/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */

package com.google.common.net;

import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.ascii;
import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.javaIsoControl;
import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Ascii;
import com.google.common.base.CharMatcher;
import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
import com.google.common.base.Joiner.MapJoiner;
import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
import com.google.common.base.Objects;
import com.google.common.base.Optional;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableListMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultiset;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimaps;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.Immutable;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.concurrent.LazyInit;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * Represents an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_media_type">Internet Media Type</a>
 * (also known as a MIME Type or Content Type). This class also supports the concept of media ranges
 * <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.1">defined by HTTP/1.1</a>.
 * As such, the {@code *} character is treated as a wildcard and is used to represent any acceptable
 * type or subtype value. A media type may not have wildcard type with a declared subtype. The
 * {@code *} character has no special meaning as part of a parameter. All values for type, subtype,
 * parameter attributes or parameter values must be valid according to RFCs <a
 * href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045">2045</a> and <a
 * href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046">2046</a>.
 *
 * <p>All portions of the media type that are case-insensitive (type, subtype, parameter attributes)
 * are normalized to lowercase. The value of the {@code charset} parameter is normalized to
 * lowercase, but all others are left as-is.
 *
 * <p>Note that this specifically does <strong>not</strong> represent the value of the MIME {@code
 * Content-Type} header and as such has no support for header-specific considerations such as line
 * folding and comments.
 *
 * <p>For media types that take a charset the predefined constants default to UTF-8 and have a
 * "_UTF_8" suffix. To get a version without a character set, use {@link #withoutParameters}.
 *
 * @since 12.0
 * @author Gregory Kick
 */
@GwtCompatible
@Immutable
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public final class MediaType {
  private static final String CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE = "charset";
  private static final ImmutableListMultimap<String, String> UTF_8_CONSTANT_PARAMETERS =
      ImmutableListMultimap.of(CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE, Ascii.toLowerCase(UTF_8.name()));

  /** Matcher for type, subtype and attributes. */
  private static final CharMatcher TOKEN_MATCHER =
      ascii()
          .and(javaIsoControl().negate())
          .and(CharMatcher.isNot(' '))
          .and(CharMatcher.noneOf("()<>@,;:\\\"/[]?="));

  private static final CharMatcher QUOTED_TEXT_MATCHER = ascii().and(CharMatcher.noneOf("\"\\\r"));

  /*
   * This matches the same characters as linear-white-space from RFC 822, but we make no effort to
   * enforce any particular rules with regards to line folding as stated in the class docs.
   */
  private static final CharMatcher LINEAR_WHITE_SPACE = CharMatcher.anyOf(" \t\r\n");

  // TODO(gak): make these public?
  private static final String APPLICATION_TYPE = "application";
  private static final String AUDIO_TYPE = "audio";
  private static final String IMAGE_TYPE = "image";
  private static final String TEXT_TYPE = "text";
  private static final String VIDEO_TYPE = "video";
  private static final String FONT_TYPE = "font";

  private static final String WILDCARD = "*";

  private static final Map<MediaType, MediaType> KNOWN_TYPES = Maps.newHashMap();

  private static MediaType createConstant(String type, String subtype) {
    MediaType mediaType =
        addKnownType(new MediaType(type, subtype, ImmutableListMultimap.<String, String>of()));
    mediaType.parsedCharset = Optional.absent();
    return mediaType;
  }

  private static MediaType createConstantUtf8(String type, String subtype) {
    MediaType mediaType = addKnownType(new MediaType(type, subtype, UTF_8_CONSTANT_PARAMETERS));
    mediaType.parsedCharset = Optional.of(UTF_8);
    return mediaType;
  }

  private static MediaType addKnownType(MediaType mediaType) {
    KNOWN_TYPES.put(mediaType, mediaType);
    return mediaType;
  }

  /*
   * The following constants are grouped by their type and ordered alphabetically by the constant
   * name within that type. The constant name should be a sensible identifier that is closest to the
   * "common name" of the media. This is often, but not necessarily the same as the subtype.
   *
   * Be sure to declare all constants with the type and subtype in all lowercase. For types that
   * take a charset (e.g. all text/* types), default to UTF-8 and suffix the constant name with
   * "_UTF_8".
   */

  public static final MediaType ANY_TYPE = createConstant(WILDCARD, WILDCARD);
  public static final MediaType ANY_TEXT_TYPE = createConstant(TEXT_TYPE, WILDCARD);
  public static final MediaType ANY_IMAGE_TYPE = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, WILDCARD);
  public static final MediaType ANY_AUDIO_TYPE = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, WILDCARD);
  public static final MediaType ANY_VIDEO_TYPE = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, WILDCARD);
  public static final MediaType ANY_APPLICATION_TYPE = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, WILDCARD);

