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Economics is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek οἰκονομία from οἶκος (oikos, "house") and νόμος (nomos, "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house (hold for good management)".[1] 'Political economy' was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.[2]
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Consistent with this focus, primary textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyses the entire economy (meaning aggregated production, consumption, savings, and investment) and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources (labour, capital, and land), inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and other policies).
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing "what is", and normative economics, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory and applied economics; between rational and behavioural economics; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics.[3]
Besides the traditional concern in production, distribution, and consumption in an economy, economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and government. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime,[4] education,[5] the family, law, politics, religion,[6] social institutions, war,[7] science,[8] and the environment.[9] Education, for example, requires time, effort, and expenses, plus the foregone income and experience, yet these losses can be weighted against future benefits education may bring to the agent or the economy. At the turn of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.[10] The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the living conditions of people in their everyday life.[11]
There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists.[13] Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1776) defined what was then called political economy as "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations", in particular as:
a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator [with the twofold objectives of providing] a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... [and] to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services.[14]
J.-B. Say (1803), distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.[15] On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle (1849) coined "the dismal science" as an epithet for classical economics, in this context, commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus (1798).[16] John Stuart Mill (1844) defines the subject in a social context as:
The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object.[17]
Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics (1890) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level:
Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.[18]
Lionel Robbins (1932) developed implications of what has been termed "[p]erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject":[19]
Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.[20]
Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in "pick[ing] out certain kinds of behaviour" but rather analytical in "focus[ing] attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity."[21] He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production), distributed, and consumed; and how wealth can grow.[22] But he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it (as a sought after end), generates both cost and benefits; and, resources (human life and other costs) are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits, the deciding actors (assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a decision) but rather explore other alternatives. We cannot define economics as the science that studies wealth, war, crime, education, and any other field economic analysis can be applied to; but, as the science that studies a particular common aspect of each of those subjects (they all use scarce resources to attain a sought after end).
Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets. From the 1960s, however, such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behaviour and rational-choice modelling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields.[23] There are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment.[24]
Gary Becker, a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas, describes the approach he favours as "combin[ing the] assumptions of maximizing behaviour, stable preferences, and market equilibrium, used relentlessly and unflinchingly."[25] One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the "choice process and the type of social interaction that [such] analysis involves." The same source reviews a range of definitions included in principles of economics textbooks and concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter that the texts treat. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, or should evolve.[26]
Markets
Main article: Markets
A vegetable vendor in a marketplace.
Economists study trade, production and consumption decisions, such as those that occur in a traditional marketplace.
Two men sit at computer monitors with financial information.
In Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured: São Paulo Stock Exchange, Brazil.
Microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system. These entities include private and public players with various classifications, typically operating under scarcity of tradable units and government regulation. The item traded may be a tangible product such as apples or a service such as repair services, legal counsel, or entertainment.
In theory, in a free market the aggregates (sum of) of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers will be equal and reach economic equilibrium over time in reaction to price changes; in practice, various issues may prevent equilibrium, and any equilibrium reached may not necessarily be morally equitable. For example, if the supply of healthcare services is limited by external factors, the equilibrium price may be unaffordable for many who desire it but cannot pay for it.
Various market structures exist. In perfectly competitive markets, no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product. In other words, every participant is a "price taker" as no participant influences the price of a product. In the real world, markets often experience imperfect competition.
Forms include monopoly (in which there is only one seller of a good), duopoly (in which there are only two sellers of a good), oligopoly (in which there are few sellers of a good), monopolistic competition (in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods), monopsony (in which there is only one buyer of a good), and oligopsony (in which there are few buyers of a good). Unlike perfect competition, imperfect competition invariably means market power is unequally distributed. Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be "price makers", which means that, by holding a disproportionately high share of market power, they can influence the prices of their products.
Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets. This method of analysis is known as partial-equilibrium analysis (supply and demand). This method aggregates (the sum of all activity) in only one market. General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour. It aggregates (the sum of all activity) across all markets. This method studies both changes in markets and their interactions leading towards equilibrium.[27]
Production, cost, and efficiency
Main articles: Production theory basics, Opportunity cost, Economic efficiency, and Production–possibility frontier
In microeconomics, production is the conversion of inputs into outputs. It is an economic process that uses inputs to create a commodity or a service for exchange or direct use. Production is a flow and thus a rate of output per period of time. Distinctions include such production alternatives as for consumption (food, haircuts, etc.) vs. investment goods (new tractors, buildings, roads, etc.), public goods (national defence, smallpox vaccinations, etc.) or private goods (new computers, bananas, etc.), and "guns" vs "butter".
Opportunity cost refers to the economic cost of production: the value of the next best opportunity foregone. Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions. It has been described as expressing "the basic relationship between scarcity and choice".[28] For example, if a baker uses a sack of flour to make pretzels one morning, then the baker cannot use either the flour or the morning to make bagels instead. Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way. The opportunity cost of an activity is an element in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently, such that the cost is weighed against the value of that activity in deciding on more or less of it. Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be measured by the real cost of output forgone, leisure, or anything else that provides the alternative benefit (utility).[29]
Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources). Other inputs may include intermediate goods used in production of final goods, such as the steel in a new car.
Economic efficiency describes how well a system generates desired output with a given set of inputs and available technology. Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs, or in other words, the amount of "waste" is reduced. A widely accepted general standard is Pareto efficiency, which is reached when no further change can make someone better off without making someone else worse off.
An example production–possibility frontier with illustrative points marked.
The production–possibility frontier (PPF) is an expository figure for representing scarcity, cost, and efficiency. In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter"). The PPF is a table or graph (as at the right) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs, which limit feasible total output. Each point on the curve shows potential total output for the economy, which is the maximum feasible output of one good, given a feasible output quantity of the other good.
Scarcity is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume beyond the PPF (such as at X) and by the negative slope of the curve.[30] If production of one good increases along the curve, production of the other good decreases, an inverse relationship. This is because increasing output of one good requires transferring inputs to it from production of the other good, decreasing the latter.
The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods. It measures what an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good, an example of a real opportunity cost. Thus, if one more Gun costs 100 units of butter, the opportunity cost of one Gun is 100 Butter. Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good. Still, in a market economy, movement along the curve may indicate that the choice of the increased output is anticipated to be worth the cost to the agents.
By construction, each point on the curve shows productive efficiency in maximizing output for given total inputs. A point inside the curve (as at A), is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve. Examples cited of such inefficiency include high unemployment during a business-cycle recession or economic organization of a country that discourages full use of resources. Being on the curve might still not fully satisfy allocative efficiency (also called Pareto efficiency) if it does not produce a mix of goods that consumers prefer over other points.
Much applied economics in public policy is concerned with determining how the efficiency of an economy can be improved. Recognizing the reality of scarcity and then figuring out how to organize society for the most efficient use of resources has been described as the "essence of economics", where the subject "makes its unique contribution."[31]
Specialization
Main articles: Division of labour, Comparative advantage, and Gains from trade
A map showing the main trade routes for goods within late medieval Europe.
Specialization is considered key to economic efficiency based on theoretical and empirical considerations. Different individuals or nations may have different real opportunity costs of production, say from differences in stocks of human capital per worker or capital/labour ratios. According to theory, this may give a comparative advantage in production of goods that make more intensive use of the relatively more abundant, thus relatively cheaper, input.
Even if one region has an absolute advantage as to the ratio of its outputs to inputs in every type of output, it may still specialize in the output in which it has a comparative advantage and thereby gain from trading with a region that lacks any absolute advantage but has a comparative advantage in producing something else.
It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries. This has led to investigation of economies of scale and agglomeration to explain specialization in similar but differentiated product lines, to the overall benefit of respective trading parties or regions.[32]
The general theory of specialization applies to trade among individuals, farms, manufacturers, service providers, and economies. Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.[33]
An example that combines features above is a country that specializes in the production of high-tech knowledge products, as developed countries do, and trades with developing nations for goods produced in factories where labour is relatively cheap and plentiful, resulting in different in opportunity costs of production. More total output and utility thereby results from specializing in production and trading than if each country produced its own high-tech and low-tech products.
Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a by-product or by design.[34] Such specialization of production creates opportunities for gains from trade whereby resource owners benefit from trade in the sale of one type of output for other, more highly valued goods. A measure of gains from trade is the increased income levels that trade may facilitate.[35]
Supply and demand
Main article: Supply and demand
A graph depicting Quantity on the X-axis and Price on the Y-axis
The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D1 to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).
Prices and quantities have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy.[36] The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
For a given market of a commodity, demand is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good. Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded (as in the figure). Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc. A term for this is "constrained utility maximization" (with income and wealth as the constraints on demand). Here, utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred.
The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a product, the less of it people would be prepared to buy (other things unchanged). As the price of a commodity falls, consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods (the substitution effect). In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect). Other factors can change demand; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve for a normal good outward relative to the origin, as in the figure. All determinants are predominantly taken as constant factors of demand and supply.
Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price. It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesized to be profit-maximizers, meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit. Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
That is, the higher the price at which the good can be sold, the more of it producers will supply, as in the figure. The higher price makes it profitable to increase production. Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement. The "Law of Supply" states that, in general, a rise in price leads to an expansion in supply and a fall in price leads to a contraction in supply. Here as well, the determinants of supply, such as price of substitutes, cost of production, technology applied and various factors inputs of production are all taken to be constant for a specific time period of evaluation of supply.
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above. At a price below equilibrium, there is a shortage of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This is posited to bid the price up. At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded. This pushes the price down. The model of supply and demand predicts that for given supply and demand curves, price and quantity will stabilize at the price that makes quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded. Similarly, demand-and-supply theory predicts a new price-quantity combination from a shift in demand (as to the figure), or in supply.
For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit. It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit.[37] The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost, the increase in total cost to the supplier for the corresponding unit of the good. The price in equilibrium is determined by supply and demand. In a perfectly competitive market, supply and demand equate marginal cost and marginal utility at equilibrium.[38]
On the supply side of the market, some factors of production are described as (relatively) variable in the short run, which affects the cost of changing output levels. Their usage rates can be changed easily, such as electrical power, raw-material inputs, and over-time and temp work. Other inputs are relatively fixed, such as plant and equipment and key personnel. In the long run, all inputs may be adjusted by management. These distinctions translate to differences in the elasticity (responsiveness) of the supply curve in the short and long runs and corresponding differences in the price-quantity change from a shift on the supply or demand side of the market.
Marginalist theory, such as above, describes the consumers as attempting to reach most-preferred positions, subject to income and wealth constraints while producers attempt to maximize profits subject to their own constraints, including demand for goods produced, technology, and the price of inputs. For the consumer, that point comes where marginal utility of a good, net of price, reaches zero, leaving no net gain from further consumption increases. Analogously, the producer compares marginal revenue (identical to price for the perfect competitor) against the marginal cost of a good, with marginal profit the difference. At the point where marginal profit reaches zero, further increases in production of the good stop. For movement to market equilibrium and for changes in equilibrium, price and quantity also change "at the margin": more-or-less of something, rather than necessarily all-or-nothing.
Other applications of demand and supply include the distribution of income among the factors of production, including labour and capital, through factor markets. In a competitive labour market for example the quantity of labour employed and the price of labour (the wage rate) depends on the demand for labour (from employers for production) and supply of labour (from potential workers). Labour economics examines the interaction of workers and employers through such markets to explain patterns and changes of wages and other labour income, labour mobility, and (un)employment, productivity through human capital, and related public-policy issues.[39]
Demand-and-supply analysis is used to explain the behaviour of perfectly competitive markets, but as a standard of comparison it can be extended to any type of market. It can also be generalized to explain variables across the economy, for example, total output (estimated as real GDP) and the general price level, as studied in macroeconomics.[40] Tracing the qualitative and quantitative effects of variables that change supply and demand, whether in the short or long run, is a standard exercise in applied economics. Economic theory may also specify conditions such that supply and demand through the market is an efficient mechanism for allocating resources.[41]
Firms
Main articles: Theory of the firm, Industrial organization, Business economics, and Managerial economics
People frequently do not trade directly on markets. Instead, on the supply side, they may work in and produce through firms. The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts. According to Ronald Coase, people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market.[42] Firms combine labour and capital, and can achieve far greater economies of scale (when the average cost per unit declines as more units are produced) than individual market trading.
In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price. Industrial organization generalizes from that special case to study the strategic behaviour of firms that do have significant control of price. It considers the structure of such markets and their interactions. Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.[43]
Managerial economics applies microeconomic analysis to specific decisions in business firms or other management units. It draws heavily from quantitative methods such as operations research and programming and from statistical methods such as regression analysis in the absence of certainty and perfect knowledge. A unifying theme is the attempt to optimize business decisions, including unit-cost minimization and profit maximization, given the firm's objectives and constraints imposed by technology and market conditions.[44]
Uncertainty and game theory
Main articles: Information economics, Game theory, and Financial economics
Uncertainty in economics is an unknown prospect of gain or loss, whether quantifiable as risk or not. Without it, household behaviour would be unaffected by uncertain employment and income prospects, financial and capital markets would reduce to exchange of a single instrument in each market period, and there would be no communications industry.[45] Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.[46]
Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that considers strategic interactions between agents, one kind of uncertainty. It provides a mathematical foundation of industrial organization, discussed above, to model different types of firm behaviour, for example in an oligopolistic industry (few sellers), but equally applicable to wage negotiations, bargaining, contract design, and any situation where individual agents are few enough to have perceptible effects on each other. As a method heavily used in behavioural economics, it postulates that agents choose strategies to maximize their payoffs, given the strategies of other agents with at least partially conflicting interests.[47][48]
In this, it generalizes maximization approaches developed to analyse market actors such as in the supply and demand model and allows for incomplete information of actors. The field dates from the 1944 classic Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.[49]
Risk aversion may stimulate activity that in well-functioning markets smooths out risk and communicates information about risk, as in markets for insurance, commodity futures contracts, and financial instruments. Financial economics or simply finance describes the allocation of financial resources. It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the financial structure of companies, the efficiency and fragility of financial markets,[50] financial crises, and related government policy or regulation.[51]
Some market organizations may give rise to inefficiencies associated with uncertainty. Based on George Akerlof's "Market for Lemons" article, the paradigm example is of a dodgy second-hand car market. Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.[52] Information asymmetry arises here, if the seller has more relevant information than the buyer but no incentive to disclose it. Related problems in insurance are adverse selection, such that those at most risk are most likely to insure (say reckless drivers), and moral hazard, such that insurance results in riskier behaviour (say more reckless driving).[53]
Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("incomplete markets"). Moreover, attempting to reduce one problem, say adverse selection by mandating insurance, may add to another, say moral hazard. Information economics, which studies such problems, has relevance in subjects such as insurance, contract law, mechanism design, monetary economics, and health care.[53] Applied subjects include market and legal remedies to spread or reduce risk, such as warranties, government-mandated partial insurance, restructuring or bankruptcy law, inspection, and regulation for quality and information disclosure.[54][47]
Market failure
Main articles: Market failure, Government failure, Information economics, Environmental economics, and Agricultural economics
A smokestack releasing smoke
Pollution can be a simple example of market failure. If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.
The term "market failure" encompasses several problems which may undermine standard economic assumptions. Although economists categorize market failures differently, the following categories emerge in the main texts.[55]
Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
Natural monopoly, or the overlapping concepts of "practical" and "technical" monopoly, is an extreme case of failure of competition as a restraint on producers. Extreme economies of scale are one possible cause.
Public goods are goods which are undersupplied in a typical market. The defining features are that people can consume public goods without having to pay for them and that more than one person can consume the good at the same time.
Externalities occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices. For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.). Governments often tax and otherwise restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and subsidize or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive externalities in an effort to correct the price distortions caused by these externalities.[56] Elementary demand-and-supply theory predicts equilibrium but not the speed of adjustment for changes of equilibrium due to a shift in demand or supply.[57]
In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side. This includes standard analysis of the business cycle in macroeconomics. Analysis often revolves around causes of such price stickiness and their implications for reaching a hypothesized long-run equilibrium. Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
A woman takes samples of water from a river.
Environmental scientist sampling water
Some specialized fields of economics deal in market failure more than others. The economics of the public sector is one example. Much environmental economics concerns externalities or "public bads".
Policy options include regulations that reflect cost-benefit analysis or market solutions that change incentives, such as emission fees or redefinition of property rights.[58]
Public sector
Main articles: Economics of the public sector and Public finance
See also: Welfare economics
Public finance is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditures of a public sector entity, usually government. The subject addresses such matters as tax incidence (who really pays a particular tax), cost-benefit analysis of government programmes, effects on economic efficiency and income distribution of different kinds of spending and taxes, and fiscal politics. The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.[59]
Much of economics is positive, seeking to describe and predict economic phenomena. Normative economics seeks to identify what economies ought to be like.
Welfare economics is a normative branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocative efficiency within an economy and the income distribution associated with it. It attempts to measure social welfare by examining the economic activities of the individuals that comprise society.[60]
Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions "top down", that is, using a simplified form of general-equilibrium theory.[61] Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components. It also studies effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy.
Since at least the 1960s, macroeconomics has been characterized by further integration as to micro-based modelling of sectors, including rationality of players, efficient use of market information, and imperfect competition.[62] This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.[63]
Macroeconomic analysis also considers factors affecting the long-term level and growth of national income. Such factors include capital accumulation, technological change and labour force growth.[64]
Growth
Main article: Economic growth
Growth economics studies factors that explain economic growth – the increase in output per capita of a country over a long period of time. The same factors are used to explain differences in the level of output per capita between countries, in particular why some countries grow faster than others, and whether countries converge at the same rates of growth.
Much-studied factors include the rate of investment, population growth, and technological change. These are represented in theoretical and empirical forms (as in the neoclassical and endogenous growth models) and in growth accounting.[65]
Business cycle
Main article: Business cycle
See also: Circular flow of income, Aggregate supply, Aggregate demand, and Unemployment
A basic illustration of economic/business cycles.
The economics of a depression were the spur for the creation of "macroeconomics" as a separate discipline field of study. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, John Maynard Keynes authored a book entitled The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money outlining the key theories of Keynesian economics. Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
He therefore advocated active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.[66] Thus, a central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that, in some situations, no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels. John Hicks' IS/LM model has been the most influential interpretation of The General Theory.
Over the years, understanding of the business cycle has branched into various research programmes, mostly related to or distinct from Keynesianism. The neoclassical synthesis refers to the reconciliation of Keynesian economics with neoclassical economics, stating that Keynesianism is correct in the short run but qualified by neoclassical-like considerations in the intermediate and long run.[67]
New classical macroeconomics, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits market clearing with imperfect information. It includes Friedman's permanent income hypothesis on consumption and "rational expectations" theory,[68] led by Robert Lucas, and real business cycle theory.[69]
In contrast, the new Keynesian approach retains the rational expectations assumption, however it assumes a variety of market failures. In particular, New Keynesians assume prices and wages are "sticky", which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions.[70]
Thus, the new classicals assume that prices and wages adjust automatically to attain full employment, whereas the new Keynesians see full employment as being automatically achieved only in the long run, and hence government and central-bank policies are needed because the "long run" may be very long.
Unemployment
Main article: Unemployment
The percentage of the US population employed, 1995–2012.
