ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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glutamate	fructose	alcohol	glucose	What is a simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula c 6 h 12 o 6 better known as?	Glucose is a simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . It stores chemical energy in a concentrated, stable form. In your body, glucose is the form of energy that is carried in your blood and taken up by each of your trillions of cells. Glucose is the end product of photosynthesis, and it is the nearly universal food for life.
community systems	maturation systems	artificial systems	organ systems	Groups of related organs form what?	Animals not only have specialized cells. Most animals also have tissues and organs. In many animals, organs form organ systems, such as a nervous system. Higher levels of organization allow animals to perform many complex functions. What can animals do that most other living things cannot? Here are some examples. All of them are illustrated in Figure below .
circulatory	respiratory	nervous	immune	Each lymph organ has a different job in what system?	Each lymph organ has a different job in the immune system.
mass number	metallic number	isotope	atomic number	The number of protons in an atom is called what?	The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. This number is unique for atoms of each kind of element. For example, the atomic number of all helium atoms is 2.
rigidity	man made	god	from movement	Crevasses are found in glaciers. how do these come about?	Crevasses in a glacier are the result of movement.
homogeneous	omnigeneous	amorphous	heterogeneous	Combining nonpolar olive oil and polar vinegar yields what type of mixture?	Another familiar example is the mixing of vinegar and olive oil. Olive oil is a nonpolar substance, while vinegar (which is mostly water and acetic acid) is polar. The result is a heterogeneous mixture that exhibits a bilayer.
conclusion	materials	suggestions	hypothesis	If no conclusion is reached after an experiment, the scientist may retest what?	The scientist must next form a conclusion. The scientist must study all of the data. What statement best explains the data? Did the experiment prove the hypothesis? Sometimes an experiment shows that a hypothesis is correct. Other times the data disproves the hypothesis. Sometimes it's not possible to tell. If there is no conclusion, the scientist may test the hypothesis again. This time he will use some different experiments. No matter what the experiment shows the scientist has learned something. Even a disproved hypothesis can lead to new questions.
pressure	calcium deposits	surface tension	plaque	What builds up in an artery and reduces blood flow?	Plaque buildup in an artery reduces blood flow through the vessel.
acids	atoms	eons	ions	Compounds with metals and nonmetals sharing electrons are known as what kinds of compounds?	The Formation of Ionic Compounds Binary ionic compounds are composed of just two elements: a metal (which forms the cations) and a nonmetal (which forms the anions). For example, NaCl is a binary ionic compound. We can think about the formation of such compounds in terms of the periodic properties of the elements. Many metallic elements have relatively low ionization potentials and lose electrons easily. These elements lie to the left in a period or near the bottom of a group on the periodic table. Nonmetal atoms have relatively high electron affinities and thus readily gain electrons lost by metal atoms, thereby filling their valence shells. Nonmetallic elements are found in the upper-right corner of the periodic table.
sponges	monocots	heterotrophs	autotrophs	What are the only organisms that can perform photosynthesis?	CHAPTER SUMMARY 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis transformed life on earth. By harnessing energy from the sun, photosynthesis allowed living things to access enormous amounts of energy. Because of photosynthesis, living things gained access to sufficient energy, allowing them to evolve new structures and achieve the biodiversity that is evident today. Only certain organisms, called autotrophs, can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that can absorb light and convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to assemble carbohydrate molecules (usually glucose) and releases oxygen into the air. Eukaryotic autotrophs, such as plants and algae, have organelles called chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place.
chloride	water	sulfur	acetylene	What is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both c atoms?	Acetylene is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both C atoms. Polyatomic ions are bonded together with covalent bonds. Because they are ions, however, they participate in ionic bonding with other ions. So both major types of bonding can occur at the same time.
eomycota	zygomycota	sporozoans	chytrids	What is the name of the fungi that are ubiquitous in lakes and soil?
molecules	electrons	compounds	protons	All the atoms of a given element have the same number of what in their nucleus, though they may have different numbers of neutrons?	All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but they may have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Many elements have one or more isotopes that are radioactive. These isotopes are called radioisotopes . Their nuclei are unstable, so they break down, or decay, and emit radiation.
insulators	increase in energy	same charge	difference in charges	What causes a voltage to exist across the membrane in cells?	The active transport of ions across the cell membrane causes an electrical gradient to build up across this membrane. The number of positively charged ions outside the cell is usually greater than the number of positively charged ions in the cytosol. This results in a relatively negative charge on the inside of the membrane, and a positive charge on the outside. This difference in charges causes a voltage to exist across the membrane. Voltage is electrical potential energy that is caused by a separation of opposite charges, in this case across the membrane. The voltage across a membrane is the membrane potential . Membrane potential is very important for the conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells. The membrane potential of a cell at rest is known as its resting potential , and is discussed below. A non-excited nerve cell is an example of a cell at rest.
dominator	lesion	kilocalorie	fixator	A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a what?	CHAPTER REVIEW 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems Skeletal muscles each have an origin and an insertion. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Several factors contribute to the force generated by a skeletal muscle. One is the arrangement of the fascicles in the skeletal muscle. Fascicles can be parallel, circular, convergent, pennate, fusiform, or triangular. Each arrangement has its own range of motion and ability to do work.
excretory	integumentary	cardiac	respiratory system	What system of the body is generally responsible for breathing?	The respiratory system is responsible for breathing.
gravity	light	water	air	Carbon dioxide does not rise like other gases because it has a density greater than what?	When we run a reaction to produce a gas, we expect it to rise into the air. Many students have done experiments where gases such as hydrogen are formed. The gas can be trapped in a test tube held upside-down over the reaction. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, sinks when it is released. Carbon dioxide has a density greater that air, so it will not rise like these other gases would.
pressure	surface tension	demand	resistance	What is the property that determines the amount of current flow through a particular material?	Resistance is the property that determines the amount of current flow through a particular material.
four atp molecules	six atp molecules	three atp molecules	two atp molecules	In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. this results in a net gain of?	In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. This results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.
eye	antennae	amplifier	the ear	What organ do we use to hear sound?	The organ that we use to hear sound is the ear. Almost all the structures in the ear are needed for this purpose. Together, they gather and amplify sound waves and change their energy to electrical signals. The electrical signals travel to the brain, which interprets them as sound.
fusion	amalgm	compound	alloy	Mixture of metals is called what?	Metals such as iron are useful for many purposes because of their unique properties. For example, they can conduct electricity and bend without breaking. However, pure metals may be less useful than mixtures of metals with other elements. For example, adding a little carbon to iron makes it much stronger. This mixture is called steel. Steel is so strong that it can hold up huge bridges, like the one pictured above. Steel is also used to make skyscrapers, cargo ships, cars, and trains. Steel is an example of an alloy.
size	color	location	texture	The rate the magma cools determines what property of the rock?	The rate the magma cools determines the texture of the rock.
it vibrates it	it makes it rotate	it cools it	it heats it	Conduction from the core has what effect on the lower mantle?	Conduction from the core heats the lower mantle.
decibels	density	frequency	intensity	What is the measure of the amount of energy found in sound waves?	A friend whispers to you in class in a voice so soft that you have to lean very close to hear what he’s saying. Later that day, your friend shouts to you across the football field. Now his voice is loud enough for you to hear him clearly even though he’s many meters away. Obviously, sounds can vary in loudness. Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is determined, in turn, by the intensity of sound. Intensity is a measure of the amount of energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB) .
Big Bang theory	flat earth theory	string theory	plate tectonics	What theory explains most of the features of earth’s surface?	The theory of plate tectonics explains most of the features of Earth’s surface. Plate tectonics helps us to understand where and why mountains form. Using the theory, we know where new ocean floor will be created and where it will be destroyed. We know why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen where they do. We even can search for mineral resources using information about past plate motions. Plate tectonics is the key that unlocks many of the mysteries of our amazing planet.
arm	leg	neck	eye	What part of a person with myopia is longer than normal?	The eye of a person with myopia is longer than normal. As a result, images are focused in front of the retina ( top left ). A concave lens is used to correct myopia to help focus images on the retina ( top right ). Farsightedness, or hyperopia, occurs when objects are focused in back of the retina ( bottom left ). It is corrected with a convex lens ( bottom right ).