  /**
   * Wildcard matching any "font" top-level media type.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType ANY_FONT_TYPE = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, WILDCARD);

  /* text types */
  public static final MediaType CACHE_MANIFEST_UTF_8 =
      createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "cache-manifest");
  public static final MediaType CSS_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "css");
  public static final MediaType CSV_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "csv");
  public static final MediaType HTML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "html");
  public static final MediaType I_CALENDAR_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "calendar");
  public static final MediaType PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "plain");

  /**
   * <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4329.txt">RFC 4329</a> declares {@link
   * #JAVASCRIPT_UTF_8 application/javascript} to be the correct media type for JavaScript, but this
   * may be necessary in certain situations for compatibility.
   */
  public static final MediaType TEXT_JAVASCRIPT_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "javascript");
  /**
   * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/tab-separated-values">Tab separated
   * values</a>.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType TSV_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "tab-separated-values");

  public static final MediaType VCARD_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "vcard");

  /**
   * UTF-8 encoded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Language">Wireless Markup
   * Language</a>.
   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "vnd.wap.wml");

  /**
   * As described in <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt">RFC 3023</a>, this constant
   * ({@code text/xml}) is used for XML documents that are "readable by casual users." {@link
   * #APPLICATION_XML_UTF_8} is provided for documents that are intended for applications.
   */
  public static final MediaType XML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "xml");

  /**
   * As described in <a href="https://w3c.github.io/webvtt/#iana-text-vtt">the VTT spec</a>, this is
   * used for Web Video Text Tracks (WebVTT) files, used with the HTML5 track element.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType VTT_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(TEXT_TYPE, "vtt");

  /* image types */
  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format">Bitmap file format</a> ({@code bmp}
   * files).
   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public static final MediaType BMP = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "bmp");

  /**
   * The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format">Canon Image File
   * Format</a> ({@code crw} files), a widely-used "raw image" format for cameras. It is found in
   * {@code /etc/mime.types}, e.g. in <a href=
   * "http://anonscm.debian.org/gitweb/?p=collab-maint/mime-support.git;a=blob;f=mime.types;hb=HEAD"
   * >Debian 3.48-1</a>.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType CRW = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "x-canon-crw");

  public static final MediaType GIF = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "gif");
  public static final MediaType ICO = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "vnd.microsoft.icon");
  public static final MediaType JPEG = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "jpeg");
  public static final MediaType PNG = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "png");

  /**
   * The Photoshop File Format ({@code psd} files) as defined by <a
   * href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/image/vnd.adobe.photoshop">IANA</a>, and
   * found in {@code /etc/mime.types}, e.g. <a
   * href="http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/httpd/httpd/branches/1.3.x/conf/mime.types"></a> of the
   * Apache <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTPD project</a>; for the specification, see <a
   * href="http://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/PhotoshopFileFormats.htm">
   * Adobe Photoshop Document Format</a> and <a
   * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#File_format">Wikipedia</a>; this is the
   * regular output/input of Photoshop (which can also export to various image formats; note that
   * files with extension "PSB" are in a distinct but related format).
   *
   * <p>This is a more recent replacement for the older, experimental type {@code x-photoshop}: <a
   * href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046#section-6">RFC-2046.6</a>.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType PSD = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "vnd.adobe.photoshop");

  public static final MediaType SVG_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(IMAGE_TYPE, "svg+xml");
  public static final MediaType TIFF = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "tiff");

  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP">WebP image format</a>.
   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WEBP = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "webp");

  /**
   * <a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/image/heif">HEIF image format</a>.
   *
   * @since 28.1
   */
  public static final MediaType HEIF = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "heif");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3745">JP2K image format</a>.
   *
   * @since 28.1
   */
  public static final MediaType JP2K = createConstant(IMAGE_TYPE, "jp2");

  /* audio types */
  public static final MediaType MP4_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "mp4");
  public static final MediaType MPEG_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "mpeg");
  public static final MediaType OGG_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "ogg");
  public static final MediaType WEBM_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "webm");

  /**
   * L16 audio, as defined by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2586">RFC 2586</a>.
   *
   * @since 24.1
   */
  public static final MediaType L16_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "l16");

  /**
   * L24 audio, as defined by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3190">RFC 3190</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType L24_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "l24");

