ABHISHEKSINGH0204/PCM_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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impurities	salts	calories	electrolytes	Deficiency of what is symptomized by nausea, fatigue and dizziness, and can be triggered by excessive sweating?	An alkaline battery is a variation on the zinc-carbon dry cell. The alkaline battery has no carbon rod and uses a paste of zinc metal and potassium hydroxide instead of a solid metal anode. The cathode half-reaction is the same, but the anode half-reaction is different.
calf	heart	pelvic	rib	Most thoracic vertebrae have two facets that articulate with the head of what structure?	Thoracic Vertebrae The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than those of cervical vertebrae (Figure 7.26). The characteristic feature for a typical midthoracic vertebra is the spinous process, which is long and has a pronounced downward angle that causes it to overlap the next inferior vertebra. The superior articular processes of thoracic vertebrae face anteriorly and the inferior processes face posteriorly. These orientations are important determinants for the type and range of movements available to the thoracic region of the vertebral column. Thoracic vertebrae have several additional articulation sites, each of which is called a facet, where a rib is attached. Most thoracic vertebrae have two facets located on the lateral sides of the body, each of which is called a costal facet (costal = “rib”). These are for articulation with the head (end) of a rib. An additional facet is located on the transverse process for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.
chromosomes	molecules	droplets	platelets	Thrombocytes are more commonly known by what name?	Platelets and Coagulation Factors Blood must clot to heal wounds and prevent excess blood loss. Small cell fragments called platelets (thrombocytes) are attracted to the wound site where they adhere by extending many projections and releasing their contents. These contents activate other platelets and also interact with other coagulation factors, which convert fibrinogen, a water-soluble protein present in blood serum into fibrin (a non-water soluble protein), causing the blood to clot. Many of the clotting factors require vitamin K to work, and vitamin K deficiency can lead to problems with blood clotting. Many platelets converge and stick together at the wound site forming a platelet plug (also called a fibrin clot), as illustrated in Figure 40.8b. The plug or clot lasts for a number of days and stops the loss of blood. Platelets are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes, like that shown in Figure 40.8a. For each megakaryocyte, 2000–3000 platelets are formed with 150,000 to 400,000 platelets present in each cubic millimeter of blood. Each platelet is disc shaped and 2–4 μm in diameter. They contain many small vesicles but do not contain a nucleus.
remains	ethings	deposits	fossils	What is the term for the remains or traces of living organisms?	Fossils are the remains or traces of living organisms.
viral diseases	nervous diseases	autoimmune diseases	infectious diseases	What type of disease is caused by pathogens?	Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by pathogens. Human pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Different pathogens spread in different ways. Pathogens may spread through contaminated food or water, sexual contact, droplets in the air from coughs or sneezes, contaminated objects or surfaces, or vectors.
egg	development	growth	larval	Worms grow to adult size without going through what stage?	In some species, the same individual produces both sperm and eggs. But worms mate to exchange sperm, rather than self-fertilizing their own eggs. Fertilized eggs are deposited in a mucous cocoon. Offspring emerge from the cocoon looking like small adults. They grow to adult size without going through a larval stage.
cells immune system	super immune system	immense immune system	innate immune system	What serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body?	CHAPTER SUMMARY 42.1 Innate Immune Response The innate immune system serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body. Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system. When innate mechanisms are insufficient to clear an infection, the adaptive immune response is informed and mobilized.
ultraviolet radiation	fluid radiation	chemical radiation	gamma radiation	Of the three basic types of emissions, which has the highest penetrating power?	Of the three basic types of emissions, gamma radiation has the highest penetrating power. Thick, high density materials (such as lead) are required to stop gamma emissions. The thickness of the shielding will determine the effectiveness of the protection offered by the lead.
attracted	molecular	magnetic	symmetry	True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral styles of what?	27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals Organisms in the animal kingdom are classified based on their body morphology and development. True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral symmetry. Generally, the simpler and often non-motile animals display radial symmetry. Animals with radial symmetry are also generally characterized by the development of two embryological germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm, whereas animals with bilateral symmetry are generally characterized by the development of a third embryological germ layer, the mesoderm. Animals with three germ layers, called triploblasts, are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom. The presence of a coelom affords many advantages, and animals with a coelom may be termed true coelomates or pseudocoelomates, depending on which tissue gives rise to the coelom. Coelomates are further divided into one of two groups called protostomes and deuterostomes, based on a number of developmental characteristics, including differences in zygote cleavage and method of coelom formation.
ligament	membrane	gel	cartilage	While still an early fetus, what is the skeleton made of?	Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone through ossification . This is a process in which mineral deposits replace cartilage. As shown in Figure below , ossification of long bones, which are found in the arms and legs, begins at the center of the bones and continues toward the ends. By birth, several areas of cartilage remain in the skeleton, including the ends of the long bones. This cartilage grows as the long bones grow, so the bones can keep increasing in length during childhood.
the stamen	the stigma	the pistil	the stem	What forms the pathway of water and nutrients from roots to leaves and flower?
sequence	amino acids	cytoplasm	transmembrane	What proteins span the entire plasma membrane?	Transmembrane proteins span the entire plasma membrane. Their function is mainly to regulate the transport of specific molecules across the membrane. There are two basic types of transmembrane proteins, alpha-helical and beta-barrels, which are discussed in Organic Compounds: Proteins (Advanced) .
artificial dye	bacteria	fermentation	fungus	Why is blue cheese blue?	Stuart Webster. Blue cheese is blue because of the fungus growing throughout it. . CC BY 2.0.
retractable	artificial	fixed	movable	What type of joint are ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot examples of?	Joints may be immovable, partly movable, or movable. Types of movable joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints.
equally	more strongly	differently	less strongly	Are valence electrons attracted more or less strongly when they are farther from the nucleus?	The reactivity of alkaline Earth metals increases from the top to the bottom of the group. That’s because the atoms get bigger from the top to the bottom, so the valence electrons are farther from the nucleus. When valence electrons are farther from the nucleus, they are attracted less strongly by the nucleus and more easily removed from the atom. This makes the atom more reactive.
mitchell - boltzmann distribution	burns - boltzmann distribution	kemp - boltzmann distribution	maxwell-boltzmann distribution	What do we call the predictable distribution of molecular speeds found in gas of many molecules?	• The motion of individual molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction. However, a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Fructose	Splenda	insulin	glucose	Name the simple sugar that is a component of starch.	3.2 \| Carbohydrates By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plants • Explain the classifications of carbohydrates • List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Most people are familiar with carbohydrates, one type of macromolecule, especially when it comes to what we eat. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to “low-carb” diets. Athletes, in contrast, often “carb-load” before important competitions to ensure that they have enough energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
appendages	fangs	tails	backbones	What do vertebrates have which invertebrates do not?	Vertebrates have a backbone, but invertebrates do not. Except for the chordates, all animal phyla consist only of invertebrates. Chordates include both vertebrates and invertebrates.
yearly stages	life effectiveness stages	genetic stages	life cycle stages	Occuring throughout the lifespan of the organism, what stages proceed in a certain order?
Stomach	Intestines	Fallopian tube	placenta	The fetus is connected to what by a tube called the umbilical cord?	The placenta is a spongy mass of blood vessels. Some of the vessels come from the mother. Some come from the fetus. The placenta is attached to the inside of the mother’s uterus. The fetus is connected to the placenta by a tube called the umbilical cord . The cord contains two arteries and a vein. Substances pass back and forth between the mother’s and fetus’s blood through the placenta and cord. Oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the fetus. Carbon dioxide passes from the fetus to the mother.
calcium	cholesterol	magnesium	cellulose	What are most fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains rich in?
emit velocity	shift velocity	turning velocity	angular velocity	What term tells you how quickly the angle changes and can occur in either clockwise or counterclockwise directions?	The angular velocity tells you how quickly the angle changes. In more formal language, the rate of change of , the angular position, is called the angular velocity . The direction of angular velocity is either clockwise or counterclockwise. Analogously, the rate of change of is the angular acceleration .
response time	catalysis	velocity	reaction rate	What term is used to describe how fast a chemical reaction occurs?	How fast a chemical reaction occurs is called the reaction rate . Several factors affect the rate of a given chemical reaction. They include the:.
