Denver Broncos Carolina Panthers Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California National Football League gold the " golden anniversary" with various gold-inspired initiatives February 7, 2016 Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFL) for the 2015 season the " golden anniversary" with various gold-inspired initiatives American Football Conference February 7, 2016 American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season Levi's Stadium San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl L 2015 2016 San Francisco Bay Area Levi's Stadium the league emphasized the " golden anniversary" with various gold-inspired initiatives February 7, 2016 2015 Denver Broncos Carolina Panthers American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season 2015 Denver Broncos Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California Super Bowl 50 Denver Broncos Cam Newton eight 1995 Arizona Cardinals New England Patriots Arizona Cardinals New England Patriots New England Patriots four Cam Newton 15–1 record Cam Newton 12–4 four New England Patriots Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals eight appearances Arizona Cardinals Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals 1995 Von Miller two Broncos Von Miller five Newton seven Von Miller three two Von Miller Super Bowl MVP five two Von Miller five seven three fumble Von Miller Super Bowl MVP seven three Von Miller five CBS $5 million Coldplay Beyence and Bruno Mars Super Bowl XL VII CBS $5 million Beyence and Bruno Mars Beyence and Bruno Mars Beyence and Bruno Mars CBS $5 million Beyence and Bruno Mars the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever CBS $5 million Coldplay Beyence and Bruno Mars CBS Coldplay Beyence and Bruno Mars Super Bowl XL VII $5 million Coldplay Beyence and Bruno Mars Beyence and Bruno Mars Roger Goodell 50th 2012 Roger Goodell early 2012 Roger Goodell Roger Goodell Roger Goodell "an important game for us as a league" "an important game for us as a league" 2012 New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome Levi's Stadium Levi's Stadium Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium three New Orleans Sun Life Stadium New Orleans Levi's Stadium New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome October 16, 2012 10 Super Bowl XLIV 2010 1985 Sun Life Stadium October 16, 2012 San Francisco Bay Area May 3, 2013 2010 two Super Bowl XLIV two home team 49ers 1985 New Orleans October 16, 2012 two New Orleans 1985 Florida legislature May 21, 2013 NFL owners May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion San Diego Boston May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion Super Bowl XXX VII San Diego 2013 May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion 1985 Super Bowl XXX VII May 21, 2013 May 21, 2013 2003 Boston May 21, 2013 May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion 2003 John Fox The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss six Carolina Panthers Super Bowl 50 John Fox one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss Super Bowl 50 six one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl Super Bowl appearance Super Bowl appearance six only one loss four John Fox DeAngelo Williams Kelvin Benjamin seventh 1978 Carolina Panthers Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history) along with eight All-Pro selections. eight Kelvin Benjamin 1978 2009 2011 a torna ACP Kelvin Benjamin DeAngelo Williams 1978 Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history) along with eight All-Pro selections. Carolina Panthers 1978 Carolina Panthers Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history) along with eight All-Pro selections. six 45 a career-low 10 interceptions 27 Greg Olen 45 994.5 77 veteran Jonathan Stewart six Cam Newton 3,837 45 total touchdowns six (500 3,837 yards 45 total touchdowns 994.5 (39 receptions for 485 yards 309 5 118 four Mario Addison 309 points, ranking sixth in the league, while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections Wanann Short two four Pro Bowl cornerback four Kony Ealy Jared Allen four John Fox Brock Osweiler Indianapolis Colts Brock Osweiler Wade Phillips four Gary Kubika shotgun passing skills 39 a partial tear of the muscular fasciitis in his left foot Gary Kubika Peyton Manning a planting fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer, and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season 39 13–7 John Fox Indianapolis Colts John Fox left foot Wade Phillips 67.9 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns Demaryius Thomas C. J. Anderson 1967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 864 67.9 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns Demaryius Thomas Veteran receiver 67.9 17 Demaryius Thomas five 67.9 17 Emmanuel Sanders C. J. Anderson 4.7 4,530) 51⁄2 Linebacker Brenda Marshall three Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 71⁄2 sacks Linebacker Defensive ends fourth in points allowed (296) Von Miller Brenda Marshall three Von Miller Brenda Marshall Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals 486 yards seven 31–0 halftime lead Arizona Cardinals 49–15 49–15 Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals seven Seattle Seahawks 49–15 Arizona Cardinals 486 yards Pittsburgh Steelers 11 New England Patriots 20–18 17 seconds Pittsburgh Steelers 11 points New England Patriots 17 seconds Manning's problems with interceptions Pittsburgh Steelers 11 New England Patriots Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots 17 seconds Thomas Davis broken arm three 11 a broken arm in the NFL Championship Game arm 11 Super Bowl three a broken arm 11 Thomas Davis 39 John Elway 38 Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager Broncos Broncos John Elway 38 John Elway two two Peyton Manning John Elway Super Bowl XXX III Peyton Manning 39 John Elway 1998 2011 26 26 Manning Manning Newton 26 a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes 1998 NFL 2011 Newton 2011 26 26 Super Bowls XXI and XXIV Chicago Bears linebacker Elway Elway linebacker Elway Rivera Super Bowl XXI Baltimore Panther kicker Justin Tughes Bermuda 419 turf Ed Mangan Baltimore Panther kicker Baltimore Panther kicker Justin Tutter high enough quality Justin Tutter re-soshed multiple times due to various issues a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf their cleats Justin Tutter natural grass stadiums Pittsburgh Steelers Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time Elway orange Denver QF Denver QF Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time Atlanta Falcons orange orange Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XXI blue orange orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XL VIII San Jose State Stanford University San Jose Marriott Santa Clara San Jose Marriott San Jose Marriott San Jose State Stanford University San Jose State San Jose Marriott Stanford University Stanford University San Jose State San Jose Marriott Stanford University Santa Clara Marriott June 4, 2014 Super Bowl V Jaime Weston Super Bowl XLV Vince Lombardi Trophy 2014 Super Bowl L Arabic numerals gold June 4, 2014 Super Bowl L Super Bowl L gold June 4, 2014 Roman numerals Super Bowl L gold week 7 50-yard line gold gold colored gold Gold footballs 50-yard line gold Moscone Center San Francisco Ed Lee Jane Kim January 30 More than 1 million Ed Lee Moscone Center Super Bowl Week Moscone Center in San Francisco Super Bowl City Ed Lee Super Bowl City More than 1 million Ed Lee $5 million annual NFL experience Santa Clara University $2 million week-long $2 million pep rally the city council Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University A professional fundraiser city council $2 million A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event February 1, 2016 Tuesday afternoon IBM Center in San Jose San Jose Golden Gate Bridge Tuesday afternoon February 1, 2016 Super Bowl Opening Night The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night San Jose Tuesday afternoon Super Bowl Opening Night February 1, 2016 at IBM Center in San Jose Golden Gate Bridge Monday evening Super Bowl Opening Night February 1, 2016 at IBM Center in San Jose Golden Gate Bridge February 1, 2016 Super Bowl over $40 million Dignity Health Dignity Health Apple Super Bowl 50 Host Committee over $40 million The host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Google!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health. Businessconnect Businessconnect over $40 million 25 percent 50 fund 25 percent The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee giving Super Bowl 25 percent The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee 25 percent The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee Vince Lombardi Trophy 18-karat 33 lb Tiffany & Co Tiffany & Co Vince Lombardi Trophy 18-karat gold Tiffany & Co Vince Lombardi Trophy Tiffany & Co CBS Phil Simms Tracy Wolfson 36 cameras 5K resolution three sidelines 360-degree view of plays and "bullet time" effects 5K resolution sidelines CBS three EyeVision Jim Nantz and Phil Simms Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn 5K resolution the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution NBC and Fox John Sutcliffe ESPN Deportes December 28, 2015 Spanish ESPN Deportes ESPN Deportes John Sutcliffe ESPN Deportes CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game John Sutcliffe NFL Mobile WatchESPN CBS Sports.com Chromecast and Roku Windows 10 CBS Sports.com CBS Sports.com Valmart Wireless CBS Sports apps NFL Mobile service NFL Mobile Chromecast and Roku NFL Mobile service WatchESPN The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Late Show with James Corden Stephen Colbert The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Stephen Colbert CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50 CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden $5,000,000 Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos 20th $5,000,000 Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Nintendo and The Nintendo Company The Nintendo Company Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Crash the Super Bowl Small Business Big Game Death wish Coffee 30-second commercial nine Quickbooks nine Quickbooks Death wish Coffee a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy Quickbooks Death wish Coffee The Secret Life of Pets Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios The Secret Life of Pets 20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios The Secret Life of Pets Walt Disney Studios Captain America: Civil War deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle Universal Studios Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios Westwood One Kevin Harlan Jim Gray boomer Esiason James Lofton boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts Kevin Harlan Westwood One Kevin Harlan Jim Gray Kevin Harlan boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts Kevin Harlan pre-game and halftime coverage North America KSX Dave Logan 1310 AM Chester Mick Mixon Dave Logan Ed McCaffrey WBT Mick Mixon KCA (850 AM) andKRSX (103.5 FM) WBT-FM BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra 5 Live Sports Extra The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast The BBC Greg Brady Bart Starr Chuck Howley Peyton Manning 2001 Peyton Manning 39 Peyton Manning Harvey Martin 39 39 Bart Starr Peyton Manning Harvey Martin Six national anthem Academy Award American Sign Language American Sign Language Lady Gaga Marlee Matlin Lady Gaga Marlee Matlin Lady Gaga Six Marlee Matlin December 3 British XL VII "Hymn for the Weekend" Super Bowl XL VIII Bruno Mars Pepsi "Hymn for the Weekend" Bruno Mars "Hymn for the Weekend" "Hymn for the Weekend" Mark Ronson Peyton Manning Andre Caldwell Ronnie Hillman Brenda McManus C. J. Anderson 18 Shaq Thompson Thomas Davis a deficit Peyton Manning Owen Daniels C. J. Anderson Shaq Thompson a deficit Mike Carey Cam Newton Von Miller Malik Jackson Super Bowl XXVIII Mike Carey Mike Carey Von Miller Von Miller 1993 Mike Carey Von Miller Malik Jackson Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season Jonathan Stewart both teams 28 61 33 51 Jonathan Stewart 11:26 Norwood 33 Jonathan Stewart they could not get the ball into the end zone Darian Stewart linebacker Kony Ealy DeMarcus Ware DeMarcus Ware Mike Tolbert Kony Ealy 19 Darian Stewart Mike Tolbert Darian Stewart Kony Ealy defensive end Kony Ealy tiped a Manning pass to himself DeMarcus Ware Ted Ginn Jr. Manning 33 McManus T. J. Ward Ted Ginn Jr. uprights T. J. Ward T. J. Ward Ted Ginn Jr. 26-yard line Graham Gano Emmanuel Sanders Devin Funchess 39 Devin Funchess Stewart 41-yard line Ealy Carolina punts Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass Panthers 41-yard line 39 three 24-yard line Carolina Jess Norman Miller Bennie Fowler Miller Ward Newton cornerbackJoshua Norman 3:10 3rd-and-9 Miller Ward three Then Anderson five zero four Thomas Davis 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns zero Anderson Sanders Thomas Davis Sanders Anderson 11 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble 315 to 184 21 to 11 Baltimore Panther Jordan Norwood Manning total yards 21 to 11 Chicago Bears first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player 21 to 11 21 to 11 a Super Bowl winning team Chicago Bears two Nobel Prize 1745 Mariaskodskaya-Curie Wadysaw Szpilman seven months old 100 Krasiski Palace Garden The Saxon Garden the east end of the park The azienki Park 15 kilometres (9 miles) otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species 13 several to clean them of plants and sediments foreign-born inhabitants 1,178,914 30 percent Jewish minority internal migration and urbanisation Warsaw University of Technology 2,000 Medical University of Warsaw 1816 the Warsaw School of Economics 1816 over two million items architects Irena Bajerska more than 10,000 m2 (109,639.10 sq ft) infrastructure Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland solid economic growth improved markedly Warsaw Children's Memorial Health Institute Mariaskodowsky-Curie Institute of Oncology 700 developed musical events and festivals Palace of Culture and Science Warsaw Summer Jazz Days events and festivals Ogród Saski Ogród Saski 1870 to 1939 Momus The Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre Wianki thousands midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) when they would be married, and to whom fern art posters 60 a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch paintings arms Warsaw Uprising Museum Katy Museum stereoscopic The Museum of Independence 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today Royal Ujazdów Castle 500 Zachęta National Gallery of Art modern art 2011 Polonia Warsaw 1946 twice as well Konwiktoska Street their disastrous financial situation the city's coat of arms The mummy at least the mid–14th century the year 1890 a sword two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas the depths of the oceans and seas Denmark Warszowa he followed the fishermen and captured Warsaw 1916 Art Deco style in painting and art Israeli poet Isaac Bashevis Singer Economist Intelligence Unit 2012 FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing The Warsaw Stock Exchange Frontex 1313 Kraków when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596 King Sigismund III Vasa because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history Roman Catholic archdiocese Polish Academy of Sciences UNESCO World Heritage Site architectural attractions luxurious parks and royal gardens Warszawa belonging to Warsz a 12th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Marienszat neighbourhood a village located at the modern-day site of Marienszat neighbourhood Warszawa The Prince of Pock, Bolesaw II of Masovia Prince of Pock early settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa 1410 1526 General Sejm 1569 religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw 1596 1796 Kingdom of Prussia Napoleon's army Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815 1816 4 August 1915 until November 1918 areas controlled by Russia Pi sudski 1920 the Red Army 1 September 1939 German Nazi colonial administration several hundred thousand 19 April 1943 almost a month Red Army Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland 1 August 1944 63 between 150,000 and 200,000 "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union Eastern Bloc city Palace of Culture and Science UNESCO's World Heritage list John Paul II growing anti-communist fervor less than a year Victory Square the incentive for the democratic changes 300 325 Vistula River 115.7 metres the right bank of the Vistula two Vistula Valley the Moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (32.8 to 82.0 ft) above Vistula level) The Vistula River Warsaw escaprpment plain Moraine plateau former flooded terraces valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the Vistula old – riverbed by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace pine forest the turbint history of the city and country Second World War 1950s and 1960s Leopold Kroenberg Palace Eastern bloc countries Gothic architecture 14th century Masovitan gothic style Renaissance architecture mannerist architecture the 17th century 1688–1792 rococo architecture neoclassical architecture in Warsaw 1775–1795 bourgeois architecture was not restored by the communist authorities after the war socialist realism style Warsaw University of Technology the most distinctive buildings a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom pawik Warsaw Citadel children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising Warsaw Uprising Monument green spaces New Orangery Pole Mokotów Park Ujazlewski 1927–1871 the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions within the borders of Warsaw Masovitan Primeval Forest Kabty Forest two 1,300,000 420,000 1951 better only because they lived in the capital residency registration multi-cultural 711, 988 56.2% 2.8% aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 commune (gmina) counties orówiats Kraków Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta) 60 every four years committees 30 President Jan Andrzej Menich 1695–1796 the City council Centrum ródmiaście 304,016 emerging market 12% 191.776 billion 1817 World War II 1817 371 Polish United Workers' Party 1951 Citroen 125p (under license from fiat, later renamed F SO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez DaZhao AvtozaZ The license for the production of the Aveo Warszawa Warsaw Vistula River 2.676 million residents 9th most- populous capital city Warsaw Vistula River 260 kilometres 2.676 million residents 9th France 10th and 11th centuries Denmark, Iceland and Norway Rollo 10th William the Conqueror Richard I of Normandy Catholic Normans/Normanz Medieval Latin 911 King Charles III of West Francia Normandy Rollo the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class north horsemen Saracen attack Archangel Michael Monte Gargano Drago William Iron Arm Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his younger brother Roger the Great Count 1130 Squillace "kitab Rudjdjar" ("The Book of Roger" The Book of Roger administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks 1050s 1060s Alexius Komnenos Afranji Oursel Turkish forces the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps Robert Guiscard February 1072 30,000 city of Deabolis Bohemond Deabolis 1185 Dyrrachium Byzantine hands Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England Duke Richard II of Normandy Normandy Sweyn Forkbeard Harthacnut 1031 Robert of Jumièges Battle of Hastings Duke William II of Normandy 1066 Anglo-Saxons the Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects (see Old English) 1169 Irish Irish culture King Malcolm III of Scotland King Malcolm III of Scotland 1072 William Sybilla of Normandy Normans and Norman culture Hereford Welsh Edward the Confessor William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de Neufmarché, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands William of Montreux 1099 Tancred Jerusalem 380 years a storm Berngaria 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted Conrad of Montferrat silver chains Guy de Lusignan Richard the Lion- Heart 12 May 1191 double coronation 1489 Knights Texemplar Africa Bethencourt Maciot de Bethencourt Maciot de Bethencourt Channel Islands two customaries spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy rounded arches Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Sicily early 11th century the dukes the 16th century embroidery Bayeux Tapestry