article el with the words that begin with vowels. Examples: alf → el-alf "thousand" Verbs Verbs are conjugated by adding affixes (prefixes, postfixes, both or none) that change according to the tense. In all Algerian Arabic dialects, there is no gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms, nor is there gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form in pre-Hilalian dialects. Hilalian dialects preserve the gender differentiation of the singular second person. Example with the verb kteb "To write": Future tense Speakers generally do not use the future tense above. Used instead is the present tense or present continuous. Also, as is used in all of the other Arabic dialects, there is another way of showing active tense. The form changes the root verb into an adjective. For example, "kteb" he wrote becomes "kateb". Negation Like all North African Arabic varieties (including Egyptian Arabic) along with some Levantine Arabic varieties, verbal expressions are negated by enclosing the verb with all its affixes, along with any adjacent pronoun-suffixed preposition, within the circumfix ma ...-š (): « lεebt » ("I played") → « ma lεebt-š » ("I didn't play") « ma tṭabbaεni-š » ("Don't push me") « ma yṭawlu-l-ek-š hadu le-qraεi » ("Those bottles won't last you long") « ma sibt-š plaṣa » ("I couldn't get a seat / parking place") Other negative words (walu, etc.) are used in combination with ma to express more complex types of negation. is not used when other negative words are used ma qult walu ("I didn't say anything") ma šuft tta waḥed ("I didn't see anyone") or when two verbs are consecutively in the negative ma šuft ma smeεt ("I neither saw nor did I hear"). Verb derivation Verb derivation is done by adding affixes or by doubling consonants, there are two types of derivation forms: causative, passive. Causative: is obtained by doubling consonants : xrej "to go out" → xerrej "to make to go out" dxel "to enter" → "to make to enter, to introduce". Passive:It is obtained by prefixing the verb with t- / tt- / tn- / n- : qtel "to kill" → tneqtel "to be killed" šreb "to drink" → tnešreb "to be drunk". The adverbs of location Things could be in three places hnaya (right here), hna (here) or el-hih (there). Pronouns Personal pronouns Most Algerian Arabic dialects have eight personal pronouns since