protozoans	spermatozoa	newborns	sporozoans	What is the term for protists that produce spores, such as the toxoplasm?	The sporozoans are protists that produce spores, such as the toxoplasma . These protists do not move at all. The spores develop into new protists.
the seasons	the changing orbit	the speed of rotation	turbulent atmosphere	Why does neptune's appearance change?	Neptune's appearance changes due to its turbulent atmosphere. Winds are stronger than on any other planet in the solar system. Wind speeds can reach 1,100 km/h (700 mph). This is close to the speed of sound! The rapid winds surprised astronomers. This is because Neptune receives little energy from the Sun to power weather systems. It is not surprising that Neptune is one of the coldest places in the solar system. Temperatures at the top of the clouds are about –218°C (–360°F).
nutrients	acids	enzymes	hormones	Changing levels of what substances partly explain emotional ups and downs in teens?	Many teens have emotional ups and downs. This is at least partly due to their changing hormone levels.
Microevolution	Potential evolution	substantial evolution	macroevolution	What term refers to larger evolutionary changes that result in new species?	Macroevolution refers to larger evolutionary changes that result in new species.
optical lens	axilens	converging lens	diverging lens	What do you call a lens that causes the light rays to bend away from its axis?	• A lens that causes the light rays to bend away from its axis is called a diverging lens. • Ray tracing is the technique of graphically determining the paths that light rays take. • The image in which light rays from one point on the object actually cross at the location of the image and can be projected onto a screen, a piece of film, or the retina of an eye is called a real image. • Thin lens equations are.
polarity	parity	differential	concentration gradient	Diffusion can occur across a semipermeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, as long as a what exists?	Diffusion can occur across a semipermeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, as long as a concentration gradient exists. Molecules will continue to flow in this manner until equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium, there is no longer an area of high concentration or low concentration, and molecules flow equally in both directions across the semipermeable membrane. At equilibrium, equal amounts of a molecule are entering and leaving a cell.
ecological succession	fossil record	cataclysmic time scale	geologic time scale	Scientists use what scale to illustrate the order in which events on earth have happened?	Scientists use the geologic time scale to illustrate the order in which events on Earth have happened.
balloon falls	balloon bursts	balloon inflates	balloon deflates	What will happen if the gas particles inside an inflated balloon suddenly stop moving?	Gas molecules also exert pressure. Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure because gravity acts on the huge number of gas particles contained in the atmosphere, holding it in place. Pressure is also exerted by a small sample of gas, such as that which is contained in a balloon. Gas pressure is the pressure that results from collisions of gas particles with an object. Inside the balloon, the gas particles collide with the balloon’s inner walls. It is those collisions which keep the balloon inflated. If the gas particles were to suddenly stop moving, the balloon would instantly deflate. The Figure below is an illustration of gas particles exerting pressure inside a container.
flower and fruit	soil and leaves	stem and roots	young roots and leaves	What are the major sites of gibberellin production?
couple and reforming	fixing and reforming	turn and reforming	breaking and reforming	What is required for interconversion between the two forms of an isomeric pair?	Stereoisomers Molecules with the same connectivity but different arrangements of the atoms in space are called stereoisomers. There are two types of stereoisomers: geometric and optical. Geometric isomers differ in the relative position(s) of substituents in a rigid molecule. (For more information on stereoisomers, see Chapter 23 "The ", Section 23.4 "Coordination Compounds". ) Simple rotation about a C–C σ bond in an alkene, for example, cannot occur because of the presence of the π bond. The substituents are therefore rigidly locked into a particular spatial arrangement (part (a) in Figure 2.16 "Some Simple (a) Alkenes, (b) Alkynes, and (c) Cyclic Hydrocarbons"). Thus a carbon–carbon multiple bond, or in some cases a ring, prevents one geometric isomer from being readily converted to the other. The members of an isomeric pair are identified as either cis or trans, and interconversion between the two forms requires breaking and reforming one or more bonds. Because their structural difference causes them to have different physical and chemical properties, cis and trans isomers are actually two distinct chemical compounds.
multiple fission	residual fission	nuclear fission	binary fission	Bacteria reproduce through what process, where the chromosome copies itself, forming two genetically identical copies?	Bacteria reproduce through a process called binary fission . During binary fission, the chromosome copies itself, forming two genetically identical copies. Then, the cell enlarges and divides into two new daughter cells. The two daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. Binary fission can happen very rapidly. Some species of bacteria can double their population in less than ten minutes!.
carbon	oxygen	helium	hydrogen	Water molecules are polar, so they form what type of bonds?	Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density.
duodenum	esophagus	appendix	large intestine	The cecum is the first part of what structure, where wastes in a liquid state enter from the small intestine?	http://www. explainthatstuff. com/how-geiger-counters-work. html.
parts	root	gauges	trophic	What are the "levels" in a food chain or web called?	Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher trophic levels. However, generally only about 10 percent of the energy at one level is available to the next level. This is represented by the ecological pyramid in Figure below . What happens to the other 90 percent of energy? It is used for metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat. This loss of energy explains why there are rarely more than four trophic levels in a food chain or web. Sometimes there may be a fifth trophic level, but usually there’s not enough energy left to support any additional levels.
decaying	decomposing	dead	living	Are bones considered living or dead tissues?	From seeing a skeleton, you might think that bones are just dead, hollow structures. But in a living person, those hollow spaces are full of living cells. Bones have a blood supply and nerves. Bones are a living tissue.
hail	snow	wind	clouds	What forms when water in the atmosphere condenses on dust particles suspended in the air?
acetic and anhydrous	alcoholic and alchemical	lactic acid and fermaldehyde	lactic acid and alcoholic	What are the two types of fermentation?	There are two types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Both types of fermentation are described below. You can also watch animations of both types at this link: http://www. cst. cmich. edu/users/schul1te/animations/fermentation. swf .
grow	build	join	divide	Aging occurs as cells lose their ability to do what?	During early adulthood, people form intimate relationships and start careers. Serious health problems start showing up in middle adulthood and old age. Aging occurs as cells lose their ability to divide.
sedimentation	water cycling	erosion	precipitation	What is it called when liquid water falls from the sky?
ultrafiltration	osmosis	normal osmosis	reverse osmosis	Applying a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of a solution will do what?	Figure 11.26 Applying a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of a solution will reverse osmosis. Solvent molecules from the solution are pushed into the pure solvent.
stomach	kidney	gallbladder	thyroid	The molecule pictured above is thyroxine, a compound produced by which gland?	The molecule pictured above is thyroxine, a compound produced by the thyroid gland. This molecule regulates how the body uses energy. In a condition known as hypothyroidism, the thyroid makes less thyroxine than normal. A person with this disease feels tired all the time and often puts on weight. Treatment with thyroid hormone supplements takes care of the problem.
carnivorous	synonomous	homologous	monogamous	Birds generally practice what kind of relationship, with both parents helping to care for the young?	Birds generally are monogamous, and both parents help to care for the young.
the north pole	trees	the south pole	sunlight	Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward what?	Plant Responses to Gravity Whether or not they germinate in the light or in total darkness, shoots usually sprout up from the ground, and roots grow downward into the ground. A plant laid on its side in the dark will send shoots upward when given enough time. Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight. Growth of the shoot apical tip upward is called negative gravitropism, whereas growth of the roots downward is called positive gravitropism. Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths) are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity. Amyloplasts are found in shoots and in specialized cells of the root cap. When a plant is tilted, the statoliths drop to the new bottom cell wall. A few hours later, the shoot or root will show growth in the new vertical direction. The mechanism that mediates gravitropism is reasonably well understood. When amyloplasts settle to the bottom of the gravity-sensing cells in the root or shoot, they physically contact the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing the release of calcium ions from inside the ER. This calcium signaling in the cells causes polar transport of the plant hormone IAA to.
atomic mass	protons mass	solute mass	molar mass	What is the mass of one mole of any given substance?	Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any given substance.
Neptune	Earth's moon	Jupiter	the sun	The corona surrounds which major object in our solar system?	The corona is the halo around the Sun.
electromagnetic respiration	plasma respiration	biological respiration	cellular respiration	Respiration that occurs in the cells is called?	Another kind of respiration takes place within body cells. This kind of respiration is called cellular respiration. It’s the process in which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose. Both types of respiration are connected. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. It also removes the carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration.
tissues	body systems	nutrients	molecules	Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between what?
