ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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fat	protein	dioxide	starch	Because plants are relatively immobile, they can function with bulky energy storage in the form of what?
randomly	constantly	asexually	sexually	How do invertebrates reproduce?	Most invertebrates reproduce sexually. Diploid adults produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs). In some species, the same individuals produce both sperm and eggs. In other species, sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female individuals. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and eventually into a new adult organism. On the way, it may pass through one or more larval stages. A larva (plural, larvae) is a juvenile, or immature, stage of an animal. It is generally quite different in form and function from the adult form of the species. For example, the larva may be able to swim freely, whereas the adult must remain permanently attached to a solid surface.
inoculation	fertilization	reproduction	pollination	The process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower known as the anthers to the female reproductive part of the flower known as the stigma is referred to as what?	In order to study these characteristics, Mendel needed to control the pollination of the pea plants through artificial fertilization . Pollination occurs when the pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower, called the anthers , is transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma . Pea plants are self-pollinating , which means the pollen from a flower on a single plant transfers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. In order to avoid self-pollination, Mendel removed the anthers from the flowers on a plant. He then carefully transferred pollen from the anthers of another plant and using a small paintbrush, dusted the pollen onto the stigma of the flowers that lacked anthers. This process caused cross-pollination. The Figure below shows the location of the male and female parts of a flower. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one flower pollinates a flower on a different plant. In this way, Mendel controlled the characteristics that were passed onto the offspring. The product of cross-pollination is known as a hybrid. The ability to cross-pollinate pea plants allowed Mendel to study the offspring of two parents with different traits, such as a tall stem or a short stem.
proteins	fibres	hormones	enzymes	What do you call catalysts that are found inside of living things?	Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things, and many of them require catalysts to occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes.
tannin	keratin	melatonin	chlorophyll	Energy from sunlight is absorbed by what pigment in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?	Chloroplasts contain stacks of thylakoids , which are flattened sacs of membrane. Energy from sunlight is absorbed by the pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane. There are two separate parts of a chloroplast: the space inside the chloroplast itself, and the space inside the thylakoids ( Figure below ).
typically surface area	Weak Surface area	strongest surface area	smallest surface area	Surface tension forces between moleculse cause the surface of liquid to contract to what?	Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Molecules on the surface are pulled inward by cohesive forces, reducing the surface area. Molecules inside the liquid experience zero net force, since they have neighbors on all sides. Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Making Connections: Surface Tension Forces between atoms and molecules underlie the macroscopic effect called surface tension. These attractive forces pull the molecules closer together and tend to minimize the surface area. This is another example of a submicroscopic explanation for a macroscopic phenomenon. The model of a liquid surface acting like a stretched elastic sheet can effectively explain surface tension effects. For example, some insects can walk on water (as opposed to floating in it) as we would walk on a trampoline—they dent the surface as shown in Figure 11.28(a). Figure 11.28(b) shows another example, where a needle rests on a water surface. The iron needle cannot, and does not, float, because its density is greater than that of water. Rather, its weight is supported by forces in the stretched surface that try to make the surface smaller or flatter. If the needle were placed point down on the surface, its weight acting on a smaller area would break the surface, and it would sink.
elasticity	malleability	viscosity	tensile strength	What term refers to the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material?	makes it clear that the deformation is proportional to the applied force. Figure 5.13 shows the Hooke’s law relationship between the extension ΔL of a spring or of a human bone. For metals or springs, the straight line region in which Hooke’s law pertains is much larger. Bones are brittle and the elastic region is small and the fracture abrupt. Eventually a large enough stress to the material will cause it to break or fracture. Tensile strength is the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material. Hooke’s Law.
mating	hibernation	reproduction	gestation	In great apes, what process lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring?	Gestation (pregnancy) lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring. The young are born helpless, and thus, they need parental care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a long adolescence and are not fully mature until 8-13 years of age (longer in humans). Females usually give birth only once every few years.
spontaneously	genetically	horizontally	asexually	Plants can reproduce sexually and in which other way?	The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction. The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation. A general plant life cycle is represented by the diagram in Figure below . From the figure, you can see that the diploid sporophyte has a structure called a sporangium (plural, sporangia) that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores . A spore develops into a haploid gametophyte . The gametophyte has male or female reproductive organs that undergo mitosis to form haploid gametes (sperm or eggs). Fertilization of gametes produces a diploid zygote . The zygote grows and develops into a mature sporophyte, and the cycle repeats.
helium	oxygen	carbon	water	Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has what element, which is essential for human life, present in all three of its states?	Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water in all three states.
mutations	habits	chromosomes	traits	Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of these?	The generation of genetic maps requires markers, just as a road map requires landmarks (such as rivers and mountains). Early genetic maps were based on the use of known genes as markers. More sophisticated markers, including those based on non-coding DNA, are now used to compare the genomes of individuals in a population. Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of traits. These minor differences in the genome between individuals in a population are useful for the purposes of genetic mapping. In general, a good genetic marker is a region on the chromosome that shows variability or polymorphism (multiple forms) in the population. Some genetic markers used in generating genetic maps are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), microsatellite polymorphisms, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RFLPs (sometimes pronounced “rif-lips”) are detected when the DNA of an individual is cut with a restriction endonuclease that recognizes specific sequences in the DNA to generate a series of DNA fragments, which are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The DNA of every individual will give rise to a unique pattern of bands when cut with a particular set of restriction endonucleases; this is sometimes referred to as an individual’s DNA “fingerprint. ” Certain regions of the chromosome that are subject to polymorphism will lead to the generation of the unique banding pattern. VNTRs are repeated sets of nucleotides present in the non-coding regions of DNA. Non-coding, or “junk,” DNA has no known biological function; however, research shows that much of this DNA is actually transcribed. While its function is uncertain, it is certainly active, and it may be involved in the regulation of coding genes. The number of repeats may vary in individual organisms of a population. Microsatellite polymorphisms are similar to VNTRs, but the repeat unit is very small. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide. Because genetic maps rely completely on the natural process of recombination, mapping is affected by natural increases or decreases in the level of recombination in any given area of the genome. Some parts of the genome are recombination hotspots, whereas others do not show a propensity for recombination. For this reason, it is important to look at mapping information developed by multiple methods.
capitalism	invention	industry	technology	The following definition relates to which term: the application of knowledge to real-world problems?	Technology is the application of knowledge to real-world problems. It includes methods and processes as well as devices like computers and cars. An example is the Bessemer process. It is a cheap method of making steel that was invented in the 1850s. It is just one of many technological advances that have occurred in manufacturing. Technology is also responsible for most of the major advances in agriculture, transportation, communications, and medicine. Clearly, technology has had a huge impact on people and society. It is hard to imagine what life would be like without it.
Europe	inland	Ocean	antarctica	Pauropods, presumed relatives of millipedes usually found in soil, leaf litter and other moist places, live on all continents except what?	The pauropods are typically 0.5-2.0 mm long and live on all continents except Antarctica. They are usually found in soil, leaf litter, or other moist places. They feed on fungi and decaying organic matter, and are essentially harmless. Adult pauropods have 11 or 12 body segments and 9-11 pairs of legs. They also possess unique forked antennae and a distinctive pattern of movement characterized by rapid burst of movement and frequent abrupt changes in direction. Over 700 species have been described, and they are believed to be closely related to millipedes.
amplitude	length	term	period	The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of what other attribute of the wave?	The period of a wave and its frequency are reciprocals of each other.
flexible donors	complete donors	likely donors	universal donors	People with type o blood are often called what?	Recall that people with type O blood do not have any antigens on their RBCs. As a result, type O blood can be given to people with blood types A, B, or AB. If there are no antigens on the RBCs, there cannot be an antibody reaction in the blood. People with type O blood are often called universal donors .
liquid reactions	evaporation	toxic reactions	chemical reactions	Chemical changes occur because of what?	Did you ever wonder what happens to a candle when it burns? A candle burning is a chemical change in matter. In a chemical change, one type of matter changes into a different type of matter, with different chemical properties. Chemical changes occur because of chemical reactions. You can see more examples of chemical changes at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=66kuhJkQCVM .
illness	coughing	bleeding	cancer	Low-level exposure of humans to radiation can cause what?	We can see two general types of effects when humans are exposed to radiation. Low-level exposure can lead to development of cancer. The regulatory processes regulating cell growth are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Acute exposure can produce nausea, weakness, skin burns, and internal tissue damage. Cancer patients receiving radiation therapy experience these symptoms, but the radiation is targeted to a specific site in the body so that the damage is primarily to the cancer cells and the patient is able to recover from the exposure.
exemplified factors	irrelevant factors	inorganic factors	abiotic factors	What are the nonliving parts of ecosystems like soil and air called?	Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of ecosystems. They include air, soil, and other things organisms need. They determine which organisms — and how many of them — can live in an ecosystem.
a carbon	a hydrogen	a cobalt	an alloy	A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements is called?	Steel is an example of an alloy. An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements. The other elements may be metals, nonmetals, or both. An alloy is a solid solution. It is formed by melting a metal and dissolving the other elements in it. The molten solution is then allowed to cool and harden. Several other examples of alloys and their uses are shown in Figure below . You can learn about an amazing alloy called memory wire at the URL below. If you have braces on your teeth, you may even have this alloy in your mouth!.