The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate, the percentage of workers without jobs in the labour force. The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs. People who are retired, pursuing education, or discouraged from seeking work by a lack of job prospects are excluded from the labour force. Unemployment can be generally broken down into several types that are related to different causes.[71]
Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers. Wages may be too high because of minimum wage laws or union activity. Consistent with classical unemployment, frictional unemployment occurs when appropriate job vacancies exist for a worker, but the length of time needed to search for and find the job leads to a period of unemployment.[71]
Structural unemployment covers a variety of possible causes of unemployment including a mismatch between workers' skills and the skills required f | r/price | post | r/Price | 2016-12-08 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4SUFUcnQ0MjJxQXE3VlZuWlpMSTNtaFdhRUJBRFJSaXFTSWVIajh3MzFWVHJWUnFHYTJxRjc2WGdPaDM4UGhaZGs5a1lSOVpFbFpZMTRuc0FpYXVQY2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNGR0XzVEUW4wc3NnMi1OTmJQUE80Qk00OHo4N2gxSjB6dktCWXlNMVRhUU83aTRyVlo5dUU1c3Nmdm5kWGVycHZwdW1lQmRoZXJwSFVYcW1RUUlFWGRLYm5pdmtCZ2NWRV9rNmtZSGNtYndKd1lXRHUyTkRETm9paHlUSF9uQ0M4bjBKRFR1aTNmdUhyN09UeU5GWW5hZHQycDkxWDlVT08tb2pBbTRkeXFINlpuQVQ4SFkxcmZiSkpWZ1dkLUFPaWpEX3lIck1fNWFYVjJDM2VJZmt2dz09 |
ama | r/price | post | r/Price | 2016-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4bVp4VXFvMVBVM1pzVmpTMTM2eDVLX3Exclk1Wl9IbXJSb2NwQnYtdGkzQnhaZ1RlTXA4Tl9kU1RDSkhoMmFya0czWWFlS3RKb1IxenZfQ19fMVJ4UVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBeC1oUXFPXzlGQThHWFljMUJ2MjI1eEZQX1N3TmZramF0ajM2M0VlYmtkbTNZV2VCR2FwOENtUHhRU2xSRUFtOWYxOUU2a2FZcTJmTkkzTE80ZnlMcDdEXzJCcDUxcXBkV0VubmhPclJFckhINlh6UHhFV1R0dWRnVTFneWRJNUd5NnhpdmZFNVlZSnFsc3dNNENhTDd6MTlPYnc3V1Fwa1FOVXEtTkFqdm9hYUtBWFYzYmRnNVVpa3NVWlh4WHpr |
What is it like being such a cool guy? | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4TWZhU21XVEpVS25Rc0hGX0w5T3dRSEk0REpHR0liUG52RzdaZDVYd05NWGx2eFJVdUpDcElyamJOTWtyVzZVeVBpRmJidjZNbExpUUFNUzljblg1aWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBYWY0VWFHQWx5SnctTVV2clFHdVkyVXlnT2hlOFZvVmxyYTEzcDlDMDBzSS11ZjBjSXdhR0FzaGtCLVJpQlJIYUdsTEtmbFJLQUd2NnFFWTBkR2h5eGY4OEZxeFhtVWxEZWl3Wmh2Q2hzTS0yOExhYm1mNUdwUFBNai1zYWpIbkN3TnR5UzBKQVZLeDkzOFFBWGJHaW5GWnkwTHhPTW9XM3RvX2lGZFZnUDhZQnpBLTUwbFFJU2FsdnVMdlRyRXktekd3bXJnNFpTN244a1N0eWMzTVNuQT09 |
What's the largest amount of Euros you have had on your person at one time? | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dHU4U2JIT256QTdtbXkzcGdoZVNDUjEyT2ZUbWVKazRMejZqRG5HaWdfUkpGWXpUWmoyLUhHYU5FMVJudWNfa3MtYzlZMExodW1WMkxweXBBWFJhclE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBb1NoZ3R2eTBBQWFKb183UlhJMVN1eGVFaDE4LWZxdTVBd05QR05GWFhiMkdweWplRGhpbHpoMVBhLUxmRkF6UzM2VU4zNWpvVUlGdFk4dWg4Qm9PVmlsczJERDFVejdZeUdGSDRabkxfeUFKN2RGN1dDRHlmaHR2Qm1XWWJMdmY4NktFaVBnX3YyVkN6aVljSVlDT3dIOUVwMEJwRTNlWmFwSzBoN2ZYNW54LTJ5alFpanJ2MmFfbGNIWnJhSDBWU2NuZ3VYR2RIM1d0aWZ3QUhCQXBiZz09 |
ʰᵉˢ ᶰᵒᵗ ᵃˢ ᶜᵒᵒᶫ ᵃˢ ᵏᵃᶫᵉᵇ | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4T2Q2SmQ4RUxFLWRqZnVOVWNCdU9KLS1PbFdsQlJJcS1iNnphYlBXZFl2QjJvbXI4WUxLMnAzVVZ5QzBRa2Zzc0lMS2xMQkZyMkhzcmFfLTFMc1BlU3c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBc2JxRHNudExLb2R1aTBzNWZiR2pMZks4UjBleGx3d3BHcE9GbXZrZHZYaW9raTk1b3prYVZtcUNDM3RNREh4eWdJTnYxUXBsWEpPYU9jdjhHYnFUbXRmTFVZSlZXeWNBWEpGaUpJNU9iMVJ0WFRKUjU2MWJuS2tZdU9vTE1UaHdSd2dWSUtyeWRCZkpLRVNISXh5bk1Na19OVmpqZGFEQkh2czJNNjB4bmFSRDJ0REw2T040Uk1kdlAtMVdmQjV3THFfenU1T3E1TVllb2tOSGU3alpKUT09 |
No one can be as kool as Kaleb. Gods walk amongst men to inspire, not to set an example. | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NHEyNmlHOFJpSXlrRkswRElVckNFeE1FVEhVWWZwVmpKbDd3MFg1ZjZnVnJONEhnbWFkTUlVcmZ4ZUdNUG9zVTFGWTB1WXduVzhRZHR6TWExV1JYMUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcVBJeEctejdDbXlGOHdNYXFacEh5RTlQUy04S3VpNS1FbGxOMHpKSFdBODVQNHNOVmRJOGd6TDlMWkE0X2x6TjlCRk1FcTVweWFHcWJGazRfU0lmTTZCX2oyN2h4ZXBkZmdOSUh4cDhtUmVyVjZBQmFZa0IzSHRSbmZTTVIxVUlMMlBGb2pCbl9zLXJiYnVtY0tRUjZ5M0toNjhXcl9XLVA5TWdtRnFiTkQ4THdONEVnd1A1ZDFXQms5VEtQZk1RV1BnQndlOVJoVXZsWlQ4ZkIweUtfdz09 |
really nice, feels good to be AWESOME | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dGxvX1ZIVXRDR2IyVkFwVGZaaUxlREFETmRNMEpiT05YOUFiaVpkQUhnS2ZxSDFoeVFOdnpuM1M0aUVMWWJNOE9PeWswaG1ZN194RlZ4Wk15YVhLNmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBc01hOXcxaHlTb0xYTXF1cXl4RU8wa3RTSjFQbGlIVHZVOEc5OEpHaVl3ejhpeFhnQS0ydGE0VzlZa2RIZHJ2cE5Vbk9xY1JmRThaLXh2ODRkZ2ltR2wta0pkZjM1TXJHelQyLUItSUM4RnhrTjFVRE1mQmpXT255WUtiRmVhWTBzSGdMM1NRVjZVdm14REtweTQzVXkyMkxWT19BOGJ6U2NUeGRUWXUzcVFVS19PTTJ2WjRhcklZMXBaYUVzWjZMZkl3d3ZzZjVwdk90bnlZYjIwR2RIUT09 |
enough to get fired honhonhon | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2016-12-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UWV6M0xoMUMtRktFWE1hZ2tIaWlWZmMwUS1RNGVrR1RIbWRsWkZxSVdlNnlsZWUybmZSVVpNQnBSWmNUR0JUbWVuWWExOHlDUHJ4WVl5UnJlRS1hcEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBc2ktVERxNV84Mmd3ZUYxUXRwanU0d1FoRllMcmxtUHYwYllhSDY1bUZFZWNacndxNTlVb0tIMVpYUlpCRENzN25kX0JkbkxtZVRHdnEzRmJXcVJTOHZMS1JBSWpzbGg0Z3JVY2t3ZzFSdVZIRkxicWlkLVhsVTNuVy1lUTRrTDVLVGRSY2RJTDB4c01FTHktMTVhSnpGN2otLVBTSWtnTHlJdHVabHowcmV6cDFXSEhsMnBiakZwSUt6ckltTklpblBXdml0eWdXNGZEdkRyN1EwbmxYdz09 |
what is the PED for that? | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-01-04 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Ukh6cWYtTV9tM1k3OHcwU05haUVmeWZpa2ZPajFFaWl5VzJ4S2xVdVp2d3hWM2ZmQWdFVXc0c0l4S0pkendsb1dLeV9tOUtQalg5dHVHVi03X0FyOXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNmUtMWZOVTU5Tm9qeU42VWR6S1hGWWdvdDMzU19tbGtVNkNFTnBzRnJ5Rm4za2Frd1hJMEJoM1o4VXNNNUd2eEVjTFZrRW5qSHhocHVpZXd5TVlWOGhKQ1BhTXJ0aVU5WWRVLU5BLVRtZjlUX0FwU3Jvbnl2akN3WHlST3ZWOGZNX0VNMUVNbzBKdzc4YUZ6bGtHa1NvamJQYmNvemJ0Q3V6Vzl2TVo3U1NqMjkybDFFVnZDMFFyQXZ6eDYwSmR0 |
do you know logan? | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-01-05 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4a3BCYU9GYlJPZTY1NUVCR1RoMHhfMkhXYmF4dnRvYmRmWkl0WVVxLUc5T0RtTXY4Uzl0cXhlekZSQ212aEF2RUM5YzhhN3lNMEFIU0o0U05pMUs3ZEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbjkzNVh6d2FIMHY5dnZPQ2Z6M0JQTi1LcGhtcEtNVW8wa0pBU2JKX3gtTy15eTNac0tSQThDa2VRc3pjTzVQTlRzMnJFUV9OeDh5d1c1TW5GdnRVdTl0ZnlqOUdJa05NQUpmM0l5NEhXV3B6MVlQcW16TGRUMmk1UFhySE9DVzFRSzNtSFFwZ2RzUG0yWEl4MV95UFpMbktqRVh0N2s2TzUtSUc5Z2loQW5IOG5lVmhCeTd2bk1HdDFVY0UwWDVM |
one time someone told me that magic wasnt real because harry potter was made up by people. what about $$$$$$$$$??????? | r/price | post | r/Price | 2017-01-06 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4ckZPeWplU2JnSmxONVJEN2dyZXB4YkdlWW1NeXc1enRrYXFPNVA1VUZMZUc4UHdiVmViVkVnSDM2TUIwcjVRX29DMV9TaGxtOE5XMWp2cjYyR1F0QXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcjk1VlZreVlRWDZ0eWJHVlE1MHVxSWJ1aU90RVZJVUdIVV9GclhYNldUOUhBLTJfdllEM1BPS3ZnTGh2djZLekNBVlhZWjB1R3A1Rkg2QW82Ni1vWk03NGx4ODRzUkxyMTJlc2FWLVk1aXQ0WFJwblhVdTc0QktfNGhaa2h0UUYtNEZoZV9telJRVlVWQUdwNE0yVlhIMHoyOHNPRWVnUEE1T09IRXJfOXlOSmFzaWxWcFJmS2hJNWpVajJyQXEz |
you can't do harris potter but you can do money | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-01-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dXRxcHVkSWVIcEEtdGlTX2pTZ2p0aXAwNlBYT2NrR3RMbkxIX3hPZC1HeW9pN3JHekU0NDJmSnRyX1dLTlRiTXVHcFlfYTBXaXl3aTFYNks1RlRxWXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMXZqVlE0Z0VDQkJDUVhrY2VWUjUxM2RJbE12LTdvMDNDQUJvak1TT0d2dzRxN0RWdURzS0hKRVNXNjZZLUVPT0NkSC1IZkxFdlVzTlR2NUMyTWRyTTdxSzRjMVlKSmdwbTdac19OVHRQcVNnbEZ3eW5XaUNqRXFrbFYzbTBleTBza29qZDVvY0dNN2pBVW54Z3RGa3E1SVNCRDZGWlYyenRYbmpWSi1ZSXFtV1ppUUZtTzhqRWp3Qkx1eFNySEpXQnMxVHRneUxxMUw5bGwtNnVIdFNJdz09 |
all offending posts will be removed | r/price | post | r/Price | 2017-01-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4V1F5elRha19RNElVam1oN19zTXB3c3VvcU1SV2VDT0FpSnA0cHoteF9pVjdLaDFlaExuMl9rc0htVnltLTJNUzRxNWliVFBsdXdfRHV0TTRDc2NGLVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWV9Oam1SLVBEbzFtUXlGSU9oY0p6cG9RMEIybHlNNW1QVkNmRlBvam11MlgyMW54ME9NczBCbXM5WUlmakJZdFYwZEFuTVdFeUtNSklTMXNlMjc1em8xNUx3cmxJS1NZSlpyT3ItcWVwblRjX040U2lucnViTEpobklaOFozalhSY2xWWGM4aVN4N2MtT1V0Q0pTN05JYS1wSzI0aUFiQnpVcUJ2dExZUGo4VGU0OGRjMmtSVW5WTTZhTkZ6Q0Vy |
Determined by supply and demand | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-01-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4QWdXU05JTHJvaFAtUGVwdVFuUFVMZWw0TTFXRTlYR3E1NTc3RXZOc19waDZHZ0llSXRvemtjMTRpUUoxZEswZU1kbkg3c29RVVB3NnN4NjFuWklmMWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBX3RPNUktSnYzZlhpSjhtMW5SR3FNaDROdFpkWGRMVFBYRzJQeHlfcWpINmM4NVJ2ZXRQYWFNd1FiWmk5aEJsTGpHNWJRRlZjcGpTRm5LRmJoajFhZTR6MkdieWtWSVdnUlE2cXFjMk5SSWgwZTl2NEM3MzAzTFU4cEduelViaDFtYlhOcThEVk1CMmRKeGdwWllmQzItZ09sNkRqeVF0aFV4Tjdmdmt2WVVPMWlXOUd4RkVOaDF1RWpBWlpzYTJfcG41RkZRMVVNQ0J4Z3o0VnhVTDVlUT09 |
i failed what do i do | r/price | post | r/Price | 2017-01-26 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4ZE9ZdFlXYVdsQUEya2FSZWwyaV95cF90bXFHV3lQWTJOUjJpNE52WHd0a1NTbDJXRFN5U09kM1hmc0NCYUdsZnVWZVAtbG1pdGJIbE5DdWh2bFRTX1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBY1ZDY1hTZUthRXFaX1V3MHU2Wi1QdVN3QjUzWklvWFd6OURDMF9BRVpKV3otMms5N3VScWVlX1dxbnF2UVRQWFl2Uk9NZFVRMFJ1YjZLck56V1djUUVrVHJ3c01ucThMbWhqRU5xNTk5UHBEOVV4enMzZWNXdkhvOFhsMlRneW9wQ2JxV211OXlfVDdDeUtuOXpaUXotOUNLVjdYUFI3cHBHYXhhNFUwVlI4PQ== |
😑🔫 | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-02-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4SHdWZ1FkeGE1enBsazNZTmpzcHQxSW5Gd0JEdUVpMXdSUVRVSnhZN2VDWDZ6TFVyeWR3b1FaME41bU5iQzA0R1A3aFZrUWstWVJEVGNTRENScDZxbXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBVmpORlVnMkNHYWJIdTJZM3RLWkNOT1FxeHIxbG9RVzhTYlRBbF8tLVFBYTVfNlQyLUlCS1V6MjVEY3N2cTh5YlJUVlFOY00zM2hLbHc0SHFwc0dEbW1CUlJzRUZfN05HQnZmNllhbk1GVVc5ZzFOTlIyUDVjMEZBZmhGdngyeTA5dy03cXh4MGM4LVZiQWRsUGVlN19CeGNrdFZabE1EbzZTNUUxQ3NyeFlFcjRzTC01cEJDUlRqaVZTQ2VHZVBZ |
WikiAnswers offered no help. Need advice. Thanks! | r/price | post | r/Price | 2017-02-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dTVjendNRUEySnRoV1FQME9BMnRWOVlCRzJVVEVNNnhGaldtZnRqUFRQQ3FzcXVfallfcFNILXN6WW01eDV3OTBleUlCM1duVTlISl9XTVZNY21NMmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZmoyZVh5Zms4RnFHTDEzNHBleEhBLXZ1R1ktcWZPcHFRWXBKS3phazhjdDhMZkozQVN1MlRMSWtaTUFnQTVBZ2Z6LU9NVWpwTURZQ2VIbDBCZU1uV0w0ckQxM2Zrd09zRV9qa01YRUJrQ3pTc2lmLU85Q1h3emFFdlkzUjVRaHE3STV3YlZzUGI0S1BVWnBIQkM0MEtBPT0= |
> > > > > > ^~~^***~~^fuck ^~~**~~~~***~~ | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-02-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4X21yQTM3ZWpRSE82LVZPbzV3bFdIajB4YkdkN29YQmhiNUlld1BWMnNMSGJTU2pqQjF3TU4tbWgtTVl1WjF3bktSUFFEdDJHUTl5aHZXNlZzNUI0dlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBV1BUMTVoV3M1RUFzZzJiaWVrb1dFZUpzU1Q5S202emN0ejc0X1BFUEUxY2MwWHVrSERnQXZmbjZOai1uZlV5cUYxWklRajM0R2JNMHpvZlA0N2pEZEZseDVmTXRPY0o2SG1PVHRfakozeVVfcVRRZnVKM05SY0ZDWWlNYWNkV1NCSHEyZTZqekE5REhBTF9vNWF1aFM2bHJpWll0aE5OZUtfUzI3cFB0dE1JPQ== |
go fuck yourself | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-10-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4OF9ONVR4bEt0TFdESkFEc05mcndMdGJWVmF2bmVRNFpNQXcxVVIyNzRwQkpmZE9CZW1yc0d1MXk3R2FpbTMwbzJOYWtwYS1faDlhX045MXhWcVQwQWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBampJM1pPNGRKSGk3Z0ctN01oQWVQcGo2Wi1HLWt2aTBNc2xJcDVYNThiXzBkVnBEcTBwOF9jVjNjYzhSQ0IzMjI2NHdDWm9JbUwyejh4VmZFVHFjS2NNS21nbkdLWTJIcHd1OFBtTlhMTHkyQUg2Z0VfOHRDUURsSV9JQ2c2eGdaYlRESmRCaU12SjZFcWVsT2J2TnJjdDN4UFBjbGhHY3NaSjJ5NU9oWE5FPQ== |
ZERO | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2017-11-13 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4RndPcHZSTHRLenRSQTZZTHo4UGphbVV3dDBxckh3a013ZVA1NjluTktCeWZ5bTVUM3Uza0FKd011SDQwSDBsUXlZUUk1VEZwb2VQTmJHWVBoN0I5Q2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMUNIMzVjODVONDF3SVlhVzBkMkRtcDk0ZTdBSEpzVGlUQkZjelVudWdZeVJGd0I1YVJRN0dmejE2R3J0MmtfNkFFS3R5bmRKRW1fNjBjWGdhZFJhRDNOa3pURGF6MkUzX2haaUhPM0VNeVNfRlpSdmoxQ1dkUUk4RUpnQkVpS3FKd0Z3TGhRa2tEaUJCVTJ3VU02VTV0N2dPRXljZWRodmNya1pXVG16SmQwPQ== |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJe-2weZTW0&t=663s
WE PAID all ready TOOOOOO MUCH leave the UN in the DUST | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2018-03-06 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NFZqS2QzRUVBTFlPaTRZVElhVXc2dUJzS0JnN3YyMFpmWWxmajdFLTgtaUk5dFdVdWl3eTZLWE1QUGhVX2EycWxqekhPVWFCb2NKcGg5bGV0ZkF5R0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWjJ4RFZJeHE4V21kdWl6VDVIeDZNY3ZNUW1RV3Awd0M1R0dXbWtpbHE4Y2xRSTF0cU5fYkpFUk5HcWZoR1Q5RU54UldXbEVTTnY2Y1paQ2o3cUZSdXJ5SmlOM1Btekd6Sm9ybFdNUFMydnhLTk41OG5URHNnSjhyaWFUalR1cVZBYVNyeUh1SFBZYWdEX2lMMHhMYVc1aHZzNHpULTNfbnlDNXRhNkc3X0Q2cjFQbU1FYkxGTGhwNXVBc0w1S0ZqdGNvMGZrZEJfOVNLTjRmaDBrVGR1Zz09 |
are u gay or smth | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2018-06-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4S1Jhbm9Pak1QZEhxSENEYzR5WVZ4OGYzT2dhUEM4c3l6c2RxZ1Y0UjFzbmxFZ3paWndjUjB6YzR0aUlkSzJHaVNkTXNlRWswMDBKM2ZGYU8tT0xXVUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMHgzMzhqUGJSTDNBOVlJeDhjMDR1XzdHaUxNUlJsR1NZZ3ZhbDlhOWpTSTU5dHRIZjV1UV92UTE2V2Q4c3ZpSmxPNjZFUWVTWE5SRng1VkRxX1ZHd0RkUGtZaUNJSVdhX09nMWtVN2FqcFB1Q004VmdwSThkRk1BLTNPMTQyX2Rsa19hdWF4X1pqaXVCVWdNcFRobmZyWllJanJZamxIaENZR2FoN2tIZWUySmNzU08tLXpLNGlwM181aFFHRmZzZVdFUS1xZ3hSV09DbXFzY1Y5THZLdz09 |
FREEEEEEEE | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2019-04-04 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4QlZ6Tno5dTVLb3lSckVnenZEMDBJY1RDZ1hCMV8zUWNoY3liWjlyc29NbDVlb1M0ZGNhNjRTdXFYLUdjdU1wQWhQaW5GSVFYRWpZYlhLYXNUUGJGbnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBc1FOeW9lZ0JROXNuSkU3UXRQLUxwdWxDbHcyaGZ3cU1IQndSNmNMWkdpSUJEMHNYcC1ucEZIUGlnMHlYdmQ1VjB5TVI3RlpYSFllSFVuNDZ4eXk4TDZXVXRzVHQzV0tZUlpYRmxtVVNISXltYlVOZklXWUt4Q20tVXJ3dmZKcC1LYWtuUjM5Nkl3TDFmbjNQMlBCQVdOSjQzcjFNRk90MkcyQ1F1b2RzQ3BTbm53WHppX3ZUR0syZjdpUUl6cEpvMHNQY1RTbXIycE1CM0FjRVN0cXo5dz09 |
kapıda ödeme ile alışveriş yapmak isteyenler buraya | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2019-06-11 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4N2g5YXN4dnQ3cndvWm9OeE81R2ZtZXJvWjNEdUJQcWkxekFIMmpXTldaMVM5Z0hLUXpISFlBTW1xZmJlY0hiOGpaNHRZSm9FT0FvcXJSU0wyT0dBazlDVmI1UWtFRVp6MVZwVDBVZHFOcHM9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMGMzbHJuemN3TDJicDM1X09ha1dIckp3dVliTmRKVlNva2FTTG5EU3laNXBLcWhYSnRvS3YxdkN2MUpoRzMxOGxMRmF1RzVTZURvblBtSU9lb1ZxX05rczJWcXJCZGliN2FRYXlVMFJYS25XZEJCRVZtUWwwdzRWZ3ZnaFhvTTIxVFlhM2FzUFR5emNLVTNIT080ODBJaXhzY0JvNUd2TkhubUxsbXoxS2hPZE0wR0N2SlBYVXItLWcyOXNkeVRJ |
**What is** r/BitcoinCash **?**
The [r/BitcoinCash](https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoincash/) subreddit is a forum dedicated to discussing the cryptocurrency Bitcoin Cash (BCH). The aim of this subreddit is to cultivate a space for constructive discussion about Bitcoin Cash. Intentionally disruptive behaviour and heavily off-topic discussion will be moderated accordingly. Please refer to the sidebar for the subreddit rules.
