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<a name="document_to_test_formatting.array"></a><a class="link" href="array.html" title="Array Example Boostbook XML Documentation"> Array Example Boostbook
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<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#array.intro">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#id772287">Reference</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#array.rationale">Design Rationale</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#array.more.info">For more information...</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#array.ack">Acknowledgements</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="array.intro"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div></div>
<p>The C++ Standard Template Library STL as part of the C++
    Standard Library provides a framework for processing algorithms on
    different kind of containers. However, ordinary arrays don't
    provide the interface of STL containers (although, they provide
    the iterator interface of STL containers).</p>
<p>As replacement for ordinary arrays, the STL provides class
    <code class="computeroutput">std::vector</code>.  However,
    <code class="computeroutput">std::vector&lt;&gt;</code> provides
    the semantics of dynamic arrays. Thus, it manages data to be able
    to change the number of elements. This results in some overhead in
    case only arrays with static size are needed.</p>
<p>In his book, <span class="emphasis"><em>Generic Programming and the
    STL</em></span>, Matthew H. Austern introduces a useful wrapper
    class for ordinary arrays with static size, called
    <code class="computeroutput">block</code>.  It is safer and has no worse performance than
    ordinary arrays. In <span class="emphasis"><em>The C++ Programming
    Language</em></span>, 3rd edition, Bjarne Stroustrup introduces a
    similar class, called <code class="computeroutput">c_array</code>, which I (<a href="http://www.josuttis.com" target="_top">Nicolai Josuttis</a>) present
    slightly modified in my book <span class="emphasis"><em>The C++ Standard Library -
    A Tutorial and Reference</em></span>, called
    <code class="computeroutput">carray</code>. This is the essence of these approaches
    spiced with many feedback from <a href="http://www.boost.org" target="_top">boost</a>.</p>
<p>After considering different names, we decided to name this
    class simply <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a></code>.</p>
<p>Note that this class is suggested to be part of the next
    Technical Report, which will extend the C++ Standard (see
    <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1548.htm" target="_top">http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1548.htm</a>).</p>
<p>Class <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a></code> fulfills most
    but not all of the requirements of "reversible containers" (see
    Section 23.1, [lib.container.requirements] of the C++
    Standard). The reasons array is not an reversible STL container is
    because:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact>
<li class="listitem">No constructors are provided.</li>
<li class="listitem">Elements may have an undetermined initial value (see <a class="xref" href="array.html#array.rationale" title="Design Rationale">the section called &#8220;Design Rationale&#8221;</a>).</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.swap">swap</a></code>() has no constant complexity.</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#id330848-bb">size</a></code>() is always constant, based on the second template argument of the type.</li>
<li class="listitem">The container provides no allocator support.</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
    </p>
<p>It doesn't fulfill the requirements of a "sequence" (see Section 23.1.1, [lib.sequence.reqmts] of the C++ Standard), except that:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#id331056-bb">front</a></code>() and <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#id331110-bb">back</a></code>() are provided.</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#id330919-bb">operator[]</a></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#id330982-bb">at</a></code>() are provided.</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
    </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id772287"></a>Reference</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="array.html#header.boost.array_hpp">Header &lt;boost/array.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="header.boost.array_hpp"></a>Header &lt;<a href="../../../../boost/array.hpp" target="_top">boost/array.hpp</a>&gt;</h4></div></div></div>
<pre class="synopsis"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.swap"><span class="identifier">swap</span></a><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator=="><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">==</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator!="><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">!=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator_id331592"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator_id331679"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator_=_id331750"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> N<span class="special">&gt;</span> 
    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html#boost.array.operator_=_id332091"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&gt;=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">array</a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">N</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="array.rationale"></a>Design Rationale</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
      There was an important design tradeoff regarding the
      constructors: We could implement array as an "aggregate" (see
      Section 8.5.1, [dcl.init.aggr], of the C++ Standard). This would
      mean:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">
               An array can be initialized with a
               brace-enclosing, comma-separated list of initializers for the
               elements of the container, written in increasing subscript
               order:
            </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
               <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">boost::array</a></code>&lt;int,4&gt; a = { { 1, 2, 3 } };
            </pre>
<p class="simpara">
               Note that if there are fewer elements in the
               initializer list, then each remaining element gets
               default-initialized (thus, it has a defined value).
            </p>
</li></ul></div>
<p>
   </p>
<p>
      However, this approach has its drawbacks: <span class="bold"><strong>
         passing no initializer list means that the elements
         have an indetermined initial value
      </strong></span>, because the rule says
      that aggregates may have:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">No user-declared constructors.</li>
<li class="listitem">No private or protected non-static data members.</li>
<li class="listitem">No base classes.</li>
<li class="listitem">No virtual functions.</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
   </p>
<p>Nevertheless, The current implementation uses this approach.</p>
<p>
      Note that for standard conforming compilers it is possible to
      use fewer braces (according to 8.5.1 (11) of the Standard). That is,
      you can initialize an array as follows:
   </p>
<pre class="programlisting">
      <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/array.html" title="Class template array">boost::array</a></code>&lt;int,4&gt; a = { 1, 2, 3 };
   </pre>
<p>
      I'd appreciate any constructive feedback. <span class="bold"><strong>
         Please note: I don't have time to read all boost
         mails. Thus, to make sure that feedback arrives to me, please send
         me a copy of each mail regarding this class.
      </strong></span>
   </p>
<p>
      The code is provided "as is" without expressed or implied
      warranty.
   </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="array.more.info"></a>For more information...</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
      To find more details about using ordinary arrays in C++ and
      the framework of the STL, see e.g.

      </p>
<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The&#160;C++&#160;Standard&#160;Library&#160;-&#160;A&#160;Tutorial&#160;and&#160;Reference<br>
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;by&#160;Nicolai&#160;M.&#160;Josuttis<br>
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Addison&#160;Wesley&#160;Longman,&#160;1999<br>
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;ISBN&#160;0-201-37926-0<br>
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></div>
<p>
   </p>
<p>
      <a href="http://www.josuttis.com/" target="_top">
         Home Page of Nicolai
         Josuttis
      </a>
   </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="array.ack"></a>Acknowledgements</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Doug Gregor ported the documentation to the BoostBook format.</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2007 John Maddock, Joel de Guzman, Eric Niebler and Matias
      Capeletto<p>
        Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
        file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
      </p>
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