deformation dioxide	carbon monoxide	liquid dioxide	carbon dioxide	During cellular respiration, carbons from the glucose molecule are changed back into what gas?	In biological systems, matter is continuously changing states as well. For example, carbon in the form of the gas carbon dioxide is changed into glucose, a solid. This change, of course, occurs during photosynthesis. During cellular respiration, carbons from the glucose molecule are changed back into the carbon dioxide gas.
it decreases	it is unchanged	it becomes irrelevant	it increases	How does the distance between galaxies change as the universe expands?	Figure below shows a simple diagram of the expanding universe. Imagine a balloon covered with tiny dots. When you blow up the balloon, the rubber stretches. The dots slowly move away from each other as the space between them increases. In an expanding universe, the space between galaxies is expanding. We see this as the other galaxies moving away from us. We also see that galaxies farther away from us move away faster than nearby galaxies.
carbon monoxide	nitrate acid	methane gas	carbonic acid	Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (co 2 ) as it falls. the co 2 combines with water to form what?	Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as it falls. The CO 2 combines with water to form carbonic acid. The slightly acidic water is especially good at dissolving the rock limestone. Groundwater creates landforms by dissolving away rock.
solid	liquid	vapor	gas	Most molecular compounds that have a mass similar to water are in what state of matter at room temperature?	The hydrogen bonding that occurs in water leads to some unusual, but very important properties. Most molecular compounds that have a mass similar to water are gases at room temperature. Because of the strong hydrogen bonds, water molecules are able to stay condensed in the liquid state. The Figure below shows how the bent shape and two hydrogen atoms per molecule allows each water molecule to be able to hydrogen bond to two other molecules.
obvious transport	reactive transport	active transport	passive transport	What do you call the movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy?	Recall that the cell membrane is semipermeable. It does not allow everything to pass through. Some molecules can pass easily through your cell membranes, while others have more difficulty. Sometimes molecules need the help of special transport proteins to move across the cell membrane. Some molecules even need an input of energy to help get them across the cell membrane. The movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy is known as passive transport . When energy (ATP) is needed, the movement is known as active transport . Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
nothing	rebound	impede	repulse	Opposite charges attract and like charges do what?	Opposite charges attract and like charges repulse.
polar	acids	ions	non-polar	What molecules are usually insoluble in water?	Non-polar molecules are usually insoluble in water.
updraft	wind	rain	lightning	What occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground?	Lightning occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground.
Golgi apparatus	epidermis	pores	cytosol	If citrate accumulates in mitochondria, some of it passes into where and inhibits phosphofructokinase?
neon atoms	ionic atoms	gas atoms	helium atoms	For most of a star’s life, hydrogen atoms fuse to form what?	For most of a star’s life, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms. A star like this is a main sequence star . The hotter a main sequence star is, the brighter it is. A star remains on the main sequence as long as it is fusing hydrogen to form helium.
sequentially and identically	independently and typically	typically and sequentially	independently and sequentially	What two ways do channels respond during membrane depolarization?
anabolic	acid	additive	diuretic	What kind of compound, contained in coffee and alcohol, increases urine volume?	Diuretics and Fluid Volume A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. In cases of high blood pressure, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce blood volume and, thereby, reduce blood pressure. The most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. It inhibits the Na+/ Cl– symporter in the DCT and collecting duct. The result is a loss of Na+ with water following passively by osmosis. Osmotic diuretics promote water loss by osmosis. An example is the indigestible sugar mannitol, which is most often administered to reduce brain swelling after head injury. However, it is not the only sugar that can produce a diuretic effect. In cases of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose levels exceed the capacity of the tubular glucose symporters, resulting in glucose in the urine. The unrecovered glucose becomes a powerful osmotic diuretic. Classically, in the days before glucose could be detected in the blood and urine, clinicians identified diabetes mellitus by the three Ps: polyuria (diuresis), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
testes	sperm	fetus	egg	In mammals what does the zona pellucida protect?	Fertilization Fertilization, pictured in Figure 43.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. The egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. To ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. In mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. When a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. In placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma.
etheric	endothermic	mimetic	ectothermic	What type of vertebrates control body temperature to just a limited extent from the outside by changing behavior?	Early vertebrates were ectothermic. Ectothermy means controlling body temperature to just a limited extent from the outside by changing behavior. For example, an ectotherm might stay in the shade to keep cool on a hot, sunny day. On a cold day, an ectotherm might bask in the sun to warm up, like the snake in Figure below . Almost all living fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectothermic. They can raise or lower their body temperature by their behavior but not by very much. In cold weather, an ectotherm cools down. As its body temperature drops, its metabolism slows down and it becomes inactive.
20 %	+.15 %	5%	15%	Worldwide, viruses seem to play a role in what percentage of the cases of human cancer?
some matter	Objects	Solids	all matter	Elements are pure substances that make up what?	Elements are pure substances that make up all matter, so each one is given a unique name. The names of elements are also represented by unique one-, two-, or three- letter symbols.
the gamete	the mimic	the egg	the sperm	What reproductive part is stored in a plant's pollen?	Plants can also reproduce sexually, but their reproductive organs are different from animals’ gonads. Plants that have flowers have their reproductive parts in the flower. The sperm is contained in the pollen, while the egg is contained in the ovary, deep within the flower. The sperm can reach the egg two different ways:.
gold	steel	coal	iron	Atoms of what element ultimately form in a red supergiant?	In a red supergiant, fusion does not stop. Lighter atoms fuse into heavier atoms. Eventually iron atoms form.
thick and thin	full and empty	liquid and solid	saturated and unsaturated	What are the two types of fats?	Fats may be either saturated or unsaturated. A saturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Therefore, the carbon chains are saturated with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. An unsaturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds . A fat with one double bond is called monounsaturated, while a fat with multiple double bonds is called polyunsaturated (see Figure below ).
nucleus	cytoplasm	cell wall	blastocyst	What structure consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast?	Blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast. The blastocyst fluid-filled cavity is also known as the blastocoel or blastocoele.
hormones	vitamins	particles	enzymes	Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple what?	Figure 4.11 Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes. Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an upstream process, is an important regulatory mechanism in cells.
excess of decreased and other nutrients	excess of carbonate and other nutrients	excess of increased and other nutrients	excess of fertilizers and other nutrients	What causes eutrophication to occur?	Fertilizer in runoff leads to algal blooms and dead zones in bodies of water. This type of pollution is called nonpoint-source pollution. Point-source pollution includes waste water from factories and sewage treatment plants. Hot water discharge causes thermal pollution.
deformation	decomposition	dissolution	dissociation	What do you call the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves?	An ionic crystal lattice breaks apart when it is dissolved in water. Dissociation is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves. It is important to be able to write dissociation equations. Simply undo the crisscross method that you learned when writing chemical formulas of ionic compounds. The subscripts for the ions in the chemical formulas become the coefficients of the respective ions on the product side of the equation. Shown below are dissociation equations for NaCl, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , and (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 .
weathering light	infrared light	radio waves	ultraviolet light	What is light with wavelengths shorter than visible light called?	Light with wavelengths shorter than visible light is called ultraviolet light . The term ultraviolet means “above violet. ” Ultraviolet light is the range of light waves that have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than violet light in the visible range of light. With higher frequencies than visible light, ultraviolet light has more energy. It can be used to kill bacteria in food and to sterilize surgical instruments. The human skin also makes vitamin D when it is exposed to ultraviolet light. Vitamin D, in turn, is needed for strong bones and teeth. You can learn more about ultraviolet light and its discovery at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=QW5zeVy8aE0.
centimeters	inches	density	meter	How much distance can beta particles travel through air?	Beta particles can travel up to a meter through air. They can pass through paper and cloth but not through a sheet of aluminum. They can penetrate and damage tissues beneath the skin.
Tornado	Hurricane	Wind pressure	rising air column	What is created when the warm air at the cold front rises and creates a low pressure cell, causing winds to rush into the low pressure?	The warm air at the cold front rises and creates a low pressure cell. Winds rush into the low pressure. This creates a rising column of air. The air twists, rotating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the rising air is moist, rain or snow falls.
