who live away from the major tributaries of the Orinoco River. All Pumé have experienced changes in many areas of their life, especially during the 20th century. Increased occupation of some parts of the llanos occurred from the 1960s onwards. Opportunities for wage labor brought access to market goods, but also introduced alcohol, evangelical Christian missionary influences, and conflicts with some Criollos (but certainly not all) that were considered undesirable outcomes of greater contact with the larger Venezuelan culture and economy. In some highly acculturated Pumé communities, problems from the introduction of alcohol have resulted in few or no tohe performances and village participation in dance, an outcome considered socially destructive by community members who still value this vital aspect of Pumé culture. Most Pumé communities do not have clear land ownership rights to the areas that they occupy. Mandates under the Chavez administration prioritized land tenure as a goal for helping indigenous populations throughout Venezuela. This program has realized variable successes throughout the country, however only some Pumé communities have been given legal protection of some or all of their lands. The Pumé themselves express a desire for the protection of their lands from potential encroachment. They also emphasize the importance of preserving their traditional culture, language, and dance as well as access to some outside assistance such as medical attention, tools, and other market goods. Notes References Besnerais, Henry le. 1954. Contribution à l’étude des Indiens Yaruro (Vénézuéla): quelques observations sur le territoire, l’habitat et la population. Journal de la Société des Américanistes XLIII:109-122 Barreto, Daisy J. & Pedro J. Rivas 2007. "Los Pumé (Yaruro)." In Salud Indígena en Venezuela, Vol. 2, edited by G. Freire and A. Tillet, pp. 247–329. Direccón de Salud Indígena, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela, Caracas. Gragson, Ted L. 1989. "Allocation of time to subsistence and settlement in a Ciri Khonome Pumé village of the Llanos of Apure, Venezuela." Ph.D. thesis. Pennsylvania State University, Pittsburgh Greaves, Russell D. 1997. "Ethnoarchaeological investigation of subsistence mobility, resource targeting, and technological organization among Pumé foragers of Venezuela." Ph.D. thesis. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. Greaves Russell D. 1997. Hunting and multifunctional use of bows and arrows: ethnoarchaeology of technological organization among Pumé hunters of Venezuela. In Projectile Technology, edited by H. Knecht, pp. 287–320. Plenum Press, New York. Kramer, Karen L. and Russell D. Greaves. 2016. "Diversify or replace: what