def u_grade_ipix(ipix, nside_in, nside_out, nest=False):
    """
    Return the indices of sub-pixels (resolution nside_subpix) within
    the super-pixel(s) (resolution nside_superpix).
    
    Parameters:
    -----------
    ipix      : index of the input superpixel(s)
    nside_in  : nside of the input superpixel
    nside_out : nside of the desired subpixels

    Returns:
    --------
    ipix_out : subpixels for each superpixel
    """

    if nside_in==nside_out: return ipix
    if not (nside_in < nside_out): 
        raise ValueError("nside_in must be less than nside_out")

    if nest: nest_ipix = ipix
    else:    nest_ipix = hp.ring2nest(nside_in, ipix)

    factor = (nside_out//nside_in)**2
    if np.isscalar(ipix):
        nest_ipix_out = factor*nest_ipix + np.arange(factor)
    else:
        nest_ipix_out = factor*np.asarray(nest_ipix)[:,np.newaxis]+np.arange(factor)

    if nest: return nest_ipix_out
    else:    return hp.nest2ring(nside_out, nest_ipix_out)
Return the indices of sub-pixels (resolution nside_subpix) within
    the super-pixel(s) (resolution nside_superpix).
    
    Parameters:
    -----------
    ipix      : index of the input superpixel(s)
    nside_in  : nside of the input superpixel
    nside_out : nside of the desired subpixels

    Returns:
    --------
    ipix_out : subpixels for each superpixel