text: Coordinates: 15°30′N 90°15′W / 15.500°N 90.250°W /
  15.500; -90.250
  Republic
  Republic of Guatemala
  República de
  Guatemala
  Guatemala (Spanish)
  Flag
  Coat of arms
  Motto:
  "Libre Crezca Fecundo"[1]
  "El País de la Eterna Primavera"[citation needed]
  "The Land of the Eternal Spring"[2]
  Anthem:
  Himno Nacional de Guatemala
  (English: "National Anthem of Guatemala")
  March:
  La Granadera
  (English: "The Song of the Grenadier")
  Location of Guatemala (dark green)
  Claimed area, but not controlled (light green)
  in Central America (grey)
  Capital
  and largest city
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City
  14°38′N 90°30′W / 14.633°N 90.500°W / 14.633; -90.500
  Official languages
  Spanish
  Ethnic groups (2010)
  41.5% mestizo
  41% indigenous peoples
  (9.1% K'iche'
  8.4% Kaqchikel
  7.9% Mam
  6.3% Q'eqchi'
  8.6% other Maya
  0.2% non-Maya indigenous
  0.1% others)
  18% white
  Demonym
  Guatemalan
  Guatemaltec
  Chapín (informal)
  Government
  Unitary presidential republic
  • President
  Jimmy Morales[3]
  • Vice President
  Jafeth Cabrera
  • President of the Congress
  Álvaro Arzú Escobar
  • President of the Supreme Court
  Antonio Pineda Barales
  Legislature
  Congress of the Republic
  Independence
  from the Spanish Empire
  • Declared
  15 September 1821
  • Declared from the
  First Mexican Empire
  1 July 1823
  • Current constitution
  31 May 1985
  Area
  • Total
  108,889 km2 (42,042 sq mi) (105th)
  • Water (%)
  0.4
  Population
  • 2018 estimate
  17,263,239[4] (67th)
  • Density
  129/km2 (334.1/sq mi) (85th)
  GDP (PPP)
  2018 estimate
  $145.712 billion[4]
  • Per capita
  $8,441[4]
  GDP (nominal)
  2018 estimate
  $74.595 billion[4]
  $4,321[4]
  Gini (2007)
  55.1
  high
  HDI (2015)
  0.640[5]
  medium · 128th
  Currency
  Quetzal (GTQ)
  Time zone
  CST (UTC−6)
  Drives on the
  right
  Calling code
  +502
  ISO 3166 code
  GT
  Internet TLD
  .gt
  Guatemala
  Guatemala (/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ ( listen)
  GWAH-tə-MAH-lə; Spanish: [gwateˈmala]), officially the
  Republic
  Republic of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala), is a country
  in
  Central America
  Central America bordered by
  Mexico
  Mexico to the north and west, the
  Pacific Ocean
  Pacific Ocean to the southwest,
  Belize
  Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean
  to the east,
  Honduras
  Honduras to the east and
  El Salvador
  El Salvador to the southeast.
  With an estimated population of around 16.6 million,[6] it is the most
  populated state in Central America.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is a representative
  democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva
  Guatemala
  Guatemala de la
  Asunción, also known as
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City.
  The territory of modern
  Guatemala
  Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya
  civilization, which extended across Mesoamerica. Most of the country
  was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, becoming part of the
  viceroyalty of New Spain.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala attained independence in 1821 as
  part of the Federal
  Republic
  Republic of Central America, which dissolved in
  1841.
  From the mid to late 19th century,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala experienced chronic
  instability and civil strife. Beginning in the early 20th century, it
  was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company
  and the
  United States
  United States government. In 1944,
  Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between
  the US-backed government and leftist rebels, including genocidal
  massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military.[7][8][9]
  Since a United Nations-negotiated peace accord,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has
  witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections,
  though it continues to struggle with high rates of poverty, crime,
  drug trade, and instability. As of 2014,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala ranks 31st of 33
  Latin American and Caribbean countries in terms of the Human
  Development Index.[10]
  Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique
  ecosystems includes a large number of endemic species and contributes
  to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.[11]
  Contents
  1 Etymology
  2 History
  2.1 Pre-Columbian
  2.2 Colonial era (1519–1821)
  2.3 Independence and the 19th century (1821–1847)
  2.4
  Republic
  Republic (1847–1851)
  2.5 Second Carrera government (1851–1865)
  2.6
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna regime (1865–1871)
  2.7 Liberal governments (1871–1898)
  2.8
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime (1898–1920)
  2.9
  Jorge Ubico
  Jorge Ubico regime (1931–1944)
  2.10
  Guatemalan Revolution
  Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)
  2.11 Coup and civil war (1954–1996)
  2.12 1996–2000
  2.13 2000–
  2.14 Pérez Molina government and "La Línea"
  3 Geography
  3.1 Natural disasters
  3.2 Biodiversity
  4 Government
  4.1 Political system
  4.2 Foreign relations
  4.3 Military
  4.4 Administrative divisions
  4.5 Human rights
  5 Economy
  5.1 Tourism
  6 Society
  6.1 Demographics
  6.2 Ethnic groups
  6.3 Languages
  6.4 Indigenous integration and bilingual education
  6.5 Largest cities
  6.6 Religion
  6.7 Immigration
  6.8 Health
  6.9 Education
  7 Culture
  7.1 Art
  7.2 Literature
  7.3 Media and news
  7.4 Music
  7.5 Cuisine
  7.6 Sports
  7.6.1 Football
  7.6.2 Futsal
  7.6.3 Olympics
  7.6.4 Other sports
  8 See also
  9 References
  10 Bibliography
  11 Further reading
  12 External links
  Etymology[edit]
  The name "Guatemala" comes from the Nahuatl word Cuauhtēmallān
  (nahwiki), or "place of many trees", a derivative of the K'iche' Mayan
  word for "many trees"[12][13] or perhaps more specifically for the
  Cuate/Cuatli tree Eysenhardtia. This was the name the Tlaxcaltecan
  soldiers who accompanied
  Pedro de Alvarado
  Pedro de Alvarado during the Spanish Conquest
  gave to this territory.[14]
  History[edit]
  Main article: History of Guatemala
  Pre-Columbian[edit]
  The first evidence of human habitation in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala dates back to
  12,000 BC. Evidence, such as obsidian arrowheads found in various
  parts of the country, suggests a human presence as early as 18,000
  BC.[15] There is archaeological proof that early Guatemalan settlers
  were hunter-gatherers. Pollen samples from Petén and the Pacific
  coast indicate that maize cultivation had developed by 3500 BC.[16]
  Sites dating back to 6500 BC have been found in the Quiché region in
  the Highlands, and
  Sipacate
  Sipacate and
  Escuintla
  Escuintla on the central Pacific
  coast.