  /**
   * Basic Audio, as defined by <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046#section-4.3">RFC
   * 2046</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType BASIC_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "basic");

  /**
   * Advanced Audio Coding. For more information, see <a
   * href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding">Advanced Audio Coding</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType AAC_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "aac");

  /**
   * Vorbis Audio, as defined by <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5215">RFC 5215</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType VORBIS_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "vorbis");

  /**
   * Windows Media Audio. For more information, see <a
   * href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd562994(v=vs.85).aspx">file
   * name extensions for Windows Media metafiles</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WMA_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "x-ms-wma");

  /**
   * Windows Media metafiles. For more information, see <a
   * href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd562994(v=vs.85).aspx">file
   * name extensions for Windows Media metafiles</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WAX_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "x-ms-wax");

  /**
   * Real Audio. For more information, see <a
   * href="http://service.real.com/help/faq/rp8/configrp8win.html">this link</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType VND_REAL_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "vnd.rn-realaudio");

  /**
   * WAVE format, as defined by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2361">RFC 2361</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType VND_WAVE_AUDIO = createConstant(AUDIO_TYPE, "vnd.wave");

  /* video types */
  public static final MediaType MP4_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "mp4");
  public static final MediaType MPEG_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "mpeg");
  public static final MediaType OGG_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "ogg");
  public static final MediaType QUICKTIME = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "quicktime");
  public static final MediaType WEBM_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "webm");
  public static final MediaType WMV = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "x-ms-wmv");

  /**
   * Flash video. For more information, see <a href=
   * "http://help.adobe.com/en_US/ActionScript/3.0_ProgrammingAS3/WS5b3ccc516d4fbf351e63e3d118a9b90204-7d48.html"
   * >this link</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FLV_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "x-flv");

  /**
   * The 3GP multimedia container format. For more information, see <a
   * href="ftp://www.3gpp.org/tsg_sa/TSG_SA/TSGS_23/Docs/PDF/SP-040065.pdf#page=10">3GPP TS
   * 26.244</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType THREE_GPP_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "3gpp");

  /**
   * The 3G2 multimedia container format. For more information, see <a
   * href="http://www.3gpp2.org/Public_html/specs/C.S0050-B_v1.0_070521.pdf#page=16">3GPP2
   * C.S0050-B</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType THREE_GPP2_VIDEO = createConstant(VIDEO_TYPE, "3gpp2");

  /* application types */
  /**
   * As described in <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt">RFC 3023</a>, this constant
   * ({@code application/xml}) is used for XML documents that are "unreadable by casual users."
   * {@link #XML_UTF_8} is provided for documents that may be read by users.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static final MediaType APPLICATION_XML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "xml");

  public static final MediaType ATOM_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "atom+xml");
  public static final MediaType BZIP2 = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-bzip2");

  /**
   * Files in the <a href="https://www.dartlang.org/articles/embedding-in-html/">dart</a>
   * programming language.
   *
   * @since 19.0
   */
  public static final MediaType DART_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "dart");

  /**
   * <a href="https://goo.gl/2QoMvg">Apple Passbook</a>.
   *
   * @since 19.0
   */
  public static final MediaType APPLE_PASSBOOK =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.apple.pkpass");

  /**
   * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_OpenType">Embedded OpenType</a> fonts. This is
   * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.ms-fontobject">registered
   * </a> with the IANA.
   *
   * @since 17.0
   */
  public static final MediaType EOT = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.ms-fontobject");

  /**
   * As described in the <a href="http://idpf.org/epub">International Digital Publishing Forum</a>
   * EPUB is the distribution and interchange format standard for digital publications and
   * documents. This media type is defined in the <a
   * href="http://www.idpf.org/epub/30/spec/epub30-ocf.html">EPUB Open Container Format</a>
   * specification.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType EPUB = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "epub+zip");

  public static final MediaType FORM_DATA =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-www-form-urlencoded");

  /**
   * As described in <a href="https://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2138">PKCS #12: Personal
   * Information Exchange Syntax Standard</a>, PKCS #12 defines an archive file format for storing
   * many cryptography objects as a single file.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType KEY_ARCHIVE = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "pkcs12");

  /**
   * This is a non-standard media type, but is commonly used in serving hosted binary files as it is
   * <a href="http://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part2#Survey_of_content_sniffing_behaviors">
   * known not to trigger content sniffing in current browsers</a>. It <i>should not</i> be used in
   * other situations as it is not specified by any RFC and does not appear in the <a
   * href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types">/IANA MIME Media Types</a> list. Consider
   * {@link #OCTET_STREAM} for binary data that is not being served to a browser.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static final MediaType APPLICATION_BINARY = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "binary");

