ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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radio waves	ultraviolet light	gamma rays	light	What falls roughly in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum, having shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves, but not as short and high as x rays?	Light includes infrared light, visible light, and ultraviolet light. As you can see from the Figure above , light falls roughly in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves, but not as short and high as X rays.
they are expensive to make	they are identical to the real thing	they are independent variables	they give us an idea of what the real thing is like	What are models good for?	A model serves a useful purpose – it gives us an idea of what the real thing is like. The model plane seen above has wings, a tail, and an engine just like the real thing. This model also has a propeller, as is the case with most small planes and some smaller passenger planes. However, the model is not the real thing. We certainly cannot fly people or cargo in the model (besides maybe a tiny mouse), but we can get some idea of what a real plane looks like and how it works.
scientific insights	scientific thoughts	scientific guesses	scientific theories	Explanations of some aspect of the natural world based on repeated observations are termed what?	Scientific theories are explanations of some aspect of the natural world based on repeated observations.
carbon	bacteria	fossils	water	What is found in abundance in the polar ice caps and under the surface of mars?	There is a lot of water ice in the polar ice caps and under the surface of Mars.
arteries	pores	membranes	axons	What do nerve impulses travel along?
chloroplasts	microbial	carbonate	chlorophyll	Cyanobacteria are bluish green in color because they contain what?	Bacteria called cyanobacteria are very important. They are bluish green in color (see Figure below ) because they contain chlorophyll. They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. These bacteria were probably responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth. This changed the planet’s atmosphere. It also changed the direction of evolution. Ancient cyanobacteria also may have evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells.
91	82	78	93	How many miles is the distance between the earth and sun?	The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 93 million miles, or 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. How old would you be if you were on Jupiter?.
pteridophytes	gymnosperms	bryophytes	angiosperms	What is the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90 percent of all plant species?	26.3 Angiosperms Angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90 percent of all plant species. Most crops and ornamental plants are angiosperms. Their success comes from two innovative structures that protect reproduction from variability in the environment: the flower and the fruit. Flowers were derived from modified leaves. The main parts of a flower are the sepals and petals, which protect the reproductive parts: the stamens and the carpels. The stamens produce the male gametes in pollen grains. The carpels contain the female gametes (the eggs inside.
tiger shark	water buffalo	giraffe	blue whale	What is the largest mammal on earth?	Biological organization exists at all levels in organisms. It can be seen at the smallest level, in the molecules that make up such compounds as DNA and proteins, to the largest level, in an organism such as a blue whale, the largest mammal on Earth. Similarly, single celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes show order in the way their cells are arranged. Single-celled organisms such as an amoeba are free-floating and independent-living. Their single-celled "bodies" are able to carry out all the processes of life such as metabolism and respiration without help from other cells.
copper	metal	iron	nonmetals	What are elements that generally do not conduct electricity?	Nonmetals are elements that generally do not conduct electricity. They are one of three classes of elements (the other two classes are metals and metalloids. ) Nonmetals are the second largest of the three classes after metals. They are the elements located on the right side of the periodic table.
weissenberg effect	eibner effect	lauer effect	meissner effect	Superconductors expel a magnetic field from their interior. what is this phenomenon known as?	Summary Superconductors are solids that at low temperatures exhibit zero resistance to the flow of electrical current, a phenomenon known as superconductivity. The temperature at which the electrical resistance of a substance drops to zero is itssuperconducting transition temperature (Tc). Superconductors also expel a magnetic field from their interior, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. Superconductivity can be explained by the BCS theory, which says that electrons are able to travel through a solid with no resistance because they couple to form pairs of electrons (Cooper pairs). Hightemperature superconductors haveTc values greater than 30 K.
explode	erode	transform	solidify	Continually increasing the pressure on the liquid will eventually cause the substance to do what?	Start right above point on the temperature axis and follow the red line vertically. At very low pressure, the particles of the substance are far apart from one another and the substance is in the gas state. As the pressure is increased, the particles of the substance are forced closer and closer together. Eventually the particles are pushed so close together that attractive forces cause the substance to condense into the liquid state. Continually increasing the pressure on the liquid will eventually cause the substance to solidify. For the majority of substances, the solid state is denser than the liquid state and so putting a liquid under great pressure will cause it to turn into a solid. The line segment represents the process of sublimation, where the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas. At a sufficiently low pressure, the liquid phase does not exist. The point labeled is called the triple point . The triple point is the one condition of temperature and pressure where the solid, liquid, and vapor states of a substance can all coexist at equilibrium.
oxygen	brain	System	immune	Hypersensitivity may refer to a maladaptive response of what system toward a harmless foreign substance?	Hypersensitivities Maladaptive immune responses toward harmless foreign substances or self antigens that occur after tissue sensitization are termed hypersensitivities. The types of hypersensitivities include immediate, delayed, and autoimmunity. A large proportion of the population is affected by one or more types of hypersensitivity. Allergies The immune reaction that results from immediate hypersensitivities in which an antibody-mediated immune response occurs within minutes of exposure to a harmless antigen is called an allergy. In the United States, 20 percent of the population exhibits symptoms of allergy or asthma, whereas 55 percent test positive against one or more allergens. Upon initial exposure to a potential allergen, an allergic individual synthesizes antibodies of the IgE class via the typical process of APCs presenting processed antigen to TH cells that stimulate B cells to produce IgE. This class of antibodies also mediates the immune response to parasitic worms. The constant domain of the IgE molecules interact with mast cells embedded in connective tissues. This process primes, or sensitizes, the tissue. Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, IgE molecules on mast cells bind the antigen via their variable domains and stimulate the mast cell to release the modified amino acids histamine and serotonin; these chemical mediators then recruit eosinophils which mediate allergic responses. Figure 42.26 shows an example of an allergic response to ragweed pollen. The effects of an allergic reaction range from mild.
affinity	heterogeny	duality	homology	Similarity that results from common ancestry is known as what?
nucleus	uterus	egg	embryo	We all start as a single cell and soon grow into what?	We all start as a single cell and soon grow into an embryo. Notice the remarkable details beginning to form. The eyes, backbone, and limb buds are obvious. Think about the amazing complexity that must be going on inside the embryo, and the tremendous amount of growth and development still to come. So, yes, at one time we all looked similar.
citric acid	lactic acid	amino acid	monoprotic acid	Which acid contains only one ionizable hydrogen?	A monoprotic acid is an acid that contains only one ionizable hydrogen. Hydrochloric acid and acetic acid are monoprotic acids. A polyprotic acid is an acid that contains multiple ionizable hydrogens. Most common polyprotic acids are either diprotic (such as H 2 SO 4 ) or triprotic (such as H 3 PO 4 ).
cancer cells	nerve cells	muscle cells	epithelial cells	The epidermis is made of which closely packed cells?	Figure 5.2 Layers of Skin The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis, which is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.
cell wall	cell membrane	nuclear wall	nuclear enevelope	What is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material?	The nuclear envelope is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material. It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is made of two lipid bilayers, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many tiny holes called nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope. These nuclear pores help to regulate the exchange of materials (such as RNA and proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
movement	the height	energy	stress	What effect does changing temperature have on a system at equilibrium?	Increasing or decreasing the temperature of a system at equilibrium is also a stress to the system. The equation for the Haber-Bosch process is written again below, as a thermochemical equation.
breast cancer	tissue cancer	brain cancer	skin cancer	What type of cancer can the use of tanning beds lead to?	You can reduce your risk of developing cancer by staying away from certain hazards. For example, the use of tanning beds can lead to skin cancer.
proteolytic	benthic	Secondary Layer	trophic	Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher what levels?	With less energy at higher trophic levels, there are usually fewer organisms as well. Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher trophic levels, but their smaller numbers result in less biomass. Biomass is the total mass of organisms at a trophic level. The decrease in biomass from lower to higher levels is also represented by Figure above .
limbic system	endoderm	mitochondria	notochord	A major step in animal evolution was the evolution of what rigid rod that runs the length of the body?	Another major step in animal evolution was the evolution of a notochord. A notochord is a rigid rod that runs the length of the body. It supports the body and gives it shape (see Figure below ). It also provides a place for muscles to anchor, and counterbalances them when they contract. Animals with a notochord are called chordates. They also have a hollow nerve cord that runs along the top of the body. Gill slits and a tail are two other chordate features. Many modern chordates have some of these structures only as embryos.
static	hypothesis	determinants	homeostasis	What is the name of the process that refers to the balance or equilibrium within the cell or a body?	Homeostasis refers to the balance, or equilibrium within the cell or a body. It is an organism’s ability to keep a constant internal environment. Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments as conditions change inside and outside the cell. The adjusting of systems within a cell is called homeostatic regulation. Because the internal and external environments of a cell are constantly changing, adjustments must be made continuously to stay at or near the set point (the normal level or range). Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium rather than an unchanging state. The cellular processes discussed in this lesson all play an important role in homeostatic regulation. More concerning homeostasis will be presented in additional concepts.
retina	vitreous fluid	iris	cornea	What is the clear, protective covering on the outside of the eye?	First, light passes through the cornea of the eye. The cornea is a clear, protective covering on the outside of the eye.
erosion	diffraction	flux	superposition	Deeper layers of rock must be older than layers closer to the surface, this is the law of what?	Superposition refers to the position of rock layers and their relative ages ( Figure below ). Relative age means age in comparison with other rocks, either younger or older. The relative ages of rocks are important for understanding Earth’s history. New rock layers are always deposited on top of existing rock layers. Therefore, deeper layers must be older than layers closer to the surface. This is the law of superposition.