Oda, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent mosaics 11th William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna southern Italy Latin monastery Robert Guiscard singing 1943 Serbian 1943 7 January 1943 1943 Serbian modern alternating current 1884 Thomas Edison George Westinghouse New York City War of Currents 1884 Thomas Edison New York City George Westinghouse AC induction motor 1893 high-frequency mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging Colorado Springs 1893 boat Wardenclyffe Tower project 1943 the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla New York hotels an archetypal "mad scientist" with varying degrees of success 1943 SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla 1990s showmanship Croatia Orthodox priest eidetic memory his mother's genetics and influence Orthodox priest Miludin Tiffany Mandić making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorze Serbian epic poems western Serbia, near Montenegro three German 1862 Dane milka, Angelina and Marica killed in a horse-riding accident Gospić, Austrian Empire pastor amathematic teacher Martin Sekulaić German integral calculus cheating 1870 1870 to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium Martin Sekulaić German 1873 cholera nine months send him to the best engineering school enter the priesthood his birthtown, Smoljan 1873 cholera nine months enter the priesthood to enter the priesthood Tomingaj Mark Twain's the mountains in hunter's garb 1874 books he explored the mountains in hunter's garb 1874 he read many books while in Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness Mark Twain 1875 Austrian Polytechnic 1879 gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester Graz, Austria 1875 1879 gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family removed from the school left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school to hide the fact that he dropped out of school draftsman left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school nervous breakdown December 1878 he dropped out of school drowned in the Mur River draftsman nervous breakdown for not having a residence permit 24 March 1879 60 a stroke taught a large class of students not having a residence permit 24 March 1879 Higher Real Gymnasium died of a stroke Prague he did not receive grades for the courses lectures Charles-Ferdinand University Prague January 1880 Charles-Ferdinand University Gospić Budapest Ferenc Puskás electrician position telephone repeater or amplifier chief electrician position 1881 Ferenc Puskás Budapest Telephone Exchange chief electrician position 1882 France New York City Thomas Edison Continental Edison Company in France Continental Edison Company in France France June 1884 Thomas Edison Manhattan's lower east side US$18 per week salary redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators months fifty thousand dollars American humor US$18 per week salary Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail electric lighting company agreed to finance an electric lighting company electrical arc light based illumination systems electrical arc light based illumination systems Toshiba Electric Light & Manufacturing 1886 Toshiba Electric Light & Manufacturing agreed to finance an electric lighting company Hitachi he questioned the value of his education leaving him penniless work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger 1886/ 1887 he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock ditch digger a ditch digger for $2 per day a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck April 1887 9 Liberty Street in Manhattan 89 Liberty Street late 1886 Western Union superintendent Charles F. Peck 89 Liberty Street New York attorney induction motor that ran on alternating current May 1888 commutator sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes self-starting design 1887 long-distance, high-voltage transmission constantly servicing May 1888 a friend and journalist American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1888 commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor Thomas Commerford Martin Thomas Commerford Martin George Westinghouse commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor Italian physicist Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company 1888 $60,000 in cash Brown and Peck a consulting at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh Labs $60,000 in cash July 1888 $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pittsburgh 60-cycle AC current system DC traction motor to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars DC traction motor Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse rival lighting systems with Edison holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps AC development General Electric War of Currents Edison 1886 Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company Thomas Edison George Westinghouse Chicago General Electric Polyphase System a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe George Westinghouse Chicago 1893 AC power Richard Dean Adams the current state of all the competing systems Westinghouse Electric Westinghouse Electric a two-phased system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls Richard Dean Adams 1893 two-phased system a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current 1896 $216,000 $3.50 per AC horsepower royalty $200,000 J. P. Morgan an estimated $200,000 in licenses and royalties $216,000 35 South Fifth Avenue electric lamps Motorola coil 30 July 1891 Hitachi coil 35 wireless American Institute of Electrical Engineers Institute of Radio Engineers 1892 to 1894 vice president from 1892 to 1894 Institute of Radio Engineers he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments 5th Avenue laboratory fire December 1895 metal locked screw on the camera lens he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments Roentgen rays thousands of invention models, plans, notes, laboratory data, tools, photographs, valued at $50,000 X-ray Mark Twain X-ray and X-ray imaging March 1896 radiography X-rays Motorola Coil March 1896 X-ray imaging radiography longitudinal waves various causes damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays his circuit and single-nodes X-ray-producing devices force-free magnetic fields Roentgen rays longitudinal waves waves in plasmas Roentgen rays Benjamin Lamme 1893 Westinghouse Electric Egg of Columbus Motorola 11 July 1934 break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out bits of metal National Electric Light Association Motorola Coil Franklin Institute World War I tele automaton Madison Square Garden to further demonstrate "Tele automatics" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago monkey 1900 Guglielmo Marconi 1901 1943 Supreme Court of the United States 1899 Colorado Springs, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments; his lab was located near Foote Ave. and Kiowa St. 15 June 1899 five inches long atmospheric stationary waves resonant frequency lightning millions of volts and up to 135 feet long 15 miles away within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off electrified power outage burned out powerful high frequency currents set up in them jump through the windings and destroy the insulation he was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets Mars Collier's Weekly article "from another world" that read "1... 2... 3..." July 1899 $100,000 to fund his Colorado Springs experiments Colorado Springs experiments 1899 7 January 1900 his lab was torna down in 1904 1904 sold two years later to satisfy a debt the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications Shoreham, Long Island Morgan Panic of 1901 by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901 over 50 letters to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland 187 feet 200 100–5,000hp 50th birthday in 1906 150 kilowatts a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the police arrived Houston Street lab the speed grew World Today set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization application of electricity wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency William H. Maxwell superintendent of New York City schools overseas investors he was receiving from his patents in European countries sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars Edison Medal Electrical Experimenter fluorescent screen modern radar Émile Girardeau Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner their animosity toward each other 38 Edison 1937 1,655,114 biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) would sell for less than $1,000 turbine engines $125 per month accept charity $125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker, expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tiffany's life impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance minimal loss over any terrestrial distance minimal loss mineral deposits 1935 dodge a moving taxi cab and was thrown heavily to the ground a doctor the full extent of his injuries will never be known early 1938 midnight one night "teleforce" Van de Graaf generator infantry against ground-based infantry death ray 1937 luncheon tungsten high voltage Only a little time charged particle beam weapons Nikola Macintosh Museum archive in Belgrade Belgrade millions all war stolen all in his mind left empty-handed 86 7 January 1943 Alice Monaghan do not disturb coronary lymphsis American citizen the FBI nothing Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company Louis Adamic Louis Adamic 12 January two thousand the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York Belgrade Sava Kosnović Charlotte Muzar a gold-plated sphere 1957 around 300 26 Canada in patent archives 6:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. headwaiter 8 to 10 miles per day stimulated his brain cells stimulated his brain cells brain cells telepathy newspaper editor one white pigeon over $2,000 he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily Near the end of his life hotel room 142 pounds 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall 1888 to about 1926 New York City eight blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions invention in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage, a technique sometimes known as picture thinking blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes photographic memory 48 hours 84 hours Graz Kenneth Swezey journalist his chastity women end of his life Didney skeprits Robert Underwood Johnson sectude himself very positively and admiraingly a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoising of food and drink Francis Marion Crawford his lab and elsewhere late 1920s overweight people a secretary because of her weight he fired a subordinate to go home and change her dress electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity) atoms are immutable transmitted electrical energy 19th Einstein's theory of relativity generally agonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy relativity gravity 1892 curved space 81 eugenics humans' "pity" pity 1937 Queen Bees 1926 Queen Bees post-World War I Science and Discovery 20 December 1914 League of Nations Orthodox Christian religious fanticism Buddhism and Christianity "A Machine to End War" uncertain War books and articles for magazines and journals Ben Johnston Ben Johnston the web 1900 The Problem of Increasing Human Energy science fiction science fiction several Time magazine 75th birthday electrical power generation Albert Einstein 70 computational complexity theory classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty computational problem amount of communication ( used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing) mathematical models of computation amount of communication ( used in communication complexity) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing) the number of gates in a circuit limits on what computers can and cannot do analysis of algorithms and computability theory theoretical computer science theoretical computer science analysis of algorithms and computability theory a problem instance a problem concrete input string the solution 2000 kilometres asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km problems and not particular problem instances bitstrings the binary alphabet bitstrings by encoding their addacency lists in binary by encoding their addacency lists in binary decision problems either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0 1 or 0 yes, and the non- members are those instances whose output is no the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes arbitrary formal language binary strings traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem a single output (of a total function) integer factorization problem integer factorization problem complex decision problems set of triples the size of the input in bits the instance as a function of the size of the instance bits increase in the input size Crowham's thesis time taken worst-case time complexity T(n) maximum time taken over all inputs of size n time algorithm Turing machine an algorithm Turing machine symbols deterministic Turing machine rules randomized algorithms non-determinism randomized algorithms complexity classes resources (such as time or space) are bounded deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, non-deterministic Tur random access machines memory consumption time and memory the machines operate deterministically non-deterministic unusual resources mathematical models non-deterministic time yes" or "no" their difficulty Dtime(f(n) time and space complexity computational the Blumen complexity axioms complexity theory complexity different inputs of the same size the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size different inputs of the same size the time complexity deterministic storing algorithm quick sort the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order O(n2) the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem algorithms lower bounds worst-case complexity "all possible algorithms" includes not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future big O notation constant factors and smaller terms = O(n2) the specific details of the computational model used complexity classes complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework definitions that do not fit into this framework the chosen machine model linear time single- tape Turing machines Cornham- Edmonds thesis P bounding the time or space bounding important complexity classes BPS, ZRP and RP Bonsonant circuits quantum Turing machines #P Interactive computation time hierarchy theorems time and space hierarchy theorems they introduce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by cons training the respective resources quantitative statements The time and space hierarchy theorems complexity classes P Space a reduction another problem reduces Cook reductions, Kar reductions and Levin reductions log-space reductions polynomial-time reduction giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm polynomial giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm the problem of multiplying two integers the type of reduction being used if every problem in C can be reduced to X solved any problem in C complexity classes larger than P, polynomial-time reductions are commonly used P-complete problems P there is no known polynomial-time solution they are the ones most likely not to be in P P The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction model those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm P Hamiltonian path problem non-deterministic Turing machines many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions Millennium Prize Problems US$1,000,000 Laner P isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem integer factorization problem The graph isomorphism problem P,NP-complete, orNP-intermediate the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level second level Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks integer factorization problem k LSA algorithm Shor's algorithm complexity theory complexity theory between P and P Space collapse to one class co-NP reversed it is not equal to co-NP P is not equal to co-NP L complexity classes between the two, such as NL andNC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes complexity classes NL andNC if they are distinct or equal classes intractable problems complexity theory theNP-complete problems Presburg arithmetic algorithms PN-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time less than quadratic time theNP-complete Bonsonant satisfiability problem Turing machines Alan Turing Turing machines 1936 a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer On the computational Complexity of Algorithms Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns 1965 time and space complexity 1965 John Myhill 1962 Hisao Yama input encoding input encoding Manuel Blumen speed-up theorem Reductibility Among combinatorial Problems 21 the curriculum the study of pedagogy a university or college a lesson plan a school or other place of formal education cultures numeracy craftsmanship literacy and numeracy a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting formal education formal a family member a transient or ongoing role gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas religious texts the Quran, Torah or Bible religious texts homeschooling paid professionals Chartered homeschooling paid professionals school functions extracurricular extracurricular activities teachers teacher's colleges to serve and protect the public interest through clarifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession public interest governments the standards of practice complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and admissioning teacher education programs complaints involving members the college teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples teachers in publicly funded schools on an individual basis tutor academy facilitate student learning a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills pedagogy a course of study and lesson plan the rise of the internet a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill the relevant authority learning infants to adults standardized skills self- Study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop to pressure the lazy, motivat and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all encourage the snob, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all pressure the lazy,inspired the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the serious, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all relationship between teachers and children the whole curriculum different subject specialists primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day surrogate alternative approaches platoon staying with the same group of peers for all classes teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects United States Co-teaching two or more by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential in sync with one another to create a climate of learning social networking support corp oral punishment substitute parent parental discipline the most common form of school discipline as a substitute parent school discipline Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution. United States US Supreme Court physical pain 30 South declining the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle in the principal's office caning Asian, African and Caribbean schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries detention detention school at a given time in the school day remain in school at a given time in the school day lines or a punishment essay an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class immediate and fair punishment clear misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries respect some teachers and parents East Asia weakness in school discipline strict discipline with high standards of education Japan Japan Japan Japan school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students instruction motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students motivation-seeking and disruptive students students, facing demanding university entrance examinations dictatorial schools alike the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront easier and more efficient a school that has good, clear laws positive learning experience teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis higher emotional facial expressions read lecture material movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions experimental college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation self-determined increasing a student's interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material " motivational embellishment" the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material student-teacher relationships beneficial goals he receives from his superior aligning his personal goals with his academic goals student motivation and attitudes towards school teachers who are friendly and supportive teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers interacting and working directly with students Effective teachers enthusiastm about the students enthusiastic excitement in the student influential teaching sexual misconduct 9.6% United States during their educational career American Association of University Women England "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher 2,867 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students Debra LaFave, Pamel Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile Chris Keates teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent shortage sex openders register occupational stress organizational change occupational burnout Stress organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections 42% UK teachers experienced occupational stress twice 2012 average workers several ways Organizational interventions Individual-level interventions occupational stress among teachers Organizational interventions university or college a recognized body elementary school education certificate background check and psychiatric evaluation US individual states and territories three secondary schools/high schools universities and/or TAFE colleges three-tier model $40,000/year to $90,000/yr teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is private sector, businesses and sponsors civil servants Germany Grundschule index scale Gymnasium Extra pay €27,814 p.a. The basic pay for a large school with many years experience and several qualifications many years experience and several qualifications the Teaching Council Section 30 Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001 Oireachtas funds 2006 those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role" on a phased basis those who refuse vetting £20, 133 to £41,0004 experience and extra responsibilities earn £20, 980 annually bachelor's degree September 2007 alternative licensing programs hard-to-fill opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught secondary school teachers General Teaching Council for Scotland Teaching in Scotland seven Provisional Registration a year April 2008 up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching up to £32,583 go on to earn up to £39,842 trade unions Wales Welsh until the age of 16 22 per cent all age groups trade unions falling with teachers being younger than in previous years 2005 and 2010 the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 each state ten years bachelor's degree charter schools No Child Left Behind low salaries average teacher salaries after-school programs and other extracurricular activities elementary school teachers the internet across all three major traditions Protestant the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational LDS Church Elder to Bishop spiritual Priesthood representatives the father of the house guru extremely high lives of their disciples the West a Lama reborn Tulku many times through phowa and Siddhi Sunnah and Ahadith one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudece Sufism actions-oriented Qutb German 18 February 1546 Late Medieval Catholic Church freedom from God's punishment for sin reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin sacerdotalism Bible holy priesthood Bible a standard version Tynton Bible singing in churches Protestant clergy to marry 10 November 1483 Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Catholic lawyer University of Erfurt beerhouse and whorehouse four a day of rot learning and often wearying spiritual exercises 1505 law school uncertainty theology and philosophy by experience men and institutions death and divine judgment 2 July 1505 Erfurt deaths of two friends Luther's education Augustinian order one of deep spiritual despair the jailing and hangman of my poor soul Johann von Schupitz does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments 1506 von Stadtpitz 1506 9 March 1506 to teach theology 19 October 1514 21 October 1514 Doctor in Bible University of Wittenberg Doctor of Theology 1516 to sell indulgences to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome Roman Catholic active in charity and good works active in charity and good works 31 October 1517 Albert of Mainz The Ninety-Five Theses Hans Hillerbrand Thesis 86 Johann Tetzel attested as 'into heaven' springs Luther Johann Tetzel God salvation all punishments salvation Christ Catholic teaching on indulgences a reflection of his capacity to exagerate indulgences for the dead the time the story of the post on the door the story of the post on the door Philip Melachton Wittenberg it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth January 1518 the printing press friends of Luther two weeks two months 1519 Students early part 1520 On the Freedom of a Christian lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians penance and righteousness the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity the central truths of Christianity the doctrine of justification God 1525 a gift from God Smalcald Articles faith Christ and His salvation Christ and His salvation his railing against the sale of indulgences two points Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg Rome a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric December 1517 Leo X papal theologians October 1518 the AntiChrist reformers and heretics, and he responded slowly, "with great care as is proper." January 1519 remain silent if his opponents did Johann Eck popes Jan Hus 15 June 1520 recensed 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days Karl von Miltitz 3 January 1521 secular authorities 18 April 1521 estates of the Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V Prince Frederick III, Elect of Saxony Johann Eck Archbishop of Trier whether he stood by their contents next day whether he stood by their contents raised his arm a knight winning a ball Michael Mullett world classic of epoch-making oratory recant his writings Luther they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech dramatic form private conferences 25 May 1521 The Emperor requiring his arrest kill masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen the security of the Warburg Castle at Eisenach "my Patmos" New Testament Shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates a sin cannot be earned 1 August 1521 Christ a place where justice resides summer of 1521 idolatry the Abrogation of the Private Mass On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to require It they could break their vows without sin placing them on prophetic faith 1521 Daniel 8:7–12, 23–25 the Little Horn the power of the Papacy Gabriel Zwilling June 1521 disturbances Zwickau prophets town council 6 March 1522 change preached eight sermons Invoca Vit Sermons trust God's word immediate Jerome Schur the sixth sermon misguided people into the way of the truth misguided public order reinvention Zwickau prophets fomenting social unrest and violence reformers Preachers such as Zwickau prophet German Peasants' War of 1524–25 1524–25 support an attack on the upper classes in general the upper classes in general temporal authorities Thuringia the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs condemned the violence as the devil's work the nobles three grounds choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government God Divine Right of Kings death in body and soul laid down their weapons Swabian League 15 May 1525 Müntzer's execution wing of the secular powers Kathanna von Bor herring barrels 26 41 years old April 1523 13 June 1525 evening the wedding banquet 27 June Petrus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philip Melachton and Lucas Cranach the Elder seal of approval on clerical marriage clerical his decision to marry surprised many, not least melanochton, who called it reckless his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time reckless 1525–32 a wedding present from the new elector John the Stedfast six poverty for the riches of Croesus farming the land Biblical ideal worship service supervisory church body two catechisms revolutionary extreme change Electate of Saxony faith alone ensures justification John the Stedfast the temporal sovereign early 1526 " simple people", a "public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians." Catholic Mass vestments, altar, and candles retained the elevation of the host and chalice during their visitation of the Electate of Saxony Electate of Saxony Christian education Christian doctrine teaching the catechism 1529 the people themselves the people themselves questions and answers The catechism the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism Catechism The Small Catechism Bible Small Catechism Larger Catechism the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known with the Father and draws the believer to the Father 1522 1534 translation of the Old Testament "alone" after "faith" Faith alone Saxon chancellery Saxon chancellery Germans we are removing obstaments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance impedments and difficulties German-language publications Bible translation the evolution of the German language and literature Lucas Cranach William Tynton hymn-writing high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children singing of German hymns the singing of German hymns with a lute waldzither particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views Ein neues Lied wir heben an John C. Messenger Ein neues Lied wir heben an 1524 Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism Small Catechism German because of the perceived difficulty of its tone 1538 a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions specific catechism questions multiple revisions a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions 1523 the theme of "grace alone" more fully write psalm-hymns for use in German worship Achtlimmerbuch essential Reformation doctrine "Nun komm, der Hellen Heiland" Ten Commandments Advent two German Te Deum baptism in the Small Catechism Johann Walter prayer for grace J. S. Bach Halle early Lutheran hymnals four 18 24 of the 32 songs Achtlliedbuch Johann Sebastian Bach canatas 1707 1724 to 1725 1707 sleeps after it is separated from the body Bible passages purgatory involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death in their graves and in heaven Franz pieper Franz pieper Johann Gerhard 1755 Genesis Francis Blackburne 1765 Gottfried Frischel dream October 1529 Landgrave of Hesse doctrinl unity in the emerging Protestant states fourteen the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper the significance of the words spoken by Jesus the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ the sacramental union spiritually or symbolically present confrontational 1530 Marburg Colloquy Schmalkaldic League Swiss cities George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach antithetical reason "All the articles of our Christian faith, which God has revealed to us in His Word reason their different epistemological spheres the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ Jewish conversion to Christianity Jews Jews and Their Lies sixteenth century Europe as a SCOurge sent to punish Christians by God support non-religious war against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ punish Christians the papacy, and the Roman Church Holy War Latin translation of the Qur'an Latin critical pamphlets on Islam as a tool of the devil exposed to scrutiny God's wrath to Christians Agriola Christians with six series of theses On the Councils and the Church second use of the law work sorrow over sin in man's heart the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart eliminate the accusing law essentially holy people live the Ten Commandments the "third use of the law." nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments the Ten Commandments baptism The Ten Commandments foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting landgrave of Hesse one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting Martin Brecht lasting damage expelled Jews the murder of Christ the divinity of Jesus he grew increasingly bitter toward them treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen 1543 three years gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will reform them but little "We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder Jews Martin Luther heretical books Luther's anti-Jewish works Throughout the 1570s Luther anti-Jewish rhetoric antisemitism in Germany, and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an "ideal underpinning" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews Luther radically anti-Semitic tract ever published 17 December 1941 Luther Digraid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford Bishop Martin Sasse the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology modern hatred of the Jews 18th and 19th centuries religious and in no respect racial violence Ronald Berger hysterical and demonizing mentality the National Socialists hostile publications declining state of mind state of mind "vulgarity and violence" Jews Last Battles: Politics and Polemics the 1980s least prejudiced Professor Richard (Dick) Geary 1928-1933 deteriorated further Philip of Hesse incident suffer from kidney and bladder stones, and inflammation, and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum Ménière's disease, vertivo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye angina poor physical health poor physical health harsher Katerica three times Eisleben 15 February 1546 we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert they could kill us all, they would gladly do so we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert Mansfeld negotiations for a settlement late 1545 early 1546 his brothers' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade 17 February 1546 chest pains Yes common prayer of the dying 1 a.m. Apoplectic stroke 2:30 a.m. 18 February 1546 Castle Church in Wittenberg his friends Johannes bugenhage and Philip melanochton paper Latin We are beggars printed stout man with a "double Chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck stout man with a "double Chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck medieval religious orders 1530s and 1540s 18 February Lutheran Calendar of Saints 31 October the Church of England's Calendar of Saints the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October SoCal Southern California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprising California's southernmost 10 counties economic center demographics and economic ties demographics and economic ties Southern California Megaregion 11 Tijuana Tijuana Tijuana Pacific coast seven 12 million Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants 16.5 million Colorado Desert Colorado Desert Mojave Desert Mexico–United States border southern California 3,792,721 Los Angeles San Diego To the south Los Angeles United States five most populous in the state top 15 Los Angeles Hollywood Los Angeles The Walt Disney Company music Sony Skate culture Shaun White Shaun White Oahu Trans Pacific Yacht Race Palm Springs its popular beaches southern desert city 40° 9' 58.19 11 ten the Tahachapi Mountains the northern boundary Mexico Alta California Monterey Compromise free inequitable taxes "Cow Counties" three times 75% Milton Latham Los Angeles Times 1900 1999 Imperial seven regional tourism groups California State Automobile Association three-region point of view South of the Mehachapis southern California region third most populated vast areas suburban communities highways metropolitan Camp Predleton Temecula United States Census Bureau Orange Counties 1990s Mediterranean rain 90-40's very rare 70-50's Pacific Ocean geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem topographic Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains deserts 10,000 10,000 6.7 property damage $20 billion San Andreas Fault 6.7+ Puerta Hills Fault USGS Earthquake occurrence economically global economic 2010 high growth rates 10.0% stronger, tech-oriented Greater Sacramento region Metropolitan statistical Area two five million Southern Border Region 17,786,419 San Diego San Diego twelve 100,000 Riverside petroleum Hollywood housing bubble dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel heavily impacted 1920s cattle and citrus cattle and citrus cattle and citrus aerospace business districts Central business districts Downtown Riverside business districts Los Angeles Area San Fernando Valley Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile business districts Downtown Riverside hospitality Business/Financial Centre Orange County University of California, Irvine West Irvine South Coast Metro a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts Downtown San Diego Northern San Diego North County Downtown San Diego Los Angeles International Airport passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) third San Diego International Airport Van Nuys Airport Metrolink seven Six of the seven lines San Diego Port of Los Angeles Port of Long Beach Southern California The Tech Coast world-renowned research universities private 5 12 Professional sports teams in Southern California Basketball NFL Los Angeles Kings La Galaxy Chives two 2014 Los Angeles 2018 College sports NCAA Division I Trojans Pac-12 Conference UCLA Bruins and the USS Trojans Rugby high school level a growing sport in southern California BSkyB BSkyB 2014 British Sky Broadcasting Group plc British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited 2006 two Setanta Sports £1.3bn ondigital consortium BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless three Sky Three Pick TV Sky+ PVR September 2007 pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions January 2010 limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only Videoguard pay-TV scrambling system NES, a Chengdu Systems company BSkyB BSkyB Sky+ HD channels and Video On demand content which was not previously carried by cable 2007 their new deal offered "substantially more value" by including HD channels and Video On demand content Video On demand content HD channels July 2013 2013 One Drive One Drive for Business cloud storage Sam Chiflock and Rupert Murdoch Astra's 27 September 2001 Sky Digital 3.5 million British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB British telecommunications 11 million Freeview Sky Q Hub the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection share recordings and other media 2016 18 November 2015 MPEG-2 Dolby Digital MPEG-4 OpenTV system DVB-S2 standard 1998 Astra 2A satellite Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 hundreds 28.5°E 22 May 2006 40,000 Thomson 17,000 4,422,000 8 February 2007 March digital terrestrial Virgin Media English Premier League Football free-to-view monthly subscription Videoguard UK LNB the Sky service 1991 ITV £18m to £34m per year The BBC was given the highlight of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. £304m Ofcom £15–100,000 BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality 1 October 1998 Sky Digital Open terrestrial offering and cable services over 100,000 2007 Virgin Media Video On demand service BBC HD Channel 4 HD 10 million homes more than 25m people August 2004 36% flattened "Welfare Cash Card" "essentials" often damaging claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" betray a man's presence in the household £30m there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB BSkyB and Virgin Media BSkyB carriage of their respective basic channels service sectors including financial and property services, health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment second fourth Melbourne Melbourne Cricket Ground Bendigo New South Wales Buckland Valley near Bright 1,000 c rampd and unsanitary multi-member proportional eight five the same as the lower house members—four years Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years Labor Labor The Nationals The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne Labor 61.1% 26.7% Buddhism 168,636 20% south-east second-most populous state overall second-most populous Port Phillip Bay second-largest Koori 