phenotype	zygote	glutamate	cytokine	What is a small protein that helps fight infections?	Genetically Engineering Bacteria to Produce a Human Protein. Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce a human protein, such as a cytokine. A cytokine is a small protein that helps fight infections.
biological scientists	ecological scientists	integrated scientists	environmental scientists	What type of scientists study the effects people have on their environment?	Environmental scientists study the effects people have on their environment. This includes the landscape, atmosphere, water, and living things. These scientists ask all sorts of questions about how Earth systems are changing as a result of human actions. They try to predict what changes will come in the future.
necessitated diffusion	exposed diffusion	Osmosis	facilitated diffusion	What do you call the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane?	What happens if a substance needs assistance to move across or through the plasma membrane? Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. Even though facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, it is still passive transport because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient.
cilia	antennae	sporangia	flagella	Like bacteria, archaea can have what to assist with movement?	Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement.
shifty	framing	cloned	frameshift	What kind of mutations are produced by nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions?
chondrite	amines	analyte	fullerene	A form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere is known as?	A fullerene (also called a Bucky ball) is a form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere resembling a soccer ball (see Figure below ). Each sphere contains 60 carbon atoms, and each carbon atom is bonded to three others by single covalent bonds. The bonds are relatively weak, so fullerenes can dissolve and form solutions. Fullerenes were first discovered in 1985 and have been found in soot and meteorites. Possible commercial uses of fullerenes are under investigation.
mRNA	Chromosomes	RNA	dna	The two complementary strands of what are separated, much like unzipping a zipper, in the initiation phase?	Stage 1: Initiation. The two complementary strands are separated, much like unzipping a zipper. Special enzymes, including helicase, untwist and separate the two strands of DNA. Stage 2: Elongation. Each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary strand is built. DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand, synthesizing a new strand base by base. A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. This growing strand continues to be built until it has fully complemented the template strand. Stage 3: Termination. Once the two original strands are bound to their own, finished, complementary strands, DNA replication is stopped and the two new identical DNA molecules are complete. Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original molecule and one newly synthesized strand. The term for this mode of replication is “semiconservative,” because half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new DNA molecule. This process continues until the cell’s entire genome, the entire complement of an organism’s DNA, is replicated. As you might imagine, it is very important that DNA replication take place precisely so that new cells in the body contain the exact same genetic material as their parent cells. Mistakes made during DNA replication, such as the accidental addition of an inappropriate nucleotide, have the potential to render a gene dysfunctional or useless. Fortunately, there are mechanisms in place to minimize such mistakes. A DNA proofreading process enlists the help of special enzymes that scan the newly synthesized molecule for mistakes and corrects them. Once the process of DNA replication is complete, the cell is ready to divide. You will explore the process of cell division later in the chapter.
air	magnets	heat	water	Things that are hydrophobic repel or otherwise don't really mix with what?	Lignin is a tough carbohydrate molecule that is hydrophobic (“water fearing”). It adds support to vascular tissues in stems. It also waterproofs the tissues so they don’t leak, which makes them more efficient at transporting fluids. Because most other organisms cannot break down lignin, it helps protect plants from herbivores and parasites.
muscles	fibroids	neurons	capillaries	Arteries and veins are two of the three types of blood vessels, what is the third?	Blood vessels are long, tube-like organs that form a complex network throughout the body. They transport blood to all the body’s cells. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Transfer of substances between the blood and cells takes place across the thin walls of capillaries.
branches	flowers	leaves	stem	What basic structure holds plants upright, bears leaves and other structures, and transports fluids between roots and leaves?	Stems hold plants upright, bear leaves and other structures, and transport fluids between roots and leaves.
helminths	protozoa	ectoparasites	bloodsucking	What kind of parasites are nearly all ticks that live on the body surfaces of reptiles or mammals?
disease	mutation	increased growth rate	negative growth rate	What results when birth rates fall even lower than death rates?	In some countries, birth rates have fallen even lower than death rates. As result, their population growth rates are negative. In other words, the populations are shrinking in size. These populations have top-heavy population pyramids, like the one for Italy shown in Figure below . This is a new stage of the demographic transition, referred to as Stage 5. You might think that a negative growth rate would be a good thing. In fact, it may cause problems. For example, growth-dependent industries decline. Supporting the large aging population is also a burden for the shrinking younger population of workers.
solidify in water	activate in water	change in water	dissolve in water	How do hydrogen bonds help ions and other polar molecules?	2.2 Water Water has many properties that are critical to maintaining life. It is a polar molecule, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water. Therefore, water is an.
its weight and volume	its height and speed	its mass and direction	its mass and velocity	What two things determine how much kinetic energy an object has?	The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends on its mass and velocity. An object with greater mass or greater velocity has more kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated with the equation:.
lesions	chloroplasts	stigmata	stomata	What are the pores in plants that keep certain gases and liquids in and out called?	Additional Land Plant Adaptations As plants adapted to dry land and became independent of the constant presence of water in damp habitats, new organs and structures made their appearance. Early land plants did not grow above a few inches off the ground, and on these low mats, they competed for light. By evolving a shoot and growing taller, individual plants captured more light. Because air offers substantially less support than water, land plants incorporated more rigid molecules in their stems (and later, tree trunks). The evolution of vascular tissue for the distribution of water and solutes was a necessary prerequisite for plants to evolve larger bodies. The vascular system contains xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem conducts water and minerals taken from the soil up to the shoot; phloem transports food derived from photosynthesis throughout the entire plant. The root system that evolved to take up water and minerals also anchored the increasingly taller shoot in the soil. In land plants, a waxy, waterproof cover called a cuticle coats the aerial parts of the plant: leaves and stems. The cuticle also prevents intake of carbon dioxide needed for the synthesis of carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Stomata, or pores, that open and close to regulate traffic of gases and water vapor therefore appeared in plants as they moved into drier habitats. Plants cannot avoid predatory animals. Instead, they synthesize a large range of poisonous secondary metabolites: complex organic molecules such as alkaloids, whose noxious smells and unpleasant taste deter animals. These toxic compounds can cause severe diseases and even death. Additionally, as plants coevolved with animals, sweet and nutritious metabolites were developed to lure animals into providing valuable assistance in dispersing pollen grains, fruit, or seeds. Plants have been coevolving with animal associates for hundreds of millions of years (Figure 14.6).
nausea	leukemia	allergy	asthma	What is the disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus?	Asthma is a disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus. Symptoms of asthma may include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergies, strenuous exercise, stress, or another respiratory illness such as a cold.
Spastic	cocklebur	spicule	amebic	E. histolytica causes what kind of dysentery?
an example	a photographic image	a mirror image	an image	What is a copy of an image formed by reflection or refraction?	A mirror is typically made of glass with a shiny metal backing that reflects all the light that strikes it. When a mirror reflects light, it forms an image. An image is a copy of an object that is formed by reflection or refraction. Mirrors may have flat or curved surfaces. The shape of a mirror’s surface determines the type of image it forms. For example, some mirrors form real images, and other mirrors form virtual images. What’s the difference between real and virtual images?.
evolution	life cycle	behavior	mating	What term refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?	Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating, for an entire breeding season, or even for life.
perform crunches	make a fist	lift the leg	extend the arm	What bodily function do the triceps help perform?	Pearson Scott Foresman. The biceps help contract the arm, while the triceps help extend the arm . Public Domain.
gravitational	astronomical	biological	physical	What properties describe the existence of matter, as opposed to chemical properties that describe how substances change into other substances?	Physical properties describe the existence of matter, and chemical properties describe how substances change into other substances.
pylum protozoa	phylum hominid	phylum arthropod	phylum chordata	Which phylum are all vertebrate organisms a member of?	All vertebrate organisms are in the phylum Chordata. Invertebrates, which make up about 95% (or more) of the animal kingdom, are divided into over 30 different phyla, some of which are listed below ( Table below ). Numerous invertebrate phyla have just a few species; some have only one described species, yet these are classified into separate phyla because of their unique characteristics. For example, sponges, with pores throughout their body, are from the phylum Porifera. Crabs and lobsters, with jointed appendages, are from the phylum Arthropoda.
growth	food	heating	energy	What property of matter is defined as the ability to do work and is required by all living organisms in order to grow and reproduce?	Energy is a property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work. The concept of energy is useful for explaining and predicting most natural phenomena, and it is the foundation for an understanding of biology. All living organisms need energy to grow and reproduce. However, energy can never be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed. That is, energy is always conserved. This is called the law of conservation of energy . Therefore, organisms cannot create the energy they need. Instead, they must obtain energy from the environment. Organisms also cannot destroy or use up the energy they obtain. They can only change it from one form to another. Organisms will either use their energy (for metabolism) or release it to the environment as heat.
dehydration	downs syndrome	hormone release	nonfunctional proteins	What do nearly all nonsense mutations lead to ?
heat	mass	energy	matter	What cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction?	Law stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
a surge	a typhoon	a tidal wave	a tsunami	When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called?	When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it sends waves through the water as well as the ground. When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called a tsunami.
bronchus dorsi	dorsolateral dorsi	Synergistic dorsi	latissimus dorsi	Which muscle is broad, triangular and located on the inferior part of the back where it inserts into the aponeurosis?	Muscles That Move the Humerus Similar to the muscles that position the pectoral girdle, muscles that cross the shoulder joint and move the humerus bone of the arm include both axial and scapular muscles (Figure 11.23 and Figure 11.24). The two axial muscles are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The pectoralis major is thick and fan-shaped, covering much of the superior portion of the anterior thorax. The broad, triangular latissimus dorsi is located on the inferior part of the back, where it inserts into a thick connective tissue shealth called an aponeurosis.