tools	anesthesia	braces	fillings	Dentists occasionally use metallic mixtures called amalgams for what?	Dentists occasionally use metallic mixtures called amalgams for fillings. If an amalgam contains zinc, however, water can contaminate the amalgam as it is being manipulated, producing hydrogen gas under basic conditions. As the filling hardens, the gas can be released, causing pain and cracking the tooth. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
yeast	trichina	cocklebur	neotropicum	Which infection turns ant's abdomen red and fruit-like and an easy prey for birds?	neotropicum infects the ant Cephalotes atratus, leading to dramatic changes in the infected ant's morphology and behavior. The infected ant’s abdomen turns red and is held raised up, which makes it resemble a fruit and increases the likelihood of the infected ant being eaten by birds (→). The birds transport the worms, which survive in their digestive systems until they are excreted; they are then eaten by, and infect new ants to complete the worm’s life cycle.78 Perhaps the most famous example of this type of behavior occurs in wasps of the family Ichneumonidae. Female wasps deposit their fertilized eggs into the bodies of various types of caterpillars. The wasp eggs hatch out and produce larvae which then feed on the living caterpillar, consuming it from the inside out. Charles Darwin, in a letter to the American naturalist Asa Gray, remarked “There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent & omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice. ” Rather than presume that a supernatural creator was responsible for such apparently cruel behaviors, Darwin and others sought alternative, morally neutral naturalistic processes that could both generate biological diversity and explain biological behaviors. As the diversity of organisms became increasingly apparent and difficult to ignore, another broad and inescapable conclusion began to emerge from anatomical studies: many different organisms displayed remarkable structural similarities. For example, as naturalists characterized various types of animals, they found that they either had an internal skeleton (the vertebrates) or did not (the invertebrates). Comparative studies revealed that there were often many similarities between quite different types of organisms. A classic work, published in 1555, compared the skeletons of a human and a bird, both vertebrates.79 While many bones have different shape and relative sizes, what was most striking is how many bones are at least superficially similar between the two organisms (→). This type of “comparative anatomy” revealed many similarities between apparently unrelated organisms. For example, the skeleton of the dugong (a large aquatic mammal) appears quite similar to that of the European mole, a small terrestrial mammal that tunnels underground on land. In fact, there are general skeletal similarities between all vertebrates. The closer we look, the more similarities we find. These similarities run deeper than the.
protein	Molecule	Fatty Acids	membrane	What do mitochondrions have an inner and outer version of?	As you can see from Figure above , a mitochondrion has an inner and outer membrane. The space between the inner and outer membrane is called the intermembrane space. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the matrix. The second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, takes place in the matrix. The third stage, electron transport, takes place on the inner membrane.
macroevolution	redistributions	extinction	microevolution	Resistance to pesticides in a population of insects is an example of what?	Pesticides were designed to kill bothersome insects. However, sometimes these pesticides will stop working. A pesticide that has worked in the past may no longer kill a particular type of insect. This is due to the development of resistance in the population of insects. The development of resistance to pesticides is one example of microevolution, a small change in a population.
velocity	frequency	diameter	density	What expresses the mass of substance in terms of the volume occupied by the substance?	Density is an expression of the mass of substance in terms of the volume occupied by the substance.
Nervous system	liver	heart	brain	What organ is the hypothalamus a part of?	The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain (see Figure below ), but it also secretes hormones. Some of its hormones that “tell” the pituitary gland to either secrete or stop secreting its hormones. In this way, the hypothalamus provides a link between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus also produces hormones that directly regulate body processes. These hormones travel to the pituitary gland, which stores them until they are needed. The hormones include antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
fecal waste	methane waste	carbon waste	nitrogenous waste	Urea, ammonia and uric acid are types of what waste, excreted in different forms by different species?	Figure 41.13 Nitrogenous waste is excreted in different forms by different species. These include (a) ammonia, (b) urea, and (c) uric acid. (credit a: modification of work by Eric Engbretson, USFWS; credit b: modification of work by B. "Moose" Peterson, USFWS; credit c: modification of work by Dave Menke, USFWS).
throat	larnyx	mouth	tongue	Besides tasting food, what organ is necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech?	Muscles That Move the Tongue Although the tongue is obviously important for tasting food, it is also necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech (Figure 11.11 and Figure 11.12). Because it is so moveable, the tongue facilitates complex speech patterns and sounds.
potential energy	subsequent energy	stellar energy	electrical energy	What is transmitted by moving electrons in an electric current?	Electrical energy is transmitted by moving electrons in an electric current. In order to travel, electric current needs matter. It cannot pass through empty space. However, matter resists the flow of electric current. That’s because flowing electrons in current collide with particles of matter, which absorb their energy. Some types of matter offer more or less resistance to electric current than others.
molecules gets poisoned	surface gets poisoned	membrane gets poisoned	catalyst gets poisoned	What happens if a molecule forms strong bonds to the catalyst?	In catalysis, if a molecule forms strong bonds to the catalyst, then the catalyst may become poisoned. Experiments on various catalysts showed the following results: a. Fe, Ru, and Os form weak bonds with N2; however, O2, alkynes, alkenes, CO, H2, and CO2 interact more strongly. CO2 and H2 form weak bonds with a Co or Ni surface. Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt form weak bonds with H2 but do not bond with CO2. Cu, Ag, and Au form weak bonds with CO and ethylene. Explain why Fe was chosen as a catalyst to convert nitrogen and hydrogen to ammonia. Why is Fe more suitable than Ru or Os? f. Because alkenes generally interact more strongly with metal surfaces than does H 2, what catalyst would you choose for hydrogenation of an alkene such as ethylene? g. Although platinum is used in catalytic converters for automobile exhaust, it was not found to be a particularly effective catalyst for the reaction of H2 with a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to produce methane. Why? h. If you were interested in developing a catalyst to reversibly bind ethylene, which of the catalysts listed here would you choose? 14. Nonstoichiometric metal oxides can be effective catalysts for oxidation–reduction reactions. One such catalyst is Ni1−xO, found to be effective for converting CO to CO2when oxygen is present. Why is it so effective? 15. The chemical reactions in an organism can be controlled by regulating the activity of certain enzymes. Efficient regulation results in an enzyme being active only when it is needed. For example, if a cell needed.
mechanical energy	magnetic energy	thermal energy	potential energy	In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion, while the energy of position is called what?	The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions require a sufficient amount of energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine you are building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick atop another is kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy. Potential energy is the energy of position, or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components. If the brick wall collapses, the stored potential energy is released as kinetic energy as the bricks fall. In the human body, potential energy is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. Chemical energy is the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds. When those bonds are formed, chemical energy is invested, and when they break, chemical energy is released. Notice that chemical energy, like all energy, is neither created nor destroyed; rather, it is converted from one form to another. When you eat an energy bar before heading out the door for a hike, the honey, nuts, and other foods the bar contains are broken down and rearranged by your body into molecules that your muscle cells convert to kinetic energy. Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb are characterized as exergonic. The catabolism of the foods in your energy bar is an example. Some of the chemical energy stored in the bar is absorbed into molecules your body uses.
Christmas	summer	Leap Year	equinox	What event occurs between the two solstices?	Equinox comes halfway between the two solstices. At equinoxes, the Sun's rays shine most directly at the Equator ( Figure below ). The daylight and nighttime hours are exactly equal on an equinox. The autumnal, or fall, equinox happens on September 22 or 23. The vernal, or spring, equinox happens March 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.
Stomach	Liver	Heart	lungs	Alveoli can be found in which organ in the human body?	Respiratory tree: terminates in alveolus, alveoli. Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts and into alveoli. Alveolus: microscopic air sacs, 300 million of these in human lungs. Total surface area large. Gas diffuses micrometer, very tiny distance. Nervous System Composed of tissues designed to integrate sensory information and direct a coordinated response to the environment. Basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron1 , a highly specialized cell that uses both electrical and chemical processes to communicate. Neurons "listen" to sensory organs or other neurons, and can simultaneously "hear" from 1 to hundreds of inputs simultaneously. Likewise, a neuron can "talk" to other neurons or cells that can create an action, like muscle cells or glands. Neurons are outnumbered in the nervous system by glia. Glia were once thought to only play a supportive role in helping neurons survive; today we know that they also are important participants in the communication process. Glial cells include astrocytes, ependymal cells, and a cell that has a macrophage like function. There are also oligodendocytes and Schwann cells that provide a myelin sheath.
stomach	bowels	lungs	intestines	About one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving what organs of digestion?	Blood Supply The blood vessels serving the digestive system have two functions. They transport the protein and carbohydrate nutrients absorbed by mucosal cells after food is digested in the lumen. Lipids are absorbed via lacteals, tiny structures of the lymphatic system. The blood vessels’ second function is to supply the organs of the alimentary canal with the nutrients and oxygen needed to drive their cellular processes. Specifically, the more anterior parts of the alimentary canal are supplied with blood by arteries branching off the aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Below this point, the alimentary canal is supplied with blood by arteries branching from the abdominal aorta. The celiac trunk services the liver, stomach, and duodenum, whereas the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood to the remaining small and large intestines. The veins that collect nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine (where most absorption occurs) empty into the hepatic portal system. This venous network takes the blood into the liver where the nutrients are either processed or stored for later use. Only then does the blood drained from the alimentary canal viscera circulate back to the heart. To appreciate just how demanding the digestive process is on the cardiovascular system, consider that while you are “resting and digesting,” about one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving the intestines.
minilla	ventral	elongated	maxilla	The paired bones of the skull are the palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae bones, and what else?	Facial Bones of the Skull The facial bones of the skull form the upper and lower jaws, the nose, nasal cavity and nasal septum, and the orbit. The facial bones include 14 bones, with six paired bones and two unpaired bones. The paired bones are the maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones. The unpaired bones are the vomer and mandible bones. Although classified with the brain-case bones, the ethmoid bone also contributes to the nasal septum and the walls of the nasal cavity and orbit.
