either) or only presents information that cannot be conveyed verbally (to avoid dividing audience attention or simply reading slides directly) Making the slides useful for later reference if printed as handouts or posted online Pacing, so slides are changed at comfortable intervals, fit the length of the talk, and content order matches the speaker's expectation Providing a way for the speaker to refer to specific items on the page, such as with color, verbal labels, or a laser pointer Sizing text and graphics so they can be seen from the back of the room, which limits the amount of information that can be presented on a single slide Use of animation to add emphasis, introduce information slowly, or be entertaining Using headers, footers, or repeated elements to make all pages similar so they feel cohesive, or indicate progress Using titles to introduce new topics or segments Grids versus templates Grids and templates are page layout design patterns used in advertising campaigns and multiple-page publications, including websites. A grid is a set of guidelines, able to be seen in the design process and invisible to the end-user/audience, for aligning and repeating elements on a page. A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for. Grids are meant to be flexible. Using a grid to layout elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which was required to design the grid. In contrast, a template is more rigid. A template involves repeated elements mostly visible to the end-user/audience. Using a template to layout elements usually involves less graphic design skill than that which was required to design the template. Templates are used for minimal modification of background elements and frequent modification (or swapping) of foreground content. Most desktop publishing software allows for grids in the form of a page filled with coloured lines or dots placed at a specified equal horizontal and vertical distance apart. Automatic margins and booklet spine (gutter) lines may be specified for global use throughout the document. Multiple additional horizontal and vertical lines may be placed at any point on the page. Invisible to the end-user/audience shapes may be placed on the page as guidelines for page layout and print processing as well. Software templates are achieved by duplicating a template data file,