genes	carbohydrates	hormones	enzymes	What do organisms need to speed up biochemical reactions?	Enzymes are needed to speed up biochemical reactions in organisms. They work by lowering activation energy.
large	reactive	small	stable	The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. so cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly what?	The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. So cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. Cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly stable. We will see in Chapter 16 "Carbohydrates" that some carbohydrates (sugars) form five- or six-membered rings in solution.
turbine stations	thermal stations	wind stations	weather stations	What collect data on the land and sea in regards to the weather?	Weather stations collect data on land and sea. Weather balloons, satellites, and radar collect data in the atmosphere.
a solid	a plasma	a gas	a liquid	What is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape?	A liquid is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape. As water is poured from one container into another, it adopts the shape of its new container. However, the volume of the water does not change, because the water molecules are still relatively close to one another in the liquid state. Unlike a solid, the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid and orderly. Liquids are also incompressible.
calcium	oxygen	insulin	bile	What is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder?
electrolysis factors	hormone factors	blotting factors	clotting factors	What is the first step towards wound repair?	attracted to the sites of infections in large numbers, and as they phagocytose the pathogens and subsequently die, their accumulated cellular remains are visible as pus at the infection site. Overall, inflammation is valuable for many reasons. Not only are the pathogens killed and debris removed, but the increase in vascular permeability encourages the entry of clotting factors, the first step towards wound repair. Inflammation also facilitates the transport of antigen to lymph nodes by dendritic cells for the development of the adaptive immune response.
ions	molecules	charges	atoms	Noble gases are monatomic because they only contain one of what?	The Noble Gases The noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Because the noble gases are composed of only single atoms, they are monatomic. At room temperature and pressure, they are unreactive gases. Because of their lack of reactivity, for many years they were called inert gases or rare gases. However, the first chemical compounds containing the noble gases were prepared in 1962. Although the noble gases are relatively minor constituents of the atmosphere, natural gas contains substantial amounts of helium. Because of its low reactivity, argon is often used as an unreactive (inert) atmosphere for welding and in light bulbs. The red light emitted by neon in a gas discharge tube is used in neon lights.
they get eaten	there's an earthquake	they die	their environment changes	Genetic variation helps ensure that some organisms will survive if what happens?	No physical object can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. (Maximum speed is finite).
equatorial planes	geographic currents	geographic hemispheres	geographic poles	Earth’s magnetic north and south poles are not the same as what?	Earth has north and south magnetic poles like a bar magnet. Earth’s magnetic poles are not the same as the geographic poles.
Gravity.	space	effort	force	Push or pull acting on an object is also called?	Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. There are several fundamental forces in the universe, including the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and weak and strong nuclear forces. When it comes to the motion of everyday objects, however, the forces of interest include mainly gravity, friction, and applied force. Applied force is force that a person or thing applies to an object.
purple, blue	blue, green	yellow, white	red, orange	What colors in a neon sign represent real neon?	“Neon” signs are familiar examples of gas discharge tubes. However, only signs that glow with the red-orange color seen in the figure are actually filled with neon. Signs of other colors contain different gases or mixtures of gases.
gaseous waves	sound waves	hydraulic waves	electromagnetic waves	What kind of waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields?	Electromagnetic waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They transfer energy across space as well as through matter. Electromagnetic waves vary in their wavelengths and frequencies, and higher-frequency waves have more energy. The full range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. It is outlined in the following Figure below .
when the air heats up	when the timer runs out	when the air cools	when it bursts	When do weather balloons return to earth?	Weather stations contain many instruments for measuring weather conditions. The weather balloon ( Figure above ) will rise into the atmosphere until it bursts. As it rises, it will gather weather data and send it to the surface. Many weather satellites orbit Earth. They constantly collect and transmit weather data from high above the surface. A radar device sends out radio waves in all directions. The waves bounce off water in the atmosphere and then return to the sender. The radar data shows where precipitation is falling. It’s raining in the orange-shaded area shown above.
precipitation	evaporation	ionization	oxidation	What is the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule called?	Oxidation can be defined as the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule. When an alkane is heated in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, it can be oxidized to the corresponding alkene in a reaction called a dehydrogenation reaction. Two hydrogen atoms are removed in the process. The alkene can be further oxidized to an alkyne by the removal of two more hydrogen atoms.
chromatin	proteins	cellulose	keratin	Hair and nails are made of what?	Hair and nails are made of keratin, a tough protein.
microscopic	ultraviolet	gamma radiation	infrared	What radiation, generally produced by thermal motion and the vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules, literally means "below red"?	where k is a constant equal to Electric Potential.
fried products	raw products	pasteurized products	dairy products	Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by this?	Small Intestine: Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by dairy products. It occurs when the absorptive cells of the small intestine do not produce enough lactase, the enzyme that digests the milk sugar lactose. In most mammals, lactose intolerance increases with age. In contrast, some human populations, most notably Caucasians, are able to maintain the ability to produce lactase as adults. In people with lactose intolerance, the lactose in chyme is not digested. Bacteria in the large intestine ferment the undigested lactose, a process that produces gas. In addition to gas, symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. Symptom severity ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain; however, symptoms resolve once the lactose is eliminated in feces. The hydrogen breath test is used to help diagnose lactose intolerance. Lactose-tolerant people have very little hydrogen in their breath. Those with lactose intolerance exhale hydrogen, which is one of the gases produced by the bacterial fermentation of lactose in the colon. After the hydrogen is absorbed from the intestine, it is transported through blood vessels into the lungs. There are a number of lactose-free dairy products available in grocery stores. In addition, dietary supplements are available. Taken with food, they provide lactase to help digest lactose.
ionic	reactant	solute	solvent	What is the name of the liquid component of a solution?	Solutions can also be comprised of a solid solute and a liquid solvent. These interactions are governed by the same three interactions we discussed earlier: polar-polar, nonpolar-polar, and nonpolar-nonpolar. The Table below describes these interactions.
Soft Tissue	aberrant ?	mitochondrial ?	epithelial?	What type of tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces?	Epithelial tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces. Examples include skin and the linings of internal organs. Epithelial tissue protects the body and its internal organs. It also secretes substances such as hormones and absorbs substances such as nutrients.
another chloroplast	the chloroburst	the organism	the chloroplast	Where is the site of photosynthesis?	The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Part of the photosynthesis reactions occur in an internal membrane within the organelle. Many of the pigments and other molecules necessary for photosynthesis are embedded within these internal membranes, The chloroplast contains many of these internal membranes, allowing numerous photosynthetic reactions to occur simultaneously, and making photosynthesis very efficient. These internal membranes stack on top of each other, just like a stack of pancakes.
waves	energy	light	matter	What can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture?	Matter can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture.
sensitivity	allergy	autonomy	immunity	Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop what?	You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.
sediment	condensation	earth	stratosphere	What is the layer above the troposphere?	The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. The layer rises to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface.
condensation	evaporation	cell growth	photosynthesis	The calvin cycle and light reactions are the two stages of what process?	Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, called the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Figure below sums up what happens in these two stages. Both stages are described below.
endocrine system	nervous system	circulatory system	female reproductive system	Untreated chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which affects what organ system?	Symptoms of chlamydia may include a burning sensation during urination and a discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics , but often there are no symptoms, so people do not seek treatment. Untreated chlamydia can lead to more serious problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . This is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It can scar a woman’s reproductive organs and make it difficult for her to become pregnant.
trails	flat surfaces	bodies of water	three-dimensional shape	What feature of the land do contour lines show?	Indeed, scientists discovered something astonishing. Many times in Earth’s history, the magnetic poles have switched positions. North becomes south and south becomes north! When the north and south poles are aligned as they are now, geologists say it is normal polarity. When they are in the opposite position, they say that it is reversed polarity.
meiosis	angiogenesis	Spermatogenesis	mitosis	By what process does the haploid gametophyte produce the gametes?	The haploid gametophyte produces the gametes, or sperm and egg, by mitosis. Remember, gametes are haploid, having one set of chromosomes.
between nuclei	across isotopes	back to nucleus	across the membrane	Where do carrier proteins carry ions or molecules?	A carrier protein is a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances. Carrier proteins "carry" the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule. Carrier proteins are involved in passive and active transport. A model of a channel protein and carrier proteins is shown in Figure below .
birds	fish	reptiles	mammals	Among vertebrates, what broad category of animals is most capable of learning?	Mammals are very intelligent. Of all vertebrates, they are the animals that are most capable of learning. Mammalian offspring are fed and taken care of by their parents for a relatively long time. This gives them plenty of time to learn from their parents. By learning, they can benefit from the experiences of their elders. The ability to learn is the main reason that the large mammalian brain evolved. It’s also the primary reason for the success of mammals.
dioxide fixation	carbon maturation	breath fixation	carbon fixation	What is the first step of the calvin cycle called?	The Calvin cycle has three major steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. All three steps take place in the stroma of a chloroplast.
alcohol	debris	water runoff	motor oil	What harmful substance must not be drained into s storm sewer?	People may dispose of harmful substances incorrectly. For example, motor oil must not be drained into a storm sewer.
