November 1837, and Clemens August was transported as a criminal to the fortress of Minden. His arrest made him an important symbolic figure for the freedom of the Church. In response, Bishops of Münster and Paderborn, fired by the example of Clemens August, revoked the assent they had formerly given to the agreement; while Martin von Dunin, the Archbishop of Gnesen (Gniezno) and Posen (Poznań), was imprisoned at Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) for the same offence that had sent Clemens August to Minden. In an allocution of 10 December 1837, Pope Gregory XVI praised the course of the Archbishop of Cologne and solemnly protested against the action of the government. The Darlegung, or exposé, in which the government attempted to defend its course by accusing the archbishop of treason, is alleged to be slanderous by Roman Catholics. It was, according to their view, refuted by Joseph Görres in his great apologetical work Athanasius, and a declaration of the Roman view of true state of affairs was published at Rome by order of the pope. The archbishop was set free on 22 April 1839. He was permitted to retain the title of Archbishop of Cologne, but, in order to uphold the authority of the state in the public eye, was prevailed upon to select a coadjutor in the person of Johann von Geissel, Bishop of Speyer, who henceforth directed the affairs of the archdiocese. The allegedly slanderous accusations of the above-mentioned Darlegung were publicly retracted by Frederick William IV, who had meanwhile succeeded to the throne. In 1844 the archbishop went to Rome, where he was most kindly received by the pope and the Curia. The cardinalate, which was offered him by the pope, he refused with thanks and returned to Münster in October. He died there in 1845. Clemens August is the author of a few ascetical and ecclesiastico-political works. The most important is an exposition of the rights of Church and State entitled Über den Frieden