cancer	muscle loss	weight loss	bone fractures	People with osteoporosis have an increase risk of what?	People with osteoporosis have an increased risk of bone fractures. A bone fracture is a crack or break in bone. Even if you have healthy bones, you may fracture a bone if too much stress is placed on it. This could happen in a car crash or while playing a sport. Wearing a seatbelt when you ride in a motor vehicle and wearing safety gear when you play sports may help prevent bone fractures.
femoral	subclavian	carotid	aorta	What is the main artery of the systematic circulation called?	Blood Vessels The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels (Figure 16.12). Arteries take blood away from the heart. The main artery of the systemic circulation is the aorta; it branches into major arteries that take blood to different limbs and organs. The aorta and arteries near the heart have heavy but elastic walls that respond to and smooth out the pressure differences caused by the beating heart. Arteries farther away from the heart have more muscle tissue in their walls that can constrict to affect flow rates of blood. The major arteries diverge into minor arteries, and then smaller vessels called arterioles, to reach more deeply into the muscles and organs of the body. Arterioles diverge into capillary beds. Capillary beds contain a large number, 10’s to 100’s of capillaries that branch among the cells of the body. Capillaries are narrow-diameter tubes that can fit single red blood cells and are the sites for the exchange of nutrients, waste, and oxygen with tissues at the cellular level. Fluid also leaks from the blood into the interstitial space from the capillaries. The capillaries converge again into venules that connect to minor veins that finally connect to.
axis	velocity	range	distance	The length that an object has travelled in one or multiple directions can also be called what?	The length traveled by an object moving in any direction or even changing direction is called distance.
mitosis	electrolysis	reproduction	meiosis	In animals, what process occurs only in germ cells, which are in the ovaries or testes?
hybrid orbital theory	covalent bond theory	molecular orbital theory	valence bond theory	Which theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring?	Valence bond theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Three valence electrons in the sp2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom and the valence electron of each hydrogen atom form the framework of σ bonds in the benzene molecule. The fourth valence electron of each carbon atom is shared with an adjacent carbon atom in their unhybridized p orbitals to yield the π bonds. Benzene does not, however, exhibit the characteristics typical of an alkene. Each of the six bonds between its carbon atoms is equivalent and exhibits properties that are intermediate between those of a C–C single bond and a C = C double bond. To represent this unique bonding, structural formulas for benzene and its derivatives are typically drawn with single bonds between the carbon atoms and a circle within the ring as shown in Figure 20.11.
magnetic	aqueous	subatomic	atmospheric	What type of carbon dioxide levels have been rising for the past several decades?	Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising for the past several decades.
snowfall	hail	fog	sleet	Freezing rain that falls from the sky is also called?
unaffected	far away	open	close	Do waves move faster when particles are close to each other or far away?	The speed of most waves depends on the medium through which they are traveling. Generally, waves travel fastest through solids and slowest through gases. That’s because particles are closest together in solids and farthest apart in gases. When particles are farther apart, it takes longer for the energy of the disturbance to pass from particle to particle.
laborers	soldiers	builders	drones	Adult bees include workers, a queen and what other type?	Look at the honeybees in Figure below . Honeybees live in colonies that may consist of thousands of individual bees. Generally, there are three types of adult bees in a colony: workers, a queen, and drones.
law of gravity	geologic theory	law of apposition	law of superposition	Name the law that determines as to which rock layers are younger or older than others.	In this lesson, you read how scientists determine the relative ages of sedimentary rock layers. The law of superposition determines which rock layers are younger or older than others.
singularity lines	archetypical lines	magnetic field lines	equipotential lines	Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to what?	19.4 Equipotential Lines We can represent electric potentials (voltages) pictorially, just as we drew pictures to illustrate electric fields. Of course, the two are related. Consider Figure 19.8, which shows an isolated positive point charge and its electric field lines. Electric field lines radiate out from a positive charge and terminate on negative charges. While we use blue arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of the electric field, we use green lines to represent places where the electric potential is constant. These are called equipotential lines in two dimensions, or equipotential surfaces in three dimensions. The term equipotential is also used as a noun, referring to an equipotential line or surface. The potential for a point charge is the same anywhere on an imaginary sphere of radius r surrounding the charge. This is true since the potential for a point charge is given by V = kQ / r and, thus, has the same value at any point that is a given distance r from the charge. An equipotential sphere is a circle in the two-dimensional view of Figure 19.8. Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to the equipotential lines.
cellulose	vacuoles	fibroblasts	chloroplasts	What are in leaves that function as solar collectors and food factories?	Leaves are rich in chloroplasts that function as solar collectors and food factories. The first leaves were very small, but leaves became larger over time.
gametogenesis	meiosis	morphogenesis	oogenesis	What is the process of producing eggs in the ovary is called?	The process of producing eggs in the ovary is called oogenesis. Eggs, like sperm, are haploid cells, and their production occurs in several steps that involve different types of cells, as shown in Figure below . You can follow the process of oogenesis in the figure as you read about it below.
reproduction	cessation	abortion	contraception	What term refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy?
interior	parallel	octogonal	opposite	Homologous chromosomes move toward what poles?	Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during.
drains water	pressures water	collects water	stores water	Why are the stems of many xerophytes fleshy?
lipids	enzymes	sporozoans	lysozymes	Most body fluids that you release from your body contain chemicals that kill pathogens. for example, mucus, sweat, tears, and saliva contain enzymes called?	Most body fluids that you release from your body contain chemicals that kill pathogens. For example, mucus, sweat, tears, and saliva contain enzymes called lysozymes that kill pathogens. These enzymes can break down the cell walls of bacteria to kill them.
Troposphere	Stratosphere	Mesosphere	mesopause	What is at the top of the mesosphere?	At the top of the mesosphere is the mesopause. Temperatures here are colder than anywhere else in the atmosphere. They are as low as -100° C (-212° F)! Nowhere on Earth’s surface is that cold.
viruses	yeast	algae	bacteria	Yogurt is made from milk fermented with what type of organism?	Mom the Barbarian. Yogurt is made from milk fermented with bacteria . CC BY 2.0.
divide	lengthen	multiply	shorten	What happens to an animal's telomeres as it ages?	As cells divide, their chromosomes get shorter. This is because the telomeres, the DNA sequences at both ends of a chromosome, lose material every time the DNA is replicated. The older the animal is, the shorter its telomeres will be, because of the number of cell cycles the cells have been through This is a natural part of aging. So, what happens to the clone if its transferred nucleus is already fairly old? Will the shortened telomeres affect its development or lifespan? The answer is still unclear. But starting a new organisms with "old" DNA with shortened telomeres is bound to have some effects, at least in some clones. Some cloned animals may be affected, others may not. Dolly the sheep's chromosomes did have shorter telomere lengths than normal. This means that Dolly's cells were aging faster than the cells from a normal sheep.
abnormal	benign	toxic	malignant	Characterized by uncontrolled growth, cancerous cells are also called what?	Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict humans.
heart attack	hepatitis	cancer	tuberculosis	Historically, malaria has rivaled what as the leading cause of human death by infectious disease?	Alloys can be one of two general types. In one type, called a substitutional alloy, the various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure. In another type, called an interstitial alloy, the smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.
Negative	Positive	static	neutral	When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is what?	When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is neutral.
frequency	vibration	reflection	refraction	The angle of refraction depends on the index of what?	Refraction is responsible for dispersion in rainbows and many other situations. The angle of refraction depends on the index of refraction, as we saw in The Law of Refraction. We know that the index of refraction n depends on the medium. But for a given medium, n also depends on wavelength. (See Table 25.2. Note that, for a given medium, n increases as wavelength decreases and is greatest for violet light. Thus violet light is bent more than red light, as shown for a prism in Figure 25.23(b), and the light is dispersed into the same sequence of wavelengths as seen in Figure 25.21 and Figure 25.22. Making Connections: Dispersion Any type of wave can exhibit dispersion. Sound waves, all types of electromagnetic waves, and water waves can be dispersed according to wavelength. Dispersion occurs whenever the speed of propagation depends on wavelength, thus separating and spreading out various wavelengths. Dispersion may require special circumstances and can result in spectacular displays such as in the production of a rainbow. This is also true for sound, since all frequencies ordinarily travel at the same speed. If you listen to sound through a long tube, such as a vacuum cleaner hose, you can easily hear it is dispersed by interaction with the tube. Dispersion, in fact, can reveal a great deal about what the wave has encountered that disperses its wavelengths. The dispersion of electromagnetic radiation from outer space, for example, has revealed much about what exists between the stars—the so-called empty space.