1788 Sullivan Bay Sullivan Bay 1803 More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) 50% 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) 90% 270,000 1975 1855 colonial constitution the Parliament of Victoria certain " entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses Victoria Constitution Act 1855 hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts 32 °C (90 °F) hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave state or government schools Victoria Department of Education fees Roman Catholic Church curriculum standards manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden October 2016 May 2013 October 2016 Ford 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Mount Colombiang 1,987 m (6,516 ft) river systems honeyeater The Victorian Alps Great Dividing Range east-west 0 °C (32 °F) −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) Victorian Government Great Southern Rail Victorian Government Freight services extensive, electrified, passenger system 37 12 Legislative Assembly Legislative Council Linda Desau 1 July 1851 1851 richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000 20 million ounces 1,548 489 540,800 631519 full-time teachers 61 per cent Victoria 3 million 60% nearly two-thirds Asia 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge standard gauge narrow gauge lines mountainous areas five 1788 New South Wales New Holland Sydney 1854 British troops Eureka Stockade hated mining licence fees Colony of Victoria Act the political party or coalition The Premier The Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews Daniel Andrews The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda 17% to $8.7 billion 17% to $8.7 billion A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops tourism sports tourism Melbourne regional cities SurfClassic southern and central parts of France one-eighth 1562 to 1598 Edict of Nantes granting of the Edict of Nantes the Protestant cause with politics unpopular in France Geneva Besançon Hugues Amboise plot of 1560 1560 The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages Around 1293, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin Guyard de Moulin 1486 Paris villes de sreté Montpellier Edict of Alès 1623 before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead Cape of Good Hope Cape Town Maria de la Queillerie Dutch East India Company 1700 1624 Jessé de Forest L'Église française à la Nouvelle- Amsterdam L'Église française à la Nouvelle- Amsterdam Newtown Creek present-day Charleston British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger Pons 1697 Charleston William III of Orange King of England League of Empor Calvinist Dutch Republic 1672 Edict of Fontainebleau 1695 Edict of Fontainebleau 500,000 The Catholic Church in France St. Barthelorw's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed 5,000 to 30,000 as they attempted to meet for worship trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France between 1620 and 1629 southwestern France Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes Louis XIII Huguenot rebellions broke out one million 2% Alsace Cévennes French Australians New York New York Harbor New Paltz The "Hguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site New York Harbor Dutch Republic 75,000 to 100,000 people ca. 2 million West Frisia Edict of Nantes Huguon King Hugo le roi Huguet prétendus réformés night Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone—towns in which there used to be refuge churches The Weavers indigenous population Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone The Weavers Cork City Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford Dublin High Sheriff to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies the Seven Years' War 1759-40 Henry of Navarre 1598 reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion of France founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions Catholicism education prohibited emigration Four thousand new converts New York and Virginia Switzerland and the Netherlands 1556 Fort Colilly 1560 Guanabara Confession of Faith Afrikaans wine industry Western Cape province surnames American Revolution Henry Laurens Charleston, South Carolina Manakin Episcopal Church Texas British lace industry Bucks Point twenty-five wings who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire first half of the eighteenth century Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt one-fifth protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon 1806-2007 Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden Prussia surrounding Protestant countries the Camsards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region, burning churches and killing clergy the Catholic Church 1802 and 1709 Jacksonville Jean Ribault Fort Caroline French naval September 1565 Charlesfort Fort Caroline Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 1562 Wars of Religion Lower Norfolk County Lower Norfolk County Chesterfield County 390 12 May 1705 1568–1589 Spain Apology" of William the Silent William the Silent Calvinist Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act after and after the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 50,000 Andrew Lortie the Pope William of Orange William of Orange Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal flax cultivation Irish linen Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken glass-making works 1890s 1604 England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic Electate of Brandenburg and Electate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely Dutch Cape Colony they were accepted and allowed to worship freely Hugues Capet Hugues hypothesis Janet Gray little Hugos, or those who want Hugo double or triple non-French linguistic origins Jacques Lefevre Geneva 1530 Williamfarel Lefevre 24 August – 3 October 1572 Catholics thousands 1573 25,000 Louis XIV he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism sent missionaries imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions dragonnades Sunday coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck John Poll, Lord of Pelham Manor French Huguenot Church "Elise du St.esperit" Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities married outside their immediate French communities E.I. du Pont nineteenth century Eleutherian gunpowder mills Pierre Bayle Amsterdam Historical and Critical Dictionary US Library of Congress Saint Nicolas Royal Charter 1550 Soho Square Shoreditch 1724 Lutheran and Reformed states Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict of Potsdam) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angmünde) by Frederick William, Elect of Potsdam) and Edict of Potsdam Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angemünde Frederick William, Elect of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Frederick William Theodorfontse Adolf Galland Lothar de Maizière Federal Minister of the Interior solar power Rankine cycle steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure high pressure external combustion engines atmospheric engine Thomas Newcomen 1712 steam pump Papin United Kingdom 21 February 1804 Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales Wales south Wales water pump multi-stage centrifugal pumps 1850s steam locomotives lower-pressure boiler feed water three or four triple and quadruple expansion engines 19th marine triple expansion engines Olympic class Corlis Joy lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve Lead fusible plugs melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly manually suppress the fire dampening the fire James Watt rotary motion ten 1883 Industrial Revolution first century AD Hero of Alexandria Greek Taqi al-Din 1606 compound engines expansions shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried internal combustion engines coal carried steam turbines late several hundred horsepower 90% electric power burning combustion chamber, firebox combustion chamber solar electric steam engine indicator 1851 Charles porter Charles Richard London Exhibition 90 out of phase with each other (quartered) 180° 180° counterflow two one four expansion The Quasiturbine counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam oscillating cylinder steam engine truntion models ships where their compactness is valued recycled continuously "open loop" system Mercury Mercury the working fluid 565 stainless steel 63% 30 °C Steam engines steamboats Stanley Steamer factories increase in the land available for cultivation Catch Me Who Can Matthew Murray twin-cylinder Middleton Railway Stockton and Derbyton Railway Arthur Woolf British torque variability cylinder volume 90% reciprocating gas turbines diesel engines reduction gearing The Rankine cycle removed in a condenser 1990s biomass Scottish its "duty" 17 7 million 94 Watt piston type steam engines piston turbine type steam engines internal combustion engines Thomas Savery water pump 1698 Bento demoura Portugal Johnsmeaton Richard Treithick and, separately, Oliver Evans Oliver Evans 1802 transport power source Energyproekt AB in Sweden Sweden 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam 8.8 lb 27-50% surface condensers automobileadiator Evaporative ( wet) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal a dry type cooling tower 3600 variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century Boulton a flour mill Boulton & Watt operations requiring constant speed handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler 1880 railway locomotives complicated 1930 road engines reversing mechanism kick back evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back" fixed length Jeroónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont Spanish 1606 1698 1712 rotating discs a drive shaft static discs static discs 3600 revolutions per minute lower electric motors steam turbine plant Advanced Steam movement pollution Wankel engine the cylinders and valve gear thermal expansion 1763–1750 a separate condenser half as much Newcomen's a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam two a weight or spring spring-loaded valve seal illegally power from the engine a four- valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff 1849 30% exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff Rumford medal thermodynamic theory Watt the separate condenser Joseph Black latent heat during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump liquid phase 1% to 3% 1500 °C incylinder recover the latent heat of vaporisation superheatings bunker chain or screw Stoking mechanism feed water British HMS Dreadnought of 1905 the delaynought battleships, and ocean lines 1905 water a turbine connected to an electrical generator an electrical generator Turbo-electric transmission Sweden Carnot cycle isobaric (constant pressure) processes constant pressure isothermal liquid 8 oxygen two atoms almost half Diatomic oxygen gas 20.8% silicon dioxide 8 downward hydrogen and helium 8 the Chalcogen group oxides third-most dioxygen photosynthesis sunlight high-altitude ozone layer oxygen water photosynthesis water ozone Robert Boyle John Mayow nitrogenaereus 1641 Robert Boyle spiritus nitrogenaereus late 17th century respiration John Mayow Priestley clergyman HgO mercuc oxide (HgO) a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air" dephlogisticated air 1775 Because he published his findings first a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it Leonardo da Vinci Philo of Byzantium 2nd century BCE Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration. Philo of Byzantium parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire P pneumatia Philo of Byzantium air heat or a spark the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion Combustion hazards Ooxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion an ignition event oxidant rapid combustion the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion hydrogenes, chlorates, nitrogenates, and dichromates capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized combustion ignition sources are minimized to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel Apollo 1 crew silicon trace quantities The Earth's mantle carbon dioxide crustal rock mantle mantle oxygen compounds monatomic would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another ho water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen Amedeo Avogadro phlogiston wood or coal gaseous combustion products metals lighter a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms two double bond chemically the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774 1774 his work was published first Antoine Lavosier phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion spin triplet state triplet oxygen Because of its un paired electrons spontaneous combustion the bond order from three to two air rushed in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container in weight the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in 1777 Azote Trioxygen Trioxygen absorbs strongly in the UV region of the spectrum, the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet protective radiation shield UV region of the spectrum dioxygen dioxygen Occurrence energy content cellular respiration James Dewar 1891 1895 oxyacetylene Ooxygen temperature 6.04 milliliters nitrogen twice as much most abundant chemical element third most abundant chemical element 0.9% Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules 19th compressing and cooling it Louis Paul Cailleet Only a few drops March 29, 1883 sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth oxygen-16 Genesis spacecraft unknown Earth Singlet oxygen common organic molecules photosynthesis photolysis of ozone tissues Paleoclimatologists ice core samples 12% oxygen-18 lower global temperatures 687 and760 nm carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale vegetation canopis in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform global scale remote oxygen liquid oxygen the un paired electrons magnetic field magnet peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes pathogen attack anaerobic organisms 2.5 billion years ago 90.25 K (−182.75 °C, −29731 °F) highly reactive substance liquid nitrogen liquid nitrogen fuelle materials water bodies lower temperatures their higher oxygen content algae biochemical oxygen demand 3.5 billion years ago Paleoprotectionoic eon banded iron formations 1.7 billion years ago 3–2.7 billion years ago oxygen cycle photosynthesis three photosynthesis oxygen pressure swing adsorption 90% to 93% nitrogen non-cryogenic 90% to 93% O 2 water molecular oxygen and hydrogen ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide oxides and oxacids chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles recreational use placebo effect is a more likely explanation masks placebo effect aerobic exercise Hyperbarc (high-pressure) medicine carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin anaerobic bacteria Decompression sickness Ooxygen therapy heart Emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure) respiration gaseous oxygen to give corresponding oxides chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides FeO chemical bonds corrosion cabin depressurization airplanes have an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization steady stream of oxygen gas oxygen gas high pressure liquid in specially insulated tankers liquid compressed gas hospitals and other institutions organic solvents organic feeder materials Epoxides where "R" is an organic group biomolecules Only a few common complex biomolecules carbohydrates proteins phosphate Ooxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system permanent pulmonary fibrosis 160 kPa oxygen toxicity breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth low total pressures used 30 kPa 1.4 times normal no damage due to the low total pressures used more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure at elevated partial pressures partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa) 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa mechanical ventilations 30%–50% O 2 by volume October 1973 US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally 1979 second oil shock Organization of Arab Petroleum exporting Countries to avoid being targeted by the boycott multilateral negotiations with the combatants January 18, 1974 March 1974 August 15, 1971 rise and fall according to market demand oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased September 1971 oil producers' real income decreased less than two percent per year 1971 1973–1974 1967 October 6, 1973 Iran ten times more Iran " Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly! American aid to Israel October 16, 1973 their economic and political objectives were met $2.2 billion " principal hostile country" over 100 billion dollars Sunni extremist groups Middle East shrinking Western demand Wahhabism distribution and price disruptions the USSR 1973 Kissinger's dominance The embargo automobiles Macroeconomic problems Arctic five to ten years Netherlands America UK Israelis Ted Heath UK a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government 1973–74 The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway Sweden Price to encourage investment creating greater scarcity rationing William E. Simon 1973 to coordinate the response to the embargo 20% 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act Bill Clinton November 28, 1995 1977 energy crisis market and technology realities congresses and presidents U.S. British Prime Minister Edward Heath 10 years Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World Japan 71% declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy November 22 December 25, Afghanistan Saudi Arabia and Iran Saudi January 1979 November 1979 Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun 510, the Toyota Civic, the Mitsubishi Galant (a captive import from Citroen sold as the Dodge Colt), the Mitsubishi Galant American V8 V8 and six cylinder engines Japanese decade after the 1973 oil crisis Toyota Corona Mark II passenger space "Aura, Volvo and infiniti, respectively) Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck Dodge D-50 Ford captive import policy increase in imported cars into North America at least four 1985 Cadillac De Ville and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Olds mobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury orientedSedans Chev Bel Air, and Ford Galaxyie 500 1979 1981 1974 Mustang I 1981 1980s pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers $40 per barrel Project Mercury The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human space Flight program 1968 John F. Kennedy two 1961 to 1972 Gemini missions Soviet Union Skylab 1967 lunar landing Budget Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon Apollo 8 Apollo 17 842 pounds vionics, telecommunications, and computers three three Abe Silverstein lunar landings early 1960 1960 Maxime Faget three Hugh L. Dryden John F. Kennedy Soviet Union massive financial commitment required by a Manned Moon landing James E. Webb missile gap Yuri Gagarin Soviet Union one refusing to make a commitment April 20 Lyndon B. Johnson one week we are neither making maximum effort nor achieveing results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership Robert R. Gilruth NASA's Langley Research Center Houston, Texas Rice University Florida Merritt Island Kurt H. Debus a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team Kennedy at least three Apollo spacecraft 250,000 130 million cubic foot Dr. George E. Mueller July 23, 1963 D. Braineth Holmes Mueller Air Force missile projects the United States Air Force Bernard A. Schriever January 1964 Bernard A. Schriever lunar orbit 1961 Robert Seamans his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golin July 1961 Manned Spacecraft Center Joseph Shea Manned Spacecraft Center Jerome Rossner Gonin Saturn V July 11, 1962 von Braun No, that's no good Lunar Ecursionmodules NASA allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship propulsion, electrical power and life support 1964 cone-shaped Command/ Servicemodules two three Apollo spacecraft heat shield Parachutes 5,560 A cylindrical Service Modul (SM) high-gain S-band antenna extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried 51,300 pounds an orbital scientific instrument package North American Aviation twice 1964 Saturn V two Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere 15,100 3 days Wernher von Braun the Army June 11, 1962 dummy upper stages filled with water 1964 and 1965 Pegasus satellites frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts Saturn IB 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN) third 18,100 kg Saturn V 33 feet (10.2 m) three burned liquid hydrogen Project Mercury and Gemini veterans All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans Dr. Harrison Sicks Apollo 17 lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews 32 Distinguished Service Medal 1969 flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7 Walter M. Schirra Apollo 8 1966 265.7 nautical miles 25,700 Servicemodules engine and the Command Modul heat shield unmanned Apollo spacesuit a water-cooled undergarment water-cooled Lunarmodules Pilot Deke slutton Gemini and Apollo programs 1966 Grissom Chaffee the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight August 1967 Saturn IB Apollo 1 backup crew Samuel Phillips "tiger team" 1967 George Mueller North American Grissom, White, and Chaffee a launch ountdown North American a Strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch January 27, 1967 delayed the sealing of the hatch noticed a Strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch 100% oxygen atmosphere both houses of Congress workmanship and quality control George Low immediately nitrogen/oxygen mixture Flamable cabin and space suit materials Block I plug-type hatch cover NASA discontinued themanned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve themanned lunar landing Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed letters Block I CSM achieve trans-lunar injection April 4, 1968 a third unmanned test Apollo 5 pad 37 Grumman successfully test-fired fire-in-the-hole Saturn V Zond 5 Christmas Eve deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission human cosmonauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin July 1969 black-and-white television Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin July 24 Apollo 12 Surveyor 3 removed some parts which they returned to Earth accidentally pointed into the Sun Lunarroving Vehicle Block II spacesuit eight over three days mass a liquid oxygen tank exploded Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added oxygen tank April 1970 Apollo 20 shrink NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle 1971 extremely old about 3.2 billion years calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite Genesis Rock highly brecciated impact process effects materials melted near an impact critique $170 billion 15 $20.4 billion Apollo extension Series Apollo applications Program Venus 1973 in space February 8, 1974 Apollo Telescope Mount Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Command Modul in lunar orbit unknown Apollo 8 Book of Genesis one-quarter a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy Apollo TV camera incompatible magnetic tape shortage newer satellite data Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation Nafzger The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy kinescope Lowry Digital remaining in black and white primary law, secondary law and supplementary law body of treaties and legislation the Treaties establishing the European Union regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties establishing the European Union the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states direct effect or indirect effect primary law, secondary law and supplementary law the Treaties establishing the European Union primary law, secondary law and supplementary law the Treaties establishing the European Union European Parliament and the Council of the European Union The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Commission citizens The European Court of Justice The "European Council" Treaty on European Union (TEU) The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (FEU) Gibraltar and the Åland islands as soon as they enter into force The Court of Justice of the European Union with common rules for coal and steel Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 Norway did not end up joining Greenland common rules for coal and steel 1985 1986 1972 1985 Following the Nice Treaty France and the referendum in the Netherlands very similar constitutional treaty replace them the constitutional law of the European Union produced a single constitutional document the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Lisbon Treaty The European Commission The Commission's President (currently an ex-luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) Jean-Claude Juncker one Federica Mogherini Article 17(1) The Commission's President a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections Ireland Commissioners the Sainter Commission the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law a Committee of Independent Experts European Council do not have voting rights 1999 Commission v Edith Cresson a Committee of Independent Experts European Anti- fraud Office 2012 European Parliament and the Council of the European Union initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes every five years citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries European Parliament and the Council of the European Union Commission European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 1979 every five years citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries different ministers of the member states Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size 352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus 260 the Council six months 352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities the Council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment qualified majority harder TEU articles 4 and 5 Court of Justice 294 a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission TEU articles 4 and 5 Conciliation Committee The judicial branch Court of Justice of the European Union 28 at present, who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" member state courts to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed" by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration Court of Justice of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal three years to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed" Court of Justice's view the nationalisation law was from 1962 1962, and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision European Court of Justice and the highest national courts 1964 Court of Justice the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary the ultimate authority of member states if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles (particularly democracy, the rule of law and the social state principles administrative law 1986 The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction, in order to ensure the law is effective as possible constitutional law Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen article 30 postal Treaty provisions Directives at least 4 weeks 28 early 1990s the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws 10 years Swedex AG & Co kg 18 to 28 Fourth, national courts incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent 6 million Lira European Court of Justice fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity since the 1950s Article 5 the least onerous since the 1960s European Court of Justice a proper legal basis the principles of legal certainty and good faith the constitutional traditions common to the member states fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states None member states 1950 European Court of Human Rights 1999 12 December 2007 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union European Union law European Court of Justice the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 1989 30 40 11 The UK Social Chapter 1992 the election of the UK Labour Party to government 1997 Works Council Directive 1996 workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany 1951 cartels article 66 1957 Article 101(1) anti-competitive agreements Articles 106 and 107 Article 101 2007 since the Treaty of Rome 1957 consumer prices free trade the World Trade Organisation customs union parallel importers private actors Commission v all " trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34 25 per cent France 2003 cocoa butter cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as "cholate" Reck and Mithouard prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade Konsumentoomplaintnen v De Gregoriini Unfair Commercial Practices people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement European Community citizenship Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie stay 1 to 7 Jean-marc Bosman Gaelic Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker when other German residents got the the measure was disproportionate Citizenship of the EU social services that people can access wherever they move Commission v Austria higher education, along with other forms of vocational training Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union if they were non- discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionably applied Reyners v Belgium 49 Commission v Italy 2006 shipping toxic waste October 2007 2005 people who give services "for retribution" Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice treatment Daily Mail £1 £1 creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting tax bills in the UK P v Nordic Construction Gesellschaft the Court of Justice Amazonia or the Amazon jungle 5,500,000 square kilometres nine four over half Amazoneregenwoud Brazil Brazil over half 16,000 a moist broadleaf forest 7,00,000 square kilometres nine Brazil 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species wetter climate Climate fluctuations the Middle Miocene the last glacial maximum the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate 45 Climate fluctuations Oligocene retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum Cretaceous–Paleogene 66–34 Mya Middle Miocene the last glacial maximum 34 million years the mid-Eocene the Atlantic Solimes Basin 5–10 million years the Atlantic mid-Eocene Pacific across the Amazonas Basin Pacific across the Amazonas Basin Amazonas Basin Solimes Basin mid-Eocene Purus Arch the Atlantic Pacific Solimes Basin Last Glacial Maximum rainfall in the basin during the GM was lower than for the present the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin by the available data 21,000 years last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (GLM) and subsequent de Glaciation sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan 21,000 years sediment deposits moist tropical open forest and grassland practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin NASA's CALEPS satellite 182 million tons 1,600 miles Amazon basin 132 million tons NASA's CALEPS satellite 182 million tons 27.7 million tons 132 million tons 43 million tons NASA's CALEPS satellite NASA 182 million tons 1,600 miles 182 million tons Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre agriculture recent anthropological findings 5 million dense coastal settlements Berty Meggers 0.2 Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise Becky Meggers Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.2 inhabitants 5 million less than 200,000 Francisco de Orellana 1540s smallpox between AD 0–1250 AD 0–1250 Francisco de Orellana 1543 1970s Ondemar Dia at least 11,000 years black earth large areas agriculture and Silviculture the Mingu tribe University of Florida Terra preta agriculture and Silviculture in the previously hostile environment Mingu tribe Michael Eckenberg and colleagues of the University of Florida roads, bridges and large plazas 2.5 million One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon at least 40,000 plant species one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams 128,843 2.5 million 2,000 40,000 378 One in five of all the bird species in the world 62 16,000 91,790 tonnes 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare 438,000 16,000 1,100 89,790 tonnes 355 ± 47 tonnes 438,000 electric eels black caiman pirania lipophilic alkaloid toxins Twilight bats crop cultivation 1960s slash and burn method loss of soil fertility and weed invasion Deforestation 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres livestock pasture second-largest Seventy percent soy farmers increased settlement and deforestation 8,646 sq mi declined significantly 18% biodiversity destruction of the forest loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest 10% 1.1 × 1013 metric tonnes severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures greenhouse gas emissions 2100 21st century climate change in addition to deforestation indigenous ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts deforestation and ecocide Urarina lowland South American peoples handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth Trio Tribe southern Suriname to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests tree growth stages biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions Tatian Kushliche 2006 Synthetic aperture radar 2005 Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research deforestation on regional climate savanna or desert The Independent 2010 1,160,000 square miles three epicenters 2005 1.5 gigatons comb jalies marine waters worldwide 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide cilia water flow through the body cavity 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia comb jalies 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) water flow through the body cavity a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide marine waters worldwide ten times their own weight 100–150 25 100–150 tentilla ten times their own weight lack tentcles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia ten times their own weight tentilla large, stiffened cilia spiders Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named hermaphrodites miniature cydippids youthiles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time produce both eggs and sperm at the same time sequential hermaphrodites platyctenids' eggs The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction single animal can produce both eggs and sperm produce both eggs and sperm at the same time the eggs and sperm mature at different times platyctenids beroids Black Sea Mnemiopsis over-fishing and long-term environmental changes fish larvae Mnemiopsis fish larvae and organisms bays bays planktonic plants Mnemiopsis causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish over-fishing and long-term environmental changes 66 million years ago monophyletic 525 million years ago comb-rows 565 million years ago Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction monophyletic comb-rows cnidarians having colloblasts bilaterians Ctenophores colloblasts cnidarians colloblasts colloblasts ctenophores and cnidarians bilaterians mesoglea diploblastic ctenophores sponges comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia as their main method of locmotion ctenes comb-bearing cydippid Pleurobraschia oceanic species withstand waves and swirling sediment particles Pleurobraschia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis epithelium, the gastrodermis bioluminescence pharynx a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles the mouth and pharynx swimming-plates "ctenes" or "comb plates" where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish 2 millimeters experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities mesoglea increase its volume and increase its density pump this into the mesoglea the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth) the opposite end from the mouth a transparent dome made of long, im mobile cilia a stacyst a balance sensor sea gooseberry extends a pair of long, shepherd tentcles spherical a sheath into which it can be withdrawn at the narrow end tentilla specialized microphone-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora three capturing prey eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body near the mouth to the opposite end evenly round the body ciliary groove lobes gelatinaus projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth four produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth suspended planktonic prey clapping their lobes jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly nerves nerves Nuda The Beroida forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip streamlines the front of the animal large pharynx Cesida ("belt animals") Cetum veneris ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows Velomen parallelum oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-ab oral direction a muscular "foot" comb-rows rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates pores in the epidermis internal fertilization Mnemiopsis parts of the internal canal network external tentcles and terminacle sheaths among the plankton gradually develop the body forms of their parents true larvae Beroe the youthiles secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies ink adults parasitic jellyfish stinging cells smaller, weaker swimmers Lampea low ratio of organic matter to salt and water keta other ctenophores Red Sea ctenophores eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish ballast tanks of ships by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe a late 1980s slowed the animal's metabolism Because of their soft, gelatinaus bodies comb jelly mid- Cambrian period Three additional putative species between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8 typical of living species 525 million years ago stromatoveris stromatoveris ctenophores Edia Caran period the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria, and sister to all other animal phyla Porifera (sponges) the beroids monophyletic 65.5 million years ago Richard Harbison Fresno 220 miles (350 km) ash tree ash leaf "ash tree" in Spanish, and an ash leaf is presented on the city's flag 1872 flooding 1885 47 the Central Pacific Railroad 2.7% Chinatown Pinedale an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps assembly center BankAmericard BankAmericard revolve a balance 1976 visa Inc Bill Aken Bob Gallion Madera Wheeling, West Virginia Lupe Mayorga three Roeding Park Kearney Park Woodward Park Kearney Park 1880s and World War II Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished San Joachim Light & Power Building Hughes Hotel 1964 Fulton Mall Pierre-Auguste Renoir Fulton Mall wide sidewalks Fresno's far southeast side Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue 1950s through the 1970s a golf course designed by William P. Bell William P. Bell Tower Theatre 1939 water tower Fresno Normal School one-half mile late 1970s second and third run movies 1978 Broadway in New York City Evita and The Spot live theater and nightclubs a few hundred feet Tower District Tower District Tower District early twentieth century homes Storybook houses contrasts recent decades Huntington Boulevard William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation 1914 267 homes Fresno Traction Company Southwest Fresno southwest African-American Hmong or Laotian Downtown Fresno M. Theo Kearney tall palm trees Fresno Street and Thorne Ave Brookhaven southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm between the 1960s and 1990s Fresno and B streets Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill meat Solutions and Foster Farms The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side very little Ralph Woodward 300 acres up to 2,500 people 22 miles April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm 1946 William Smolie Sierra Sky Park Airport automobiles there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world semi-arid climate July 11.5 inches (292.1 mm) northwest December, January and February 115 °F (46.1 °C) January 6, 1913 1885 2.2 inches 3.54 inches (90.2 mm) 494,663 49.6% 1.7% 30.0% 4,404.5 158,349 19.3% 1,388 2.62 3.06 427,652 149,026 housing units 8.4% 11.2% 4,096.9 people per square mile To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area KJM-TV June 1, 1953 NBC affiliate KSEE kgpe State Route 99 Sierra Freeway State Route 41 west Fresno 1950s Interstate 9 rapidly raising population and traffic in cities Amtrak San Joaquís Downtown Fresno Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads San Joachim Valley Railroad Fresno Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth coining the modern name packet switching Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation packet switching networking paradigm a fee per unit of connection time by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes by a fee per