  /**
   * Media type for the <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946">GeoJSON Format</a>, a
   * geospatial data interchange format based on JSON.
   *
   * @since 28.0
   */
  public static final MediaType GEO_JSON = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "geo+json");

  public static final MediaType GZIP = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-gzip");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kelly-json-hal-08#section-3">JSON Hypertext
   * Application Language (HAL) documents</a>.
   *
   * @since 26.0
   */
  public static final MediaType HAL_JSON = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "hal+json");

  /**
   * <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4329.txt">RFC 4329</a> declares this to be the
   * correct media type for JavaScript, but {@link #TEXT_JAVASCRIPT_UTF_8 text/javascript} may be
   * necessary in certain situations for compatibility.
   */
  public static final MediaType JAVASCRIPT_UTF_8 =
      createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "javascript");

  /**
   * For <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515">JWS or JWE objects using the Compact
   * Serialization</a>.
   *
   * @since 27.1
   */
  public static final MediaType JOSE = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "jose");

  /**
   * For <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515">JWS or JWE objects using the JSON
   * Serialization</a>.
   *
   * @since 27.1
   */
  public static final MediaType JOSE_JSON = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "jose+json");

  public static final MediaType JSON_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "json");

  /**
   * For <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/7519">JWT objects using the compact Serialization</a>.
   *
   * @since 32.0.0
   */
  public static final MediaType JWT = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "jwt");

  /**
   * The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/appmanifest/">Manifest for a web application</a>.
   *
   * @since 19.0
   */
  public static final MediaType MANIFEST_JSON_UTF_8 =
      createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "manifest+json");

  /**
   * <a href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml/">OGC KML (Keyhole Markup Language)</a>.
   */
  public static final MediaType KML = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.google-earth.kml+xml");

  /**
   * <a href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml/">OGC KML (Keyhole Markup Language)</a>,
   * compressed using the ZIP format into KMZ archives.
   */
  public static final MediaType KMZ = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.google-earth.kmz");

  /**
   * The <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4155">mbox database format</a>.
   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public static final MediaType MBOX = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "mbox");

  /**
   * <a href="http://goo.gl/1pGBFm">Apple over-the-air mobile configuration profiles</a>.
   *
   * @since 18.0
   */
  public static final MediaType APPLE_MOBILE_CONFIG =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-apple-aspen-config");

  /** <a href="http://goo.gl/XDQ1h2">Microsoft Excel</a> spreadsheets. */
  public static final MediaType MICROSOFT_EXCEL = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.ms-excel");

  /**
   * <a href="http://goo.gl/XrTEqG">Microsoft Outlook</a> items.
   *
   * @since 27.1
   */
  public static final MediaType MICROSOFT_OUTLOOK =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.ms-outlook");

  /** <a href="http://goo.gl/XDQ1h2">Microsoft Powerpoint</a> presentations. */
  public static final MediaType MICROSOFT_POWERPOINT =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.ms-powerpoint");

  /** <a href="http://goo.gl/XDQ1h2">Microsoft Word</a> documents. */
  public static final MediaType MICROSOFT_WORD = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "msword");

  /**
   * Media type for <a
   * href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP">Dynamic Adaptive
   * Streaming over HTTP (DASH)</a>. This is <a
   * href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dash+xml">registered</a> with
   * the IANA.
   *
   * @since 28.2
   */
  public static final MediaType MEDIA_PRESENTATION_DESCRIPTION =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "dash+xml");

  /**
   * WASM applications. For more information see <a href="https://webassembly.org/">the Web Assembly
   * overview</a>.
   *
   * @since 27.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WASM_APPLICATION = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "wasm");

  /**
   * NaCl applications. For more information see <a
   * href="https://developer.chrome.com/native-client/devguide/coding/application-structure">the
   * Developer Guide for Native Client Application Structure</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType NACL_APPLICATION = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-nacl");