impurities

salts

calories

electrolytes

Deficiency of what is symptomized by nausea, fatigue and dizziness, and can be triggered by excessive sweating?

An alkaline battery is a variation on the zinc-carbon dry cell. The alkaline battery has no carbon rod and uses a paste of zinc metal and potassium hydroxide instead of a solid metal anode. The cathode half-reaction is the same, but the anode half-reaction is different.

calf

heart

pelvic

rib

Most thoracic vertebrae have two facets that articulate with the head of what structure?

Thoracic Vertebrae The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are larger than those of cervical vertebrae (Figure 7.26). The characteristic feature for a typical midthoracic vertebra is the spinous process, which is long and has a pronounced downward angle that causes it to overlap the next inferior vertebra. The superior articular processes of thoracic vertebrae face anteriorly and the inferior processes face posteriorly. These orientations are important determinants for the type and range of movements available to the thoracic region of the vertebral column. Thoracic vertebrae have several additional articulation sites, each of which is called a facet, where a rib is attached. Most thoracic vertebrae have two facets located on the lateral sides of the body, each of which is called a costal facet (costal = “rib”). These are for articulation with the head (end) of a rib. An additional facet is located on the transverse process for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.

chromosomes

molecules

droplets

platelets

Thrombocytes are more commonly known by what name?

Platelets and Coagulation Factors Blood must clot to heal wounds and prevent excess blood loss. Small cell fragments called platelets (thrombocytes) are attracted to the wound site where they adhere by extending many projections and releasing their contents. These contents activate other platelets and also interact with other coagulation factors, which convert fibrinogen, a water-soluble protein present in blood serum into fibrin (a non-water soluble protein), causing the blood to clot. Many of the clotting factors require vitamin K to work, and vitamin K deficiency can lead to problems with blood clotting. Many platelets converge and stick together at the wound site forming a platelet plug (also called a fibrin clot), as illustrated in Figure 40.8b. The plug or clot lasts for a number of days and stops the loss of blood. Platelets are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes, like that shown in Figure 40.8a. For each megakaryocyte, 2000–3000 platelets are formed with 150,000 to 400,000 platelets present in each cubic millimeter of blood. Each platelet is disc shaped and 2–4 μm in diameter. They contain many small vesicles but do not contain a nucleus.

remains

ethings

deposits

fossils

What is the term for the remains or traces of living organisms?

Fossils are the remains or traces of living organisms.

viral diseases

nervous diseases

autoimmune diseases

infectious diseases

What type of disease is caused by pathogens?

Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by pathogens. Human pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Different pathogens spread in different ways. Pathogens may spread through contaminated food or water, sexual contact, droplets in the air from coughs or sneezes, contaminated objects or surfaces, or vectors.

egg

development

growth

larval

Worms grow to adult size without going through what stage?

In some species, the same individual produces both sperm and eggs. But worms mate to exchange sperm, rather than self-fertilizing their own eggs. Fertilized eggs are deposited in a mucous cocoon. Offspring emerge from the cocoon looking like small adults. They grow to adult size without going through a larval stage.

cells immune system

super immune system

immense immune system

innate immune system

What serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body?

CHAPTER SUMMARY 42.1 Innate Immune Response The innate immune system serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body. Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis, cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system. When innate mechanisms are insufficient to clear an infection, the adaptive immune response is informed and mobilized.

ultraviolet radiation

fluid radiation

chemical radiation

gamma radiation

Of the three basic types of emissions, which has the highest penetrating power?

Of the three basic types of emissions, gamma radiation has the highest penetrating power. Thick, high density materials (such as lead) are required to stop gamma emissions. The thickness of the shielding will determine the effectiveness of the protection offered by the lead.

attracted

molecular

magnetic

symmetry

True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral styles of what?

27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals Organisms in the animal kingdom are classified based on their body morphology and development. True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral symmetry. Generally, the simpler and often non-motile animals display radial symmetry. Animals with radial symmetry are also generally characterized by the development of two embryological germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm, whereas animals with bilateral symmetry are generally characterized by the development of a third embryological germ layer, the mesoderm. Animals with three germ layers, called triploblasts, are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom. The presence of a coelom affords many advantages, and animals with a coelom may be termed true coelomates or pseudocoelomates, depending on which tissue gives rise to the coelom. Coelomates are further divided into one of two groups called protostomes and deuterostomes, based on a number of developmental characteristics, including differences in zygote cleavage and method of coelom formation.

ligament

membrane

gel

cartilage

While still an early fetus, what is the skeleton made of?

Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone through ossification . This is a process in which mineral deposits replace cartilage. As shown in Figure below , ossification of long bones, which are found in the arms and legs, begins at the center of the bones and continues toward the ends. By birth, several areas of cartilage remain in the skeleton, including the ends of the long bones. This cartilage grows as the long bones grow, so the bones can keep increasing in length during childhood.

the stamen

the stigma

the pistil

the stem

What forms the pathway of water and nutrients from roots to leaves and flower?

sequence

amino acids

cytoplasm

transmembrane

What proteins span the entire plasma membrane?

Transmembrane proteins span the entire plasma membrane. Their function is mainly to regulate the transport of specific molecules across the membrane. There are two basic types of transmembrane proteins, alpha-helical and beta-barrels, which are discussed in Organic Compounds: Proteins (Advanced) .

artificial dye

bacteria

fermentation

fungus

Why is blue cheese blue?

Stuart Webster. Blue cheese is blue because of the fungus growing throughout it. . CC BY 2.0.

retractable

artificial

fixed

movable

What type of joint are ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot examples of?

Joints may be immovable, partly movable, or movable. Types of movable joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joints.

equally

more strongly

differently

less strongly

Are valence electrons attracted more or less strongly when they are farther from the nucleus?

The reactivity of alkaline Earth metals increases from the top to the bottom of the group. That’s because the atoms get bigger from the top to the bottom, so the valence electrons are farther from the nucleus. When valence electrons are farther from the nucleus, they are attracted less strongly by the nucleus and more easily removed from the atom. This makes the atom more reactive.

mitchell - boltzmann distribution

burns - boltzmann distribution

kemp - boltzmann distribution

maxwell-boltzmann distribution

What do we call the predictable distribution of molecular speeds found in gas of many molecules?

• The motion of individual molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction. However, a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

Fructose

Splenda

insulin

glucose

Name the simple sugar that is a component of starch.

3.2 | Carbohydrates By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plants • Explain the classifications of carbohydrates • List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Most people are familiar with carbohydrates, one type of macromolecule, especially when it comes to what we eat. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to “low-carb” diets. Athletes, in contrast, often “carb-load” before important competitions to ensure that they have enough energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.

appendages

fangs

tails

backbones

What do vertebrates have which invertebrates do not?

Vertebrates have a backbone, but invertebrates do not. Except for the chordates, all animal phyla consist only of invertebrates. Chordates include both vertebrates and invertebrates.

yearly stages

life effectiveness stages

genetic stages

life cycle stages

Occuring throughout the lifespan of the organism, what stages proceed in a certain order?

Stomach

Intestines

Fallopian tube

placenta

The fetus is connected to what by a tube called the umbilical cord?

The placenta is a spongy mass of blood vessels. Some of the vessels come from the mother. Some come from the fetus. The placenta is attached to the inside of the mother’s uterus. The fetus is connected to the placenta by a tube called the umbilical cord . The cord contains two arteries and a vein. Substances pass back and forth between the mother’s and fetus’s blood through the placenta and cord. Oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the fetus. Carbon dioxide passes from the fetus to the mother.

calcium

cholesterol

magnesium

cellulose

What are most fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains rich in?

emit velocity

shift velocity

turning velocity

angular velocity

What term tells you how quickly the angle changes and can occur in either clockwise or counterclockwise directions?

The angular velocity tells you how quickly the angle changes. In more formal language, the rate of change of , the angular position, is called the angular velocity . The direction of angular velocity is either clockwise or counterclockwise. Analogously, the rate of change of is the angular acceleration .

response time

catalysis

velocity

reaction rate

What term is used to describe how fast a chemical reaction occurs?

How fast a chemical reaction occurs is called the reaction rate . Several factors affect the rate of a given chemical reaction. They include the:.

protozoans

spermatozoa

newborns

sporozoans

What is the term for protists that produce spores, such as the toxoplasm?

