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Born Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije in Maastricht, Netherlands, Debye enrolled in the Aachen University of Technology in 1901. In 1905, he completed his first degree in electrical engineering. He published his first paper, a mathematically elegant solution of a problem involving eddy currents, in 1907. At Aachen, he studied under the theoretical physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, who later claimed that his most important discovery was Peter Debye.
In 1906, Sommerfeld received an appointment at Munich, Bavaria, and took Debye with him as his assistant. Debye got his Ph.D. with a dissertation on radiation pressure in 1908. In 1910, he derived the Planck radiation formula using a method which Max Planck agreed was simpler than his own.
In 1911, when Albert Einstein took an appointment as a professor at Prague, Bohemia, Debye took his old professorship at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. This was followed by moves to Utrecht in 1912, to Göttingen in 1913, to ETH Zurich in 1920, to University of Leipzig in 1927, and in 1934 to Berlin, where, succeeding Einstein, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (now named the Max-Planck-Institut) whose facilities were built only during Debye's era. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1935. From 1937 to 1939 he was the president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
In May 1914 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and in December of the same year he became foreign member. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1989 Martin helped to found the International Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship & Modeling Society (now called the [https://www.qsar.org/ QSAR, Chemoinformatics and Modeling Society]). She served as a board member and was chair of the organization from 2001 to 2005. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Leo Radom (born 13 December 1944) is a computational chemist and Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. He attended North Sydney Boys High School. He has a PhD and a DSc from the University of Sydney and carried out postdoctoral research under the late Sir John Pople. Previously, he was Professor at the Research School of Chemistry at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. He has published over 460 papers.
He is fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (1988) and in 2008 was awarded its Craig Medal for contributions of a high order to any branch of chemistry by active researchers. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (1989). Until 2011, he was President of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) and organised the WATOC 2008 Conference in Sydney, Australia. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Weininger was born in Brooklyn, New York to Joseph and Marion Weininger as the eldest of three children, along with Arthur and Johanan. His father Joseph was from Austria and worked as a chemist in General Electric. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Daguerres work on his process had commenced at about the same time as Talbots earliest work on his salted paper process. In 1839, Daguerres agent applied for English and Scottish patents only a matter of days before France, having granted Daguerre a pension for it, declared his invention "free to the world." The United Kingdom, along with the British Empire, therefore became the only places where a licence was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes. This exception is now usually regarded as both an expression of old national animosities, still smouldering just 24 years after Waterloo, and a reaction to Talbots patent. Talbot never attempted to patent any part of his printed-out silver chloride "photogenic drawing" process and his calotype patent was not registered in Scotland.
In February 1841, Talbot obtained an English patent for his developed-out calotype process. At first, he sold individual patent licences for £20 each; later, he lowered the fee for amateur use to £4. Professional photographers, however, had to pay up to £300 annually. In a business climate where many patent holders were attacked for enforcing their rights, and an academic world that viewed the patenting of new discoveries as a hindrance to scientific freedom and further progress, Talbot's behaviour was widely criticised. On the other hand, many scientists supported his patent and they gave expert evidence in later trials. In addition, the calotype method was free for scientific uses, an area that Talbot himself pioneered, such as photomicrography. One reason Talbot later gave for vigorously enforcing his rights was that he had spent, according to his own reckoning, about £5,000 on his various photographic endeavours over the years and wanted to at least recoup his expenses.
In 1844, Talbot helped set up an establishment in Russell Terrace (now Baker Street), Reading, for mass-producing salted paper prints from his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment, as it was known, also offered services to the public, making prints from others' negatives, copying artwork and documents, and taking portraits at its studio. The enterprise was not a success.
In 1851, the year of Daguerre's death, Frederick Scott Archer publicised the wet collodion process, which made it practical to use glass instead of paper as the support for making the camera negative. The lack of detail often criticised in prints made from calotype negatives was overcome, and sharp images, comparable in detail to daguerreotypes, could finally be provided by convenient paper prints. The collodion process soon replaced the calotype in commercial use, and by the end of the decade, the daguerreotype was virtually extinct as well.
Asserting a very broad interpretation of his patent rights, Talbot declared that anyone using the collodion process would still need to get a calotype licence.
In August 1852, The Times published an open letter by Lord Rosse, the president of the Royal Society, and Charles Lock Eastlake, the president of the Royal Academy, who called on Talbot to relieve the patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography. Talbot agreed to waive licensing fees for amateurs, but he continued to pursue professional portrait photographers, having filed several lawsuits.
In 1854, Talbot applied for an extension of the 14-year patent. At that time, one of his lawsuits, against photographer Martin Laroche, was heard in court. The Talbot v. Laroche case proved to be pivotal. Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process had been invented earlier by Joseph Reade, and that using the collodion process did not infringe the calotype patent in any case, because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not infringing upon it by using the collodion process. Disappointed by the outcome, Talbot chose not to extend his patent. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Balmer was born in Lausen, Switzerland, the son of a chief justice also named Johann Jakob Balmer. His mother was Elizabeth Rolle Balmer, and he was the oldest son. During his schooling he excelled in mathematics, and so decided to focus on that field when he attended university.
He studied at the University of Karlsruhe and the University of Berlin, then completed his PhD from the University of Basel in 1849 with a dissertation on the cycloid. Johann then spent his entire life in Basel, where he taught at a school for girls. He also lectured at the University of Basel. In 1868 he married Christine Pauline Rinck at the age of 43. The couple had six children.
Despite being a mathematician, Balmer is best remembered for his work on spectral series. His major contribution (made at the age of sixty, in 1885) was an empirical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, the study of which he took up at the suggestion of Eduard Hagenbach also of Basel. Using Ångström's measurements of the hydrogen lines, he arrived at a formula for computing the wavelength as follows:
for m = 2 and n = 3, 4, 5, 6, and so forth; h = 3.6456 · 10 m = 364.56 nm.
In his 1885 notice, he referred to h as the "fundamental number of hydrogen." Today, h is known as the Balmer constant. Balmer used his formula to predict the wavelength for n = 7:
Hagenbach informed Balmer that Ångström had observed a line with wavelength 397 nm. This portion of the Hydrogen emission spectrum, from transitions in electron energy levels with n ≥ 3 to n = 2, became known as the series.
The Balmer lines refer to the emission lines that occur within the visible region of the Hydrogen emission spectrum at 410.29 nm, 434.17 nm, 486.27 nm, and 656.47 nm. These lines are caused by electrons in an excited state emitting a photon and returning to the first excited state of the hydrogen atom (n = 2).
Two of Balmer's colleagues, Hermann Wilhelm Vogel and William Huggins, were able to confirm the existence of other lines of the Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen in white stars.
Balmer's formula was later found to be a special case of the Rydberg formula, devised by Johannes Rydberg in 1888:
with being the Rydberg constant for hydrogen, for Balmer's formula, and .
A full explanation of why these formulas worked, however, had to wait until after Balmer's death with the presentation of the Bohr model of the atom by Niels Bohr in 1913.
Johann Balmer died in Basel, aged 72. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
While at MIT Levinthal made significant discoveries in molecular genetics relating to the mechanisms of DNA replication, the relationship between genes and proteins, and the nature of messenger RNA.
At Columbia Levinthal applied computers to the 3-dimensional imaging of biological structures such as proteins. He is considered the father of computer graphical display of protein structure. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Heinz studied at Stanford University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1978. He received his doctorate in 1982 at the University of California, Berkeley, in physics. From 1983 to 1995 he was at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center of IBM. He was a professor at Columbia University and is now a professor at Stanford University. He served as president of The Optical Society in 2021. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In the branch dedicated to solid state chemistry, Werner Urland et al. synthesized and characterized structurally, by X-Ray crystallography, several lanthanide-chalcogenide systems with unusual anionic structures, such as PrSe, PrSe, CeSe NdSe or more complex compositions, such as chalcogenide-silicates like NdSeSiO like MX [SiO] (M = Ce - Er; X = S, Se) The crystal structures of prototypic chalcogenides of trivalent lanthanides, like LnSe (Ln=Sm, Tb, Ho) were resolved., treating also their polymorphic manifestations and the electronic structure.
Other solid phase systems such as lanthanide aluminium halides, LnAlX (with Ln = lanthanide trivalent ions in the La-Ho series and X= Cl, Br) were considered as synthetic and structural problems.
Another area of Werner Urland's research was contoured around the special properties of condensed systems, such as superconductivity of mixed oxide compounds,
or ionic conductivity and dynamics of sodium and lanthanide ions in crystals like Na/Ln-ß"-AlO
The same systems received attention also in the respect of their magnetic properties, in relation with the determinant structural factors.
Among other approached special properties, one may mention the treatment of bipolaron absorption in BaKBiO and BaKBiO materials. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Giovanni Vignale is an Italian American physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri. Vignale is known for his work on density functional theory - a theoretical approach to the quantum many-body problem - and for several contributions to many-particle physics and spintronics. He is also the author of a monograph on the "Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid" (with Gabriele F. Giuliani) and a book entitled "The Beautiful Invisible - Creativity, imagination, and theoretical physics". | 0 | Computational Chemists |
* “Glowing Genes: A Revolution in Biotechnology.” Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, 2005. ().