  /**
   * NaCl portable applications. For more information see <a
   * href="https://developer.chrome.com/native-client/devguide/coding/application-structure">the
   * Developer Guide for Native Client Application Structure</a>.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType NACL_PORTABLE_APPLICATION =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-pnacl");

  public static final MediaType OCTET_STREAM = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "octet-stream");

  public static final MediaType OGG_CONTAINER = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "ogg");
  public static final MediaType OOXML_DOCUMENT =
      createConstant(
          APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document");
  public static final MediaType OOXML_PRESENTATION =
      createConstant(
          APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation");
  public static final MediaType OOXML_SHEET =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet");
  public static final MediaType OPENDOCUMENT_GRAPHICS =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics");
  public static final MediaType OPENDOCUMENT_PRESENTATION =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation");
  public static final MediaType OPENDOCUMENT_SPREADSHEET =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet");
  public static final MediaType OPENDOCUMENT_TEXT =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.oasis.opendocument.text");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ellermann-opensearch-01.html">OpenSearch</a>
   * Description files are XML files that describe how a website can be used as a search engine by
   * consumers (e.g. web browsers).
   *
   * @since 28.2
   */
  public static final MediaType OPENSEARCH_DESCRIPTION_UTF_8 =
      createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "opensearchdescription+xml");

  public static final MediaType PDF = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "pdf");
  public static final MediaType POSTSCRIPT = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "postscript");

  /**
   * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-rfernando-protocol-buffers-00">Protocol buffers</a>
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final MediaType PROTOBUF = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "protobuf");

  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a> documents, which are XML
   * serializations of <a
   * href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework">Resource Description
   * Framework</a> graphs.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static final MediaType RDF_XML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "rdf+xml");

  public static final MediaType RTF_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "rtf");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares {@link #FONT_SFNT
   * font/sfnt} to be the correct media type for SFNT, but this may be necessary in certain
   * situations for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 17.0
   */
  public static final MediaType SFNT = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "font-sfnt");

  public static final MediaType SHOCKWAVE_FLASH =
      createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-shockwave-flash");

  /**
   * {@code skp} files produced by the 3D Modeling software <a
   * href="https://www.sketchup.com/">SketchUp</a>
   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public static final MediaType SKETCHUP = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "vnd.sketchup.skp");

  /**
   * As described in <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3902.txt">RFC 3902</a>, this constant
   * ({@code application/soap+xml}) is used to identify SOAP 1.2 message envelopes that have been
   * serialized with XML 1.0.
   *
   * <p>For SOAP 1.1 messages, see {@code XML_UTF_8} per <a
   * href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-SOAP-20000508/">W3C Note on Simple Object Access Protocol
   * (SOAP) 1.1</a>
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType SOAP_XML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "soap+xml");

  public static final MediaType TAR = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "x-tar");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares {@link #FONT_WOFF
   * font/woff} to be the correct media type for WOFF, but this may be necessary in certain
   * situations for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 17.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WOFF = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "font-woff");

  /**
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares {@link #FONT_WOFF2
   * font/woff2} to be the correct media type for WOFF2, but this may be necessary in certain
   * situations for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 20.0
   */
  public static final MediaType WOFF2 = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "font-woff2");

  public static final MediaType XHTML_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "xhtml+xml");

  /**
   * Extensible Resource Descriptors. This is not yet registered with the IANA, but it is specified
   * by OASIS in the <a href="http://docs.oasis-open.org/xri/xrd/v1.0/cd02/xrd-1.0-cd02.html">XRD
   * definition</a> and implemented in projects such as <a
   * href="http://code.google.com/p/webfinger/">WebFinger</a>.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static final MediaType XRD_UTF_8 = createConstantUtf8(APPLICATION_TYPE, "xrd+xml");

  public static final MediaType ZIP = createConstant(APPLICATION_TYPE, "zip");

  /* font types */

  /**
   * A collection of font outlines as defined by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC
   * 8081</a>.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_COLLECTION = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "collection");

  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType">Open Type Font Format</a> (OTF) as defined by
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a>.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_OTF = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "otf");

  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFNT">Spline or Scalable Font Format</a> (SFNT). <a
   * href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares this to be the correct media
   * type for SFNT, but {@link #SFNT application/font-sfnt} may be necessary in certain situations
   * for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_SFNT = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "sfnt");

  /**
   * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType">True Type Font Format</a> (TTF) as defined by
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a>.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_TTF = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "ttf");

  /**
   * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format">Web Open Font Format</a> (WOFF). <a
   * href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares this to be the correct media
   * type for SFNT, but {@link #WOFF application/font-woff} may be necessary in certain situations
   * for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_WOFF = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "woff");

  /**
   * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format">Web Open Font Format</a> (WOFF2).
   * <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8081">RFC 8081</a> declares this to be the correct
   * media type for SFNT, but {@link #WOFF2 application/font-woff2} may be necessary in certain
   * situations for compatibility.
   *
   * @since 30.0
   */
  public static final MediaType FONT_WOFF2 = createConstant(FONT_TYPE, "woff2");

  private final String type;
  private final String subtype;
  private final ImmutableListMultimap<String, String> parameters;

