text: You programming languages I have worked with so far, Processing was without a doubt one of the most entertaining ones. It is a straightforward language - easy to learn, understand and use, yet it is very powerful. It is almost like you are painting on an empty canvas with lines of code. There are no rigid rules or guidelines whatsoever to limit your creativity, the only limit is your imagination.
  In college I was a teaching assistant of a program that gathered high school students and taught them Processing. Most of them didn’t have a strong programming background, some hadn’t even written a single line of code before. In only five days, they were expected to learn the language and build simple games of their own. The success rate was almost a hundred percent, we rarely faced failure. In this article, this is exactly what we’ll be doing. I shrank down the entire program into two parts. First part, I will be talking about the language. I will give a basic overview, a walkthrough for Processing and I will give some tips & tricks. Then in the next part, we will build a simple game step by step, each step will be explained in detail. I will also convert the code of the game into JavaScript using p5js, so that our game can run in a web browser.
  What You Should Already know
  To understand and easily follow these articles, you should have a basic knowledge of programming, as I will not be talking about programming fundamentals. I will mostly not be touching any advanced programming concepts though, so a superficial understanding will do. There are some parts where I talk about some low level ideas and concepts such as object-oriented programming (OOP), but they are not crucial. Those are for curious readers who are interested in the structure of the language. If you don’t want to know, you can just skip those parts. Other than that, the only thing you should have is the ambition to learn this awesome language and enthusiasm to create your own game!
  How to Follow
  I’m always in favor of learning programming by trying and experimenting. The sooner you dive into your own game, the faster you’ll get comfortable with Processing. So that will be my first suggestion, try each and every step in your own environment. Processing has a simple and easy to use IDE (i.e. a code editor), it is the only thing you’ll need to download & install to follow. You can download it from here.
  So let’s get started!
  What is the Processing Language?
  This section includes a brief technical overview of the language, its structure and some notes on the compilation and execution process. The details will include some advanced knowledge on programming and the Java environment. If you don’t mind about details for now and can’t wait to learn and code your own game, you can skip to the “Fundamentals of Processing” section.
  Processing is a visual programming language that allows you to sketch with codes, so to speak. However it is not exactly a programming language on its own, it is what they call a “Java-esque” programming language, which means the language is built on top of the Java platform, but is not exactly Java per se. It is based on Java and all your code gets preprocessed and converted directly into Java code when you hit the run button. Java’s PApplet class is the base class for all Processing sketches. To give an example, let’s take a couple of basic processing code blocks:
  public void setup() { // setup codes goes here } public void draw() { // draw codes goes here }
  These code blocks will be converted into something like this:
  public class ExampleFrame extends Frame { public ExampleFrame() { super("Embedded PApplet"); setLayout(new BorderLayout()); PApplet embed = new Embedded(); add(embed, BorderLayout.CENTER); embed.init(); } } public class Embedded extends PApplet { public void setup() { // setup codes goes here } public void draw() { // draw codes goes here } }
  You can see that the processing code block was wrapped with a class that extends from Java’s PApplet. Therefore, all the classes you define in your processing code, if any, will be treated as inner classes.
  The fact that Processing is Java based gives us a lot of advantages, especially if you are a Java developer. Not only is the syntax familiar, but it also gives you the ability to do things like embedding Java code, libraries, JAR files in your sketches, using your Processing applets directly in your Java applications, defining classes and using standard data types such as int, float, char and so on. You can even write your Pocessing code directly from Eclipse, if you want to spend some time to set it up. One thing you can’t do is use AWT or Swing components in your Processing sketches, because they conflict with the looping nature of Processing. But don’t worry, we will not be doing any of that fancy stuff in this article.
  Fundamentals of Processing
  Processing code consists of two main parts, setup and draw blocks. Setup block runs once when the code gets executed, and the draw blocks runs continuously. The main idea behind Processing is, what you write within the draw block will be executed 60 times per second from top to bottom, until your program terminates. We will build everything by taking advantage of this this very idea. We will make our objects move, keep our scores, detect collisions, implement gravity, and do pretty much everything else using this feature. This refresh loop is the heartbeat of our project. I will be explaining how to use this heartbeat to bring your code to life in later sections. First, let me introduce you to the Processing IDE.
  Processing IDE
  If you have read until this point and still didn’t download the Processing IDE, please go ahead and do it. Throughout the article, I will outline some easy tasks for you to try on your own, you can only practice if you have the IDE up and running. Here is a brief introduction of the processing IDE. It is very simple and self explanatory, so I will keep it short.
  As you’d expect, run and stop buttons do what they suggest. When you click on the run button, your code will get compiled and executed. By nature, processing programs never get terminated, they run forever and ever until they get disturbed. You can terminate it programmatically, however if you don’t, you can use the stop button.