fast glycolytic fibres	slow twitch fibres	pores	myofibrils	Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called what?	Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called myofibrils. Each myofibril is made up of two types of protein filaments: actin filaments, which are thinner, and myosin filaments, which are thicker. Actin filaments are anchored to structures called Z lines (see Figure below ). The region between two Z lines is called a sarcomere. Within a sarcomere, myosin filaments overlap the actin filaments. The myosin filaments have tiny structures called cross bridges that can attach to actin filaments.
infections	parasites	bacteria	viruses	The common cold and flu are examples of human diseases caused by what tiny particles?	Viruses , like the one depicted in Figure below , are tiny particles that may cause disease. Human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold and flu. Do you think viruses are prokaryotes or eukaryotes? The answer may surprise you. Viruses are not cells at all, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes.
dermis and epithelial	sebaceous and salivary	epithelial and endometrial	epidermis and dermis	What are the two layers of the skin?	Skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
protons	calories	neutrons	electrons	Light can be used to eject what from a solid material?	Under the right conditions, light can be used to eject electrons from a solid material.
hydrogen	nitrogen	oxygen	carbon	What element is a biochemical compound based on?	Besides water, most of the compounds in living things are biochemical compounds. A biochemical compound is a carbon-based compound that is found in living organisms. Carbon is an element that has a tremendous ability to form large compounds. Each atom of carbon can form four chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms. Bonds hold the atoms together in chemical compounds. A carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements.
Umbilical Cord	Stomach	uterus	placenta	The amniotic sac is attached to what?	Attached to the placenta is the amniotic sac , an enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus (see Figure above ). It contains amniotic fluid, which consists of water and dissolved substances. The fluid allows the fetus to move freely until it grows to fill most of the available space. The fluid also cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury.
insertion respiration	anabolic respiration	digestion respiration	anaerobic respiration	Which type of respiration helps organisms generate quick bursts of speed, as opposed to long steady movement?	Each type of muscle fiber has advantages and disadvantages, which reflect their differing biochemical pathways. Aerobic respiration in red muscles full of mitochondria, produces a great deal of ATP from far less glucose - but slowly, over a long time. Anaerobic respiration in white muscle cells full of carbohydrates, produces ATP rapidly for quick bursts of speed, but a predator who continues pursuit may eventually catch a white-muscled prey.
concentrations	combustions	bonds	mass	When matter reacts, there can be what that comes from nowhere and is unaccounted for?	When matter reacts, there can be mass that comes from nowhere and is unaccounted for.
alaska	india	the equator	the north pole	What is located at about 80 degrees north latitude?	A: Earth has north and south magnetic poles. The North Pole is located at about 80 degrees north latitude. The magnetic field is an area around Earth that is affected by its magnetic field. The field is strongest at the poles, and lines of magnetic force move from the north to the south magnetic pole.
alcohol	carbon monoxide	aluminum oxide	nitrogen dioxide	What is a byproduct from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and gasoline?	The brown color is from nitrogen dioxide gas. Nitrogen dioxide is a byproduct from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and gasoline.
wind erosion	nervous stress	acid and water exposure	extreme pressure or temperature	What can damage animal tissues?
muscle	hydrogen	carbon	energy	Along with other functions, what do carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide for the body?	Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide energy and have other important roles in the body.
respiratory system	circulatory system	hormonal system	digestive system	What system of the body uses amylase and pepsin in its functioning?	Top: Flickr:LearningLark; Bottom: Laura Guerin (CK-12 Foundation). Amylase and pepsin are used in our digestive system . Top: CC BY 2.0; Bottom: CC BY-NC 3.0.
autosomes	diploid genes	dimorphism - linked genes	sex-linked genes	What are genes located on the sex chromosomes called?	Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes . Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome, because the Y chromosome has relatively few genes. Strictly speaking, genes on the X chromosome are X-linked genes , but the term sex-linked is often used to refer to them.
estrogen	insulin	estradiol	oxytocin	The posterior pituitary releases which hormone, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?	In addition to producing FSH and LH, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland also produces the hormone prolactin (PRL) in females. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth. Prolactin levels are regulated by the hypothalamic hormones prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is now known to be dopamine. PRH stimulates the release of prolactin and PIH inhibits it. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Stretching of tissues in the uterus and cervix stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth. Contractions increase in intensity as blood levels of oxytocin rise via a positive feedback mechanism until the birth is complete. Oxytocin also stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the milk-producing mammary glands. As these cells contract, milk is forced from the secretory alveoli into milk ducts and is ejected from the breasts in milk ejection (“let-down”) reflex. Oxytocin release is stimulated by the suckling of an infant, which triggers the synthesis of oxytocin in the hypothalamus and its release into circulation at the posterior pituitary.
periosteum	chlorophyll	mitochondria	mesophyll	What consists mainly of parenchymal cells with chloroplasts?	Mesophyll makes up most of the leaf’s interior. This is where photosynthesis occurs. Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchymal cells with chloroplasts.
communication	trade	population	migration	What is the movement of animals from one place to another?	Another example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is migration . Migration is the movement of animals from one place to another. Migration is an innate behavior that is triggered by changes in the environment. For example, animals may migrate when the days get shorter in the fall. Migration is most common in birds, fish, and insects. In the Northern Hemisphere, many species of birds, including robins and geese, travel south for the winter. They migrate to areas where it is warmer and where there is more food. They return north in the spring. A flock of migrating geese is pictured below ( Figure below ).
internal	bacterial	natural	environmental	Twin studies have been instrumental in demonstrating what type of component in autism?	Autism has a wide phenotypic spectrum of disability. Twin studies have been instrumental in demonstrating an environmental component in autism.
voltage	wavelength	frequency	amplitude	What is a measure of the size of sound waves?	Amplitude is a measure of the size of sound waves. It depends on the amount of energy that started the waves. Greater amplitude waves have more energy and greater intensity, so they sound louder. For a video demonstration of the amplitude and loudness of sounds, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=irqfGYD2UKw.
carbon	chemicals	atoms	crystals	Covalent compounds form individual molecules rather than what?	Covalent compounds form individual molecules rather than crystals. Compared with ionic compounds, they have low melting and boiling points. They are also poor conductors of electricity. In polar covalent compounds, oppositely charged ends of different molecules attract each other. This affects the properties of polar compounds.
elevation	temperature	water pressure	air pressure	Winds are caused by differences in what?
vein pressure	blood force	artery pressure	blood pressure	What is generated when a heart ventricle contracts?
hot chambers	underneath chambers	erosion chambers	magma chambers	What area beneath the earth's surface do magma collects?	Magma collects in magma chambers beneath Earth’s surface. Magma chambers are located where the heat and pressure are great enough to melt rock. These locations are at divergent or convergent plate boundaries or at hotpots.
tomoxia seeds	trematode seeds	pollen seeds	angiosperm seeds	What develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits?
artificial lakes	novel lakes	formation lakes	crater lakes	What kind of lakes form when volcanic eruptions create holes that fill with water?	Other lakes are crater lakes or rift lakes ( Figure below ). Crater lakes form when volcanic eruptions create craters that fill with water. Rift lakes form when movements of tectonic plates create low places that fill with water.
merging	extracting	solution	dissolving	The size of the solute particles determines the rate of what?	The rate at which a solute dissolves depends upon the size of the solute particles. Dissolving is a surface phenomenon since it depends on solvent molecules colliding with the outer surface of the solute. A given quantity of solute dissolves faster when it is ground into small particles than if it is in the form of a large chunk because more surface area is exposed. The packet of granulated sugar exposes far more surface area to the solvent and dissolves more quickly than the sugar cube.
female adaptive system	female reproductive system	male circulatory system	male reproductive system	The vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts are part of what system?	In addition to these organs, the male reproductive system consists of a series of ducts and glands. Ducts include the vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts. They transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in the penis. Glands include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland . They secrete substances that become part of semen.
the sperm	the fetus	here.the nucleus	the nucleus	What part of an egg contains the genetic material ?	The ostrich egg - unfertilized, of course. Yes, this egg, just like a human ovum, is just one cell. The egg shell membrane encloses the nucleus containing the genetic material and the cytoplasm.
pesticide	irrigation	fertilizer	pollenation	Bees and other wild animals perform what function on flowering plants, making them vital for crop reproduction?	Animals, like the bee in Figure below , pollinate flowering plants. Many crop plants depend on pollination by wild animals.
pus	progesterone	collagen	sebum	What does the sebaceous gland secrete which waterproofs the skin and hair?	Hair, hair follicle, and oil glands. The oil, called sebum, helps to prevent water loss from the skin. The sebaceous gland secretes sebum, which waterproofs the skin and hair.
glacial water	fresh water	spring water	seawater	What water is about 3.5% salt?	You know that ocean water is salty. How salty is it? What is the salinity of seawater? Average seawater is about 3.5% salt. The amount is different if there is a nearby source of freshwater. It is also different if there is a lot of evaporation in an area. How do you think these things affect seawater salinity? Seawater also contains other substances like sugars, acids, bases, and organic molecules.
brain signals	hormone levels	nutrient levels	metabolic processes	Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate these?	Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes. Catabolic hormones stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy. These include cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline/epinephrine, and cytokines. All of these hormones are mobilized at specific times to meet the needs of the body. Anabolic hormones are required for the synthesis of molecules and include growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. Table 24.1 summarizes the function of each of the catabolic hormones and Table 24.2 summarizes the functions of the anabolic hormones.
spider webs	fuel webs	the webs	food webs	Food chains and what describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another?	Describing the flow of energy within an ecosystem essentially answers this question. To survive, one must eat. Why? To get energy. Food chains and webs describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another. In other words, they show who eats whom.