* “光る遺伝子 オワンクラゲと緑色蛍光タンパク質GFP (単行本).” Maruzen Publishers, Tokyo, 2009. ().
* “Illuminating Disease.” Oxford University Press, New York, 2015. ()
* "Solutions for a Cleaner, Greener Planet: Environmental Chemistry." Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2019 ().
* “Bioluminescence Nature and Science at Work.” Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2016 ().
* "Lighting Up the Brain: The Science of Optogenetics." Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2018 ().
* "発光する生物の謎 (生命ふしぎ図鑑)." Nishimura Shoten, Matsusaka, 2017 ().
* "Solutions for a Cleaner, Greener Planet: Environmental Chemistry." Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2019 ().
* "The State of Science: What the Future Holds and the Scientists Making It Happen." Prometheus Books, 2020 ().
* "Science and the Skeptic: Discerning Fact from Fiction." Twenty First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2022 ().
* “The Conversation on Biotechnology” edited by Marc Zimmer, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2023 (). | 0 | Computational Chemists |
He was granted Chartered Chemist status by the Royal Society of Chemistry in the UK and later made a Fellow of the Society (FRSC). In addition, he was recognised as a Chartered Biologist and became a Fellow of the Institute of Biology, (FIBiol). He also became recognised as a Chartered Mathematician and later advanced to Fellowship of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. In 2007 he was recognised as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology. In 2008 his work in support of teaching was recognised by the award of a Senior Fellowship by the Higher Education Academy and later advanced to Principal Fellow | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Philip R. Bunker (born 29 June 1941) is a British-Canadian scientist and author, known for his work
in theoretical chemistry and molecular spectroscopy. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1921, a visit by Niels Bohr to Cambridge inspired Hartree to apply his numerical skills to Bohrs theory of the atom, for which he obtained his PhD in 1926 – his advisor was Ernest Rutherford. With the publication of Schrödingers equation in the same year, Hartree was able to apply his knowledge
of differential equations and numerical analysis to the new quantum theory.
He derived the Hartree equations for the distribution of electrons in an atom and proposed the self-consistent field method for their solution. The wavefunctions from this theory did not satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle for which Slater showed that determinantal functions are required. V. Fock published the "equations with exchange" now known as Hartree–Fock equations. These are considerably more demanding computationally even with the efficient methods Hartree proposed for the calculation of exchange contributions. Today, the Hartree-Fock equations are of great importance to the field of computational chemistry, and are applied and solved numerically within most of the density functional theory programs used for electronic structure calculations of molecules and condensed phase systems. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Shmaryahu Hoz (Hebrew: שמריהו הוז) (born 1945) is a Professor Emeritus specializing in physical organic chemistry and computational nanotechnology. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Wheatstone and others also contributed to early spectroscopy through the discovery and exploitation of spectral emission lines.
As John Munro wrote in 1891, "In 1835, at the Dublin meeting of the British Association, Wheatstone showed that when metals were volatilised in the electric spark, their light, examined through a prism, revealed certain rays which were characteristic of them. Thus the kind of metals which formed the sparking points could be determined by analysing the light of the spark. This suggestion has been of great service in spectrum analysis, and as applied by Robert Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, and others, has led to the discovery of several new elements, such as rubidium and thallium, as well as increasing our knowledge of the heavenly bodies." | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1864 and early 1865 Paraguayan forces under the orders of Francisco Solano López seized Brazilian and Argentine shipping and invaded the provinces of the Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Corrientes (Argentina). On 1 May 1865 Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. By Article XVIII of the Treaty its provisions were to be kept secret until its "principal object" should be obtained.
One of its provisions concerned the acquisition by Argentina of large tracts of territory then in dispute between it and Paraguay. Lettsom was not satisfied about this and surreptitiously obtained a copy of the Treaty from the Uruguayan diplomat Dr Carlos de Castro. He forwarded it to London and the British government ordered it to be translated into English and published to Parliament. When the text became available in South America there was outrage in several quarters, some because of the Treaty's content, others because it had been published at all.
Lettsom has been cited as an exemplar of the nuance with which a substantial part of the British diplomatic corps saw the Paraguayan War. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Veli Pekka Pyykkö (born 12 October 1941) is a Finnish academic. He was professor of Chemistry at the University of Helsinki. From 2009–2012, he was the chairman of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He is known for his extension to the periodic table of elements, known as the Pyykkö model.
Pyykkö has also studied the relativistic effects present in heavy atoms and their effects in NMR. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
In 1993, the Jascheks retired from Strasbourg Observatory. Due to poor health, they moved to Salamanca (Spain) to live with their daughter's family, and continued their scientific activities from their new location. The couple has been described as "inseparable in their life and in their work". Mercedes Jaschek died on November 21, 1995, and he was deeply impacted by the loss.
Jaschek continued making public presentations, and in 1998 he published a book on ethno-astronomy. He was remembered as someone who loved his family, astronomy and its impact on culture, teaching and history books, and was regarded as kind, optimistic, upright, and helpful.
Carlos Jaschek died April 12, 1999, in Salamanca, Spain. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The Associated Press of India reported it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Ramans Discovery." It ran the story as:The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professors Discovery." Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April. The actual data was sent to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May. Raman presented the formal and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March. A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Msezane has published more than 400 physics research papers and given more than 380 presentations at national and international conferences.
He carries out research in theoretical atomic and molecular physics, mathematical physics, condensed matter physics, and image processing.
Msezane developed a fundamental theory to better understand negative ion formation in complex heavy systems and applied it to negative ion catalysis.
He is the founding director of the Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems (CTSPS) at Clark Atlanta University, which was established in 1991 through an approximately 5 million dollar grant by the NSF which was further renewed at the same funding level in 1996. The center focuses on low-energy scattering theory, solid-state theory, image processing and mathematical physics theory. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Hallam was married to Joan and they had a son called David. He was an active member of the Clyne Chapel, Blackpill. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Townes was widely recognized for his scientific work and leadership.
* 1956 — elected Full Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
* 1957 — elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
* 1958 — awarded the Comstock Prize in Physics from the National Academy of Science.
* 1959 — awarded the Richtmyer Memorial Award from the American Association of Physics Teachers.
* 1960 — elected Member of the American Philosophical Society.
* 1961 — awarded the David Sarnoff Electronics Award given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Rumford Prize awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
* 1962 — The John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science given by the National Academy of Science.
* 1962 — Stuart Ballantine Medal given by The Franklin Institute.
* 1963 — Young Medal and Prize, for distinguished research in the field of optics presented by the Institute of Physics.
* 1964 — Nobel Prize in Physics with Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov for contributions to fundamental work in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.
* 1969 - Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
* 1970 — Wilhelm Exner Medal.
* 1976 — Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
* 1979 — He was awarded the Niels Bohr international medal, for contributions to the peaceful use of atomic energy.
* 1980 — Townes was inducted by his home state into the South Carolina Hall of Science and Technology, and has also been awarded a South Carolina Hall of Science and Technology Citation.
* 1982 — He received the National Medal of Science, presented by President Ronald Reagan.
* 1983 — appointed to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
* 1994 — elected Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
* 1996 — awarded the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/ Frederic Ives Medal] by the Optical Society of America
* 1997 — Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
* 1998 — awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship by the American Astronomical Society.
* 2000 — awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
* 2003 — awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado.
* 2004 — awarded the [https://sites.google.com/site/siofottica/home Italian Society of Optics and Photonics] (SIOF) "Galileo" medal.
* 2005 — awarded the Templeton Prize for "Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities."
** He has also been awarded the LeConte Medallion.
* 2006 — Along with associate Raj Reddy, Townes was awarded the Vannevar Bush Award for Lifetime Contributions and Statesmanship to Science
* 2008 — On May 24 Townes received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Redlands.
* 2010 — SPIE Gold Medal
* 2011 —On May 14 Townes received an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Texas A&M University.
* 2012 — awarded the Golden Goose Award for government-funded research with unexpected applications.
* 2012 — awarded the [https://www.asme.org/about-asme/participate/honors-awards/achievement-awards/nancy-deloye-fitzroy-and-roland-v-fitzroy-medal Nancy DeLoye Fitzroy and Roland V. Fitzroy Medal] from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Dominic Tildesley (born 1952, Forest Hill) is a British chemist. He gained his undergraduate chemistry degree from the University of Southampton in 1973. He went on to complete a DPhil at Oxford University in 1976 before undertaking postdoctoral research at Penn State and Cornell universities in the United States. He returned to the University of Southampton in the UK for a lectureship, before becoming professor of theoretical chemistry and moving to Imperial College London in 1996 as Professor of Computational Chemistry.
He began his industrial career in 1998 when he took the role of head of the Physical Science Group at Unilever Research Port Sunlight, where he remained until 2012. He is director of the European Centre for Atomic and Molecular Computation at the in Switzerland.
In July 2014, he became president of the Royal Society of Chemistry (succeeding Professor Lesley Yellowlees) and received an honorary degree from the University of Southampton. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
* CF3 Rotation in 3-trimethylfluorophenanthrene: X-ray Diffraction and ab initio Electronic Structure Calculations, X. Wang, F.B. Mallory, C.W. Mallory, A.J. Rheingold, P.A. Beckmann, M.M. Francl, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3954-3960 (2006).