unit of connection time by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages with or without intermediate forwarding nodes by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering according to a multiple access scheme with or without intermediate forwarding nodes by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering according to a multiple access scheme distributed adaptive message block switching distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching store and forward switching a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network store and forward switching distributed adaptive message block switching use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's nationwide network in the UK ARPANET Donald Davies packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's for use in the ARPANET complete addressing information individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery a destination address, source address, and port numbers The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking a configuration phase in each involved nodes before any packet is transferred to establish the requirements of communication provide connection-oriented operations a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted provide connection-oriented operations a data link layer protocol, like X25 it does not define internal network routing operations 1969 division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host The X25 protocol suite uses this network type a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralizedADSL or server addresses, updated the distributed stub, and configurationed any required inter-network routing plug-n-play system The cyclladeS packet switching network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally ARPANET architecture a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transformingDEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s seven open standards with published specifications a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix They lost money from the beginning a time-sharing system, based onkemney's work at Dartmouth the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development connections to the CBS mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lancing Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(2) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States Larry Roberts making ARPANET technology public X.26 and the terminal interface to X.29 GTE international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, California host computers ( servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies via Dial-up connections or dedicated persistent connections build their own dedicated networks build their own dedicated networks two Bell Northern Research allowed the interconnection of national X25 networks Australian public X25 network operated by Telstra applications such as on-line betting, financial applications a Dial-up terminal to aPAD, or, by linking a permanent X25 nodes to the network public switched data network operated by the Dutch Ptt Telecom (now known as KPN) the network and the connected users via leased lines the network and the connected users via leased lines this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion The Computer Science Network to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government Qwest Abilene Qwest Internet2 officially retired Abilene The National Science Foundation Network advanced research and education networking advanced research and education networking in the United States Backbone Network Service went on to upgrade the entire backbone MC Telecommunications more than 100 C 48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links Central Asia killed 30–60% of Europe's total population 30–60% 17th century until the 19th century populations of fleas carried by ground rodents 1339–39 China 1337 25 million Genoese traders Jani Beg the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants Sicily and the south of Europe several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather northwestern Russia Italy the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent Germany and Scandinavia 1349 permanent change in both economic and social structures autumn 1347 through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea the north Gasquet atra mors Gasquet 1823 The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1346 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" the king of France Miasma theory Miasma theory plague theory the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894 the pathogen Y. pestis two populations of rodents Francis Aidan Gasquet Great Pestilence 1908 Great Pestilence Justinian plague 30–75% 38–41 °C (100– 106 °F) 80 percent 90 to 95 percent fever of 38–41 °C (100– 106 °F) headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise October 2010 a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death with polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and sub ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis may have entered Europe in two waves November 1347 spring of 1349 confirmed and amended England ancestral to most modern strains of the disease October 2011 J. F. D. Shwsbury reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague contemporary accounts were exaggerations the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. epidemiological account of the plague the lack of reliable statistics from this period over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 figures from the clergy the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries marginal significance too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas faster 5 to 15 years the cause was a form of arthrox, and Norman Cantor (2000) thought it may have been person to person. thought it may have been a combination of Anthx and other pandemics typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections a type of "blood poisoning" 25 50% 100,000 pre-planning and Christian burials 50% isolated 14th to 17th centuries the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 almost a million propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 end of 1350 10–15% 1665 40,000 Russia Italian Plague of 1629–1631 1656 22 1.7 million half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants half Sweden v. Russia and allies 1720 1500 and 1850 30 to 50 thousand second quarter of the 19th century two-thirds melt metamorphic rock a new magnet igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic heat and pressure seafloor spreading crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle asthenosphere the convecting mantle 1960s divergent boundaries convergent boundaries San Andreas fault system Alfred Wegen the convecting mantle seismic waves inner core 410 and 660 kilometers wave speeds seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers compresses the most recent era, so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale the Quaternary Holocene the Quaternary period cross-cutting relationships older the key bed younger xenoliths foreign bodies clausts inclusions and components a newer layer faunal succession the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks complex faunal succession Charles Darwin beginning of the 20th century fossils and stratgraphic absolute ages one another fossil sequences Thermochemical techniques isotope ratios of radioactive elements isotope ratios of radioactive elements to determine ages of pluton emplacement horizontal compression shallow crust "antiforms" "synforms" anticlines and synclines extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner boudins Maria Fold and Thrus Belt metamorphosed causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner dikes in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels fault Deformational layered basaltic la flows Acasta gnaiss of the Slave craton sedimentary rocks Cambrian time Acasta gnaiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada the study of rocks the study of sedimentary layers the study of positions of rock units and their deformation soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties geochemical evolution of rock units laboratory petrographic microscope how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous and metamorphic processes Structural geologists microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples plot numerical experiments orogenic wedges orogenic wedges sand all angles remain the same patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt Stratigraphers geophysical surveys well logs computer programs water, coal, and hydrocarbon to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition biostratigraphers Magnetic stratgraphers Gerotectiveologists Persia Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni Shen Kuo Ibn Sina deposition of silt James Hutton Theory of the Earth 1795 Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh William Maclure 1809 1809 observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map American Philosophical Society Principles of Geology uniformitarianism uniformitarianism catastropheism Charles Darwin 103 miles 8.5 Eurocities network of European cities Northumberland Geordie Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son wool coal 16th the Great North Run Pons Anius River Tyne 2,000 Hadrian's Wall Pictish tribes England Elizabeth 25-foot William the Lion three times coal Hostmen a pointless pursuit eccentric ruin him their families boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere 7,000 out of 20,000 one-third devastating loss the King the Scots drummes Triumphing by a courage defence Charles I urbanization of the city Maling company electric lighting the city's prosperity steam turbine medieval street layout Narrow alleys Sstair modern a restaurant situated at a grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close Tyneside Classical England's best-looking city Grey Street 1960s The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical Town Moor graze cattle The Hoppings funfair June King Hald V of Norway Large-scale regeneration Gateshead Council Norman Foster to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East ten the Grainger Town area between 1835 and 1842 four stories high 245 Butcher Market 1835 2000 the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event English Heritage oceanic (Köppen Cfb) warming influence rain 33.5 °C (90.5 °F) during August 1990 down to −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) during January 1982 the remainder of the British Isles 2010 Eldon Square Shopping Centre Bainbridge's by department 2007 shopping suburban Tesco Newcastle Gateshead Tyneside flat terraces Ouseburn valley Architects high density 7.8% 5.9% a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably over inflated markets authorities markets 2001 metropolitan borough student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area Northumbria Universities student populations 37.8 ancestors Border Reiv surnames between 500 and 2,000 1% Geordie Anglo-Saxon populations the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language stream Scandinavia elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom "bonny" (meaning "pretty") Many words Dutch Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer noisiest 80.4 negative long-term impact Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access Collingwood Street a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire microscop cinema 12-screen The Pink Triangle bars, cafes and clubs theatre Stephen Kemble many celebrated seasons 21 January 1788 Grey Street theatres Theatre Royal on Grey Street Royal Shakespeare Company local talent arts capital of the UK The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 8000 John and Benjamin Green lecture theatre Joseph Swan The Newcastle Beer Festival May biennial Newcastle Gateshead 2 The Hoppings Newcastle Town Moor every June the temperatance Movement cycling The Northern pride Festival and Parade Newcastle Mela Norman Foster SAMA Festival East Asian Newcastle Gateshead folk-rock 1971 Skyclad Skyclad Duran Duran November 2006 and May 2008 Old Town Hall, Gateshead three Classic the Old Town Hall, Gateshead Newcastle a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world shipbuilding 2009 Seven Stories On the Night of the Fire Get Carter noir Mike Figgis Mike Figgis Gosforth Park Newcastle Eagles Newcastle Diamonds Brough Park in Byker Blaydon Race 6 miles (9.7 km) Metro Light Rail system 20 minutes over five million passengers per year over 90 Victorian architecture six Queen Victoria Robert Stephenson Manors three hours three hours Edinburgh Cross Country trains Northern Rail Tyne and wear Metro five deep-level tunnels bridge 37 million Metro: All Change the busiest stations - part of the transition to Smart Ticketsing tracks, signalling and overhead wires the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system trams A1 A69 Great North Road the roads between this and the A1's former aalign through the Tyne Tunnel capacity of the Tyne Tunnel 3 There are two major bus stations in the city Stagecoach Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and wear area Eldon Square Bus Station 1998 cycling promotes healthy living healthy living one way streets national networks Danish DFDS Seaways end of October 2006 high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services late 2008 Thomson cruise lines eleven seven Royal Grammar School Newcastle College state-Catholic two Newcastle University Sunday Times University of the Year award polytechnics became new universities Northumbria University three 1473 Coptic Cathedral Church of St Thomas parish churches Parish Church of St Andrew 1726 the main porch the last of the ancient churchyards The church tower City Road The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead The entrance to studio 5 the result of its colouring BBC Radio Newcastle NE1fm Newcastle Student Radio since 1951 The city also has a Radio Larshmallow station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary. Newcastle University's student's union building 1770 Archbishop of Westminster George Stephenson steam turbine Thailand Rutherford Grammar School international footballers Nobel Prize keyed Northumbrian small pipes Newcastle the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 4.5 million 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2001 12.5 acres 145 5,000 years Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa post-classical sculpture Great Exhibition of 1851 Henry Cole Museum of Manufactures Somerset House Gottfried Sembol Queen Victoria 22 June 1857 George Wallis late night openings 1949 between September and November 1946 nearly a million and a half visitors Council of Industrial Design Festival of Britain 1948 rock concert rock concert Roy Strong mediaeval music and instrumentation Dundee £76 million the city's waterfront fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography five years Brompton Park House the Shepshaws Gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers 1862 offices and board room Owen Jones Italian Renaissance James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe Philip Webb and William Morris Edward Burne-Jones James Gamble Alfred Stevens Sir Edward Poynt Colonel (also known as the science schools) and the Sackler Centre for arts education, which opened in 2008 the science schools Portland stone prints and architectural drawings 2008 sgraffito F. W. Moody the southeast of the garden south side of the garden Sir John Taylor Aston Webb red brick and Portland stone 720 feet (220 m) statue of fame top row of windows Alfred Drury four Webb marble Queen Victoria Art Library Henry Cole wing a new entrance building Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art the Spiral silverware mosaic floors Future Plan South Kensington Mc Innes Usher McK night Architects Kim Wilkie Kim Wilkie elliptical receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes American Sweetgum tree 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects 600,000 RIBA drawings and Archives Collection 700,000 Andreas Palladio Jacques Gentilhatre 330 Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini Bishopsgate the Great Fire of London c1600 Montal the Alpbra 19,000 2006 Ardabil Carpet Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan 1909 60,000 10,000 6000 1991 Jawaharlal Nehru 70,000 China, Japan and Korea T. T. Fujii Gallery 1991 Ming and Qing Toshiba 1986 13th 1550 to 1900 a few paintings, scrolls and screens, textiles and dress including crochets and screens, textiles and dress including crochets and screens, textiles and dress including cottons 14th to the 19th century South East Asia Hindu and Buddhist sculptures mother-of-pearl betel-nut cutters Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III over 18,000 books 1876 1876 William Morris Charles Dickens 12th to 16th centuries trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen Lucas Horennous, London Word and Image Department A computer system called Modes cataloging system Encoded Archival description The Victoria and Albert Museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection "search thecollections," 2007 Factory Project Andy Warhol 15,000 to catalog everything British patrons Asia Sir James Thornhill Horace Walpole porcelain, cloth and desktop increase in tea drinking wider trends John Rusin mass production Arts andcrafts movement Trajan's Column cut in half Trajan's Column sculptures, friezes and tombs a glass case 1731 Frederick II the Great 1762 1909 East Asian pottery and porcelain in the world Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach Britain and Holland a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries 16th and 17th centuries Germany and Switzerland 4000 years 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia Ancient Egypt René Lalique René Lalique 1994 Danny Lane 2004 Dale Chihuly 13th 10,000 2,000 Antonio Verrio Thomas Rowlandson Thomas Rowlandson 14,000 Word and Image department everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived 1913 Harrods 2002 Vitienne Westwood 179 the Costiff collection modern fashion 1859 and 1865 between 1859 and 1865 French 18th-century art and furnishings 1882 £250,000 1570 Hans Vreman de Vries c1750 Germany Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Giò Ponti 6000 items Ancient Egypt 1869 154 William and Judith Bollinger secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels and items 1496–97 8 tonnes Sir George Gilbert Scott 10,000 c 1100 gil bronze St Thomas Becket c1180 copper 5,100 Bryan Davies Horniman Museum 35 2010 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings 650 4800 British watercolours Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II Andrés Marzal De Sax 1857 233 forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art' The Hay Wain British continental art 1600–1800 François, Duc d'Alençon by François Clouet, Jean-Baptiste Parent and their contemporaries Carlo crivelli's Virgin and Child François, Duc d'Alençon Eadenard Muybridge 1887 781 images of different animals James Lafayette 400 AD to 1914 22,000 400 AD to 1914 tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens including fountains, as well as architectural decorations National Galleries of Scotland Neptune and Triton Chancel Chapel Giuliano da Sangallo Chancel Chapel 20 the sculptor 1914 World War I St John the Baptist Nicholas Stone Nicholas Stone Nicholas Stone Sculptors Didney and Michael Hindze sculpture galleries 1950 theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology continental sculptors who worked in Britain, and works bought by British patrons from the continental sculptors who worked in Britain, and works bought by British patrons from the continental sculptors Tate Britain 53,000 all populated continents 1st century AD to the present western European technique the cloth of St Gereon 15th Netherlands the hunting of various animals John Vanderbank's late 14th-century William Morris 1887 Marion Dorn Serge Cher mayeff Theatre Museum 2009 UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK the V&A research, exhibitions and other shows Conservation temperature and light Interventive treatment V&A Museum of Childhood "preventive" conservation Disney–ABC Television Group 1957 Columbus Avenue Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street Disney Media Networks October 12, 1943 radio 1948 ESPN Capital Cities Communications 232 Citadel Broadcasting eight Canadian Radio- televisionn and Telecommunications Commission Citadel Broadcasting