hemostasis	passive transport	electrolysis	osmosis	What is the special name given to the diffusion of water through the cell membrane?	If a molecule can pass freely through a cell membrane, it will cross the membrane by diffusion ( Figure below ). The inside of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, so certain molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane. Recall the semipermeable nature of the lipid bilayer. Molecules that cannot easily pass through the bilayer include ions and small hydrophilic molecules, such as glucose, and macromolecules, including proteins and RNA. Examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane include carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. These molecules diffuse freely in and out of the cell, along their concentration gradient. Though water is a polar molecule, it can also diffuse through the plasma membrane. The diffusion of water through the cell membrane is of such importance to the cell that it is given a special name, osmosis .
stays the same	increases slowly	increases quickly	decreases slowly	What happens to the electrical conductivity of metals when placed in a pot of boiling water?	levels. If a solid has a filled valence band with a relatively low-lying empty band above it (a conduction band), then electrons can be excited by thermal energy from the filled band into the vacant band where they can then migrate through the crystal, resulting in electrical conductivity. Electrical insulators are poor conductors because their valence bands are full. Semiconductors have electrical conductivities intermediate between those of insulators and metals. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the electrical conductivity of metals decreases slowly with increasing temperature. The properties of semiconductors can be modified by doping, or introducing impurities. Adding an element with more valence electrons than the atoms of the host populates the conduction band, resulting in an n-type semiconductor with increased electrical conductivity. Adding an element with fewer valence electrons than the atoms of the host generates holes in the valence band, resulting in a p-type semiconductor that also exhibits increased electrical conductivity.
dichotomy	polygamy	isolation	monogamy	Most bird species display this behavior, meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies?	In birds, 90% to 95% of species are monogamous , meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies. Birds of all types, from parrots to eagles and falcons, are monogamous. Usually, the parents take turns incubating the eggs. Birds usually incubate their eggs after the last one has been laid. In polygamous species, where there is more than one mate, one parent does all of the incubating. The wild turkey is an example of a polygamous bird.
cries or laughs	itches or scratches	vomits or cries	coughs or sneezes	Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. droplets are released when a person does what?	Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. Droplets are released when a person coughs or sneezes, as you can see in Figure below . The droplets may be loaded with pathogens. Other people may get sick if they breathe in the pathogens on the droplets. Viruses that cause colds and flu can spread this way.
exothermic reactions	inefficient reactions	greedy reactions	endothermic reactions	Chemical reactions that consume energy are called what?	Chemical reactions that consume energy are called endothermic reactions . Energy is usually absorbed from the surroundings as heat. An example is the synthesis of ammonia, described above. In organisms, endothermic reactions are called anabolic reactions . Anabolic reactions construct molecules from smaller units. An example is the synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Endothermic reactions can be represented by the general chemical equation:.
fresh organisms	algae organism	fish waste	dead organisms	What do most organisms eat in the profundal zone of a lake?	The deeper water of a lake makes up the profundal zone. There isn’t enough light for photosynthesis in this zone, so most organisms here eat dead organisms that drift down from the water above. Organisms in the profundal zone may include clams, snails, and some species of fish.
variety	mode	median	range	The variation in a sample can be represented by what quantity, which means the total spread of values?	The variation in a sample can be represented by the range, or the total spread of values.
lipids	acetic	lactic	amino	A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of what type of acids?	Shape of Proteins Just as a fork cannot be used to eat soup and a spoon cannot be used to spear meat, a protein’s shape is essential to its function. A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of amino acids of which it is made (Figure 2.26a). The sequence is called the primary structure of the protein.
cambrium, epidermis, and ground	sturdy , ground , and vascular	sinuous , ground , and vascular	dermal, ground, and vascular	What are the 3 types of tissues that modern plants have?	Modern plants have three different types of tissues. They are called dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Each type of tissue has a different function.
enzyme	bacteria	amine	protein	Tropomyosin is a type of what, that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin?	Tropomyosin is a protein that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin. Tropomyosin binds to troponin to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex. The troponintropomyosin complex prevents the myosin “heads” from binding to the active sites on the actin microfilaments. Troponin also has a binding site for Ca++ ions. To initiate muscle contraction, tropomyosin has to expose the myosin-binding site on an actin filament to allow cross-bridge formation between the actin and myosin microfilaments. The first step in the process of contraction is for Ca++ to bind to troponin so that tropomyosin can slide away from the binding sites on the actin strands. This allows the myosin heads to bind to these exposed binding sites and form cross-bridges. The thin filaments are then pulled by the myosin heads to slide past the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. But each head can only pull a very short distance before it has reached its limit and must be “re-cocked” before it can pull again, a step that requires ATP.
group 2	group 4	group 3	group 1	Which group of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals?	Group 1 of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals. Hydrogen is a very reactive nonmetal. The alkali metals are the most reactive metals.
fins	cilia	flagella	a tail	What helps frogs swim during the tadpole phase?
microwave	non-ionizing	infrared	ionizing	What kind of radiation can be used to disrupt the dna-rna protein synthesis cycle that allows bacteria to reproduce?	Bacterial contamination in our food often makes the news. There are many bacteria present on raw food, especially raw meat. Campylobacter (pictured above), salmonella, and other microorganisms can be found, even after cooking if the meat has not been sufficiently exposed to the heat. Ionizing radiation can be used to disrupt the DNA-RNA-protein synthesis cycle that allows the bacteria to reproduce. Cobalt-60 is a common radiation source, as is cesium-137. But, just to be safe, order that burger well-done.
caterpillar	pupa	mitochondria	embryo	The adult cells that form the butterfly begin growing in what developmental stage?
Buckminsterfullerine	graphite	particles	hydrocarbons	What is the simplest type of carbon-based compounds?	Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds. Nonetheless, they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms, but large hydrocarbons may have hundreds. The size of hydrocarbon molecules influences their properties. For example, it influences their boiling and melting points. As a result, some hydrocarbons are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids or solids. Hydrocarbons are generally nonpolar and do not dissolve in water. In fact, they tend to repel water. That’s why they are used in floor wax and similar products.
reproductive	brain	digestive	muscles	What kinds of cells that are important to our physical functioning can atrophy when they are not used?	Physical Therapist As muscle cells die, they are not regenerated but instead are replaced by connective tissue and adipose tissue, which do not possess the contractile abilities of muscle tissue. Muscles atrophy when they are not used, and over time if atrophy is prolonged, muscle cells die. It is therefore important that those who are susceptible to muscle atrophy exercise to maintain muscle function and prevent the complete loss of muscle tissue. In extreme cases, when movement is not possible, electrical stimulation can be introduced to a muscle from an external source. This acts as a substitute for endogenous neural stimulation, stimulating the muscle to contract and preventing the loss of proteins that occurs with a lack of use. Physiotherapists work with patients to maintain muscles. They are trained to target muscles susceptible to atrophy, and to prescribe and monitor exercises designed to stimulate those muscles. There are various causes of atrophy, including mechanical injury, disease, and age. After breaking a limb or undergoing surgery, muscle use is impaired and can lead to disuse atrophy. If the muscles are not exercised, this atrophy can lead to long-term muscle weakness. A stroke can also cause muscle impairment by interrupting neural stimulation to certain muscles. Without neural inputs, these muscles do not contract and thus begin to lose structural proteins. Exercising these muscles can help to restore muscle function and minimize functional impairments. Age-related muscle loss is also a target of physical therapy, as exercise can reduce the effects of age-related atrophy and improve muscle function. The goal of a physiotherapist is to improve physical functioning and reduce functional impairments; this is achieved by understanding the cause of muscle impairment and assessing the capabilities of a patient, after which a program to enhance these capabilities is designed. Some factors that are assessed include strength, balance, and endurance, which are continually monitored as exercises are introduced to track improvements in muscle function. Physiotherapists can also instruct patients on the proper use of equipment, such as crutches, and assess whether someone has sufficient strength to use the equipment and when they can function without it.
fungi	bacteria	worms	virus	Dengue fever and yellow fever are examples of diseases caused by what type of pathogen?	Some of the present emerging diseases are not actually new, but are diseases that were catastrophic in the past (Figure 22.23). They devastated populations and became dormant for a while, just to come back, sometimes more virulent than before, as was the case with bubonic plague. Other diseases, like tuberculosis, were never eradicated but were under control in some regions of the world until coming back, mostly in urban centers with high concentrations of immunocompromised people. The WHO has identified certain diseases whose worldwide re-emergence should be monitored. Among these are two viral diseases (dengue fever and yellow fever), and three bacterial diseases (diphtheria, cholera, and bubonic plague). The war against infectious diseases has no foreseeable end.
cultures	tropics	zones	epochs	The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and?	The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid	RNA or ribonucleic acid	ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate	atp or adenozine triphosphate	What molecule is used for most energy functions in organisms?	All chemical reactions involve energy. Energy is used to break bonds in reactants, and energy is released when new bonds form in products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, and exothermic reactions release energy.
filter	vesicle	waste sac	tubule	Which part of the nephron collects wastes in the blood?	The part of each nephron called the glomerulus is where blood in the capillaries is filtered. Excess water and wastes are filtered out of the blood. The tubule of the nephron collects these substances. Some of the water is reabsorbed. The remaining fluid is urine.
memory	instinctive behavior	juvenile behavior	learned behavior	What kind of behavior occurs only after experience or practice?	Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice.
oxygen-rich	dioxide-poor	potassium-rich	oxygen-poor	The right side of the heart collects what type of blood from the body?	Blood flows through the heart in two separate loops. You can think of them as a “left side loop” and a “right side loop. ” The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The left side carries the oxygen-rich blood back from the lungs into the left side of the heart, which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The blood delivers oxygen to the cells of the body and returns to the heart oxygen-poor.
thermosphere	radiative zone	drifting zone	convection zone	Hot material from near the sun’s center rises in which zone?	The convection zone surrounds the radiative zone. In the convection zone, hot material from near the Sun’s center rises. This material cools at the surface, and then plunges back downward. The material then receives more heat from the radiative zone.

