text:  only ever be one list argument.) For instance, splice() has three scalar arguments followed by a list..
  Here are Perl's functions (including things that look like functions, like some of the
  abs, atan2, cos, exp, hex, int, log, oct, rand, sin, sqrt, srand
  pop, push, shift, splice, unshift
  grep, join, map, qw/STRING/, reverse, sort, unpack
  delete, each, exists, keys, values
  binmode, close, closedir, dbmclose, dbmopen, die, eof, fileno, flock, format, getc, print, printf, read, readdir, rewinddir, seek, seekdir, select, syscall, sysread,, last, next, odd.
  Accepts an incoming socket connect, just as the accept(2) system call does. Returns the packed address if it succeeded, FALSE otherwise. See example in "Sockets: Client/Server Communication" in perlipc.
  Arranges to have a SIGALRM delivered to this process after the specified number of seconds have elapsed. ()" below. It is not advised to intermix alarm() and sleep() calls..
  Returns the context of the current subroutine call. In a scalar context, returns TRUE if there is a caller, that is, if we're in a subroutine or eval() or require(), and FALSE otherwise. In a list context, returns
  ($package, $filename, $line) = caller;
  With EXPR, it returns some extra information that the debugger uses to print a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one.
  ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs, $wantargs) = caller($i);
  Furthermore, when called from within the DB package, caller returns more detailed information: it sets the list variable @DB::args to be the arguments with which that subroutine was invoked.
  Changes the working directory to EXPR, if possible. If EXPR is omitted, changes to home directory. Returns TRUE upon success, FALSE otherwise. See example under die().
  Changes the permissions of a list of files. The first element of the list must be the numerical mode, which should probably be an octal number. Returns the number of files successfully changed.
  $cnt = chmod 0755, 'foo', 'bar'; chmod 0755, @executables;
  This is a slightly safer version of chop (see below). It removes any line ending that corresponds to the current value of
  $/ (also known as $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR in the
  English module). It returns the number of characters removed.. $_.
  Closes the file or pipe associated with the file handle, returning TRUE only if stdio successfully flushes buffers and closes the system file descriptor..
  Closes a directory opened by opendir().).
  Returns the cosine of EXPR (expressed in radians). If EXPR is omitted takes cosine of $_..
  [This function has been superseded by the untie() function.]
  Breaks the binding between a DBM file and an associative array.
  [This function has been superseded by the tie() function.]
  This binds a dbm(3), ndbm(3), sdbm(3), gdbm(), or Berkeley DB file to an associative array. ASSOC is the name of the associative array.  only supports.. only use defined() when you're questioning the integrity of what you're trying to do. At other times, a simple comparison to 0 or "" is what you want.};
  Outside of() and warn(). messages, and searches all the -I libraries if the file isn't in the current directory (see also the @INC array in "Predefined Names" in perlvar). It's the same, however, in that it does reparse the file every time you call it, so you probably don't want to do this inside a loop.
  Note that inclusion of library modules is better done with the use() and require() operators, which also do error checking and raise an exception if there's a problem.');) program, only in a different order:
  while (($key,$value) = each %ENV) { print "$key=$value\n"; }
  See also keys() and values()..
  EXPR is parsed and executed as if it were a little Perl program. It is executed in the context of the current Perl program, so that any variable settings, subroutine or format definitions remain afterwards. The value returned is the value of the last expression evaluated, or a return statement may be used,..
  The exec() function executes a system command AND NEVER RETURNS. Use the system() function if you want it to return.
  If there is more than one argument in LIST, or if LIST is an array with more than one value, calls execvp(3) multi-valued list, even if there is only a single scalar in the list.) Example:
  $shell = '/bin/csh'; exec $shell '-sh'; # pretend it's a login shell
  or, more directly,
  exec {'/bin/csh'} '-sh'; # pretend it's a login shell}) { ... }
  Evaluates EXPR and exits immediately with that value. (Actually, it calls any defined
  END routines first, but the
  END routines may not abort the exit. Likewise any object destructors that need to be called are called before exit.) Example:
  $ans = <STDIN>; exit 0 if $ans =~ /^[Xx]/;
  See also die(). If EXPR is omitted, exits with 0 status.
  Returns e (the natural logarithm base) to the power of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, gives
  exp($_).
  Implements the fcntl(2) function. You'll probably have to say
  use Fcntl;
  first to get the correct);
  Returns the file descriptor for a filehandle. This is useful for constructing bitmaps for select(). If FILEHANDLE is an expression, the value is taken as the name of the filehandle..
  Does a fork(2) system call. Returns the child pid to the parent process and 0 to the child process, or
  undef if the fork is unsuccessful. Note: unflushed buffers remain unflushed in both processes, which means you may need to set
  $| ($AUTOFLUSH in English) or call the autoflush() FileHandle method.