  Archaeologists divide the pre-Columbian history of
  Mesoamerica
  Mesoamerica into
  the Preclassic period (2999 BC to 250 BC), the Classic period (250 to
  900 AD), and the Postclassic period (900 to 1500 AD).[17]
  Naranjo from 801 BC; the earliest monumental masks; and
  the
  Mirador Basin
  Mirador Basin cities of Nakbé, Xulnal, El Tintal, Wakná and El
  Mirador.[citation needed]
  Maya city of Tikal
  The Classic period of
  Mesoamerican.[18][citation needed]
  This lasted until approximately 900 AD, when the Classic Maya
  civilization collapsed.[19] The Maya abandoned many of the cities of
  the central lowlands or were killed off by a drought-induced
  famine.[19] The cause of the collapse is debated, but the drought
  theory is gaining currency, supported by evidence such as lakebeds,
  ancient pollen, and others.[19] A series of prolonged droughts, among
  other reasons such as overpopulation, in what is otherwise a seasonal
  desert is thought to have decimated the Maya, who relied on regular
  rainfall.[20] The drought also brought an epidemic of hemorrhagic
  fever in the 16th century, when 80–90% of the indigenous population
  died off.[21] The Post-Classic period is represented by regional
  kingdoms, such as the Itza, Kowoj,
  Yalain
  Yalain and
  Kejache
  Maya civilization shares many features with other
  Mesoamerican
  El Salvador to as far
  north as central Mexico, more than 1,000 km (620 mi) from
  the Maya area. Many outside influences are found in
  Maya art
  Maya art and
  architecture, which are thought to be the result of trade and cultural
  exchange rather than direct external conquest.
  Colonial era (1519–1821)[edit]
  See also:
  Spanish conquest of Guatemala
  Spanish conquest of Guatemala and Spanish conquest of Petén
  The Conquistador
  Pedro de Alvarado
  Pedro de Alvarado led the initial Spanish efforts to
  conquer Guatemala..[23]
  During the colonial period,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala was an audiencia, a
  captaincy-general (Capitanía General de Guatemala) of Spain, and a
  part of
  New Spain
  New Spain (Mexico).[24] The first capital, Villa de Santiago
  de
  Guatemala
  Guatemala (now known as Tecpan Guatemala), was founded on 25 July
  1524 near Iximché, the Kaqchikel capital city. The capital was moved
  to
  Ciudad Vieja
  UNESCO World Heritage Site. This
  city was destroyed by several earthquakes in 1773–1774. The King of
  Spain
  Spain authorized moving the capital to its current location in the
  Ermita Valley, which is named after a
  Catholic church
  Catholic church dedicated to the
  Virgen del Carmen. This new capital was founded on 2 January 1776.
  Independence and the 19th century (1821–1847)[edit]
  Criollos rejoice upon learning about the declaration of independence
  from
  Spain
  Spain on 15 September 1821..[25] This region was
  formally a part of the
  Viceroyalty of
  New Spain
  New Spain throughout the
  colonial period, but as a practical matter had been administered
  separately. It was not until 1825 that
  Guatemala
  Guatemala created its own
  flag.[26]
  In 1838 the liberal forces of Honduran leader
  Francisco Morazán
  Francisco Morazán and
  of Guatemalan
  José Francisco Barrundia invaded
  Guatemala.[27] Carrera and his
  wife Petrona – who had come to confront Morazán as soon as they
  learned of the invasion and were in
  Mataquescuintla
  Mataquescuintla – swore they
  would never forgive Morazán even in his grave; they felt it
  impossible to respect anyone who would not avenge family members.[28].[29] Believing Carrera totally defeated,
  Morazán and Barrundia marched to
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City, and were welcomed as
  saviors by state governor Pedro Valenzuela and members of the
  conservative Aycinena clan (es), who proposed to sponsor one of
  the liberal battalions, while Valenzuela and Barrundia gave Morazán
  all the Guatemalan resources needed to solve any financial problem he
  had.[30] The criollos of both parties celebrated until dawn that they
  finally had a criollo caudillo like Morazán, who was able to crush
  the peasant rebellion.[31]
  The Federal
  Republic
  Republic of
  Central America
  Central America (1823–1838) with its capital
  in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City.
  Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol voted to dissolve
  the
  Central American Federation
  Central American Federation in
  San Salvador
  San Salvador a little later,
  forcing Morazán to return to
  El Salvador
  El Salvador to fight for his federal
  mandate. Along the way, Morazán increased repression in eastern
  Guatemala, as punishment for helping Carrera.[32] Knowing that
  Morazán had gone to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take
  Salamá
  Salamá with
  the small force that remained, but was defeated, and lost his brother
  Laureano in combat. With just a few men left, he managed to escape,
  badly wounded, to Sanarate.[33] After recovering somewhat, he attacked
  a detachment in
  Jutiapa
  Jutiapa and got a small amount of booty which gave to
  the volunteers who accompanied him. He then prepared to attack Petapa
  near
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City, where he was victorious, although with heavy
  casualties.[34]
  In September of that year, he attempted an assault on the capital of
  Guatemala, but the liberal general
  Carlos Salazar Castro defeated him
  in the fields of Villa Nueva and Carrera had to retreat.[35] After
  unsuccessfully trying to take Quetzaltenango, Carrera found himself
  both surrounded and wounded. He had to capitulate to Mexican General
  Agustin Guzman, who had been in
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango since Vicente
  Filísola's arrival in 1823. Morazán had the opportunity to shoot
  Carrera, but did not, because he needed the support of the Guatemalan
  peasants to counter the attacks of
  Francisco Ferrera
  Francisco Ferrera in El Salvador.
  Instead, Morazán left Carrera in charge of a small fort in Mita,
  without any weapons. Knowing that Morazán was going to attack El
  Salvador,
  Francisco Ferrera
  Francisco Ferrera gave arms and ammunition to Carrera and
  convinced him to attack
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City.[36].[35],[37][38] reaching the border disguised as a peasant.[37][38]
  Guatemala and liberal enemies of the conservative régime
  moved to Los Altos, leaving their exile in El Salvador.[39] The
  liberals in Los Altos began severely criticizing the Conservative
  government of Rivera Paz.[39] Los Altos was the region with the main
  production and economic activity of the former state of Guatemala.
  Without Los Altos, conservatives lost many of the resources that had
  given
  Guatemala
  Guatemala hegemony in Central America.[39] The government of
  Guatemala[40] replacing the failed
  British Eastern Coast of
  Central America
  Central America Commercial and Agricultural
  Company.[40] Even though the colony eventually crumbled, Belgium
  continued to support Carrera in the mid-19th century, although Britain
  continued to be the main business and political partner to Carrera's
  regime.[41]
  Rafael Carrera
  Rafael Carrera was elected Guatemalan Governor in 1844.
  Settlers from
  Germany
  Germany arrived in the mid-19th century. German settlers
  acquired land and grew coffee plantations in
  Alta Verapaz
  Alta Verapaz and
  Quetzaltenango.
  Republic
  Republic (1847–1851)[edit]
  On 21 March 1847,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala declared itself an independent republic
  and Carrera became its first president.
  Proclamation Coin 1847 of the independent
  Republic
  Republic of Guatemala
  During the first term as president, Carrera brought the country back
  from extreme conservatism to a traditional moderation; in 1848, the
  liberals were able to drive him from office, after the country had
  been in turmoil for several months.[42][43] Carrera resigned of his
  own free will and left for México. The new liberal regime allied
  itself with the Aycinena family and swiftly passed a law ordering
  Carrera's execution if he returned to Guatemalan soil.[42]
  The liberal criollos from
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango were led by general Agustín
  Guzmán who occupied the city after Corregidor general Mariano Paredes
  was called to
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City to take over the presidential office.[44]
  They declared on 26 August 1848 that Los Altos was an independent
  state once again. The new state had the support of Doroteo
  Vasconcelos' régime in
  El Salvador
  El Salvador and the rebel guerrilla army of
  Vicente and Serapio Cruz, who were sworn enemies of Carrera.[45] The
  interim government was led by Guzmán himself and had Florencio Molina
  and the priest Fernando Davila as his Cabinet members.[46] On 5
  September 1848, the criollos altenses chose a formal government led by
  Fernando Antonio Martínez.
