text: Python Dictionaries: The Definitive Guide
  If you are just getting started in Python and would like to learn more, take DataCamp's Introduction to Data Science in Python course.
  Dictionary is a built-in Python Data Structure that is mutable. It is similar in spirit to List, Set, and Tuples. However, it is not indexed by a sequence of numbers but indexed based on
  keys and can be understood as associative arrays. On an abstract level, it consists of a
  key with an associated
  value. In Python, the Dictionary represents the implementation of a
  hash-table.
  You might wonder what are keys?
  Well, as shown in the figure below, keys are immutable ( which cannot be changed ) data types that can be either strings or numbers. However, a key can not be a mutable data type, for example, a list. Keys are unique within a dictionary and can not be duplicated inside a dictionary, in case if it is used more than once then subsequent entries will overwrite the previous value.
  Key connects with the
  value, hence, creating a map-like structure. If you for a second, remove keys from the picture, all you are left with is a data structure containing a sequence of numbers. Dictionaries, therefore, hold a
  key: value pair at each position.
  A dictionary is represented by a pair of curly braces
  {} in which enclosed are the
  key: value pairs separated by a comma.
  Let's look at the syntax of a dictionary: dictionary = {"key_1": "value_1", "key_2": "value_2", "key_3": "value_3"}#
  Unique Keys
  Since now you know that
  keys in a dictionary have to be unique, let's understand it with the help of an example.
  dictionary_unique = {"a": "alpha", "o": "omega", "g": "gamma"}
  Let's print this out.
  print(dictionary_unique)
  {'a': 'alpha', 'o': 'omega', 'g': 'gamma'}
  Great, so until now, everything looks fine. You were able to print your first dictionary output. Now, let's repeat the key
  g with a new value and see what happens.
  dictionary_unique = {"a": "alpha", "o": "omega", "g": "gamma", "g": "beta"}
  print(dictionary_unique)
  {'a': 'alpha', 'o': 'omega', 'g': 'beta'}
  As expected, the key
  g previous value
  gamma was overwritten by value
  beta.
  Immutable Keys
  Now let's see what happens when you try to define the
  key as a mutable data type.
  dictionary_immutable = {["a","b","c"]: "alpha", "o": "omega", "g": "gamma", "g": "beta"}
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-16-78a55d50cd65> in <module> ----> 1 dictionary_immutable = {["a","b","c"]: "alpha", "o": "omega", "g": "gamma", "g": "beta"} TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
  From the above output, you can observe that defining the first key of the dictionary as a list results in a
  TypeError since dictionary keys must be immutable types and list is a mutable type.
  However, there is a workaround to it, which is, replacing the list to a tuple, since a tuple is an immutable data type.
  dictionary_immutable = {("a","b","c"): "alpha", "o": "omega", "g": "gamma", "g": "beta"}
  dictionary_immutable
  {('a', 'b', 'c'): 'alpha', 'o': 'omega', 'g': 'beta'}
  Accessing Keys and Values
  Since you now know how to create dictionaries, let's learn to access the keys and the values from the dictionary. To access the key value pair, you would use the
  .items() method, which will return a list of
  dict_items in the form of a key, value tuple pairs.
  dictionary_unique.items()
  dict_items([('a', 'alpha'), ('o', 'omega'), ('g', 'beta')])
  To access keys and values separately, you could use a for loop on the dictionary or the
  .keys() and
  .values() method.
  for key, value in dictionary_unique.items(): #accessing keys print(key,end=',')
  a,o,g,
  for key, value in dictionary_unique.items(): #accessing values print(value,end=',')
  alpha,omega,beta,
  dictionary_unique.keys() #accessing keys without for loop
  dict_keys(['a', 'o', 'g'])
  dictionary_unique.values() #accessing values without for loop
  dict_values(['alpha', 'omega', 'beta'])
  You could even access a value by specifying a key as a parameter to the dictionary.
  dictionary_unique['a']
  'alpha'
  dictionary_unique['g']
  'beta'
  Nested Dictionary
  Creating a nested dictionary is quite simple. In the nested dictionary, you pass in a dictionary inside a dictionary or to put it simply; a dictionary is passed as a value to a key of the main dictionary.
  Here you will create a
  datacamp dictionary inside a nested dictionary
  dictionary_nested.
  dictionary_nested = {"datacamp":{"Deep Learning": "Python", "Machine Learning": "Pandas"},"linkedin":"jobs","nvidia":"hardware"}
  dictionary_nested
  {'datacamp': {'Deep Learning': 'Python', 'Machine Learning': 'Pandas'}, 'linkedin': 'jobs', 'nvidia': 'hardware'}
  dictionary_nested['datacamp']['Deep Learning']
  'Python'
  dictionary_nested['datacamp']['Machine Learning']
  'Pandas'
  dictionary_nested['linkedin']
  'jobs'
  dictionary_nested['nvidia']
  'hardware'
  Dictionary Comprehension
  Dictionary comprehensions can be used to create dictionaries from arbitrary key and value expressions. It is a simple and concise way of creating dictionaries and is often faster than the usual
  for loop implementations.
  import time t1 = time.time() dict_comprehension = {i: i**3 for i in range(200000)} print(time.time() - t1)
  0.0897526741027832
  Let's print the first ten key: value pairs from the
  dict_comprehension dictionary. To achieve this, you will import
  islice from the
  itertools built-in package and specify
  n as a number of key value pairs you want to extract.
  from itertools import islice comp_10 = list(islice(dict_comprehension.items(),10)) print(comp_10)
  [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64), (5, 125), (6, 216), (7, 343), (8, 512), (9, 729)]
  import time t1 = time.time() dict_comprehension = dict() for i in range(200000): dict_comprehension[i+1] = i**3 print(time.time() - t1)
  0.10853934288024902
  As you can see from the above two implementations of a dictionary, dictionary comprehension with a minimal margin, is still the winner in terms of the time it takes to run. You would notice that as you keep increasing the
  range parameter, the difference in the time will also increase.
  Word Frequency
  From a collection of written texts, in this case, a string of text, also known as
  corpus, lets us create a word frequency with the help of a dictionary.
  corpus = 'learn all about the Python Dictionary and its potential. \ You would also learn to create word frequency using the Dictionary'
  word_freq = dict() corpus_word = str(corpus).split() for word in range(len(corpus_ref)): if corpus_word[word] not in word_freq: word_freq[corpus_word[word]] = 1 else: word_freq[corpus_word[word]] += 1
  word_freq
  {'learn': 2, 'all': 1, 'about': 1, 'the': 2, 'Python': 1, 'Dictionary': 2, 'and': 1, 'its': 1, 'potential.': 1, 'You': 1, 'would': 1, 'also': 1, 'to': 1, 'create': 1, 'word': 1, 'frequency': 1, 'using': 1}
  Great! So as you can observe from the above output, you were able to get a word count or word frequency from a string of text with the help of a Python Dictionary.
  Conclusion
  Congratulations on finishing the tutorial.
  Please feel free to ask any questions related to this tutorial in the comments section below.
  If you are just getting started in Python and would like to learn more, take DataCamp's Introduction to Data Science in Python course.