/*
 *   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 *   (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

/*
 *    CVParameterSelection.java
 *    Copyright (C) 1999-2012 University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
 *
 */

package weka.classifiers.meta;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.StreamTokenizer;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Vector;

import weka.classifiers.Evaluation;
import weka.classifiers.RandomizableSingleClassifierEnhancer;
import weka.core.Capabilities;
import weka.core.Drawable;
import weka.core.FastVector;
import weka.core.Instance;
import weka.core.Instances;
import weka.core.Option;
import weka.core.OptionHandler;
import weka.core.RevisionHandler;
import weka.core.RevisionUtils;
import weka.core.Summarizable;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation.Field;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation.Type;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformationHandler;
import weka.core.Utils;

/**
 <!-- globalinfo-start -->
 * Class for performing parameter selection by cross-validation for any classifier.<br/>
 * <br/>
 * For more information, see:<br/>
 * <br/>
 * R. Kohavi (1995). Wrappers for Performance Enhancement and Oblivious Decision Graphs. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.
 * <p/>
 <!-- globalinfo-end -->
 *
 <!-- technical-bibtex-start -->
 * BibTeX:
 * <pre>
 * &#64;phdthesis{Kohavi1995,
 *    address = {Department of Computer Science, Stanford University},
 *    author = {R. Kohavi},
 *    school = {Stanford University},
 *    title = {Wrappers for Performance Enhancement and Oblivious Decision Graphs},
 *    year = {1995}
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p/>
 <!-- technical-bibtex-end -->
 *
 <!-- options-start -->
 * Valid options are: <p/>
 * 
 * <pre> -X &lt;number of folds&gt;
 *  Number of folds used for cross validation (default 10).</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -P &lt;classifier parameter&gt;
 *  Classifier parameter options.
 *  eg: "N 1 5 10" Sets an optimisation parameter for the
 *  classifier with name -N, with lower bound 1, upper bound
 *  5, and 10 optimisation steps. The upper bound may be the
 *  character 'A' or 'I' to substitute the number of
 *  attributes or instances in the training data,
 *  respectively. This parameter may be supplied more than
 *  once to optimise over several classifier options
 *  simultaneously.</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -S &lt;num&gt;
 *  Random number seed.
 *  (default 1)</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -D
 *  If set, classifier is run in debug mode and
 *  may output additional info to the console</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -W
 *  Full name of base classifier.
 *  (default: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR)</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> 
 * Options specific to classifier weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR:
 * </pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -D
 *  If set, classifier is run in debug mode and
 *  may output additional info to the console</pre>
 * 
 <!-- options-end -->
 *
 * Options after -- are passed to the designated sub-classifier. <p>
 *
 * @author Len Trigg (trigg@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
 * @version $Revision: 8181 $ 
*/
public class CVParameterSelection 
  extends RandomizableSingleClassifierEnhancer
  implements Drawable, Summarizable, TechnicalInformationHandler {

  /** for serialization */
  static final long serialVersionUID = -6529603380876641265L;
  
  /**
   * A data structure to hold values associated with a single
   * cross-validation search parameter
   */
  protected class CVParameter 
    implements Serializable, RevisionHandler {
    
    /** for serialization */
    static final long serialVersionUID = -4668812017709421953L;

    /**  Char used to identify the option of interest */
    private String m_ParamChar;    

    /**  Lower bound for the CV search */
    private double m_Lower;      

    /**  Upper bound for the CV search */
    private double m_Upper;      

    /**  Number of steps during the search */
    private double m_Steps;      

    /**  The parameter value with the best performance */
    private double m_ParamValue; 

    /**  True if the parameter should be added at the end of the argument list */
    private boolean m_AddAtEnd;  

    /**  True if the parameter should be rounded to an integer */
    private boolean m_RoundParam;