* A Theoretical Study of the Reduction Of Carbonyls By Alkylaluminum Complexes, J.W. Bundens, P.R. Seida, D. Jeyakumar and M.M. Francl, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modeling, 24, 195-202 (2005).
* Exploring Exotic Kinetics: An Introduction to the Use of Numerical Methods in Chemical Kinetics, M. M. Francl J. Chem. Educ., 81, 1535 (2004).
* An Ab Initio MO Study of the Symmetric And Asymmetric Isomers of Bridging Alkynylaluminum and Alkynylberyllium Dimers, P. R. Seida, J.W. Bundens, M.M. Francl, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 95, 806-809 (2003). | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (;
30 March 1811
– 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Bunsen also developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and did early work in the field of organic arsenic chemistry. With his laboratory assistant Peter Desaga, he developed the Bunsen burner, an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
His main research interests center on the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of liquids and soft matter systems. His work includes studies on the physical fundamentals and thermodynamics of aqueous solvation, including cosolvent and salt effects on the water solubility of macromolecules and the stability of proteins. To this end, he works on the development of intermolecular potential models and computational methods for atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of liquids, polymers, and biological materials. As of May 2022, he has authored more than 170 scientific publications (ResearcherID: B-3441-2010). | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road, Butchers Creek, situated about 30 km from Atherton), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.
In 1923, after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics. He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N. D. Papaleksi. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere. At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union, in June 1941, he joined the Red Army. During World War II, Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter". | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Saad is the author of a couple of influential books in linear algebra and matrix computation which include
*Numerical Methods for Large Eigenvalue Problems, Halstead Press, 1992.
*Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 2nd ed., Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
He has also co-edited the following article collections:
*D. L. Boley, D. G. Truhlar, Y. Saad, R. E. Wyatt, and L. E. Collins, Practical Iterative Methods for Large Scale Computations. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1989.
*D. E. Keyes, Y. Saad, and D. G. Truhlar, Domain-Based Parallelism and Problem Decomposition Methods in Computational Science and Engineering. SIAM, Philadelphia, 1995.
*A. Ferreira, J. Rolim, Y. Saad, and T. Yang, Parallel Algorithms for Irregularly Structured Problems, Proceedings of Third International Workshop, IRREGULAR’96 Santa Barbara, CA USA, 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No 1117. Springer Verlag, 1996.
*M. W. Berry, K. A. Gallivan, E. Gallopoulos, A. Grama, B. Philippe, Y. Saad, and F. Saied, High-Performance Scientific Computing: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2012. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Shaw has donated US$2.25 million to Priorities USA Action, a super PAC supporting Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and $1 million to Organizing for Action.
Through the Shaw Family Endowment Fund, by 2014 he and his wife have donated $400,000 to the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue, $400,000 to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and $800,000 to the Horace Mann School. From 2011 to 2017, the Fund annually donated $1 million to Yale University, Stanford University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and $500,000 to Columbia University and Brown University. The college donations represent over 60% of the Fund's philanthropy. Shaw was on the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Professor Michelle Coote completed a B.Sc. (Hons) in Industrial Chemistry at the University of New South Wales in 1995. During her degree she spent 15 months working in the chemical industry, "but it made me realise that my real interest was in a career in pure chemical research. So, I went back to university and ended up graduating in 1995 with the university medal." Graduating in 2000 with a PhD in Polymer Chemistry from UNSW, Coote took out major awards including the Cornforth Medal from the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) and the prize for young scientists from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for her PhD thesis The origin of the penultimate unit effect in free-radical copolymerisation.
Coote left Australia for the UK in September 1999 to take up a Post Doctoral Research Role in polymer physics focusing on neutron reflectivity within the Polymer Interdisciplinary Research Centre at The University of Durham. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Lucia Reining (born 13 September 1961) is a German theoretical spectroscopist who works in France as a director of research (exceptional class) with the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), in the Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés at the École Polytechnique. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
He was an outspoken skeptic of the idea of molecular assemblers, as advocated by K. Eric Drexler. His main scientific objections, which he termed the "fat fingers problem" and the "sticky fingers problem", argued against the feasibility of molecular assemblers being able to precisely select and place individual atoms. He also believed that Drexlers speculations about apocalyptic dangers of molecular assemblers threatened the public support for development of nanotechnology. He debated Drexler in an exchange of letters which were published in Chemical & Engineering News' as a point-counterpoint feature. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* Lehrbuch der Physik für Studierende . Enke, Stuttgart 3rd ed. 1900 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22581 Digital edition] by the University and State Library Düsseldorf | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Morris has a B.Sc. in Chemical and Cell Biology from Rutgers University and an M.Sc. in Marine Science from the University of South Florida. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
William Garrow Lettsom FRAS (1805 – 14 December 1887) was a British diplomat and scientist. He was instrumental in revealing the text of the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Argentina, the Empire of Brazil and Uruguay. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
From 1909, Dent was educated at Warminster County School, where her father was head teacher. At school, she was close friends with her neighbour at Portway, Evelyn Mary Day, the eldest daughter of Henry George Day, a former butler to Colonel Charles Gathorne GathorneHardy, son of Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook. In August 1914, she passed the University of Oxford Junior Local Examination with First Class Honours, and on the strength of her examination result, she was awarded a scholarship by the school. In 1915, she passed the senior examination with second class honours and a distinction in French, and subsequently, her scholarship was renewed. She then joined the sixth form and won the school prize for French in December 1916. In March 1918, she applied for a scholarship in mathematics from Somerville College, one of the first two women's colleges in the University of Oxford. She was highly commended but was not awarded a scholarship nor an exhibition. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Jansen has served the ACS division on Computers in Chemistry since at least 2007, holding multiple leadership positions. Outside of pharmaceutical work, she is perhaps best known as a co-Founder and Steering Committee member for the Teach-Discover-Treat initiative, which creates challenges for students and young professionals to design drugs against neglected diseases such as malaria or Trypanosoma using computational chemistry shared data sets and screens. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Jennie Lasby married German scientist Heinrich Arnold Johannes (John) Tessmann in 1927, in Travemünde, Germany. She died in 1959, in Santa Ana, aged 77 years. In 1967, Tessmann Planetarium at Santa Ana College was named in her memory, and the Jennie Lasby Tessmann House is on the Santa Ana Register of Historic Properties. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Gunnar von Heijne graduated 1975 with a Master of Science degree in chemistry and chemical engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). He then became a doctoral student in theoretical physics at KTH, in a research group focussing on statistical mechanics and theoretical biophysics, and was awarded his Ph.D. in 1980. In 1983 he was made docent in theoretical biophysics at KTH, where he remained until 1988. 1982-1985 he was active as a science reporter at Sveriges Radio. 1989-1994 he was active at Karolinska Institutet, and in 1994 he was made a professor in theoretical chemistry at Stockholm University. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Basov graduated from Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1950. He then held a professorship at MEPhI and also worked in the Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI), where he defended a dissertation for the Candidate of Sciences degree (equivalent to PhD) in 1953 and a dissertation for the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1956. Basov was the Director of the LPI in 1973–1988. He was elected as corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991) in 1962 and Full Member of the Academy in 1966. In 1967, he was elected a Member of the Presidium of the Academy (1967—1990), and since 1990 he was the councillor of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1971 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was Honorary President and Member of the International Academy of Science, Munich. He was the head of the laboratory of quantum radiophysics at the LPI until his death in 2001.
In the early 1950s Basov and Prokhorov developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia. Later this oscillator became known as maser. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were presented at a national conference in 1952 and published in 1954. Basov then proceeded to the development of laser, an analogous generator of coherent light. In 1955 he designed a three-level laser, and in 1959 suggested constructing a semiconductor laser, which he built with collaborators in 1963. Basov with co-workers proposed Disk laser in 1966 and realized experimentally the thin disk active mirror semiconductor lasers.
He developed with colleaguaes the first nonlinear theory of coherent addition of laser sets.
N.G.Basov encouraged the researchers in nonlinear optics in Lebedev Institute who discovered the optical phase conjugation.
Together with Lebedev Institute researchers he realized the robust method of the phase-locking of laser arrays via optical phase conjugation in Stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Basov's contributions to the development of the laser and maser, which won him the Nobel Prize in 1964, also led to new missile defense initiatives.
He died on 1 July, 2001 at Moscow and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
*The solar constant and the solar spectrum measured from a research aircraft, edited by Matthew P. Thekaekara. Solar energy. Spectrum, Solar. Aeronautics in astronomy.