  The button that looks like a butterfly on the right of the run & stop is the debugger. Using the debugger needs a whole other article dedicated to it. It is out of the scope of this article, so you can ignore it for now. The dropdown next to debugger button is where you add / set mods. Mods provide you some certain functionality, allow you to write code for Android, allow you to write code in Python, and so on and so forth. Mods are also out of the scope, so you can keep it in the default Java mode and ignore it as well.
  The window on the code editor is where your sketches normally run. In the image it is blank, because we haven’t set any property like size or background color, or we didn’t draw anything.
  There is nothing much to talk about the code editor, it is simply where you write your code. There are line numbers(!) Older versions of Processing didn’t have that and you can’t imagine how happy I was when I first saw them.
  The black box below is the console. We will use it to print out stuff for quick debugging purposes. The errors tab next to the console is where your errors will appear. This is also a new useful feature that came with Processing 3.0. In the older versions, the errors were printed to the console and it was hard to keep track of them.
  Setup Block
  As stated before, setup blocks get executed once when the program starts. You can use it for making configurations and for things that you’d like to run only once, for instance, loading images or sounds. Here is an example setup block. Run this code in your own environment and see the results for yourself.
  public void setup() { // Size of our sketch will be 800x600, // and use the P2D rendering engine. size(800, 600, P2D); // We could have used this function instead of size() // fullScreen(P2D); // The background color of our sketch will be black // by default, unless specified otherwise background(0); // We could have used this to set a background image. // Note that size of our sketch should be the same as the image. // background(loadImage("test.jpg")); // Shapes and objects will be filled with red by default, // unless specified otherwise. fill(255,0,0); // Shaped and objects will have a white border by default, // unless specified otherwise. stroke(255); }
  The methods related with styling (background, fill, stroke) will be explained at the properties & settings sections. For now, what you need to know is how the settings and configurations we set here affects our whole sketch. Codes written here are used to set some base rulesets applicable throughout the sketch. What you should also understand in this section are the methods listed below:
  size() - As the name suggests, this function is used to configure the size of our sketch. It has to be in the first line of the setup code block. It could be used in the following forms:
  - size(width,height);
  - size(width, height, renderer);
  The width and height values could be given in pixels. Size function accepts a third parameter, renderer, which is used to set which rendering engine our sketch will use. By default, the renderer is set to P2D. The available renderers are P2D (Processing 2D), P3D (Processing 3D, should be used if your sketches will include 3D graphics) and PDF (2D graphics are drawn directly into an Acrobat PDF file. More inforation can be found here). P2D and P3D renderers make use of OpenGL compatible graphics hardware.
  fullScreen() - As of Processing 3.0, fullScreen function can now be used instead of the size() function. Just like the size() function, it should be in the first line of the setup block as well. The usage is as follows:
  - fullScreen();
  - fullScreen(display);
  - fullScreen(renderer);
  - fullScreen(display, renderer);
  If you use it without any parameters, your processing sketch will simply run in fullscreen, and will run on your main display. The ‘display’ parameter is used to set on which display your sketch will run. For example if you connect external monitors to your computer, you can set the display variable to 2 (or 3, 4 etc.) and your sketch will run there. The ‘renderer’ parameter is as explained at the size() part above.
  Settings Block
  This is another feature that is introduced with the new release of Processing. It is a code block, just like setup and draw. It is useful when you want to define size() or fullScreen() methods with variable parameters. It is also necessary to define size() and other styling properties such as smooth() in this code block if you are using any environment other than Processing’s own IDE, such as Eclipse. But you will not be needing it in most cases, definitely not in this article.
  Draw Block
  There is nothing special to talk about the draw block, yet everything is special about it. Draw block is where all the magic happens. It is the heart of your program, beating 60 times a second. This code block houses all your code logic. All your shapes, objects etc. will be written in here.
  Most of the code we will talk about in this article is going to be from the draw block, so it is important that you clearly understand how this code block works. To give you a demonstration, here is something you can try. First note that we can print anything to the console by using the print() or println() methods. Print methods only print to the console, println however prints and appends a newline at the end, so each println() will print in separate rows.
  So, take a look at the following code block. First, try to guess what it will print in the console. Then, go ahead and try it out:
  void setup(){ } void draw(){ int x = 0; x += 1; print(x+" "); }
  If you guessed “1 2 3 4…”, I got you! This is one of the confusions in Processing. Remember this block repeatedly gets executed? When you define a variable here, it gets defined on each loop over and over again. On each iteration, x is set to 0, gets incremented by 1 and gets printed to the console. Therefore we get the result “1 1 1 1…”. This example was somewhat obvious, but it may be confusing when things get a little complicated.