fat

protein

dioxide

starch

Because plants are relatively immobile, they can function with bulky energy storage in the form of what?

randomly

constantly

asexually

sexually

How do invertebrates reproduce?

Most invertebrates reproduce sexually. Diploid adults produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs). In some species, the same individuals produce both sperm and eggs. In other species, sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female individuals. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into an embryo and eventually into a new adult organism. On the way, it may pass through one or more larval stages. A larva (plural, larvae) is a juvenile, or immature, stage of an animal. It is generally quite different in form and function from the adult form of the species. For example, the larva may be able to swim freely, whereas the adult must remain permanently attached to a solid surface.

inoculation

fertilization

reproduction

pollination

The process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower known as the anthers to the female reproductive part of the flower known as the stigma is referred to as what?

In order to study these characteristics, Mendel needed to control the pollination of the pea plants through artificial fertilization . Pollination occurs when the pollen from the male reproductive part of a flower, called the anthers , is transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma . Pea plants are self-pollinating , which means the pollen from a flower on a single plant transfers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. In order to avoid self-pollination, Mendel removed the anthers from the flowers on a plant. He then carefully transferred pollen from the anthers of another plant and using a small paintbrush, dusted the pollen onto the stigma of the flowers that lacked anthers. This process caused cross-pollination. The Figure below shows the location of the male and female parts of a flower. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one flower pollinates a flower on a different plant. In this way, Mendel controlled the characteristics that were passed onto the offspring. The product of cross-pollination is known as a hybrid. The ability to cross-pollinate pea plants allowed Mendel to study the offspring of two parents with different traits, such as a tall stem or a short stem.

proteins

fibres

hormones

enzymes

What do you call catalysts that are found inside of living things?

Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things, and many of them require catalysts to occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes.

tannin

keratin

melatonin

chlorophyll

Energy from sunlight is absorbed by what pigment in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts contain stacks of thylakoids , which are flattened sacs of membrane. Energy from sunlight is absorbed by the pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane. There are two separate parts of a chloroplast: the space inside the chloroplast itself, and the space inside the thylakoids ( Figure below ).

typically surface area

Weak Surface area

strongest surface area

smallest surface area

Surface tension forces between moleculse cause the surface of liquid to contract to what?

Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Molecules on the surface are pulled inward by cohesive forces, reducing the surface area. Molecules inside the liquid experience zero net force, since they have neighbors on all sides. Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Making Connections: Surface Tension Forces between atoms and molecules underlie the macroscopic effect called surface tension. These attractive forces pull the molecules closer together and tend to minimize the surface area. This is another example of a submicroscopic explanation for a macroscopic phenomenon. The model of a liquid surface acting like a stretched elastic sheet can effectively explain surface tension effects. For example, some insects can walk on water (as opposed to floating in it) as we would walk on a trampoline—they dent the surface as shown in Figure 11.28(a). Figure 11.28(b) shows another example, where a needle rests on a water surface. The iron needle cannot, and does not, float, because its density is greater than that of water. Rather, its weight is supported by forces in the stretched surface that try to make the surface smaller or flatter. If the needle were placed point down on the surface, its weight acting on a smaller area would break the surface, and it would sink.

elasticity

malleability

viscosity

tensile strength

What term refers to the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material?

makes it clear that the deformation is proportional to the applied force. Figure 5.13 shows the Hooke’s law relationship between the extension ΔL of a spring or of a human bone. For metals or springs, the straight line region in which Hooke’s law pertains is much larger. Bones are brittle and the elastic region is small and the fracture abrupt. Eventually a large enough stress to the material will cause it to break or fracture. Tensile strength is the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fracture of a material. Hooke’s Law.

mating

hibernation

reproduction

gestation

In great apes, what process lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring?

Gestation (pregnancy) lasts 8-9 months and usually results in the birth of a single offspring. The young are born helpless, and thus, they need parental care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a long adolescence and are not fully mature until 8-13 years of age (longer in humans). Females usually give birth only once every few years.

spontaneously

genetically

horizontally

asexually

Plants can reproduce sexually and in which other way?

The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction. The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation. A general plant life cycle is represented by the diagram in Figure below . From the figure, you can see that the diploid sporophyte has a structure called a sporangium (plural, sporangia) that undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores . A spore develops into a haploid gametophyte . The gametophyte has male or female reproductive organs that undergo mitosis to form haploid gametes (sperm or eggs). Fertilization of gametes produces a diploid zygote . The zygote grows and develops into a mature sporophyte, and the cycle repeats.

helium

oxygen

carbon

water

Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has what element, which is essential for human life, present in all three of its states?

Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water in all three states.

mutations

habits

chromosomes

traits

Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of these?

The generation of genetic maps requires markers, just as a road map requires landmarks (such as rivers and mountains). Early genetic maps were based on the use of known genes as markers. More sophisticated markers, including those based on non-coding DNA, are now used to compare the genomes of individuals in a population. Although individuals of a given species are genetically similar, they are not identical; every individual has a unique set of traits. These minor differences in the genome between individuals in a population are useful for the purposes of genetic mapping. In general, a good genetic marker is a region on the chromosome that shows variability or polymorphism (multiple forms) in the population. Some genetic markers used in generating genetic maps are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), microsatellite polymorphisms, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RFLPs (sometimes pronounced “rif-lips”) are detected when the DNA of an individual is cut with a restriction endonuclease that recognizes specific sequences in the DNA to generate a series of DNA fragments, which are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The DNA of every individual will give rise to a unique pattern of bands when cut with a particular set of restriction endonucleases; this is sometimes referred to as an individual’s DNA “fingerprint. ” Certain regions of the chromosome that are subject to polymorphism will lead to the generation of the unique banding pattern. VNTRs are repeated sets of nucleotides present in the non-coding regions of DNA. Non-coding, or “junk,” DNA has no known biological function; however, research shows that much of this DNA is actually transcribed. While its function is uncertain, it is certainly active, and it may be involved in the regulation of coding genes. The number of repeats may vary in individual organisms of a population. Microsatellite polymorphisms are similar to VNTRs, but the repeat unit is very small. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide. Because genetic maps rely completely on the natural process of recombination, mapping is affected by natural increases or decreases in the level of recombination in any given area of the genome. Some parts of the genome are recombination hotspots, whereas others do not show a propensity for recombination. For this reason, it is important to look at mapping information developed by multiple methods.

capitalism

invention

industry

technology

The following definition relates to which term: the application of knowledge to real-world problems?

Technology is the application of knowledge to real-world problems. It includes methods and processes as well as devices like computers and cars. An example is the Bessemer process. It is a cheap method of making steel that was invented in the 1850s. It is just one of many technological advances that have occurred in manufacturing. Technology is also responsible for most of the major advances in agriculture, transportation, communications, and medicine. Clearly, technology has had a huge impact on people and society. It is hard to imagine what life would be like without it.

Europe

inland

Ocean

antarctica

Pauropods, presumed relatives of millipedes usually found in soil, leaf litter and other moist places, live on all continents except what?

The pauropods are typically 0.5-2.0 mm long and live on all continents except Antarctica. They are usually found in soil, leaf litter, or other moist places. They feed on fungi and decaying organic matter, and are essentially harmless. Adult pauropods have 11 or 12 body segments and 9-11 pairs of legs. They also possess unique forked antennae and a distinctive pattern of movement characterized by rapid burst of movement and frequent abrupt changes in direction. Over 700 species have been described, and they are believed to be closely related to millipedes.

amplitude

length

term

period

The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of what other attribute of the wave?

The period of a wave and its frequency are reciprocals of each other.

flexible donors

complete donors

likely donors

universal donors

People with type o blood are often called what?

Recall that people with type O blood do not have any antigens on their RBCs. As a result, type O blood can be given to people with blood types A, B, or AB. If there are no antigens on the RBCs, there cannot be an antibody reaction in the blood. People with type O blood are often called universal donors .

liquid reactions

evaporation

toxic reactions

chemical reactions

Chemical changes occur because of what?

Did you ever wonder what happens to a candle when it burns? A candle burning is a chemical change in matter. In a chemical change, one type of matter changes into a different type of matter, with different chemical properties. Chemical changes occur because of chemical reactions. You can see more examples of chemical changes at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=66kuhJkQCVM .

illness

coughing

bleeding

cancer

Low-level exposure of humans to radiation can cause what?

We can see two general types of effects when humans are exposed to radiation. Low-level exposure can lead to development of cancer. The regulatory processes regulating cell growth are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Acute exposure can produce nausea, weakness, skin burns, and internal tissue damage. Cancer patients receiving radiation therapy experience these symptoms, but the radiation is targeted to a specific site in the body so that the damage is primarily to the cancer cells and the patient is able to recover from the exposure.

exemplified factors

irrelevant factors

inorganic factors

abiotic factors

What are the nonliving parts of ecosystems like soil and air called?

Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of ecosystems. They include air, soil, and other things organisms need. They determine which organisms — and how many of them — can live in an ecosystem.

a carbon

a hydrogen

a cobalt

an alloy

A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements is called?

Steel is an example of an alloy. An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements. The other elements may be metals, nonmetals, or both. An alloy is a solid solution. It is formed by melting a metal and dissolving the other elements in it. The molten solution is then allowed to cool and harden. Several other examples of alloys and their uses are shown in Figure below . You can learn about an amazing alloy called memory wire at the URL below. If you have braces on your teeth, you may even have this alloy in your mouth!.

phenotype

zygote

glutamate

cytokine

What is a small protein that helps fight infections?

Genetically Engineering Bacteria to Produce a Human Protein. Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce a human protein, such as a cytokine. A cytokine is a small protein that helps fight infections.

biological scientists

ecological scientists

integrated scientists

environmental scientists

What type of scientists study the effects people have on their environment?