carbon dioxide	straight dioxide	coal	lead dioxide	The anodes in each cell of a rechargeable battery are plates or grids of lead containing spongy lead metal, while the cathodes are similar grids containing powdered what?	The anodes in each cell of a rechargeable battery are plates or grids of lead containing spongy lead metal, while the cathodes are similar grids containing powdered lead dioxide (PbO2). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The value of E° for such a cell is about 2 V. Connecting three such cells in series produces a 6 V battery, whereas a typical 12 V car battery contains six cells in series. When treated properly, this type of high-capacity battery can be discharged and recharged many times over. As the cell is discharged, a powder of PbSO4 forms on the electrodes. Moreover, sulfuric acid is consumed and water is produced, decreasing the density of the electrolyte and providing a convenient way of monitoring the status of a battery by simply measuring the density of the electrolyte.
law	concept	hypothesis	theory	In science, what is supported by much evidence, widely accepted by credible scientists, and unlikely to be disproved?	The three theories below are essential in Earth science. Each accounts for an enormous amount of data. Each is supported by many lines of evidence. All can be used to make predications. As new evidence arises, any of these theories may need to be altered. But none of these three are likely ever to be disproved. They are accepted by nearly all of the credible scientists in their fields.
monoxide	ions	crystals	atoms	Life on earth is carbon-based. organisms need not only energy but also carbon ________ for building bodies?	Life on Earth is carbon-based. Organisms need not only energy but also carbon atoms for building bodies. For nearly all life, the ultimate source of carbon is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), an inorganic molecule. CO 2 makes up less than 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Shield	Dome	Compound	composite	A crater can usually be found on the top of what kind of volcanoes?	Composite volcanoes usually have craters on the top. Why are the craters sometimes “U” or horseshoe-shaped?.
chambers of the heart	digestive organs	arteries	pairs of capillary beds	Portal veins carry blood between what?
blood cells	immune system cells	anchor cells	host cells	Viruses depend on what type of cells?	Briefly describe how viruses depend on host cells.
organism	impurities	microbes	substances	Silver and ordinary table salt are two examples of chemical what?	Silver and ordinary table salt are two examples of chemical substances . A substance is matter that has a uniform and definite composition. All samples of substances, sometimes called pure substances, have identical properties. When chemists run a chemical reaction, they want to use pure materials so they know exactly what they are dealing with. They know that the reaction involves a specific substance, so they expect the same reaction to give the same results each time it is run.
lamarckian system	linchpin system	crocodilian system	linnaean system	What do we call the system of classification consisting of a hierarchy of groupings called taxa?	The Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called taxa (singular, taxon). Taxa range from the kingdom to the species (see Figure below ). The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities. Examples are the plant and animal kingdoms. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that are similar enough to produce fertile offspring together. Closely related species are grouped together in a genus.
autoimmune diseases	mutation	arthritis	cancer	Which disease causes cells to divide out of control	Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation.
calorically	synthetically	time spent	metabolically	Animal cells grow mainly by synthesizing protein-rich cytoplasm, a process that is described as expensive in what way?
in cell membrane	in the chloroplast	in the mitochondria	outside cell membrane	Where is the cell wall located?	The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane. It consists mainly of cellulose and may also contain lignin, which makes it more rigid. The cell wall shapes, supports, and protects the cell. It prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting. It also keeps large, damaging molecules out of the cell.
reptiles	mammals	bats	parasites	Some protists hunt their food or act as what?	Some protists hunt their food or act as parasites.
elevation	abundance	sunlight	vegetation	Name what nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by.
lack of formulas	difficult to memorize	difficult to understand	difficult to calculate	Why must values of specific heat be looked up in tables?	Values of specific heat must generally be looked up in tables, because there is no simple way to calculate them. In general, the specific heat also depends on the temperature. Table 14.1 lists representative values of specific heat for various substances. Except for gases, the temperature and volume dependence of the specific heat of most substances is weak. We see from this table that the specific heat of water is five times that of glass and ten times that of iron, which means that it takes five times as much heat to raise the temperature of water the same amount as for glass and ten times as much heat to raise the temperature of water as for iron. In fact, water has one of the largest specific heats of any material, which is important for sustaining life on Earth.
artificial selection	same selection	flow selection	natural selection	What is the method of evolution by which advantageous heritable traits become more common over generations?	The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed at about the same time by both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, shown in Figure below , and was set out in detail in Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species . Natural selection is a process that causes heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction to become more common, and harmful traits, or traits that are not helpful or advantageous for survival to become more rare in a population of organisms. This occurs because organisms with advantageous traits are more "fit" to survive in a particular environment and have "adapted" to the conditions of that environment. These individuals will have greater reproductive success than organisms less fit for survival in the environment. This will lead to an increase in the number of organisms with the advantageous trait(s) over time. Over many generations, adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural selection of those variants best-suited for their environment. Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology.
energy	cost	matter	charge	Electrons move, but they aren’t destroyed. this is the law of conservation of what?	Like the formation of ions, the formation of charged matter in general depends on the transfer of electrons either between two materials or within a material. Three ways this can occur are friction, conduction, and polarization. In all cases, the total charge remains the same. Electrons move, but they aren’t destroyed. This is the law of conservation of charge .
orbital lobes	outer orbitals	high energy	low-energy	What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?	Electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill low-energy orbitals first. Thus, many students find it confusing that, for example, the 5p orbitals fill immediately after the 4d, and immediately before the 6s. The filling order is based on observed experimental results, and has been confirmed by theoretical calculations. As the principal quantum number, n, increases, the size of the orbital increases and the electrons spend more time farther from the nucleus. Thus, the attraction to the nucleus is weaker and the energy associated with the orbital is higher (less stabilized). But this is not the only effect we have to take into account. Within each shell, as the value of l increases, the electrons are less penetrating (meaning there is less electron density found close to the nucleus), in the order s > p > d > f. Electrons that are closer to the nucleus slightly repel electrons that are farther out, offsetting the more dominant electron–nucleus attractions slightly (recall that all electrons have −1 charges, but nuclei have +Z charges). This phenomenon is called shielding and will be discussed in more detail in the next section. Electrons in orbitals that experience more shielding are less stabilized and thus higher in energy. For small orbitals (1s through 3p), the increase in energy due to n is more significant than the increase due to l; however, for larger orbitals the two trends are comparable and cannot be simply predicted. We will discuss methods for remembering the observed order. The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration of the atom. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information (Figure 6.26): 1. The number of the principal quantum shell, n, 2. The letter that designates the orbital type (the subshell, l), and 3. A superscript number that designates the number of electrons in that particular subshell.
typhus	penicillin	bacteria	virus	What is used as a vector for gene insertion in ex vivo gene therapy?	In ex vivo gene therapy, done outside the body, cells are removed from the patient and the proper gene is inserted using a virus as a vector. The modified cells are placed back into the patient.
parasites	platelets	allergies	antibodies	In artificial passive immunization, which items from an immune animal are injected into a nonimmune animal?
imperative solids	candy solids	phenomena solids	amorphous solids	What kind of solids are gummi bears or taffy?	Some types of candy, such as gummi bears or taffy, are amorphous solids. Table salt has a crystalline geometry.
enculturation	excretion	thermoregulation	osmoregulation	In the freshwater flatworms, protonephridia serve chiefly in what?
spores	acid	poison	toxins	What is contained in the skin of brightly colored poison dart frogs?	Adrian Pingstone (Wikimedia: Arpingstone). Brightly colored poison dart frogs have toxins in their skin . Public Domain.
biochemical transfer	artificial transfer	transcription	genetic transfer	What is the exchange of plasmids by prokaryotes called?	For natural selection to take place, organisms must vary in their traits. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are all the same. They are also identical to the parent cell. So how can prokaryotes increase genetic variation? They can exchange plasmids. This is called genetic transfer . It may happen by direct contact between cells. Or a "bridge" may form between cells. Genetic transfer mixes the genes of different cells. It creates new combinations of alleles.