funnel	cavity	core	magma	The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of what in its chamber?	The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of magma in its chamber. Some eruptions are explosive. Some eruptions are quiet. All eruptions are amazing!.
heart	liver	bladder	brain	What organ has four ventricles, all of which developed from the original hollow space within the neural tube?	The Ventricles There are four ventricles within the brain, all of which developed from the original hollow space within the neural tube, the central canal. The first two are named the lateral ventricles and are deep within the cerebrum. These ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by two openings called the interventricular foramina. The third ventricle is the space between the left and right sides of the diencephalon, which opens into the cerebral aqueduct that passes through the midbrain. The aqueduct opens into the fourth ventricle, which is the space between the cerebellum and the pons and upper medulla (Figure 13.18).
rock science	zoology	chemistry	life science	The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection are basic to all fields in what branch of science?	Each field of life science has its own specific body of knowledge and relevant theories. However, two theories are basic to all of the life sciences. They form the foundation of every life science field. They are the cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection. Both theories have been tested repeatedly. Both are supported by a great deal of evidence.
two	four	infinite	one	How many types of antigens can an antibody match?	An antibody matches only one type of antigen.
adrenaline receptors	histamine receptors	ephedrine receptors	dopamine receptors	What do drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia block?
parasites	neutrophils	antibodies	lymphocytes	What destroys the filtered pathogens?	Lymphatic vessels make up a body-wide circulatory system. The fluid they circulate is lymph. Lymph is a fluid that leaks out of capillaries into spaces between cells. As the lymph accumulates between cells, it diffuses into tiny lymphatic vessels. The lymph then moves through the lymphatic system from smaller to larger vessels. It finally drains back into the bloodstream in the chest. As lymph passes through the lymphatic vessels, pathogens are filtered out at small structures called lymph nodes (see Figure above ). The filtered pathogens are destroyed by lymphocytes.
mirror	microwave	prism	laser	A device that produces a very focused beam of visible light of just one wavelength and color is called?	A laser is a device that produces a very focused beam of visible light of just one wavelength and color. Pulses of laser light carry communication signals through optical fibers.
protons	molecules	Cell Division	nucleus	The second step in eukaryotic cell division is division of which part of the cell?	2. The second step in eukaryotic cell division is division of the cell’s nucleus. This includes division of the chromosomes. This step is called mitosis. It is a complex process that occurs in four phases. The phases of mitosis are described below.
an infinite number	a trillion	an octillion	about a hundred billion	Approximately how many galaxies are there in the universe?	The Universe contains about a hundred billion galaxies.
natural change	natural variety	immoral selection	natural selection	What theory of evolution is charles darwin most known for?	Evolution focuses on past life forms and how they turned into present life forms. The history of life on Earth demonstrates how the first cells formed, turned into simple life forms, and then became more complex plants and animals. The studies of Charles Darwin have reshaped and influenced all aspects of biology. The vast amounts of evidence of evolution demonstrates the importance of the theory of evolution by natural selection. But has this process stopped? Of course not. Evolution does continue today.
nervous organs	respratory organs	lymphatic organs	reproductive organs	What organ system is different in men and women?	Men and women share most of the same organs. We all have skin, a heart, and lungs. Men and women differ only in their reproductive organs.
They are minor	They occur rarely	They are low temperature	they move slowly	Why do effusive eruptions rarely kill anyone?	Effusive eruptions rarely kill anyone because they move slowly. People can usually be evacuated before an effusive eruption. Still, effusive eruptions can be destructive. There is not much anyone can do to stop a lava flow from destroying a building or road ( Figure below ).
obsidian	magma	shards	pyroclasts	What are hot fragments of rock called?	Ash and particles shoot many kilometers into the sky. The material may form a mushroom cloud, just like a nuclear explosion. Hot fragments of rock, called pyroclasts , fly up into the air at very high speeds. The pyroclasts cool in the atmosphere. Some ash may stay in the atmosphere for years. The ash may block out sunlight. This changes weather patterns and affects the temperature of the Earth. For a year or two after a large eruption, sunsets may be especially beautiful worldwide.
presbyopia	hyperopia	myopia	astigmatism	Unevenness or asymmetry in the focus of the eye describes what visual defect?	Another common vision defect is astigmatism, an unevenness or asymmetry in the focus of the eye. For example, rays passing through a vertical region of the eye may focus closer than rays passing through a horizontal region, resulting in the image appearing elongated. This is mostly due to irregularities in the shape of the cornea but can also be due to lens irregularities or unevenness in the retina. Because of these irregularities, different parts of the lens system produce images at different locations. The eye-brain system can compensate for some of these irregularities, but they generally manifest themselves as less distinct vision or sharper images along certain axes. Figure 26.8 shows a chart used to detect astigmatism. Astigmatism can be at least partially corrected with a spectacle having the opposite irregularity of the eye. If an eyeglass prescription has a cylindrical correction, it is there to correct astigmatism. The normal corrections for short- or farsightedness are spherical corrections, uniform along all axes.
a flammable gas	a fatty gas	an inert gas	a noble gas	The addition of electron gives the halide ions the same electron configuration as what gas?	The elements of the halogen group (Group 17) gain electrons most readily, as can be seen from their large negative electron affinities. This means that more energy is released in the formation of a halide ion than for the anions of any other elements. Considering electron configuration, it is easy to see why. The outer configuration of all halogens is n s 2 n p 5 . The addition of one more electron gives the halide ions the same electron configuration as a noble gas, which we have seen is particularly stable.
minerals	nutrients	grasses	soil	Partially decayed remains of plants and animals form the organic portion of what?	the partially decayed remains of plants and animals that forms the organic portion of soil.
at the cerebrum	at the medulla oblongata	at the meninges	at the pons	Where is the most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain?	Secondary Vesicles The brain continues to develop, and the vesicles differentiate further (see Figure 13.3b). The three primary vesicles become five secondary vesicles. The prosencephalon enlarges into two new vesicles called the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The telecephalon will become the cerebrum. The diencephalon gives rise to several adult structures; two that will be important are the thalamus and the hypothalamus. In the embryonic diencephalon, a structure known as the eye cup develops, which will eventually become the retina, the nervous tissue of the eye called the retina. This is a rare example of nervous tissue developing as part of the CNS structures in the embryo, but becoming a peripheral structure in the fully formed nervous system. The mesencephalon does not differentiate into any finer divisions. The midbrain is an established region of the brain at the primary vesicle stage of development and remains that way. The rest of the brain develops around it and constitutes a large percentage of the mass of the brain. Dividing the brain into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain is useful in considering its developmental pattern, but the midbrain is a small proportion of the entire brain, relatively speaking. The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the pons and also gives rise to the cerebellum. The cerebellum (from the Latin meaning “little brain”) accounts for about 10 percent of the mass of the brain and is an important structure in itself. The most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain is at the pons, because the pons and cerebellum develop out of the same vesicle. The myelencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the medulla oblongata. The structures that come.
waves	shores	currents	tides	What do you call the daily changes in the level of ocean water?	Tides are daily changes in the level of ocean water. They occur all around the globe. High tides occur when the water reaches its highest level in a day. Low tides occur when the water reaches its lowest level in a day. Tides keep cycling from high to low and back again. In most places the water level rises and falls twice a day. So there are two high tides and two low tides approximately every 24 hours.
tissues	proteins	muscles	cells	What are the specialized building blocks of your body?	Introduction Close your eyes and picture a brick wall. What is the basic building block of that wall? A single brick, of course. Like a brick wall, your body is composed of basic building blocks, and the building blocks of your body are cells. Your body has many kinds of cells, each specialized for a specific purpose. Just as a home is made from a variety of building materials, the human body is constructed from many cell types. For example, epithelial cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within. Bone cells help to support and protect the body. Cells of the immune system fight invading bacteria. Additionally, blood and blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide. Each of these cell types plays a vital role during the growth, development, and day-to-day maintenance of the body. In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organisms—even ones as diverse as bacteria, onion, and human—share certain fundamental characteristics.
water	fats	sugars	starches	What do plants make to store extra glucose?	Starches are complex carbohydrates. They are polymers of glucose. Starches contain hundreds of glucose monomers. Plants make starches to store extra glucose. Consumers can get starches by eating plants. Common sources of starches in the human diet are pictured Figure below . Our digestive system breaks down starches to sugar, which our cells use for energy. Like other animals, we store any extra glucose as the complex carbohydrate called glycogen. Glycogen is also a polymer of glucose.
earthquakes	air pressure	spin	gravity	Sand dunes migrate when sand is blown up a slope and this force pulls it down the other side?	Sand is blown up a slope. Gravity pulls it down the other side. This is how dunes migrate.
platelets	hemoglobin	red blood cells	white blood cells	Inside each lymph node is a honeycomb of connective tissue with spaces filled by what?
plasma apparatus	receptor apparatus	secretion apparatus	golgi apparatus	What "apparatus" is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?	The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office. The Golgi apparatus looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly shaped pancakes. Like the ER, these discs are membranous. The Golgi apparatus has two distinct sides, each with a different role. One side of the apparatus receives products in vesicles. These products are sorted through the apparatus, and then they are released from the opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles. If the product is to be exported from the cell, the vesicle migrates to the cell surface and fuses to the cell membrane, and the cargo is secreted (Figure 3.15).
a mutated cell	haploid cell	a fertilized cell	a diploid cell	When two haploid gametes unite during fertilization they form what?	diploid cell that forms when two haploid gametes unite during fertilization.
short phenotype	backward phenotype	long phenotype	intermediate phenotype	What kind of phenotype results in a case of incomplete dominance?	1. Define energy, and state where living things get the energy they need.
animal cells	lung cells	heart cells	plant cells	Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts are all plastids, organelles found in what kind of cells?	Plastids are organelles in plant cells that may have various jobs. The main types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
conductivity	ionization	electromagnetism	electronegativity	What is the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond called?