    /**
     * Constructs a CVParameter.
     * 
     * @param param the parameter definition
     * @throws Exception if construction of CVParameter fails
     */
    public CVParameter(String param) throws Exception {
      String[] parts = param.split(" ");
      if (parts.length < 4 || parts.length > 5) {
        throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param 
            + ": four or five components expected!");
      }
      
      try {
        Double.parseDouble(parts[0]);
        throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param 
                            + ": Character parameter identifier expected");
      } catch (NumberFormatException n) {
        m_ParamChar = parts[0];
      }
      
      try {
        m_Lower = Double.parseDouble(parts[1]);
      } catch (NumberFormatException n) {
        throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param 
            + ": Numeric lower bound expected");
      }
      
      if (parts[2].equals("A")) {
        m_Upper = m_Lower - 1;
      } else if (parts[2].equals("I")) {
        m_Upper = m_Lower - 2;
      } else {
        try {
          m_Upper = Double.parseDouble(parts[2]);
          
          if (m_Upper < m_Lower) {
            throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param
                                + ": Upper bound is less than lower bound");
          }
        } catch (NumberFormatException n) {
          throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param 
              + ": Upper bound must be numeric, or 'A' or 'N'");
        }
      }
      
      try {
        m_Steps = Double.parseDouble(parts[3]);
      } catch (NumberFormatException n) {
        throw new Exception("CVParameter " + param 
            + ": Numeric number of steps expected");
      }
      
      if (parts.length == 5 && parts[4].equals("R")) {
        m_RoundParam = true;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a CVParameter as a string.
     * 
     * @return the CVParameter as string
     */
    public String toString() {

      String result = m_ParamChar + " " + m_Lower + " ";
      switch ((int)(m_Lower - m_Upper + 0.5)) {
      case 1:
	result += "A";
	break;
      case 2:
	result += "I";
	break;
      default:
	result += m_Upper;
	break;
      }
      result += " " + m_Steps;
      if (m_RoundParam) {
	result += " R";
      }
      return result;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the revision string.
     * 
     * @return		the revision
     */
    public String getRevision() {
      return RevisionUtils.extract("$Revision: 8181 $");
    }
  }

  /**
   * The base classifier options (not including those being set
   * by cross-validation)
   */
  protected String [] m_ClassifierOptions;

  /** The set of all classifier options as determined by cross-validation */
  protected String [] m_BestClassifierOptions;

  /** The set of all options at initialization time. So that getOptions
      can return this. */
  protected String [] m_InitOptions;

  /** The cross-validated performance of the best options */
  protected double m_BestPerformance;

  /** The set of parameters to cross-validate over */
  protected FastVector m_CVParams = new FastVector();

  /** The number of attributes in the data */
  protected int m_NumAttributes;

  /** The number of instances in a training fold */
  protected int m_TrainFoldSize;
  
  /** The number of folds used in cross-validation */
  protected int m_NumFolds = 10;

  /**
   * Create the options array to pass to the classifier. The parameter
   * values and positions are taken from m_ClassifierOptions and
   * m_CVParams.
   *
   * @return the options array
   */
  protected String [] createOptions() {
    
    String [] options = new String [m_ClassifierOptions.length 
				   + 2 * m_CVParams.size()];
    int start = 0, end = options.length;

    // Add the cross-validation parameters and their values
    for (int i = 0; i < m_CVParams.size(); i++) {
      CVParameter cvParam = (CVParameter)m_CVParams.elementAt(i);
      double paramValue = cvParam.m_ParamValue;
      if (cvParam.m_RoundParam) {
        //	paramValue = (double)((int) (paramValue + 0.5));
        paramValue = Math.rint(paramValue);
      }
      boolean isInt = ((paramValue - (int)paramValue) == 0);
      