  In the meantime, Carrera decided to return to
  Guatemala.[47] In the meantime, in
  the eastern part of Guatemala, the
  Jalapa
  Jalapa region became increasingly
  dangerous; former president
  Mariano Rivera Paz
  Mariano Rivera Paz and rebel leader
  Vicente Cruz were both murdered there after trying to take over the
  Corregidor office in 1849.[47]
  When Carrera arrived to
  Chiantla.[47] The altenses did not comply, and led by Guzmán and
  his forces, they started chasing Carrera; the caudillo hid, helped by
  his native allies and remained under their protection when the forces
  of
  Miguel Garcia Granados
  Miguel Garcia Granados arrived from
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City looking for
  him.[47]
  On learning that officer
  José Víctor Zavala
  Guatemala City that they would have to negotiate
  with Carrera or battle on two fronts –
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango and
  Jalapa.[48] Carrera went back to the
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango area, while Zavala
  remained in
  Suchitepéquez
  Suchitepéquez as a tactical maneuver.[49] Carrera
  received a visit from a cabinet member of Paredes and told him that he
  had control of the native population and that he assured Paredes that
  he would keep them appeased.[48] When the emissary returned to
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City, he told the president everything Carrera said, and
  added that the native forces were formidable.[50]
  Guzmán went to
  Antigua Guatemala.[50].[51] On his way out, Yrigoyen murmured to a friend: Now he is
  the king of the Indians, indeed![51]
  Guzmán then left for Jalapa, where he struck a deal with the rebels,
  while
  Luis Batres Juarros
  Luis Batres Juarros convinced president Paredes to deal with
  Carrera. Back in
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City within a few months, Carrera was
  commander-in-chief, backed by military and political support of the
  Indian communities from the densely populated western highlands.[52]
  During the first presidency, from 1844 to 1848, he brought the country
  back from excessive conservatism to a moderate regime, and – with
  the advice of
  Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol
  Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol and Pedro de Aycinena
  – restored relations with the Church in Rome with a Concordat
  ratified in 1854.[53]
  Second Carrera government (1851–1865)[edit]
  Captain General
  Rafael Carrera
  Rafael Carrera after being appointed President for
  Life
  Guatemala and decided to plan an open attack.
  Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a
  campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting Honduras
  and
  Nicaragua
  Nicaragua to participate in the alliance; only the Honduran
  government led by
  Juan Lindo
  Juan Lindo accepted.[42] In 1851
  Guatemala
  Guatemala defeated
  an Allied army from
  Honduras
  Honduras and
  El Salvador
  Nicaragua dominated his
  presidency.
  His rivalry with Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador, resulted
  in open war in 1863. At Coatepeque the
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans suffered a severe
  defeat, which was followed by a truce.
  Honduras
  Honduras joined with El
  Salvador, and
  Nicaragua
  Nicaragua and
  Costa Rica
  Costa Rica with Guatemala. The contest was
  finally settled in favor of Carrera, who besieged and occupied San
  Salvador, and dominated
  Honduras
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna regime (1865–1871)[edit]
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna was the president of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala from 1865 to
  1871.
  Further information: Vicente Cerna y Cerna
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna
  Vicente Cerna y Cerna was president of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala from 24 May 1865 to
  29 June 1871.[54] Liberal author Alfonso Enrique
  Barrientos (es),[55][full citation needed] described Marshall
  Cerna's government in the following manner:[56][full citation needed].[57] Even liberal generals like Serapio Cruz (es) realized
  that Rafael Carrera's political and military presence made him
  practically invincible. Thus the generals fought under his
  command,[42] and waited—for a long time—until Carrera's death
  before beginning their revolt against the tamer Cerna.[58] During
  Cerna's presidency, liberal party members were prosecuted and sent
  into exile; among them, those who started the Liberal Revolution of
  1871.[42]
  Liberal governments (1871–1898)[edit]
  Further information: Justo Rufino Barrios
  Guatemala's "Liberal Revolution" came in 1871 under the leadership of
  Justo Rufino Barrios, who worked to modernize the country, improve
  trade, and introduce new crops and manufacturing. During this era
  coffee became an important crop for Guatemala.[59] Barrios had
  ambitions of reuniting
  Central America
  Central America and took the country to war in
  an unsuccessful attempt to attain it, losing his life on the
  battlefield in 1885 against forces in El Salvador.
  Manuel Barillas
  Manuel Barillas was president from 16 March 1886 to 15 March 1892.
  Manuel Barillas
  Manuel Barillas was unique among liberal presidents of Guatemala
  between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor
  peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three
  Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would
  be.[60] Happy with what he heard from general Reyna Barrios,[60]
  Barillas made sure that a huge column of
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango and
  Totonicapán indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote
  for him. Reyna was elected president. [61]
  José María Reina Barrios
  José María Reina Barrios was President between 1892 and 1898. During
  Barrios's first term in office, the power of the landowners over the
  rural peasantry increased. He oversaw the rebuilding of parts of
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City on a grander scale, with wide, Parisian-style avenues.
  He oversaw
  Guatemala
  Guatemala hosting the first "Exposición Centroamericana"
  ("
  Central American
  Guatemala City. Completing a transoceanic railway was a main objective
  of his government, with a goal to attract international investors at a
  time when the
  Panama Canal
  Panama Canal was not built yet.
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime (1898–1920)[edit]
  Main article: Manuel Estrada Cabrera
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera ruled
  Guatemala
  Guatemala between 1898 and 1920.
  After the assassination of general
  José María Reina Barrios,[62] while the second states that he showed up unarmed to
  the meeting and demanded the presidency by virtue of being the
  designated successor.[63]
  The first civilian Guatemalan head of state in over 50 years, Estrada
  Cabrera overcame resistance to his regime by August 1898 and called
  for elections in September, which he won handily.[64].[65]
  One of Estrada Cabrera's most famous and most bitter legacies was
  allowing the entry of the
  United Fruit Company
  Puerto Barrios to the capital,
  Guatemala.[66] Cabrera signed a contract with UFCO's
  Minor Cooper Keith
  Minor Cooper Keith in 1904 that gave the company tax-exemptions, land
  grants, and control of all railroads on the Atlantic side.