National Broadcasting Company NBC Blue and NBC Red major cities, and to test drama series drama series The NBC Blue Network the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 1938 1940 NBC Red Network NBC Blue Mark Woods NBC Blue Network Dillon, Read & Co David Sarnoff $7.5 million Life Savers October 12, 1943 George B. Storer president and CEO of ABC June 30, 1951 magnetophon tape recorder Paul Whiteman The network Bing Crosby public service $155 million ABC1 September 8, 2007 ABC International United States 1959 The arrival of satellite television Japan and Latin America to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Beirut Mainichi Broadcasting System respective issues with technical problems and flight delays respective issues with technical problems and flight delays Peanuts American Music Awards, Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade, Tournament of Roses Parade, Country Music Association Awards and the CNA Music Festival 1965 Academy Awards A Charlie Brown Christmas 1974 Ryan Seacroft from 1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 New Year's Eve cable channel TNT All My Children 1975 The Edge of Night The View and The Chew 1963 X Games 2006 19:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time Basketball The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments Frank Marx low-band VHF frequencies 1947 VHF channel 7 108 two Du Mont Television Network CBS and NBC United Paramount Theatres Paramount Pictures nine full-time CBS Prudential Insurance Company of America Leonard Goldenson William S. Paley June 6, 1951 1952 February 9, 1953 American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan August 10, 1948 October 1948, as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the VHF spectrum for broadcasting purposes Mount Wilson The Prospect Studios September 30, 1960 1960s William Hanna and Joseph Barbera September 30, 1960 1959 NBC 1985 1985 its circle logo Troka Design Group black-and- yellow "the dot" Pittard Sullivan 2015 We Love TV the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years 1993–94 1995–94 season 1983 "That Special Feeling" 1977 bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters bubble Paul Rand Bauhaus typeface Herbert Bayer 1963–64 season Disney–ABC October 19, 2005 six divisions 2004 dancing with the Stars Anne Sweney NASCAR 2002 Michael Eisner The Bachelor The Bachelorette Time Warner Cable ABC NBC May 2 2000 The WB Step by Step to CBS August 1999 Regis Philbin Bona Vista Television Meredith Vieira July 31, 1995 ABC Inc KCALE-TV to Young Broadcasting Robert Iger Sports Night 1965–66 third place "Beating the odds: The Untold Story Behind the rise of ABC" May 1, 1953 7 West 66th Street Baltimore Robert Kintner Du Mont Television Network "ABC-Du Mont" $5 million Paramount Pictures The Lone Ranger The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Cheyne Sugarfoot Walt Disney wheel series Roy $500,000 1954 Disneyland Allen Shaw Harold L. Neal "Love Radio" seven 1969 Duel 1971 $400,000–$450,000 1970s CBS and NBC behavioral and demographic data Monday Night Football 2006 NBC 15%–16% 1970 1972 Worldvision Enterprises cigarettes advertising from all television and radio networks January 2, 1971 Henry Plitt Elton Rule 1966 Happy Days developing youth-oriented programming Paramount Pictures Fred Pierce Fred Silverman S.W.A.T November 3, 1975 president of NBC's entertainment division Laverne & Shirley "jillow TV" Alex Haley Aaron Spelling nine 1976–77 Soap Roone Arledge ABC Sports 7 Lincoln Square June 1979 June 1978 Hugh Downs Barbara Walters MCA Inc ABC Cable News ABC News now SJM Broadcast Management Flint The Writers Guild of America Duel Pinas & Co ABC Entertainment Group ABC Entertainment Group Citadel Media iTunes 2004 2004 Fridays Fridays 1970 Worldvision Enterprises ABCcircle Films Turner Broadcasting System Disney–ABC Domestic Television Bona Vista Television Bona Vista International Television Selznick library WABC-TV andWPVI-TV eight 235 96.26% 1946 seal of the Federal Communications Commission 1957, just before the television network began its first color broadcasts, the ABC-UPT merger was finalized in 1953 2011 Supernanny, Extreme makeover: Home Edition HD E/I block litteron's Weekend Aventure 720p high definition 1080i HD 11 ABC's master feed Body of Proof Body of Proof NBC Body of Proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season All My Children and One Life to Live Prospect Park Hulu The Revolution 18–49 2004 ABC The Goldberg, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection Friday time slot The Middle and Modern Family Dragon's Den Sundays Tim Allen Daniel Burke Thomas Murphy NYPS Blue Doogie Howser, M.D. ten 1993 DIC Entertainment Time Warner Cable 23.63% WLS May 9, 1960 John Bassett CFto-TV Wide World of Sports Edgar Scherick Roone Arledge Sports programs, Inc American Broadcasting Companies The Newlywed Game The Newlywed Game 7 West 66th Street 90% Dynasty Mork & Mindy Alpha Repertory Television Service Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Getty Oil The Entertainment Channel Arts & Entertainment Television Daniel B. Burke CEO $465 million Funniest Home videos Home Improvement General Hospital The View and The Chew 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. weekdays Jimmy Kimmel Live! New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware WBMA-LD WBND-LD WQF-LP ABCcircle Films ABC Studios ABC Television Center ABC Television Center Times Square Studios Good Morning America and Nightline Peter Jennings Way World News To night ABC on demand Hulu July 6, 2009 27% the day after their original broadcast eight fast forwarding of accessed content January 7, 2014 LoyalKspar four "ABC Modern" ESPN 14 14 All-channel Receiver Act UHF Youngstown five times WTRF-TV 1960s Walt Disney Presents Desile Productions because of its use of violence April 1959 ABC Sunday Night Movie $15.5 million Hanna-Barberia, The Jetsons The Jetsons April 1, 1963 itt to ABC management Donald F. Turner Department of Justice January 1, 1968 Capital Cities Communications $3.5 billion and $118 Warren Buffett E. W. Scripps Company 12 September 5, 1985 Capital Cities/ABC, Inc president of ABC's broadcasting division Michael P. Millardo Roone Arledge Laverne & Shirley Happy Days and Three's Company Big Three networks The Love Boat comedies and family-oriented "TJPEG" block Thank Goodness It's Comedy Miller-Boyett Productions Warner Bros. seven Ralph Nelson-directed Charley Ralph Nelson 1985 Redwood City, California westerns and deDetective series 500% between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population Olie Treiz Dick Clark counterprogramming against its competitors Zorro Life western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS "watch ABC" New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&OWPVI-TV Hearst Television ESPN's WatchESPN service The Sincil Broadcast Group WBMA-LD E. W. Scripps Company 28 15 Start Here Troka entertainment entertainment division WXS-TV and WSB KMBC-TV and EQTV WZMZ and WTV WSPS Mongol Empire Mongol invasions Khwarezmia and Xia controlled lands Central Asia and China Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin Ögedei Khan 1228 Mongol Empire his sons and grandsons Mongolia Delüün Boldog Yesügei 1164 Tatar chieftain Temülen Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge Börte Khongirad Dai Setsen Begter Hoetun Khasar during one hunting expedition his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud a cangue, a sort of portable stocks Jelme and Bo'orchu Jelme and Bo'orchu river crevice arranged marriages Hoerul Chinese dynasties alliances Börte Merkits Jamukha Jochi 1185–1826 three Tolui 1189 Genghis Khan at least six sworn brother or blood brother the Merkits Jadaran 20,000 Jamukha Mongolian aristocracy Kokochu 1187 Battle of Dalan Balzhut Qara Khitai Yassa code civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils orphans stronger with each victory Jochi Jamukha Jamukha Keraite tribe Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother 1202 universal ruler Subutai 1206 relationships and congregaon, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death he did not want disloyal men in his army death noble death Chinese Jamukha Khasar his extensive spy network and Yam route systems Wang Khan 1206 Khuruldai Khagan Ögedei the Merkits, Namans, Mongols, Kerontes, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule Jin Genghis Khan 1215 Kaifeng Ögedei Khan Genghis Khan Liao dynasty 20,000 soldiers Jebe The Arrow invading Mongols west of Kashgar Lake Balkhash Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire) Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad Inalchuq Muslim 100,000 Silk Road the Ten Shan mountains three groups northeast Jochi Samarkand defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense Inalchuq silver divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities Subutai and Jebe Samarkand fell Bukhara to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace captured enemies supposedly reneged pyramids of severed heads opened the gates to the Mongols Turkish defenders artisans and craftsmen flail of God young men 1720 Subutai Black Sea Battle of Kalka River Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev Genghis Khan Volga Bulgaria Transoxiana and Persia 1215 Samarkand 1228 autumn Mongols Yellow River five stars Ning Hia Ma Jianlong arrows Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) executed Jochi Chagatei Khwarezmid Empire Ögedei Chagatei and Jochi Chagatei youngest Ögedei 1228 Khorasan Gulench Genghis Khan if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad Western Xia fell from his horse while hunting and died arrow wound Western Xia Oirads without markings Khentii Ai mag Onon River The Genghis Khan Mausoleum Edsen Khoroo Dongshan Falo Dian Tibetan monastery of Kumbium Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining early 1954 Red Guards October 6, 2004 the ruler's long-lost burial site horses, and that trees were then planted over the site horses Genghis Khan Yassa created by Genghis Khan Genghis Khan and his family Genghis Khan religious tolerance Ong Khan a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian Töreogene Khatun Pax Mongolica Chinese the Great Yassa Chu'Tsai because they were nomenads Mongol army Khitan rulers Muqali, Jebe and Subutai Karakorum Muqali Subutai and Jebe unwavering loyalty rivers new ideas, techniques and tools ambush and counterattack feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack Caspian Sea Caspian Sea Ögedei Khan 1279 Silk Road Turkey tolerant expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas 1990s his butchery is exaggerated "Genghis Khan's Mongolia" to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children" butchery his brutality 20,000 Mongolian tögrög Genghis Khan Chunggis Khaan International Airport to avoid trivialization Ulaanbaatar Ikh Zasag illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily Tsakhiigiin El begdorj Mongolian script Inner Mongolia region 5 million Kublai Khan Yuan conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China Iran up to three-fourths 10 to 15 million Hulagu Khan Mamluks of Egypt Ghazan Khan 1237 Novgorod and Pskov Mughal emperors Genghis Khan Nishapur zhèng Lake Baikal "right", "just", or "false" Mongolian Chinggis Minggis Khaan variety of ways in different languages simplified Chinese Chinghiz, Chinhi, andchingiz variety of ways in different languages Pharmaceutical tobacco and patent medicines Sorcery or even poison outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent many other herbs not listed healthcare professionals quality use of medicines optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines improve optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines a drug treatment for an individual PhT General Pharmaceutical Council manage the pharmacy department a health care professional manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consulting spending more time working with patients and in research writing a five volume book De Materia Medica materia Medica Diocles of Carystus middle eastern scientists the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code the Meiji Restoration Ranked positions Imperial household Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi complex drugs 15th century the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy a Catalan enclave old prescription books and antique drugs 1222 pharmacy legislation dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues automation patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc. a pharmacy practice residency various disciplines of pharmacy patient compliance issues clinical pharmacists within the basees of the hospital unit-dos, or a single trial of medicine high risk preparations and some other compounding functions high cost of medications and drug-related technology The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and drug-related technology, combined direct patient care services inside hospitals and clinics physicians and other healthcare professionals patient care rounds drug product selection in all health care settings creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy drug choice, trial, route, frequency, and duration of therapy potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies full independentprescription authority North Carolina and New Mexico 2011 Board Certified Assisttory Carephysiologist theVA, the Indian Health Service, and NITE medication regime review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs nurse homes Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings employ consulting pharmacists and/or provide consulting services about the year 2000 brick-and-mortar community pharmacys online pharmacys if they are homebound method by which the medications are requested and received to avoid the "inconnectivity" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/Benefitit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication potentially dangerous sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances a "patient" s/he has never met to ensure that the prescription is valid individual state laws Vicidan reduce consumer costs United States international drug suppliers there is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription to formalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries pharmacy practice science and applied information science information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals specialty drugs 19 of 28 chronic and complex disease states high costinjectionable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies separately from physicians pharmacists American Medical Association 7 to 10 percent form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments United Kingdom rural areas in the United Kingdom 1.6 kilometres 1.6 kilometres high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers he or she can then sell more medications to the patient the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects become more integral within the health care system medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients Medication Therapy Management increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system Alberta and British Columbia the Australian Government medicine use reviews pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy Pharm. D. mortar and pestle The show globe Netherlands Germany and Austria France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease disease innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity the neuroimmune system system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease disease innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity disease pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms neuroimmune system blood–brain barrier, blood–cere Brospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers pathogens innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity cell-mediated immunity pathogens by the immune system rudimentary eukaryotes creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen unicellular organisms phagocytosis vaccination Jawed vertebrates autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer when the immune system is less active than normal recurring and life-threatening infections recurring and life-threatening infections Hashiro's endocrinitis, rheumatid inflammation, diabetes mellitus type 1 and systemic lupus erythematous Immunodeficiency autoimmunity Immunology HIV/AIDS plague of Athens serpentn venom Louis Pasteur Walter Reed Robert Koch microorganisms yellow fever 430 BC pathogen immune system adaptive immune system Innate immune systems adaptive immune system immunological memory physical barriers self and non-self molecules self molecules non-self molecules antigens specific immune receptors pattern recognition receptors innate immune system microorganisms pathogens skin skin coughing and Sneezing mucus tears and urine β-defensins lysozyme and phosphorlipase A2 defensins and zinc gastric acid and Proteases menarche commensal flora fungi lactobacilli pH or available iron In Flamation redness, swelling, heat, and pain eicosanoids and cytokines prostaglandins interleuks cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes cytokines phagosome phagolysosome acquiring nutrients neutrophils and macrophages neutrophils and macrophages 50% to 60% chemotaxis interleuk 1 leukocytes leukocytes adaptive immune system macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells Dendritic cells neuronal dendrites antigens to T cells T cells missing self Natural killer cells MHC I killer cell immunantigen receptors (kiR) early vertebrates antigen presentation pathogens or pathogen-infected cells the killer T cell and the helper T cell regulatory Class I MHC molecules Class II MHC molecules γρ T cells Killer T cells CD8 T cell receptor (TCR) granulysin perforin CD4 200–300 200–300 cytokines CD40 helper T cells, cytotoxicit T cells and NK cells T cell receptor CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells receptor diversity V γ6/Vρ2 T cells B cell Proteolysis lymphokines long-lived memory cells passive short-term memory passive short-term memory or active long-term memory pathogen microbes IgG Breast milk or colostrom passive immunity immunomodulators both adaptive and innate immune responses lupus erythematous testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive NFil3 heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma sleep deprivation progressive decline in hormone levels with age vitamin D hormones chole Calciferol killer T cells MHC class I molecules viral antigens antibodies phagocytic Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMs rapid apoptosis Systemic acquired resistance RNAsilenceng mechanisms autoimmune self and non-self thymus and bone marrow self Immunodeficiencies young and the elderly 50 years obesity, alcoholism, and drug use malnutrition vaccination immunization an antigen from a pathogen natural specificity enzymes a type III secretion system move from the pathogen to the host elude host immune responses Frank Burnet pathogens, an allograft histocompatibility Niels Jerne glucoscorticoids cytotox or immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate or Azathioprine Cyclosporin cytotoxicit natural killer cells and CYTs (cytotoxicit T lymphocytes) cortisol and cavalcholamines melatonin free radical vitamin D receptor vitamin D, theandrogen hormonecalciumtriol symbiotic CYT27B1 dendritic cells, androgenocytes and macrophages pattern recognition receptors defensins phagocytic cells Ribonucleases immunantigens and T cell receptors lamprey and Hagfish Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) adaptive immune system lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens bacteriophages CRISPR sequences "cellular" and "humoral" Elie Metchnikoff phagocytes Robert Koch and Emil von Behring soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells cancers MHC class I molecules cytokine TGF-β macrophages and lymphocytes Hypersensitivity four Type I hypersensitivity IgE Type I – IV intracellular pathogenesis Salmonella Plasmodium falciprum Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein A antigenic variation HIV HIV antigens immune surveillance oncogenic viruses tyrosinese melanomas melanocytes >500 Da hydrophilic Immuno Proteomics B cells immunogenetics leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin pancreas Th1 Th1 immune responses carbohydrates disrupting their plasma membrane signal amplification catalytic cascade Civil disobedience apartheid the American Civil Rights Movement Ukraine Georgia