geology	mineralogy	sedimentary	stratigraphy	What do we call the study of rock layers?	The study of rock layers is called stratigraphy. Laws of stratigraphy help scientists determine the relative ages of rocks. The main law is the law of superposition. This law states that deeper rock layers are older than layers closer to the surface.
protists	fungi	eukaryotes	prokaryotes	What are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus called?	Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They are placed in two domains: the Bacteria Domain and the Archaea Domain. They were the first organisms to evolve. It's not certain how they are related to each other or to eukaryotes.
earth year	beam year	solar year	light year	The distance that light can travel in a year is known as what?	Most of the stars pictured in this view of the night sky are hundreds of light years from Earth. A light year is the distance that light can travel in a year, or about 6 trillion (6,000,000,000,000) miles. As this example shows, quantities in science may be very large. Many other quantities in science are very small. Both very large and very small numbers have many zeroes, so they are hard to read and write without making mistakes. That’s where scientific notation comes in.
biologists	geologists	anthropologist	paleontologists	Scientists who find and study fossils are called what?	Fossils are a window into the past. They provide clear evidence that evolution has occurred. Scientists who find and study fossils are called paleontologists . How do they use fossils to understand the past? Consider the example of the horse, shown in Figure below . The fossil record shows how the horse evolved.
respiratory	diarrhea	relaxation	constipation	What is it called when feces move along the colon too slowly?
condensation	solidification	vaporization	sublimation	What is the process in which a solid changes directly to a gas called?	The process in which a solid changes directly to a gas is called sublimation . It occurs when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide, CO 2 ) is an example of a solid that undergoes sublimation. Figure below shows a chunk of dry ice changing directly to carbon dioxide gas. Sometimes snow undergoes sublimation as well. This is most likely to occur on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. What gas does snow become?.
troposphere	magnetosphere	ionosphere	stratosphere	What part of the atmosphere is the heat source?	Temperature decreases in the mesosphere with altitude. This is because the heat source is the stratosphere.
superficial mutations	evolutionary mutations	provisional mutations	beneficial mutations	Some mutations lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment and are essential for evolution to occur. what are these mutations known as?	Some mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur. They are called beneficial mutations. They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an organism’s changes of surviving or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over time. There are several well-known examples of beneficial mutations. Here are just two:.
carbon	mercury	air	water	What is the only substance on earth that is stable in all three states?	Water is the only substance on Earth that is stable in all three states.
filtration	diffusion	exhalation	excretion	What is the process whereby excess water and waste is removed from the body?	Excretion is any process in which excess water or wastes are removed from the body. Excretion is the job of the excretory system. Besides the kidneys, other organs of excretion include the large intestine, liver, skin and lungs.
transport vessels	capillaries	dna vesicles	transport vesicles	What cellular structure moves molecules between locations inside the cell?	Transport vesicles are able to move molecules between locations inside the cell. For example, transport vesicles move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
carbohydrates	sugars	sugars	ketones	Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or _______.	Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or ketones.
gravitational pull	atmospheric pressure	spontaneous combustion	friction with atmosphere	What causes a meteoroid to vaporize after it enters the atmosphere?	A meteoroid is dragged toward Earth by gravity and enters the atmosphere. Friction with the atmosphere heats the object quickly, so it starts to vaporize. As it flies through the atmosphere, it leaves a trail of glowing gases. The object is now a meteor. Most meteors vaporize in the atmosphere. They never reach Earth’s surface. Large meteoroids may not burn up entirely in the atmosphere. A small core may remain and hit Earth’s surface. This is called a meteorite .
carbon dating	quarter-life	alpha emission	half-life	How is the radioactive decay measured?	The rate of radioactive decay varies from one radioisotope to another. The rate is measured by the half-life. This is the length of time it takes for half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay.
embryo	zygote	sperm	gamete	What term means a reproductive cell, like the human egg in females?	This represents a human egg, which is the gamete, or reproductive cell, in females. Notice that is does not have a distinct shape, like a sperm cell has. The egg is a round cell with a haploid nucleus in the center. The egg contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles present in the first cell of a new organism.
extremities	lung	brain	heart	Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward what?	Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. This blood is no longer under much pressure, so many veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood. Veins generally carry deoxygenated blood. The largest vein is the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower body to the heart.
ion	element	proton	electron	The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given what?	The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given electron. An electron can have one of two associated spins, spin, or spin. An electron cannot have zero spin. We also represent spin with arrows or . A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and each must have opposite spin.
hydroelectric	solar	renewable	fossil	What fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide?	Fossil fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide. Richer nations use far more energy resources, especially fossil fuels, than poorer nations do. There are several ways that people can conserve energy in their daily lives.
actuators	elevators	magnets	gyroscopes	What instruments used in guidance systems to indicate directions in space must have an angular momentum that does not change in direction?	Gyroscopes used in guidance systems to indicate directions in space must have an angular momentum that does not change in direction. Yet they are often subjected to large forces and accelerations. How can the direction of their angular momentum be constant when they are accelerated?.
deep sea diversions	deep sea caves	deep sea resonances	deep sea trenches	What are the deepest places on earth?	Deep sea trenches are found near chains of active volcanoes. These volcanoes can be at the edges of continents or in the oceans. Trenches are the deepest places on Earth. The deepest trench is the Mariana Trench in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This trench plunges about 11 kilometers (35,840 feet) beneath sea level. The ocean floor does have lots of flat areas. These abyssal plains are like the scientists had predicted.
propagates	shrinks	diffuses	elongates	While the chromosome is replicating, the cell does what?
theory of reproduction	theory of the universe	theory of the computation	theory of evolution	On the origin of species is a book by darwin that spells out what theory?	Wallace’s paper on evolution confirmed Darwin’s ideas. It also pushed him to publish his book, On the Origin of Species. The book clearly spells out his theory. It also provides evidence and logic to support it.
parasites	hormones	allergies	antibodies	After an adaptive defense is produced against a pathogen, typically plasma cells first secrete immunoglobin, which constitutes about ten percent of all what?	After an adaptive defense is produced against a pathogen, typically plasma cells first secrete IgM into the blood. BCRs on naïve B cells are of the IgM class and occasionally IgD class. IgM molecules make up approximately ten percent of all antibodies. Prior to antibody secretion, plasma cells assemble IgM molecules into pentamers (five individual antibodies) linked by a joining (J) chain, as shown in Figure 42.23. The pentamer arrangement means that these macromolecules can bind ten identical antigens. However, IgM molecules released early in the adaptive immune response do not bind to antigens as stably as IgGs, which are one of the possible types of antibodies secreted in large quantities upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Figure 42.23 summarizes the properties of immunoglobulins and illustrates their basic structures.
electricity	coal fuels	batteries	fossil fuels	Solar and wind are still expensive compared to what?	Solar and wind are still expensive relative to fossil fuels. The technology needs to advance so that the price falls.
excrement	evolution	hibernation	pollination	The pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte after what occurs?
metalloids	elements	salts	alloys	Steel, bronze, and brass are good examples of what?	Examples of alloys include steel, bronze, and brass.
hydra	globular	polypoid	medusa	Most hydrozoa have both polyp and what forms in their life cycle?	Hydrozoa includes nearly 3,500 species, most of which are marine. Most species in this class have both polyp and medusa forms in their life cycle. Many hydrozoans form colonies composed of branches of specialized polyps that share a gastrovascular cavity. Colonies may also be free-floating and contain both medusa and polyp individuals in the colony, as in the Portuguese Man O’War (Physalia) or By-the-Wind Sailor (Velella). Other species are solitary polyps or solitary medusae. The characteristic shared by all of these species is that their gonads are derived from epidermal tissue, whereas in all other cnidarians, they are derived from gastrodermal tissue (Figure 15.14ab). “The Hydrozoa Directory,” Peter Schuchert, Muséum Genève, last updated November 2012, http://www. ville-ge. ch/mhng/hydrozoa/hydrozoadirectory.
ventral	abdominopelvic	dorsal	thoracic	Mammalian lungs are located in what cavity, where they are surrounded and protected by the rib cage, intercostal muscles, and chest wall?	39.3 \| Breathing By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathing • Explain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungs • Discuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch Mammalian lungs are located in the thoracic cavity where they are surrounded and protected by the rib cage, intercostal muscles, and bound by the chest wall. The bottom of the lungs is contained by the diaphragm, a skeletal muscle that facilitates breathing. Breathing requires the coordination of the lungs, the chest wall, and most importantly, the diaphragm.