  Manuel Barillas was stabbed to death in
  Mexico."[68].[69] It has been suggested that the extreme
  despotic characteristics of Estrada did not emerge until after an
  attempt on his life in 1907.[70]
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City was badly damaged in the 1917
  Guatemala.[71]
  Jorge Ubico
  Jorge Ubico regime (1931–1944)[edit]
  Main article: Jorge Ubico
  The
  Great Depression.[72][73] After his election his policies quickly became
  authoritarian. He replaced the system of debt peonage with a brutally
  enforced vagrancy law, requiring all men of working age who did not
  own land to work a minimum of 100 days of hard labor.[74] His
  government used unpaid Indian labor to build roads and railways. Ubico
  also froze wages at very low levels, and passed a law allowing
  land-owners complete immunity from prosecution for any action they
  took to defend their property,[74] an action described by historians
  as legalizing murder.[75] He greatly strengthened the police force,
  turning it into one of the most efficient and ruthless in Latin
  America.[76] He gave them greater authority to shoot and imprison
  people suspected of breaking the labor laws. These laws created
  tremendous resentment against him among agricultural laborers.[77] The
  government became highly militarized; under his rule, every provincial
  governor was a general in the army.[78].[79]
  Since its entry into Guatemala, the
  United Fruit Company
  United Fruit Company had expanded
  its land-holdings by displacing farmers and converting their farmland
  to banana plantations. This process accelerated under Ubico's
  presidency, with the government doing nothing to stop it.[80] The
  company received import duty and real estate tax exemptions from the
  government and controlled more land than any other individual or
  group. It also controlled the sole railroad in the country, the sole
  facilities capable of producing electricity, and the port facilities
  at
  Puerto Barrios
  Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast.[81]
  Ubico saw the
  United States
  United States as an ally against the supposed communist
  threat of Mexico, and made efforts to gain its support. When the US
  declared war against
  Germany
  Germany in 1941, Ubico acted on American
  instructions and arrested all people in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala of German
  descent.[82] He also permitted the US to establish an air base in
  Guatemala, with the stated aim of protecting the
  Panama
  Panama Canal.[83]
  However, Ubico was an admirer of European fascists, such as Francisco
  Franco and Benito Mussolini,[84] and considered himself to be "another
  Napoleon".[85].[86][87][88][89][90]
  Guatemalan Revolution
  Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)[edit]
  Main article: Guatemalan Revolution
  On 1 July 1944 Ubico was forced to resign from the presidency in
  response to a wave of protests and a general strike inspired by brutal
  labor conditions among plantation workers.[91] His chosen replacement,
  General Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, was forced out of office on 20
  October 1944 by a coup d'état led by Major
  Francisco Javier Arana and
  Captain
  Jacobo Árbenz
  Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. About 100 people were killed in the
  coup. The country was then led by a military junta made up of Arana,
  Árbenz, and Jorge Toriello Garrido.[92]
  Guatemala's democratically elected president
  Jacobo Árbenz
  Jacobo Árbenz was
  overthrown in a coup planned by the CIA to protect the profits of the
  United Fruit Company.
  The junta organized Guatemala's first free election, which the
  philosophically conservative writer and teacher Juan José Arévalo,
  who wanted to turn the country into a liberal capitalist society won
  with a majority of 86%.[93] His "Christian Socialist" policies were
  inspired to a large extent by the U.S.
  New Deal
  New Deal of President Franklin
  D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.[94] Arévalo built new
  health centers, increased funding for education, and drafted a more
  liberal labor law,[95] while criminalizing unions in workplaces with
  less than 500 workers,[96] and cracking down on communists.[97]
  Although Arévalo was popular among nationalists, he had enemies in
  the church and the military, and faced at least 25 coup attempts
  during his presidency.[98]
  Arévalo was constitutionally prohibited from contesting the 1950
  elections. The largely free and fair elections were won by Jacobo
  Árbenz Guzmán, Arévalo's defense minister.[99] Árbenz continued
  the moderate capitalist approach of Arévalo.[100] His most important
  policy was Decree 900, a sweeping agrarian reform bill passed in
  1952.[101][102]
  Decree 900 transferred uncultivated land to landless
  peasants.[101] Only 1,710 of the nearly 350,000 private land-holdings
  were affected by the law,[103] which benefited approximately 500,000
  individuals, or one-sixth of the population.[103]
  Coup and civil war (1954–1996)[edit]
  Main articles:
  Guatemalan Civil War
  Guatemalan Civil War and 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
  See also: List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States
  Despite their popularity within the country, the reforms of the
  Guatemalan Revolution
  Guatemalan Revolution were disliked by the
  United States
  United States government,
  which was predisposed by the
  Cold War
  Cold War to see it as communist, and the
  United Fruit Company
  United Fruit Company (UFCO), whose hugely profitable business had been
  affected by the end to brutal labor practices.[97][104] The attitude
  of the U.S. government was also influenced by a propaganda campaign
  carried out by the UFCO.[105]
  U.S. President
  Harry Truman
  Harry Truman authorized
  Operation PBFORTUNE
  Operation PBFORTUNE to topple
  Árbenz in 1952, with the support of Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio
  Somoza García,[106] but the operation was aborted when too many
  details became public.[106][107]
  Dwight D. Eisenhower
  Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected U.S.
  President in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism;
  the close links that his staff members
  John Foster Dulles
  John Foster Dulles and Allen
  Dulles had to the UFCO also predisposed him to act against
  Árbenz.[108] Eisenhower authorized the CIA to carry out Operation
  PBSUCCESS in August 1953. The CIA armed, funded, and trained a force
  of 480 men led by Carlos Castillo Armas.[109][110] The force invaded
  Guatemala
  Guatemala on 18 June 1954, backed by a heavy campaign of psychological
  warfare, including bombings of
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City and an anti-Árbenz
  radio station claiming to be genuine news.[109] The invasion force
  fared poorly militarily, but the psychological warfare and the
  possibility of a U.S. invasion intimidated the Guatemalan army, which
  refused to fight. Árbenz resigned on 27 June.[111][112]
  Following negotiations in San Salvador,
  Carlos Castillo Armas
  Carlos Castillo Armas became
  President on 7 July 1954.[111] Elections were held in early October,
  from which all political parties were barred from participating.
  Castillo Armas was the only candidate and won the election with 99% of
  the vote.[111] Castillo Armas reversed
  Decree 900 and ruled until 26
  July 1957, when he was assassinated by Romeo Vásquez, a member of his
  personal guard. After the rigged[94].[113]
  In 1966,
  Julio César Méndez Montenegro was elected president of
  Guatemala
  United States Army
  Special
  Special Forces
  (Green Berets) were sent to
  Guatemala
  Guatemala to train these troops and help
  transform the army into a modern counter-insurgency force, which
  eventually made it the most sophisticated in Central America.[114]
  In 1970, Colonel
  Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
  Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio was elected president. By
  1972, members of the guerrilla movement entered the country from
  Mexico.[115] In 1979, the U.S. president, Jimmy
  Carter, who had until then been providing public support for the
  government forces, ordered a ban on all military aid to the Guatemalan
  Army because of its widespread and systematic abuse of human
  rights.[94] However, documents have since come to light that suggest
  that American aid continued throughout the Carter years, through
  clandestine channels.[116]
  Memorial to the victims of the Río Negro massacres.[117] However the Spanish ambassador survived
  the fire and disputed this claim, saying that the Guatemalan police
  intentionally killed almost everyone inside and set the fire to erase
  traces of their acts. As a result, the government of
  Sp,[118] and Reagan himself described Ríos Montt as "a
  man of great personal integrity."[119]
  Guatemalans fled across the border to Mexico. The
  Mexican government placed the refugees in camps in
  Chiapas
  Chiapas and
  Tabasco.
