A smoke hood is a hood wherein a transparent airtight bag seals around the head of the wearer while an air filter held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and is used to breathe. Smoke hoods are intended to protect victims of fire from the effects of smoke inhalation. A smoke hood is a predecessor to the gas mask. The first modern smoke hood design was by Garrett Morgan and patented in 1912. History Although the concept of air filtration masks dates back as far as Pliny the Elder, many early designs suffered from serious flaws, including an inability to adequately filter or provide enough air to the user, or design shortcomings that led to equipment that was either uncomfortable or difficult to don and use. The first known modern-design smoke hood was developed by Garrett Morgan and was patented in 1912. The Morgan hood represented a significant improvement in the engineering and operability of smoke hoods or masks. Due partly to race issues in the United States at the time, Morgan, an African American, and his device went largely unrecognized until 1916. During construction of a tunnel under Lake Erie, an explosion trapped a number of sandhogs in the partially completed tunnel and filled the space with toxic fumes. Two separate rescue attempts failed, and the rescue teams themselves ended up in need of rescuing. Morgan, along with his brother and two volunteers, entered wearing Morgan smoke hoods and rescued several men apiece, which prompted others to don Morgan hoods and join the rescue attempt. In the end, Morgan's smoke hood enabled the rescue of many of the previous rescuers and allowed Morgan himself to make four trips into the tunnel—a journey that, without the hood, was not possible even once. Modern hoods High-quality smoke hoods are generally constructed of heat-resistant material like Kapton, and can withstand relatively high temperatures. The most important part of a smoke hood is the filter that provides protection from the toxic byproducts of combustion. Virtually all smoke hood designs utilize some form of activated charcoal filter and particulate filter to screen out corrosive fumes like ammonia and chlorine, as well as acid gases like hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide. The defining characteristic of an effective smoke hood is the ability to convert deadly carbon monoxide to relatively harmless carbon dioxide through a catalytic process. They are included in preparedness kits, after