pulmonary	vascular	lymphatic	circulatory	Segmented worms have a digestive,nervous and what type of system?	Segmented worms have a digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system.
hydrophylic	hydrophobic	nonvascular	symplastic	In what route do water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol?
protons	neurons	atoms	electrons	Atomic orbitals are populated with what subatomic particles?	A completely bonding molecular orbital contains no nodes (regions of zero electron probability) perpendicular to the internuclear axis, whereas a completelyantibonding molecular orbital contains at least one node perpendicular to the internuclear axis. A sigma (σ) orbital (bonding) or a sigma star (σ) orbital(antibonding) is symmetrical about the internuclear axis. Hence all cross-sections perpendicular to that axis are circular. Both a pi (π) orbital (bonding) and a pi star (π) orbital (antibonding) possess a nodal plane that contains the nuclei, with electron density localized on both sides of the plane. The energies of the molecular orbitals versus those of the parent atomic orbitals can be shown schematically in an energy-level diagram. The electron configuration of a molecule is shown by placing the correct number of electrons in the appropriate energy-level diagram, starting with the lowest-energy orbital and obeying the Pauli principle; that is, placing only two electrons with opposite spin in each orbital. From the completed energy-level diagram, we can calculate thebond order, defined as one-half the net number of bonding electrons. In bond orders, electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals cancel electrons in bonding molecular orbitals, while electrons in nonbonding orbitals have no effect and are not counted. Bond orders of 1, 2, and 3 correspond to single, double, and triple bonds, respectively. Molecules with predicted bond orders of 0 are generally less stable than the isolated atoms and do not normally exist. Molecular orbital energy-level diagrams for diatomic molecules can be created if the electron configuration of the parent atoms is known, following a few simple rules. Most important, the number of molecular orbitals in a molecule is the same as the number of atomic orbitals that interact. The difference between bonding and antibonding molecular orbital combinations is proportional to the overlap of the parent orbitals and decreases as the energy difference between the parent atomic orbitals increases. With such an approach, the electronic structures of virtually all commonly encountered homonuclear diatomic molecules, molecules with two identical atoms, can be understood. The molecular orbital approach correctly predicts that the O2 molecule has two unpaired electrons and hence is attracted into a magnetic field. In contrast, most substances have only paired electrons. A similar procedure can be applied to molecules with two dissimilar atoms, calledheteronuclear diatomic molecules, using a molecular orbital energy-level diagram that is skewed or tilted toward the more electronegative element.
law of construct of charge	law of change	law of conservation of speculation	law of conservation of charge	Which law refers to the electron charge remaining the same during transfer?	Three ways electrons can be transferred are conduction, friction, and polarization. In each case, the total charge remains the same. This is the law of conservation of charge.
electrons	crystals	glaciers	plates	Hotspots can be used to tell the speed and direction that what object is moving?	Hotspots can be used to tell the speed and direction that a plate is moving.
mist irrigation	stream irrigation	constant flow	drip irrigation	Does overhead irrigation or drip irrigation use less water?	Irrigation is the single biggest use of water. Overhead irrigation wastes a lot of water. Drip irrigation wastes a lot less. Figure below shows a drip irrigation system. Water pipes run over the surface of the ground. Tiny holes in the pipes are placed close to each plant. Water slowly drips out of the holes and soaks into the soil around the plants. Very little of the water evaporates or runs off the ground.
amoeba	ecosystems	parasites	pathogens	Stis are diseases caused by what that spread through sexual contact?	STIs are diseases caused by pathogens that spread through sexual contact. Abstinence from sexual activity and other risk behaviors is the only completely effective way to prevent the spread of STIs.
endocrine	pulmonary	nervous	circulatory	The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through which system?	Mollusks have a circulatory system with one or two hearts that pump blood. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system when its muscles contract. The circulatory system may be open or closed, depending on the species.
sleeping	attachment	socialization	learning	Being dependent on adults for a long maturation period allows young primates ample time for what?	Primates have slower rates of development than other mammals their size. They reach maturity later and have longer lifespans. Being dependent on adults for a long maturation period gives young primates plenty of time to learn from their elders.
pickling	hardening	drying	ripening	What process can be triggered by a burst of ethylene production in the fruit?
the colon	the urinary liver	the small intestine	the urinary bladder	What is a sac-like organ that stores urine?	From the kidneys, urine enters the ureters. These are two muscular tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder. Contractions of the muscles of the ureters move the urine along by peristalsis. The urinary bladder is a sac-like organ that stores urine. When the bladder is about half full, a sphincter relaxes to let urine flow out of the bladder and into the urethra. The urethra is a muscular tube that carries urine out of the body through another sphincter. The process of urine leaving the body is called urination. The second sphincter and the process of urination are normally under conscious control.
dendrites	keratin	cytoplasm	stereocilia	When the pressure waves from the scala move the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane slides across the what?	The organs of Corti contain hair cells, which are named for the hair-like stereocilia extending from the cell’s apical surfaces (Figure 14.8). The stereocilia are an array of microvilli-like structures arranged from tallest to shortest. Protein fibers tether adjacent hairs together within each array, such that the array will bend in response to movements of the basilar membrane. The stereocilia extend up from the hair cells to the overlying tectorial membrane, which is attached medially to the organ of Corti. When the pressure waves from the scala move the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane slides across the stereocilia. This bends the stereocilia either toward or away from the tallest member of each array. When the stereocilia bend toward the tallest member of their array, tension in the protein tethers opens ion channels in the hair cell membrane. This will depolarize the hair cell membrane, triggering nerve impulses that travel down the afferent nerve fibers attached to the hair cells. When the stereocilia bend toward the shortest member of their array, the tension on the tethers slackens and the ion channels close. When no sound is present, and the stereocilia are standing straight, a small amount of tension still exists on the tethers, keeping the membrane potential of the hair cell slightly depolarized.
minor wind belts	major humidity belts	major steam belts	major wind belts	What are surface currents generally caused by?	Like air in the atmosphere, ocean water moves in currents. A current is a stream of moving water that flows through the ocean. Surface currents are caused mainly by winds but not daily winds. Surface currents are caused by the major wind belts. These winds blow in the same direction all the time. So they can keep water moving in the same direction.
oxygen	hemoglobin	estrogen	insulin	What helps cells take up glucose from the blood?	Insulin was the first human protein to be produced in this way. Insulin helps cells take up glucose from the blood. People with type 1 diabetes have a mutation in the gene that normally codes for insulin. Without insulin, their blood glucose rises to harmfully high levels. At present, the only treatment for type 1 diabetes is the injection of insulin from outside sources. Until recently, there was no known way to make insulin outside the human body. The problem was solved by gene cloning. The human insulin gene was cloned and used to transform bacterial cells, which could then produce large quantities of human insulin.
gravitational pull energy	gravitational indication energy	gravitational recovery energy	gravitational potential energy	What is the term for potential energy due to the position of an object above earth?	Potential energy due to the position of an object above Earth is called gravitational potential energy. Like the leaves on trees, anything that is raised up above Earth’s surface has the potential to fall because of gravity. You can see examples of people with gravitational potential energy in Figure below .
electrical engineers	civil engineers	mechanical engineers	ecosystem engineers	What type of engineers influence community structure through their effects on the physical environment?
atomic reaction	neutralized molecule	periodic table	element	The atomic number defines the identity of what?	The atomic number defines the identity of an element.
moisture	acid	chemicals	radiation	The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit what?	The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit radiation.
sexual dimorphism	budding	cell division	asexual reproduction	Parthenogenesis is the most common form of what in animals that at other times reproduce sexually?
agonum	euglena	vertiscom	foram	What kind of fossils are excellent markers for correlating the ages of sedimentary rocks?
endocrine	skeletal	generous	nervous	Gated ion channels have a central role in what system's function?
static energy	kinetic energy	mechanical energy	electromagnetic energy	Energy that the sun and other stars release into space is called what?	Energy that the sun and other stars release into space is called electromagnetic energy . This form of energy travels through space as electrical and magnetic waves. Electromagnetic energy is commonly called light. It includes visible light, as well as radio waves, microwaves, and X rays ( Figure below ).
gaseous iron	martian iron	carbon	elemental iron	Hydrogen gas is generated by the reaction of nitric acid and what else?	E XA MP L E 1 7 Hydrogen gas is generated by the reaction of nitric acid and elemental iron. The gas is collected in an inverted 2.00 L container immersed in a pool of water at 22°C. At the end of the collection, the partial pressure inside the container is 733 torr. How many moles of H2 gas were generated?.