*Thoughts twice dyed : reprinted from the series of "One minute meditation" / by Matthew P. Thekaekara, S.J
*"The Extraterrestrial Solar Spectrum" A.J Drummond and M.P. Thekaekara, Eds. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Mount Prospect Illinois, 1973. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In January 2008 the Terlouw Commission advised the Boards of Utrecht and Maastricht Universities to continue to use Peter Debye’s name for the chemistry and physics institute in Utrecht, and to continue awarding the science prize in Maastricht. The Commission concluded that Debye was not a party member, was not an anti-semite, did not further Nazi propaganda, did not cooperate with the Nazi war machine, was not a collaborator, and yet also was not a resistance hero. He was a rather pragmatic, flexible, and brilliant scientist, idealistic with respect to the pursuit of science, but only superficially oriented in politics. With respect to sending out the DPG letter, the Commission concluded that Debye found the situation inescapable. The Commission pointed out that the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences also took away Albert Einsteins honorary membership, emphasizing the circumstances in which these decisions had been taken. The Commission stated that now, seventy years later, no judgment can be made concerning the decision of Debye to sign this letter in the exceptionally difficult circumstances in which he then found himself. Nevertheless, the Commission describes the DPG letter as an extraordinarily unpleasant fact, forming a dark page in his life history. Finally, the Commission concluded that based on the NIOD report since no bad faith on Debye’s part has been demonstrated, his good faith must be assumed and recommended that the University of Utrecht retain the name of the Debye Institute of NanoMaterials Science and that the University of Maastricht continue to associate itself with the Peter Debye Prize. Utrecht University accepted the recommendation, Maastricht University did not. But in February 2008, the Hustinx Foundation (Maastricht), originator and sponsor of the Peter Debye Prize, announced that it will continue to have the prize awarded. The City of Maastricht, Debyes birthplace, declared that it sees no reason to change the names of Debye Street and Debye Square. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
*Gibson, J. B., Goland, A. N., Milgram, M., & Vineyard, G. (1960). Dynamics of radiation damage. Physical Review, 120(4), 1229.
*Gibson, J. B., Goland, A. N., & Milgram, M. (1960). The Nature of Radiation Damage in FCC Metals 265 GH Vineyard. Phys. Rev. O, 12, 1229.
*Gibson, J. A. B. (1961). Liquid Scintillation Counting of Tritium in Urine. Physics in medicine and biology, 6(1), 55.
*Gibson, J. A. B. (1961). Detection of Tritium with a Film Dosemeter. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 6(2), 283.
*Gibson, Jane Blankenship. (1962). Rotational Analysis of the 0-0 Band of the B2 [sigma Subscript U]-> X2 [sigma] g Transition of N+ 2 from Shock Tube Spectra. Physical Sciences Program, Stanford University.
*Gibson, J. A. B. (1962). Measurement of the Gamma Radiation Background (No. AERE-R-4137). United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. Research Group. Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berks, England.
*Gibson, J. A. B. (1962). Gamma radiation background measurements - instrument selection. 1962. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Alessandra Ricca is a computational chemist whose research focuses primarily on theoretical chemistry. She researches modeling properties of organic compounds in the gas phase and ices, emphasizing the formation, reactivity, spectroscopy, and optical properties of the researched compounds. In Astrophysics and Analysis at NASA, Ricca studies PAH infrared spectroscopy and nanograins in the interstellar medium. In NASA Solar System Workings, Ricca studies ammonia hydrates on Charon and other icy bodies. In addition to her work at NASA, Ricca is a Senior Research Chemist at the SETI Institute.
She won the 1997 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology and 2008 NASA Honor Award. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Kasha was named the Robert O. Lawton Distinguished University Research Professor at Florida State University in 1962, which is the university's highest honor. He was elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 1971, the first Floridian to be so honored. He was also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1963), as well as the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He was an elected member of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and received the Porter medal from the European Photochemistry Association (1990). | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Saad received his B.S. degree in mathematics from the University of Algiers, Algeria in 1970. He then joined University of Grenoble for the doctoral program and obtained a junior doctorate, Doctorat de troisieme cycle in 1974 and a higher doctorate, Doctorat d’Etat in 1983. During the course of his academic career, he has held various positions, including Research Scientist in the Computer Science Department at Yale University (1981–1983), Associate Professor in the University of Tizi-Ouzou in Algeria (1983–1984), Research Scientist at the Computer Science Department at Yale University (1984–1986), and Associate Professor in the Mathematics Department at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1986–1988). He also worked as a Senior Scientist in the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) during 1980–1990.
Saad joined University of Minnesota as a Professor in the Department of Computer Science in 1990. At Minnesota, he held the position of Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering between January 1997 and June 2000. Currently, he is the I. T. Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at University of Minnesota. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Lu Jeu Sham's family was from Fuzhou, Fujian, but he was born in British Hong Kong on April 28, 1938. He was graduated from the Pui Ching Middle School in 1955 and then traveled to England for his higher education. He received his Bachelor of Science in mathematics (1st class honours) from Imperial College, University of London in 1960 and his PhD in physics from the University of Cambridge in 1963. In 1963–1966, he worked with Prof. W. Kohn as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Diego. From 1966 to 1967, Sham worked in University of California, Irvine as assistant professor in Physics and from 1967 to 1968 in Queen Mary College, University of London as a Reader. He joined the faculty of University of California in 1968. Sham was a professor in the Department of Physics at University of California, San Diego, eventually serving as department head. He is now a UCSD professor emeritus.
Sham was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1998. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Rice was born on 10 July 1960 in Cambridge, England. She earned a bachelors degree in mathematics and chemistry from Royal Holloway, University of London in 1981, winning the Martin Holloway Prize as that years best honours finalist in her subject. She completed her Ph.D. in theoretical chemistry at the University of Cambridge in 1985, under the supervision of Nicholas C. Handy.
After postdoctoral research with Henry F. Schaefer III at the University of California, Berkeley, and a year as a research fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, she joined IBM Research in 1988. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
From 1948 to 1976 he worked at the Wheatstone Physics Laboratory at King's College London. During this period he became a Fellow of the Royal Society (1959), Wheatstone Professor of Physics (1962) and Dean of the Faculty of Science (1966 to 1968).
At King's College London he was a pioneer of identifying Rydberg series ultra-violet absorption spectra. He was encouraged by his head of department (the Wheatstone Professor) to look at many substances with spectroscopic techniques, and at the time there was much interest in the structure and function of DNA and proteins. It was through his work with infra-red absorption spectroscopy that the alignment of the hydrogen bonds of the DNA base pairs, relative to the DNA fibre axis, was found. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Having been called to the Bar by Lincolns Inn he entered the diplomatic service. After postings in Berlin, Munich (1831), Washington (1840), Turin (1849) and Madrid (1850) he was appointed secretary to the Legation at Mexico (1854) and became the Chargé daffaires.
In the unreformed British diplomatic service there were no examinations; candidates were appointed by the influence of political friends. This caused criticism. In the House of Commons on 22 May 1855 the motion was
In this debate Lettsom was used as a case in point to illustrate the defects of the unreformed system. It has been noted that Lettsom, "who had invariably conducted himself to the satisfaction of those who employed him", received one of the slowest promotions in the diplomatic service. A diplomat was expected to be a gentleman and to have a private income whereby he could receive unpaid diplomatic appointments. Hence nine of the twenty-three years of Lettsom's service were unsalaried; promotion was slow. This glacial treatment did not apply, however, to those who had powerful political friends, for they were soon appointed to agreeable capitals at enormous salaries. The motion was carried by 112 votes to 57, Mr Otway MP remarking that "The person who had shown himself to be the fittest man, whether he was the son of a Peer or a tailor, should be chosen".
While in Mexico the British government suspended relations with that country on Lettsoms representation, and he was the object of an attempted assassination. Between 1859 and 1869 Lettsom was appointed Consul-General and Chargé dAffaires to the Republic of Uruguay. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Wheatstone abandoned his idea of transmitting intelligence by the mechanical vibration of rods, and took up the electric telegraph. In 1835 he lectured on the system of Baron Schilling, and declared that the means were already known by which an electric telegraph could be made of great service to the world. He made experiments with a plan of his own, and not only proposed to lay an experimental line across the Thames, but to establish it on the London and Birmingham Railway. Before these plans were carried out, however, he received a visit from William
Cooke at his house in Conduit Street on 27 February 1837, which had an important influence on his future. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* Odradek and Billy Bass Drink to the End of the World. El Zunzun Viajero, 2018
* Vite Scambiate. Cultura Duemila Editrice, 1993 | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Sean M. Decatur (born September 4, 1968) is a chemist, college administrator and president, who was appointed president of the American Museum of Natural History in December 2022. Decatur is the first African-American to serve as the museum's president. Prior to this, he was president of Kenyon College from 2013 to 2022. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
* Chemistry for Engineers, 1870.
* [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/abney1876 Thebes and its five greater temples], London, published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876.
* W. de W. Abney, [https://archive.org/details/instructioninph00abnegoog Instruction in Photography], London, published by S. Low, Marston & company, 1900.
* [https://archive.org/details/photographicnews24unse/page/344/mode/2up A New Developer], The Photographic News, 1880, 24:345-346.
* W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/114812 Intensity of Radiation through Turbid Media], Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 40, pages 378–380, 1886. Published by The Royal Society.