  @LazyInit @CheckForNull private String toString;

  @LazyInit private int hashCode;

  @LazyInit @CheckForNull private Optional<Charset> parsedCharset;

  private MediaType(String type, String subtype, ImmutableListMultimap<String, String> parameters) {
    this.type = type;
    this.subtype = subtype;
    this.parameters = parameters;
  }

  /** Returns the top-level media type. For example, {@code "text"} in {@code "text/plain"}. */
  public String type() {
    return type;
  }

  /** Returns the media subtype. For example, {@code "plain"} in {@code "text/plain"}. */
  public String subtype() {
    return subtype;
  }

  /** Returns a multimap containing the parameters of this media type. */
  public ImmutableListMultimap<String, String> parameters() {
    return parameters;
  }

  private Map<String, ImmutableMultiset<String>> parametersAsMap() {
    return Maps.transformValues(parameters.asMap(), ImmutableMultiset::copyOf);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an optional charset for the value of the charset parameter if it is specified.
   *
   * @throws IllegalStateException if multiple charset values have been set for this media type
   * @throws IllegalCharsetNameException if a charset value is present, but illegal
   * @throws UnsupportedCharsetException if a charset value is present, but no support is available
   *     in this instance of the Java virtual machine
   */
  public Optional<Charset> charset() {
    // racy single-check idiom, this is safe because Optional is immutable.
    Optional<Charset> local = parsedCharset;
    if (local == null) {
      String value = null;
      local = Optional.absent();
      for (String currentValue : parameters.get(CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE)) {
        if (value == null) {
          value = currentValue;
          local = Optional.of(Charset.forName(value));
        } else if (!value.equals(currentValue)) {
          throw new IllegalStateException(
              "Multiple charset values defined: " + value + ", " + currentValue);
        }
      }
      parsedCharset = local;
    }
    return local;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new instance with the same type and subtype as this instance, but without any
   * parameters.
   */
  public MediaType withoutParameters() {
    return parameters.isEmpty() ? this : create(type, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * <em>Replaces</em> all parameters with the given parameters.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any parameter or value is invalid
   */
  public MediaType withParameters(Multimap<String, String> parameters) {
    return create(type, subtype, parameters);
  }

  /**
   * <em>Replaces</em> all parameters with the given attribute with parameters using the given
   * values. If there are no values, any existing parameters with the given attribute are removed.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either {@code attribute} or {@code values} is invalid
   * @since 24.0
   */
  public MediaType withParameters(String attribute, Iterable<String> values) {
    checkNotNull(attribute);
    checkNotNull(values);
    String normalizedAttribute = normalizeToken(attribute);
    ImmutableListMultimap.Builder<String, String> builder = ImmutableListMultimap.builder();
    for (Entry<String, String> entry : parameters.entries()) {
      String key = entry.getKey();
      if (!normalizedAttribute.equals(key)) {
        builder.put(key, entry.getValue());
      }
    }
    for (String value : values) {
      builder.put(normalizedAttribute, normalizeParameterValue(normalizedAttribute, value));
    }
    MediaType mediaType = new MediaType(type, subtype, builder.build());
    // if the attribute isn't charset, we can just inherit the current parsedCharset
    if (!normalizedAttribute.equals(CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE)) {
      mediaType.parsedCharset = this.parsedCharset;
    }
    // Return one of the constants if the media type is a known type.
    return MoreObjects.firstNonNull(KNOWN_TYPES.get(mediaType), mediaType);
  }

  /**
   * <em>Replaces</em> all parameters with the given attribute with a single parameter with the
   * given value. If multiple parameters with the same attributes are necessary use {@link
   * #withParameters(String, Iterable)}. Prefer {@link #withCharset} for setting the {@code charset}
   * parameter when using a {@link Charset} object.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either {@code attribute} or {@code value} is invalid
   */
  public MediaType withParameter(String attribute, String value) {
    return withParameters(attribute, ImmutableSet.of(value));
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new instance with the same type and subtype as this instance, with the {@code
   * charset} parameter set to the {@link Charset#name name} of the given charset. Only one {@code
   * charset} parameter will be present on the new instance regardless of the number set on this
   * one.
   *
   * <p>If a charset must be specified that is not supported on this JVM (and thus is not
   * representable as a {@link Charset} instance), use {@link #withParameter}.
   */
  public MediaType withCharset(Charset charset) {
    checkNotNull(charset);
    MediaType withCharset = withParameter(CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE, charset.name());
    // precache the charset so we don't need to parse it
    withCharset.parsedCharset = Optional.of(charset);
    return withCharset;
  }