Environmental scientists study the effects people have on their environment. This includes the landscape, atmosphere, water, and living things. These scientists ask all sorts of questions about how Earth systems are changing as a result of human actions. They try to predict what changes will come in the future.

necessitated diffusion

exposed diffusion

Osmosis

facilitated diffusion

What do you call the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane?

What happens if a substance needs assistance to move across or through the plasma membrane? Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. Even though facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, it is still passive transport because the solute is moving down the concentration gradient.

cilia

antennae

sporangia

flagella

Like bacteria, archaea can have what to assist with movement?

Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement.

shifty

framing

cloned

frameshift

What kind of mutations are produced by nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions?

chondrite

amines

analyte

fullerene

A form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere is known as?

A fullerene (also called a Bucky ball) is a form of carbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hollow sphere resembling a soccer ball (see Figure below ). Each sphere contains 60 carbon atoms, and each carbon atom is bonded to three others by single covalent bonds. The bonds are relatively weak, so fullerenes can dissolve and form solutions. Fullerenes were first discovered in 1985 and have been found in soot and meteorites. Possible commercial uses of fullerenes are under investigation.

mRNA

Chromosomes

RNA

dna

The two complementary strands of what are separated, much like unzipping a zipper, in the initiation phase?

Stage 1: Initiation. The two complementary strands are separated, much like unzipping a zipper. Special enzymes, including helicase, untwist and separate the two strands of DNA. Stage 2: Elongation. Each strand becomes a template along which a new complementary strand is built. DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand, synthesizing a new strand base by base. A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. This growing strand continues to be built until it has fully complemented the template strand. Stage 3: Termination. Once the two original strands are bound to their own, finished, complementary strands, DNA replication is stopped and the two new identical DNA molecules are complete. Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original molecule and one newly synthesized strand. The term for this mode of replication is “semiconservative,” because half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new DNA molecule. This process continues until the cell’s entire genome, the entire complement of an organism’s DNA, is replicated. As you might imagine, it is very important that DNA replication take place precisely so that new cells in the body contain the exact same genetic material as their parent cells. Mistakes made during DNA replication, such as the accidental addition of an inappropriate nucleotide, have the potential to render a gene dysfunctional or useless. Fortunately, there are mechanisms in place to minimize such mistakes. A DNA proofreading process enlists the help of special enzymes that scan the newly synthesized molecule for mistakes and corrects them. Once the process of DNA replication is complete, the cell is ready to divide. You will explore the process of cell division later in the chapter.

air

magnets

heat

water

Things that are hydrophobic repel or otherwise don't really mix with what?

Lignin is a tough carbohydrate molecule that is hydrophobic (“water fearing”). It adds support to vascular tissues in stems. It also waterproofs the tissues so they don’t leak, which makes them more efficient at transporting fluids. Because most other organisms cannot break down lignin, it helps protect plants from herbivores and parasites.

muscles

fibroids

neurons

capillaries

Arteries and veins are two of the three types of blood vessels, what is the third?

Blood vessels are long, tube-like organs that form a complex network throughout the body. They transport blood to all the body’s cells. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Transfer of substances between the blood and cells takes place across the thin walls of capillaries.

branches

flowers

leaves

stem

What basic structure holds plants upright, bears leaves and other structures, and transports fluids between roots and leaves?

Stems hold plants upright, bear leaves and other structures, and transport fluids between roots and leaves.

helminths

protozoa

ectoparasites

bloodsucking

What kind of parasites are nearly all ticks that live on the body surfaces of reptiles or mammals?

disease

mutation

increased growth rate

negative growth rate

What results when birth rates fall even lower than death rates?

In some countries, birth rates have fallen even lower than death rates. As result, their population growth rates are negative. In other words, the populations are shrinking in size. These populations have top-heavy population pyramids, like the one for Italy shown in Figure below . This is a new stage of the demographic transition, referred to as Stage 5. You might think that a negative growth rate would be a good thing. In fact, it may cause problems. For example, growth-dependent industries decline. Supporting the large aging population is also a burden for the shrinking younger population of workers.

solidify in water

activate in water

change in water

dissolve in water

How do hydrogen bonds help ions and other polar molecules?

2.2 Water Water has many properties that are critical to maintaining life. It is a polar molecule, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water. Therefore, water is an.

its weight and volume

its height and speed

its mass and direction

its mass and velocity

What two things determine how much kinetic energy an object has?

The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends on its mass and velocity. An object with greater mass or greater velocity has more kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a moving object can be calculated with the equation:.

lesions

chloroplasts

stigmata

stomata

What are the pores in plants that keep certain gases and liquids in and out called?

Additional Land Plant Adaptations As plants adapted to dry land and became independent of the constant presence of water in damp habitats, new organs and structures made their appearance. Early land plants did not grow above a few inches off the ground, and on these low mats, they competed for light. By evolving a shoot and growing taller, individual plants captured more light. Because air offers substantially less support than water, land plants incorporated more rigid molecules in their stems (and later, tree trunks). The evolution of vascular tissue for the distribution of water and solutes was a necessary prerequisite for plants to evolve larger bodies. The vascular system contains xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem conducts water and minerals taken from the soil up to the shoot; phloem transports food derived from photosynthesis throughout the entire plant. The root system that evolved to take up water and minerals also anchored the increasingly taller shoot in the soil. In land plants, a waxy, waterproof cover called a cuticle coats the aerial parts of the plant: leaves and stems. The cuticle also prevents intake of carbon dioxide needed for the synthesis of carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Stomata, or pores, that open and close to regulate traffic of gases and water vapor therefore appeared in plants as they moved into drier habitats. Plants cannot avoid predatory animals. Instead, they synthesize a large range of poisonous secondary metabolites: complex organic molecules such as alkaloids, whose noxious smells and unpleasant taste deter animals. These toxic compounds can cause severe diseases and even death. Additionally, as plants coevolved with animals, sweet and nutritious metabolites were developed to lure animals into providing valuable assistance in dispersing pollen grains, fruit, or seeds. Plants have been coevolving with animal associates for hundreds of millions of years (Figure 14.6).

nausea

leukemia

allergy

asthma

What is the disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus?

Asthma is a disease in which bronchioles in the lungs periodically swell and fill with mucus. Symptoms of asthma may include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergies, strenuous exercise, stress, or another respiratory illness such as a cold.

Spastic

cocklebur

spicule

amebic

E. histolytica causes what kind of dysentery?

an example

a photographic image

a mirror image

an image

What is a copy of an image formed by reflection or refraction?

A mirror is typically made of glass with a shiny metal backing that reflects all the light that strikes it. When a mirror reflects light, it forms an image. An image is a copy of an object that is formed by reflection or refraction. Mirrors may have flat or curved surfaces. The shape of a mirror’s surface determines the type of image it forms. For example, some mirrors form real images, and other mirrors form virtual images. What’s the difference between real and virtual images?.

evolution

life cycle

behavior

mating

What term refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?

Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating, for an entire breeding season, or even for life.

perform crunches

make a fist

lift the leg

extend the arm

What bodily function do the triceps help perform?

Pearson Scott Foresman. The biceps help contract the arm, while the triceps help extend the arm . Public Domain.

gravitational

astronomical

biological

physical

What properties describe the existence of matter, as opposed to chemical properties that describe how substances change into other substances?

Physical properties describe the existence of matter, and chemical properties describe how substances change into other substances.

pylum protozoa

phylum hominid

phylum arthropod

phylum chordata

Which phylum are all vertebrate organisms a member of?

All vertebrate organisms are in the phylum Chordata. Invertebrates, which make up about 95% (or more) of the animal kingdom, are divided into over 30 different phyla, some of which are listed below ( Table below ). Numerous invertebrate phyla have just a few species; some have only one described species, yet these are classified into separate phyla because of their unique characteristics. For example, sponges, with pores throughout their body, are from the phylum Porifera. Crabs and lobsters, with jointed appendages, are from the phylum Arthropoda.

growth

food

heating

energy

What property of matter is defined as the ability to do work and is required by all living organisms in order to grow and reproduce?

Energy is a property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work. The concept of energy is useful for explaining and predicting most natural phenomena, and it is the foundation for an understanding of biology. All living organisms need energy to grow and reproduce. However, energy can never be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed. That is, energy is always conserved. This is called the law of conservation of energy . Therefore, organisms cannot create the energy they need. Instead, they must obtain energy from the environment. Organisms also cannot destroy or use up the energy they obtain. They can only change it from one form to another. Organisms will either use their energy (for metabolism) or release it to the environment as heat.

dehydration

downs syndrome

hormone release

nonfunctional proteins

What do nearly all nonsense mutations lead to ?

heat

mass

energy

matter

What cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction?

Law stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.

a surge

a typhoon

a tidal wave

a tsunami

When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called?

When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it sends waves through the water as well as the ground. When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called a tsunami.

bronchus dorsi

dorsolateral dorsi

Synergistic dorsi

latissimus dorsi

Which muscle is broad, triangular and located on the inferior part of the back where it inserts into the aponeurosis?

Muscles That Move the Humerus Similar to the muscles that position the pectoral girdle, muscles that cross the shoulder joint and move the humerus bone of the arm include both axial and scapular muscles (Figure 11.23 and Figure 11.24). The two axial muscles are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. The pectoralis major is thick and fan-shaped, covering much of the superior portion of the anterior thorax. The broad, triangular latissimus dorsi is located on the inferior part of the back, where it inserts into a thick connective tissue shealth called an aponeurosis.

genes

carbohydrates

hormones

enzymes

What do organisms need to speed up biochemical reactions?

Enzymes are needed to speed up biochemical reactions in organisms. They work by lowering activation energy.

large

reactive

small

stable

The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. so cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly what?