The sporozoans are protists that produce spores, such as the toxoplasma . These protists do not move at all. The spores develop into new protists.

the seasons

the changing orbit

the speed of rotation

turbulent atmosphere

Why does neptune's appearance change?

Neptune's appearance changes due to its turbulent atmosphere. Winds are stronger than on any other planet in the solar system. Wind speeds can reach 1,100 km/h (700 mph). This is close to the speed of sound! The rapid winds surprised astronomers. This is because Neptune receives little energy from the Sun to power weather systems. It is not surprising that Neptune is one of the coldest places in the solar system. Temperatures at the top of the clouds are about –218°C (–360°F).

nutrients

acids

enzymes

hormones

Changing levels of what substances partly explain emotional ups and downs in teens?

Many teens have emotional ups and downs. This is at least partly due to their changing hormone levels.

Microevolution

Potential evolution

substantial evolution

macroevolution

What term refers to larger evolutionary changes that result in new species?

Macroevolution refers to larger evolutionary changes that result in new species.

optical lens

axilens

converging lens

diverging lens

What do you call a lens that causes the light rays to bend away from its axis?

• A lens that causes the light rays to bend away from its axis is called a diverging lens. • Ray tracing is the technique of graphically determining the paths that light rays take. • The image in which light rays from one point on the object actually cross at the location of the image and can be projected onto a screen, a piece of film, or the retina of an eye is called a real image. • Thin lens equations are.

polarity

parity

differential

concentration gradient

Diffusion can occur across a semipermeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, as long as a what exists?

Diffusion can occur across a semipermeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, as long as a concentration gradient exists. Molecules will continue to flow in this manner until equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium, there is no longer an area of high concentration or low concentration, and molecules flow equally in both directions across the semipermeable membrane. At equilibrium, equal amounts of a molecule are entering and leaving a cell.

ecological succession

fossil record

cataclysmic time scale

geologic time scale

Scientists use what scale to illustrate the order in which events on earth have happened?

Scientists use the geologic time scale to illustrate the order in which events on Earth have happened.

balloon falls

balloon bursts

balloon inflates

balloon deflates

What will happen if the gas particles inside an inflated balloon suddenly stop moving?

Gas molecules also exert pressure. Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure because gravity acts on the huge number of gas particles contained in the atmosphere, holding it in place. Pressure is also exerted by a small sample of gas, such as that which is contained in a balloon. Gas pressure is the pressure that results from collisions of gas particles with an object. Inside the balloon, the gas particles collide with the balloon’s inner walls. It is those collisions which keep the balloon inflated. If the gas particles were to suddenly stop moving, the balloon would instantly deflate. The Figure below is an illustration of gas particles exerting pressure inside a container.

flower and fruit

soil and leaves

stem and roots

young roots and leaves

What are the major sites of gibberellin production?

couple and reforming

fixing and reforming

turn and reforming

breaking and reforming

What is required for interconversion between the two forms of an isomeric pair?

Stereoisomers Molecules with the same connectivity but different arrangements of the atoms in space are called stereoisomers. There are two types of stereoisomers: geometric and optical. Geometric isomers differ in the relative position(s) of substituents in a rigid molecule. (For more information on stereoisomers, see Chapter 23 "The ", Section 23.4 "Coordination Compounds". ) Simple rotation about a C–C σ bond in an alkene, for example, cannot occur because of the presence of the π bond. The substituents are therefore rigidly locked into a particular spatial arrangement (part (a) in Figure 2.16 "Some Simple (a) Alkenes, (b) Alkynes, and (c) Cyclic Hydrocarbons"). Thus a carbon–carbon multiple bond, or in some cases a ring, prevents one geometric isomer from being readily converted to the other. The members of an isomeric pair are identified as either cis or trans, and interconversion between the two forms requires breaking and reforming one or more bonds. Because their structural difference causes them to have different physical and chemical properties, cis and trans isomers are actually two distinct chemical compounds.

multiple fission

residual fission

nuclear fission

binary fission

Bacteria reproduce through what process, where the chromosome copies itself, forming two genetically identical copies?

Bacteria reproduce through a process called binary fission . During binary fission, the chromosome copies itself, forming two genetically identical copies. Then, the cell enlarges and divides into two new daughter cells. The two daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. Binary fission can happen very rapidly. Some species of bacteria can double their population in less than ten minutes!.

carbon

oxygen

helium

hydrogen

Water molecules are polar, so they form what type of bonds?

Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density.

duodenum

esophagus

appendix

large intestine

The cecum is the first part of what structure, where wastes in a liquid state enter from the small intestine?

http://www. explainthatstuff. com/how-geiger-counters-work. html.

parts

root

gauges

trophic

What are the "levels" in a food chain or web called?

Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher trophic levels. However, generally only about 10 percent of the energy at one level is available to the next level. This is represented by the ecological pyramid in Figure below . What happens to the other 90 percent of energy? It is used for metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat. This loss of energy explains why there are rarely more than four trophic levels in a food chain or web. Sometimes there may be a fifth trophic level, but usually there’s not enough energy left to support any additional levels.

decaying

decomposing

dead

living

Are bones considered living or dead tissues?

From seeing a skeleton, you might think that bones are just dead, hollow structures. But in a living person, those hollow spaces are full of living cells. Bones have a blood supply and nerves. Bones are a living tissue.

hail

snow

wind

clouds

What forms when water in the atmosphere condenses on dust particles suspended in the air?

acetic and anhydrous

alcoholic and alchemical

lactic acid and fermaldehyde

lactic acid and alcoholic

What are the two types of fermentation?

There are two types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Both types of fermentation are described below. You can also watch animations of both types at this link: http://www. cst. cmich. edu/users/schul1te/animations/fermentation. swf .

grow

build

join

divide

Aging occurs as cells lose their ability to do what?

During early adulthood, people form intimate relationships and start careers. Serious health problems start showing up in middle adulthood and old age. Aging occurs as cells lose their ability to divide.

sedimentation

water cycling

erosion

precipitation

What is it called when liquid water falls from the sky?

ultrafiltration

osmosis

normal osmosis

reverse osmosis

Applying a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of a solution will do what?

Figure 11.26 Applying a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of a solution will reverse osmosis. Solvent molecules from the solution are pushed into the pure solvent.

stomach

kidney

gallbladder

thyroid

The molecule pictured above is thyroxine, a compound produced by which gland?

The molecule pictured above is thyroxine, a compound produced by the thyroid gland. This molecule regulates how the body uses energy. In a condition known as hypothyroidism, the thyroid makes less thyroxine than normal. A person with this disease feels tired all the time and often puts on weight. Treatment with thyroid hormone supplements takes care of the problem.

carnivorous

synonomous

homologous

monogamous

Birds generally practice what kind of relationship, with both parents helping to care for the young?

Birds generally are monogamous, and both parents help to care for the young.

the north pole

trees

the south pole

sunlight

Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward what?

Plant Responses to Gravity Whether or not they germinate in the light or in total darkness, shoots usually sprout up from the ground, and roots grow downward into the ground. A plant laid on its side in the dark will send shoots upward when given enough time. Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight. Growth of the shoot apical tip upward is called negative gravitropism, whereas growth of the roots downward is called positive gravitropism. Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths) are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity. Amyloplasts are found in shoots and in specialized cells of the root cap. When a plant is tilted, the statoliths drop to the new bottom cell wall. A few hours later, the shoot or root will show growth in the new vertical direction. The mechanism that mediates gravitropism is reasonably well understood. When amyloplasts settle to the bottom of the gravity-sensing cells in the root or shoot, they physically contact the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing the release of calcium ions from inside the ER. This calcium signaling in the cells causes polar transport of the plant hormone IAA to.

atomic mass

protons mass

solute mass

molar mass

What is the mass of one mole of any given substance?

Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any given substance.

Neptune

Earth's moon

Jupiter

the sun

The corona surrounds which major object in our solar system?

The corona is the halo around the Sun.

electromagnetic respiration

plasma respiration

biological respiration

cellular respiration

Respiration that occurs in the cells is called?

Another kind of respiration takes place within body cells. This kind of respiration is called cellular respiration. It’s the process in which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose. Both types of respiration are connected. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. It also removes the carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration.

tissues

body systems

nutrients

molecules

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between what?

deformation dioxide

carbon monoxide

liquid dioxide

carbon dioxide

During cellular respiration, carbons from the glucose molecule are changed back into what gas?