* W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/115174 Colour Photometry. Part III].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 50, pages 369–372, 1891–1892. Published by The Royal Society. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Clark was born in Rangiora, New Zealand on 16 February 1935, to parents Reginald Hawes Clark and Marjorie Alice Clark. He attended Marlborough College, Blenheim, and Christs College, Christchurch before pursuing bachelors and master's at Canterbury University College. Clark was a research and teaching fellow under William Fyfe at the University of Otago in 1958. From 1958 to 1961, Clark worked toward a doctorate advised by Ronald Sydney Nyholm and Jack Lewis at University College London and was awarded a PhD degree for his work on titanium complexes in 1961. The University of London later awarded Clark a DSc in 1969. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* Science and the Skeptic on 2023 longlist [https://www.slj.com/story/Two-Titles-Share-Inaugural-Russell-Freedman-Award-for-Nonfiction-for-a-Better-World Russell Freedman Award for Nonfiction for a Better World! An Award of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators].
* 2020 longlist [https://www.sbfprize.org/blog/2019/10/23/longlist-for-2020-middle-grades-science-book-award-announced-4w8wt-5dbjk-rpg5b AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prize for Excellence in Middle Grades Science Books]
* Guest on NPR's "Where we Live" show about [http://wnpr.org/post/living-lights-bioluminescence-and-biofluorescence bioluminescence]
* Professor, Semester at Sea, Spring ’12, Summer 13, Fall 16 and Fall '23 voyages
* ACS Western Connecticut Visiting Scientist Award for 2013
* The [http://www.princetonreview.com/best-professors.aspx Princeton Reviews Best 300 Professors]', 2012
* Huffington Post’s one of [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/06/princeton-review-ratemyprofessor-profs_n_1408972.html "13 of the best college professors in the country"], 2012
* Carnegie Foundation and Council for Advancement and Support of Education, Connecticut, Professor of the Year, 2007
* [http://cvs-acs.sites.acs.org/apps/blog/show/16785657-burlew-award-first-call-for-nominations John S. Burlew Connecticut Valley Section Award] to recognize outstanding contributions to chemistry, 2005
* Program Chair, Inorganic Division, American Chemical Society, 1999-2003 | 0 | Computational Chemists |
William Clark Still (born 1946) is an American organic chemist. As a distinguished professor at Columbia University, Clark Still made significant contributions to the field of organic chemistry, particularly in the areas of natural product synthesis, reaction development, conformational analysis, macrocyclic stereocontrol, and computational chemistry. Still and coworkers also developed the purification technique known as flash column chromatography which is widely used for the purification of organic compounds. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
As well as a share of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics, Siegbahn won the following awards:
* 1945 Lindblom Prize
* 1955, 1977 Björkén Prize
* 1962 Celsius Medal
* 1971 Sixten Heyman Award, University of Gothenburg
* 1973 Harrison Howe Award, Rochester
* 1975 Maurice F. Hasler Award, Cleveland
* 1976 Charles Frederick Chandler Medal, Columbia University, New York
* 1977 Torbern Bergman Medal
* 1982 Pittsburgh Award of Spectroscopy | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Wilson has held leadership roles in several scientific societies. In 2022, she was president of the American Chemical Society (ACS), one of the world's largest scientific societies, with over 170,000 members and an annual operating budget of nearly $700M, with two major business operations. From 2021-2023, she is a member of the ACS board of directors. She has served on the Leadership Bureau of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as well as president of IUPAC Division I, the Division of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry. She was the elected chair of the chemistry section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). For the U.S. National Academies, she served as the chair of the U.S. National Committee for IUPAC, and has served on the U.S. Delegation to the IUPAC General Assembly on five occasions, chairing the delegation twice. In 2018, she chaired the Gordon Conference on Computational Chemistry.
She has served on numerous scientific boards and committees. Wilson is a member of the editorial board for Scientific Reports and the editorial advisory board for Cell Reports Physical Science, and has served as an editor of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry and as a member of the editorial advisory boards for the Journal of Physical Chemistry and International Journal of Quantum Chemistry.
She has edited six books, including Pioneers of Quantum Chemistry.
Wilson is a frequent speaker on national and global science policy, as well as on her research, success in science, leadership, and many other topics. She has given over 500 invited talks. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Helmut Schwarz (born 6 August 1943) is a German organic chemist. He has been a professor of chemistry at the Technische Universität Berlin since 1978. In 2018, he was elected a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Hallberg’s research interests encompass a range of protein targets of pharmaceutical relevance, including proteases and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). One of the primary themes has been to identify novel and selective low molecular weight ligands for these targets. Compounds are optimized using computer-aided techniques and are preferentially [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11301285/ synthesized using high-speed chemistry] and [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja011019k robust palladium-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions] partly [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar010074v developed in his laboratory]. Major indications that have been addressed are [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/med.20082 malaria] and [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16509598/ viral infections caused by HIV] and [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12757723/ HCV (Hepatitis C Virus)]. More recently, the main focus of the Drug Discovery program was to identify novel ligands that interfere with protein targets in the renin/angiotensin system (RAS). The first reported drug-like selective and potent angiotensin II, type II receptor (AT2R) agonist (C21) was [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28609561/ discovered by Hallberg’s group]. Compound C21, (buloxibutid) now owned by Vicore Pharma AB (founded by AH et al.) has been [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36180112/ extensively studied] and is currently undergoing [https://europepmc.org/article/med/34723163 clinical evaluations (Phase II)] with first indication idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Hallberg has founded biotech companies, has > 40 patents and has authored >290 articles published in international scientific journals (number of citations >10 000).[https://www.katalog.uu.se/profile/?id=XX1596] Hallberg has been the main supervisor for 29 doctoral students up to the doctoral degree. Member of several foundations, pharmaceutical company and university boards. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in the discovery of Raman effect. It was he alone who first noted the new scattering. Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up studies. Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize. But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer. He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life." After Krishnans death, Raman said to a correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another mans discovery." | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1961, a news story was written regarding “sex desegregation” in the sciences and a photograph of her was utilized to illustrate the critical significance of inspiring women to pursue careers in science.
As of 2008 Professor David Kaiser of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began offering a graduate level course titled “Cold War Science” that discussed the role women featured during the Cold War and included Jane Blankenship Gibson as an example. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988. His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005. In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance. The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine... I never thought my work would come to this." | 1 | Spectroscopists |
*N. G. Basov, K. A. Brueckner (Editor-in-Chief), S. W. Haan, C. Yamanaka. Inertial Confinement Fusion, 1992, Research Trends in Physics Series published by the American Institute of Physics Press (presently [https://web.archive.org/web/20050323204949/http://www.springer-sbm.de/index.php?id=121&L=0 Springer], New York). .
*V. Stefan and N. G. Basov (Editors). Semiconductor Science and Technology, Volume 1. Semiconductor Lasers. (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) (Paperback), 1999. .
*V. Stefan and N. G. Basov (Editors). Semiconductor Science and Technology, Volume 2: Quantum Dots and Quantum Wells. (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) (Paperback), 1999. . | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In a speech at Cairo University on June 4, 2009, US President Barack Obama proclaimed a new Science Envoy program as part of a "new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world." In January 2010, Ahmed Zewail, Elias Zerhouni, and Bruce Alberts became the first US science envoys to Islam, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia.
When asked about rumors that he might contest the 2011 Egyptian presidential election, Ahmed Zewail said: "I am a frank man... I have no political ambition, as I have stressed repeatedly that I only want to serve Egypt in the field of science and die as a scientist."
During the 2011 Egyptian protests he announced his return to the country. Zewail said that he would join a committee for constitutional reform alongside Ayman Nour, Mubarak's rival at the 2005 presidential elections and a leading lawyer.
Zewail was later mentioned as a respected figure working as an intermediary between the military regime ruling after Mubarak's resignation, and revolutionary youth groups such as the April 6 Youth Movement and young supporters of Mohamed ElBaradei. He played a critical role during this time as described by Egyptian Media. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
The public took to the new invention after the capture of the murderer John Tawell, who in 1845, had become the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology. In the same year, Wheatstone introduced two improved forms of the apparatus, namely, the single and the double needle instruments, in which the signals were made by the successive deflections of the needles. Of these, the single-needle instrument, requiring only one wire, is still in use.
The development of the telegraph may be gathered from two facts. In 1855, the death of the Emperor Nicholas at St. Petersburg, about one o'clock in the afternoon, was announced in the House of Lords a few hours later. The result of The Oaks of 1890 was received in New York fifteen seconds after the horses passed the winning-post. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
He became a hereditary member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in succession to his father, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Lyman III. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Starting in 1908, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Millikan worked on an oil-drop experiment in which he measured the charge on a single electron. J. J. Thomson had already discovered the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. However, the actual charge and mass values were unknown. Therefore, if one of these two values were to be discovered, the other could easily be calculated. Millikan and his then graduate student Harvey Fletcher used the oil-drop experiment to measure the charge of the electron (as well as the electron mass, and Avogadro constant, since their relation to the electron charge was known).
Professor Millikan took sole credit, in return for Harvey Fletcher claiming full authorship on a related result for his dissertation. Millikan went on to win the 1923 Nobel Prize for Physics, in part for this work, and Fletcher kept the agreement a secret until his death. After a publication on his first results in 1910, contradictory observations by Felix Ehrenhaft started a controversy between the two physicists. After improving his setup, Millikan published his seminal study in 1913.