glutamate

fructose

alcohol

glucose

What is a simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula c 6 h 12 o 6 better known as?

Glucose is a simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . It stores chemical energy in a concentrated, stable form. In your body, glucose is the form of energy that is carried in your blood and taken up by each of your trillions of cells. Glucose is the end product of photosynthesis, and it is the nearly universal food for life.

community systems

maturation systems

artificial systems

organ systems

Groups of related organs form what?

Animals not only have specialized cells. Most animals also have tissues and organs. In many animals, organs form organ systems, such as a nervous system. Higher levels of organization allow animals to perform many complex functions. What can animals do that most other living things cannot? Here are some examples. All of them are illustrated in Figure below .

circulatory

respiratory

nervous

immune

Each lymph organ has a different job in what system?

Each lymph organ has a different job in the immune system.

mass number

metallic number

isotope

atomic number

The number of protons in an atom is called what?

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. This number is unique for atoms of each kind of element. For example, the atomic number of all helium atoms is 2.

rigidity

man made

god

from movement

Crevasses are found in glaciers. how do these come about?

Crevasses in a glacier are the result of movement.

homogeneous

omnigeneous

amorphous

heterogeneous

Combining nonpolar olive oil and polar vinegar yields what type of mixture?

Another familiar example is the mixing of vinegar and olive oil. Olive oil is a nonpolar substance, while vinegar (which is mostly water and acetic acid) is polar. The result is a heterogeneous mixture that exhibits a bilayer.

conclusion

materials

suggestions

hypothesis

If no conclusion is reached after an experiment, the scientist may retest what?

The scientist must next form a conclusion. The scientist must study all of the data. What statement best explains the data? Did the experiment prove the hypothesis? Sometimes an experiment shows that a hypothesis is correct. Other times the data disproves the hypothesis. Sometimes it's not possible to tell. If there is no conclusion, the scientist may test the hypothesis again. This time he will use some different experiments. No matter what the experiment shows the scientist has learned something. Even a disproved hypothesis can lead to new questions.

pressure

calcium deposits

surface tension

plaque

What builds up in an artery and reduces blood flow?

Plaque buildup in an artery reduces blood flow through the vessel.

acids

atoms

eons

ions

Compounds with metals and nonmetals sharing electrons are known as what kinds of compounds?

The Formation of Ionic Compounds Binary ionic compounds are composed of just two elements: a metal (which forms the cations) and a nonmetal (which forms the anions). For example, NaCl is a binary ionic compound. We can think about the formation of such compounds in terms of the periodic properties of the elements. Many metallic elements have relatively low ionization potentials and lose electrons easily. These elements lie to the left in a period or near the bottom of a group on the periodic table. Nonmetal atoms have relatively high electron affinities and thus readily gain electrons lost by metal atoms, thereby filling their valence shells. Nonmetallic elements are found in the upper-right corner of the periodic table.

sponges

monocots

heterotrophs

autotrophs

What are the only organisms that can perform photosynthesis?

CHAPTER SUMMARY 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis transformed life on earth. By harnessing energy from the sun, photosynthesis allowed living things to access enormous amounts of energy. Because of photosynthesis, living things gained access to sufficient energy, allowing them to evolve new structures and achieve the biodiversity that is evident today. Only certain organisms, called autotrophs, can perform photosynthesis; they require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that can absorb light and convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to assemble carbohydrate molecules (usually glucose) and releases oxygen into the air. Eukaryotic autotrophs, such as plants and algae, have organelles called chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place.

chloride

water

sulfur

acetylene

What is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both c atoms?

Acetylene is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both C atoms. Polyatomic ions are bonded together with covalent bonds. Because they are ions, however, they participate in ionic bonding with other ions. So both major types of bonding can occur at the same time.

eomycota

zygomycota

sporozoans

chytrids

What is the name of the fungi that are ubiquitous in lakes and soil?

molecules

electrons

compounds

protons

All the atoms of a given element have the same number of what in their nucleus, though they may have different numbers of neutrons?

All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but they may have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Many elements have one or more isotopes that are radioactive. These isotopes are called radioisotopes . Their nuclei are unstable, so they break down, or decay, and emit radiation.

insulators

increase in energy

same charge

difference in charges

What causes a voltage to exist across the membrane in cells?

The active transport of ions across the cell membrane causes an electrical gradient to build up across this membrane. The number of positively charged ions outside the cell is usually greater than the number of positively charged ions in the cytosol. This results in a relatively negative charge on the inside of the membrane, and a positive charge on the outside. This difference in charges causes a voltage to exist across the membrane. Voltage is electrical potential energy that is caused by a separation of opposite charges, in this case across the membrane. The voltage across a membrane is the membrane potential . Membrane potential is very important for the conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells. The membrane potential of a cell at rest is known as its resting potential , and is discussed below. A non-excited nerve cell is an example of a cell at rest.

dominator

lesion

kilocalorie

fixator

A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a what?

CHAPTER REVIEW 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems Skeletal muscles each have an origin and an insertion. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Several factors contribute to the force generated by a skeletal muscle. One is the arrangement of the fascicles in the skeletal muscle. Fascicles can be parallel, circular, convergent, pennate, fusiform, or triangular. Each arrangement has its own range of motion and ability to do work.

excretory

integumentary

cardiac

respiratory system

What system of the body is generally responsible for breathing?

The respiratory system is responsible for breathing.

gravity

light

water

air

Carbon dioxide does not rise like other gases because it has a density greater than what?

When we run a reaction to produce a gas, we expect it to rise into the air. Many students have done experiments where gases such as hydrogen are formed. The gas can be trapped in a test tube held upside-down over the reaction. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, sinks when it is released. Carbon dioxide has a density greater that air, so it will not rise like these other gases would.

pressure

surface tension

demand

resistance

What is the property that determines the amount of current flow through a particular material?

Resistance is the property that determines the amount of current flow through a particular material.

four atp molecules

six atp molecules

three atp molecules

two atp molecules

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. this results in a net gain of?

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. This results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.

eye

antennae

amplifier

the ear

What organ do we use to hear sound?

The organ that we use to hear sound is the ear. Almost all the structures in the ear are needed for this purpose. Together, they gather and amplify sound waves and change their energy to electrical signals. The electrical signals travel to the brain, which interprets them as sound.

fusion

amalgm

compound

alloy

Mixture of metals is called what?

Metals such as iron are useful for many purposes because of their unique properties. For example, they can conduct electricity and bend without breaking. However, pure metals may be less useful than mixtures of metals with other elements. For example, adding a little carbon to iron makes it much stronger. This mixture is called steel. Steel is so strong that it can hold up huge bridges, like the one pictured above. Steel is also used to make skyscrapers, cargo ships, cars, and trains. Steel is an example of an alloy.

size

color

location

texture

The rate the magma cools determines what property of the rock?

The rate the magma cools determines the texture of the rock.

it vibrates it

it makes it rotate

it cools it

it heats it

Conduction from the core has what effect on the lower mantle?

Conduction from the core heats the lower mantle.

decibels

density

frequency

intensity

What is the measure of the amount of energy found in sound waves?

A friend whispers to you in class in a voice so soft that you have to lean very close to hear what he’s saying. Later that day, your friend shouts to you across the football field. Now his voice is loud enough for you to hear him clearly even though he’s many meters away. Obviously, sounds can vary in loudness. Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is determined, in turn, by the intensity of sound. Intensity is a measure of the amount of energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB) .

Big Bang theory

flat earth theory

string theory

plate tectonics

What theory explains most of the features of earth’s surface?

The theory of plate tectonics explains most of the features of Earth’s surface. Plate tectonics helps us to understand where and why mountains form. Using the theory, we know where new ocean floor will be created and where it will be destroyed. We know why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen where they do. We even can search for mineral resources using information about past plate motions. Plate tectonics is the key that unlocks many of the mysteries of our amazing planet.

arm

leg

neck

eye

What part of a person with myopia is longer than normal?

The eye of a person with myopia is longer than normal. As a result, images are focused in front of the retina ( top left ). A concave lens is used to correct myopia to help focus images on the retina ( top right ). Farsightedness, or hyperopia, occurs when objects are focused in back of the retina ( bottom left ). It is corrected with a convex lens ( bottom right ).

carbon dioxide

straight dioxide

coal

lead dioxide

The anodes in each cell of a rechargeable battery are plates or grids of lead containing spongy lead metal, while the cathodes are similar grids containing powdered what?