  In 1992, the
  Nobel Peace Prize
  Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to
  Rigoberta Menchú
  Rigoberta Menchú for
  her efforts to bring international attention to the
  government-sponsored, US backed genocide against the indigenous
  population.[120]
  1996–2000[edit]
  An outdoor market in Chichicastenango, 2009.
  The
  Guatemalan Civil War.[121].[122].[123][124]
  In some areas such as Baja Verapaz, the Truth Commission found that
  the Guatemalan state engaged in an intentional policy of genocide
  against particular ethnic groups in the Civil War.[121] In 1999, U.S.
  president
  Bill Clinton
  Bill Clinton said that the
  United States
  United States had been wrong to
  have provided support to the Guatemalan military forces that took part
  in these brutal civilian killings.[125]
  2000–[edit]
  Since the peace accords
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has had both economic growth and
  successive democratic elections, most recently in 2015. In the 2015
  elections,
  Jimmy Morales
  Jimmy Morales of the
  National Convergence Front.[126] The conviction was later overturned,
  and Montt's trial resumed in January 2015.[127] In August 2015, a
  Guatemalan court ruled that Rios Montt could stand trial for genocide
  and crimes against humanity, but that he could not be sentenced due to
  his age and deteriorating health.[128]
  Ex-President
  Alfonso Portillo
  Alfonso Portillo was arrested in January 2010 while
  trying to flee Guatemala. He was acquitted in May 2010, by a panel of
  judges that threw out some of the evidence and discounted certain
  witnesses as unreliable.[129]
  Guatemala and his ministers had no responsibility for
  handling public funds ran counter to the constitution and laws of
  Guatemala.[130] A New York grand jury had indicted Portillo Cabrera in
  2009 for embezzlement; following his acquittal on those charges in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala that country's Supreme Court authorized his extradition to
  the US.[131][132] The Guatemalan judiciary is deeply corrupt and the
  selection committee for new nominations has been captured by criminal
  elements.[129]
  Pérez Molina government and "La Línea"[edit]
  Main article: Otto Pérez Molina
  Retired general
  Otto Pérez Molina
  United Nations (UN) anti-corruption agency report
  implicated several high-profile politicians including Baldetti's
  private secretary, Juan Carlos Monzón, and the director of the
  Guatemalan Internal Revenue Service (SAT).[who?][133] The revelations
  provoked more public outrage than had been seen since the presidency
  of General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García. The International
  Commission against Impunity in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala (CICIG) worked with the
  Guatemalan attorney-general to reveal the scam known as "La Línea",
  following a year-long investigation that included wire taps.
  Officials received bribes from importers in exchange for discounted
  import tariffs,[133] a practice rooted in a long tradition of customs
  corruption in the country, as a fund-raising tactic of successive
  military governments for counterinsurgency operations during
  Guatemala’s 36-year-long civil war.[134][135]
  A Facebook event using the hashtag #RenunciaYa (Resign Now) invited
  citizens to go downtown in
  Guatemala City.[136] Tens of
  thousands of people took to the streets of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City. Baldetti
  resigned a few days later. She was forced to remain in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala when
  the
  United States
  Guatemala to counter
  the presence of China and Russia in the region.[137]
  Jaguar Energy (es) Martínez was
  also Perez Molina's son-in-law.[138].[139]
  CICIG reported its cases so often on Thursdays that
  Guatemal.[140][141].[142].[143]
  Manuel Estrada Cabrera and the billionaire owner of
  cellular phone companies – had some of his executives assume the
  vacated cabinet positions.[144].[145] However, on 2 September 2015 Pérez
  Molina resigned, a day after Congress impeached him.[146] On 3
  September 2015 he was summoned to the Justice Department for his first
  legal audience for the La Linea corruption case.[147][148].[149]
  Geography[edit]
  This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
  improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
  Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017)
  (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
  Main article: Geography of Guatemala
  A map of Guatemala.
  Köppen climate types of Guatemala
  The highlands of Quetzaltenango.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is mountainous with small patches of desert and sand dunes,
  all hilly valleys, except for the south coast and the vast northern
  lowlands of Petén department. Two mountain chains enter Guatemala
  from west to east, dividing
  Guatemala
  Central American countries.
  The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific drainage basin, larger
  and deeper in the Caribbean and the Gulf of
  Mexico[edit]
  A town along the Pan-American
  Highway
  Highway within a volcanic crater.
  Guatemala's location between the
  Caribbean Sea
  Caribbean Sea and
  Pacific Ocean
  Pacific Ocean makes
  it a target for hurricanes such as
  Hurricane Mitch
  Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and
  Hurricane Stan
  Hurricane Stan in October 2005, which killed more than 1,500 people.
  The damage was not wind-related, but rather due to significant
  flooding and resulting mudslides. The most recent was Tropical Storm
  Agatha in late May 2010, which
  Cocos Plate is sinking beneath the Caribbean Plate, producing volcanic
  activity inland of the coast.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has 37 volcanoes, four of them
  Guatemala have been due to volcanic mudflows in 1541 and earthquakes
  in 1773.
  Biodiversity[edit]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has 14 ecoregions ranging from mangrove forests to both
  ocean littorals with 5 different ecosystems.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has 252 listed
  wetlands, including five lakes, 61 lagoons, 100 rivers, and four
  swamps.[150]
  Tikal
  Tikal National Park was the first mixed
  UNESCO
  UNESCO World
  Heritage Site.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is a country of distinct fauna. It has some
  1246 known species. Of these, 6.7% are endemic and 8.1% are
  threatened.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is home to at least 8,681 species of vascular
  plants, of which 13.5% are endemic. 5.4% of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is protected
  under IUCN categories I-V.[citation needed]
  The
  Maya Biosphere Reserve
  Maya Biosphere Reserve in the department of Petén has 2,112,940
  ha,[151] making it the second-largest forest in
  Central America
  Central America after
  Bosawas.
  Government[edit]
  Political system[edit]
  Main article: Politics of Guatemala
  The Congress of the
  Republic
  Republic of Guatemala.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is a constitutional democratic republic whereby the
  President of Guatemala
  President of Guatemala is both head of state and head of government,
  and of a multi-party system.
  Executive power is exercised by the
  government.
  Legislative power
  Legislative power is vested in both the government and the
  Congress of the Republic. The judiciary is independent of the
  executive and the legislature.
  On 2 September 2015,
  Otto Pérez Molina
  Otto Pérez Molina resigned as President of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala due to a corruption scandal and was replaced by Alejandro
  Maldonado until January 2016.[152] Congress appointed former
  Universidad de San Carlos President Alfonso Fuentes Soria as the new
  vice president to replace Maldonado.[153]
  Jimmy Morales
  Jimmy Morales assumed office on 14 January 2016.