The elementary charge is one of the fundamental physical constants, and accurate knowledge of its value is of great importance. His experiment measured the force on tiny charged droplets of oil suspended against gravity between two metal electrodes. Knowing the electric field, the charge on the droplet could be determined. Repeating the experiment for many droplets, Millikan showed that the results could be explained as integer multiples of a common value (1.592 × 10 coulomb), which is the charge of a single electron. That this is somewhat lower than the modern value of 1.602 176 53(14) x 10 coulomb is probably due to Millikan's use of an inaccurate value for the viscosity of air.
Although at the time of Millikans oil-drop experiments it was becoming clear that there exist such things as subatomic particles, not everyone was convinced. Experimenting with cathode rays in 1897, J. J. Thomson had discovered negatively charged corpuscles', as he called them, with a charge-to-mass ratio 1840 times that of a hydrogen ion. Similar results had been found by George FitzGerald and Walter Kaufmann. Most of what was then known about electricity and magnetism could be explained on the basis that charge is a continuous variable. This in much the same way that many of the properties of light can be explained by treating it as a continuous wave rather than as a stream of photons.
The beauty of the oil-drop experiment is that as well as allowing quite accurate determination of the fundamental unit of charge, Millikans apparatus also provided a hands on demonstration that charge is actually quantized. General Electric Companys Charles Steinmetz, who had previously thought that charge is a continuous variable, became convinced otherwise after working with Millikan's apparatus. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Gary Martin is an American chemist and expert in the fields of both NMR spectroscopy and medicinal chemistry. He is a distinguished fellow at the Merck Research Laboratories. He is also a photographer specializing in the capture of images of lighthouses, especially under conditions of extreme weather. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
David Edward Archer (born September 15, 1960) is a computational ocean chemist, and has been a professor at the Geophysical Sciences department at the University of Chicago since 1993. He has published research on the carbon cycle of the ocean and the sea floor. He has worked on the history of atmospheric concentration, the expectation of fossil fuel over geologic time scales in the future, and the impact of on future ice age cycles, ocean methane hydrate decomposition, and coral reefs. Archer is a contributor to the RealClimate blog. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
He worked at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the field of ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy, working with Fred Dainton. He set up a spectroscopic group at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) at Billingham Manufacturing Plant in 1943. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Margaret Lindsay, Lady Huggins (14 August 1848, in Dublin – 24 March 1915, in London), born Margaret Lindsay Murray, was an Irish-English scientific investigator and astronomer. With her husband William Huggins she was a pioneer in the field of spectroscopy and co-wrote the Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra (1899). | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1917, solar astronomer George Ellery Hale convinced Millikan to begin spending several months each year at the Throop College of Technology, a small academic institution in Pasadena, California, that Hale wished to transform into a major center for scientific research and education. A few years later Throop College became the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and Millikan left the University of Chicago to become Caltechs "chairman of the executive council" (effectively its president). Millikan served in that position from 1921 to 1945. At Caltech, most of his scientific research focused on the study of "cosmic rays" (a term he coined). In the 1930s he entered into a debate with Arthur Compton over whether cosmic rays were composed of high-energy photons (Millikans view) or charged particles (Comptons view). Millikan thought his cosmic ray photons were the "birth cries" of new atoms continually being created to counteract entropy and prevent the heat death of the universe. Compton was eventually proven right by the observation that cosmic rays are deflected by the Earths magnetic field (hence must be charged particles).
Millikan was Vice Chairman of the National Research Council during World War I. During that time, he helped to develop anti-submarine and meteorological devices. During his wartime service, an investigation by Inspector General William T. Wood determined that Millikan had attempted to steal another inventors design for a centrifugal gun in order to profit personally. Wood recommended termination of Millikans army commission, but a subsequent investigation by Frank McIntyre, the executive assistant to the army chief of staff, exonerated Millikan. He received the Chinese Order of Jade. After the War, Millikan contributed to the works of the League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (from 1922, in replacement to George E. Hale, to 1931), with other prominent researchers (Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, etc.). Millikan was a member of the organizing committee of the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, and in his private life was an enthusiastic tennis player. He was married and had three sons, the eldest of whom, Clark B. Millikan, became a prominent aerodynamic engineer. Another son, Glenn, also a physicist, married the daughter (Clare) of George Leigh Mallory of "Because its there" Mount Everest fame. Glenn was killed in a climbing accident in Cumberland Mountains in 1947.
In the aftermath of the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, Millikan chaired the Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection. They authored a report proposing means to minimize life and property loss in future earthquakes by advocating stricter building codes.
A religious man and the son of a minister, in his later life Millikan argued strongly for a complementary relationship between Christian faith and science. He dealt with this in his Terry Lectures at Yale in 1926–27, published as Evolution in Science and Religion. He was a Christian theist and proponent of theistic evolution. A more controversial belief of his was eugenics – he was one of the initial trustees of the Human Betterment Foundation and praised San Marino, California for being "the westernmost outpost of Nordic civilization ... [with] a population which is twice as Anglo-Saxon as that existing in New York, Chicago, or any of the great cities of this country." In 1936, Millikan advised the president of Duke University in the then-racial segregated southern United States against recruiting a female physicist and argued that it would be better to hire young men.
On account of Millikans affiliation with the Human Betterment Foundation, in January 2021, the Caltech Board of Trustees authorized removal of Millikans name (and the names of five other historical figures affiliated with the Foundation), from campus buildings. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
*H. Hartmann: Theorie der chemischen Bindung auf quantentheoretischer Grundlage, Springer, Berlin (1954)
*H. Hartmann: Die chemische Bindung : Drei Vorlesungen für Chemiker, Springer, Berlin (1955), (1964), (1971)
*H. Hartmann: Über ein mechanisches Modell zur Analyse und Darstellung typisch quantentheoretischer Erscheinungen, Bayer. Akademie d. Wissenschaften, München (1957)
*H. Hartmann: Die Bedeutung quantentheoretischer Modelle für die Chemie, F. Steiner, Wiesbaden (1965)
*H. Hartmann: Die Bedeutung des Vorurteils für den Fortgang der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis, F. Steiner, Wiesbaden (1967)
*H. Hartmann (Ed.): Chemische Elementarprozesse, Springer, Berlin (1968)
*H. Hartmann: Neue Wellenmechanische Eigenwertprobleme, F. Steiner, Wiesbaden (1972)
*H. Hartmann, K.-H. Lebert and K.-P. Wanczek: Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy (Topics in Current Chemistry Volume 43) Springer Berlin (1972)
*H. Hartmann, and K.-P. Wanczek: Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometry, I (Lecture Notes in Chemistry 7) Springer, Berlin (1978)
*H.Hartmann, and K.-P. Wanczek: Ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. II (Lecture Notes in Chemistry 31), Springer, Berlin (1982) | 0 | Computational Chemists |
In 1962, Dent and her mother moved from Stretford to 1Cokeham Road, Sompting, a village in the coastal Adur District of West Sussex, between Lancing and Worthing. Her mother died on and was cremated at the Downs Crematorium on 10April 1967. Dents sister, Florence Mary, also lived in the house until her death on . After a brief period as a teacher at a prep school in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, Florence worked as a secretary for a marine insurance firm attached to Lloyds of London at 12 Leadenhall Street, commuting into London from Harrow each day.
Beryl May Dent died at Worthing Hospital on after a long period of disablement. The funeral service was held on 12August 1977 at St Mary's Church, Sompting, followed by cremation. Her ashes were interred at Worthing Crematorium, in the Gardens of Rest, towards the Spring Glades, and her entry in the book of remembrance at the crematorium states:
There is also a memorial to her at the Church of StMary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting. The bishop's chair, situated close to the altar, bears a brass plaque with the following inscription:
Her Christian faith is perhaps not unexpected, given her father's work for the church in Warminster, and the era she grew up in, where religion pervaded social and political life. However, it is notable that she remained a committed Christian while pursuing a scientific career. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Joachim Sauer was born in Hosena, a small town in the marshy Lusatian countryside between Dresden and Cottbus. He grew up with his twin sister and an elder brother. His father, Richard Sauer, had trained as a confectioner, but worked as an insurance representative. Sauer excelled at school. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Yvonne Connolly was born to Irene and Elvert Connolly in 1936.
Martin received a bachelor's degree in 1958 from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. She was the only woman to be a chemistry/zoology major in her year. From 1958 to 1960 she worked as a pharmacology assistant at Abbott Labs. She was awarded a predoctoral fellowship from the National Science Foundation for the years 1960–1963, attending Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. She received her Ph.D. in physical biochemistry from Northwestern University in 1964. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Beryl May Dent (10 May 19009 August 1977) was an English mathematical physicist, technical librarian, and a programmer of early analogue and digital computers to solve electrical engineering problems. She was born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, the eldest daughter of schoolteachers. The family left Chippenham in 1901, after her father became head teacher of the then recently established Warminster County School. In 1923, she graduated from the University of Bristol with First Class Honours in applied mathematics. She was awarded the Ashworth Hallett scholarship by the university and was accepted as a postgraduate student at Newnham College, Cambridge.