The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. So cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. Cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly stable. We will see in Chapter 16 "Carbohydrates" that some carbohydrates (sugars) form five- or six-membered rings in solution.

turbine stations

thermal stations

wind stations

weather stations

What collect data on the land and sea in regards to the weather?

Weather stations collect data on land and sea. Weather balloons, satellites, and radar collect data in the atmosphere.

a solid

a plasma

a gas

a liquid

What is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape?

A liquid is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape. As water is poured from one container into another, it adopts the shape of its new container. However, the volume of the water does not change, because the water molecules are still relatively close to one another in the liquid state. Unlike a solid, the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid and orderly. Liquids are also incompressible.

calcium

oxygen

insulin

bile

What is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder?

electrolysis factors

hormone factors

blotting factors

clotting factors

What is the first step towards wound repair?

attracted to the sites of infections in large numbers, and as they phagocytose the pathogens and subsequently die, their accumulated cellular remains are visible as pus at the infection site. Overall, inflammation is valuable for many reasons. Not only are the pathogens killed and debris removed, but the increase in vascular permeability encourages the entry of clotting factors, the first step towards wound repair. Inflammation also facilitates the transport of antigen to lymph nodes by dendritic cells for the development of the adaptive immune response.

ions

molecules

charges

atoms

Noble gases are monatomic because they only contain one of what?

The Noble Gases The noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Because the noble gases are composed of only single atoms, they are monatomic. At room temperature and pressure, they are unreactive gases. Because of their lack of reactivity, for many years they were called inert gases or rare gases. However, the first chemical compounds containing the noble gases were prepared in 1962. Although the noble gases are relatively minor constituents of the atmosphere, natural gas contains substantial amounts of helium. Because of its low reactivity, argon is often used as an unreactive (inert) atmosphere for welding and in light bulbs. The red light emitted by neon in a gas discharge tube is used in neon lights.

they get eaten

there's an earthquake

they die

their environment changes

Genetic variation helps ensure that some organisms will survive if what happens?

No physical object can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. (Maximum speed is finite).

equatorial planes

geographic currents

geographic hemispheres

geographic poles

Earth’s magnetic north and south poles are not the same as what?

Earth has north and south magnetic poles like a bar magnet. Earth’s magnetic poles are not the same as the geographic poles.

Gravity.

space

effort

force

Push or pull acting on an object is also called?

Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. There are several fundamental forces in the universe, including the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and weak and strong nuclear forces. When it comes to the motion of everyday objects, however, the forces of interest include mainly gravity, friction, and applied force. Applied force is force that a person or thing applies to an object.

purple, blue

blue, green

yellow, white

red, orange

What colors in a neon sign represent real neon?

“Neon” signs are familiar examples of gas discharge tubes. However, only signs that glow with the red-orange color seen in the figure are actually filled with neon. Signs of other colors contain different gases or mixtures of gases.

gaseous waves

sound waves

hydraulic waves

electromagnetic waves

What kind of waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields?

Electromagnetic waves consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They transfer energy across space as well as through matter. Electromagnetic waves vary in their wavelengths and frequencies, and higher-frequency waves have more energy. The full range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. It is outlined in the following Figure below .

when the air heats up

when the timer runs out

when the air cools

when it bursts

When do weather balloons return to earth?

Weather stations contain many instruments for measuring weather conditions. The weather balloon ( Figure above ) will rise into the atmosphere until it bursts. As it rises, it will gather weather data and send it to the surface. Many weather satellites orbit Earth. They constantly collect and transmit weather data from high above the surface. A radar device sends out radio waves in all directions. The waves bounce off water in the atmosphere and then return to the sender. The radar data shows where precipitation is falling. It’s raining in the orange-shaded area shown above.

precipitation

evaporation

ionization

oxidation

What is the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule called?

Oxidation can be defined as the addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule. When an alkane is heated in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, it can be oxidized to the corresponding alkene in a reaction called a dehydrogenation reaction. Two hydrogen atoms are removed in the process. The alkene can be further oxidized to an alkyne by the removal of two more hydrogen atoms.

chromatin

proteins

cellulose

keratin

Hair and nails are made of what?

Hair and nails are made of keratin, a tough protein.

microscopic

ultraviolet

gamma radiation

infrared

What radiation, generally produced by thermal motion and the vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules, literally means "below red"?

where k is a constant equal to Electric Potential.

fried products

raw products

pasteurized products

dairy products

Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by this?

Small Intestine: Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is a condition characterized by indigestion caused by dairy products. It occurs when the absorptive cells of the small intestine do not produce enough lactase, the enzyme that digests the milk sugar lactose. In most mammals, lactose intolerance increases with age. In contrast, some human populations, most notably Caucasians, are able to maintain the ability to produce lactase as adults. In people with lactose intolerance, the lactose in chyme is not digested. Bacteria in the large intestine ferment the undigested lactose, a process that produces gas. In addition to gas, symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. Symptom severity ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain; however, symptoms resolve once the lactose is eliminated in feces. The hydrogen breath test is used to help diagnose lactose intolerance. Lactose-tolerant people have very little hydrogen in their breath. Those with lactose intolerance exhale hydrogen, which is one of the gases produced by the bacterial fermentation of lactose in the colon. After the hydrogen is absorbed from the intestine, it is transported through blood vessels into the lungs. There are a number of lactose-free dairy products available in grocery stores. In addition, dietary supplements are available. Taken with food, they provide lactase to help digest lactose.

ionic

reactant

solute

solvent

What is the name of the liquid component of a solution?

Solutions can also be comprised of a solid solute and a liquid solvent. These interactions are governed by the same three interactions we discussed earlier: polar-polar, nonpolar-polar, and nonpolar-nonpolar. The Table below describes these interactions.

Soft Tissue

aberrant ?

mitochondrial ?

epithelial?

What type of tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces?

Epithelial tissue consists of cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces. Examples include skin and the linings of internal organs. Epithelial tissue protects the body and its internal organs. It also secretes substances such as hormones and absorbs substances such as nutrients.

another chloroplast

the chloroburst

the organism

the chloroplast

Where is the site of photosynthesis?

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Part of the photosynthesis reactions occur in an internal membrane within the organelle. Many of the pigments and other molecules necessary for photosynthesis are embedded within these internal membranes, The chloroplast contains many of these internal membranes, allowing numerous photosynthetic reactions to occur simultaneously, and making photosynthesis very efficient. These internal membranes stack on top of each other, just like a stack of pancakes.

waves

energy

light

matter

What can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture?

Matter can be identified as an element, a compound, or a mixture.

sensitivity

allergy

autonomy

immunity

Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop what?

You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.

sediment

condensation

earth

stratosphere

What is the layer above the troposphere?

The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. The layer rises to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface.

condensation

evaporation

cell growth

photosynthesis

The calvin cycle and light reactions are the two stages of what process?

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, called the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Figure below sums up what happens in these two stages. Both stages are described below.

endocrine system

nervous system

circulatory system

female reproductive system

Untreated chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which affects what organ system?

Symptoms of chlamydia may include a burning sensation during urination and a discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics , but often there are no symptoms, so people do not seek treatment. Untreated chlamydia can lead to more serious problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . This is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It can scar a woman’s reproductive organs and make it difficult for her to become pregnant.

trails

flat surfaces

bodies of water

three-dimensional shape

What feature of the land do contour lines show?

Indeed, scientists discovered something astonishing. Many times in Earth’s history, the magnetic poles have switched positions. North becomes south and south becomes north! When the north and south poles are aligned as they are now, geologists say it is normal polarity. When they are in the opposite position, they say that it is reversed polarity.

meiosis

angiogenesis

Spermatogenesis

mitosis

By what process does the haploid gametophyte produce the gametes?

The haploid gametophyte produces the gametes, or sperm and egg, by mitosis. Remember, gametes are haploid, having one set of chromosomes.

between nuclei

across isotopes

back to nucleus

across the membrane

Where do carrier proteins carry ions or molecules?

A carrier protein is a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances. Carrier proteins "carry" the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule. Carrier proteins are involved in passive and active transport. A model of a channel protein and carrier proteins is shown in Figure below .

birds

fish

reptiles

mammals

Among vertebrates, what broad category of animals is most capable of learning?

Mammals are very intelligent. Of all vertebrates, they are the animals that are most capable of learning. Mammalian offspring are fed and taken care of by their parents for a relatively long time. This gives them plenty of time to learn from their parents. By learning, they can benefit from the experiences of their elders. The ability to learn is the main reason that the large mammalian brain evolved. It’s also the primary reason for the success of mammals.

dioxide fixation

carbon maturation

breath fixation

carbon fixation

What is the first step of the calvin cycle called?

The Calvin cycle has three major steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. All three steps take place in the stroma of a chloroplast.

alcohol

debris

water runoff

motor oil

What harmful substance must not be drained into s storm sewer?

People may dispose of harmful substances incorrectly. For example, motor oil must not be drained into a storm sewer.

hemostasis

passive transport

electrolysis

osmosis

What is the special name given to the diffusion of water through the cell membrane?