The anodes in each cell of a rechargeable battery are plates or grids of lead containing spongy lead metal, while the cathodes are similar grids containing powdered lead dioxide (PbO2). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The value of E° for such a cell is about 2 V. Connecting three such cells in series produces a 6 V battery, whereas a typical 12 V car battery contains six cells in series. When treated properly, this type of high-capacity battery can be discharged and recharged many times over. As the cell is discharged, a powder of PbSO4 forms on the electrodes. Moreover, sulfuric acid is consumed and water is produced, decreasing the density of the electrolyte and providing a convenient way of monitoring the status of a battery by simply measuring the density of the electrolyte.

law

concept

hypothesis

theory

In science, what is supported by much evidence, widely accepted by credible scientists, and unlikely to be disproved?

The three theories below are essential in Earth science. Each accounts for an enormous amount of data. Each is supported by many lines of evidence. All can be used to make predications. As new evidence arises, any of these theories may need to be altered. But none of these three are likely ever to be disproved. They are accepted by nearly all of the credible scientists in their fields.

monoxide

ions

crystals

atoms

Life on earth is carbon-based. organisms need not only energy but also carbon ________ for building bodies?

Life on Earth is carbon-based. Organisms need not only energy but also carbon atoms for building bodies. For nearly all life, the ultimate source of carbon is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), an inorganic molecule. CO 2 makes up less than 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Shield

Dome

Compound

composite

A crater can usually be found on the top of what kind of volcanoes?

Composite volcanoes usually have craters on the top. Why are the craters sometimes “U” or horseshoe-shaped?.

chambers of the heart

digestive organs

arteries

pairs of capillary beds

Portal veins carry blood between what?

blood cells

immune system cells

anchor cells

host cells

Viruses depend on what type of cells?

Briefly describe how viruses depend on host cells.

organism

impurities

microbes

substances

Silver and ordinary table salt are two examples of chemical what?

Silver and ordinary table salt are two examples of chemical substances . A substance is matter that has a uniform and definite composition. All samples of substances, sometimes called pure substances, have identical properties. When chemists run a chemical reaction, they want to use pure materials so they know exactly what they are dealing with. They know that the reaction involves a specific substance, so they expect the same reaction to give the same results each time it is run.

lamarckian system

linchpin system

crocodilian system

linnaean system

What do we call the system of classification consisting of a hierarchy of groupings called taxa?

The Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called taxa (singular, taxon). Taxa range from the kingdom to the species (see Figure below ). The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities. Examples are the plant and animal kingdoms. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that are similar enough to produce fertile offspring together. Closely related species are grouped together in a genus.

autoimmune diseases

mutation

arthritis

cancer

Which disease causes cells to divide out of control

Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation.

calorically

synthetically

time spent

metabolically

Animal cells grow mainly by synthesizing protein-rich cytoplasm, a process that is described as expensive in what way?

in cell membrane

in the chloroplast

in the mitochondria

outside cell membrane

Where is the cell wall located?

The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane. It consists mainly of cellulose and may also contain lignin, which makes it more rigid. The cell wall shapes, supports, and protects the cell. It prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting. It also keeps large, damaging molecules out of the cell.

reptiles

mammals

bats

parasites

Some protists hunt their food or act as what?

Some protists hunt their food or act as parasites.

elevation

abundance

sunlight

vegetation

Name what nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by.

lack of formulas

difficult to memorize

difficult to understand

difficult to calculate

Why must values of specific heat be looked up in tables?

Values of specific heat must generally be looked up in tables, because there is no simple way to calculate them. In general, the specific heat also depends on the temperature. Table 14.1 lists representative values of specific heat for various substances. Except for gases, the temperature and volume dependence of the specific heat of most substances is weak. We see from this table that the specific heat of water is five times that of glass and ten times that of iron, which means that it takes five times as much heat to raise the temperature of water the same amount as for glass and ten times as much heat to raise the temperature of water as for iron. In fact, water has one of the largest specific heats of any material, which is important for sustaining life on Earth.

artificial selection

same selection

flow selection

natural selection

What is the method of evolution by which advantageous heritable traits become more common over generations?

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed at about the same time by both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, shown in Figure below , and was set out in detail in Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species . Natural selection is a process that causes heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction to become more common, and harmful traits, or traits that are not helpful or advantageous for survival to become more rare in a population of organisms. This occurs because organisms with advantageous traits are more "fit" to survive in a particular environment and have "adapted" to the conditions of that environment. These individuals will have greater reproductive success than organisms less fit for survival in the environment. This will lead to an increase in the number of organisms with the advantageous trait(s) over time. Over many generations, adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural selection of those variants best-suited for their environment. Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology.

energy

cost

matter

charge

Electrons move, but they aren’t destroyed. this is the law of conservation of what?

Like the formation of ions, the formation of charged matter in general depends on the transfer of electrons either between two materials or within a material. Three ways this can occur are friction, conduction, and polarization. In all cases, the total charge remains the same. Electrons move, but they aren’t destroyed. This is the law of conservation of charge .

orbital lobes

outer orbitals

high energy

low-energy

What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?

Electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill low-energy orbitals first. Thus, many students find it confusing that, for example, the 5p orbitals fill immediately after the 4d, and immediately before the 6s. The filling order is based on observed experimental results, and has been confirmed by theoretical calculations. As the principal quantum number, n, increases, the size of the orbital increases and the electrons spend more time farther from the nucleus. Thus, the attraction to the nucleus is weaker and the energy associated with the orbital is higher (less stabilized). But this is not the only effect we have to take into account. Within each shell, as the value of l increases, the electrons are less penetrating (meaning there is less electron density found close to the nucleus), in the order s > p > d > f. Electrons that are closer to the nucleus slightly repel electrons that are farther out, offsetting the more dominant electron–nucleus attractions slightly (recall that all electrons have −1 charges, but nuclei have +Z charges). This phenomenon is called shielding and will be discussed in more detail in the next section. Electrons in orbitals that experience more shielding are less stabilized and thus higher in energy. For small orbitals (1s through 3p), the increase in energy due to n is more significant than the increase due to l; however, for larger orbitals the two trends are comparable and cannot be simply predicted. We will discuss methods for remembering the observed order. The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration of the atom. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information (Figure 6.26): 1. The number of the principal quantum shell, n, 2. The letter that designates the orbital type (the subshell, l), and 3. A superscript number that designates the number of electrons in that particular subshell.

typhus

penicillin

bacteria

virus

What is used as a vector for gene insertion in ex vivo gene therapy?

In ex vivo gene therapy, done outside the body, cells are removed from the patient and the proper gene is inserted using a virus as a vector. The modified cells are placed back into the patient.

parasites

platelets

allergies

antibodies

In artificial passive immunization, which items from an immune animal are injected into a nonimmune animal?

imperative solids

candy solids

phenomena solids

amorphous solids

What kind of solids are gummi bears or taffy?

Some types of candy, such as gummi bears or taffy, are amorphous solids. Table salt has a crystalline geometry.

enculturation

excretion

thermoregulation

osmoregulation

In the freshwater flatworms, protonephridia serve chiefly in what?

spores

acid

poison

toxins

What is contained in the skin of brightly colored poison dart frogs?

Adrian Pingstone (Wikimedia: Arpingstone). Brightly colored poison dart frogs have toxins in their skin . Public Domain.

biochemical transfer

artificial transfer

transcription

genetic transfer

What is the exchange of plasmids by prokaryotes called?

For natural selection to take place, organisms must vary in their traits. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are all the same. They are also identical to the parent cell. So how can prokaryotes increase genetic variation? They can exchange plasmids. This is called genetic transfer . It may happen by direct contact between cells. Or a "bridge" may form between cells. Genetic transfer mixes the genes of different cells. It creates new combinations of alleles.

geology

mineralogy

sedimentary

stratigraphy

What do we call the study of rock layers?

The study of rock layers is called stratigraphy. Laws of stratigraphy help scientists determine the relative ages of rocks. The main law is the law of superposition. This law states that deeper rock layers are older than layers closer to the surface.

protists

fungi

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

What are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus called?