      if (cvParam.m_AddAtEnd) {
        options[--end] = "" + ((cvParam.m_RoundParam || isInt) ? 
            Utils.doubleToString(paramValue,4) : cvParam.m_ParamValue);
	//Utils.doubleToString(paramValue,4);
	options[--end] = "-" + cvParam.m_ParamChar;
      } else {
	options[start++] = "-" + cvParam.m_ParamChar;
	options[start++] = "" + ((cvParam.m_RoundParam || isInt) ? 
            Utils.doubleToString(paramValue,4) : cvParam.m_ParamValue);
	//+ Utils.doubleToString(paramValue,4);
      }
    }
    // Add the static parameters
    System.arraycopy(m_ClassifierOptions, 0,
		     options, start,
		     m_ClassifierOptions.length);

    return options;
  }

  /**
   * Finds the best parameter combination. (recursive for each parameter
   * being optimised).
   * 
   * @param depth the index of the parameter to be optimised at this level
   * @param trainData the data the search is based on
   * @param random a random number generator
   * @throws Exception if an error occurs
   */
  protected void findParamsByCrossValidation(int depth, Instances trainData,
					     Random random)
    throws Exception {

    if (depth < m_CVParams.size()) {
      CVParameter cvParam = (CVParameter)m_CVParams.elementAt(depth);

      double upper;
      switch ((int)(cvParam.m_Lower - cvParam.m_Upper + 0.5)) {
      case 1:
	upper = m_NumAttributes;
	break;
      case 2:
	upper = m_TrainFoldSize;
	break;
      default:
	upper = cvParam.m_Upper;
	break;
      }
      double increment = (upper - cvParam.m_Lower) / (cvParam.m_Steps - 1);
      for(cvParam.m_ParamValue = cvParam.m_Lower; 
	  cvParam.m_ParamValue <= upper; 
	  cvParam.m_ParamValue += increment) {
	findParamsByCrossValidation(depth + 1, trainData, random);
      }
    } else {
      
      Evaluation evaluation = new Evaluation(trainData);

      // Set the classifier options
      String [] options = createOptions();
      if (m_Debug) {
	System.err.print("Setting options for " 
			 + m_Classifier.getClass().getName() + ":");
	for (int i = 0; i < options.length; i++) {
	  System.err.print(" " + options[i]);
	}
	System.err.println("");
      }
      ((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).setOptions(options);
      for (int j = 0; j < m_NumFolds; j++) {

        // We want to randomize the data the same way for every 
        // learning scheme.
	Instances train = trainData.trainCV(m_NumFolds, j, new Random(1));
	Instances test = trainData.testCV(m_NumFolds, j);
	m_Classifier.buildClassifier(train);
	evaluation.setPriors(train);
	evaluation.evaluateModel(m_Classifier, test);
      }
      double error = evaluation.errorRate();
      if (m_Debug) {
	System.err.println("Cross-validated error rate: " 
			   + Utils.doubleToString(error, 6, 4));
      }
      if ((m_BestPerformance == -99) || (error < m_BestPerformance)) {
	
	m_BestPerformance = error;
	m_BestClassifierOptions = createOptions();
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a string describing this classifier
   * @return a description of the classifier suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String globalInfo() {
    return    "Class for performing parameter selection by cross-validation "
	    + "for any classifier.\n\n"
            + "For more information, see:\n\n"
            + getTechnicalInformation().toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns an instance of a TechnicalInformation object, containing 
   * detailed information about the technical background of this class,
   * e.g., paper reference or book this class is based on.
   * 
   * @return the technical information about this class
   */
  public TechnicalInformation getTechnicalInformation() {
    TechnicalInformation 	result;
    
    result = new TechnicalInformation(Type.PHDTHESIS);
    result.setValue(Field.AUTHOR, "R. Kohavi");
    result.setValue(Field.YEAR, "1995");
    result.setValue(Field.TITLE, "Wrappers for Performance Enhancement and Oblivious Decision Graphs");
    result.setValue(Field.SCHOOL, "Stanford University");
    result.setValue(Field.ADDRESS, "Department of Computer Science, Stanford University");
    