If a molecule can pass freely through a cell membrane, it will cross the membrane by diffusion ( Figure below ). The inside of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, so certain molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane. Recall the semipermeable nature of the lipid bilayer. Molecules that cannot easily pass through the bilayer include ions and small hydrophilic molecules, such as glucose, and macromolecules, including proteins and RNA. Examples of molecules that can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane include carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. These molecules diffuse freely in and out of the cell, along their concentration gradient. Though water is a polar molecule, it can also diffuse through the plasma membrane. The diffusion of water through the cell membrane is of such importance to the cell that it is given a special name, osmosis .

stays the same

increases slowly

increases quickly

decreases slowly

What happens to the electrical conductivity of metals when placed in a pot of boiling water?

levels. If a solid has a filled valence band with a relatively low-lying empty band above it (a conduction band), then electrons can be excited by thermal energy from the filled band into the vacant band where they can then migrate through the crystal, resulting in electrical conductivity. Electrical insulators are poor conductors because their valence bands are full. Semiconductors have electrical conductivities intermediate between those of insulators and metals. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the electrical conductivity of metals decreases slowly with increasing temperature. The properties of semiconductors can be modified by doping, or introducing impurities. Adding an element with more valence electrons than the atoms of the host populates the conduction band, resulting in an n-type semiconductor with increased electrical conductivity. Adding an element with fewer valence electrons than the atoms of the host generates holes in the valence band, resulting in a p-type semiconductor that also exhibits increased electrical conductivity.

dichotomy

polygamy

isolation

monogamy

Most bird species display this behavior, meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies?

In birds, 90% to 95% of species are monogamous , meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a few years or until one mate dies. Birds of all types, from parrots to eagles and falcons, are monogamous. Usually, the parents take turns incubating the eggs. Birds usually incubate their eggs after the last one has been laid. In polygamous species, where there is more than one mate, one parent does all of the incubating. The wild turkey is an example of a polygamous bird.

cries or laughs

itches or scratches

vomits or cries

coughs or sneezes

Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. droplets are released when a person does what?

Many pathogens spread by droplets in the air. Droplets are released when a person coughs or sneezes, as you can see in Figure below . The droplets may be loaded with pathogens. Other people may get sick if they breathe in the pathogens on the droplets. Viruses that cause colds and flu can spread this way.

exothermic reactions

inefficient reactions

greedy reactions

endothermic reactions

Chemical reactions that consume energy are called what?

Chemical reactions that consume energy are called endothermic reactions . Energy is usually absorbed from the surroundings as heat. An example is the synthesis of ammonia, described above. In organisms, endothermic reactions are called anabolic reactions . Anabolic reactions construct molecules from smaller units. An example is the synthesis of proteins from amino acids. Endothermic reactions can be represented by the general chemical equation:.

fresh organisms

algae organism

fish waste

dead organisms

What do most organisms eat in the profundal zone of a lake?

The deeper water of a lake makes up the profundal zone. There isn’t enough light for photosynthesis in this zone, so most organisms here eat dead organisms that drift down from the water above. Organisms in the profundal zone may include clams, snails, and some species of fish.

variety

mode

median

range

The variation in a sample can be represented by what quantity, which means the total spread of values?

The variation in a sample can be represented by the range, or the total spread of values.

lipids

acetic

lactic

amino

A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of what type of acids?

Shape of Proteins Just as a fork cannot be used to eat soup and a spoon cannot be used to spear meat, a protein’s shape is essential to its function. A protein’s shape is determined, most fundamentally, by the sequence of amino acids of which it is made (Figure 2.26a). The sequence is called the primary structure of the protein.

cambrium, epidermis, and ground

sturdy , ground , and vascular

sinuous , ground , and vascular

dermal, ground, and vascular

What are the 3 types of tissues that modern plants have?

Modern plants have three different types of tissues. They are called dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Each type of tissue has a different function.

enzyme

bacteria

amine

protein

Tropomyosin is a type of what, that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin?

Tropomyosin is a protein that winds around the chains of the actin filament and covers the myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin. Tropomyosin binds to troponin to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex. The troponintropomyosin complex prevents the myosin “heads” from binding to the active sites on the actin microfilaments. Troponin also has a binding site for Ca++ ions. To initiate muscle contraction, tropomyosin has to expose the myosin-binding site on an actin filament to allow cross-bridge formation between the actin and myosin microfilaments. The first step in the process of contraction is for Ca++ to bind to troponin so that tropomyosin can slide away from the binding sites on the actin strands. This allows the myosin heads to bind to these exposed binding sites and form cross-bridges. The thin filaments are then pulled by the myosin heads to slide past the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. But each head can only pull a very short distance before it has reached its limit and must be “re-cocked” before it can pull again, a step that requires ATP.

group 2

group 4

group 3

group 1

Which group of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals?

Group 1 of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals. Hydrogen is a very reactive nonmetal. The alkali metals are the most reactive metals.

fins

cilia

flagella

a tail

What helps frogs swim during the tadpole phase?

microwave

non-ionizing

infrared

ionizing

What kind of radiation can be used to disrupt the dna-rna protein synthesis cycle that allows bacteria to reproduce?

Bacterial contamination in our food often makes the news. There are many bacteria present on raw food, especially raw meat. Campylobacter (pictured above), salmonella, and other microorganisms can be found, even after cooking if the meat has not been sufficiently exposed to the heat. Ionizing radiation can be used to disrupt the DNA-RNA-protein synthesis cycle that allows the bacteria to reproduce. Cobalt-60 is a common radiation source, as is cesium-137. But, just to be safe, order that burger well-done.

caterpillar

pupa

mitochondria

embryo

The adult cells that form the butterfly begin growing in what developmental stage?

Buckminsterfullerine

graphite

particles

hydrocarbons

What is the simplest type of carbon-based compounds?

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds. Nonetheless, they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms, but large hydrocarbons may have hundreds. The size of hydrocarbon molecules influences their properties. For example, it influences their boiling and melting points. As a result, some hydrocarbons are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids or solids. Hydrocarbons are generally nonpolar and do not dissolve in water. In fact, they tend to repel water. That’s why they are used in floor wax and similar products.

reproductive

brain

digestive

muscles

What kinds of cells that are important to our physical functioning can atrophy when they are not used?

Physical Therapist As muscle cells die, they are not regenerated but instead are replaced by connective tissue and adipose tissue, which do not possess the contractile abilities of muscle tissue. Muscles atrophy when they are not used, and over time if atrophy is prolonged, muscle cells die. It is therefore important that those who are susceptible to muscle atrophy exercise to maintain muscle function and prevent the complete loss of muscle tissue. In extreme cases, when movement is not possible, electrical stimulation can be introduced to a muscle from an external source. This acts as a substitute for endogenous neural stimulation, stimulating the muscle to contract and preventing the loss of proteins that occurs with a lack of use. Physiotherapists work with patients to maintain muscles. They are trained to target muscles susceptible to atrophy, and to prescribe and monitor exercises designed to stimulate those muscles. There are various causes of atrophy, including mechanical injury, disease, and age. After breaking a limb or undergoing surgery, muscle use is impaired and can lead to disuse atrophy. If the muscles are not exercised, this atrophy can lead to long-term muscle weakness. A stroke can also cause muscle impairment by interrupting neural stimulation to certain muscles. Without neural inputs, these muscles do not contract and thus begin to lose structural proteins. Exercising these muscles can help to restore muscle function and minimize functional impairments. Age-related muscle loss is also a target of physical therapy, as exercise can reduce the effects of age-related atrophy and improve muscle function. The goal of a physiotherapist is to improve physical functioning and reduce functional impairments; this is achieved by understanding the cause of muscle impairment and assessing the capabilities of a patient, after which a program to enhance these capabilities is designed. Some factors that are assessed include strength, balance, and endurance, which are continually monitored as exercises are introduced to track improvements in muscle function. Physiotherapists can also instruct patients on the proper use of equipment, such as crutches, and assess whether someone has sufficient strength to use the equipment and when they can function without it.

fungi

bacteria

worms

virus

Dengue fever and yellow fever are examples of diseases caused by what type of pathogen?

Some of the present emerging diseases are not actually new, but are diseases that were catastrophic in the past (Figure 22.23). They devastated populations and became dormant for a while, just to come back, sometimes more virulent than before, as was the case with bubonic plague. Other diseases, like tuberculosis, were never eradicated but were under control in some regions of the world until coming back, mostly in urban centers with high concentrations of immunocompromised people. The WHO has identified certain diseases whose worldwide re-emergence should be monitored. Among these are two viral diseases (dengue fever and yellow fever), and three bacterial diseases (diphtheria, cholera, and bubonic plague). The war against infectious diseases has no foreseeable end.

cultures

tropics

zones

epochs

The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and?

The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA or ribonucleic acid

ADP or Adenosine Diphosphate

atp or adenozine triphosphate

What molecule is used for most energy functions in organisms?

All chemical reactions involve energy. Energy is used to break bonds in reactants, and energy is released when new bonds form in products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, and exothermic reactions release energy.

filter

vesicle

waste sac

tubule

Which part of the nephron collects wastes in the blood?

The part of each nephron called the glomerulus is where blood in the capillaries is filtered. Excess water and wastes are filtered out of the blood. The tubule of the nephron collects these substances. Some of the water is reabsorbed. The remaining fluid is urine.

memory

instinctive behavior

juvenile behavior

learned behavior

What kind of behavior occurs only after experience or practice?

Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice.

oxygen-rich

dioxide-poor

potassium-rich

oxygen-poor

The right side of the heart collects what type of blood from the body?

Blood flows through the heart in two separate loops. You can think of them as a “left side loop” and a “right side loop. ” The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The left side carries the oxygen-rich blood back from the lungs into the left side of the heart, which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The blood delivers oxygen to the cells of the body and returns to the heart oxygen-poor.

thermosphere

radiative zone

drifting zone

convection zone

Hot material from near the sun’s center rises in which zone?

The convection zone surrounds the radiative zone. In the convection zone, hot material from near the Sun’s center rises. This material cools at the surface, and then plunges back downward. The material then receives more heat from the radiative zone.