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They are placed in two domains: the Bacteria Domain and the Archaea Domain. They were the first organisms to evolve. It's not certain how they are related to each other or to eukaryotes.

earth year

beam year

solar year

light year

The distance that light can travel in a year is known as what?

Most of the stars pictured in this view of the night sky are hundreds of light years from Earth. A light year is the distance that light can travel in a year, or about 6 trillion (6,000,000,000,000) miles. As this example shows, quantities in science may be very large. Many other quantities in science are very small. Both very large and very small numbers have many zeroes, so they are hard to read and write without making mistakes. That’s where scientific notation comes in.

biologists

geologists

anthropologist

paleontologists

Scientists who find and study fossils are called what?

Fossils are a window into the past. They provide clear evidence that evolution has occurred. Scientists who find and study fossils are called paleontologists . How do they use fossils to understand the past? Consider the example of the horse, shown in Figure below . The fossil record shows how the horse evolved.

respiratory

diarrhea

relaxation

constipation

What is it called when feces move along the colon too slowly?

condensation

solidification

vaporization

sublimation

What is the process in which a solid changes directly to a gas called?

The process in which a solid changes directly to a gas is called sublimation . It occurs when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide, CO 2 ) is an example of a solid that undergoes sublimation. Figure below shows a chunk of dry ice changing directly to carbon dioxide gas. Sometimes snow undergoes sublimation as well. This is most likely to occur on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. What gas does snow become?.

troposphere

magnetosphere

ionosphere

stratosphere

What part of the atmosphere is the heat source?

Temperature decreases in the mesosphere with altitude. This is because the heat source is the stratosphere.

superficial mutations

evolutionary mutations

provisional mutations

beneficial mutations

Some mutations lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment and are essential for evolution to occur. what are these mutations known as?

Some mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur. They are called beneficial mutations. They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an organism’s changes of surviving or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over time. There are several well-known examples of beneficial mutations. Here are just two:.

carbon

mercury

air

water

What is the only substance on earth that is stable in all three states?

Water is the only substance on Earth that is stable in all three states.

filtration

diffusion

exhalation

excretion

What is the process whereby excess water and waste is removed from the body?

Excretion is any process in which excess water or wastes are removed from the body. Excretion is the job of the excretory system. Besides the kidneys, other organs of excretion include the large intestine, liver, skin and lungs.

transport vessels

capillaries

dna vesicles

transport vesicles

What cellular structure moves molecules between locations inside the cell?

Transport vesicles are able to move molecules between locations inside the cell. For example, transport vesicles move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

carbohydrates

sugars

ketones

Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or _______.

Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or ketones.

gravitational pull

atmospheric pressure

spontaneous combustion

friction with atmosphere

What causes a meteoroid to vaporize after it enters the atmosphere?

A meteoroid is dragged toward Earth by gravity and enters the atmosphere. Friction with the atmosphere heats the object quickly, so it starts to vaporize. As it flies through the atmosphere, it leaves a trail of glowing gases. The object is now a meteor. Most meteors vaporize in the atmosphere. They never reach Earth’s surface. Large meteoroids may not burn up entirely in the atmosphere. A small core may remain and hit Earth’s surface. This is called a meteorite .

carbon dating

quarter-life

alpha emission

half-life

How is the radioactive decay measured?

The rate of radioactive decay varies from one radioisotope to another. The rate is measured by the half-life. This is the length of time it takes for half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay.

embryo

zygote

sperm

gamete

What term means a reproductive cell, like the human egg in females?

This represents a human egg, which is the gamete, or reproductive cell, in females. Notice that is does not have a distinct shape, like a sperm cell has. The egg is a round cell with a haploid nucleus in the center. The egg contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles present in the first cell of a new organism.

extremities

lung

brain

heart

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward what?

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. This blood is no longer under much pressure, so many veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood. Veins generally carry deoxygenated blood. The largest vein is the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower body to the heart.

ion

element

proton

electron

The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given what?

The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given electron. An electron can have one of two associated spins, spin, or spin. An electron cannot have zero spin. We also represent spin with arrows or . A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and each must have opposite spin.

hydroelectric

solar

renewable

fossil

What fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide?

Fossil fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide. Richer nations use far more energy resources, especially fossil fuels, than poorer nations do. There are several ways that people can conserve energy in their daily lives.

actuators

elevators

magnets

gyroscopes

What instruments used in guidance systems to indicate directions in space must have an angular momentum that does not change in direction?

Gyroscopes used in guidance systems to indicate directions in space must have an angular momentum that does not change in direction. Yet they are often subjected to large forces and accelerations. How can the direction of their angular momentum be constant when they are accelerated?.

deep sea diversions

deep sea caves

deep sea resonances

deep sea trenches

What are the deepest places on earth?

Deep sea trenches are found near chains of active volcanoes. These volcanoes can be at the edges of continents or in the oceans. Trenches are the deepest places on Earth. The deepest trench is the Mariana Trench in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This trench plunges about 11 kilometers (35,840 feet) beneath sea level. The ocean floor does have lots of flat areas. These abyssal plains are like the scientists had predicted.

propagates

shrinks

diffuses

elongates

While the chromosome is replicating, the cell does what?

theory of reproduction

theory of the universe

theory of the computation

theory of evolution

On the origin of species is a book by darwin that spells out what theory?

Wallace’s paper on evolution confirmed Darwin’s ideas. It also pushed him to publish his book, On the Origin of Species. The book clearly spells out his theory. It also provides evidence and logic to support it.

parasites

hormones

allergies

antibodies

After an adaptive defense is produced against a pathogen, typically plasma cells first secrete immunoglobin, which constitutes about ten percent of all what?

After an adaptive defense is produced against a pathogen, typically plasma cells first secrete IgM into the blood. BCRs on naïve B cells are of the IgM class and occasionally IgD class. IgM molecules make up approximately ten percent of all antibodies. Prior to antibody secretion, plasma cells assemble IgM molecules into pentamers (five individual antibodies) linked by a joining (J) chain, as shown in Figure 42.23. The pentamer arrangement means that these macromolecules can bind ten identical antigens. However, IgM molecules released early in the adaptive immune response do not bind to antigens as stably as IgGs, which are one of the possible types of antibodies secreted in large quantities upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Figure 42.23 summarizes the properties of immunoglobulins and illustrates their basic structures.

electricity

coal fuels

batteries

fossil fuels

Solar and wind are still expensive compared to what?

Solar and wind are still expensive relative to fossil fuels. The technology needs to advance so that the price falls.

excrement

evolution

hibernation

pollination

The pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte after what occurs?

metalloids

elements

salts

alloys

Steel, bronze, and brass are good examples of what?

Examples of alloys include steel, bronze, and brass.

hydra

globular

polypoid

medusa

Most hydrozoa have both polyp and what forms in their life cycle?

Hydrozoa includes nearly 3,500 species, most of which are marine. Most species in this class have both polyp and medusa forms in their life cycle. Many hydrozoans form colonies composed of branches of specialized polyps that share a gastrovascular cavity. Colonies may also be free-floating and contain both medusa and polyp individuals in the colony, as in the Portuguese Man O’War (Physalia) or By-the-Wind Sailor (Velella). Other species are solitary polyps or solitary medusae. The characteristic shared by all of these species is that their gonads are derived from epidermal tissue, whereas in all other cnidarians, they are derived from gastrodermal tissue (Figure 15.14ab). “The Hydrozoa Directory,” Peter Schuchert, Muséum Genève, last updated November 2012, http://www. ville-ge. ch/mhng/hydrozoa/hydrozoadirectory.

ventral

abdominopelvic

dorsal

thoracic

Mammalian lungs are located in what cavity, where they are surrounded and protected by the rib cage, intercostal muscles, and chest wall?

39.3 | Breathing By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathing • Explain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungs • Discuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch Mammalian lungs are located in the thoracic cavity where they are surrounded and protected by the rib cage, intercostal muscles, and bound by the chest wall. The bottom of the lungs is contained by the diaphragm, a skeletal muscle that facilitates breathing. Breathing requires the coordination of the lungs, the chest wall, and most importantly, the diaphragm.

pulmonary

vascular

lymphatic

circulatory

Segmented worms have a digestive,nervous and what type of system?

Segmented worms have a digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system.

hydrophylic

hydrophobic

nonvascular

symplastic

In what route do water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol?

protons

neurons

atoms

electrons

Atomic orbitals are populated with what subatomic particles?