radio waves

ultraviolet light

gamma rays

light

What falls roughly in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum, having shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves, but not as short and high as x rays?

Light includes infrared light, visible light, and ultraviolet light. As you can see from the Figure above , light falls roughly in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves, but not as short and high as X rays.

they are expensive to make

they are identical to the real thing

they are independent variables

they give us an idea of what the real thing is like

What are models good for?

A model serves a useful purpose – it gives us an idea of what the real thing is like. The model plane seen above has wings, a tail, and an engine just like the real thing. This model also has a propeller, as is the case with most small planes and some smaller passenger planes. However, the model is not the real thing. We certainly cannot fly people or cargo in the model (besides maybe a tiny mouse), but we can get some idea of what a real plane looks like and how it works.

scientific insights

scientific thoughts

scientific guesses

scientific theories

Explanations of some aspect of the natural world based on repeated observations are termed what?

Scientific theories are explanations of some aspect of the natural world based on repeated observations.

carbon

bacteria

fossils

water

What is found in abundance in the polar ice caps and under the surface of mars?

There is a lot of water ice in the polar ice caps and under the surface of Mars.

arteries

pores

membranes

axons

What do nerve impulses travel along?

chloroplasts

microbial

carbonate

chlorophyll

Cyanobacteria are bluish green in color because they contain what?

Bacteria called cyanobacteria are very important. They are bluish green in color (see Figure below ) because they contain chlorophyll. They make food through photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. These bacteria were probably responsible for adding oxygen to the air on early Earth. This changed the planet’s atmosphere. It also changed the direction of evolution. Ancient cyanobacteria also may have evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells.

91

82

78

93

How many miles is the distance between the earth and sun?

The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 93 million miles, or 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. How old would you be if you were on Jupiter?.

pteridophytes

gymnosperms

bryophytes

angiosperms

What is the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90 percent of all plant species?

26.3 Angiosperms Angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90 percent of all plant species. Most crops and ornamental plants are angiosperms. Their success comes from two innovative structures that protect reproduction from variability in the environment: the flower and the fruit. Flowers were derived from modified leaves. The main parts of a flower are the sepals and petals, which protect the reproductive parts: the stamens and the carpels. The stamens produce the male gametes in pollen grains. The carpels contain the female gametes (the eggs inside.

tiger shark

water buffalo

giraffe

blue whale

What is the largest mammal on earth?

Biological organization exists at all levels in organisms. It can be seen at the smallest level, in the molecules that make up such compounds as DNA and proteins, to the largest level, in an organism such as a blue whale, the largest mammal on Earth. Similarly, single celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes show order in the way their cells are arranged. Single-celled organisms such as an amoeba are free-floating and independent-living. Their single-celled "bodies" are able to carry out all the processes of life such as metabolism and respiration without help from other cells.

copper

metal

iron

nonmetals

What are elements that generally do not conduct electricity?

Nonmetals are elements that generally do not conduct electricity. They are one of three classes of elements (the other two classes are metals and metalloids. ) Nonmetals are the second largest of the three classes after metals. They are the elements located on the right side of the periodic table.

weissenberg effect

eibner effect

lauer effect

meissner effect

Superconductors expel a magnetic field from their interior. what is this phenomenon known as?

Summary Superconductors are solids that at low temperatures exhibit zero resistance to the flow of electrical current, a phenomenon known as superconductivity. The temperature at which the electrical resistance of a substance drops to zero is itssuperconducting transition temperature (Tc). Superconductors also expel a magnetic field from their interior, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. Superconductivity can be explained by the BCS theory, which says that electrons are able to travel through a solid with no resistance because they couple to form pairs of electrons (Cooper pairs). Hightemperature superconductors haveTc values greater than 30 K.

explode

erode

transform

solidify

Continually increasing the pressure on the liquid will eventually cause the substance to do what?

Start right above point on the temperature axis and follow the red line vertically. At very low pressure, the particles of the substance are far apart from one another and the substance is in the gas state. As the pressure is increased, the particles of the substance are forced closer and closer together. Eventually the particles are pushed so close together that attractive forces cause the substance to condense into the liquid state. Continually increasing the pressure on the liquid will eventually cause the substance to solidify. For the majority of substances, the solid state is denser than the liquid state and so putting a liquid under great pressure will cause it to turn into a solid. The line segment represents the process of sublimation, where the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas. At a sufficiently low pressure, the liquid phase does not exist. The point labeled is called the triple point . The triple point is the one condition of temperature and pressure where the solid, liquid, and vapor states of a substance can all coexist at equilibrium.

oxygen

brain

System

immune

Hypersensitivity may refer to a maladaptive response of what system toward a harmless foreign substance?

Hypersensitivities Maladaptive immune responses toward harmless foreign substances or self antigens that occur after tissue sensitization are termed hypersensitivities. The types of hypersensitivities include immediate, delayed, and autoimmunity. A large proportion of the population is affected by one or more types of hypersensitivity. Allergies The immune reaction that results from immediate hypersensitivities in which an antibody-mediated immune response occurs within minutes of exposure to a harmless antigen is called an allergy. In the United States, 20 percent of the population exhibits symptoms of allergy or asthma, whereas 55 percent test positive against one or more allergens. Upon initial exposure to a potential allergen, an allergic individual synthesizes antibodies of the IgE class via the typical process of APCs presenting processed antigen to TH cells that stimulate B cells to produce IgE. This class of antibodies also mediates the immune response to parasitic worms. The constant domain of the IgE molecules interact with mast cells embedded in connective tissues. This process primes, or sensitizes, the tissue. Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, IgE molecules on mast cells bind the antigen via their variable domains and stimulate the mast cell to release the modified amino acids histamine and serotonin; these chemical mediators then recruit eosinophils which mediate allergic responses. Figure 42.26 shows an example of an allergic response to ragweed pollen. The effects of an allergic reaction range from mild.

affinity

heterogeny

duality

homology

Similarity that results from common ancestry is known as what?

nucleus

uterus

egg

embryo

We all start as a single cell and soon grow into what?

We all start as a single cell and soon grow into an embryo. Notice the remarkable details beginning to form. The eyes, backbone, and limb buds are obvious. Think about the amazing complexity that must be going on inside the embryo, and the tremendous amount of growth and development still to come. So, yes, at one time we all looked similar.

citric acid

lactic acid

amino acid

monoprotic acid

Which acid contains only one ionizable hydrogen?

A monoprotic acid is an acid that contains only one ionizable hydrogen. Hydrochloric acid and acetic acid are monoprotic acids. A polyprotic acid is an acid that contains multiple ionizable hydrogens. Most common polyprotic acids are either diprotic (such as H 2 SO 4 ) or triprotic (such as H 3 PO 4 ).

cancer cells

nerve cells

muscle cells

epithelial cells

The epidermis is made of which closely packed cells?

Figure 5.2 Layers of Skin The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis, which is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.

cell wall

cell membrane

nuclear wall

nuclear enevelope

What is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material?

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material. It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is made of two lipid bilayers, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many tiny holes called nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope. These nuclear pores help to regulate the exchange of materials (such as RNA and proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

movement

the height

energy

stress

What effect does changing temperature have on a system at equilibrium?

Increasing or decreasing the temperature of a system at equilibrium is also a stress to the system. The equation for the Haber-Bosch process is written again below, as a thermochemical equation.

breast cancer

tissue cancer

brain cancer

skin cancer

What type of cancer can the use of tanning beds lead to?

You can reduce your risk of developing cancer by staying away from certain hazards. For example, the use of tanning beds can lead to skin cancer.

proteolytic

benthic

Secondary Layer

trophic

Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher what levels?

With less energy at higher trophic levels, there are usually fewer organisms as well. Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher trophic levels, but their smaller numbers result in less biomass. Biomass is the total mass of organisms at a trophic level. The decrease in biomass from lower to higher levels is also represented by Figure above .

limbic system

endoderm

mitochondria

notochord

A major step in animal evolution was the evolution of what rigid rod that runs the length of the body?

Another major step in animal evolution was the evolution of a notochord. A notochord is a rigid rod that runs the length of the body. It supports the body and gives it shape (see Figure below ). It also provides a place for muscles to anchor, and counterbalances them when they contract. Animals with a notochord are called chordates. They also have a hollow nerve cord that runs along the top of the body. Gill slits and a tail are two other chordate features. Many modern chordates have some of these structures only as embryos.

static

hypothesis

determinants

homeostasis

What is the name of the process that refers to the balance or equilibrium within the cell or a body?

Homeostasis refers to the balance, or equilibrium within the cell or a body. It is an organism’s ability to keep a constant internal environment. Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments as conditions change inside and outside the cell. The adjusting of systems within a cell is called homeostatic regulation. Because the internal and external environments of a cell are constantly changing, adjustments must be made continuously to stay at or near the set point (the normal level or range). Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium rather than an unchanging state. The cellular processes discussed in this lesson all play an important role in homeostatic regulation. More concerning homeostasis will be presented in additional concepts.

retina

vitreous fluid

iris

cornea

What is the clear, protective covering on the outside of the eye?

First, light passes through the cornea of the eye. The cornea is a clear, protective covering on the outside of the eye.

erosion

diffraction

flux

superposition

Deeper layers of rock must be older than layers closer to the surface, this is the law of what?

Superposition refers to the position of rock layers and their relative ages ( Figure below ). Relative age means age in comparison with other rocks, either younger or older. The relative ages of rocks are important for understanding Earth’s history. New rock layers are always deposited on top of existing rock layers. Therefore, deeper layers must be older than layers closer to the surface. This is the law of superposition.

tools

anesthesia

braces

fillings

Dentists occasionally use metallic mixtures called amalgams for what?