  /** Returns true if either the type or subtype is the wildcard. */
  public boolean hasWildcard() {
    return WILDCARD.equals(type) || WILDCARD.equals(subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if this instance falls within the range (as defined by <a
   * href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html">the HTTP Accept header</a>) given
   * by the argument according to three criteria:
   *
   * <ol>
   *   <li>The type of the argument is the wildcard or equal to the type of this instance.
   *   <li>The subtype of the argument is the wildcard or equal to the subtype of this instance.
   *   <li>All of the parameters present in the argument are present in this instance.
   * </ol>
   *
   * <p>For example:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8) // true
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(HTML_UTF_8) // false
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(ANY_TYPE) // true
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(ANY_TEXT_TYPE) // true
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(ANY_IMAGE_TYPE) // false
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(ANY_TEXT_TYPE.withCharset(UTF_8)) // true
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.withoutParameters().is(ANY_TEXT_TYPE.withCharset(UTF_8)) // false
   * PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8.is(ANY_TEXT_TYPE.withCharset(UTF_16)) // false
   * }</pre>
   *
   * <p>Note that while it is possible to have the same parameter declared multiple times within a
   * media type this method does not consider the number of occurrences of a parameter. For example,
   * {@code "text/plain; charset=UTF-8"} satisfies {@code "text/plain; charset=UTF-8;
   * charset=UTF-8"}.
   */
  public boolean is(MediaType mediaTypeRange) {
    return (mediaTypeRange.type.equals(WILDCARD) || mediaTypeRange.type.equals(this.type))
        && (mediaTypeRange.subtype.equals(WILDCARD) || mediaTypeRange.subtype.equals(this.subtype))
        && this.parameters.entries().containsAll(mediaTypeRange.parameters.entries());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new media type with the given type and subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if type or subtype is invalid or if a wildcard is used for the
   *     type, but not the subtype.
   */
  public static MediaType create(String type, String subtype) {
    MediaType mediaType = create(type, subtype, ImmutableListMultimap.<String, String>of());
    mediaType.parsedCharset = Optional.absent();
    return mediaType;
  }

  private static MediaType create(
      String type, String subtype, Multimap<String, String> parameters) {
    checkNotNull(type);
    checkNotNull(subtype);
    checkNotNull(parameters);
    String normalizedType = normalizeToken(type);
    String normalizedSubtype = normalizeToken(subtype);
    checkArgument(
        !WILDCARD.equals(normalizedType) || WILDCARD.equals(normalizedSubtype),
        "A wildcard type cannot be used with a non-wildcard subtype");
    ImmutableListMultimap.Builder<String, String> builder = ImmutableListMultimap.builder();
    for (Entry<String, String> entry : parameters.entries()) {
      String attribute = normalizeToken(entry.getKey());
      builder.put(attribute, normalizeParameterValue(attribute, entry.getValue()));
    }
    MediaType mediaType = new MediaType(normalizedType, normalizedSubtype, builder.build());
    // Return one of the constants if the media type is a known type.
    return MoreObjects.firstNonNull(KNOWN_TYPES.get(mediaType), mediaType);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "application" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createApplicationType(String subtype) {
    return create(APPLICATION_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "audio" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createAudioType(String subtype) {
    return create(AUDIO_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "font" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createFontType(String subtype) {
    return create(FONT_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "image" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createImageType(String subtype) {
    return create(IMAGE_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "text" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createTextType(String subtype) {
    return create(TEXT_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a media type with the "video" type and the given subtype.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if subtype is invalid
   */
  static MediaType createVideoType(String subtype) {
    return create(VIDEO_TYPE, subtype);
  }

  private static String normalizeToken(String token) {
    checkArgument(TOKEN_MATCHER.matchesAllOf(token));
    checkArgument(!token.isEmpty());
    return Ascii.toLowerCase(token);
  }

  private static String normalizeParameterValue(String attribute, String value) {
    checkNotNull(value); // for GWT
    checkArgument(ascii().matchesAllOf(value), "parameter values must be ASCII: %s", value);
    return CHARSET_ATTRIBUTE.equals(attribute) ? Ascii.toLowerCase(value) : value;
  }