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns an enumeration describing the available options.
   *
   * @return an enumeration of all the available options.
   */
  public Enumeration listOptions() {

    Vector newVector = new Vector(2);

    newVector.addElement(new Option(
	      "\tNumber of folds used for cross validation (default 10).",
	      "X", 1, "-X <number of folds>"));
    newVector.addElement(new Option(
	      "\tClassifier parameter options.\n"
	      + "\teg: \"N 1 5 10\" Sets an optimisation parameter for the\n"
	      + "\tclassifier with name -N, with lower bound 1, upper bound\n"
	      + "\t5, and 10 optimisation steps. The upper bound may be the\n"
	      + "\tcharacter 'A' or 'I' to substitute the number of\n"
	      + "\tattributes or instances in the training data,\n"
	      + "\trespectively. This parameter may be supplied more than\n"
	      + "\tonce to optimise over several classifier options\n"
	      + "\tsimultaneously.",
	      "P", 1, "-P <classifier parameter>"));


    Enumeration enu = super.listOptions();
    while (enu.hasMoreElements()) {
      newVector.addElement(enu.nextElement());
    }
    return newVector.elements();
  }


  /**
   * Parses a given list of options. <p/>
   *
   <!-- options-start -->
   * Valid options are: <p/>
   * 
   * <pre> -X &lt;number of folds&gt;
   *  Number of folds used for cross validation (default 10).</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -P &lt;classifier parameter&gt;
   *  Classifier parameter options.
   *  eg: "N 1 5 10" Sets an optimisation parameter for the
   *  classifier with name -N, with lower bound 1, upper bound
   *  5, and 10 optimisation steps. The upper bound may be the
   *  character 'A' or 'I' to substitute the number of
   *  attributes or instances in the training data,
   *  respectively. This parameter may be supplied more than
   *  once to optimise over several classifier options
   *  simultaneously.</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -S &lt;num&gt;
   *  Random number seed.
   *  (default 1)</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -D
   *  If set, classifier is run in debug mode and
   *  may output additional info to the console</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -W
   *  Full name of base classifier.
   *  (default: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR)</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> 
   * Options specific to classifier weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR:
   * </pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -D
   *  If set, classifier is run in debug mode and
   *  may output additional info to the console</pre>
   * 
   <!-- options-end -->
   *
   * Options after -- are passed to the designated sub-classifier. <p>
   *
   * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
   * @throws Exception if an option is not supported
   */
  public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {

    String foldsString = Utils.getOption('X', options);
    if (foldsString.length() != 0) {
      setNumFolds(Integer.parseInt(foldsString));
    } else {
      setNumFolds(10);
    }

    String cvParam;
    m_CVParams = new FastVector();
    do {
      cvParam = Utils.getOption('P', options);
      if (cvParam.length() != 0) {
	addCVParameter(cvParam);
      }
    } while (cvParam.length() != 0);

    super.setOptions(options);
  }

  /**
   * Gets the current settings of the Classifier.
   *
   * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
   */
  public String [] getOptions() {

    String[] superOptions;

    if (m_InitOptions != null) {
      try {
	((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).setOptions((String[])m_InitOptions.clone());
	superOptions = super.getOptions();
	((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).setOptions((String[])m_BestClassifierOptions.clone());
      } catch (Exception e) {
	throw new RuntimeException("CVParameterSelection: could not set options " +
				   "in getOptions().");
      } 
    } else {
      superOptions = super.getOptions();
    }
    String [] options = new String [superOptions.length + m_CVParams.size() * 2 + 2];

    int current = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < m_CVParams.size(); i++) {
      options[current++] = "-P"; options[current++] = "" + getCVParameter(i);
    }
    options[current++] = "-X"; options[current++] = "" + getNumFolds();

    System.arraycopy(superOptions, 0, options, current, 
		     superOptions.length);

    return options;
  }

  /**
   * Returns (a copy of) the best options found for the classifier.
   * 
   * @return the best options
   */
  public String[] getBestClassifierOptions() {
    return (String[]) m_BestClassifierOptions.clone();
  }
  
