adultery or marital unfaithfulness. Protestant churches have traditionally read /porneia as adultery. At the time of first century Iudaea Province, Pharisaic Judaism was divided between two major groups. The dominant teaching was that of Hillel, who taught that divorce could be granted on a wide array of grounds, even because a wife burnt a dinner. Shammai took a more conservative opinion, arguing that only adultery was valid grounds for divorce. The most accept theory of the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are that they are based upon a single writer whose original verse is that of Mark, with Matthew being the most intended to communicate with the Jewish community. Some scholars feel that in Matthew 5:32 Jesus is endorsing the view of Shammai over Hillel, and arguing for the adultery only rule. Some scholars feel that under the liberal divorce policy of Hillel men had been marrying women and then casually divorcing them after they lost interest, deeply injuring the women. In this era a woman had few legal rights, a divorce could endanger a woman's very survival. Thus some have read Jesus' teachings here as a defence of the rights of the downtrodden wives. Feminist scholar Levine rejects this view. She notes that in this era elaborate prenuptial agreements were negotiated prior to every marriage, and that they invariably included steep financial penalties, known as ketubah, paid by the husband in case of divorce, guaranteeing the wife financial well-being even in case of divorce. Other scholars take the opposite view to the argument that Matthew was adding more detail than the other gospels for his more Jewish audience, arguing that the exception was not mentioned in the other Gospels because it was so obvious as to be implicit to contemporary readers. makes clear the punishment for adultery is death, so to Jesus's Jewish audience it would be assumed that adultery meant that the marriage would be over. While at the time of Jesus, and in modern societies, capital punishment is not imposed for adultery several scholars still feel the death sentence is important. Martin Luther argued that since in the eyes of God an adulterer was dead, their spouse was free to remarry. More evidence for this view comes from , which makes clear that the sexual act permanently joins two individuals, so adultery can be understood to have created a new bond erasing the old one.