In biological systems, matter is continuously changing states as well. For example, carbon in the form of the gas carbon dioxide is changed into glucose, a solid. This change, of course, occurs during photosynthesis. During cellular respiration, carbons from the glucose molecule are changed back into the carbon dioxide gas.

it decreases

it is unchanged

it becomes irrelevant

it increases

How does the distance between galaxies change as the universe expands?

Figure below shows a simple diagram of the expanding universe. Imagine a balloon covered with tiny dots. When you blow up the balloon, the rubber stretches. The dots slowly move away from each other as the space between them increases. In an expanding universe, the space between galaxies is expanding. We see this as the other galaxies moving away from us. We also see that galaxies farther away from us move away faster than nearby galaxies.

carbon monoxide

nitrate acid

methane gas

carbonic acid

Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (co 2 ) as it falls. the co 2 combines with water to form what?

Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as it falls. The CO 2 combines with water to form carbonic acid. The slightly acidic water is especially good at dissolving the rock limestone. Groundwater creates landforms by dissolving away rock.

solid

liquid

vapor

gas

Most molecular compounds that have a mass similar to water are in what state of matter at room temperature?

The hydrogen bonding that occurs in water leads to some unusual, but very important properties. Most molecular compounds that have a mass similar to water are gases at room temperature. Because of the strong hydrogen bonds, water molecules are able to stay condensed in the liquid state. The Figure below shows how the bent shape and two hydrogen atoms per molecule allows each water molecule to be able to hydrogen bond to two other molecules.

obvious transport

reactive transport

active transport

passive transport

What do you call the movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy?

Recall that the cell membrane is semipermeable. It does not allow everything to pass through. Some molecules can pass easily through your cell membranes, while others have more difficulty. Sometimes molecules need the help of special transport proteins to move across the cell membrane. Some molecules even need an input of energy to help get them across the cell membrane. The movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy is known as passive transport . When energy (ATP) is needed, the movement is known as active transport . Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

nothing

rebound

impede

repulse

Opposite charges attract and like charges do what?

Opposite charges attract and like charges repulse.

polar

acids

ions

non-polar

What molecules are usually insoluble in water?

Non-polar molecules are usually insoluble in water.

updraft

wind

rain

lightning

What occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground?

Lightning occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground.

Golgi apparatus

epidermis

pores

cytosol

If citrate accumulates in mitochondria, some of it passes into where and inhibits phosphofructokinase?

neon atoms

ionic atoms

gas atoms

helium atoms

For most of a star’s life, hydrogen atoms fuse to form what?

For most of a star’s life, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms. A star like this is a main sequence star . The hotter a main sequence star is, the brighter it is. A star remains on the main sequence as long as it is fusing hydrogen to form helium.

sequentially and identically

independently and typically

typically and sequentially

independently and sequentially

What two ways do channels respond during membrane depolarization?

anabolic

acid

additive

diuretic

What kind of compound, contained in coffee and alcohol, increases urine volume?

Diuretics and Fluid Volume A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. In cases of high blood pressure, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce blood volume and, thereby, reduce blood pressure. The most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. It inhibits the Na+/ Cl– symporter in the DCT and collecting duct. The result is a loss of Na+ with water following passively by osmosis. Osmotic diuretics promote water loss by osmosis. An example is the indigestible sugar mannitol, which is most often administered to reduce brain swelling after head injury. However, it is not the only sugar that can produce a diuretic effect. In cases of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose levels exceed the capacity of the tubular glucose symporters, resulting in glucose in the urine. The unrecovered glucose becomes a powerful osmotic diuretic. Classically, in the days before glucose could be detected in the blood and urine, clinicians identified diabetes mellitus by the three Ps: polyuria (diuresis), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).

testes

sperm

fetus

egg

In mammals what does the zona pellucida protect?

Fertilization Fertilization, pictured in Figure 43.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. The egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. To ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. In mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. When a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. In placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma.

etheric

endothermic

mimetic

ectothermic

What type of vertebrates control body temperature to just a limited extent from the outside by changing behavior?

Early vertebrates were ectothermic. Ectothermy means controlling body temperature to just a limited extent from the outside by changing behavior. For example, an ectotherm might stay in the shade to keep cool on a hot, sunny day. On a cold day, an ectotherm might bask in the sun to warm up, like the snake in Figure below . Almost all living fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectothermic. They can raise or lower their body temperature by their behavior but not by very much. In cold weather, an ectotherm cools down. As its body temperature drops, its metabolism slows down and it becomes inactive.

20 %

+.15 %

5%

15%

Worldwide, viruses seem to play a role in what percentage of the cases of human cancer?

some matter

Objects

Solids

all matter

Elements are pure substances that make up what?

Elements are pure substances that make up all matter, so each one is given a unique name. The names of elements are also represented by unique one-, two-, or three- letter symbols.

the gamete

the mimic

the egg

the sperm

What reproductive part is stored in a plant's pollen?

Plants can also reproduce sexually, but their reproductive organs are different from animals’ gonads. Plants that have flowers have their reproductive parts in the flower. The sperm is contained in the pollen, while the egg is contained in the ovary, deep within the flower. The sperm can reach the egg two different ways:.

gold

steel

coal

iron

Atoms of what element ultimately form in a red supergiant?

In a red supergiant, fusion does not stop. Lighter atoms fuse into heavier atoms. Eventually iron atoms form.

thick and thin

full and empty

liquid and solid

saturated and unsaturated

What are the two types of fats?

Fats may be either saturated or unsaturated. A saturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Therefore, the carbon chains are saturated with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. An unsaturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds . A fat with one double bond is called monounsaturated, while a fat with multiple double bonds is called polyunsaturated (see Figure below ).

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell wall

blastocyst

What structure consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast?

Blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast. The blastocyst fluid-filled cavity is also known as the blastocoel or blastocoele.

hormones

vitamins

particles

enzymes

Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple what?

Figure 4.11 Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes. Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an upstream process, is an important regulatory mechanism in cells.

excess of decreased and other nutrients

excess of carbonate and other nutrients

excess of increased and other nutrients

excess of fertilizers and other nutrients

What causes eutrophication to occur?

Fertilizer in runoff leads to algal blooms and dead zones in bodies of water. This type of pollution is called nonpoint-source pollution. Point-source pollution includes waste water from factories and sewage treatment plants. Hot water discharge causes thermal pollution.

deformation

decomposition

dissolution

dissociation

What do you call the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves?

An ionic crystal lattice breaks apart when it is dissolved in water. Dissociation is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves. It is important to be able to write dissociation equations. Simply undo the crisscross method that you learned when writing chemical formulas of ionic compounds. The subscripts for the ions in the chemical formulas become the coefficients of the respective ions on the product side of the equation. Shown below are dissociation equations for NaCl, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , and (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 .

weathering light

infrared light

radio waves

ultraviolet light

What is light with wavelengths shorter than visible light called?

Light with wavelengths shorter than visible light is called ultraviolet light . The term ultraviolet means “above violet. ” Ultraviolet light is the range of light waves that have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than violet light in the visible range of light. With higher frequencies than visible light, ultraviolet light has more energy. It can be used to kill bacteria in food and to sterilize surgical instruments. The human skin also makes vitamin D when it is exposed to ultraviolet light. Vitamin D, in turn, is needed for strong bones and teeth. You can learn more about ultraviolet light and its discovery at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=QW5zeVy8aE0.

centimeters

inches

density

meter

How much distance can beta particles travel through air?

Beta particles can travel up to a meter through air. They can pass through paper and cloth but not through a sheet of aluminum. They can penetrate and damage tissues beneath the skin.

Tornado

Hurricane

Wind pressure

rising air column

What is created when the warm air at the cold front rises and creates a low pressure cell, causing winds to rush into the low pressure?

The warm air at the cold front rises and creates a low pressure cell. Winds rush into the low pressure. This creates a rising column of air. The air twists, rotating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the rising air is moist, rain or snow falls.

cancer

muscle loss

weight loss

bone fractures

People with osteoporosis have an increase risk of what?

People with osteoporosis have an increased risk of bone fractures. A bone fracture is a crack or break in bone. Even if you have healthy bones, you may fracture a bone if too much stress is placed on it. This could happen in a car crash or while playing a sport. Wearing a seatbelt when you ride in a motor vehicle and wearing safety gear when you play sports may help prevent bone fractures.

femoral

subclavian

carotid

aorta

What is the main artery of the systematic circulation called?