  /**
   * Returns default capabilities of the classifier.
   *
   * @return      the capabilities of this classifier
   */
  public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
    Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();

    result.setMinimumNumberInstances(m_NumFolds);
    
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Generates the classifier.
   *
   * @param instances set of instances serving as training data 
   * @throws Exception if the classifier has not been generated successfully
   */
  public void buildClassifier(Instances instances) throws Exception {

    // can classifier handle the data?
    getCapabilities().testWithFail(instances);

    // remove instances with missing class
    Instances trainData = new Instances(instances);
    trainData.deleteWithMissingClass();
    
    if (!(m_Classifier instanceof OptionHandler)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Base classifier should be OptionHandler.");
    }
    m_InitOptions = ((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).getOptions();
    m_BestPerformance = -99;
    m_NumAttributes = trainData.numAttributes();
    Random random = new Random(m_Seed);
    trainData.randomize(random);
    m_TrainFoldSize = trainData.trainCV(m_NumFolds, 0).numInstances();

    // Check whether there are any parameters to optimize
    if (m_CVParams.size() == 0) {
       m_Classifier.buildClassifier(trainData);
       m_BestClassifierOptions = m_InitOptions;
       return;
    }

    if (trainData.classAttribute().isNominal()) {
      trainData.stratify(m_NumFolds);
    }
    m_BestClassifierOptions = null;
    
    // Set up m_ClassifierOptions -- take getOptions() and remove
    // those being optimised.
    m_ClassifierOptions = ((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).getOptions();
    for (int i = 0; i < m_CVParams.size(); i++) {
      Utils.getOption(((CVParameter)m_CVParams.elementAt(i)).m_ParamChar,
		      m_ClassifierOptions);
    }
    findParamsByCrossValidation(0, trainData, random);

    String [] options = (String [])m_BestClassifierOptions.clone();
    ((OptionHandler)m_Classifier).setOptions(options);
    m_Classifier.buildClassifier(trainData);
  }


  /**
   * Predicts the class distribution for the given test instance.
   *
   * @param instance the instance to be classified
   * @return the predicted class value
   * @throws Exception if an error occurred during the prediction
   */
  public double[] distributionForInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {
    
    return m_Classifier.distributionForInstance(instance);
  }

  /**
   * Adds a scheme parameter to the list of parameters to be set
   * by cross-validation
   *
   * @param cvParam the string representation of a scheme parameter. The
   * format is: <br>
   * param_char lower_bound upper_bound number_of_steps <br>
   * eg to search a parameter -P from 1 to 10 by increments of 1: <br>
   * P 1 10 11 <br>
   * @throws Exception if the parameter specifier is of the wrong format
   */
  public void addCVParameter(String cvParam) throws Exception {

    CVParameter newCV = new CVParameter(cvParam);
    
    m_CVParams.addElement(newCV);
  }

  /**
   * Gets the scheme paramter with the given index.
   * 
   * @param index the index for the parameter
   * @return the scheme parameter
   */
  public String getCVParameter(int index) {

    if (m_CVParams.size() <= index) {
      return "";
    }
    return ((CVParameter)m_CVParams.elementAt(index)).toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String CVParametersTipText() {
    return "Sets the scheme parameters which are to be set "+
	   "by cross-validation.\n"+
	   "The format for each string should be:\n"+
	   "param_char lower_bound upper_bound number_of_steps\n"+
	   "eg to search a parameter -P from 1 to 10 by increments of 1:\n"+
	   "    \"P 1 10 10\" ";
  }

  /**
   * Get method for CVParameters.
   * 
   * @return the CVParameters
   */
  public Object[] getCVParameters() {
      
      Object[] CVParams = m_CVParams.toArray();
      