​
**What is Bitcoin Cash?**
Bitcoin Cash is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. It's a permissionless, decentralised cryptocurrency that requires no trusted third parties and no central bank. With Bitcoin Cash you can safely and securely send money anywhere in the world, nearly for free.
For more information about Bitcoin Cash, please visit[ bitcoincash.org](https://www.bitcoincash.org/).
​
**Is Bitcoin Cash different from “Bitcoin”?**
Yes! In 2017, the Bitcoin project and its community split into two. Perhaps the least controversial way to refer to each side is simply by their respective ticker symbols, BTC and BCH. While exchanges commonly refer to BTC as simply “Bitcoin”, Bitcoin Cash, usually represented by the BCH ticker symbol, is considered by its supporters to be a legitimate continuation of the Bitcoin project, and the version with the best chance of creating a globally adopted peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
​
**Why was it necessary to create Bitcoin Cash?**
The legacy Bitcoin code had a maximum limit of 1MB of data per block, or about 4 transactions per second. There was also a common sentiment among Bitcoin Core developers that non-backwards compatible upgrades, commonly known as “hard forks”, should be avoided at all cost. This mindset severely limited the potential to introduce beneficial changes to Bitcoin, which were needed to prepare the protocol for mass adoption.
Although technically simple, the Bitcoin community could not reach a consensus on raising the block size limit, even after years of debate. In 2017, capacity hit the 1MB-imposed wall, fees skyrocketed, and Bitcoin became unreliable, with some users unable to get their transactions confirmed even after days of waiting. An average transaction fee of $50 took place in December 2017. As a result, Bitcoin stopped growing, and companies such as Steam and Microsoft began *dropping* Bitcoin, because it was no longer a cheap and reliable payment method.
In August 2017, a subset of the Bitcoin community decided to move forward with a proposed protocol upgrade, forking Bitcoin, and creating Bitcoin Cash by lifting the block size limit as a step towards massive on-chain scaling. There is now ample capacity for everyone's transactions on the Bitcoin Cash blockchain; low fees and fast confirmations are standard, and the network has been allowed to grow again.
​
**Isn’t** r/btc **“the Bitcoin Cash subreddit”?**
It is worth noting that the r/btc subreddit came into use before Bitcoin Cash existed. It was originally created as a forum for open discussion about Bitcoin. After August 2015, r/btc gained a large user-base when the[ r/bitcoin](https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoin/) subreddit[ began censoring](https://np.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3h9cq4/its_time_for_a_break_about_the_recent_mess/) discussion about raising Bitcoin’s block size limit. After the Bitcoin community split over the Bitcoin Cash fork in August 2017, the [r/btc](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/) Bitcoin community naturally became the Bitcoin Cash community, as that’s where its proponents already resided, having been ousted from r/bitcoin by censorship.
To this day, [r/btc](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/) continues to offer a place for open and censorship-free discussion about all Bitcoin forks, with minimal interference by moderators.
​
**So how does** r/BitcoinCash **differ from** r/btc **?**
In July 2019, the [r/BitcoinCash](https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoincash/) subreddit [introduced](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoincash/comments/cckje4/rbitcoincash_subreddit_change_of_moderation/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x) a stricter moderation policy, following requests from the Bitcoin Cash community for an alternative and specific forum for discussing Bitcoin Cash. The intention is to offer a space that is more focused on specifically discussing Bitcoin Cash, as well as one that is free of the ongoing low-effort trolling that frequently takes advantage of [r/btc](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/)’s principled commitment to free speech.
This subreddit now offers all users a choice about the kind of forum that they wish to participate in. The hope is that, without the distractions that threaten to derail discussion on [r/btc](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/), [r/BitcoinCash](https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoincash/) may be able to foster a more focused, inclusive, and involved conversation.
The moderation logs for r/BitcoinCash are public. | r/bitcoincash | post | r/Bitcoincash | 2019-07-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VEZESnlVSWlleW1PUm50eE9QQTJXWGZPSmg0bElYZEpGcFNPY0g3c3RDTjFQWmFHRUd1Ynl1OXVJZk1yaE9UVnFYWFUtRTNXMkJXZWhKaEphVl9EMWtfTnNwQUdFV08wRV9PQ0g3Qlc5Nmc9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbG1ia0hZeFRNV01WLU9obk1wUlhNSXR5RGMwRkVJanJTMWVtam1KY3diOVVHMEEwWFlPYlJPa2pncUdrTjNKS01hZ2JQNEFsWWgtZlBJdVpkUjVkcENDaG1oNmpSWkdUMEtQUEVGRzdyRlE2YnAwTTBsWEtscjJQb1dTbXVRWk45cnQ1amtUVXZWbVB1b01UZXVjWDUwLVgzVV9hZEVKOFFpaF9YeXJ6VEI2RVV1dTIxaHhZMkRuNVpxQUdRRmc0bTZocm1SUXN1NXdHVWM3aTZVSHh6Zz09 |
Okay , so , one of my friends found box full of old games . One of them is *Beetle Ju* . It's the PC version and he has no clue how much it is worth , he searched for at least half an hour and he could only find some useless gameplay. Any idea how much it could cost? Or at least any info about the game? | r/price | post | r/Price | 2020-02-26 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VWV4NEp2MG94UHBXczFjOFV5NmZyb2RyRVJ2WGh2Zk9Jc2FXbU10c0FDN1YzSmRDRnVKUzg3NThDYnNYdU1iUUFORk1lbDREOU4zUDAyTXROTDgtWnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBb29HcjJRNHRGZDJER2hyWUd1RTUtY3Q3MTVDOXVRcGNBYjVmT2ZLTFRMMWIwYm5ta2Q2QlcyUEVWYmdjZEhlVzVldWppd0JNa3JlejFkYVc1RW0tdWlIQXIyTEtpYV9QTGdDREJmTVpDTUR6ZEFFb3k1UUI2cFkyLVctYldDcXdKbWRlQ2NQYjVVbHFMWDlVaG9QX2tBPT0= |
This FAQ and information thread serves to inform both new and existing users about common Bitcoin topics that readers coming to this Bitcoin subreddit may have. This is a living and breathing document, which will change over time. If you have suggestions on how to change it, please comment below or message the mods.
-----
**What is \/r/btc?**
The \/r/btc reddit community was originally created as a community to discuss bitcoin. It quickly gained momentum in August 2015 when the bitcoin block size debate heightened. On the legacy \/r/bitcoin subreddit it was discovered that moderators were heavily censoring discussions that were not inline with their own opinions.
Once realized, the subreddit subscribers began to openly question the censorship [which led to](http://archive.is/0G8az) thousands of redditors being banned from the \/r/bitcoin subreddit. A large number of redditors switched to other subreddits such as /r/bitcoin_uncensored and /r/btc. For a run-down on the history of censorship, please read [A (brief and incomplete) history of censorship in /r/bitcoin by John Blocke](https://medium.com/@johnblocke/a-brief-and-incomplete-history-of-censorship-in-r-bitcoin-c85a290fe43) and [/r/Bitcoin Censorship, Revisted by John Blocke](https://medium.com/@johnblocke/r-bitcoin-censorship-revisited-58d5b1bdcd64). As yet another example, \/r/bitcoin [censored 5,683 posts and comments](https://www.reddit.com/r/noncensored_bitcoin/comments/7414nf/september_2017_stats_post/) just in the month of September 2017 alone. This shows the sheer magnitude of censorship that is happening, which continues to this day. [Read a synopsis of /r/bitcoin](https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinMarkets/comments/6rxw7k/informative_btc_vs_bch_articles/dl8v4lp/) to get the full story and a complete understanding of [why people are so upset](https://www.reddit.com/r/KarmaCourt/comments/5gvqf6/and_now_for_something_completely_different_the/) with \/r/bitcoin's censorship. Further reading can be found [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/83vgdm/a_collection_of_evidence_regarding_bitcoins/) and [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/cpftea/its_important_to_remember_the_past_and_show/ewp7abj/) with a giant collection of information regarding these topics.
-----
**Why is censorship bad for Bitcoin?**
As demonstrated above, censorship has become prevalent in almost all of the major Bitcoin [communication channels](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/5mxov4/wtf_north_koreas_cgc_tries_to_control_bitcoin/dc78hwl/). The [impacts of censorship in Bitcoin](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/5cxx8t/the_impacts_of_censorship/) are very real. "Censorship can really hinder a society if it is bad enough. Because media is such a large part of people’s lives today and it is the source of basically all information, if the information is not being given in full or truthfully then the society is left uneducated [...] Censorship is probably the number one way to lower people’s right to freedom of speech." By censoring certain topics and [specific words](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/5vr7ij/partial_list_of_words_that_automod_removes_from/), people in these Bitcoin communication channels are literally being brain washed into thinking a certain way, molding the reader in a way that they desire; this has a lasting impact especially on users who are new to Bitcoin. Censoring in Bitcoin is the direct opposite of what the spirit of Bitcoin is, and should be condemned anytime it occurs. Also, it's important to [think critically](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/5txje0/edward_snowden_the_answer_to_fake_news_is_not/) and [independently](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/9cm3nj/psa_the_sub_has_been_under_attack_by_various_bad/), and have an open mind.
-----
**Why do some groups attempt to discredit \/r/btc?**
This subreddit has become a place to discuss everything Bitcoin-related and even other cryptocurrencies at times when the topics are relevant to the overall ecosystem. Since this subreddit is one of the few places on Reddit where users will not be censored for their opinions and people are allowed to speak freely, truth is often said here without the fear of reprisal from moderators in the form of bans and censorship. Because of this freedom, people and groups who don't want you to hear the truth with do almost anything they can to try to stop you from speaking the truth and try to manipulate readers here. You can see many cited examples of cases where special interest groups have gone out of their way to attack this subreddit and attempt to disrupt and discredit it. [See the examples here.](https://old.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/9cm3nj/psa_the_sub_has_been_under_attack_by_various_bad/)
-----
**What is the goal of \/r/btc?**
This subreddit is a diverse community dedicated to the success of bitcoin. \/r/btc honors the spirit and nature of Bitcoin being a place for open and free discussion about Bitcoin without the interference of moderators. Subscribers at anytime can look at and review the [public moderator logs](https://modlogs.fyi/r/btc). This subreddit does have [rules](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/wiki/index#wiki_rules_for_this_subreddit_.28also_in_the_sidebar.29) as mandated by reddit that we must follow plus a couple of rules of our own. Make sure to **[read the /r/btc wiki](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/wiki/index)** for more information and resources about this subreddit which includes information such as the benefits of Bitcoin, how to get started with Bitcoin, and more.
-----
**What is Bitcoin?**
Bitcoin is a digital currency, also called a virtual currency, which can be transacted for a low-cost nearly instantly from anywhere in the world. Bitcoin also powers the blockchain, which is a public immutable and decentralized global ledger. Unlike traditional currencies such as dollars, bitcoins are issued and managed without the need for any central authority whatsoever. There is no government, company, or bank in charge of Bitcoin. As such, it is more resistant to wild inflation and corrupt banks. With Bitcoin, you can be your own bank. Read the Bitcoin whitepaper to further understand the schematics of how Bitcoin works.
-----
**What is Bitcoin Cash?**
Bitcoin Cash (ticker symbol: BCH) is an updated version of Bitcoin which solves the scaling problems that have been plaguing Bitcoin Core (ticker symbol: BTC) for years. Bitcoin (BCH) is just a continuation of the Bitcoin project that allows for bigger blocks which will give way to more growth and adoption. You can read more about Bitcoin on [BitcoinCash.org](https://bitcoincash.org/) or read [What is Bitcoin Cash](https://www.bitcoin.com/info/what-is-bitcoin-cash) for additional details.
-----
**How do I buy Bitcoin?**
You can buy Bitcoin on an exchange or with a brokerage. If you're looking to buy, you can [buy Bitcoin with your credit card](https://buy.bitcoin.com/) to get started quickly and safely. There are several others places to buy Bitcoin too; please check the sidebar under brokers, exchanges, and trading for other go-to service providers to begin buying and trading Bitcoin. Make sure to [do your homework first](https://www.bitcoin.com/get-started/how-to-choose-the-right-bitcoin-exchange/) before choosing an exchange to ensure you are choosing the right one for you.
-----
**How do I store my Bitcoin securely?**
After the initial step of buying your first Bitcoin, you will need a Bitcoin wallet to secure your Bitcoin. Knowing which Bitcoin wallet to choose is the second most important step in becoming a Bitcoin user. Since you are investing funds into Bitcoin, choosing the right Bitcoin wallet for you is a critical step that shouldn’t be taken lightly. [Use this guide to help you choose the right wallet for you](https://www.bitcoin.com/get-started/how-to-choose-the-right-bitcoin-wallet/). Check the sidebar under Bitcoin wallets to get started and find a wallet that you can store your Bitcoin in.
-----
**Why is my transaction taking so long to process?**
Bitcoin transactions typically confirm in ~10 minutes. A confirmation means that the Bitcoin transaction has been verified by the network through the process known as mining. Once a transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed or double spent. Transactions are included in blocks.
If you have sent out a Bitcoin transaction and it’s delayed, chances are the [transaction fee](https://bitcoinfees.cash/) you used wasn’t enough to out-compete others causing it to be [backlogged](https://jochen-hoenicke.de/queue/#0,24h). The transaction won’t confirm until it clears the backlog. This typically occurs when using the Bitcoin Core (BTC) blockchain due to poor central planning.
If you are using Bitcoin (BCH), you shouldn't encounter these problems as the block limits have been raised to accommodate a massive amount of volume freeing up space and lowering transaction costs.
-----
**Why does my transaction cost so much, I thought Bitcoin was supposed to be cheap?**
As described above, transaction fees have spiked on the Bitcoin Core (BTC) blockchain mainly due to a limit on transaction space. This has created what is called a fee market, which has primarily been a premature artificially induced price increase on transaction fees due to the limited amount of block space available (supply vs. demand). The original plan was for fees to help secure the network when the block reward decreased and eventually stopped, but the plan was not to reach that point until some time in the future, [around the year 2140](https://wiki.bitcoin.com/w/Controlled_supply#Projected_Bitcoins_Long_Term). This original plan was restored with Bitcoin (BCH) where fees are typically less than a single penny per transaction.
-----
**What is the block size limit?**
The original Bitcoin client didn’t have a block size cap, however was limited to 32MB due to the Bitcoin protocol message size constraint. However, in July 2010 Bitcoin’s creator Satoshi Nakamoto introduced a [temporary 1MB limit](https://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/code/103/tree//trunk/main.h?diff=515630145fcbc978e39dbaa5:102) as an anti-DDoS measure. The temporary measure from Satoshi Nakamoto was made clear three months later when Satoshi said the block size limit can be [increased again by phasing it in](https://archive.is/L5yvP#selection-3315.0-3315.7) when it’s needed (when the demand arises). When introducing Bitcoin on the cryptography mailing list in 2008, Satoshi said that [scaling to Visa levels](https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography%40metzdowd.com/msg09964.html) “would probably not seem like a big deal.”
-----
**What is the block size debate all about anyways?**
The block size debate boils down to different sets of users who are trying to come to consensus on the best way to scale Bitcoin for growth and success. Scaling Bitcoin has actually been a topic of discussion since Bitcoin was first released in 2008; for example you can read how Satoshi Nakamoto was [asked about scaling here](https://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography%40metzdowd.com/msg09964.html) and how he thought at the time it would be addressed. Fortunately Bitcoin has seen tremendous growth and by the year 2013, scaling Bitcoin had became a hot topic. For a run down on the history of scaling and how we got to where we are today, see the [Block size limit debate history lesson post](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/61mxuj/block_size_limit_debate_history_lesson/).
-----
**What is a hard fork?**
A hard fork is when a block is broadcast under a new and different set of protocol rules which is accepted by nodes that have upgraded to support the new protocol. In this case, Bitcoin diverges from a single blockchain to two separate blockchains (a majority chain and a minority chain).
-----
**What is a soft fork?**
A soft fork is when a block is broadcast under a new and different set of protocol rules, but the difference is that nodes don’t realize the rules have changed, and continue to accept blocks created by the newer nodes. Some argue that [soft forks are bad](https://medium.com/@octskyward/on-consensus-and-forks-c6a050c792e7) because they trick old-unupdated nodes into believing transactions are valid, when they may not actually be valid. This can also be defined as coercion, as [explained by Vitalik Buterin](https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html).
-----
**Doesn't it hurt decentralization if we increase the block size?**
Some argue that by lifting the limit on transaction space, that the cost of validating transactions on individual nodes will increase to the point where people will not be able to run nodes individually, giving way to centralization. This is a false dilemma because at this time there is no proven metric to quantify decentralization; although it has been shown that the [current level of decentralization will remain](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/5fyve1/fallacy_the_key_to_bitcoins_decentralization_is_a/) with or without a block size increase. It's a logical fallacy to believe that decentralization only exists when you have people all over the world running full nodes. The reality is that only people with the income to sustain running a full node (even at 1MB) will be doing it. So whether it's 1MB, 2MB, or 32MB, the costs of doing business is negligible for the people who can already do it. If the block size limit is removed, this will also allow for more users worldwide to use and transact introducing the likelihood of having more individual node operators. [Decentralization is not a metric, it's a tool or direction](https://twitter.com/lopp/status/693537120351293440). This is a good video describing the direction of [how decentralization should look](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S1IqaSLrq8).
Additionally, the effects of increasing the block capacity beyond 1MB [has been studied](https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/cornell-study-recommends-4mb-blocksize-bitcoin/) with results showing that up to 4MB is safe and will not hurt decentralization ([Cornell paper, PDF](http://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/CDE+16.pdf)). Other papers also show that no block size limit is safe ([Peter Rizun, PDF](https://www.bitcoinunlimited.info/resources/feemarket.pdf)). Lastly, through an informal survey among all top Bitcoin miners, many agreed that a block size increase [between 2-4MB is acceptable](http://archive.is/U3dqr).
-----
**What now?**
Bitcoin is a fluid ever changing system. If you want to keep up with Bitcoin, we suggest that you subscribe to /r/btc and stay in the loop here, as well as other places to get a healthy dose of perspective from different sources. Also, check the sidebar for additional resources. Have more questions? [Submit a post](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/submit?selftext=true) and ask your peers for help!