She returned to Bristol in 1925, after being appointed a researcher in the Physics Department at the University of Bristol, with her salary being paid by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. In 1927, John Lennard-Jones was appointed Professor of Theoretical physics, a chair being created for him, with Dent becoming his research assistant in theoretical physics. LennardJones pioneered the theory of interatomic and intermolecular forces at Bristol and she became one of his first collaborators. They published six papers together from 1926 to 1928, dealing with the forces between atoms and ions, that were to become the foundation of her master's thesis. Later work has shown that the results they obtained had direct application to atomic force microscopy by predicting that noncontact imaging is possible only at small tipsample separations.
In 1930, she joined Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company Ltd, Manchester, as a technical librarian for the scientific and technical staff of the research department. She became active in the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux (ASLIB) and was honorary secretary to the founding committee for the Lancashire and Cheshire branch of the association. She served on various ASLIB committees and made conference presentations detailing different aspects of the company's library and information service. She continued to publish scientific papers, contributing numerical methods for solving differential equations by the use of the differential analyser that was built for the University of Manchester and Douglas Hartree. She was the first to develop a detailed reduced major axis method for the best fit of a series of data points.
Later in her career she became leader of the computation section at MetropolitanVickers, and then a supervisor in the research department for the section that was investigating semiconducting materials. She joined the Womens Engineering Society and published papers on the application of digital computers to electrical design. She retired in 1960, with Isabel Hardwich, later a fellow and president of the Womens Engineering Society, replacing her as section leader for the women in the research department. In 1962, she moved with her mother and sister to Sompting, West Sussex, and died there in 1977. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Starting in the late 1990s, Smalley advocated for the need for cheap, clean energy, which he described as the number one problem facing humanity in the 21st century. He described what he called "The Terawatt Challenge", the need to develop a new power source capable of increasing "our energy output by a minimum factor of two, the generally agreed-upon number, certainly by the middle of the century, but preferably well before that."
He also presented a list entitled "Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years". It can be interesting to compare his list, in order of priority, to the Ten Threats formulated by the U.N.s High Level Threat Panel in 2004. Smalleys list, in order of priority, was:
# Energy
# Water
# Food
# Environment
# Poverty
# Terrorism & war
# Disease
# Education
# Democracy
# Population
Smalley regarded several problems as interlinked: the lack of people entering the fields of science and engineering, the need for an alternative to fossil fuels, and the need to address global warming. He felt that improved science education was essential, and strove to encourage young students to consider careers in science. His slogan for this effort was "Be a scientist, save the world."
Smalley was a leading advocate of the National Nanotechnology Initiative in 2003. Suffering from hair loss and weakness as a result of his chemotherapy treatments, Smalley testified before the congressional testimonies, arguing for the potential benefits of nanotechnology in the development of targeted cancer therapies. Bill 189, the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, was introduced in the Senate on January 16, 2003, by Senator Ron Wyden, passed the Senate on November 18, 2003, and at the House of Representatives the next day with a 405–19 vote. President George W. Bush signed the act into law on December 3, 2003, as Public Law 108-
153. Smalley was invited to attend. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Morris has contributed to the Endowed Fellowship Awards program at the College of Marine Science of the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida.
He is also a supporter of the St. Petersburg Downtown Partnership's Technology Fund which helps to provide capital for young start-ups in the St. Petersburg area. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Bunsen was born in Göttingen, Germany in 1811, in what is now the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. Bunsen was the youngest of four sons of the University of Göttingen's chief librarian and professor of modern philology, Christian Bunsen (1770–1837).
After attending school in Holzminden, Bunsen matriculated at Göttingen in 1828 and studied chemistry with Friedrich Stromeyer, mineralogy with Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann, and mathematics with Carl Friedrich Gauss. After obtaining a PhD in 1831, Bunsen spent 1832 and 1833 traveling in France, Germany, and Austria. During his journeys, Bunsen met the scientists Friedlieb Runge (who discovered aniline and in 1819 isolated caffeine), Justus von Liebig in Giessen, and Eilhard Mitscherlich in Bonn. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (the original paper on this is now the 5th most highly cited paper in [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200304/prl-5.cfm Physical Review Letters])
* Parrinello–Rahman algorithm
* Flying ice cube
* Metadynamics
* Machine learning potential | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Munira Khalil is an American chemist who is the Leon C. Johnson Professor of Chemistry and department chair at the University of Washington. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
He worked as a professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1898 to 1907. He spent a one-year sabbatical with Pierre and Marie Curie in their radium research laboratory at the University of Paris in 1906 and was then invited to work with them from 1907 to 1912. He published 17 scientific papers during this time mostly around the properties of X-rays from radioactive sources and the measurement of heat generated from radioactive disintegration. Although none of the papers were in direct collaboration with the Curies, he worked closely with them and it was reported that when Marie Curie visited America years later, she stated that she most wanted to see "Niagara Falls, The Grand Canyon and William Duane"
Duane refined a technique for extracting radon-222 gas from radium sulfate solutions. Solutions containing 1 gram of radium were "milked" to create radon "seeds" of about 20 millicuries each. These "seeds" were distributed throughout Paris for use in endocurietherapy. Duane perfected this "milking" technique during his time in Paris and referred to the device as a "radium cow".
He returned to the United States in 1913 and worked in a joint role as assistant professor of physics at Harvard and Research Fellow in Physics of the Harvard Cancer Commission. The Cancer Commission was founded in 1901 and hired Duane to investigate the usage of radium emanations in the treatment of cancer. In 1915 he built Boston's first "radium cow" and thousands of patients were treated with the radon-222 generated from it. He published eight papers on the technical details of using radioactive material and X-Rays in the treatment of cancer. In 1917, Harvard created the chair of bio-physics for him.
Duane made important contributions to the technical details of measuring X-ray dosage in terms of the ionization of air. He conducted research to determine the structure of matter and on the mechanism of radiation. He developed the Duane-Hunt law, relating the minimum wavelength of X-rays to the threshold voltage of the cathode rays that excite them; and Duane's hypothesis of quantized translative momentum transfer.
In 1925, Arthur Compton demonstrated that the scattering of 130,000-volt X-rays from the first sixteen elements in the periodic table (hydrogen through sulfur) were polarized. Duane spearheaded an effort to prove that Compton's interpretation of the Compton effect was wrong. Duane carried out a series of experiments to disprove Compton, but instead found evidence that Compton was correct. In 1924, Duane conceded that this was the case.
He served as councillor of the Societe de Physique from 1920 to 1923, as chairman of the division of physical sciences of the National Research Council from 1922 to 1923, as president of the Society for Cancer Research in 1923 and as vice president of section B of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 1927 to 1928.
After his retirement from Harvard in 1934, he was awarded the title professor of biophysics emeritus. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
[https://books.google.com/books/about/Rainbows_Halos_and_Glories.html?id=nF84AAAAIAAJ Rainbows, Halos, and Glories] 1980. ()
Chasing the Rainbow: Recurrences in the Life of a Scientist 2000. (; hbk) (; pbk)
Outside My Window: A Look at the Oakwood Village Nature Preserve () | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Siegbahn married Karin Högbom in 1914. They had two children: Bo Siegbahn (1915–2008), a diplomat and politician, and Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), a physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contribution to the development of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* Joseph, J. A., Espinosa, J. R., Sanchez-Burgos, I., Garaizar, A., Frenkel, D., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase separation of protein-RNA mixtures by a minimal model. Biophysical Journal, 120(7), 1219-1230.
* Joseph, J. A., Reinhardt, A., Aguirre, A., Chew, P. Y., Russell, K. O., Espinosa, J. R., ... & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Physics-driven coarse-grained model for biomolecular phase separation with near-quantitative accuracy. Nature Computational Science, 1(11), 732-743.
* Krainer, G., Welsh, T. J., Joseph, J. A., Espinosa, J. R., Wittmann, S., de Csilléry, E., ... & Knowles, T. P. (2021). Reentrant liquid condensate phase of proteins is stabilized by hydrophobic and non-ionic interactions. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-14.
* Espinosa, J. R., Joseph, J. A., Sanchez-Burgos, I., Garaizar, A., Frenkel, D., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2020). Liquid network connectivity regulates the stability and composition of biomolecular condensates with many components. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(24), 13238-13247.
* Sanchez-Burgos, I., Espinosa, J. R., Joseph, J. A., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Valency and binding affinity variations can regulate the multilayered organization of protein condensates with many components. Biomolecules, 11(2), 278. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Shaw is married to personal finance commentator and journalist Beth Kobliner. Shaw is Jewish and he and his wife are members of the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in New York. They have three children, and live in New York City. In 2014, Shaw purchased several homes in Westchester County, New York and combined them into a mansion that received press attention. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
* He was the eponym of the Lyman series of spectral lines.
* The crater Lyman on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
* He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901.
* He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1917.
* He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1918.
* He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1931.
