are: MFSK8 MFSK16 Olivia MFSK Coquelet Piccolo ALE (MIL-STD 188-141) DominoF DominoEX THROB CIS-36 MFSK or CROWD-36 XPA, XPA2 Piccolo was the original MFSK mode, developed for British government communications by Harold Robin, Donald Bailey and Denis Ralphs of the Diplomatic Wireless Service (DWS), a branch of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. It was first used in 1962 and presented to the IEE in 1963. The current specification "Piccolo Mark IV" was still in limited use by the UK government, mainly for point-to-point military radio communications, up to the late 1990s. Coquelet is a similar modulation system developed by the French government for similar applications. MFSK8 and MFSK16 were developed by Murray Greenman, ZL1BPU for amateur radio communications on HF. Olivia MFSK is also an amateur radio mode. Greenman has also developed DominoF and DominoEX for NVIS radio communications on the upper MF and lower HF frequencies (1.8–7.3 MHz). Automatic link establishment (ALE) is a protocol developed by the United States military and used mainly as an automatic signalling system between radios. It is used extensively for military and government communications worldwide and by radio amateurs.It is standardized as MIL-STD-188-141B, which succeeded the older version MIL-STD-188-141A. "CIS-36 MFSK" or "CROWD-36" () is the western designation of a system similar to Piccolo developed in the former Soviet Union for military communications. "XPA" and "XPA2" are ENIGMA-2000 designations for polytonic transmissions, reportedly originating from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations. Recently the system was also described as "MFSK-20". VHF & UHF communications MFSK modes used for VHF, UHF communications: DTMF FSK441 JT6M JT65 PI4 FSK441, JT6M and JT65 are parts of the WSJT family or radio modulation systems, developed by Joe Taylor, K1JT, for long distance amateur radio VHF communications under marginal propagation conditions. These specialized MFSK modulation systems are used over troposcattering, EME (earth-moon-earth) and meteoscattering radio paths. PI4 is a digital mode specifically designed for VUSHF beacon and propagation studies. The mode was developed as part of the Next Generation Beacons project among others used by the oldest amateur beacon in the world OZ7IGY. A decoder for PI4 is available in the PI-RX program developed by Poul-Erik Hansen, OZ1CKG. DTMF was initially developed for telephone line signaling. It is frequently used for telecommand (remote control) applications over VHF and UHF voice channels. See also PSK31 Radioteletype Frequency-hopping spread spectrum also uses many different frequencies, where each symbol uses only one