-----
Note: This FAQ was originally posted [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/9lfjrb/frequently_asked_questions_and_information_thread/) but was removed when [one of our moderators was falsely suspended](https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/jp0a0k/bitcoinxio_has_been_suspended/) by those wishing to do this sub-reddit harm. | r/btc | post | r/btc | 2020-11-11 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4M1MwQm1IakRsVG5vUERxN3ZfUFlsbzA4S192NFFhZzJwVi1iNkJlT3Jkc2x2TWQyRjdHRnR3aEJ6M0NkRUJ1Ni11SldmUmlzbWNLVnRuM09JQTdwZDRSOTlZVXBldGJsZEtRdlA0NnN2WWs9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZThhSUdkOW9kUTFvMUpPTmd1VUs3SmFLQjk5bVd4MjVZc0lpdVNxaDhUTkIzMWt6ek4xUG5qd2J6TG5pWmc2X2tqUDBZekNnVmx4aGF2aWJxb2NaQWdLa25qazRHdV85X2o5c2p5Z08xeC1HeElCdnZCaXdyakd3OVJhUEk5VzFzZzVmSHFZd2o4N3ZORWNjdzZKcW9MR2M5MVdGY1ZHaGw2TmlrMWliVGo5UG9Kb0dhSktpQXFQZ2lYVVM1VVI2 |
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**🗨 SUBREDDITS OF PARACHAINS ON POLKADOT**
**List from A to Z:**
* r/AcalaNetwork
* r/AstarNetwork
* r/bifrostfinance
* N/A for Bitgreen
* r/Centrifuge
* r/CloverFinance
* N/A for Coinversation
* N/A for Composable Finance
* r/[Equilibrium\_Genshiro](https://www.reddit.com/r/Equilibrium_Genshiro)
* r/HydraDX
* N/A for Interlay
* r/Litentry
* r/moonbeam
* r/Nodle
* N/A for Oak Network
* r/OriginTrail
* N/A for Parallel Finance
* r/PhalaNetwork
* r/polkadex
* N/A for Totem KAPEX
* N/A for Unique Network
* r/WatrProtocol | r/polkadot | post | r/Polkadot | 2021-05-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4WmVRaE94cEdmY2Y0bktoRGdjMzVVel92b3FMdGdvN29KSGZ0NlkzNEhfWXRBUG1TdGRuc21HalZlWXNwT0pqM3M3SkJCOERNWHotd0RkRVRBZ0ZXR0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBeksxY3Z0c0U3NHFfWEU5X203YkJjUndvek5mZk5URzNxc1VyWjREZlpKazV4NEw2UjNQRmMwOTRYQmV3cy1Wd0NzRk1JOWREWF9xT18zdzhfdFhCX2FUcVpWVUJCXzBnSWpjbU5JUTBIdWs3X1N3MUFYOUpwN2o4M0lra0NCZVp4V1NGaVNhWjlHUFJkSXR0MUY0NnJrTDBObVVJT3VidF9NNHl3VUpfOFBZPQ== |
Dude this sub has 5 people I it. You are not going to get an answer here. Although if you find one can you direct me there I have a similar problem. | r/price | comment | r/Price | 2021-12-02 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4V1VsMTQtMGl6Q0h6d1E4bTZDcDdpUGpycW0yVFRIeWFPMFZQYmJ6emlDd0NLOUVfSEQ5aklUV0xxOGozbURaak5xcnJ3Qk1iR3RDTDViY0NiSFBoalB2U3ctYmUxaC1YLXZ3V29pMkRDWkU9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBU2pNVjJCZXpLU18xSzNvcGRuQWxpTFFieVJ0bWRYeS1QUENSYmEyUWhYb2xJc3RuVWNWbjlmVC0xV3FvUmR1VDhZSXptXzU0cGJkZHdxRFZwNDB3WW5FSWRHa0stVjJXZVdqdkEtcVNWLUw1LTRiRC1JSTlMSHRYbjFuOGhDSjB4YU5kNW1JMmFmbVo1N0tKVmJEUUlRTGtzd2Jjb0tSZ2dvMDlpZmpHS2RJPQ== |
Keep all political topics please at r/anime_titties and enjoy the peace of shitposting, hentai, plants and the grimdarkness of the 41st Millennium where there can never be a Victor. | r/worldpolitics | post | r/worldpolitics | 2023-08-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4ZXBNS0k0MkVVT0EtUHphV0VNaG9wTGRIcHVra1A5ODFpejRkbDd1SUlvbEtpTllJcFpmQkNrc0d1ajlmNXZ3ZjJ3UllseHpLclFpcFlNaVZkU1hKTWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBeWdrTk04a2x4SDZVMXNHRHBHUDUwTEFRalR1V2pjX2xyS1NhNDJtQjVBNF9uN0dYSlpmdjdhNGl2SGtsV3ROY0J5eUJEYlZfSGNhVHdJVDBRcHFMY09OUHhQWW5sdzNCb0lRdjE0MTVFMnd4bThSb295XzQ4UWhQRl9ncUNfcFRmeHRucWxrTGp0d3Y2dFJYQzMzZHR0RVE0ZnlUVTZFUWNIRE1DTmJWZnhpNV92TnkwSTNfVXhrNzVUblEyeFFBZkRmLWNWSHlkUVFYeDR5Q1ZnZ3J1dz09 |
# Welcome to the /r/Bitcoin Newcomers FAQ
You've probably been hearing a lot about Bitcoin recently and are wondering what's the big deal? Most of your questions should be answered by the resources below but if you have additional questions feel free to ask them in the comments.
It all started with the release of **[Satoshi Nakamoto's whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)** however that will probably go over the head of most readers so we recommend the following articles/books/videos as a good starting point for understanding how Bitcoin works and a little about its long term potential:
* [Article: The Bullish Case for Bitcoin](https://medium.com/@vijayboyapati/the-bullish-case-for-bitcoin-6ecc8bdecc1)
* [Book: The Bitcoin Standard](https://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Standard-Decentralized-Alternative-Central/dp/1119473861) - or [download a free copy here](http://cryptache.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/The-Bitcoin-Standard-The-Decentralized-Alternative-to-Central-Banking-PDF-Room.pdf)
* [Video 1: An introduction to Bitcoin - Wences Casares](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAFKJVLNVQA)
* [Video 2: The Stories We Tell About Money - Andreas Antonopoulos](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONvg9SbauMg)
* [Video 3: The Bitcoin Standard - Saifdean Ammous](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbm772vF-5M&t=286s)
* [Video 4: Bitcoin 101 - Balaji Srinivasan](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIxwTx7o_B4)
Some other great educational resources include;
* The [Satoshi Nakamoto Institute](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/mempool/) (check them out!)
* Swan [Bitcoin Canon](https://www.swanbitcoin.com/canon/)
* Michael Saylor's [Hope.com](https://hope.com/) and ["Bitcoin for Everybody"'](https://learn.saylor.org/course/view.php?id=468) course
* Jameson Lopp's [resource page](http://lopp.net/bitcoin.html)
* Gigi's [resource page](https://bitcoin-resources.com/#bitcoin-non-technical)
* James D'Angelo's [Bitcoin 101 Blackboard series](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bhe61JaNFLU&list=PLzctEq7iZD-7-DgJM604zsndMapn9ff6q&index=7&t=0s)
* Parker Lewis's [Gradually Then Suddenly series](https://unchained.com/blog/category/gradually-then-suddenly/)
* Some Bitcoin statistics can be found here ([1](https://www.lookintobitcoin.com/), [2](https://data.bitcoinity.org/bitcoin/hashrate/6m?c=m&g=15&r=week&t=a), [3](https://bitcoinvisuals.com/), [4](https://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/dashboard/), [5](https://studio.glassnode.com/workbench/btc-price-performance-since-halving), [6](https://augmentedcoin.io/btc), [7](https://nakamotoportfolio.com/nakamoto/start)).
* A Reading List of [Advanced Bitcoin Books](https://new.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1c5fjhn/advanced_bitcoin_reading_list_curriculum_in_order/)
If you are technically or academically inclined check out;
* Developer resources ([1](https://developer.bitcoin.org/), [2](https://spiral.xyz/#projects))
* [Peer-reviewed research papers](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1VaWhbAj7hWNdiE73P-W-wrl5a0WNgzjofmZXe0Rh5sg)
* Course lectures from both [MIT](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-s12-blockchain-and-money-fall-2018/) and [Princeton](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/7qynvj/dont_panic_just_learn_sixty_free_lectures_from/)
* Future [protocol improvements](http://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/2018-01-24-rusty-russell-future-bitcoin-tech-directions/) and [scaling resources](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/56nnd8/the_scaling_bitcoin_website_is_awesome_videos/).
MicroStrategy's [Bitcoin for Corporations](https://www.microstrategy.com/en/resources/events/world-2021/bitcoin-summit?CID=7014W0000014yhJQAQ) is an excellent open source series on corporate legal and financial Bitcoin integration.
You can also see the number of times Bitcoin was [declared dead by the media](https://99bitcoins.com/obituary-stats) (LOL!)
## Key properties of Bitcoin
* **Limited Supply** - There will only ever be a [maximum of 21,000,000 bitcoins created](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/10h04a6/this_is_how_we_know_theres_only_21_million_bitcoin/) and they are issued in a predictable fashion per the [inflation schedule](https://bashco.github.io/Bitcoin_Monetary_Inflation/). Once they are all issued Bitcoin will be truly deflationary. The [halving countdown](http://bitcoinblockhalf.com/) tells you approximately how much time until the next block reward halving.
* **Open source** - Bitcoin code is fully auditable. You can read and contribute to the [source code](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin) yourself.
* **Accountable** - The public ledger is transparent, all transactions are [seen by everyone](https://blockstream.info/).
* **Decentralized** - Bitcoin is globally distributed across thousands of nodes with no single point of failure and as such can't be shut down similar to how [Bittorrent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent) works. You can even [run a node on a Raspberry Pi](https://getumbrel.com/).
* **Censorship resistant** - No one can prevent you from interacting with the Bitcoin network and no one can censor, alter or block transactions that they disagree with, see [Operation Chokepoint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Choke_Point).
* **Push system** - There are [no chargebacks](https://gendal.me/2013/10/21/lessons-from-bitcoin-push-versus-pull/) in Bitcoin because only the person who owns the address where the bitcoin resides has the authority to move them.
* **Borderless** - No country can stop it from going in/out, even in areas currently unserved by traditional banking as the ledger is [globally distributed](https://bitnodes.io/nodes/live-map/).
* **Trustless** - Bitcoin solved the [Byzantine's Generals Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance) which means nobody needs to trust anybody for it to work.
* **Pseudonymous** - No need to [expose personal information](https://buybitcoinworldwide.com/anonymity/) when purchasing with cash or transacting.
* **Secure** - Blocks and transactions are cryptographically secured (using hashes and signatures) and can’t be [brute forced](http://i.imgur.com/fYFBsqp.jpg) or confiscated with proper key management such as hardware wallets.
* **Programmable** - Individual units of bitcoin can be [programmed to transfer](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script) based on certain criteria being met
* **Divisible** - Each bitcoin can be [divided down to 8 decimals](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi_(unit\)), which means you don't have to worry about buying an entire bitcoin.
* **Nearly instant** - From a few seconds on the Lightning Network to a [few minutes](https://www.blockchain.com/charts/median-confirmation-time) on-chain depending on need for confirmations. Transactions are irreversible by normal users after one confirmation and irreversible by anyone (including miners) after 6 confirmations.
* **Peer-to-peer** - No intermediaries taking a cut, no need for [trusted third parties](https://nakamotoinstitute.org/trusted-third-parties/).
* **Designed Money** - Bitcoin was created to fit all the [fundamental properties of money](https://imgur.com/a/5w3l2A6) better than gold or fiat.
* **Portable** - Bitcoin are digital so they are easier to move than cash or gold. They can be transported by simply carrying a seed (a string of 12 to 24 words) on a device or by [memorizing it for wallet recovery](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Brainwallet) (while cool, memorizing is generally not recommended due to potential for forgetting the seed and the potential for insecure key generation by inexperienced users. Hardware wallets are the preferred method for most users for their ease of use and additional security).
* **Low fee scaling** - Most wallets calculate on chain fees automatically but you can view [fee estimates](https://river.com/learn/how-bitcoin-fees-work/) and [mempool activity](https://jochen-hoenicke.de/queue/#0,2w) if you want to set your fee manually. On chain fees may rise occasionally due to network demand, however instant micropayments that do not require confirmations are happening via the [Lightning Network](https://lightning.network/), an open source second layer payment protocol built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain. The Lightning Network enables Bitcoin users to instantly send and receive bitcoin with fees so low that they are negligible.
* **Scalable** - While the protocol is still being optimized for [increased transaction capacity](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability), blockchains do not scale very well, so most transaction volume is expected to occur on Layer 2 networks built on top of Bitcoin.
## Where can I buy bitcoin?
[Bitcoin.org](https://bitcoin.org/en/buy) and [BuyBitcoinWorldwide.com](https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/) are helpful sites for beginners. You can buy or sell any amount of bitcoin (even just a few dollars worth) and there are several easy methods to purchase bitcoin with cash, credit card or bank transfer. Some of the more popular places to buy bitcoin are listed below.
* [Strike](https://strike.me/)
* [Cash App](https://cash.app/)
* [Swan](https://www.swanbitcoin.com/)
* [River Financial](https://river.com/)
* [Bull Bitcoin](https://www.bullbitcoin.com/)
* [Bitcoin Well](https://bitcoinwell.com/)
* [Relai](https://relai.app/)
* [LibertyX](https://libertyx.com/)
* [CoinCorner](https://www.coincorner.com/)
* [Bisq](https://bisq.network/) (decentralized & P2P)
* [HodlHodl](https://hodlhodl.com/?filters%5Bcurrency_code%5D=USD) (P2P)
* [List of peer-to-peer exchanges](https://github.com/cointastical/P2P-Trading-Exchanges/)
* [Debifi](https://debifi.com/) (non-custodial lending)
You can also purchase in cash with [local ATMs](http://coinatmradar.com/). If you would like your paycheck automatically converted to bitcoin try [Bitwage](https://www.bitwage.com/).
**Note:** Bitcoin are valued at whatever [market price](https://aggr.trade/1m1h) people are willing to pay for them in balancing act of supply vs demand. Unlike traditional markets, bitcoin markets operate 24 hours per day, 365 days per year.
## Securing your bitcoin
With Bitcoin you can **"Be your own bank"** and personally secure your bitcoin **OR** you can use third party companies aka **"Bitcoin banks"** which will hold your bitcoin for you.
* If you prefer to **"Be your own bank"** and have direct control over your coins without having to use a trusted third party, then you will need to create your own wallet and keep it secure. If you want easy and secure storage without having to learn best computer security practices, then a hardware wallet such as a [BitBox02](https://bitbox.swiss/bitbox02/), [Trezor](https://www.trezor.io/), [ColdCard](https://coldcardwallet.com/), or [Blockstream Jade](https://blockstream.com/jade/) is recommended. You can even build your own open source hardware wallets called a [SeedSigner](https://seedsigner.com/) or [Krux](https://selfcustody.github.io/krux/).
* If you cannot afford a hardware wallet there are many [software wallet](https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet) options to choose from depending on your use case. Mobile wallets like [BlueWallet](https://bluewallet.io/) are generally more secure than desktop wallets. Beware of fake mobile wallets and check reviews from reputable Bitcoin websites. Avoid paper wallets or brain wallets.
* If you prefer to work with third party **"Bitcoin banks"** to set up a collaborative custody arrangement, try [Unchained Capital](https://unchained-capital.com/) but be aware that any third party you use exposes you to third party risk. There is a saying in the community, **"Not your keys, not your coins"**.
**Note: For increased security, use Two Factor Authentication (2FA) everywhere it is offered, including email!**
2FA requires a second confirmation code or a physical security key to access your account making it much harder for thieves to gain access. Google Authenticator and Authy are the two most popular 2FA services, download links are below. Make sure you create backups of your 2FA codes.
**Avoid using your cell number for 2FA.** Hackers have been using a technique called "SIM swapping" to impersonate users and steal bitcoin off exchanges.
Google Auth | Authy | OTP Auth
--------------|--------|------------
[Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2) | [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.authy.authy&hl=en) | N/A
[iOS](https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605?mt=8) | [iOS](https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/authy/id494168017) | [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/otp-auth/id659877384) |
Physical security keys (FIDO U2F) offer stronger security than Google Auth / Authy and other TOTP-based apps, because the secret code never leaves the device and it uses bi-directional authentication so it prevents phishing. If you lose the device though, you could lose access to your account, so always use 2 or more security keys with a given account so you have backups. See [Yubikey](https://yubikey.com/) or [Titan](https://cloud.google.com/titan-security-key) to purchase security keys.
## Running Bitcoin
You can run [Bitcoin node](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/18736/what-is-a-bitcoin-node) software by downloading and installing [Bitcoin Core](https://bitcoincore.org) or other node software you have vetted.
It is a best practice to verify these Bitcoin node programs you download by [checking their hashes and signatures](https://youtu.be/U0I-ImS_r8o?si=qa_gRyGPuRZq5acM).
Don't Trust, Verify.
* https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/releases
* https://bitcoincore.org
* https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-core/
A verified Bitcoin node running on your own hardware is your sovereign gateway to the Bitcoin network. They can be used alongside open source software [wallets](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet) to send and receive Bitcoin securely. By running your own Bitcoin node, you enforce the Bitcoin ruleset, can verify transactions without trusted 3rd party middlemen, improve your Bitcoin privacy, obtain independence with local access to blockchain data, and help bolster the robustness of the Bitcoin network. By running a Bitcoin node, you are verifying that Bitcoin is Bitcoin for yourself. For more details on running a Bitcoin node see [this article](https://unchained.com/blog/why-run-bitcoin-node/).
For wallets used alongside your Bitcoin node: If your Bitcoin wallet software is fully [open source](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/80111/is-bitcoin-completely-open-source/80115#80115) and Bitcoin-only, then it is probably a decent wallet. Some popular examples include [sparrow wallet](https://sparrowwallet.com/) and [electrum wallet](https://electrum.org/), both of which you can connect to your own locally run Bitcoin node, and use with most Bitcoin Hardware Wallets.
## Watch out for scams
As mentioned above, Bitcoin is decentralized, which by definition means there is no official website or Twitter handle or spokesperson or CEO. However, all money attracts thieves. This combination unfortunately results in scammers running official sounding names or pretending to be an authority on YouTube or social media. Many scammers throughout the years have claimed to be the inventor of Bitcoin. Websites like bitcoin(dot)com and the r / btc subreddit are active scams. Almost all altcoins are marketed heavily with big promises but are really just designed to separate you from your bitcoin. So be careful: any resource, including all linked in this document, may in the future turn evil. As they say in our community, **"Don't trust, verify"**.
* Avoid using ad-based search engines like Google or Yahoo: ads are shown based on how much the advertiser bids, and scammers can easily outbid legitimate providers for ad space, since immoral ways of earning money are far more lucrative than moral ways. Use [DuckDuckGo](https://duckduckgo.com/) instead, which has no ads, and never tracks you as well.
* Ignore private messages offering services.
* **Never enter your seed words in a website of any kind.** Hardware wallets will recover by displaying possible seed words on their own interface, never on a website.
* **Always check addresses on your hardware wallet before sending or receiving.** Some malware has been known to replace addresses in your web browser or that you copy-and-paste.
* Avoid clicking on links like that look like links, such as [https://www.google.com/](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ybW48rKBME), without first hovering over it and actually checking where they go to. Just because a link is labelled with an HTTPS address does not mean it actually sends you to that address. It is trivial for someone to comment a link on Reddit that looks like it will send you to one website when it actually sends you to another, and you might not notice the difference until a scammer has gotten all your money, or you have downloaded and installed software that steals your money.
## Common Bitcoin Myths
Often the same concerns arise about Bitcoin from newcomers. Questions such as:
* Will quantum computers break Bitcoin?
* Will governments ban Bitcoin?
* Is Bitcoin a Ponzi scheme?
All of these questions have been answered many times by a variety of people. Here are some resources where you can see if your concern has been answered:
* [Common Bitcoin Myths](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths)
* [Gradually, Then Suddenly](https://nakamotoinstitute.org/mempool/series/gradually-then-suddenly/)
* [Every Reason Bitcoin Will Not Fail](https://safehodl.github.io/failure/)
* [The Best Articles Debunking Bitcoin FUD](https://endthefud.org/)
* [Why Bitcoin is Not a Ponzi Scheme: Point by Point](https://www.swanbitcoin.com/why-bitcoin-is-not-a-ponzi-scheme-point-by-point/)
## Where can I spend bitcoin?
Check out [Spendabit](https://spendabit.co/), [Bitcoin Directory](http://bitcoin.directory/shop), or [Coinmap](http://coinmap.org/) for a plethora of merchant options. You can also spend bitcoin anywhere Visa is accepted with bitcoin debit cards such as the [CashApp card](https://cash.app/help/us/en-us/3080-cash-card-get-started), [Fold card](https://foldapp.com/) or other bitcoin debit cards. Some other useful site are listed below.
Store | Product
---|---
[Bitrefill](https://bitrefill.com), [Gyft](http://www.gyft.com/), and [Fold App](https://foldapp.com/) | Gift cards for thousands of retailers worldwide including Amazon, Target, Walmart, Starbucks, Whole Foods, CVS, Lowes, Home Depot, iTunes, Best Buy, Sears, Kohls, eBay, GameStop, etc.
[Spendabit](https://spendabit.co/), [Overstock](http://www.overstock.com/), and [The Bitcoin Directory](http://bitcoin.directory/) | Retail shopping with millions of results
[NewEgg](http://www.newegg.com/) and [Dell](http://www.dell.com/) | For all your electronics needs
[Bitrefill](https://www.bitrefill.com/buy/worldwide/bill/), [Bylls](https://bylls.com), [LivingRoomofSatoshi](https://www.livingroomofsatoshi.com), [Swapin](https://www.swapin.com/) and [Coins.ph](https://coins.ph) | Bill payment
[Menufy](https://www.menufy.com/) and [Takeaway](http://corporate.takeaway.com/) | Takeout delivered to your door
[Expedia](http://www.expedia.com/), [Cheapair](http://www.cheapair.com/), [Destinia](http://destinia.us/), [SkyTours](http://www.sky-tours.com/), the [Travel](https://www.gyft.com/buy-gift-cards/category/travel/) category on Gyft and [9flats](http://www.9flats.com/) | For when you need to get away
[Cryptostorm](https://cryptostorm.is), [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net), and [PIA](https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/) | VPN services
[Namecheap](https://www.namecheap.com/), [Porkbun](https://porkbun.com/) | Domain name registration
[Stampnik](https://stampnik.com) | Discounted USPS Priority, Express, First-Class mail postage
There are also [lots of charities](https://www.reddit.com/r/changetip/wiki/suggestions) which accept bitcoin donations.
## Merchant Resources
There are several benefits to accepting bitcoin as a payment option if you are a merchant;
* 1-3% savings over credit cards or PayPal.
* No chargebacks (final settlement in 10 minutes as opposed to 3+ months).
* Accept business from a global customer base.
* Convert 100% of the sale to the currency of your choice for deposit to your account, or choose to keep a percentage of the sale in bitcoin if you wish to begin accumulating it.
If you are interested in accepting bitcoin as a payment method, there are several options available;
* [BTCPay Server](https://btcpayserver.org/)
* [Zaprite](https://zaprite.com/product)
* [Square cash](https://cash.me/)
* [Stripe](https://stripe.com/bitcoin)
* [Blockonomics](https://www.blockonomics.co/merchants#) (direct to your wallet)
* [CoinCorner Checkout](https://www.coincorner.com/checkout)
## Can I mine bitcoin?
Mining bitcoin can be a fun learning experience, but be aware that you will most likely operate at a loss. Newcomers are often advised to stay away from mining unless they are only interested in it as a hobby similar to [folding at home](https://foldingathome.org/?lng=en). If you want to learn more about mining you can read the [mining FAQ](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Faq#Mining). Still have mining questions? The crew at /r/BitcoinMining would be happy to help you out.
