was announced in the April 24, 1822 edition 94, page 1, column 1, item 3, that Mr. Junigl, a bourgeoisie upholsterer of Vienna, had been granted the patent. He died in 1840 according to the Vienna, Austria newspaper. In 1826, Samuel Pratt of New Bond Street, in the Parish of St. George, Hanover Square in the County of Middlesex, received Great Britain Patent 5418 for "Beds, Bedsteads, Couches, Seats and Other Articles of Furniture". This patent used coiled shaped springs in an arrangement to minimize for furniture for a nautical sailing vessel. In 1828, Samuel Pratt received Great Britain Patent 5668 for "Elastic Beds And Cushions", which was to be an improvement in compression spring arrangements in furniture. Page 5 of the patent depicts two hour-glass shaped wire coil compression springs in both circular and triangular shapes. In 1833, August Boschow, a Viennese upholsterer, received an Austrian "privileg" (patent) that was published in the Vienna, Austrian newspaper on June 26, 1833. Boschow invented a new type of a “clock” spring designed for use in carriages, chairs, and beds; the spring supported the human body in a sitting or supine position. In 1834, John Saville Crofton published a book entitled The London Upholsterer's Companion, The Art Of Spring Stuffing. Crofton, a veteran of the upholstery trade, describes using nine circular steel coil springs 7 inches high and 3-1/2 inches wide, made of number 8 charcoal wire, for upholstering easy chairs. His book also describes spring upholstered sofas, beds, mattresses, pillows, and carriage and coach seats also made of circular coil spring of lighter gauges of wire. Crofton notes that coil springs have been in the trade a number of years, indicating the original date of the practice is unknown and this work in the British Library has been unheeded in history accounts on this topic. Crofton wrote on page 34 of his book, in the chapter about "Easy Chairs, Spring-stuffing": Charcoal wire was an early nineteenth-century term that designated crucible manufacturing process for making better quality steel for drawing spring wire. The hand-tire style of crafting springs by tying each to adjacent springs is a method that dates back as far as Crofton writes--and probably much earlier, as he indicates. Modern upholstery methods may still refer to "hand tied" springs or "eight-way hand-tied springs" which are closely related to Crofton's method as described. In 1834 Crofton also informs that the upholsterer