  Declare a picture format, since an "
  @" character may be taken to mean the beginning of an array name. formline() always returns TRUE. See perlform for other examples.
  Returns the next character from the input file attached to FILEHANDLE, or a null string at end of file. to whether $BSD_STYLE should be set is left as an exercise to the reader.
  See also the
  Term::ReadKey module from your nearest CPAN site; details on CPAN can be found on "CPAN" in perlmod
  Returns the current login from /etc/utmp, if any. If null, use getpwuid().
  $login = getlogin || (getpwuid($<))[0] || . Within a list]);
  Returns the packed sockaddr address of this end of the SOCKET connection.
  use Socket; $mysockaddr = getsockname(SOCK); ($port, $myaddr) = unpack_sockaddr_in($mysockaddr);
  Returns the socket option requested, or undefined if there is an error.
  Returns the value of EXPR with filename expansions such as a shell would do. This is the internal function implementing the <*.*> operator, except it's easier to use.
  Converts a time as returned by the time function to a 9-element array with the time localized for the standard, since $_ is a reference into the list value, it can be used to modify the elements of the array. While this is useful and supported, it can cause bizarre results if the LIST is not a named array.
  Interprets EXPR as a hex string and returns the corresponding decimal value. (To convert strings that might start with 0 or 0x see oct().) If EXPR is omitted, uses $_.
  There is no built-in import() function. It is merely an ordinary method (subroutine) defined (or inherited) by modules that wish to export names to another module. The use() function calls the import() method for the package used. See also "use", perlmod, and Exporter. $_.
  Implements the ioctl(2) function. You'll probably have to say, but it's non-trivial.);
  Joins the separate strings of LIST or ARRAY into a single string with fields separated by the value of EXPR, and returns the string. Example:
  $_ = join(':', $login,$passwd,$uid,$gid,$gcos,$home,$shell);
  See "split" in perlfunc.
  Returns a normal array consisting of all the keys of the named associative array. (In a scalar context, returns the number of keys.) ... }
  Returns an lowercased version of EXPR. This is the internal function implementing the \L escape in double-quoted strings. Should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
  Returns the value of EXPR with the first character lowercased. This is the internal function implementing the \l escape in double-quoted strings. Should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
  Returns the length in characters of the value of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns length of $_.
  Creates a new filename linked to the old filename. Returns 1 for success, 0 otherwise.
  Does the same thing that the listen system call does. Returns TRUE if it succeeded, FALSE otherwise. See example in "Sockets: Client/Server Communication" in perlipc..
  Returns logarithm (base e) of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns log of $_.
  Does the same thing as the stat() function, but stats a symbolic link instead of the file the symbolic link points to. If symbolic links are unimplemented on your system, a normal stat() is done.($_)} = $_; }
  Creates the directory specified by FILENAME, with permissions specified by MODE (as modified by umask). If it succeeds it returns 1, otherwise it returns 0 and sets
  $! (errno)..
  Calls the System V IPC function msgget(2). Returns the message queue id, or the undefined value if there is an error.
  Calls the System V IPC function msgsnd to send the message MSG to the message queue ID. MSG must begin with the long integer message type, which may be created with
  pack("l", $type). Returns TRUE if successful, or FALSE if there is an error..
  A "my" declares the listed variables to be local (lexically) to the enclosing block, subroutine,
  eval, or
  do/require/use'd file. If more than one value is listed, the list must be placed in parens. the "use" function, which "no" is the opposite of." in perlipc for examples of such things. in question. May be modified to change that offset.";
  Equivalent to a "print FILEHANDLE sprintf(LIST)". The first argument of the list will be interpreted as the printf format.
  Returns the prototype of a function as a string (or
  undef if the function has no prototype). FUNCTION is a reference to the the function whose prototype you want to retrieve. perlop.
  Returns the value of EXPR with with all regular expression metacharacters backslashed. This is the internal function implementing the \Q escape in double-quoted strings.;. Actually does a C recvfrom(), so that it can returns; }
  Returns a TRUE value if EXPR is a reference, FALSE otherwise. an associative array.\n"; } if (!ref ($r) { print "r is not a reference at all.\n"; }
  Changes the name of a file. Returns 1 for success, 0 otherwise. Will not work across filesystem boundaries. { local($filename) = @_; return 1 if $INC{$filename}; local($realfilename,$result); ITER: { word, the require assumes a ".pm" extension and replaces "::" with "/" in the filename for you, to make it easy to load standard modules. This form of loading of modules does not risk altering your namespace. ?? searches
  Resetting "A-Z" is not recommended since you'll wipe out your ARGV and ENV arrays. Only resets package variables--lexical variables are unaffected, but they clean themselves up on scope exit anyway, so you'll probably want to use them instead. See "my".