If you want to contribute to the Bitcoin network by hosting the blockchain and propagating transactions there are many [great resources](https://raspibolt.org/) you can use to [run a full node](https://river.com/learn/how-to-run-a-bitcoin-node/). You can view the global distribution of reachable Bitcoin nodes on [this webpage.](https://bitnodes.io/nodes/live-map/)
## Earning bitcoin
Just like any other form of money, you can also earn bitcoin by being paid to do a job.
Site | Description
---|---
[WorkingForBitcoins](https://workingforbitcoins.com), [Bitwage](https://www.bitwage.com/for-individuals/), [Coinality](https://coinality.com/), [Bitgigs](http://bitgigs.com/), [/r/Jobs4Bitcoins](http://www.reddit.com/r/Jobs4Bitcoins) | Freelancing
[Lolli](https://www.lolli.com/) | Earn bitcoin when you shop online!
You can also earn bitcoin by participating as a market maker on [JoinMarket](https://github.com/chris-belcher/joinmarket) by allowing users to perform CoinJoin transactions with your bitcoin for a small fee (requires you to already have some bitcoin).
## Bitcoin-Related Projects
The following is a **short** list of ongoing projects that might be worth taking a look at if you are interested in current development in the Bitcoin space.
Project | Description
---|---
[Lightning Network](https://lightning.engineering/index.html)| Second layer scaling
[Liquid](https://blockstream.com/liquid/) and [Rootstock](https://www.rsk.co/) | Sidechains
[Hivemind](http://bitcoinhivemind.com) | Prediction markets
[DropZone](https://github.com/17Q4MX2hmktmpuUKHFuoRmS5MfB5XPbhod/dropzone) and [Beaver](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/464.pdf) | Decentralized markets
[JoinMarket](https://github.com/chris-belcher/joinmarket), [JAM app](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbyjG2upGO8) and [Wasabi](https://docs.wasabiwallet.io/) | CoinJoin implementation
[Peer-to-Peer Exchanges](https://github.com/cointastical/P2P-Trading-Exchanges/) | Peer-to-peer exchanges
[Keybase](https://keybase.io/) | Identity & Reputation management
[Abra](https://www.goabra.com/) | Global P2P money transmitter network
[Bitcore](http://bitcore.io/) | Open source Bitcoin javascript library
[Bitcoin Knots](https://bitcoinknots.org/) | A Bitcoin Node (Within Consensus Fork of Bitcoin Core)
## Bitcoin Units
One bitcoin is worth quite a lot (thousands of £/$/€), so people often deal in smaller units. The most common subunits are listed below:
Unit | Symbol | Value | Info
---|:---:|---|---
bitcoin | BTC | 1 bitcoin | one bitcoin is equal to 100 million satoshis
millibitcoin | mBTC | 1,000 per bitcoin | used as default unit in Electrum wallet
bit | μBTC | 1,000,000 per bitcoin | colloquial "slang" term for microbitcoin
satoshi | sat | 100,000,000 per bitcoin | smallest unit in bitcoin, named after the inventor
For example, assuming an arbitrary exchange rate of $10,000 for one bitcoin, a $10 meal would equal:
* 0.001 BTC
* 1 mBTC
* 1,000 bits
* 100,000 sats
For more information check out the [bitcoin units wiki](https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinWiki/wiki/bitcoin_units).
---
**Still have questions?** Feel free to ask in the comments below or stick around for our weekly [Mentor Monday](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/search/?q=title%3A%22mentor+monday%22&sort=new&restrict_sr=on&t=all) thread. If you decide to post a question in /r/Bitcoin, please use the search bar to see if it has been answered before, and remember to follow the community rules outlined on the sidebar to receive a better response. The mods are busy helping manage our community, so please do not message them unless you notice problems with the functionality of the subreddit.
**Note:** This is a community created FAQ. If you notice anything missing from the FAQ or that requires clarification, you can [edit it here](https://www.reddit.com/r/BitcoinWiki/wiki/rbitcoin_sticky) and it will be included in the next revision pending approval.
**Welcome to the Bitcoin community and the new decentralized economy!**
Please note that this thread will be moderated and non-constructive comments will be removed. | r/bitcoin | post | r/Bitcoin | 2024-09-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4M3F5YU56T29hOUE0Wm9mNnlhVTJEVllEcGJONndadDBNUHB5Q2pEOHV0T3JWelM3NElScVQtYV82bDM0TmhaWEt5MkpsQXB6Tk9QSzZQd0VKZVI5UEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBRG1KTG13YVlRT3BZaVdjd3pYc2xEZi12U25pNDR6UnoxNFhjaXdOLTdDNFc4bzlUZ2VNVURmamNGVzIzNTE0akpEUUxJN01jUWk2T1NSUDV5d1FQSTJhM0xaSUN4RTF6LW5PQl9SODZ1Tk5KM05zVGxMSWE1QXJLTmR4eVJORTczNU0wTGxNcldfOFU4bUh4R0xsbGV6WUR1VkxPRUlBR3hablVlTXBvQjdaOEhkTTJ1a25nVlR4ckNKb2xhaUtM |
Seriously ETC did so good q3 man we made great progress went up so much. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-10-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4MGpmcXBYdjVoVzVYX2JrQnZfb3A0Tlpmd2ZKeUpwWFpaUVJORERvVnlJN0JRYVJWTFE5cUMxdU9MZWUzbVBJTy1aOFBOSHZNalFlcHl4LTJua2c1a09pZWd1N2p0cGEyX254eXdnS2k2MHM9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBb08yNkM0OEFpQkFpdTFRTlZNc1pPMEtPcmItMGtyZWQyZEN3amQtOXRPWV8yTjBKb3dVZEJCblM2MTBJZy1HZjd5NnRpSmphV0VWUEQzWkpVSkpnWTlnTnNfZmJMV2xSRDlnUUtqU3gyOFlWMnI4OG02X0dvX2dzeHdfSHdYUmgxSFdpNEl5bV9LRFBjQzlXSEVQMFBQenc0NlRXY1dtWERXTHp1YXUtWlBRTlBja2ZTVVJWdGhDaElYQS1tWElD |
[Despark.io](http://despark.io/) is a Web3 user research platform dedicated to gathering valuable feedback from crypto users to help shape the development of future tools and platforms. We run surveys/interviews with the goal of bridging the gap between protocols and users. A current survey we have running is targeting European Web3 Users, in which users who take the survey will recieve $15 USDC for the 3-minute survey.
If you are interested in participating, visit [despark.io](http://despark.io/) and look for the relevant sections to get started. Your feedback is invaluable and feel free to reach out with any questions you may have. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-04 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NTBySmdaVGpKRWU3RmI1MVpTaFVmNHN6azJjNjM2dEZ6OVBsQ3dFSXVpR1l5ZldwTnFIWVpJbGwwNExFZWstOHZoWHRGRmhnWlZMRmhyV08tdXc4N2wxMGZqZmxtdHNaWUNxNHpzeFYxdkk9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBaUk1UWg2Mlo1eHV6NUZvaXN2ekY2OFVKVWwyR1drekJxSTZ1RGRwbU9VckdIbFlkSGRibEs2LU5vai1HVVJZZTUzS0I2ZFVRdGZMMDZ3alBFVHpwcTRiMzE2ck5GZFc1TDFZc1p4NlU5RHBfMmlFYmpzLXA1Q0ZkN0ZKcnFsSy1xajByQ3B0RnYzWEtzNXVfRnFETXhtSDV1RExaQUs0MndOZGFRTjZYNkRBbGFEOWhQcGZRME1YWWdfc0tPTTZYdUhrc1hkT29wcXMyYXVzN0tTTXptdz09 |
It feels like 2021 all over again with how bitcoin is doing | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4SW15WFFTTTNudTZycGJ2LV8tbkMtQjBZTGpDcEpoUERJRlRrMVNJb0ZwZmtlelotTDI2cTdSYXZrMURCYXBVMjdKdWpsWE5EUGgtU0pZMl9zd19LLXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBTW5tLXZpTV9NVHFuVlZXcHk2c2drVGVDaWFXODR4TlItX2E1MmJxMXpzNy0xenViWko0QWZJaEdEYlNBTXUxUy1MVTRaWk8xNHNDOEN0cVFMNHhUaHR5cFMxdWFoTnpHUkdNYUIwNHhlWk1fcjR5eUtBVkUtSl9ZN0M0aDN1dDM3MDFhQUJrNExHOHMtV0o1RzZhbVIwQUhaeTJxQ3k0MHhJR2ZfTm5kSnRkd0g5cGRuUk00RHdLNVVfVW9KNHVIX0QxZDlJNU5CUmFlcFM4OXFhaGVIUT09 |
Never thought I’d see myself owning ETC again but yet here I am. ETC is so undervalued at the moment and I have a feeling we are going to see another Kansas City Shuffle where the attention is on ETH over the next 6 months but we see ETC go crazy… just like the last bull cycle.
Time to load up again gentlemen.
To the moon 🚀 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Nll1cWZMaUY2Z1o0RGcxQlUtS0JObHJkOU9MRzVBWG92Q0VZMlMza3NzREFnalNUVFFkcXlYcWxZZGVqTTVncU1lelZ2Q2xHQXU0WC1jdThPWWk5clE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBS0sxY2RXQVNRU2ljQ0F5QmM3VE5waDkzejVfaUE3MHp1MmhVTm50QjJDOU42cmh6WkdaYkZBWHNZaG1pT3lDQ0o0c21abEhKdXYwQ2Y4T2F3Z2M2azhpZUR5YmlmSFJ0LVNnRENxUHExX0poOTNuaVRCUU1XYk9mcWFBS3k3U1ZTalFYcHlzYUR5R2s5T1llaTRnN3NsckVjSDlIRGJIU1dOSEM1VzlOaWtrPQ== |
Y’all what gives? Every coin is up since the 10am (pst) dip yesterday besides ETC. it’s still under that local high. Come on now, let’s get the party started and catch the f up.
Side note: last run up, ETC & Doge mirrored each other. Whenever doge was running, etc would drop. I’m wondering if some of those same swaps exist and since doge is running, etc is struggling. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-11 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UWE4YzFFQUxqSkNMMVMydDZjVTlvaXlvS1RMWExWdkxBSHBJOC1tY0IxSVVOUkE1Y2hoNVg1M0MzWlpuMDNBNHc0Uy1qM2daYVhTM19xZ29TaURiRmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBOHItalpyQmFNblZPUVpyMi1TbUxORVNJQS1DREF0aW9CZm1vRlNsaE5jZTZZcUVaU0J3cFFxWGJOQnNUb2FRa002bWtXRUd4VkF1Uy1hMGw1YjJzeW83Nk5Da1JpOXEwZ1liTmpVV0x6SDNQeWppamcwaHZVcmxmZlIzUFVVU0oyeVZfcGNnN1ZFN2RSZUl6akRod0UyQXgyM1plaVU5U2VKQlJwTzNkZXJjPQ== |
Hello there, i need a advice about some asic and connection pool | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-12 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4b0NDX051WTlHRGtTclprSWcxbnI3YVp2WTZOSUtMc2xxeDVsV0xPOXFIUWp0YW5lQzdVZXc5VUQ5dGl2ZzYzSmVHal9vM0VzTkNmS0xlTjZabGVkbnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbFZXU29WRkVLZml4S0pjVnN5NjBxUDRqM0ZrdjlKUlVuQXBRTTIya0dBaEk3WWhaSGRCa2JycmNId2RYbHN0bGZRZVlwdXBVOFdxOHhLT2FVU1dRRkNLZEtyREZuWm5ac0Ixdlhqclp1eDNhRVV3YkdZWVFEMThNZkVCMDFxbVJydF9mODk3QzhxLUhSSTRUX2ZYUFFfSzN0SU02TWQ5aXM1R1dxNXhGanpHNzJFQ0d0V1JVLXZVQU00ajhLeGhQaHpUOHNqUVIwV3dsS1M4U0ZITmdiQT09 |
Trump wins presidency and BTc tops 92k. Etc can’t even go past $25. We’re actually dumping hard too like wtf. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4d2J4dkFSb1RxczZRdFBJSzlzVVNLWlk3OXduWm1OMzZ4NWk1Q0tNa3BTS0lPbjQ4SnVHZ3hWTkl6bnQzZERzV0I2MVJySEUtdmg4N2d6VWV6aGdkdEtRTGFLcTVmN1NvTmZ2RHlqTTB2a1k9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBVkJSOUVoS3ZFRTlQbXdqbFNieXY0c3NhUGoyUjYtSU9xN256TlJqRHMzWFVkYVNtVWNNVWQtSXVuNW44emJnX18wWWkycUREazRBS0FIRzJfSU5RcWFsaEEybnU1Z09HLUxKUjZfMmEwZmp5NE5OLW5nTGtvVEtZVmZ2eFB3NHJNVTlSYTRXRlJ6LUZJaF9JaldCZWJaUHdSS2NHSUdRMVllLUFHbkZFMDN2akpvZ1BPVnlILW9QbHYzenozb21I |
He'll wait until it's $ETC's turn to pop, and just as it does he'll announced converting his ETC trust into an ETF. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4ZjEzMGtxa29wcGZYZ1RySDRkVV8ycDM5YkxoSjlTLVQ0Ui02OHRPbUxyR29PWUMwYnpOYjB6c3R4UE9PTU1TcjgwbDhISFJaakU3eW55amRDdGlxQnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBenEyRC1SRFRtRzlwN1ZqeTc1UWZDMElwaktCWFMxbnNXM05WaWJUTjV3WUZtLXFObW5OMElkekV2Q1lUMjh0VDZ4cFM5WURsV0xKczZiejJPdDhVZlo2enkzWnJlWmJSY014UkVnMEtXdDFJNmlhUnp6TDNsNTk1ZWdWWGNMRmpQVWZUbENCYnZHSjJsNkV6Nk5ITVVKdXllM2E1eG1BSU9hYkdscXZoc2dSS1U3Mk1POERRSnN2QXgxZVpxVDgtSkNpN1BMSGZRekJBb28zMS1tbmZudz09 |
It’s been a while. Y’all holding on or selling? I’ve been in for while and looking for a potential cash out. What are your thoughts?
| r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4ZEdYdmkxTkRZMmNYNkNsYklWaUg4TlNJNDJDUFVSZklOLWwyY2NLT3ZWSk9IeTFwUnJEX0h2a2tVQTUyUGk0SjY1WVlJaDlSelpHdkNLTGtqMF9qYnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMEpaLTg4TlpzNUZpM0lvQU5tcjB0UUZoZ3FzbGZqU1lGNWoybTYyQUlnU2pKbzJYR3VvVmZURjEzM2ZYMk9LVnFmeURVZGtpYkY4Rko4UXdjUlNsNzNoZlVGZE5KY09oVU85bXYtcUxkMFQwbjE5SlkzdUFUc0hhbEM1eU1ibzBoNHNaYzhHdzJDcDhISUt0Z2UzbDZqelJwTF9wYjFwakttRmRRZHU2SE4wMUExZkd3VzY4a1VUcHUyWnRfUHZm |
i am new in crypto and bought the coins when they were high coz my friend told me, should i hold them?!! | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dXhkVk9DbVF5MUI2TmxCT0VpckxPcnlYS0pxeW5LWmtlWm9pWWNmRUxOYjZxblNDajdQZHhiOHQxWlpTcFZfT0ctNHV5WVc5WVBMNmZfYjJzSHBpYnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBd0phYWdDUnBTRU5TdHQ4aXRLdUN0c1ZtaTg5NlFveEtLcXF3WUN4Y1l3SnBuYTZnT3V1U05jUDNvNFQzbHduc0J5Wllkd0xmRlU1OVY1enh0VHBuZWJWWnJodkJWQkFmd25sLTZCWjdnT1FTMjhJdW9WZTJVeEpzTW84LUVsZ3ViUkc2Nzc2TmpBak1RRVNUZ1lfZU5oZDhBcVV1MEhrdVNMbUw4cHBtR0JRPQ== |
I have faith we will see ATH either this cycle or next. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4WVl3WVJNRzM5bHRsMlBxWHY5Q0NOOU5uYmc2c2ZlUVpvTmU1TFN0czVWTzkxQ0dGajZ5QU12aG55OU1iVDRydV9QYlJvWl9XUjl3MC02dVJpUld3NGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBdWktUzZVclVfR3RtTlUzb0NRakM3LWZDdDhnbWNZbVBYU2Y1aHF5UWdvazUwQklOTFpPWTcxQmdSd2hRYWtMOEo2WFhySVN2dVIzRnFmTzBCWTRseWxGeTRiZS1VcG9QQXBNZklJdS1DaHhIcjRSQzVKMW4xSmFmcGV5cUtsUTBNMndwRXdEc2NRdzVTUGhHZTVlTExKb2RyV3ZiOGQwSGlOU0QzLUh2N0RnPQ== |
So since Eth went to PoS and left Etc as PoW, what is ETC even used for? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-27 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4MEhDNnhBeGVOVTFhYU1EWnlycjBjdkkzS1RtZHpRRkhJMHlpNlZnb2x1a2RJNWVJdTRXZU9lNU5MZU85Qmt0X193MWJ2akxaZVFyQmFXNU5WTXgzdEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBdWE5cEVGdDc1bFE2NXNkVjNtT1NjcDdGSHpheVpqM3V1elhENGV2T2FoN0F0TERDVUVKYnFydFkyMGliV1VkenFxdHV0aGtZeDhXZXZQRUpxSkZPZk5DR01uMGw1ZEMwbVF2MDdUTzl4WUoxWldXQ2NnR2c3ZnZGUFhOSE82LTRCRE84TTYyM0RtNjAtNFdxR01jLXYyZmUxYmg4c2R2TkxNRFNXcTl3cE5vPQ== |
Put 20k in $xlm at the end of October... moved my entire position into $etc yesterday because the chart looks about the same. 🤞🏻 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-27 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4a0hLQkktYnJUMC0tR0pQNlVyRGdjWEE1MWRPRWlPY05mby16QXB0dEJBeVBKakZlQ2cyUll2N1hScG1VZG1OUV9sckZYeG9sRHVEOW9sUTdQM3dkVmxqZ0ptWWxwS2Zzd1N6aTlCXzhabEU9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWEVGMVEtbXY3OXRXMWwwUnZHdXRqX1Bxb0c0ZFAtSVptWjVSVERoeEVOMmJoZDdKdVhwOHVZNVYzSnAzN0NXNktNY2dNdUpCWkFOZjcySVhHV1Q1d042NFl2S2h2QlhiQnBrMmJ1Y2NSNmlYWENuNElrZUJ0RjJZcVJsRUMyd3V1SXNYSVc1TkFxREJSLUE0OHVINHpodm9HNEp6NklTQnpXclE0ZG0zYkRjPQ== |
It went from 15 to 45 in like 2 weeks while we have been sitting at 15-30 for almost 4 years | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-30 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Um1CclhCUFZvLUVBYUQ2c3J6SHE5bEFsSHlQVEhsaEU4SENVWV8xVHY4c0J3ODRaVkQ3VXZadHpuRWNUMkF1WGNuYmxXdzEycFhWSEkxNVJIcXYyR0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBUkJJV3JOTHRHWE40VE1PR0pPdlJuTlpxdzkzTnV2YVRBVzlxcmdOMVJ0SVpHX2FjYXlNM1BBeHpLa3dlTWRkeW92VzBWNll5VUU4MmMyTHpqOWM1OWd1b1M5YWZtek43bEc4N3ZFckRxZXEyMFFMVjhBVDFsclViMUJIUEVUR2FpZDVEbWZ3QnVlOTBCdUZybTNFclFxUlFsZmt5VU1LNGNaUHU4TktJeVZLTlpCVzRXbXl0eWRlSEhxNHNDalAx |
Let's get that $66 etc and beyond | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-11-30 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4LU1FWHJGS3EwZjFaUDA1ZHFVQ2lRaE9DYzBrWEs0SFNUM3ZQYjVadDdQMWxiN2NPaUd3US0yT2ZLbzVIaGJsZnBEcTNZekJFUE56NkxMZTVkMmVRSWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBeWRDNHowZG96WjZkVWhkNDIzWWgtU0o4bDRLSmExTkpxRUhEQWtKcnhDaHlUWF85UTNaREwyTkFiZUw2ak5kTndJdUdSQlprUG1xXzhyQnpDbDZTbWJ3SnhzTUh5NVRzRC1ReVcxckZRYlZnSEZlSlZ4QWdkSGdTV21zaTRhZWh5WnM5QzFsTFZtQm5uQTZ5Wm9VUkdhZTdwTnhwem9yUnd4S1k0MnVMdXdTZUlnb0hNSE82ci11cEZ5WmdFTHl5 |
Where is ethereum classic status on the ETF? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4U3Y2VzhiRVBLX3o1R0dKcmlzbmZxSnlINjRjWmE0aFZGcE1yZ0lDTG5uVXBzUnlKaE9BVWhlUkNEaUE1RU1JaEFlMDIxQ1RzM3VKZmkwNkk1TWpiSHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNkVrZXRpTzZ0OFZRX3pkYi1oanNUSnhQNGZmdkN5VldYNVA0cnJIV1gzY0NoSFRBRDVyZlpXdTdhODg0Nno5VzVFN1gzTzdKYmUxRFdQRGRmUnM3LXBlNUVPX3A0eEVOb1FWcFNnbzFWeWxGMklCUmZEOTJkekMwMVQteEN2MW83b0lSLV9pSHVqajVoMVRoc3Jja2JUR3lHQWlTSXoyOFRjTlo4N1Q4WmJXVHNiQkdZWTFpeFVJTUFPMklQX095 |
Don’t do mistakes litecoin holders did , don’t dump right now it’s on the way 70 dollar. Just saying lol 😂 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-02 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UHJoN2hRa3VKWFZFVDVmM1Npc0lFZlRvai1PeHlhSEtvME1PQkdvSDNELVRwaXpiVXBGcFdMRTlGdTZMbnBQeXB5S3MwczhMU0Q4cS1RWTMtSHMwc2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBS2thbnkwR3pxYWl4dW1XQlpyUE9Ha2N2TDMtdGVMekRNdFBkY2NWdG9sMWNvanFzVktQdmNlS0xYbk5Mbk1LdjlzRGlyejg2Yzg4OVBYSFMxakRfMlU2ZG1vOUVhVEN1RHA1eGtGaFBBYWdMSGxfa0tOOUZVTVJYV1NnLWVWUjF5Yk5uZWxkR2c3dUIwaTNXcmZXVkxFai1xMFFiaXotakczaGx6VFpVMWJVPQ== |
Where can you do this? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4YnNmWDl4TWtoclIzdFBjcU04aUtGZ1VNTHNjTkZBYzJINDloazRIVUIxWENmbEdGd1lUekVHMEYtWldGRmJfX0VlaU1OY1REbjdXNnJtWVpySHoyMEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNGFUbXZEVlF5SW1BT1A0YlVRbERkNzdxaEh1WVhfQTdMc2FHUllSSVdvLTlNUGFGWnJwS2ZiUHFpNVpsalkzMVFNd1BnWXhtMV9pM1pMbXBSaHhISTdjZ1Z1ellIODZ1X1pCbEl4aC1kRS1UTldvbzFXZEVudENremduLWNOUThUMllGdTcxeFVLc1dUZDdDekhPMG9tbXV4YzdmZGlVVy03TmRjS1hWRGV0VW14YWRQQS12S1JhVE00MlNUR3Rx |
Hi, sorry I’m new on reddit so forgive me if I’m not allowed to post here
But what’s this? Who owns that? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VmI0WDlrT3NxcWhCLTJHVE5pVng0QUtKZ2FSVFpPZmZkVWE2aGhGSnB1MlVHS2VFd1ZHMm5jMVBCbDhvN1Qwbnd1c3hmNGVGbkY3enBvYVlMWVFlWkRLOE1aQ1JIYndZdVZhcWRGVnpsa3M9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBdFRoU2x0WDlURV9fbzVtaVlxTXhyaHpnMm9GNjkyeEV0N0pjT19TcUxHM2gtejgtNWxZOXR3Y3dELVlRTVRkWURmQWxKTl9hcllBOTIxdmhZNGx0N3Z6YzBkSlpzTk5pT2s3bkJwSGJobVB6RERFYmdCc2VVTVpFeXpNYWV6MTEyT010Zm95N2pnNmxkZkpPUVZDdEZEdFJ6T0ZrLUVidUt5UDlpamJFZGVBPQ== |
What’s this ?! Every time I try to connect this to blocks out, it comes up with this.