  We don’t want x to get overwritten, so how can we achieve this and get the result “1 2 3 4…” ? By using global variables. This is nothing fancy, we only define the variable outside of draw block so it doesn’t get re-defined on each iteration. Also, the scope of the variable will be reachable throughout the sketch. See the code below:
  int x = 0; void setup(){ } void draw(){ x += 1; print(x+" "); }
  You might be asking yourself, how can a variable defined outside of our blocks work? And why didn’t we use the setup() block since it gets executed once at the beginning? The answer is related with object-oriented programming and scopes, if you are not familiar, you may skip this paragraph. Refer to the part where I explained how Processing code gets converted into Java. Remember how they get wrapped with a Java class? The variables we write outside of setup() and draw() block also gets wrapped, therefore they are treated as fields of the outer class that wraps our code. Using x+=1 is the same as using this.x+=1. It also functions the same in our case, no variable called x is defined in the scope of draw() and an outer scope is searched, which is the scope of this. And why didn’t we define our variable x in the setup() section? If we did, the scope of which x is defined would be the scope of the setup function and it wouldn’t be accessible from the draw() block.
  Drawing Shapes & Texts
  Now we know how to configure our sketch using the setup block, and we know what draw block does. So it is time to get a little visual and learn about the fun parts of processing: how to draw shapes.
  Before we begin, you should understand the coordinate system. be changed with methods like rectMode() and ellipseMode(), which I will be explaining in the properties & settings section. An example figure is provided to help you understand better.
  This article is a basic overview of Processing, so we will not be touching any complex shapes like vertexes or 3D shapes. Basic 2D shapes will actually be more than enough for us to create our own game. In the figure, you can see examples of how shapes are drawn. Each shape has its own syntax to be created, but the basic idea is, the basic idea is that, I’ll only show the essentials..
  Properties & Settings
  First thing that should be explained in this section would be the logic behind setting properties of objects. Fill color, background color, border, border width, border color, alignment of the shapes, border styles etc. could be some examples of these properties.
  When you set a property, you have to remember that the code will be executing from top to bottom. Say, you set the “fill” property to red, all the objects drawn below that line will be filled with red until it gets overwritten by another fill property. Same thing applies for other properties as well, however note that not all properties will overwrite each other. For example “stroke” property doesn’t overwrite “fill” property, instead they work together. Here is a visual representation for you to comprehend the logic:
  As you can see in the image, first line sets the fill color to red and the second line sets the stroke color to blue. We now have two active settings: fill red and blue strokes. As you’d expected, whatever our object may be on the next line, it will be filled with red and have blue strokes (if applicable). You can keep examining the image this way, and you will grasp the logic.
  Here are some essential properties & settings that are commonly used:
  Styling
  Alignment Settings
  ellipseMode() - Sets where to take as reference point aligning ellipses. Usage:
  - ellipseMode(mode) - ‘mode’ is the parameter, here are the available parameters:
  - CENTER (default): Take the center as the reference point.
  - RADIUS: This also takes the center as a the reference point, but in this mode, the w and h values you specify are treated as half (ie. radius instead of diameter)
  - CORNER: it as ellipse(x_tl,y_tl,x_br,y_br) makes more sense in this case.
  rectMode() - Sets where to take as reference point aligning rectangles. Usage:
  - rectMode(mode) - ‘mode’ is the parameter, here are the available parameters:
  - CENTER: Take the center as the reference point.
  - RADIUS: This also takes the center as a the reference point, but in this mode, the w and h values you specify are treated as half
  - CORNER (default): of it as rect(x_tl,y_tl,x_br,y_br) makes more sense in this case.
  Text Related Settings
  textSize() - Sets the font size of text. Usage:
  - textSize(size) - Integer value of the desired size.
  textLeading() - Sets the line height of your texts. Usage:
  - textLeading(lineheight) - Pixel value of the space between lines.
  textAlign() - Sets where to take as reference point aligning texts. Usage.
  - textAlign(alignX) - ‘alignX’ is for horizontal alignment. Available: LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT
  - textAlign(alignX, alignY) - ‘alignY’ is for vertical alignment. Available: TOP, BOTTOM, CENTER, BASELINE.