  Returns from a subroutine or eval with the value specified. (Note that in the absence of a return a subroutine or eval() will automatically return the value of the last expression evaluated.) it is empty. If it succeeds it returns 1, otherwise it returns 0 and sets
  $! (errno). If FILENAME is omitted, uses $_.
  The substitution operator. See perlop.
  Forces EXPR to be interpreted in a scalar context and returns the value of EXPR.
  @counts = (...
  Calls the System V IPC function semget. Returns the semaphore id, or the undefined value if there is an error.. See "UDP: Message Passing" in perlipc for examples.. @ARGV array in the main program, and the @_ array in subroutines. (This is determined lexically.) See also unshift(), push(), and pop(). Shift() and unshift() do the same thing to the left end of an array that push() and pop() do to the right end. otherwise.
  Calls the System V IPC function shmget. Returns the shared memory segment id, or the undefined value if there is an error. indicated by HOW, which has the same interpretation as in the system call of the same name.
  Returns the sine of EXPR (expressed in radians). If EXPR is omitted, returns sine of $_.
  Causes the script to sleep for EXPR seconds, or forever if no EXPR. May be interrupted by sending the process a SIGALRM. Returns the number of seconds actually slept. You probably cannot mix alarm() and sleep() calls, since.
  Sorts the LIST and returns the sorted list value. Nonexistent values of arrays are stripped out. If SUBNAME or BLOCK is omitted, sorts; # this sorts the %age associative arrays by value # instead of key using an inline;
  Removes the elements designated by OFFSET and LENGTH from an array, and replaces them with the elements of LIST, if any. Returns the elements removed from the array. The array grows or shrinks as necessary. If LENGTH is omitted, removes everything from OFFSET onward. The following local(@a) = splice(@_,0,shift); local(@b) = splice(@_,0,shift); return 0 unless @a == @b; # same len? while (@a) { return 0 if pop(@a) ne pop(@b); } return 1; } if (&aeq($len,@foo[1..$len],0+@bar,@bar)) { ... }
  Splits a string into an array of strings, and returns it..
  Return the square root of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns square root of $_.
  Sets the random number seed for the
  rand operator. OFFSET is negative, starts that far from the end of the string. If LEN is omitted, returns everything to the end of the string. If LEN is negative, leaves that many characters off().
  Creates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename. Returns 1 for success, 0 otherwise. On systems that don't support symbolic links, call creates it (typically because MODE includes the O_CREAT flag), then the value of PERMS specifies the permissions of the newly created file. If PERMS is omitted, the default value is 0666, which allows read and write for all. This default is reasonable: see
  umask.
  Attempts to read LENGTH bytes of data into variable". This is NOT what you want to use to capture the output from a command, for that you should merely use backticks, as described in "`STRING`" in perlop..
  Returns the current file position for FILEHANDLE. FILEHANDLE may be an expression whose value gives the name of the actual filehandle. If FILEHANDLE is omitted, assumes the file last read. array values an associative array DB_File or the Config module for interesting tie() implementations.
  Returns a reference to the object underlying VARIABLE (the same value that was originally returned by the tie() call which array giving the user and system times, in seconds, for this process and the children of this process.
  ($user,$system,$cuser,$csystem) = times;
  The translation operator. See perlop.
  Truncates the file opened on FILEHANDLE, or named by EXPR, to the specified length. Produces a fatal error if truncate isn't implemented on your system.
  Returns an uppercased version of EXPR. This is the internal function implementing the \U escape in double-quoted strings. Should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
  Returns the value of EXPR with the first character uppercased. This is the internal function implementing the \u escape in double-quoted strings. Should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
  Sets the umask for the process and returns the old one. If EXPR is omitted, merely returns current umask.; does the reverse of pack: it takes a string representing a structure and expands it out into a list word. you don't want your namespace altered, explicitly supply an empty list:
  use Module ();
  That is exactly equivalent to
  BEGIN { require Module; }
  If the VERSION argument is present between Module and LIST, then the
  use will fail if the
  $VERSION variable in package Module is less pseudomodules. Example of a "touch" command:
  #!/usr/bin/perl $now = time; utime $now, $now, @ARGV; *.
  Waits for a child process to terminate and returns the pid of the deceased process, or -1 if there are no child processes. The status is returned in
  $?.
  Waits for a particular child process to terminate and returns the pid of the deceased process, or -1 if there is no such child process. The status is returned in
  $?. If you say
  use POSIX ".)
  Returns TRUE if the context of the currently executing subroutine is looking for a list value. Returns FALSE if the context is looking for a scalar.
  return wantarray ? () : undef;
  Produces a message on STDERR just like die(), but doesn't exit or on an exception.
  Writes a formatted record (possibly multi-line) to the specified file, using the format associated with that file. By default the format for a file is the one having the same name translation operator. See perlop.