Why?
| r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VW1zRXEyN3BOX2tDX2ZpbHZYZGdSaVFmS0xKUkJySU5zRjNxVDd5LWdzOUl1RXhIR3JIM1pWcHB6aDBmMDAwUUc0N21zRjBZSVcxM01vcnVKakxJMXpZS0tHQVFoVHN3YnlfRm1yYWNfLUU9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBVHpmaDRYdHJhYUp1ankzTi1MbFAwOTlqSENDZndIV1g4dFlYc2RBVGxIcEtkRE15YzVaYVNoZmNYQUlqVFFsTDJtMU81cjNlMnZOQ0FuMjRtNk41N19jUk42MnVVa3BObHZzTzRhUEJHYnpsZ1kzTXhMU1kwUmpsOFUtQ09BbFUydE9IdkM0d0x5MkdHWFpLdG9fdEhRPT0= |
If I had entered at $16, it would have risen 230% by now. Congratulations to everyone on the rocket.
https://preview.redd.it/8gcnj7wq105e1.png?width=1866&format=png&auto=webp&s=0cfb8d9b79b92e6e06f4ce69d5cfda78764de892 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-05 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4LXJIRUdxUEEwVjlrUV9pZm1DeDdFVU03WHFCd0sxVHQzTElDMDRNZlJqUEJ3VmNueUhDS1VscWN3Y3ZZdVM3cVFNS0Q1ekZZajlfV1A1clZETy1WT1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBRUFkZHJBQldxLVQ3NTdDZU42M25RcDJ6U0JMcEdlamY2SllueDlKdjg0TlIyN0FGTzBxRFVGMVFUdUszZ0pCYUJmUHhsaGgwRTlZZzlkanZoUzhfeHJ3dTk3MDItQmlvWThfUjRsTTdManJpTEFUcTVlT3ExUXpQbnVYdm5DQmRjV2Y3MUkyTE0xZThJUVZ0S3dUSGVNWlBYZWZQVHZLT2VyRFpQLTJvd2Y2TUVIOE5tZzhMeGlUSmRFSF9GNXVQUnRoYi1VeWdxXy1BcVF2NnhQZUxFdz09 |
[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/grayscale-files-convert-solana-trust-221434875.html](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/grayscale-files-convert-solana-trust-221434875.html)
They are starting with SOL and when this is approved I believe they will wish to convert all their Trusts including ETC.
| r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-06 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VEgtVWd0TkxlekFCZzNWQkk3aVNFWi1UYklfcnExZDlyMzRJX3JDRFlCbjMwcXVraFhtLUNMWTUtYnRjRWRDZVlQajJFQ242VUVVTmd5YkwyYk5TQ2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBT2x2NDFrUVJNcFlNemM4NmZlbGd1OFBkMXJENFNZQnRFMGR6b2I3aFFWWFd3Uk52TGZQRVV0N1QwTFdYZDM3LUdyOVBZVHhBZ2lTQW5EZGpjRF8yaE8wZHFMWC1xYmNndklYN2F4c2cxV1VkZVRwbHhhdHhfdGtPY2JidTFoVGZCS1RiQ1B2eVVCaU5HYmlIRFcxR2FseTMwZG9rTjhXMjBnNngwcVFUekhfSTJHYU5rb0dETXZsU2dRX1hPM2JydFJNT3pnR0ZkekNMalJWeXVpZlllQT09 |
Need it to close above $39.74 then build some support around there. If it can do that then it should be wide open til about $48 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-06 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4bG5WN0s2VGVwdmZIWllJdHRoYWFPM01mSW9zSGlNTElqc08zdTcwelNsUWg1WkVTRC1aU3h3T2dBRGRpMUZ5MWNwbVJBVHZCWllVMDlETWlGcVZqMHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNDBjVlhQeVRPdXJoM21RUmU4Uy1Pa2xzRUtOVnFlT2dFUnRHTTBvUFc3dHV0X1RSeVE4Wl9VTkJYeUU5QXZGdnNLRHdFZ01WNXJXeHBpMjQ2S045U2VmN0NVNkcwYWZsQU9MMHR3Nl82T2NOdGhiNjB4eFJRTjRmbExmN2NIOXlOVGxndUxWMzlPMWJTNW9GMGxmT3R5RXBENkJ5aDEwOEppR0NjUGNwZEN3PQ== |
I know this is an unofficial coin source but it makes it look like moderation is not banning those repeatedly violating the rules. They repeatedly post fud without citing sources. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Qi14REpyR1YxM0d3M0ZheDZTLTFsNXYzQjJiRmU3T0szTlBuOG40LWRxLUUzZEJkVEdCVW5aM0dvT1MyS1E1a0pKMXRQZVdNdmhfOXc5RnBqVllsU3c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBUXVyVHJGcENjalE0dFZOYm9rUW5vTlVzNGZoU3I2U1ZfNm5TWGJLS0t4VzZVQTN2d2tzR1Job09uZWp4c09DXzZ4Q2lMZWF6X1BoQmU1NUt2YjByYzZIN3JkbjVxZWRaZVVRVi1oeXBPZ0NRSF9UeVQ0YnZQclVoU2k3ejlpdDhJSnYzTzJyUjBXUlFwNW1kOU4zamZVQWI0ZGNaR2JNTGs2endnY1o3UE9NNmNYWERCSVRNQlI2UDFXZEpTa1U1UEdpczh3YnQ3dktYeFU1Y2xmY2ljQT09 |
Recently invested in etc at 36.5 wondering if it could boom to that range or if I should take some out and invest in BCH. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4cGl1TlFWM1AwazBYbF9YRWVqZndhWWptXzl5SEh5VmEza1FzRi1RZHdGX1JiRVJfNTBSYllRZ3pweS13S0R6dFMxZTRSSFdxVkk1UjhLVXk4a3ZwWE9pOS1aTUVhejNZZk96X1ZxWjQzQ0U9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWl82dV9xaElUMEpiQjZKei1EcndmNk9MaXdabHN4bWpvVUJNLXF6LXRFcTNLMzJtRHAtcTlqWktGeXdvUHVVSjgwZTllbzk4TmZfRDl0Z3o4YVU0SVVpdGl5T0dqYm5wV1p0bVd3X09KdjZyd245RTdRWmZiajkzSUhrSWxNSUcwZUlIZHgxRXdEMENnem0wRldqUk53bkdUVWxKaEVHSmhqUXRFdGhxeVNDcms5WXlsVEFMVkdETE1yenhza3hEeWJMcHRWV0pMVHAwYkhVTFBjVW1GQT09 |
ETC recovered far quicker than most other altcoins that dropped even more significantly and it will be right back up there with Etherum that has already recovered once the price pressure resumes and everyone in the day market sees how good a sale it is.
Thanks Justin Sun | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UF81NER2Y0xQTFltNlItQXpYazFha3h0UDhkYlIzaFpCbnlHVVA4MWhZVmxmMmViSmxmTW1NaDltMlZTQ1l6ZG5sZWpiSnkzTHc2a0UzY3Vld0h5YlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBQ1FLcFFhU3JVX2lQdC1RbEJIdDdsS3RlQnA0OFpoWTQ5QWpPQXM5emp6LUZPSmx3WG5hU3UwZnpBa05DTHdIY0pvbGxKMHVOU3lMcUFBSE1LMGw3RUZaZ2NXaXN1T2dnV29JZGZvNGsxRU9PTGFRNU1KN2pJUlBMeHJ3LWNMQ1YxRTZTZjFrWEtlQ1V4RHlIZjFYVGt2VlM0REpmQ0daSWRtYmNiS3NJNkpnYU1GaHBYN0Q1S1VBYXNpeGR4QnVh |
Bounced off the top trend from the previous highs beautifully for the second time. Looks like it’s building support around $28. In the Golden zone currently. Not a crazy amount of volume currently. This is getting exciting. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Z0ctaTE4eDItT0hwbDMwTWZ5aXNlNTdZd1hwZ0I5WERUbUoxa3hhWURudkdrYkJ4elN0bmNmbXVvM1RVV01mMkRhRkRJRUZ5Yk9aVXBFTGg0UHQzWWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcEtILXNkRVlWanVlNG9MeW9aUWIya1d0M3lTTm41VllEek5jTm1qNGlqN051RHpqaE9DeE1lM2VqdkhfYWFwRWdLSnNpcVV1NzJEbV9EZkR1YTl2elVDX29IVUZxQzBLV1lmT3EyS3cxc1BzeHRQX1lXVG1JWUpDVlIzLUdwSlp2eFRLX2NNRE14ZHpHa19ZclpYb2NlN0MxRUpIaThDNllYNWZMbmg0TUVvPQ== |
1HR and 2 HR chart will need to break 200MA and 1st SUPPORT kept.
We are looking good! | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VWUwZU5OTVNKQkZiUDN2Wl8yY0FuQkpkRVlmU29JdHlaeFB0dkpkSFNqSGpBSlFibjlVS0FDWnRUUlN1OFFBUHJpS2h0dGY4QmdMdVdaQ01tcjhPS1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNGZyU0tUZmxJbnhWajJOWGViWUdUdFJRU3NrQTJPWE1YVGlUNlF1VTdXa1BtODVOcVJVV1d1MVA5bG9kT1FmRFZTd3k3ZmhUN0lDSURrdnM1R0otbXNKaUZBQXpQMHBackxaaXNxcmhiUmNtT3NFamxzSmh6c2FYeGNCbVcxdmplWTN1dFJOLW1qZWFSWDVhamNnQWNEbVlWbTNmVjBJMENDdzNyQlZRcGhsMWUzSDYyOUpDVXhrMnk4SlZ2VThGQ1JjWFUxNVQ0NVBla2hxQzVWenVvUT09 |
Hello! I created NFT Auction House smart contract on ETC network. Code is verified and published.
[https://etc.blockscout.com/address/0x2CEcaE117500979C33b61a945cE2Bb96c94eE4A9?tab=contract\_code](https://etc.blockscout.com/address/0x2CEcaE117500979C33b61a945cE2Bb96c94eE4A9?tab=contract_code)
User Interface URL: [AH.inArgentumVeritas.app](https://AH.inArgentumVeritas.app)
Looking for feedback from users of different types of devices. Maybe some experienced devs might bring some updates into our smart contract code.
It allows users to create an auction, set a price, place bids, withdraw bids, accept highest bid for auction sellers. It has completely working tracking of bid placement/withdrawals/acceptance and displays history of bids for each auction. We're compatible with every ERC721 and ERC1155 NFT token, doesn't matter the collection, you do not need to know ipfs data, it's simple, all you need is NFT's address & it's ID, you set the price and auction is created, you get your specific URL for your auction created which you can share with others. for example: [https://ah.inargentumveritas.app/auction.html?id=3](https://ah.inargentumveritas.app/auction.html?id=3)
Tried to make the UI as intuitive and simple as could be.
Auction is sold and ended only when PlaceBid meets or exceeds Reserve Price or auction seller accepts highest bid by himself.
Seller can end the auction by himself through End Auction function which will result into all bid withdrawals from the auction and returning the NFT to the owner.
2% (changable to stay competitive) Fee is taken ONLY from accomplished sells, deduced from highest/accepted bid before being transfered to auction seller.
I'm sure it's use-able through blockchain explorer, atleast through [etc.blockscout.com](http://etc.blockscout.com) (tested)
Everything been tested with MetaMask, so would appreciate feedback from TrustWallet users aswell.
We tested it among few friends, hoping to get wider audience to test with now,
UI is still being updated here and there, it may visually change, but functionality is alright =\]
Mechanics of the Functions:
• startAuction:
Transfers the NFT from the seller to the contract.
Sets up the auction details including the reserve price and token type.
Emits an AuctionStarted event.
• PlaceBid:
Checks if the auction is active and if the bid is higher than the current highest bid.
Updates the highest bid and bidder.
Emits a BidPlaced event.
If the highest bid meets or exceeds the reserve price, it finalizes the auction by transferring the NFT and funds.
The PlaceBid function allows bidders to add to their previous bids,
ensuring that their total bid amount is considered when determining the highest bid.
This mechanism ensures that bidders can incrementally increase their bids without losing their previous contributions,
making the auction process more flexible and competitive.
• acceptHighestBid:
Allows the seller to accept the highest bid.
Transfers the NFT to the highest bidder and funds to the seller.
Emits an AuctionEnded event.
• withdrawBid:
Allows any bidder, including the highest bidder, to withdraw their bid if the auction is still active.
If the highest bidder withdraws their bid, the contract resets the highest bid and highest bidder,
then searches the bid history to find the next highest bid.
Updates the bid history and emits a BidWithdrawn event.
Transfers the withdrawn bid amount back to the bidder.
• cancelAuction
Allows the seller to end an auction.
Returns the NFT to the seller and refunds any bids.
Emits an AuctionEnded event.
• Ownership and Permissions:
The contract uses an onlyOwner modifier to restrict certain functions to the contract owner,
such as setting fees and forcefully ending auctions.
The onlyOwner modifier ensures that only the contract owner can perform sensitive operations.
• Token Transfers:
The contract interacts with ERC721 and ERC1155 tokens using their respective interfaces.
It ensures safe transfers of NFTs using transferFrom for ERC721 and safeTransferFrom for ERC1155.
The contract handles the transfer of funds securely,
ensuring that the seller receives the highest bid amount minus the auction house fee.
• Bid Security:
The contract maintains a bid history and allows bidders to withdraw their bids.
It ensures that funds are securely transferred back to bidders
in case of bid withdrawals or auction cancellations or sold auctions that they didn't win.
• Event Emissions:
The contract emits events for key actions such as starting an auction, placing a bid,
ending an auction, and withdrawing a bid.
This provides transparency and allows external systems to track the auction's progress.
https://preview.redd.it/pyicqmlpj8ce1.png?width=1589&format=png&auto=webp&s=78d0c3e0728b46467308e4ff56f36d287391d41c
Don't trust, verify.
Appreciate You, Stay Blessed!
Have a good day!
https://preview.redd.it/3cakzre8j59e1.png?width=1577&format=png&auto=webp&s=318479c753abd6d7f981f2f1ea887dfaa729cdff | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-15 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4alhDT2dZYi01aTRTRC15TllhSEdXMWwxOGV0LTM4YUVGbW9TalQ0U1hHZzZ3TmJBRHl2SVJiNE9uRzhQaVR6ajZQYUJGdWxKc09nM2JrSXpNQ2RjTE01VjdfNHV1VkVIOW1QUEoyT3Ezb289 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBN0dISlB1amRwZEliSHlDS004bDFtOC1xRzAxZFRkalIwUjY4dXRmLTdRcDZSYmIxd0JNeGJ4cURuYi1NdW5VazVxVjZqVjVmbEY3ejJtM2NibVZJa3VVQUhPTllCczZ2bHZYY2Z0eWFLS0ZPUE04enVIMktPU25qOTFIRGt5WllPdHBaNHM3RUREVzhyckJVVVp4OFZTcWpwWllWQUFpQS03QVJxRjgxVEwwVDNzOEZHUV84bzUyZzZNS3Y3QWxILXdReFNHY2dRQklGX0w1VHJjWVFjZz09 |
If it's just a bull run for the start of 2025, than head and shoulders to what ever TRIPLE TOP. Right now we made a shoulders, let's HOLD tight.
This is the 12 hour chart I'm looking at. 7.15 is the # to break.
If this 12 hour chart isn't making a head and shoulders, and we ain't NO MEME, than LETS go for the BIG W, with a LONG weakly candle GREEN!
To some this might sound alien, to others, I'm scattered and probably get the just of where I am coming from.
In the END
#FILE COIN MIN $20.00
👍👍👍👍👍SUPPORT...let's BUILD this support! | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-15 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4bW80ZkV0SnhUNjk2MTFwMUUzVmJ5NDZ5QVJQSkZmQ3hWSDItWDJfTmVXbDhHQ2ROQ0trSkozUkdqdEJ0SkxvX0ZLMkNWZVNudVVwRWpvb0ZKcG9IZGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBdnNQMndFSlVmcFBsTFFwZHQtT1o3Qno3bExDakFyQ0k4cjZTdHg4dXZCYlI2ZDNQdE0tc3NZOXhsZkFmQWpsS0VyQkNsdTBEQ2gzOFY0TkpvdTVNd2ZIdlJaVjVvN1J1RGlvS21MdDJVZkh1bDNBdExLc01GSlYxUlBTanUySHhqaXZzeE93eVdldlVmNVhPQkdGYmZGOGlLQ2VJY2hINzRMbVduNU8yb2hGUnU3dUlaWllsQlU1Ri02YVZmNl85 |
Hey all, so some of you have been here for a while, and in the lat 24 hours, this random Canuck comes in and hypes up this COIN. What does it mean? It means, I believe in the END game! Just on here giving us holders that spunk to remember the long game is the only game.
👍👍👍👍👍 ↔️Always UPVOTE each other to show support!