  Animations
  So far, we learned how to draw objects and texts. But the problem with them is that they are static. Now how do we make them move? Simple, instead of giving coordinates as integers, we use variables so that we can increment / decrement them. Make sense? Take a look at the following code:
  // initialize x and y as 0 int x=0; int y=0; void setup(){ size(800,600); background(255); // set background color to white } void draw(){ fill(255,0,0); // fill color red stroke(0,0,255); // stroke color blue ellipseMode(CENTER); // ref. point to ellipse is its center ellipse(x, y, 20, 20); // draw the ellipse // increment x and y x+=5; y+=5; }
  Do you see how we managed the animation? We set x and y as global variables and their initial value to 0. In our draw loop, we created our ellipse, set the fill color to red, stroke color to blue and coordinates to x and y. When we increment x and y, the ball simply changes its location. But there is a problem with this code, can you notice it? As an easy challenge for yourself, try to figure what the problem is, and test it out. Here is the outcome:
  My intention for letting this happen was to make you realise how the looping nature of Processing works. Refer to example at the “Draw Block” section, do you remember why we got “1 1 1…” instead of “1 2 3…” ? The same reason why the ball is leaving marks behind. Each time the draw block iterates, x and y gets incremented by 5 and therefore the ball gets redrawn to 5 pixels down and right. However the ball is drawn from the previous iterations remain in the view. How do we make them go away? Any guesses?
  To get rid of the marks the ball leaves behind, we simply remove the background(255) from setup block, and paste it to be the very first line of the draw block. When our background code was in the setup block, it ran one time at the beginning, making our background white. But that isn’t enough, we need it to set our background to white on each loop to cover the balls drawn from the previous loops. Background being the first line means it runs first, it becomes the base layer. On each loop, our canvas is painted white, and new elements gets drawn on top of the white background. So we have no marks.
  That is the idea behind animating things in Processing, manipulating the objects’ coordinates programmatically to change their location. But how will we do fancy stuff, such as keeping the ball in the screen? Or maybe implementing gravity? I will teach how to do this stuff in next part of this article. We will learn by trying and building. We will learn how to do it and apply them to our game immediately. At the end, we will have a complete, playable, and hopefully fun game.
  Keyboard & Mouse Interactions
  Keyboard & mouse interactions in Processing are very easy and straightforward. There are methods you can call for each event, and what you write inside will be executed once when the event occurs. Also there are global variables such as mousePressed and keyPressed you can use in your draw block to take advantage of the loop. Here are some of the methods with explanations:
  void setup() { size(500, 500); } void draw() { if (mousePressed) { // Codes here will be executed as long as the mouse // button is pressed if (mouseButton == LEFT){ // This lines will be executed as long as // the clicked mouse button is the left mouse // button. } } if (keyPressed) { // Codes here will be executed as long as a key // on the keyboard is pressed if (key == CODED) { // This if statement checks if the pressed key // is recognised by Processing. if (keyCode == ENTER) { // This lines will be executed if the pressed key // is the enter key. } } else{ // This lines will be executed if the pressed key // is not recognised by processing. } } } void mousePressed() { // These codes will be executed once, when mouse // is clicked. Note that mouseButton variable is // also be used here. } void keyPressed() { // These codes will be executed once, when a key // is pressed. Note that key and keyCode variables // are also usable here. }
  As you can see, it is pretty easy to check whether the mouse is clicked or which key is being pressed. There are however more options available for mousePressed and keyCode variables. Available options for mousePressed are LEFT, RIGHT and CENTER. There are many more available for keyCode; UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, ALT, CONTROL, SHIFT, BACKSPACE, TAB, ENTER, RETURN, ESC and DELETE.
  One thing to know about the mouse variables, and we will use this a lot, is how to get the coordinates of the mouse. To get the exact coordinates of the cursor, we can use mouseX and mouseY variables directly in the draw() block. Last but not least, there are a lot of other useful methods that you should take a look at. They are all documented in the Processing Reference.
  Conclusion
  You should be getting familiar with Processing by now. However if you stop here, all this knowledge will fly away. I strongly recommend you continue practicing, playing around with what you have learned. To help you practice, I will provide you with two exercises. You should try your best to do it on your own. If you get stuck, Google and Processing Reference should be your best friends. I will provide the code for the first one, but looking at them should be the last thing that you do.
  Recommended Exercise 1
  You should make 4 balls with different colors, starting from 4 corners of the screen traveling through the center with different speeds. When you click and hold the mouse button, the balls should freeze. And when you let go of the mouse, the balls could go back to their initial position and keep moving. So, I am looking for something like this.
  After you try the exercise yourself, you may check out the code here.
  Recommended Exercise 2
  Remember the famous DVD screensaver which the DVD logo bounces around the screen and we all waited desperately for it to hit the corner? I want you to replicate that screensaver, but only using a rectangle instead of the DVD logo. When you start the app, the screen should be black and the rectangle should start at a random location. Each time the rectangle hits the corner, it should change its color (and obviously direction). When you move the mouse around, the rectangle should disappear and the background color should turn white (it is a screensaver, isn’t it?). I will not give the code for this exercise in this article. You should try your best to implement it, and the code will be provided in the second part of this article.
  The second part of the ultimate guide to Processing, a step-by-step tutorial to building a simple game, has been published.