Dentists occasionally use metallic mixtures called amalgams for fillings. If an amalgam contains zinc, however, water can contaminate the amalgam as it is being manipulated, producing hydrogen gas under basic conditions. As the filling hardens, the gas can be released, causing pain and cracking the tooth. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

yeast

trichina

cocklebur

neotropicum

Which infection turns ant's abdomen red and fruit-like and an easy prey for birds?

neotropicum infects the ant Cephalotes atratus, leading to dramatic changes in the infected ant's morphology and behavior. The infected ant’s abdomen turns red and is held raised up, which makes it resemble a fruit and increases the likelihood of the infected ant being eaten by birds (→). The birds transport the worms, which survive in their digestive systems until they are excreted; they are then eaten by, and infect new ants to complete the worm’s life cycle.78 Perhaps the most famous example of this type of behavior occurs in wasps of the family Ichneumonidae. Female wasps deposit their fertilized eggs into the bodies of various types of caterpillars. The wasp eggs hatch out and produce larvae which then feed on the living caterpillar, consuming it from the inside out. Charles Darwin, in a letter to the American naturalist Asa Gray, remarked “There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent & omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice. ” Rather than presume that a supernatural creator was responsible for such apparently cruel behaviors, Darwin and others sought alternative, morally neutral naturalistic processes that could both generate biological diversity and explain biological behaviors. As the diversity of organisms became increasingly apparent and difficult to ignore, another broad and inescapable conclusion began to emerge from anatomical studies: many different organisms displayed remarkable structural similarities. For example, as naturalists characterized various types of animals, they found that they either had an internal skeleton (the vertebrates) or did not (the invertebrates). Comparative studies revealed that there were often many similarities between quite different types of organisms. A classic work, published in 1555, compared the skeletons of a human and a bird, both vertebrates.79 While many bones have different shape and relative sizes, what was most striking is how many bones are at least superficially similar between the two organisms (→). This type of “comparative anatomy” revealed many similarities between apparently unrelated organisms. For example, the skeleton of the dugong (a large aquatic mammal) appears quite similar to that of the European mole, a small terrestrial mammal that tunnels underground on land. In fact, there are general skeletal similarities between all vertebrates. The closer we look, the more similarities we find. These similarities run deeper than the.

protein

Molecule

Fatty Acids

membrane

What do mitochondrions have an inner and outer version of?

As you can see from Figure above , a mitochondrion has an inner and outer membrane. The space between the inner and outer membrane is called the intermembrane space. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the matrix. The second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, takes place in the matrix. The third stage, electron transport, takes place on the inner membrane.

macroevolution

redistributions

extinction

microevolution

Resistance to pesticides in a population of insects is an example of what?

Pesticides were designed to kill bothersome insects. However, sometimes these pesticides will stop working. A pesticide that has worked in the past may no longer kill a particular type of insect. This is due to the development of resistance in the population of insects. The development of resistance to pesticides is one example of microevolution, a small change in a population.

velocity

frequency

diameter

density

What expresses the mass of substance in terms of the volume occupied by the substance?

Density is an expression of the mass of substance in terms of the volume occupied by the substance.

Nervous system

liver

heart

brain

What organ is the hypothalamus a part of?

The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain (see Figure below ), but it also secretes hormones. Some of its hormones that “tell” the pituitary gland to either secrete or stop secreting its hormones. In this way, the hypothalamus provides a link between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus also produces hormones that directly regulate body processes. These hormones travel to the pituitary gland, which stores them until they are needed. The hormones include antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

fecal waste

methane waste

carbon waste

nitrogenous waste

Urea, ammonia and uric acid are types of what waste, excreted in different forms by different species?

Figure 41.13 Nitrogenous waste is excreted in different forms by different species. These include (a) ammonia, (b) urea, and (c) uric acid. (credit a: modification of work by Eric Engbretson, USFWS; credit b: modification of work by B. "Moose" Peterson, USFWS; credit c: modification of work by Dave Menke, USFWS).

throat

larnyx

mouth

tongue

Besides tasting food, what organ is necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech?

Muscles That Move the Tongue Although the tongue is obviously important for tasting food, it is also necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech (Figure 11.11 and Figure 11.12). Because it is so moveable, the tongue facilitates complex speech patterns and sounds.

potential energy

subsequent energy

stellar energy

electrical energy

What is transmitted by moving electrons in an electric current?

Electrical energy is transmitted by moving electrons in an electric current. In order to travel, electric current needs matter. It cannot pass through empty space. However, matter resists the flow of electric current. That’s because flowing electrons in current collide with particles of matter, which absorb their energy. Some types of matter offer more or less resistance to electric current than others.

molecules gets poisoned

surface gets poisoned

membrane gets poisoned

catalyst gets poisoned

What happens if a molecule forms strong bonds to the catalyst?

In catalysis, if a molecule forms strong bonds to the catalyst, then the catalyst may become poisoned. Experiments on various catalysts showed the following results: a. Fe, Ru, and Os form weak bonds with N2; however, O2, alkynes, alkenes, CO, H2, and CO2 interact more strongly. CO2 and H2 form weak bonds with a Co or Ni surface. Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt form weak bonds with H2 but do not bond with CO2. Cu, Ag, and Au form weak bonds with CO and ethylene. Explain why Fe was chosen as a catalyst to convert nitrogen and hydrogen to ammonia. Why is Fe more suitable than Ru or Os? f. Because alkenes generally interact more strongly with metal surfaces than does H 2, what catalyst would you choose for hydrogenation of an alkene such as ethylene? g. Although platinum is used in catalytic converters for automobile exhaust, it was not found to be a particularly effective catalyst for the reaction of H2 with a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to produce methane. Why? h. If you were interested in developing a catalyst to reversibly bind ethylene, which of the catalysts listed here would you choose? 14. Nonstoichiometric metal oxides can be effective catalysts for oxidation–reduction reactions. One such catalyst is Ni1−xO, found to be effective for converting CO to CO2when oxygen is present. Why is it so effective? 15. The chemical reactions in an organism can be controlled by regulating the activity of certain enzymes. Efficient regulation results in an enzyme being active only when it is needed. For example, if a cell needed.

mechanical energy

magnetic energy

thermal energy

potential energy

In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion, while the energy of position is called what?

The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions require a sufficient amount of energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine you are building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick atop another is kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy. Potential energy is the energy of position, or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components. If the brick wall collapses, the stored potential energy is released as kinetic energy as the bricks fall. In the human body, potential energy is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. Chemical energy is the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds. When those bonds are formed, chemical energy is invested, and when they break, chemical energy is released. Notice that chemical energy, like all energy, is neither created nor destroyed; rather, it is converted from one form to another. When you eat an energy bar before heading out the door for a hike, the honey, nuts, and other foods the bar contains are broken down and rearranged by your body into molecules that your muscle cells convert to kinetic energy. Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb are characterized as exergonic. The catabolism of the foods in your energy bar is an example. Some of the chemical energy stored in the bar is absorbed into molecules your body uses.

Christmas

summer

Leap Year

equinox

What event occurs between the two solstices?

Equinox comes halfway between the two solstices. At equinoxes, the Sun's rays shine most directly at the Equator ( Figure below ). The daylight and nighttime hours are exactly equal on an equinox. The autumnal, or fall, equinox happens on September 22 or 23. The vernal, or spring, equinox happens March 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.

Stomach

Liver

Heart

lungs

Alveoli can be found in which organ in the human body?

Respiratory tree: terminates in alveolus, alveoli. Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts and into alveoli. Alveolus: microscopic air sacs, 300 million of these in human lungs. Total surface area large. Gas diffuses micrometer, very tiny distance. Nervous System Composed of tissues designed to integrate sensory information and direct a coordinated response to the environment. Basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron1 , a highly specialized cell that uses both electrical and chemical processes to communicate. Neurons "listen" to sensory organs or other neurons, and can simultaneously "hear" from 1 to hundreds of inputs simultaneously. Likewise, a neuron can "talk" to other neurons or cells that can create an action, like muscle cells or glands. Neurons are outnumbered in the nervous system by glia. Glia were once thought to only play a supportive role in helping neurons survive; today we know that they also are important participants in the communication process. Glial cells include astrocytes, ependymal cells, and a cell that has a macrophage like function. There are also oligodendocytes and Schwann cells that provide a myelin sheath.

stomach

bowels

lungs

intestines

About one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving what organs of digestion?

Blood Supply The blood vessels serving the digestive system have two functions. They transport the protein and carbohydrate nutrients absorbed by mucosal cells after food is digested in the lumen. Lipids are absorbed via lacteals, tiny structures of the lymphatic system. The blood vessels’ second function is to supply the organs of the alimentary canal with the nutrients and oxygen needed to drive their cellular processes. Specifically, the more anterior parts of the alimentary canal are supplied with blood by arteries branching off the aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Below this point, the alimentary canal is supplied with blood by arteries branching from the abdominal aorta. The celiac trunk services the liver, stomach, and duodenum, whereas the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood to the remaining small and large intestines. The veins that collect nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine (where most absorption occurs) empty into the hepatic portal system. This venous network takes the blood into the liver where the nutrients are either processed or stored for later use. Only then does the blood drained from the alimentary canal viscera circulate back to the heart. To appreciate just how demanding the digestive process is on the cardiovascular system, consider that while you are “resting and digesting,” about one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving the intestines.

minilla

ventral

elongated

maxilla

The paired bones of the skull are the palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae bones, and what else?

Facial Bones of the Skull The facial bones of the skull form the upper and lower jaws, the nose, nasal cavity and nasal septum, and the orbit. The facial bones include 14 bones, with six paired bones and two unpaired bones. The paired bones are the maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones. The unpaired bones are the vomer and mandible bones. Although classified with the brain-case bones, the ethmoid bone also contributes to the nasal septum and the walls of the nasal cavity and orbit.

fast glycolytic fibres

slow twitch fibres

pores

myofibrils

Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called what?

Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called myofibrils. Each myofibril is made up of two types of protein filaments: actin filaments, which are thinner, and myosin filaments, which are thicker. Actin filaments are anchored to structures called Z lines (see Figure below ). The region between two Z lines is called a sarcomere. Within a sarcomere, myosin filaments overlap the actin filaments. The myosin filaments have tiny structures called cross bridges that can attach to actin filaments.

infections

parasites

bacteria

viruses

The common cold and flu are examples of human diseases caused by what tiny particles?

Viruses , like the one depicted in Figure below , are tiny particles that may cause disease. Human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold and flu. Do you think viruses are prokaryotes or eukaryotes? The answer may surprise you. Viruses are not cells at all, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes.

dermis and epithelial

sebaceous and salivary

epithelial and endometrial

epidermis and dermis

What are the two layers of the skin?

Skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis.

protons

calories

neutrons

electrons

Light can be used to eject what from a solid material?

Under the right conditions, light can be used to eject electrons from a solid material.

hydrogen

nitrogen

oxygen

carbon

What element is a biochemical compound based on?

Besides water, most of the compounds in living things are biochemical compounds. A biochemical compound is a carbon-based compound that is found in living organisms. Carbon is an element that has a tremendous ability to form large compounds. Each atom of carbon can form four chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms. Bonds hold the atoms together in chemical compounds. A carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements.

Umbilical Cord

Stomach

uterus

placenta

The amniotic sac is attached to what?

Attached to the placenta is the amniotic sac , an enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus (see Figure above ). It contains amniotic fluid, which consists of water and dissolved substances. The fluid allows the fetus to move freely until it grows to fill most of the available space. The fluid also cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury.

insertion respiration

anabolic respiration

digestion respiration

anaerobic respiration

Which type of respiration helps organisms generate quick bursts of speed, as opposed to long steady movement?

Each type of muscle fiber has advantages and disadvantages, which reflect their differing biochemical pathways. Aerobic respiration in red muscles full of mitochondria, produces a great deal of ATP from far less glucose - but slowly, over a long time. Anaerobic respiration in white muscle cells full of carbohydrates, produces ATP rapidly for quick bursts of speed, but a predator who continues pursuit may eventually catch a white-muscled prey.

concentrations

combustions

bonds

mass

When matter reacts, there can be what that comes from nowhere and is unaccounted for?

When matter reacts, there can be mass that comes from nowhere and is unaccounted for.

alaska

india

the equator

the north pole

What is located at about 80 degrees north latitude?

A: Earth has north and south magnetic poles. The North Pole is located at about 80 degrees north latitude. The magnetic field is an area around Earth that is affected by its magnetic field. The field is strongest at the poles, and lines of magnetic force move from the north to the south magnetic pole.

alcohol

carbon monoxide

aluminum oxide

nitrogen dioxide

What is a byproduct from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and gasoline?

The brown color is from nitrogen dioxide gas. Nitrogen dioxide is a byproduct from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and gasoline.

wind erosion

nervous stress

acid and water exposure

extreme pressure or temperature

What can damage animal tissues?

muscle

hydrogen

carbon

energy

Along with other functions, what do carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide for the body?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide energy and have other important roles in the body.

respiratory system

circulatory system

hormonal system

digestive system

What system of the body uses amylase and pepsin in its functioning?

Top: Flickr:LearningLark; Bottom: Laura Guerin (CK-12 Foundation). Amylase and pepsin are used in our digestive system . Top: CC BY 2.0; Bottom: CC BY-NC 3.0.

autosomes

diploid genes

dimorphism - linked genes

sex-linked genes

What are genes located on the sex chromosomes called?

Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes . Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome, because the Y chromosome has relatively few genes. Strictly speaking, genes on the X chromosome are X-linked genes , but the term sex-linked is often used to refer to them.

estrogen

insulin

estradiol

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary releases which hormone, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

In addition to producing FSH and LH, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland also produces the hormone prolactin (PRL) in females. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth. Prolactin levels are regulated by the hypothalamic hormones prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is now known to be dopamine. PRH stimulates the release of prolactin and PIH inhibits it. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Stretching of tissues in the uterus and cervix stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth. Contractions increase in intensity as blood levels of oxytocin rise via a positive feedback mechanism until the birth is complete. Oxytocin also stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the milk-producing mammary glands. As these cells contract, milk is forced from the secretory alveoli into milk ducts and is ejected from the breasts in milk ejection (“let-down”) reflex. Oxytocin release is stimulated by the suckling of an infant, which triggers the synthesis of oxytocin in the hypothalamus and its release into circulation at the posterior pituitary.

periosteum

chlorophyll

mitochondria

mesophyll

What consists mainly of parenchymal cells with chloroplasts?

Mesophyll makes up most of the leaf’s interior. This is where photosynthesis occurs. Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchymal cells with chloroplasts.

communication

trade

population

migration

What is the movement of animals from one place to another?

Another example of a behavior with a yearly cycle is migration . Migration is the movement of animals from one place to another. Migration is an innate behavior that is triggered by changes in the environment. For example, animals may migrate when the days get shorter in the fall. Migration is most common in birds, fish, and insects. In the Northern Hemisphere, many species of birds, including robins and geese, travel south for the winter. They migrate to areas where it is warmer and where there is more food. They return north in the spring. A flock of migrating geese is pictured below ( Figure below ).

internal

bacterial

natural

environmental

Twin studies have been instrumental in demonstrating what type of component in autism?

Autism has a wide phenotypic spectrum of disability. Twin studies have been instrumental in demonstrating an environmental component in autism.

voltage

wavelength

frequency

amplitude

What is a measure of the size of sound waves?

Amplitude is a measure of the size of sound waves. It depends on the amount of energy that started the waves. Greater amplitude waves have more energy and greater intensity, so they sound louder. For a video demonstration of the amplitude and loudness of sounds, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=irqfGYD2UKw.

carbon

chemicals

atoms

crystals

Covalent compounds form individual molecules rather than what?

Covalent compounds form individual molecules rather than crystals. Compared with ionic compounds, they have low melting and boiling points. They are also poor conductors of electricity. In polar covalent compounds, oppositely charged ends of different molecules attract each other. This affects the properties of polar compounds.

elevation

temperature

water pressure

air pressure

Winds are caused by differences in what?

vein pressure

blood force

artery pressure

blood pressure

What is generated when a heart ventricle contracts?

hot chambers

underneath chambers

erosion chambers

magma chambers

What area beneath the earth's surface do magma collects?

Magma collects in magma chambers beneath Earth’s surface. Magma chambers are located where the heat and pressure are great enough to melt rock. These locations are at divergent or convergent plate boundaries or at hotpots.

tomoxia seeds

trematode seeds

pollen seeds

angiosperm seeds

What develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits?

artificial lakes

novel lakes

formation lakes

crater lakes

What kind of lakes form when volcanic eruptions create holes that fill with water?

Other lakes are crater lakes or rift lakes ( Figure below ). Crater lakes form when volcanic eruptions create craters that fill with water. Rift lakes form when movements of tectonic plates create low places that fill with water.

merging

extracting

solution

dissolving

The size of the solute particles determines the rate of what?

The rate at which a solute dissolves depends upon the size of the solute particles. Dissolving is a surface phenomenon since it depends on solvent molecules colliding with the outer surface of the solute. A given quantity of solute dissolves faster when it is ground into small particles than if it is in the form of a large chunk because more surface area is exposed. The packet of granulated sugar exposes far more surface area to the solvent and dissolves more quickly than the sugar cube.

female adaptive system

female reproductive system

male circulatory system

male reproductive system

The vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts are part of what system?

In addition to these organs, the male reproductive system consists of a series of ducts and glands. Ducts include the vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts. They transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in the penis. Glands include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland . They secrete substances that become part of semen.

the sperm

the fetus

here.the nucleus

the nucleus

What part of an egg contains the genetic material ?

The ostrich egg - unfertilized, of course. Yes, this egg, just like a human ovum, is just one cell. The egg shell membrane encloses the nucleus containing the genetic material and the cytoplasm.

pesticide

irrigation

fertilizer

pollenation

Bees and other wild animals perform what function on flowering plants, making them vital for crop reproduction?

Animals, like the bee in Figure below , pollinate flowering plants. Many crop plants depend on pollination by wild animals.

pus

progesterone

collagen

sebum

What does the sebaceous gland secrete which waterproofs the skin and hair?

Hair, hair follicle, and oil glands. The oil, called sebum, helps to prevent water loss from the skin. The sebaceous gland secretes sebum, which waterproofs the skin and hair.

glacial water

fresh water

spring water

seawater

What water is about 3.5% salt?

You know that ocean water is salty. How salty is it? What is the salinity of seawater? Average seawater is about 3.5% salt. The amount is different if there is a nearby source of freshwater. It is also different if there is a lot of evaporation in an area. How do you think these things affect seawater salinity? Seawater also contains other substances like sugars, acids, bases, and organic molecules.

brain signals

hormone levels

nutrient levels

metabolic processes

Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate these?

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes. Catabolic hormones stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy. These include cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline/epinephrine, and cytokines. All of these hormones are mobilized at specific times to meet the needs of the body. Anabolic hormones are required for the synthesis of molecules and include growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. Table 24.1 summarizes the function of each of the catabolic hormones and Table 24.2 summarizes the functions of the anabolic hormones.

spider webs

fuel webs

the webs

food webs

Food chains and what describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another?

Describing the flow of energy within an ecosystem essentially answers this question. To survive, one must eat. Why? To get energy. Food chains and webs describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another. In other words, they show who eats whom.

funnel

cavity

core

magma

The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of what in its chamber?