Blood Vessels The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels (Figure 16.12). Arteries take blood away from the heart. The main artery of the systemic circulation is the aorta; it branches into major arteries that take blood to different limbs and organs. The aorta and arteries near the heart have heavy but elastic walls that respond to and smooth out the pressure differences caused by the beating heart. Arteries farther away from the heart have more muscle tissue in their walls that can constrict to affect flow rates of blood. The major arteries diverge into minor arteries, and then smaller vessels called arterioles, to reach more deeply into the muscles and organs of the body. Arterioles diverge into capillary beds. Capillary beds contain a large number, 10’s to 100’s of capillaries that branch among the cells of the body. Capillaries are narrow-diameter tubes that can fit single red blood cells and are the sites for the exchange of nutrients, waste, and oxygen with tissues at the cellular level. Fluid also leaks from the blood into the interstitial space from the capillaries. The capillaries converge again into venules that connect to minor veins that finally connect to.

axis

velocity

range

distance

The length that an object has travelled in one or multiple directions can also be called what?

The length traveled by an object moving in any direction or even changing direction is called distance.

mitosis

electrolysis

reproduction

meiosis

In animals, what process occurs only in germ cells, which are in the ovaries or testes?

hybrid orbital theory

covalent bond theory

molecular orbital theory

valence bond theory

Which theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring?

Valence bond theory describes the benzene molecule and other planar aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as hexagonal rings of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms with the unhybridized p orbital of each carbon atom perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Three valence electrons in the sp2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom and the valence electron of each hydrogen atom form the framework of σ bonds in the benzene molecule. The fourth valence electron of each carbon atom is shared with an adjacent carbon atom in their unhybridized p orbitals to yield the π bonds. Benzene does not, however, exhibit the characteristics typical of an alkene. Each of the six bonds between its carbon atoms is equivalent and exhibits properties that are intermediate between those of a C–C single bond and a C = C double bond. To represent this unique bonding, structural formulas for benzene and its derivatives are typically drawn with single bonds between the carbon atoms and a circle within the ring as shown in Figure 20.11.

magnetic

aqueous

subatomic

atmospheric

What type of carbon dioxide levels have been rising for the past several decades?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising for the past several decades.

snowfall

hail

fog

sleet

Freezing rain that falls from the sky is also called?

unaffected

far away

open

close

Do waves move faster when particles are close to each other or far away?

The speed of most waves depends on the medium through which they are traveling. Generally, waves travel fastest through solids and slowest through gases. That’s because particles are closest together in solids and farthest apart in gases. When particles are farther apart, it takes longer for the energy of the disturbance to pass from particle to particle.

laborers

soldiers

builders

drones

Adult bees include workers, a queen and what other type?

Look at the honeybees in Figure below . Honeybees live in colonies that may consist of thousands of individual bees. Generally, there are three types of adult bees in a colony: workers, a queen, and drones.

law of gravity

geologic theory

law of apposition

law of superposition

Name the law that determines as to which rock layers are younger or older than others.

In this lesson, you read how scientists determine the relative ages of sedimentary rock layers. The law of superposition determines which rock layers are younger or older than others.

singularity lines

archetypical lines

magnetic field lines

equipotential lines

Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to what?

19.4 Equipotential Lines We can represent electric potentials (voltages) pictorially, just as we drew pictures to illustrate electric fields. Of course, the two are related. Consider Figure 19.8, which shows an isolated positive point charge and its electric field lines. Electric field lines radiate out from a positive charge and terminate on negative charges. While we use blue arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of the electric field, we use green lines to represent places where the electric potential is constant. These are called equipotential lines in two dimensions, or equipotential surfaces in three dimensions. The term equipotential is also used as a noun, referring to an equipotential line or surface. The potential for a point charge is the same anywhere on an imaginary sphere of radius r surrounding the charge. This is true since the potential for a point charge is given by V = kQ / r and, thus, has the same value at any point that is a given distance r from the charge. An equipotential sphere is a circle in the two-dimensional view of Figure 19.8. Since the electric field lines point radially away from the charge, they are perpendicular to the equipotential lines.

cellulose

vacuoles

fibroblasts

chloroplasts

What are in leaves that function as solar collectors and food factories?

Leaves are rich in chloroplasts that function as solar collectors and food factories. The first leaves were very small, but leaves became larger over time.

gametogenesis

meiosis

morphogenesis

oogenesis

What is the process of producing eggs in the ovary is called?

The process of producing eggs in the ovary is called oogenesis. Eggs, like sperm, are haploid cells, and their production occurs in several steps that involve different types of cells, as shown in Figure below . You can follow the process of oogenesis in the figure as you read about it below.

reproduction

cessation

abortion

contraception

What term refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy?

interior

parallel

octogonal

opposite

Homologous chromosomes move toward what poles?

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during.

drains water

pressures water

collects water

stores water

Why are the stems of many xerophytes fleshy?

lipids

enzymes

sporozoans

lysozymes

Most body fluids that you release from your body contain chemicals that kill pathogens. for example, mucus, sweat, tears, and saliva contain enzymes called?

Most body fluids that you release from your body contain chemicals that kill pathogens. For example, mucus, sweat, tears, and saliva contain enzymes called lysozymes that kill pathogens. These enzymes can break down the cell walls of bacteria to kill them.

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

mesopause

What is at the top of the mesosphere?

At the top of the mesosphere is the mesopause. Temperatures here are colder than anywhere else in the atmosphere. They are as low as -100° C (-212° F)! Nowhere on Earth’s surface is that cold.

viruses

yeast

algae

bacteria

Yogurt is made from milk fermented with what type of organism?

Mom the Barbarian. Yogurt is made from milk fermented with bacteria . CC BY 2.0.

divide

lengthen

multiply

shorten

What happens to an animal's telomeres as it ages?

As cells divide, their chromosomes get shorter. This is because the telomeres, the DNA sequences at both ends of a chromosome, lose material every time the DNA is replicated. The older the animal is, the shorter its telomeres will be, because of the number of cell cycles the cells have been through This is a natural part of aging. So, what happens to the clone if its transferred nucleus is already fairly old? Will the shortened telomeres affect its development or lifespan? The answer is still unclear. But starting a new organisms with "old" DNA with shortened telomeres is bound to have some effects, at least in some clones. Some cloned animals may be affected, others may not. Dolly the sheep's chromosomes did have shorter telomere lengths than normal. This means that Dolly's cells were aging faster than the cells from a normal sheep.

abnormal

benign

toxic

malignant

Characterized by uncontrolled growth, cancerous cells are also called what?

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict humans.

heart attack

hepatitis

cancer

tuberculosis

Historically, malaria has rivaled what as the leading cause of human death by infectious disease?

Alloys can be one of two general types. In one type, called a substitutional alloy, the various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure. In another type, called an interstitial alloy, the smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.

Negative

Positive

static

neutral

When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is what?

When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is neutral.

frequency

vibration

reflection

refraction

The angle of refraction depends on the index of what?

Refraction is responsible for dispersion in rainbows and many other situations. The angle of refraction depends on the index of refraction, as we saw in The Law of Refraction. We know that the index of refraction n depends on the medium. But for a given medium, n also depends on wavelength. (See Table 25.2. Note that, for a given medium, n increases as wavelength decreases and is greatest for violet light. Thus violet light is bent more than red light, as shown for a prism in Figure 25.23(b), and the light is dispersed into the same sequence of wavelengths as seen in Figure 25.21 and Figure 25.22. Making Connections: Dispersion Any type of wave can exhibit dispersion. Sound waves, all types of electromagnetic waves, and water waves can be dispersed according to wavelength. Dispersion occurs whenever the speed of propagation depends on wavelength, thus separating and spreading out various wavelengths. Dispersion may require special circumstances and can result in spectacular displays such as in the production of a rainbow. This is also true for sound, since all frequencies ordinarily travel at the same speed. If you listen to sound through a long tube, such as a vacuum cleaner hose, you can easily hear it is dispersed by interaction with the tube. Dispersion, in fact, can reveal a great deal about what the wave has encountered that disperses its wavelengths. The dispersion of electromagnetic radiation from outer space, for example, has revealed much about what exists between the stars—the so-called empty space.