A completely bonding molecular orbital contains no nodes (regions of zero electron probability) perpendicular to the internuclear axis, whereas a completelyantibonding molecular orbital contains at least one node perpendicular to the internuclear axis. A sigma (σ) orbital (bonding) or a sigma star (σ*) orbital(antibonding) is symmetrical about the internuclear axis. Hence all cross-sections perpendicular to that axis are circular. Both a pi (π) orbital (bonding) and a pi star (π*) orbital (antibonding) possess a nodal plane that contains the nuclei, with electron density localized on both sides of the plane. The energies of the molecular orbitals versus those of the parent atomic orbitals can be shown schematically in an energy-level diagram. The electron configuration of a molecule is shown by placing the correct number of electrons in the appropriate energy-level diagram, starting with the lowest-energy orbital and obeying the Pauli principle; that is, placing only two electrons with opposite spin in each orbital. From the completed energy-level diagram, we can calculate thebond order, defined as one-half the net number of bonding electrons. In bond orders, electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals cancel electrons in bonding molecular orbitals, while electrons in nonbonding orbitals have no effect and are not counted. Bond orders of 1, 2, and 3 correspond to single, double, and triple bonds, respectively. Molecules with predicted bond orders of 0 are generally less stable than the isolated atoms and do not normally exist. Molecular orbital energy-level diagrams for diatomic molecules can be created if the electron configuration of the parent atoms is known, following a few simple rules. Most important, the number of molecular orbitals in a molecule is the same as the number of atomic orbitals that interact. The difference between bonding and antibonding molecular orbital combinations is proportional to the overlap of the parent orbitals and decreases as the energy difference between the parent atomic orbitals increases. With such an approach, the electronic structures of virtually all commonly encountered homonuclear diatomic molecules, molecules with two identical atoms, can be understood. The molecular orbital approach correctly predicts that the O2 molecule has two unpaired electrons and hence is attracted into a magnetic field. In contrast, most substances have only paired electrons. A similar procedure can be applied to molecules with two dissimilar atoms, calledheteronuclear diatomic molecules, using a molecular orbital energy-level diagram that is skewed or tilted toward the more electronegative element.

law of construct of charge

law of change

law of conservation of speculation

law of conservation of charge

Which law refers to the electron charge remaining the same during transfer?

Three ways electrons can be transferred are conduction, friction, and polarization. In each case, the total charge remains the same. This is the law of conservation of charge.

electrons

crystals

glaciers

plates

Hotspots can be used to tell the speed and direction that what object is moving?

Hotspots can be used to tell the speed and direction that a plate is moving.

mist irrigation

stream irrigation

constant flow

drip irrigation

Does overhead irrigation or drip irrigation use less water?

Irrigation is the single biggest use of water. Overhead irrigation wastes a lot of water. Drip irrigation wastes a lot less. Figure below shows a drip irrigation system. Water pipes run over the surface of the ground. Tiny holes in the pipes are placed close to each plant. Water slowly drips out of the holes and soaks into the soil around the plants. Very little of the water evaporates or runs off the ground.

amoeba

ecosystems

parasites

pathogens

Stis are diseases caused by what that spread through sexual contact?

STIs are diseases caused by pathogens that spread through sexual contact. Abstinence from sexual activity and other risk behaviors is the only completely effective way to prevent the spread of STIs.

endocrine

pulmonary

nervous

circulatory

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through which system?

Mollusks have a circulatory system with one or two hearts that pump blood. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system when its muscles contract. The circulatory system may be open or closed, depending on the species.

sleeping

attachment

socialization

learning

Being dependent on adults for a long maturation period allows young primates ample time for what?

Primates have slower rates of development than other mammals their size. They reach maturity later and have longer lifespans. Being dependent on adults for a long maturation period gives young primates plenty of time to learn from their elders.

pickling

hardening

drying

ripening

What process can be triggered by a burst of ethylene production in the fruit?

the colon

the urinary liver

the small intestine

the urinary bladder

What is a sac-like organ that stores urine?

From the kidneys, urine enters the ureters. These are two muscular tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder. Contractions of the muscles of the ureters move the urine along by peristalsis. The urinary bladder is a sac-like organ that stores urine. When the bladder is about half full, a sphincter relaxes to let urine flow out of the bladder and into the urethra. The urethra is a muscular tube that carries urine out of the body through another sphincter. The process of urine leaving the body is called urination. The second sphincter and the process of urination are normally under conscious control.

dendrites

keratin

cytoplasm

stereocilia

When the pressure waves from the scala move the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane slides across the what?

The organs of Corti contain hair cells, which are named for the hair-like stereocilia extending from the cell’s apical surfaces (Figure 14.8). The stereocilia are an array of microvilli-like structures arranged from tallest to shortest. Protein fibers tether adjacent hairs together within each array, such that the array will bend in response to movements of the basilar membrane. The stereocilia extend up from the hair cells to the overlying tectorial membrane, which is attached medially to the organ of Corti. When the pressure waves from the scala move the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane slides across the stereocilia. This bends the stereocilia either toward or away from the tallest member of each array. When the stereocilia bend toward the tallest member of their array, tension in the protein tethers opens ion channels in the hair cell membrane. This will depolarize the hair cell membrane, triggering nerve impulses that travel down the afferent nerve fibers attached to the hair cells. When the stereocilia bend toward the shortest member of their array, the tension on the tethers slackens and the ion channels close. When no sound is present, and the stereocilia are standing straight, a small amount of tension still exists on the tethers, keeping the membrane potential of the hair cell slightly depolarized.

minor wind belts

major humidity belts

major steam belts

major wind belts

What are surface currents generally caused by?

Like air in the atmosphere, ocean water moves in currents. A current is a stream of moving water that flows through the ocean. Surface currents are caused mainly by winds but not daily winds. Surface currents are caused by the major wind belts. These winds blow in the same direction all the time. So they can keep water moving in the same direction.

oxygen

hemoglobin

estrogen

insulin

What helps cells take up glucose from the blood?

Insulin was the first human protein to be produced in this way. Insulin helps cells take up glucose from the blood. People with type 1 diabetes have a mutation in the gene that normally codes for insulin. Without insulin, their blood glucose rises to harmfully high levels. At present, the only treatment for type 1 diabetes is the injection of insulin from outside sources. Until recently, there was no known way to make insulin outside the human body. The problem was solved by gene cloning. The human insulin gene was cloned and used to transform bacterial cells, which could then produce large quantities of human insulin.

gravitational pull energy

gravitational indication energy

gravitational recovery energy

gravitational potential energy

What is the term for potential energy due to the position of an object above earth?

Potential energy due to the position of an object above Earth is called gravitational potential energy. Like the leaves on trees, anything that is raised up above Earth’s surface has the potential to fall because of gravity. You can see examples of people with gravitational potential energy in Figure below .

electrical engineers

civil engineers

mechanical engineers

ecosystem engineers

What type of engineers influence community structure through their effects on the physical environment?

atomic reaction

neutralized molecule

periodic table

element

The atomic number defines the identity of what?

The atomic number defines the identity of an element.

moisture

acid

chemicals

radiation

The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit what?

The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit radiation.

sexual dimorphism

budding

cell division

asexual reproduction

Parthenogenesis is the most common form of what in animals that at other times reproduce sexually?

agonum

euglena

vertiscom

foram

What kind of fossils are excellent markers for correlating the ages of sedimentary rocks?

endocrine

skeletal

generous

nervous

Gated ion channels have a central role in what system's function?

static energy

kinetic energy

mechanical energy

electromagnetic energy

Energy that the sun and other stars release into space is called what?

Energy that the sun and other stars release into space is called electromagnetic energy . This form of energy travels through space as electrical and magnetic waves. Electromagnetic energy is commonly called light. It includes visible light, as well as radio waves, microwaves, and X rays ( Figure below ).

gaseous iron

martian iron

carbon

elemental iron

Hydrogen gas is generated by the reaction of nitric acid and what else?

E XA MP L E 1 7 Hydrogen gas is generated by the reaction of nitric acid and elemental iron. The gas is collected in an inverted 2.00 L container immersed in a pool of water at 22°C. At the end of the collection, the partial pressure inside the container is 733 torr. How many moles of H2 gas were generated?.