      String params[] = new String[CVParams.length];
      
      for(int i=0; i<CVParams.length; i++) 
          params[i] = CVParams[i].toString();
      
      return params;
      
  }
  
  /**
   * Set method for CVParameters.
   * 
   * @param params the CVParameters to use
   * @throws Exception if the setting of the CVParameters fails
   */
  public void setCVParameters(Object[] params) throws Exception {
      
      FastVector backup = m_CVParams;
      m_CVParams = new FastVector();
      
      for(int i=0; i<params.length; i++) {
          try{
          addCVParameter((String)params[i]);
          }
          catch(Exception ex) { m_CVParams = backup; throw ex; }
      }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String numFoldsTipText() {
    return "Get the number of folds used for cross-validation.";
  }

  /** 
   * Gets the number of folds for the cross-validation.
   *
   * @return the number of folds for the cross-validation
   */
  public int getNumFolds() {

    return m_NumFolds;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the number of folds for the cross-validation.
   *
   * @param numFolds the number of folds for the cross-validation
   * @throws Exception if parameter illegal
   */
  public void setNumFolds(int numFolds) throws Exception {
    
    if (numFolds < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Stacking: Number of cross-validation " +
					 "folds must be positive.");
    }
    m_NumFolds = numFolds;
  }
 
  /**
   *  Returns the type of graph this classifier
   *  represents.
   *  
   *  @return the type of graph this classifier represents
   */   
  public int graphType() {
    
    if (m_Classifier instanceof Drawable)
      return ((Drawable)m_Classifier).graphType();
    else 
      return Drawable.NOT_DRAWABLE;
  }

  /**
   * Returns graph describing the classifier (if possible).
   *
   * @return the graph of the classifier in dotty format
   * @throws Exception if the classifier cannot be graphed
   */
  public String graph() throws Exception {
    
    if (m_Classifier instanceof Drawable)
      return ((Drawable)m_Classifier).graph();
    else throw new Exception("Classifier: " + 
			     m_Classifier.getClass().getName() + " " +
			     Utils.joinOptions(m_BestClassifierOptions)
			     + " cannot be graphed");
  }

  /**
   * Returns description of the cross-validated classifier.
   *
   * @return description of the cross-validated classifier as a string
   */
  public String toString() {

    if (m_InitOptions == null)
      return "CVParameterSelection: No model built yet.";

    String result = "Cross-validated Parameter selection.\n"
    + "Classifier: " + m_Classifier.getClass().getName() + "\n";
    try {
      for (int i = 0; i < m_CVParams.size(); i++) {
	CVParameter cvParam = (CVParameter)m_CVParams.elementAt(i);
	result += "Cross-validation Parameter: '-" 
	  + cvParam.m_ParamChar + "'"
	  + " ranged from " + cvParam.m_Lower 
	  + " to ";
	switch ((int)(cvParam.m_Lower - cvParam.m_Upper + 0.5)) {
	case 1:
	  result += m_NumAttributes;
	  break;
	case 2:
	  result += m_TrainFoldSize;
	  break;
	default:
	  result += cvParam.m_Upper;
	  break;
	}
	result += " with " + cvParam.m_Steps + " steps\n";
      }
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      result += ex.getMessage();
    }
    result += "Classifier Options: "
      + Utils.joinOptions(m_BestClassifierOptions)
      + "\n\n" + m_Classifier.toString();
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * A concise description of the model.
   * 
   * @return a concise description of the model
   */
  public String toSummaryString() {

    String result = "Selected values: "
      + Utils.joinOptions(m_BestClassifierOptions);
    return result + '\n';
  }
  
  /**
   * Returns the revision string.
   * 
   * @return		the revision
   */
  public String getRevision() {
    return RevisionUtils.extract("$Revision: 8181 $");
  }
  
  /**
   * Main method for testing this class.
   *
   * @param argv the options
   */
  public static void main(String [] argv) {
    runClassifier(new CVParameterSelection(), argv);
  }
}