  /**
   * Parses a media type from its string representation.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input is not parsable
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // TODO(b/219820829): consider removing
  public static MediaType parse(String input) {
    checkNotNull(input);
    Tokenizer tokenizer = new Tokenizer(input);
    try {
      String type = tokenizer.consumeToken(TOKEN_MATCHER);
      tokenizer.consumeCharacter('/');
      String subtype = tokenizer.consumeToken(TOKEN_MATCHER);
      ImmutableListMultimap.Builder<String, String> parameters = ImmutableListMultimap.builder();
      while (tokenizer.hasMore()) {
        tokenizer.consumeTokenIfPresent(LINEAR_WHITE_SPACE);
        tokenizer.consumeCharacter(';');
        tokenizer.consumeTokenIfPresent(LINEAR_WHITE_SPACE);
        String attribute = tokenizer.consumeToken(TOKEN_MATCHER);
        tokenizer.consumeCharacter('=');
        String value;
        if ('"' == tokenizer.previewChar()) {
          tokenizer.consumeCharacter('"');
          StringBuilder valueBuilder = new StringBuilder();
          while ('"' != tokenizer.previewChar()) {
            if ('\\' == tokenizer.previewChar()) {
              tokenizer.consumeCharacter('\\');
              valueBuilder.append(tokenizer.consumeCharacter(ascii()));
            } else {
              valueBuilder.append(tokenizer.consumeToken(QUOTED_TEXT_MATCHER));
            }
          }
          value = valueBuilder.toString();
          tokenizer.consumeCharacter('"');
        } else {
          value = tokenizer.consumeToken(TOKEN_MATCHER);
        }
        parameters.put(attribute, value);
      }
      return create(type, subtype, parameters.build());
    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not parse '" + input + "'", e);
    }
  }

  private static final class Tokenizer {
    final String input;
    int position = 0;

    Tokenizer(String input) {
      this.input = input;
    }

    @CanIgnoreReturnValue
    String consumeTokenIfPresent(CharMatcher matcher) {
      checkState(hasMore());
      int startPosition = position;
      position = matcher.negate().indexIn(input, startPosition);
      return hasMore() ? input.substring(startPosition, position) : input.substring(startPosition);
    }

    String consumeToken(CharMatcher matcher) {
      int startPosition = position;
      String token = consumeTokenIfPresent(matcher);
      checkState(position != startPosition);
      return token;
    }

    char consumeCharacter(CharMatcher matcher) {
      checkState(hasMore());
      char c = previewChar();
      checkState(matcher.matches(c));
      position++;
      return c;
    }

    @CanIgnoreReturnValue
    char consumeCharacter(char c) {
      checkState(hasMore());
      checkState(previewChar() == c);
      position++;
      return c;
    }

    char previewChar() {
      checkState(hasMore());
      return input.charAt(position);
    }

    boolean hasMore() {
      return (position >= 0) && (position < input.length());
    }
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(@CheckForNull Object obj) {
    if (obj == this) {
      return true;
    } else if (obj instanceof MediaType) {
      MediaType that = (MediaType) obj;
      return this.type.equals(that.type)
          && this.subtype.equals(that.subtype)
          // compare parameters regardless of order
          && this.parametersAsMap().equals(that.parametersAsMap());
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    // racy single-check idiom
    int h = hashCode;
    if (h == 0) {
      h = Objects.hashCode(type, subtype, parametersAsMap());
      hashCode = h;
    }
    return h;
  }

  private static final MapJoiner PARAMETER_JOINER = Joiner.on("; ").withKeyValueSeparator("=");

  /**
   * Returns the string representation of this media type in the format described in <a
   * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>.
   */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    // racy single-check idiom, safe because String is immutable
    String result = toString;
    if (result == null) {
      result = computeToString();
      toString = result;
    }
    return result;
  }

  private String computeToString() {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder().append(type).append('/').append(subtype);
    if (!parameters.isEmpty()) {
      builder.append("; ");
      Multimap<String, String> quotedParameters =
          Multimaps.transformValues(
              parameters,
              (String value) ->
                  (TOKEN_MATCHER.matchesAllOf(value) && !value.isEmpty())
                      ? value
                      : escapeAndQuote(value));
      PARAMETER_JOINER.appendTo(builder, quotedParameters.entries());
    }
    return builder.toString();
  }

  private static String escapeAndQuote(String value) {
    StringBuilder escaped = new StringBuilder(value.length() + 16).append('"');
    for (int i = 0; i < value.length(); i++) {
      char ch = value.charAt(i);
      if (ch == '\r' || ch == '\\' || ch == '"') {
        escaped.append('\\');
      }
      escaped.append(ch);
    }
    return escaped.append('"').toString();
  }
}