  Foreign relations[edit]
  Further information: Foreign relations of Guatemala
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring
  Belize. Due to this territorial dispute,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala did not recognize
  Belize's independence until 6 September 1991,[154] but the dispute is
  not resolved. Negotiations are currently under way under the auspices
  of the
  Organization of American States
  Organization of American States to conclude it.[155][156]
  Military[edit]
  Further information: Military of Guatemala
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has a modest military, with between 15,000 and 20,000
  personnel.[157]
  Administrative divisions[edit]
  Main articles:
  Departments of Guatemala
  Departments of Guatemala and Municipalities of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is divided into 22 departments (Spanish: departamentos) and
  sub-divided into about 335 municipalities (Spanish: municipios).[158]
  Human rights[edit]
  See also:
  Violence against women in Guatemala
  Violence against women in Guatemala and Guatemalan Civil War
  Killings and death squads have been common in
  Guatemala.[159] But extrajudicial killings continue.[160].[160] In those massacres, 83% of the victims were Maya and
  17% Latino.[160]
  Extra-Judicial Killings in Guatemala
  2010
  5,072
  2011
  279
  2012
  439
  source: Center for Legal Action in Human Rights (CALDH)[159]
  In 2008,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala became the first country to officially recognize
  femicide, the murder of a female because of her gender, as a
  crime.[161]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has the third-highest femicide rate in the
  world, after
  El Salvador
  El Salvador and Jamaica, with around 9.1 murders every
  100,000 women from 2007 to 2012.[161]
  Economy[edit]
  Main article: Economy of Guatemala
  A proportional representation of Guatemala's exports.
  Fields in Quetzaltenango.
  An indoor market in the regional city of Zunil.
  A ship picking up Guatemalan bananas for export.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is the largest economy in Central America, with a GDP (PPP)
  per capita of US$5,200. However,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala to be living in poverty in 2009.[162][163]
  In 2010, the
  Guatemalan economy
  Guatemalan economy grew by 3%, recovering gradually from
  the 2009 crisis, as a result of the falling demands from the United
  States and others
  Central American
  Central American markets and the slowdown in foreign
  investment in the middle of the global recession.[164]
  Remittances from
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans living in
  United States
  United States now constitute
  the largest single source of foreign income (two thirds of exports and
  one tenth of GDP).[162]
  United States that is using
  40 percent of its crop harvest for biofuel production.[165] The
  government is considering ways to legalize poppy and marijuana
  production, hoping to tax production and use tax revenues to fund drug
  prevention programs and other social projects.[166].[167]
  Guatemala thanks to the new foreign investment.
  In March 2006, Guatemala's congress ratified the Dominican
  Republic –
  Central American
  Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA)
  between several
  Central American
  Central American nations and the United States.[168]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala also has free trade agreements with
  Taiwan
  Taiwan and Colombia.
  Tourism[edit]
  Tourism has become one of the main drivers of the economy, with
  tourism worth $1.8 billion to the economy in 2008.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala received
  about two million tourists annually. In recent years an increased
  number of cruise ships have visited Guatemalan seaports, leading to
  more tourists visiting the country.
  In its territory there are fascinating Mayan archaeological sites
  (
  Tikal
  Tikal in the Peten, Quiriguá in Izabal, Iximche in Tecpan
  Chimaltenango
  Chimaltenango and
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City). As natural beauty destinations is
  Lake Atitlan and Semuc Champey. As historical tourism is the colonial
  city of Antigua Guatemala, which is recognized by
  UNESCO
  UNESCO Cultural
  Heritage.
  There is a strong interest of the international community for
  archaeological sites like the city of
  Tikal
  Tikal was built and inhabited in
  a period where the culture had its greatest literary and artistic
  expression, was ruled by a dynasty of 16 kings, the Maya of Tikal
  built many temples, a ball park, altars and stelae in high and low
  relief.
  Guatemala.
  Society[edit]
  Demographics[edit]
  Main article: Demographics of Guatemala
  Guatemala's population (1950–2010).[169]
  Tz'utujil men in Santiago Atitlán.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has a population of 16,582,469 (2016 est).[6] With only
  885,000 in 1900, this constitutes the fastest population growth in the
  Western Hemisphere during the 20th century.[170]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is heavily centralized: transportation, communications,
  business, politics, and the most relevant urban activity takes place
  in the capital of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City, which numbers around 2 million
  inhabitants within the city limits and more than 5 million in the
  metropolitan, constituting over a third of the country's
  population.[162]
  The estimated median age in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is 20 years old, 19.4 for males
  and 20.7 years for females.[162]
  Guatemala.[169]
  Indigenous Guatemalan women in Antigua Guatemala.
  A significant number of
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans live outside of their country. The
  majority of the Guatemalan diaspora is located in the
  United States
  United States of
  America, with estimates ranging from 480,665[171] to 1,489,426.[172]
  The difficulty in getting accurate counts for
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans abroad is
  because many of them are refugee claimants awaiting determination of
  their status.[173] Emigration to the
  United States
  Guatemalans living abroad for
  certain countries:
  Country
  Count
  Year
  United States
  480,665[171] – 1,489,426[172]
  2000–2006
  Mexico
  23,529[172] – 190,000
  2006–2010
  Canada
  14,253[172] – 34,665[175]
  2006–2010
  Belize
  10,693[172]
  2006
  Honduras
  5,172[172]
  2006
  El Salvador
  4,209[172]
  2006
  Spain
  2,491[172] – 5,000[176]
  2006–2010
  Ethnic groups[edit]
  Language map of Guatemala. The "Castilian" areas represent Spanish.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala is a highly diverse country, populated by a variety of
  ethnic, cultural, racial, and linguistic groups. According to the 2010
  Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), about
  41.5% of the population is
  Mestizo
  Mestizo (also known as Ladino), reflecting
  mixed indigenous and European heritage. A similar proportion of
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans (41%) are of full
  Amerindian
  Amerindian ancestry, which is among one
  of the largest percentage in Latin America, behind only Peru and
  Bolivia. Most indigenous
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans are of the Maya people, namely
  K'iche' (11.0% of the total population), Q'eqchi (8.3%), Kaqchikel
  (7.8%), Mam (5.2%), and "other Maya" (7.6%). Less than 1% are
  indigenous non-Maya.[177]
  White
  Guatemalans
  Guatemalans of European descent (also called Criollo) represent
  18.5% of the population. The majority are descendants of German and
  Spanish settlers, followed by other Europeans like Italians, British,
  French, Swiss, Belgians, Dutch, Russians and Danish.
  Guatemalans and
  mulattos descended primarily from banana plantation workers. There are
  also Asians, mostly of Chinese descent but also Arabs of Lebanese and
  Syrian descent. A growing Korean community in
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala City and in
  nearby Mixco, currently numbers about 50,000.[178] Guatemala's German
  population is credited with bringing the tradition of a Christmas tree
  to the country.[179]
  Languages[edit]
  Main article: Languages of Guatemala
  Guatemala's sole official language is Spanish, spoken by 93 percent of
  the population as either the first or second language.
  Twenty-one
  Mayan languages
  Mayan languages are spoken, especially in rural areas, as
  well as two non-Mayan
  Amerindian
  Amerindian languages: Xinca, which is indigenous
  to the country, and Garifuna, an
  Arawakan
  Arawakan language spoken on the
  Caribbean coast. According to the Language Law of 2003, these
  languages are unrecognized as National Languages.