#THIS FRIDAY: $7.88 (just a guess) | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-15 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4YUluNFoySjlHVDZXeVdOVEZsMDFFVEp6TVVVd2RGOFBmYVBseUJKZTgwanRxS1FQZ0VqdzEycVl5YVVYcEFLZzhrSkFGSlJURG5JRTVXdUE1ZXZrdXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBSHBKajhhTWZXbWtoVnBhUWJhbWtfZlBnMXBlZkNSSkotRHFiT0FoWk5FN0FvZlVrN2EybkQtUjNHc1JRR1ZBMEYweGtsVTR0YkFUa29yejA1YWwxUWZ2SFl4Rm92aXBSSmtGZzZJbjd5bDcxQW5yeXVZeHR1ejRZclhzWXJDNHFMXzdYTzlWdkFRVno4UlE5OGpFdXh3aGJjOFVfOW1fa2RmQ21pNm1XVjU0PQ== |
can somebody tell me how to contact someone from fil to ask them about binding process for recovering my assets from BNB chain network ? | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-16 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Ukoza3pTcVVNYVFCUDBNYkNrUDNpVDBxRHExcnFBemd5YzRsY1B3WnIxaEtYXzJHVmVnUzF6cGFkSHZpbUN3V2RWajRHV0VVdVpTVVRTTThZMTFXNlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBYWV6b0dHNUlNN1c4ek52cjk4dzBUWEhPT052aHI3ZmJ2TzNZRGZwaDY0NGhSVUlScWdTTkZxVldzN09GSTc2WW9zUlZ6dUZhRk50V2d3S3pJRXl3X1RjWE5iMU8yY24zRW9OdGItVlh3RVJiYWI2UmFHb2VmVzZnN0pTbUNHZHprOHFtcmpLamZDQ1d3VXExaDYzdDFKRUc2a1g5US1nb25Ed0RiMXk4YjJoREhfRDFkWWEycURKVW5FSnUyV2lkQjVaNnZFX19KX2h1TEpQcGJkdDRMUT09 |
All my FIL tokens were seized by the Chinese police in April and the STFIL team in china was under investigation. Anyone have any update on this? Thanks in advance. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-16 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4QlNjbTMxZE1BeEV6OHVTSi1QdW84Z0ZTZ0VFSkhEX1QxYmQ2TnZWY01iRzFyWDJKUWQwWktQSlZsVFRWemJWSW5GcUdBd3YzY2hQQjBveFRrclZtamc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcVJhQmxOVTBweERISVF4V2dZU0dmdjFIOGc2RWJWNGUxbGRQNFBkYjByZ2w1Sl9aRTdKVWNpNWVWTXp3d0l0Nkt5ajJ5Rk1HMGJPTDNDUnU1eG51NDRod3lnRmJpTW5Sakg2SUI0RDNmeDZMY19fa0cyOUdDODViM2VvVEk0WU5CODZzem9VZnU5VVFMNmZsanFveGVKWGhZR1dSeGFrSGQwT1pYODZISUZad09LN1pmWFROR0pNMkVRWTJOdF8w |
New mining ASIC are coming out that are profitable with current ETC rates and have an ROI as quick as 12 months with profitability of $32 / day. ROI could be much quicker for large miners that purchase a lot of these ASICs. These miners are $2000 - $15000 and mine 5.5 - 23 ghash each for pretty low power. The 23 ghash unit only consumes 2550 watts.
The majority of these are shipping late December / January 2025
So if just 1000 of these large ones came online that would be a 23 THash increase in hashrate.
| r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Q2Jjd1pOYlFXSDZFbFIzbzFUVkE1QXVpcTZuamgtVmp4VlJfWEFLRjE5aU9jNlk0VDBSa3lXZHM5aWUwZjE1TVJHTzJqbi1BTW4zTFcxdVNfck5xRVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbWhHNGtVN1RqWWpXdXhtcFhoYzRlNU1XM1FBSVViQU9LbmxPOWJUcDZsTy1aZ2ROSUIwTjdpNkppb3VMcnRtUkxwRjNvbkZ4UERUVjJPU0hfekJzaW4taGdlX181ZXQ3b19KdnNRYmJmaXFvdktKRlZLQmt1UDRyaE5pcDNTQmgwN1lzV3NtTjZIQlRiYmZteTQzU0c5WlFVYzB0TkNvQWxtNk1sMzR5NDhjN3hFNzNqZUdUTnpHbTNtWmZHcXduSlhsb3RscEFjZ0Z2enhLUE5HMEJBQT09 |
Looks like GS is purchasing FIL at over a 1000% increase. Am I reading this correctly? Seems super bullish if GS is purchasing already at over a 1000% price increase. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4VWFwX25rMkdPb3NjTnVyRW1GZTlQQXVSdjZrQUp5ekFjNTdMYVBmQlJ2QTZrdHZVNVFMbGlyUEFuMkgyU0lTMzdSdXRYUDFoQTFFVURzNld3VEdMQk1SYlR4R0hoTzdKQmZsVFFUbS1oRVE9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBOEVZRG5FYnhRMXhfVkVuazdiMmZ3eHRBSEdST0Jla0tJSG5NUEFDTkRDX0t0d050cG94cU9EZ3pHTHN1UVppcGhnNWRSSkZRVzV5Tzl5M1lvZElNVFNleXAtbXB0cENaWEhidkNzSkNYNjJTbXRwcVpESXNOMlJ6UW53dnBfVHNDR01fQzdLUDhEY3M5VGRwcE5ReUpUME9XOEc4R3RSdnFRUVZHY2xCNFdjPQ== |
I’m new to crypto but I’d expect with all this good news about file that it would blow up pretty soon. Seems like the opposite is happening | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2024-12-20 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4M1VkZVEwNkxBSGFWdWw4blh2WXpheUdVUHlKSlRTSmw2TERSRGxvV0JLdmxXWkxSZlp5VDRYc1JkMEVUa0JEUkkxekZ1UEZ0YXc3QXFLYkNfaUZ3TVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBSGEyaVdSbnhnSUpLcU9wNEFYTWV0SjZKcGRhYnFHekRBcjlSYVQ1a3h2bW1QZC1lUjd6VnB5ODJWbmtweTNxSVNpNDZwRno5SXdmaXliazBXREsxRDRUMHZtWXU5ZzBwdHhXU1dDMzAtSkxZb3B4ZWh2VFd1UDllZ1dhMlhGakpnV3JjQm9XcDlrOWh2VG5YZWVkWmRabGJzd2VaQ3l6bllabE5MVTBNM2VvPQ== |
BTC dominance over it might drop to 75k , alts soon start get advanced of it. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UVI5bVV2NDdxR1FfaDFhc3pBZXFocklPMWw3bkFDS19lRE9paFhsN2tudUVpYmpNbWgwTXRoQnNlNnl5UktGX19lV0llSk96NDNIU1d6a0hoSnFtbGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcktTNkNpQjh5ZHhxRXE3bjZIc1N5YThYWFd2dWx0SV9XdGVRSU9KRDJRT1pjTVlIWWNyMGdPTUxGeG95dnZKNXlycV94OThHaTZnM2E4cU43OTJKUlRaSkN0Zi1xOVFiZGhaN0x0SWZzS0x0czh3WkZRUy0taUtyNUlOcEM5MXpibG5RTUVUZ3VSZWRaRVIwbjhzN0ZlN2R2endOSzM1RXNKX1E4R1FBUDl3PQ== |
[https://ethereumclassic.org/](https://ethereumclassic.org/)
With the recent announcement of wrapped WETC I see even more potential.
How do we get this news out there for more proliferation.
I think we all owe it to Donald McIntyre for producing so much content how can we share in the narrative?
I know that recently Nov 18th ETC ambassador program was advertised, how can we help or see more frequent updates in this area?
The ETC hashrate is strong as ever starting in Nov 2024. Compared to 2022 when ETH started going POS we are way up in hash rate.
How can we get noticed even more? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2024-12-31 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4azBLeVpIOEdaR2N4dUdMQ0x6eGNJRXVscHdreUhMejZHLUdjOTdmNkV0emJDMTkyN29jRFhxSUd4Y1VycHp5bWZRdmJVQ054Y3NsT3BiVTZrRndlMVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBV2pIbVBlOFZuODA0ZG55V1hCMWFaaExmYzY3ak85Q21GWWxRbDE4R3V3eVJaWHoxclNhck4zbmJ3UVFwTG5sOVhpR3dWTlJwVDlhX1huNXJrNE5Yb3U3dG84TThsNjA4ckIzN1IyMktObHYxVUFCY1JlUy01NWFaeUVYQWRqbXBzZDB1dzdFaVhmYkNNZWZOMmxWZC1pUEQtV1pQM0NfRFRqWDZucFVRQ2tXaWRNZk0wSzFxdjRodVQ0NElLQXRZUlJNWVhvRUdyUm03VEQ0U2ZLajVUdz09 |
When owning physical hardware for storage is so cheap nowadays, why would anyone use filecoin? | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Q1RxLXBBWDR0TlUyQ292LWtnYUNBV2kzRHc1WEdubFVzeG5yX1ZuTjlTQzNMMTM1WkRMamktRTh2LWNNd3N1Tk1NVThqNG5Lamh3VGY2d3J2UGczSkRUSTBMYlNHSC1CMTdfd3cycnU5bkE9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZWhaVFpSWUZrcWVMNFY0MGZrem9mc05TZ1BvUkdma2R0NTdTSkJSYUpQbUh0ZGZVQml0NFB0UDRuRkZ2Vm40aDAxN2JjbUMzdlp6R0lTZTRjMWV0Tk1hVXhicDBGaUpaQloyY1lwUlNFQnhiNVZNS2xvT1hSVFdrSFNoY1NRbzYzNmdOeWgxblp5TE1velEtbGJ4QndqNFVDeWJQSF94VUU4ckxjTlpvYWlnPQ== |
Is there any good dev resources (GitHub/repo) and docs for example on how to use the ecosystem? I want to test storing and retrieving … also is there a price per TB stored/retrieved ? Golang is my preferred language | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-02 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UUZ1V1RKUmFSNFFQUTdyNENZdndpekRtdWNvbmxBUE5PS1lIYV9aaDVfS2VSamowcGlGeXlfVTE5WWsteExRTUg0U2FLNjc4czZLeGd6TFBLQUVuQ1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZEFMd2NzQ01PcU12WmZLdml5RGVWUDNQcElrNFh4bUJ3Yk9xRDhPRFViZDYtWVpXS2hIMnRMYkRvMzhpQ2Y0N3BseUpodVBvRDRaNHN2QnBmNGN1LVNxMmRydU1QU01Od2YyTHBSd0tZNHdjWXlvTVZQWmRVM1prbF8yY2tZck1ZdEJTYS1yNDRHYWxuU3N0Q2dyTVJvQ3dGdnZ0TTA4T2hiaTJtM0lIM29NPQ== |
Filecoin Staking: How to Stake Filecoin and Earn FIL Rewards?
https://cryptonews.net/30316913/?utm_source=CryptoNews&utm_medium=app&utm_campaign=shared | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UWNfVG9YQ1RFcUc5Ul80TU5jM3dzX281WkFDVjhoRzQtY1VNenFDT1liZUZ4TVBIZUZGY3dfcXFIRENTbEk2NXoyUGRfS0RteGh3cXhILTVwUk1fR2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBRW1pRzFEUFI1MTJIM05Cak5OWlgtZ3I4d0lEd1BPUXgtTjhJLUxXdk5vUVdEUmctOVB0WTBPWHU4MW5rSjVFSl9oc2ptTEZfdDB3NUJPOWxJdXBMWmRVcmFUenBnM2JSWmNQYzBnWjh2SmhQVGxsY1ZVbndHSTAwSzlYYXR5ZE5IUUMtVUZueEJHV0J3bDJha2E3bm05dUJ5bzJqNk51YThyMEIzZ2RNR0hRUXdXa0taQWlLUkpFNEpvVFJiYmttQXBWUFZnV1lyZlhHQ3ZOTGxka0xYUT09 |
This coin is ancient, no improvements, and is lagging behind every single crypto. Meme coins make more money than this joke of a coin.
FUCK YOU DONALD MCINTYRE | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-06 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Z3pYYV9wODM4TDFZZkxYeVZ2dDVqc29jV0JwRmdwNS1uRDZ3S05CTDhCa1pLWC1CaC1MZUk0U1ZLUl9iZktUUjNJc1hIQ2U0TEF5eWZnYzloa2RpSEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZndtdVFWVjN0Mnc2ODNib1lQd2JMaGdadjdvbGxLSnIxY3pYWmxndFM4dFl1bnUzXzJlVGhseXBOa3Zfd2diQ05zOGlhX0pWakkyZzloLXhXdHp2bFRTM2h5RXR5bmlMckFCaW9XWG5fM2lFWkV1Q0tMMHBZUUdodEsxUTNrRnVjME5xcHdxV21UZ3RUU0x1bTJnQUdxTm9KTXlKSWIydVBOZ2JzVWJKUkUwPQ== |
Sure anyone know the exact date of F3 (fast finality) launch? I read a X post someone commenting that launch date is postponed to Q2! Is that true? | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4eVFDc2Q2dEM4dzJsMFdWS1g4Q3NVUkhWTmpTekY5ZFRQbTlqZDFRMWh3VkNpUC10dGh2TVhJRVowYkVUTXNJN09TcnBpT2Q0M3BEazc5dXVwS19YOXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBMHRFSzBaMHAyY0F3Ni03Tl9vX09FTG85RVdISFVvakZfaE1KRkxIRE13RmhNdmFVYUZ6TEljcGRpdmtFLV9CQjh4eXNKbUtldDdLN2VvXzVfdFQwdzREMG9tdGFQWkdZZjl5TVM4aEsxT256NFRsLTFFV1hqdDFlRlhWd1h1cm1HQ3NXaG50MGc5aGhqS3oycHUybFJlcnEzTHlhQm5qOTV0b3dETTNiUngwPQ== |
I want to start filecoin mining. I can build a 320TB machine with 1GB internet and 256GB RAM and a good video card? How do I get started? What is important to know? How much would the profit be? I would be grateful if I could get some help from an experienced miner :) | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-08 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4QmJfZEd4WC15M202MFZ3NTNoRW9IaEJJLWhWd3FTSUotd2RKcXk4NExqMjZmRWlOYnJoNExBUmtUamtGSGpwdXc0eXVzajhVTGNoQm1VWW1kN2owY0tYOFNXWlZZbEN6anhYTmYxYkplT3c9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBdlJUN0QxSDV0TU5Ua3JUaG9oNFBkRTZDOVFWY3dtWTh6S3VfdnFRV3FzMDB6bWNVbVhnbWVVcmZmZWxvOEJxclZodkxmV09tVm4wYXlQb3RTWHQ0YUFzX2NiajN4Nm1FMFN6cXN2bDdGTF9zeEZxRzRfNHZuZHV0eVFMdEdGVFozTDFfX2JnSTlHaUJlSTFzclJYWEVkM2NaOUZVbkdmai02dmlkVjFXdDdFPQ== |
I can’t see this space being useful especially for the next decade. What’s the reason for the hype? Filecoin will never get CLOSE to its ATH because of its market cap and it’s practically useless. Am I wrong? | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-09 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4Q3FTRTlsNzgwRmFzX0lPamRvUWxUOVVVRjFNSzdxVmZrcmhpeV9CTEk2Nkd2U1dVVlB2S01tZkFYS0dockxYc19MVXVkd2xCUHM0VHV4bnI4cVE0RWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBT2RYM3F5c3JUYkp3cVY4UGxaZ0s5cXloZHhHYWd0V3V6N0hQMmJKVGMxZ1ZpUTVKd2J0dEFfaXZXc2xPMFE0bUo1c0J5U3ctSzV5T0VxTDRyeEZEVGNsdTBLSkE5d1gzZTdQdGdHX243WUEyeVJELTFwWEo2dVlBQlRWczVpTll5d1dVSkxyaC1Rc3I5NDJQVGFfRlBfQzU4WnFjZVdHRWVJa0h3WmdDQk1kVmVJa01kSnZ5aXZybkNsb2FxS1VF |
Pretty much the title. Getting into mining, found a potential candidate that mines ETC at a good entry point for the miner, and profitably at that. Anyone have experience / outlook on ETC?
Thanks everyone! | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-12 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4MHJYU05XamZlRExkbFJybTkxQWhQWEFGdWdxQ21GV00yU2hlRnhnZ1dvMmJSWWZqVzlXZmloSjNiRmVQd3V1blBaTGtlbnBLNzh4c2R1SXdKVGtGSkE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbWhnZ19DOXozQkRfaVJRSTVsdTBlT1MxU21WLTA5RUkwWGdaVkd3eWIxc00yRHZ3akxkWEYtWGJGVU43RjRwWlU2RlJKbkdMOVpzS0x1ZUhSaS12THdjQW93QzNrR2NuVFIxQl9hUjktNTNUbDdIdVhWTk9FOElNTGZLSm04OU94NWFmenE4Y2c4TWhQRlBnalZtUHhVZF9JWUdYNHRMZUw2ZU5tWHc4cEZ6ZHh4LVUwamxrZFJoWjVQYjlmZ2JaQ09laFpBQzFZcWJfR0FjVEIyMTZ4UT09 |
Long story short, 2 years ago I send the money to my friend cant remember (0f.. to 0x..) maybe but the coin i never received.
So now binance supporting 0x and f0 address so my friend should now received my money or not?
Hes not receiving my calls that's why I'm asking to you all
Thanks | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-13 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4REV4cTNzdXZFcHFzSGFJWnRyaGQ3aG9NZlNLVl9BLS1lSWo1SVA5VmFGcV83SkhKcEJ4Mndsd1g1eVk0RzdCNm1peEtQdlZWVGVKTFlDQV93QTFPQWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBNUg3d2xTSVh2NU1UMGMzaGc3RFZoRGFNNWdFLTFuSy0yZVUwalBaZEJ2eXNMMGliQVF5Wk9fN2Z5cU9FWno2YlRSQ2pNdzVvbjc0Rkt2bDlhd0l0REZWdjlNNjRfQ1BQdUlBOGZfc0NROW0tSGJTTEh0ajFWc1VQaGlpZ2lELTBHZnJxRG9TRmI3ZmFUN0JEc1hXeGpKV1hKZjg4SXk4Z1VyRUd6LVp5Y3pqUDFFNGNSQzl4QkpaZVZqNWh4UlFz |
Filecoin collaborations with Solana and other networks makes it a more attractive platform for investment. Usability wise, it is a cloud like decentralized storage system so in terms of real world usage it has a purpose. Technically speaking as a trader big volumes has been placing since its lows from last year until now, still anything can happen in the market. But if my prediction is right it breakout and reach 61 usd or contest 81 usd. (Im using tradingview binance platform) Let see where will the price action gonna be, personally ive placed mine since last year. Always manage your positions and risk management. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-15 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4LVA2WmFjY0RvcU15VkdfbWJDeVhsb2ZjSUMwZXY4UWVJWmEyM3daV1lrOEdjaEVMbXh6dUt6MFQxSTZVOWhKbkJ3RXAtR0dGcGVyYXMyb1JlazczVWdNN0l5Q1dzRXd2MENCb1IxZTlOZjQ9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZVAxQWp1QWRKMHZWbXNjZ1MzV0FJZFEwSmdJSEdfZktUelFWRVpacDZWTmtHV0UxYzd2ODc1Nm5oTEtVMG5IVUtDZWd4aW4yaTVrNzVCd2x3d3lIWTFYS0xMS0x6czE2am0zNnhUdk1jSEU2WWRuRmRlZzJCUEo4d1MtUnBpNHVTemx2djJOU3B2TktzejY4MUFocnVvd2E4R0FVbl9XaFplT0owNVA5cExzPQ== |
I have to say I was very spectical of FIL until I found Juan Benets videos on YouTube. I know that may sounds funny but hearing that man talk about the future of this project with so much passion was amazing and really took away so many doubts I had. If your doubting FIL I highly recommend looking up the Filecoinfondation on YT and checking out some of his videos or just any of their videos in general. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-16 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4bTdmZHRKYU1DNkpGbXh6cHRyaVZuc0hrMDdJNDRvTW1iVXp5LUpHR0xnSTczXzNEU1ZBc0J3S3NPaG83QVhIZ3VCV1BmbGxiUzZGWDZWNU1oTFBTTGJzbkNPdGlUaHJLVzFoTFBLWlBEWjA9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBSzZHakxFZ0dzZTlQYzhSc0VMck5CSDgwUlJUSXlKU2JsSUhrdUJBaUVpcjl6NTJ4Z3p3VDQ1cjQ5OEx2cWRMSEdiMkdwRFJWTDdzMElyZVJMQ25jYTZBOGVZUGxxWmFUaFV6VzRBSzVndnYtckwwNXgzcjRyaTF1NXRncFB0dWNvVWxiaXM2NTd3bFlqMElsRlJWd1NRPT0= |
Seeing as how filecoin dropped so substantially, what is your reasoning for buying filecoin? Are you not afraid that it'll tank some more ? What were the reasons for why it dropped from 150 to 5$? | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4RExpTFZ5RldEcjZqNVJsUzZuMmUwQ1BGSi1CWVdiTXJVeDY3c2tQb2ZMZ29OM09reWVKdjJpelM5Y094MC1DeWpBRVc4TllOUHJHMmNCZ3VVVGFlYWVQT3hFbFF2RzJoakphSHpmMVhITDA9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBTVdtS0ZGbU9UREFyRW9sY2VlekFSUkVaV18zSWQxZWZZSmdCbVBTWWdlU21UYmk4aHg2TEZ5enhuRTBtY3BkOHNsYlk3MFpyMmFWMFdyQjUzYWZrZTJlQ0VtTTVzUGtNRFpyWE1qRElwTTVFZnRzM2YyOW90ckd5T0E0a3FvTGNvQXR2b2NiZkdTRHdHTnNhSUx6bUEzUV8wYU9pRmMyTTVxSExfRWdRVkYwPQ== |
Next one to head back to $172 | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4SXZWMVBmY1JIQ0Z5LUszVjRWOV9zMnZ6Sk40X2ZNVkdIbVVpam9MOGF1TENTbExtU1FBbElsZ0ZrTmZBamE2YmRjazBSR2RLc3Fydm1jM0pHeDFZWElHOFYtUV9WSHAxcnB0QVFmYS0zc2c9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBYzZOQ3V0bUlCZGxIb3JkWTM3S3l1TVZya0FCdERYSkgwRUxpX3hqRndBQXM1UmkwS2VTQmhKSDJKaTdLaGpNcVdZU2RDSndvOHVabTZiU2pFQS1UV1FvZFdEbkszUFFDeTc3QlVmaHNJVFdrUFdSQXZodWJvMTNOd2I4bVA3alJoSW5JY2VOWjJmTGM4LVBHNG1xWk5MS0Q1cG90NkRSbEw2Z0NlMzBCMWJPZE5ZTmNpR051NGNBSkx0U3U0SlNGN0h3YVBILWxpd2c3RXRnbDRETEhvQT09 |
This coin has consistently lost money all my other coins have been making bank whilst this shrimp has been bucking me in my wallet duck this shrimp I’m selling | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-21 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4RWhtaldjRzY3R25ud04ySG53bUlaTlJmWEw3d2xiQkhFNmV6OHdTT2c0djJfN1dtdkQ1anpENjIyMU9FV1FLY2U3cGtILUp0aEp4MHQxelJvR045T2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBRnJmdERoVWFDUjFRVkpZVG9KRmlyV1pTV28yTXNjYXR4LS1aNkZrM3B0NER2ejNMMU9Fa1VZd2V1LUMtU1dCMTdFR1J2WlJ0ODZGMjd4UGhLNTRESlQ5VTNQRGloRG4yNjYxbDZsTlZCT1VtMDllbzFWWkNld0dQT2tvTXpST0dJVmwwQnZwbG1xaHhmcWpmTzllNnEzU2tsR3lDLUdaSW1TdXdOaFdUSlA0PQ== |
Have faith it will soon move! 🙏🏻 | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4LU1fdVdPeE0yU2FtQy1wUFUxNWo4V282c1BVU09Xb0FvalFsZmM1SmJfT09MTGx4dzdOcktpRDltZkwyWXN3alZXWmQyT0RsVVlwLVZzMDFlaE9jTzc4Q2dwcEUxUnM2WTNRRU1iN0hMUTg9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBUWZTaHI5TnBWZGZXN1ctWENhTUk4Z1FhS09oX0M4UGo2R2ZLRkxIMVpZQVphZV9RdnltV0ZsbmJIRld5Tmk0V2xZUGtVay1jLVduWU55ZXVNLW9tWGZET0hsUEd1QXZBMnpSZnZEbmFILUxBTVZvWExySXhpLXZ5ZlBfTExkdEVJSnh3TGVmcVhmS3Y4U3l3c3lPNkVmUjJTbk5NQ3V2dktZZUpfeFhnU1JDQmRNYU54VTNKSVlkaHYzbU55ZDhl |
Hey y’all I bought FIL a few years ago on KuCoin and have been informed that KuCoin is removing users from he US by shutting them down. Wondering how to store my coin into either a hot wallet or cold wallet? I have the original ELLIPAL titan cold wallet but I need to update it but not sure which network to use? (I think I asked that correctly?) I see that on KuCoin they provide both BSC and HECO contract addresses but I was reading FIL went to its own network?