* The Lyman Laboratory of Physics at Harvard University is named after him. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
In 1933, the Nazi Party introduced a law banning men with Jewish wives from teaching at universities. Herzberg was working as a lecturer at the university in Darmstadt. His wife and fellow researcher, Luise Herzberg, was Jewish so they began making plans to leave Germany near the end of 1933. Leaving Germany was a daunting task as many barriers faced the thousands of Germans trying to flee Nazi persecution. However Herzberg had earlier worked with a visiting physical chemist named John Spinks, from the University of Saskatchewan. Spinks helped Herzberg get a job at the university in Saskatoon. When Herzberg and his wife left Germany in 1935, the Nazis let them take only the equivalent of $2.50 each and personal belongings. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Sylvain Liberman received his doctorate in 1971 from Orsays Paris-Sud University (Paris XI), which in 2020 was replaced by Paris-Saclay University. His dissertation is entitled Études de structures hyperfines et deffets isotopiques dans les raies laser infrarouges de gaz rares (Studies of hyperfine structures and of isotopic effects generated by infrared lasers in spectrographic lines of noble gases). From 1971 until his death in 1988 he did research for the CNRS in Orsay and at the Laboratoire Aimé-Cotton (LAC). From 1981 until his death he was director of the Laboratoire Aimé-Cotton (which was jointly operated by the CNRS and the Paris-Sud University).
Liberman was involved in the development of a single-mode pulsed laser with excellent pointing stability. (Pointing stability is a measure (usually in mr or µr) of how much the laser beam position drifts from the target over time.) He and his colleagues developed an ultra-sensitive method for measuring optical resonances using either resonance ionization or deflections of atomic jets extracted from a magneto-optical trap. He also made contributions to the understanding of Rydberg states, spontaneous collective decays (superradiance, subradiance) and the hyperfine interaction of radioactive atoms, which he and his colleagues investigated at CERN using the ISOLDE facility. He and his colleagues found significant differences in nuclear properties from the study of hyperfine structure when studying isotopic families (such as cesium in the mass range 118 to 145 and potassium in the mass range 38 to 47). At CERN, he led the team credited with the first recording of a line of the optical spectrum of francium. Before that, francium was the only element with an atomic number below 100 for which no optical transition had been observed.
In 1985 he received the Prix des trois physiciens. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Ernst Miescher (6 October 1905 Basel, Switzerland – 27 September 1990, Basel) was a Swiss physicist.
Miescher studied physics in Basel and Munich, with a 1930 doctorate, and 1935 habilitation in Basel. During 1929–42 he was assistant at the "Physikalische Anstalt" of the University of Basel. From 1941 to 1945 he was extraordinary professor for experimental physics, in particular for spectroscopy at the University of Basel. From 1945 to 1972 he was head of the department of spectral physics at the University of Basel. Miescher was the local organizer of the first EUCMOS in 1951. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Butt was born in Sialkot, Punjab, British India on 3 June 1936. He is of Kashmiri descent. He completed his matriculation from the Muslim High School, Sialkot. In 1951, Butt enrolled to attend the Murray College to study physics and graduated with BSc in physics in 1955, standing top in his class of 1955 of the Murray College.
He went to attend the Government College University in Lahore to study physics under Dr. Rafi Muhammad where his research was focused towards the quantum reaction in nuclear physics, covering the topic of bombardment of Li high-energy protons to emit the energy spectrum of alpha particle. In 1957, he graduated with MSc in nuclear physics after successfully defending his thesis written under dr. Rafi Muhammad. His graduation was noted in the local university press when he was conferred with the Roll of Honor by the university.
In 1963, he went to attend the Birmingham University in England on Commonwealth Scholarship for his doctoral studies, and carried out his doctoral studies under Dr. Philip Burton Moon. He studied topics in solid state physics and kinetic theory of solids under Rudolf Peierls while conducting his doctoral studies on the diffraction with Mössbauer effect through the spectroscopy techniques under Dr. William Burchman. In 1965, Butt successfully defended his doctoral thesis and was conferred with the PhD in nuclear physics under the supervision of Philip Burton Moon from the Birmingham University in England.
He remained associated with the Birmingham University in England and taught various courses on physics as a visiting professor while he collaborated with British physicist, Dr. D.A. OConner, at the Department of Nuclear Physics in Birmingham University. In 1993, Butt was conferred with the DSc in physics, titled: "Structure Properties of Cubic Crystals'", that covered wide range of topics in material science and solid-state physics— though this research work was based on independent but authoritative and classified research sponsored by the British government. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
Born in 1906 in Bristol, England, the oldest of seven children of an Irish father and English mother, the family soon settled in Ireland where he spent his youth. From 1919 to 1924 he attended the CBS Sexton Street secondary school in Limerick City. The school had no science program, but Nevin was interested in physics and managed to learn the subject pretty thoroughly on his own. In 1924 he got a scholarship to University College Dublin, where he excelled in mathematics and physics, winning first-class honours every year, and earning an honours B.Sc. in Experimental Physics and Mathematics in 1927. He got his M.Sc. under J.J. Nolan in 1928 for a treatise on "The Effect of Water Vapour on the Diffusion Coefficients and Mobilities of Ions in the Air". That year he was also awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship, which enabled him to study spectroscopy at Imperial College, London (1929–1931). In 1931, he returned to Dublin to continue his research and was appointed an assistant in the department of experimental physics.
In 1940, he was awarded a D.Sc. degree at National University of Ireland for previously published work, and in 1942, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at Queens University Belfast. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s he continued his research in molecular spectroscopy, often working with research groups in fundamental particle and cosmic ray physics. He was a capable administrator at UCD, serving on the universitys finance and buildings committees, as well as the academic council and governing body, and he initiated many improvements to the physics department. When J. J. Nolan died in 1952, Nevin succeeded him as Professor of Experimental Physics, a position he held until his retirement in 1979.
Nevin was a strong advocate for expansion of the UCD campus, which for half a century was based at Earlsfort Terrace in the city. As a key member of UCD's academic council and a member of its buildings committee (1957–76), he was instrumental in moving the science faculty to the new Belfield campus in the southern suburbs in 1964.
He was a key figure in the formation of the Irish branch of Institute of Physics.
At the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies he was a member of the governing boards of the school of theoretical physics (1943-1961) and the school of cosmic physics (1948-1956).
On 16 March 1942 he was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy and served on its council from 1944 to 1968. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
The icosahedral CH cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure. Eiji Osawa predicted the existence of C in 1970. He noticed that the structure of a corannulene molecule was a subset of a football shape, and he hypothesised that a full ball shape could also exist. Japanese scientific journals reported his idea, but it did not reach Europe or the Americas.
In 1996, Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of this class of molecules. C and other fullerenes were later noticed occurring outside the laboratory. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Amnon Albeck was born in Jerusalem, Israel, to Michael and Shulamit Albeck on August 1, 1958. Amnon's father is the chemist Prof. Michael Albeck, the fifth president of Bar Ilan University (1986-1989) and former president of The Israel Chemical Society (1977-1980). His grandfather, Hanoch Albeck was a professor of Talmud at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who was one of the founders of the scientific approach to the study of the Mishna.
Albeck graduated from Bar Ilan University (Ramat Gan, Israel) with a BSc in chemistry in 1982, and earned his PhD from The Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel), under the supervision of Mordechai (Mudi) Sheves, in 1988. He then spent two years as a post-doctoral Fellow with Robert H. Abeles at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, USA.
In 1990 he returned to Bar Ilan University as a faculty member at the Department of Chemistry, where Albeck is now a Professor and the head of The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory. He is also a member of The Marcus Center for Medicinal Chemistry at Bar Ilan University. Albeck served as The Department of Chemistry Chairman in 2008-2011, and he is Bar Ilan University's Vice-Rector since 2014. In July 2020 he was elected Rector of Bar-Ilan University, due to replace Prof. Miriam Faust in office.
Amnon and his wife Shira, who is a staff scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science, have five children and seven grandchildren. | 0 | Computational Chemists |
Philip Bunker was educated at Battersea Grammar School in Streatham. He received a bachelors degree at Kings College in 1962 and earned a Ph.D. in theoretical chemistry from Cambridge University in 1965, advised by H.C. Longuet-Higgins. The subject of his Ph.D. thesis was
the spectrum of the dimethylacetylene molecule and its torsional barrier. During Bunker's Ph.D. work in 1963, Longuet-Higgins
published the paper that introduced molecular symmetry groups consisting of feasible
nuclear permutations and permutation-inversions.
Under the guidance of Longuet-Higgins, Bunker applied these new symmetry ideas and introduced the notations G and G for the molecular symmetry groups of
dimethylacetylene and ferrocene, respectively. After
obtaining his Ph.D. degree, he was a postdoctoral fellow with Jon T. Hougen in the
spectroscopy group of Gerhard Herzberg at the National Research Council of Canada.
He then spent his entire career at the National Research Council of Canada, eventually
rising to the position of principal research officer in 1997. | 1 | Spectroscopists |
* 1956 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
* 1970 – Medal for Achievement in Physics from the Canadian Association of Physicists
* 1979 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London
* 1980 – International meeting on molecular spectroscopy sponsored in June in honour of A. E. Douglas by the NRC
* 1981 – Henry Marshall Tory Medal | 1 | Spectroscopists |
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