  Guatemalans to
  learn or speak between two and five of the nation's other languages,
  in addition to Spanish.[citation needed]
  There are also significant numbers of German, Chinese, French and
  English language
  English language speakers.[citation needed]
  Indigenous integration and bilingual education[edit]
  Throughout the 20th century there have been many developments in the
  integration of
  Mayan languages
  Mayan languages into the Guatemalan society and
  educational system. Originating from political reasons, these
  processes have aided the revival of some
  Mayan languages
  Mayan languages had been
  printed and published, and vast advancement was done in the
  translation of the New Testament. Further efforts to integrate the
  indigenous into the Ladino[181][edit]
  v
  t
  e
  Largest cities or towns in Guatemala
  Rank
  Name
  Department
  Pop.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City
  Mixco
  1
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City
  Guatemala
  1,110,100
  2
  Mixco
  Guatemala
  473 080
  3
  Villa Nueva
  Guatemala
  406 830
  4
  Petapa
  Guatemala
  141 455
  5
  San Juan Sacatepéquez
  Guatemala
  136 886
  6
  Quetzaltenango
  Quetzaltenango
  132 230
  7
  Villa Canales
  Guatemala
  122 194
  8
  Escuintla
  Escuintla
  103 165
  9
  Chinautla
  Guatemala
  97 172
  10
  Chimaltenango
  Chimaltenango
  82 370
  Religion[edit]
  Main article: Religion in Guatemala
  The Catedral Metropolitana,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala City.
  Christianity[update].
  Protestants, most of them Evangelical (most
  Protestants
  Protestants are called
  Evangelicos in Latin America) made up 33.7% of the population at that
  time, followed by 1.6% in other religions (such as Judaism, Islam, and
  Buddhism), and 16.1% claiming no religious affiliation. A more recent
  2012 survey reveals Catholics at 47.6%,
  Protestants
  Protestants at 38.2%, other
  religions at 2.6%, and the non-religious at 11.6%.
  Since the 1970s, and particularly since the 1990s,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has
  experienced the rapid growth of Evangelical Protestantism, whose
  adherents currently form more than 38% of the population, and still
  growing.
  Over the past two decades, particularly since the end of the civil
  war,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has seen heightened missionary activity. Protestant
  denominations have grown markedly in recent decades, chiefly
  Evangelical and
  Pentecostal
  Pentecostal varieties; growth is particularly strong
  among the ethnic Maya population, with the National Evangelical
  Presbyterian Church of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala maintaining 11 indigenous-language
  presbyteries.
  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has
  grown from 40,000 members in 1984 to 164,000 in 1998, and continues to
  expand.[182][183]
  The growth of Eastern Orthodox Church in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has been especially
  strong, with hundreds of thousands of converts in the last five
  years,[184][185][186][better source needed] giving the
  country the highest proportion of Orthodox adherents in the Western
  Hemisphere.
  Traditional
  Maya religion
  Maya religion persists through the process of
  inculturation, in which certain practices are incorporated into
  Catholic ceremonies and worship when they are sympathetic to the
  meaning of Catholic belief.[187][188] Indigenous religious practices
  are increasing as a result of the cultural protections established
  under the peace accords. The government has instituted a policy of
  providing altars at every Maya ruin to facilitate traditional
  ceremonies.
  A church in San Andrés Xecul.
  Between 1990 and 2012, the PROLADES Corporation made a study of public
  opinion polls in Guatemala.[189] Its data reveal a relative decline in
  Catholicism and significant growth in Evangelical Protestantism,
  people adhering to no religion, and minority faiths (including
  indigenous traditions).
  Religion in Guatemala
  Religion in Guatemala by Census
  Census
  Roman Catholic
  Protestantism
  No religion
  Other*
  November 1978[190]
  82.9%
  12.7%
  4.4%**
  December 1984[191]
  69.6%
  24.7%
  4.5%
  1.2%
  March 1991[192]
  63.3%
  21.1%
  13.9%
  1.7%
  May 1995[192]
  65.0%
  22.0%
  12.0%
  1.0%
  October 2000 to January 2001[193]
  55.1%
  25.5%
  17.4%
  2.0%
  February 2002[194]
  57.4%
  28.9%
  11.6%
  2.1%
  June 2007[195]
  48.4%
  33.1%
  16.1%
  1.8%
  April to May 2009[196]
  53.8%
  34.1%
  10.6%
  1.5%
  August 2010[197]
  47.2%
  39.5%
  12.3%
  1.0%
  *Including Jews, Islam, Mayan religion, etc. **Including other
  religions and None/NA.
  Immigration[edit]
  During the colonial era
  Guatemala
  Guatemala received immigrants (settlers) only
  from Spain. Subsequently,
  Guatemala
  Guatemala received waves of immigration from
  Europe in the mid 19th century and early 20th century.[clarification
  needed].
  Many European immigrants to
  Guatemala
  Guatemala were politicians, refugees and
  entrepreneurs as well as families looking to settle. Up to 1950
  Guatemala
  Guatemala was the
  Central American
  Central American country that received the most
  immigrants, behind Costa Rica, and large numbers of immigrants are
  still received today.[clarification needed] Since the 1890s there have
  been small communities of Asians (in particular from Korea, China,
  Japan,
  Singapore
  Singapore and the Philippines) but in recent decades this has
  been growing. Also, beginning with the First World War, the immigrant
  population is being strengthened by
  Jewish.
  Place
  Country
  Count
  year
  1
  El Salvador
  12,484[198] – 50,000[199]
  2002–2013
  2
  Mexico
  11,484[198]
  2002
  3
  Germany
  10,000[200]
  2010
  4
  Spain
  9,311[201]
  2014
  5
  South Korea
  6,000[202]
  2013
  6
  Nicaragua
  5,604[198]
  2002
  7
  Honduras
  5,491[198]
  2002
  8
  United States
  5,417[198]
  2002
  9
  Italy
  4,071[203]
  2009
  10
  United Kingdom
  2,300[204]
  2015
  11
  Belize
  950[198]
  2002
  12
  Costa Rica
  906[205]
  2012
  13
  Israel
  900[206]
  2012
  14
  France
  824[207]
  2014
  15
  Colombia
  757[198]
  2002
  16
  Chile
  273[208]
  2005
  Other Countries
  9.489[198]
  2002
  * Including immigrants from Taiwan, China, Japan, Palestine, Iraq,
  Cuba, Venezuela, Canada, Switzerland, Russia, Belgium, Sweden, among
  other countries.
  Health[edit]
  Main article: Health in Guatemala
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has among the worst health outcomes in Latin America with
  some of the highest infant mortality rates, and one of the lowest life
  expectancies at birth in the region.[209]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has about 16,000
  doctors for its 16 million people about half the ration the WHO
  recommends.[210] Since the end of the
  Guatemalan Civil War
  Guatemalan Civil War in 1997 the
  Ministry of Health has extended healthcare access to 54% of the rural
  population.[211]
  Healthcare has received different levels of support from different
  political administrations who disagree on how best to manage
  distribution of services – via a private or a public entity – and
  the scale of financing that should be made available.[211] As of
  2013[update] the Ministry of Health lacked the financial means to
  monitor or evaluate its programs.[211]
  Total health care spending, both public and private, has remained
  constant at between 6.4–7.3% of GDP.[212][213] Per-capita average
  spending was $368 a year in 2012.[213] Guatemalan patients choose
  between indigenous treatments or Western medicine when they engage
  with the health system.[214]
  Education[edit]
  Main article: Education in Guatemala
  74.5% of the population aged 15 and over is literate, the lowest
  literacy rate in Central America.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has a plan to increase
  literacy over the next 20 years.[215]
  The government runs a number of public elementary and secondary-level
  schools, as youth in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has one public university (USAC or Universidad de San Carlos
  de Guatemala), and fourteen private ones (see List of universities in
  Guatemala). USAC was the first university in
  Guatemala.