Sorry if I am asking the wrong type of question as I am still pretty new to this. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4dktyQVBSclBDRkZaWlJ1ekQzRW0yOTFDbG1pdVlNNnMxdE1RVzRSRWFrZ1FsekQ0cFFaRVItTmg5cmNic3ZiVUxoeUdsQXpZSHJhc1NhM3I2T3oxVXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBcmtIb1pFcm53SnNJZ1NFTVJyRDZ3ZW5Bb0ttWmJjYmFyaDlvV0xueEhhb2VLdzZSajBzbDEtNU5zQmd0UG9TblhfQkpPbUdLcHFSaExIV3daQUN6MmJkNUpGbDJUQ0xoQWliLTJ3LVJNc0dISjZ1VGlocWV4d2pXNjFYZnhTaVdBcUhSOTVaS0RkU3RSdnlqZ0U1QjRVeU1DT1dTLWUzTzRISzdSd3I4UThFPQ== |
Is there any ready built application to interface with the network? It does not need to have a UI.
From what I understand the files need to be split to buckets and in general they need to be preprocessed and go through IPFS (?).
Please do not suggest to go through gateways, that destroys any meaning for me. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UTlVMnFzVEctUGVNZkR6VVVJVEtZMzgxRTN0cjUwVEsxWldTT0Yyd1JEX1ZVdmxIeU4wcFBvSDd2eE9HcERqMGNBYWZxNWdxU1VlMlBzOVppYXZnVnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBVlptNTBtc2Q1VDJUOGVuNnp1ZENiUy0takdNU1RCc1lLZ0IxX1FCUTlWbGJlRHF4amw3UFUwNjRRV3I4OXRieWZuUWw4NHNpTkxHT3owU1lUTDFRYUNWbUwtbXlQVExMUnhUbjJicXdFY3ZXQjU2elIwUWdBbkQ5bkJtV1g3Qzdab1R4VU43MGNwNkRMUEl6ODVBcDNsdmVMczRwUlhra2xQQ0c3Tmw0V0NtZlp1NGc0VnprcVA3Z04xdTZDaEhaOGlRRWJzRDlpMWdZb05fbUJJVVlSUT09 |
Ethereum Foundation has been doing great at unleashing news through 2024. Now we need to keep up the pace for 2025.
Can anyone find anything new? I challenge everyone to think up one possible news brief that could go on ethereum foundation for 2025. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UEpsNkw4c2dRS3lSVmhsTFBkWEI3NlNTb1JVX0lDaVdra2ZzUlRqcnl1ZmlXdUozdWxkVXpHYXZUWld2Ty15OFhoX1Q3ZjduRlFLQkhLM1pwdkhpZmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWm1IUE1PcGpXUlVkZmNVbEV4c1NxMVJnakJqejRYSXZtaFZXMGpkWWtDOFphMVlDbDZVd3g2QV8xQURTd3FqcFNoeVBFRE1OMG5sY19OaFpVVE96bGVDT2lPVFdhbVBPN056TUFDQkttc1lMMHNkN29qVHctTDQyOUlSV2FtbVVuWjhETVlhM1dlMkNkRkRiX3Z3dUdTeEVNT3lUV2E0VXpnMWs3a0U1WlJVZmNmY0tObS00Q3JXNzl6YXpPcW1GVTRaN0Y4RnBTYm43QngySlhkSWZTdz09 |
Nope. Paying a company to try out your product doesn't counts, especially when that company doesn't proceeds with using it, like Archive.org. And having dozens fake sites "using" Filecoin is not cool. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-26 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4LWN5MXVtWHgtLVZhbXlPVk5HVndfRE1KRXdqRTRuNWN6YWU3ek5NcERZblNqQ2M3NFFjTUhYV1hFdEFNQmZGQ0dGcFpRSGdkQXhaaU8wdWx2b2c4eXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBQS11NkZqdklXNW10UjFkc2wyU3JvVlFHejFnTk9fZkVFWVVSTnlRSy1ncFdCbk1uOHFvQmRCOEZzZ29wYXNOczA0RnV5SWJoZ2dtWnY5R0xaNDY5OW5hWXpQNy12UTFMZUxJOWFSbEJ2cU1CSXlsa285Vm5IMWdGU3JVSWNnZXVUS2IybTJPZXZmQWRTd3dqcjhLbWduOVJaX00tQnFzUEpmV2tVOUMwTzNNUjlVNU11NnpnREk5RVhubkFCNlhHU25QQW9UNFRzeEhZTV93V2hRaV92dz09 |
Alight so this is coming from a noobie in crypto, never interested until a few months ago. I noticed Ethereum Classic with Robinhood and have been hooked on this crypto. I don't have faith in any long term coins expect this one, and that is because Ethereum Classic hasn't really had any major spikes yet and am expecting one any time soon. So now to my big boi question. I noticed the highest pike was about close to $200, so I check ETH to see if it also matches with that highest pike, but it didn't. I thought that this crypto ETC was a spinoff off of ETH, and it should match right? And why did ETC bounce so high, what news made it jump like that? And should we expect anything like that? I am planning on throwing thousands on this crypto depending on the next upcoming months. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NThETWI0SkhET1lTT2RyRl9iZlF5VVFIY0FaTmE3YUkyYnA1T1hwZUNOdU5FYURvR3ZlaUZ0TlJGV0NvMWQ1UkdpcXN1cENYOGUzV01ieHBLdmd4TGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBZm9EbG9VeU82SnBzQmQxWXF1YjdtXzlOcVFGMjhfQ05DTFg2YklDcElSS1FDS2VFNzN6OHRUYm96a2FYcHZDVTNLazdQa21MQThRem9YZGRvd0tIc2h4R1R3LVMyNjdHUTQyLXAtUy1OYUFFLWxMemFWT1ZVSW5vdU9nR21vaWpYSy1TVzdaSHhsRkRGRDViRnZtbFBxNEg4QjVILUpxM2xHN2s0ZWFVdXI0PQ== |
What’s the difference between eth and etc. Isn’t etc a dead abandoned or antiquated protocol? Is it worth buying still. I have some stored in cold storage should I add? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4eTlpQXgyNW9VUnBwWnd1dnZmOWJvc0IycE1TWHd2eGpyTEExanlhQ3NNblViT3RaUnZDZXZJMjRLVE15b2tOdUt2RXRiaWZTTmFtRGxLN3k1WllYTDNrckI4MkNvUFpIMUZqYTJ4LVc4dUk9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBYXhuNjZPYTF0V25YZmNfUS1sVDI2NVltZDhOM1NPRGkwZEM5anY1WlZWVEJhWWdCVGdJSmpWbTlOTWdkcmx0RmluQWdxdkdPZVRiQlJjZGtSRTE0S3VWN29hb0t5WTlTbHdYV0FTY2tIUko3ZWhBSThJUGU5ckdqMGZaVlA2WmlSa1BpS0RyYVV4LWh0U3E0cVE0d1hvb2ZzWHRod0NvZVBHb0R3QmtjVGVvPQ== |
At $4-something per coin, Filecoin has lost more than 99% of it's all time high. Will it ever bounce back? I think not. What's going on here? Looks like Filecoin is a kind of ponzi scheme. These should be **big red flags** for anyone considering investing in Filecoin:
* You can't use Filecoin in the real world. They'll tell you that to store data on IPFS you need a lot of it, and you need to invest in Filecoin. Any rewards you reap will trickle down from that initial investment - classical **Ponzi scheme**. Compare with Amazon, Google and others for ease of storage.
* There are no real world case scenarios of Filecoin being used by any company or organization: giving [Archive.org](http://Archive.org) 50,000 Filecoins credits to try it out, doesn't mean it's being used outside of the trial period.
* The Filecoin companies in China ran a **pyramid scam scheme**, and founders were actually imprisoned.
* Filecoin development APIs do not work and haven't been updated in years on GitHub.
* Filecoin Foundation advertises a lot of similar-looking websites, touting them as if they are doing something Filecoin-related that moves things forward. They all appear to be **fake storefronts**.
* The idea behind Filecoin is nothing that hasn't been done already: take P2P sharing and Torrents. Same candy. Just that these actually work, unlike Filecoin.
Filecoin has failed. | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NzdlMkJlWGRQZDNHbmtqRHpCaGc5clNMVzJ6ODVyZkJTaDVZUENEbllXUXRNc1BMWnptbTdIeVJ6WXRoY0VUaV9jVWFjRmhPNlFUb1RLVi1uaWpHcVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBUzJaSEFmbU43cUJ5d0tHd1VwaXVKNXFrZl9WajU2aXJodmdrdXp5WnBNMkNzanJSOVJjR1M2NllJdVpxNklGVDlxclNvRnJxUHhtVGtSaEtsT3ZuUmVWSlllSS1qalZEdF9sd2o2a0dYTTNnc1F4SXZnS0R3LTU0M3dfelF6bS1yeE5LX2pBVkx6N2Q4RW1xZ3VyNTl4b0FRQV9lWlZJekZvZUp0TUxpeDRCTzhudXQwRDdOd0dFbmpxQXZKdmRPd2YtVml6eU9LSTNwQTFtTUFMQ2xiZz09 |
Data redundancy:
By having multiple copies spread across the network, Filecoin mitigates the risk of data loss if one provider experiences issues.
It's written the client chosen how many copies he wishes to create. But what is the standard minimum ?
I'm asking this because 25 EiB of available storage might get filled by 10EiB of client data.
Also does filecoin break client data into several encrypted pieces & spreads it across different storage providers ?
Then it creates multiple copies & again spreads it.
Thanks for answering 🙂 | r/filecoin | post | r/filecoin | 2025-01-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4UzRiM0QyVUUzcWtfbGtRUmxvcGVpVG1lMFBORmcwLWM0QnphMjlaQ3ZwWDcyVXViNWZZUXhnLTV0SEtkYld5d1ZGcDBFM1BpMG12MVFkUjRZOXNkZXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBeURFSkFhT3lqV1lsc1dJVmtsNjBaR25VUFpiT1ItRXNWWmswN09fTGRuaU9KcGZBSVRqN0s4Vk5VTDRfekUtLVNaSVFUbXB0STZVTElQclN0ZGtGdTBPb0R2NlVWSU10dEdvOTB4akV2bWVJanRGX0pSY1l3bnN1dkFYd0hjcHVBMVJQX09xSVdsUGhtd2NXZ1JoQlBlVS1NNkZaamFQckdnVGpQNUdwekpacFdJTXhtWW5zQ1VMcjlEU2x3VjZvakFtWTNneGp2bWZWVW1ISkE2VWhpZz09 |
I have an option in my wallet for ethereum classic tokens. Is there a list of these or is this even possible? Thanks id like to buy some. | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-01-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4eUxWSEt1ZXk0MW42R3o1M2hiTHZJdzBUNWtDVGNmel9tc2tnN1ZtNDR1bVhDOTcyeTJON0hTcEpweVMwcUFQVVRtWXNmV1pVLTZ0WHZyOGx5cXYxYlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBbFdCNklCNm50Y0x2YWlDN0VSTHZlTlNNeW1OMWtHSTFKVTUyVDFHM1RiVW9CbjN5LVZ5aHg2QVBXTl9zbEhIZG5naHMtVXlpc1FqUy1oeFdWX0c0UzFZYnE5N0FLRFl3eUttbVFaTTg2SFlhWUJ2NDJ0N19vUjRLRm0wZnVPaHJpZF81ZFhUT2NZSzJ3U1M1RXpuU0VVY2tjamxhd1lqS0RxRzAtN3lsSUNqREtJS2VQeEU0V0x1MzB3S1gweEdBSnBnNVM4RUZkaml5c1pncWtHOHdTUT09 |
When will the price follow? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-02-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4NzFwYnVTZ3RQcWtpYzJQdHRCV2xjekxxWmxaZjRxU3JBNzNFQkFCeXlZOURsQ0FaQkVNNHZBWHRBOXJoTXYyTGpKdW4xM2FydkI0ay0ydXBWcUg5cFc0QlI1SjlvTzJFZFQ3MWZpUzkwXzg9 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBTk13MlQxUUVWTlBDTkFZRjVvRWhIZVBEY1gtOExNLWZ3RVlMd0ZGWVBScXhBNmExUDBFQ0FudjBDazdrYmFRVW96Sk1kUjQ0cjl4T3pjMEVWUm5iUGZ1cUl0ZmVOOXA2Z1N3OGVJV3VOWklydWIyQm1MWE51MnlvbXFoYjloLWdpOWRHN2hrY3dJQkR0VkpQdEx5VjFuTmlEenFvRFFTbjFiNk5KVGVQbVg3NFR2ZFBnNGNQLVBDOXByUlptOHEt |
I transfered some ETC from kucoin into coinbase, the transaction is still pending after hours. How does it work? Whats the average transaction time? | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-02-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4bnhQckN5ZlpCcWkyZU5jcGN1NjZXY3o0dzdLc05sZVZrRU5ncXVsM1NBZU1vVFEwT1MzOWFXQ2lkc1h3NjdCSS1QR2d0aVhwMXowTjdqS2FIQTZmMFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBWWQxQzBQcENfckt2NG1zamhvbmFpQUoybTU1eG9ETmtwYXNaWHlkNk1EbnVSXy0yS2hzdFJTNnE3NmhfbHZfR0RJOF9nVHpnTFpwX1BHSURhUTYtVlRGZndieFNBa01XVGZsMi16SmM3bEJGMW1XUlFiSGQySFV3S2Z6SzhEekh6LVBEUEktcDZoSDRKcTZuSlpYeFVXRjhBcnUtanRXLU1PdUY1U25qZldvPQ== |
I read quite a lot about the trade war, and people keep saying wait until the end of the week crypto-wise. Why is that? I doubt the trade war ends just in one week right? I ask because I wanna pump a lot into ETC and want to know. (Already got 2 grand in it.) | r/ethereumclassic | post | r/EthereumClassic | 2025-02-03 | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1c4TDJQdkxwdVVIREYwNVo5RVQ2MnBXS2ZnWjFWX3RDdHRrLWFsVzI2bmluaUxOMG0zMHJpWTdKRU9HWHIyN1JmYUVpbmx6ZGFuR3hRdFV4VnBvY0V4dVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm4zV1hBVGlUYnhBS1U2UzZuR1VKY3V0bmYtZ1loZFkyUGJaODd1S2R5WEFnaktfMDFfN09zU0ZLMFNZTE53S2t5VFFmRW9FQWdLOTVERldqNm80aWpjbV9wZW02M2lZVWhfWUpNeVZsVnpnWTRnZ0RKNXlVTzVnUkZDcFJhdlVEQ1ZGR3FxRGo0ZjVvSkgtMjRsMnVld1RvNWVuTlA5aF9oR1lFMHdaZzViTk5yVWJJPQ== |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
Bittensor Subnet 13 Reddit Dataset
Miner Data Compliance Agreement
In uploading this dataset, I am agreeing to the Macrocosmos Miner Data Compliance Policy.
Dataset Summary
This dataset is part of the Bittensor Subnet 13 decentralized network, containing preprocessed Reddit data. The data is continuously updated by network miners, providing a real-time stream of Reddit content for various analytical and machine learning tasks. For more information about the dataset, please visit the official repository.
Supported Tasks
The versatility of this dataset allows researchers and data scientists to explore various aspects of social media dynamics and develop innovative applications. Users are encouraged to leverage this data creatively for their specific research or business needs. For example:
- Sentiment Analysis
- Topic Modeling
- Community Analysis
- Content Categorization
Languages
Primary language: Datasets are mostly English, but can be multilingual due to decentralized ways of creation.
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Each instance represents a single Reddit post or comment with the following fields:
Data Fields
text(string): The main content of the Reddit post or comment.label(string): Sentiment or topic category of the content.dataType(string): Indicates whether the entry is a post or a comment.communityName(string): The name of the subreddit where the content was posted.datetime(string): The date when the content was posted or commented.username_encoded(string): An encoded version of the username to maintain user privacy.url_encoded(string): An encoded version of any URLs included in the content.
Data Splits
This dataset is continuously updated and does not have fixed splits. Users should create their own splits based on their requirements and the data's timestamp.
Dataset Creation
Source Data
Data is collected from public posts and comments on Reddit, adhering to the platform's terms of service and API usage guidelines.
Personal and Sensitive Information
All usernames and URLs are encoded to protect user privacy. The dataset does not intentionally include personal or sensitive information.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact and Biases
Users should be aware of potential biases inherent in Reddit data, including demographic and content biases. This dataset reflects the content and opinions expressed on Reddit and should not be considered a representative sample of the general population.
Limitations
- Data quality may vary due to the nature of media sources.
- The dataset may contain noise, spam, or irrelevant content typical of social media platforms.
- Temporal biases may exist due to real-time collection methods.
- The dataset is limited to public subreddits and does not include private or restricted communities.
Additional Information
Licensing Information
The dataset is released under the MIT license. The use of this dataset is also subject to Reddit Terms of Use.
Citation Information
If you use this dataset in your research, please cite it as follows:
@misc{CelestialWandererOfTheVoid2025datauniversereddit_dataset_231,
title={The Data Universe Datasets: The finest collection of social media data the web has to offer},
author={CelestialWandererOfTheVoid},
year={2025},
url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/CelestialWandererOfTheVoid/reddit_dataset_231},
}
Contributions
To report issues or contribute to the dataset, please contact the miner or use the Bittensor Subnet 13 governance mechanisms.
Dataset Statistics
[This section is automatically updated]
- Total Instances: 170682
- Date Range: 2012-05-21T00:00:00Z to 2025-03-27T00:00:00Z
- Last Updated: 2025-03-27T11:59:11Z
Data Distribution
- Posts: 1.85%
- Comments: 98.15%
Top 10 Subreddits
For full statistics, please refer to the stats.json file in the repository.
| Rank | Topic | Total Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | r/politics | 40647 | 23.81% |
| 2 | r/wallstreetbets | 39608 | 23.21% |
| 3 | r/worldnews | 36914 | 21.63% |
| 4 | r/Bitcoin | 18287 | 10.71% |
| 5 | r/CryptoCurrency | 13618 | 7.98% |
| 6 | r/CryptoMarkets | 6971 | 4.08% |
| 7 | r/marvelrivals | 5956 | 3.49% |
| 8 | r/leagueoflegends | 3007 | 1.76% |
| 9 | r/btc | 1968 | 1.15% |
| 10 | r/worldpolitics | 1202 | 0.70% |
Update History
| Date | New Instances | Total Instances |
|---|---|---|
| 2025-03-21T13:12:52Z | 26918 | 26918 |
| 2025-03-22T06:14:01Z | 15122 | 42040 |
| 2025-03-23T00:14:16Z | 18011 | 60051 |
| 2025-03-23T18:14:38Z | 16186 | 76237 |
| 2025-03-24T12:15:01Z | 16459 | 92696 |
| 2025-03-25T05:46:28Z | 21602 | 114298 |
| 2025-03-25T23:58:16Z | 20109 | 134407 |
| 2025-03-26T17:58:38Z | 17653 | 152060 |
| 2025-03-27T11:59:11Z | 18622 | 170682 |
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