The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of magma in its chamber. Some eruptions are explosive. Some eruptions are quiet. All eruptions are amazing!.

heart

liver

bladder

brain

What organ has four ventricles, all of which developed from the original hollow space within the neural tube?

The Ventricles There are four ventricles within the brain, all of which developed from the original hollow space within the neural tube, the central canal. The first two are named the lateral ventricles and are deep within the cerebrum. These ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by two openings called the interventricular foramina. The third ventricle is the space between the left and right sides of the diencephalon, which opens into the cerebral aqueduct that passes through the midbrain. The aqueduct opens into the fourth ventricle, which is the space between the cerebellum and the pons and upper medulla (Figure 13.18).

rock science

zoology

chemistry

life science

The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection are basic to all fields in what branch of science?

Each field of life science has its own specific body of knowledge and relevant theories. However, two theories are basic to all of the life sciences. They form the foundation of every life science field. They are the cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection. Both theories have been tested repeatedly. Both are supported by a great deal of evidence.

two

four

infinite

one

How many types of antigens can an antibody match?

An antibody matches only one type of antigen.

adrenaline receptors

histamine receptors

ephedrine receptors

dopamine receptors

What do drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia block?

parasites

neutrophils

antibodies

lymphocytes

What destroys the filtered pathogens?

Lymphatic vessels make up a body-wide circulatory system. The fluid they circulate is lymph. Lymph is a fluid that leaks out of capillaries into spaces between cells. As the lymph accumulates between cells, it diffuses into tiny lymphatic vessels. The lymph then moves through the lymphatic system from smaller to larger vessels. It finally drains back into the bloodstream in the chest. As lymph passes through the lymphatic vessels, pathogens are filtered out at small structures called lymph nodes (see Figure above ). The filtered pathogens are destroyed by lymphocytes.

mirror

microwave

prism

laser

A device that produces a very focused beam of visible light of just one wavelength and color is called?

A laser is a device that produces a very focused beam of visible light of just one wavelength and color. Pulses of laser light carry communication signals through optical fibers.

protons

molecules

Cell Division

nucleus

The second step in eukaryotic cell division is division of which part of the cell?

2. The second step in eukaryotic cell division is division of the cell’s nucleus. This includes division of the chromosomes. This step is called mitosis. It is a complex process that occurs in four phases. The phases of mitosis are described below.

an infinite number

a trillion

an octillion

about a hundred billion

Approximately how many galaxies are there in the universe?

The Universe contains about a hundred billion galaxies.

natural change

natural variety

immoral selection

natural selection

What theory of evolution is charles darwin most known for?

Evolution focuses on past life forms and how they turned into present life forms. The history of life on Earth demonstrates how the first cells formed, turned into simple life forms, and then became more complex plants and animals. The studies of Charles Darwin have reshaped and influenced all aspects of biology. The vast amounts of evidence of evolution demonstrates the importance of the theory of evolution by natural selection. But has this process stopped? Of course not. Evolution does continue today.

nervous organs

respratory organs

lymphatic organs

reproductive organs

What organ system is different in men and women?

Men and women share most of the same organs. We all have skin, a heart, and lungs. Men and women differ only in their reproductive organs.

They are minor

They occur rarely

They are low temperature

they move slowly

Why do effusive eruptions rarely kill anyone?

Effusive eruptions rarely kill anyone because they move slowly. People can usually be evacuated before an effusive eruption. Still, effusive eruptions can be destructive. There is not much anyone can do to stop a lava flow from destroying a building or road ( Figure below ).

obsidian

magma

shards

pyroclasts

What are hot fragments of rock called?

Ash and particles shoot many kilometers into the sky. The material may form a mushroom cloud, just like a nuclear explosion. Hot fragments of rock, called pyroclasts , fly up into the air at very high speeds. The pyroclasts cool in the atmosphere. Some ash may stay in the atmosphere for years. The ash may block out sunlight. This changes weather patterns and affects the temperature of the Earth. For a year or two after a large eruption, sunsets may be especially beautiful worldwide.

presbyopia

hyperopia

myopia

astigmatism

Unevenness or asymmetry in the focus of the eye describes what visual defect?

Another common vision defect is astigmatism, an unevenness or asymmetry in the focus of the eye. For example, rays passing through a vertical region of the eye may focus closer than rays passing through a horizontal region, resulting in the image appearing elongated. This is mostly due to irregularities in the shape of the cornea but can also be due to lens irregularities or unevenness in the retina. Because of these irregularities, different parts of the lens system produce images at different locations. The eye-brain system can compensate for some of these irregularities, but they generally manifest themselves as less distinct vision or sharper images along certain axes. Figure 26.8 shows a chart used to detect astigmatism. Astigmatism can be at least partially corrected with a spectacle having the opposite irregularity of the eye. If an eyeglass prescription has a cylindrical correction, it is there to correct astigmatism. The normal corrections for short- or farsightedness are spherical corrections, uniform along all axes.

a flammable gas

a fatty gas

an inert gas

a noble gas

The addition of electron gives the halide ions the same electron configuration as what gas?

The elements of the halogen group (Group 17) gain electrons most readily, as can be seen from their large negative electron affinities. This means that more energy is released in the formation of a halide ion than for the anions of any other elements. Considering electron configuration, it is easy to see why. The outer configuration of all halogens is n s 2 n p 5 . The addition of one more electron gives the halide ions the same electron configuration as a noble gas, which we have seen is particularly stable.

minerals

nutrients

grasses

soil

Partially decayed remains of plants and animals form the organic portion of what?

the partially decayed remains of plants and animals that forms the organic portion of soil.

at the cerebrum

at the medulla oblongata

at the meninges

at the pons

Where is the most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain?

Secondary Vesicles The brain continues to develop, and the vesicles differentiate further (see Figure 13.3b). The three primary vesicles become five secondary vesicles. The prosencephalon enlarges into two new vesicles called the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The telecephalon will become the cerebrum. The diencephalon gives rise to several adult structures; two that will be important are the thalamus and the hypothalamus. In the embryonic diencephalon, a structure known as the eye cup develops, which will eventually become the retina, the nervous tissue of the eye called the retina. This is a rare example of nervous tissue developing as part of the CNS structures in the embryo, but becoming a peripheral structure in the fully formed nervous system. The mesencephalon does not differentiate into any finer divisions. The midbrain is an established region of the brain at the primary vesicle stage of development and remains that way. The rest of the brain develops around it and constitutes a large percentage of the mass of the brain. Dividing the brain into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain is useful in considering its developmental pattern, but the midbrain is a small proportion of the entire brain, relatively speaking. The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the pons and also gives rise to the cerebellum. The cerebellum (from the Latin meaning “little brain”) accounts for about 10 percent of the mass of the brain and is an important structure in itself. The most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain is at the pons, because the pons and cerebellum develop out of the same vesicle. The myelencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the medulla oblongata. The structures that come.

waves

shores

currents

tides

What do you call the daily changes in the level of ocean water?

Tides are daily changes in the level of ocean water. They occur all around the globe. High tides occur when the water reaches its highest level in a day. Low tides occur when the water reaches its lowest level in a day. Tides keep cycling from high to low and back again. In most places the water level rises and falls twice a day. So there are two high tides and two low tides approximately every 24 hours.

tissues

proteins

muscles

cells

What are the specialized building blocks of your body?

Introduction Close your eyes and picture a brick wall. What is the basic building block of that wall? A single brick, of course. Like a brick wall, your body is composed of basic building blocks, and the building blocks of your body are cells. Your body has many kinds of cells, each specialized for a specific purpose. Just as a home is made from a variety of building materials, the human body is constructed from many cell types. For example, epithelial cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within. Bone cells help to support and protect the body. Cells of the immune system fight invading bacteria. Additionally, blood and blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide. Each of these cell types plays a vital role during the growth, development, and day-to-day maintenance of the body. In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organisms—even ones as diverse as bacteria, onion, and human—share certain fundamental characteristics.

water

fats

sugars

starches

What do plants make to store extra glucose?

Starches are complex carbohydrates. They are polymers of glucose. Starches contain hundreds of glucose monomers. Plants make starches to store extra glucose. Consumers can get starches by eating plants. Common sources of starches in the human diet are pictured Figure below . Our digestive system breaks down starches to sugar, which our cells use for energy. Like other animals, we store any extra glucose as the complex carbohydrate called glycogen. Glycogen is also a polymer of glucose.

earthquakes

air pressure

spin

gravity

Sand dunes migrate when sand is blown up a slope and this force pulls it down the other side?

Sand is blown up a slope. Gravity pulls it down the other side. This is how dunes migrate.

platelets

hemoglobin

red blood cells

white blood cells

Inside each lymph node is a honeycomb of connective tissue with spaces filled by what?

plasma apparatus

receptor apparatus

secretion apparatus

golgi apparatus

What "apparatus" is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office. The Golgi apparatus looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly shaped pancakes. Like the ER, these discs are membranous. The Golgi apparatus has two distinct sides, each with a different role. One side of the apparatus receives products in vesicles. These products are sorted through the apparatus, and then they are released from the opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles. If the product is to be exported from the cell, the vesicle migrates to the cell surface and fuses to the cell membrane, and the cargo is secreted (Figure 3.15).

a mutated cell

haploid cell

a fertilized cell

a diploid cell

When two haploid gametes unite during fertilization they form what?

diploid cell that forms when two haploid gametes unite during fertilization.

short phenotype

backward phenotype

long phenotype

intermediate phenotype

What kind of phenotype results in a case of incomplete dominance?

1. Define energy, and state where living things get the energy they need.

animal cells

lung cells

heart cells

plant cells

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts are all plastids, organelles found in what kind of cells?

Plastids are organelles in plant cells that may have various jobs. The main types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.

conductivity

ionization

electromagnetism

electronegativity

What is the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond called?