  Culture[edit]
  Main article: Culture of Guatemala
  This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
  improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
  Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn
  how and when to remove this template message)
  A Guatemalan woman selling souvenirs.
  Guatemala City
  Universidad Francisco Marroquín campus. Most of the 329
  municipalities in the country have at least a small museum.
  Art[edit]
  Guatemala.
  The Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas "Rafael Rodríguez Padilla"
  is Guatemala's leading art school, and several leading indigenous
  artists, also graduates of that school, have work in the permanent
  collection of the Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno in the capital city.
  Contemporary Guatemalan artists who have gained reputations outside of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala include Dagoberto Vásquez, Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara,
  Carlos Mérida,[216] Aníbal López, Roberto González Goyri, and
  Elmar René Rojas.[217]
  Literature[edit]
  Further information: Guatemalan literature
  Author Rigoberta Menchú
  The
  Guatemala National Prize in Literature is a one-time-only award
  that recognizes an individual writer's body of work. It has been given
  annually since 1988 by the Ministry of Culture and Sports.
  Miguel Ángel Asturias
  Miguel Ángel Asturias won the
  Nobel Prize in Literature
  Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967.
  Among his famous books is El Señor Presidente, a novel based on the
  government of Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
  Rigoberta Menchú, winner of the
  Nobel Peace Prize
  Nobel Peace Prize for fighting
  oppression of indigenous people in Guatemala, is famous for her books
  I, Rigoberta Menchú[218] and Crossing Borders.[219]
  Media and news[edit]
  Further information: Media of Guatemala
  Major national newspapers in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala include Prensa Libre, El
  Periodico and Siglo21.[220][221] The
  Guatemala
  Guatemala Times is a digital
  English news magazine.[222]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala also has a few major local
  channels and radio stations, such as one of Guatemala's major radio
  stations, Emisoras Unidas.
  Music[edit]
  Further information: Music of Guatemala
  Black and red tamales in Guatemala.[223][224]
  Guatemala.
  The Historia General de
  Guatemala
  Guatemala has published a series of CDs
  compiling the historical music of Guatemala, in which every style is
  represented, from the Maya, colonial, independent and republican eras
  to the present. Many contemporary music groups in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala play
  Caribbean music, salsa, Garifuna-influenced punta, Latin pop, Mexican
  regional, and mariachi.
  Cuisine[edit]
  Main article: Guatemalan cuisine
  Many traditional foods in
  Guatemalan cuisine
  All Saints' Day on 1 November, or tamales and
  ponche (fruit punch), which are both very common around Christmas.
  Sports[edit]
  Football[edit]
  Main article: Football in Guatemala
  Football is the most popular sport in
  Guatemala
  Guatemala and its national team
  has appeared in 18 editions of the CONCACAF Championship, winning it
  once, in 1967. However, the team has failed to qualify to a FIFA World
  Cup so far. Established in 1919, the National Football Federation of
  Guatemala
  Guatemala organizes the country's national league and its lower-level
  competitions.
  Futsal[edit]
  Futsal
  Futsal is probably the most successful team sport in Guatemala. Its
  national team won the 2008 CONCACAF
  Futsal
  Futsal Championship as hosts. It
  was also the runner-up in 2012 as hosts and won the bronze medal in
  2016.
  Guatemala
  Guatemala participated for the first time in the FIFA
  Futsal
  Futsal World Cup
  in 2000, as hosts, and has played in every competition from 2008
  onwards. It has never passed the first round. It has also participated
  in every Grand Prix de
  Futsal
  Futsal since 2009, reaching the semifinals in
  2014.
  Olympics[edit]
  Further information:
  Guatemala
  Guatemala at the Olympics
  The
  Guatemalan Olympic Committee
  Guatemalan Olympic Committee was founded in 1947 and recognized by
  the
  International Olympic Committee
  International Olympic Committee that same year. Guatemala
  participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics, and in every edition since
  the 1968 Summer Olympics. It has also appeared in a single Winter
  Olympics edition, in 1988.
  Erick Barrondo
  Erick Barrondo won the only Olympic medal for
  Guatemala
  Guatemala so far, silver
  in race walking at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
  Other sports[edit]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala also keeps national sports teams in several disciplines.
  See also[edit]
  Guatemala
  Guatemala portal
  Latin America portal
  Index of Guatemala-related articles
  Outline of Guatemala
  References[edit]
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  Efraín Ríos Montt of
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  Guatemala to Extradite
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  ^
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  Montserrat Gorina-Ysern. "OAS Mediates in Belize-
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  Guatemala Border
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  Guatemala DeGuate
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  Biofuel
  Biofuel Demands Grows, So Do Guatemala's Hunger Pangs. The New
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  Guatemala: Imprenta La Paz.
  Banco de
  Guatemala
  Guatemala .
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  Further reading[edit]
  See also: Bibliography of Guatemala
  Gómez Carrillo, Enrique (1898). "Interview from Enrique Gómez
  Carrillo with His Excellency, President Manuel Estrada Cabrera".
  Diario de Centro América (in Spanish). Guatemala.
  Garcia Ferreira, Roberto (2008). "The CIA and Jacobo Arbenz: The story
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  States. XXV (2): 59.
  Koeppel, Dan (2008). Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the
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  Krehm, William (1999). Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in
  the 1940's. COMER Publications. ISBN 978-1-896266-81-7.
  Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1971).
  Francisco Morazán
  Francisco Morazán y Rafael Carrera
  (in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedrasanta.
  Martínez Peláez, Severo (1988). "Racismo y Análisis Histórico de
  la Definición del Indio Guatemalteco" (in Spanish). Guatemala:
  Universitaria.
  Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La patria del criollo; ensayo de
  interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca (in Spanish).
  México: Ediciones en Marcha.
  McCreery, David (1994). Rural Guatemala, 1760–1940. Stanford
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  Mendoza, Juan Manuel (1946). Biografía de Enrique Gómez Carrillo: su
  vida, su obra y su época (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala:
  Tipografía Nacional.
  Montenegro, Gustavo Adolfo (2005). "Yo, el Supremo". Revista Domigo de
  Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 October
  2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  Montúfar, Lorenzo; Salazar, Ramón A. (1892). El centenario del
  general
  Francisco Morazán
  Francisco Morazán (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía
  Nacional.
  Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign
  Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
  Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4204-1.
  Rosa, Ramón (1974). Historia del Benemérito Gral. Don Francisco
  Morazán, ex Presidente de la República de Centroamérica (in
  Spanish). Tegucigalpa: Ministerio de Educación Pública, Ediciones
  Técnicas Centroamericana.
  Rugeley, Terry (1996). Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the
  Caste War. San Antonio, TX: University of Texas.
  ISBN 978-0-292-77078-2.
  Rugeley, Terry (2001). Maya Wars: Ethnographic Accounts from
  Nineteenth Century Yucatan. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  ISBN 978-0-8061-3355-3. 978-0-8386-3930-6.
  Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). Incidents of
  travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, England:
  Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.
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