Egyptians Egyptians unfair laws what they deem to be unfair laws American Civil Rights Movement Antigone King of Thebes, Odipus, defies Creon Antigone Antigone giving her brother Polynices a proper burial Antigone Sophocles former King of Thebes, Odipus, defies Creon she must obey her conscience rather than human law a stirring speech in which she tell him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law Percy Shelley nonviolent Satyagraha a free India Henry David Thoreau Percy Shelley nonviolent nonviolent protest Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau muggers, arsonists, draft evaers, campaign recklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, youthile delinquents and political assassins Marshall Cohen ambiguity ambiguity become utterly debased Marshall Cohen ambiguity Marshall Cohen ambiguity LeGrande the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible extremely difficult, if not impossible semantical a distinction between lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience LeGrande volumeinous semantical problems and grammatical Niceties lawful violent civil disobedience civil disobedience public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen a citizen's relation to the state and its laws citizen's relation to the state and its laws a citizen's relation to the state and its laws head of government public agencies head of government Thoreau's political philosophy confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay The individual is the final judge of right and wrong knocks on the door, it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood individuals The individual individuals individuals who disagree with what is being said Resign powerful but it is not necessarily right against governmental entities trade unions, banks, and private universities governmental entities breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments Brownlee breaches of law against governmental entities governmental entities civil disobedience covert lawbreaking disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience Book of Exodus Shiphrah and Puah publicly announced rules that conflict with morality a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality, we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking Book of Exodus non-violent Black's Law Dictionary rebellion tolerance whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent constitutional defects to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience one cannot justify civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience Revolutionary civil disobedience Ferenc Deák Ferenc Deák Gandhi to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs Non-revolutionary cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue Revolutionary Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience Roman Empire gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened rose to higher political office after the end of the Mexican War during the Roman Empire refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met jail solidarity jail solidarity weeks and months after it happened illegal acts propaganda illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness 738 days successfully preventing it from being cut down a harassment and, at least to the bystand, somewhat inane illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness harassment a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law Julia butterfly Hill allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die." "Wise up or die." forbidden speech 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 1978 pure speech civil disobedience expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies engageing in the forbidden speech difficult for a system to function padlocked the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes padlocked the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes coercion coercive illegal boycotts denial-of-service attacks to engage in moral dialogue coercive criminal use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers whether he will treat me, his neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor, for whom he has lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude accept punishment their belief in the validity of the social contract the existence of government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted anarchists violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others whether or not to plead guilty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law a compromise between the two plea of not guilty Camp Mercury nuclear test site plead "nolo contendere" suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds "nolo contendere" suspended sentences a way of continuing their protest, as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice reminding their countrymen of injustice the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way, whether it is done by remaining in jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience plea ballot to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea ballot for everyone a blind plea, pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place Mohands Gandhi make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution lack of mourse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions lack of mourse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions lack of mourse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine win an acquittal seek jury nullification Vietnam War seek jury nullification applicant or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law neither conscientious nor of social benefit breaking the law for self-gratification denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction, is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction, is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient Indirect civil disobedience civil disobedience Vietnam War necessity if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence achieveing crime control via incapacition and deterrence achieveing crime control via incapacition and deterrence Leonard Hubert Hoffmann giving the offence his "just deserts" achieveing crime control via incapacition and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment Construction manufacturing six to nine percent planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use a known client An architect An architect effective planning mega projects design and execution of the infrastructure buildings, infrastructure and industrial residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional) heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering Infrastructure Industrial a trade magazine for the construction industry Engineering News- Record 2014 transportation, gambling, hazardous waste and water building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors construction service firms The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project Building construction small renovations the owner of the property structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight local building authority regulations and codes of practice brick versus stone, versus timber waste waste, careful planning again is needed here 3D printing technology 20 hours 2014 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) plan the physical psessions designs into reality the property owner a quantity surveyor the most cost efficient bidder previously separated specialties separate companies one-stop shopping design build design-build, partnering and construction management architects, interior designer, engineers and builders establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process preventable financial problems builders ask for too little money to complete the project when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials Fraud Mmortgage bankers, accountings, and cost engineers mortgage banker Accountants identified change orders or project changes that increased costs Cost engineers and estimators zoning and building code requirements the owner the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district An attorney construction project contract a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out poorly drafted contracts relationship contracting Public-Private Partnering Public-Private Partnering co-operation architect or engineer His or her the architect's client and the main contractor the main contractor building is ready to occupy The owner D&B contractors The owner a consortium of several contractors they design phase 2 contractors damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities municipal building i inspects occupancy permit $960 billion $680 billion 667,000 firms 10 828,000 £42,290 £25,719 US/Canada Construction Fall electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins safety equipment independent schools academic scholarship public (government) funding to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition $45,000 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000 at several New England preparatory schools Australia North America lower sixth upper sixth "p schools", boarding schools and day schools peer tuitions best teachers Roman Catholic Orthodox Christians religious education expulsion a compulsory blouse more expensive Presbyterian Church Gregory Terrace Sydney girls Article 7, Paragraph 4 second Gleichschaltung 11.1% 11.1% 11.1% Sonderungsverbot Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or religious groups very low tuition fees Ergänzungsschulen vocational schools charging their students tuition fees religious groups independent schools academic authorities 30 the union government societies India The Annual Status of Education Report assesses learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools English scoil phríocháideach a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State €5,000 Society of Jesus €25,000 per year 1957 Chinese English- medium schools National School system Over 60 schools 'aidesd' schools fully funded by private parties Kathmandu English the state's official language 88 28,000 3.7% Catholic Wellington Anglican Wellington Presbyterian Christchurch Society of St Pius X 7.5% 32% 80% August 1992 natural science The Education Service Contracting scheme The Tuition fee Supplement Private Education Student Financial Assistance The South African Schools Act of 1996 1996 "public" (state-controlled) and "independent" private schools early nineteenth century private schools formerly reserved for other race groups formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools 10% 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils 700 The Knowledge School innovative school coupons model that provides Swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer 13 years old public schools 9 per cent 13 per cent £3,000 to £21,000 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi) South white African-American religious organizations or private individuals Establishment Clause of the First Amendment Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments charter status Massachusetts 1852 1977 267 U.S. 510 Supreme Court $40,000 a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity Groton School fundraising drives John Harvard 1977 James Bryant Conant Association of American Universities Charles W. Eliot Harvard Library 79 18 million volumes eight 150 Harvard Yard in Cambridge $37.6 billion Charles River eleven Harvard Yard 1636 Harvard Corporation 1638 1639 1650 Puritan English university model It was never affiliated with any particular denomination 1804 Samuel Webber 1805 Louis Agassiz intuition Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart Charles W. Eliot Transcendantalist Unitarian convictions William ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson James Bryant Conant higher education 1945 four 1977 mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States 3 miles twelve south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River half a mile northwest Cambridge campus in Allston John W. Weeks Bridge Longwood Medical and Academic Area fifty percent new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible 2,400 7,200 14,000 1875 1858 $32 billion 30% loss construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex $4.095 million $159 million late 1980s Duke Kent- Brown $230 million 5.3% 2007 disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities 2016 seven eight reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education four-course rate average to be considered full-time four degrees sum laude 60% $38,000 $57,000 $120,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year $416 million 88% Widener Library Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library Pusey Library 18 million volumes three Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Rapha elite, and 19th-century French art Peabody Museum of Archaeology and ethnlogy 2003 2011 second most commonly named "dream college" 42 Yale University every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team 1875 1903 1906 Yale Malkin Athletic Center Malkin Athletic Center three 23 Thames River Cornell 2003 General Ban Ki-moon Juan Manuel Santo José María Figueres Benjamin Netanyahu Conan O'Brien Leonard Bernstein Yo Yo Ma W. E. B. Du Bois Shing-Tung Yau Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig Stephen Greenblad Jacksonville 1,345,597 12th Duval County 1968 St. Johns River 450 miles (550 km) north Fort Caroline Timucua Andrew Jackson third largest golf two "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" thousands University of North Florida team Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preservation the historical era Ossachite Jean Ribault France Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine San Mateo Fort Caroline the American Revolutionary War constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia cattle were brought across the river there Britain February 9, 1832 hogs and cattle Skirmish of the Brick Church Battle of Cedar Creek Warfare and the long occupation 1864 Reconstruction and the Gilded Age Grover Cleveland yellow fever outbreaks Florida East Coast Railway railroad Spanish moss 2,000 buildings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order Great Fire of 1901 New York–based filmmakers silent film studios Winter Film Capital of the World the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center The construction of highways 75.8% white flight Mayor W. Haydon Burns World War II education, sanitation, and traffic control unincorporated suburbs funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits outside the city limits through the traditional old boy network 11 J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates Lower taxes a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan Hans Tansler Consolidated City of Jacksonville The Better Jacksonville Plan for the $2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities 198666% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) The St. Johns River The Trout River 13.34% Baldwin the Barnett Center Barnett Center 617 ft (188 m) 28 built in the Jacksonville skyline humid subtropical climate November through April mild and sunshine low latitude 104 °F thunderstorms to erupt extremely high humidity July Hurricane Dora 110 mph (180 km/h) Hurricane Storm Beryl Saffar-S Simpson Scale 2008 Arab 821,784 the twelfth most populous city in Florida Filipino community 7.9% 23.9% female 94.1 40% 3.5 billion half of the world's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900 using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts) by using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts) 40% financial assets nearly $41 trillion more than half using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts) 400 New York Times substantial privilege more wealth than half of all Americans combined wealth New York Times Inherted wealth 60 percent Institute for Policy Studies Neoclassical economics differences in value added by labor, capital and land differences in value added by different classifications of workers inequality inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions differences in value added by labor, capital and land value added by different classifications of workers wages and profits worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) substitution of capital equipment for labor increasing unemployment substitution of capital equipment for labor labor inputs (workers) competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits productivity stagnant wages the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market law of supply and demand losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers offering a higher wage the best of their labor unfair market price of skill prices wages markets high levels of inequality Competition amongst workers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job high supply high demand collective battaining, political influence, or corruption workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in high wages for that job low wage Competition amongst workers expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job A job where there are many able or willing workers (low supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in high wages for that job employers for employees higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment) Necessity-based entrepreneurship achievement-oriented motivations achievement-oriented achievement-oriented motivations higher economic inequality necessity rather than opportunity Necessity-based entrepreneurship achievement-oriented motivations a more positive impact progressive tax the level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity progressive tax system tax rate level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending Gini index after taxation increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality education lower incomes poor education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor variation in individuals' access to education high wages much lower wages lower incomes education raises incomes and promotes growth increasing access to education $105 billion it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years economists with the Standard & poor's rating agency 2014 2008-2014 recession increasing access to education $105 billion boom-and-bus cycles 1910– 1940 decrease in the price of skilled labor a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers decrease in wages 1910– 1940 decrease in the price of skilled labor stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees Education gender inequality in education union membership continental European countries little support Anglo-American liberal policies economic inequality social exclusion the CEBR little support lower Scandinavia high inequality expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization decline of organized labor Sociologist University of Washington decline of organized labor high rates weak labor movements and vice- versa reduced wages as a result of the competition reduced wages as a result of the competition trade liberalisation technological innovation and automation a global to a domestic scale low-skilled workers trade liberalisation minor when compared to other causes, such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts machine labor in wealthier nations 53% 53% in Botswana to - 40% other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men males Gender males women Thomas Sowell US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men social welfare programs lower it acquires more capital social welfare programs Economist levels of economic inequality more capital more wealth and income social welfare programs 1910 to 1940 after the 1970s service sector service sector middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kaznets curve the Kudnets curve very weak income inequality will eventually decrease the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector Wealth concentration to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth wealth condensation wealth condensation possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities those who already hold wealth wealth condensation Thomas Piketty higher returns market forces Economist rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity political power rent-seeking inequality researchers human capital is neglected life expectancy economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption lower in more unequal countries 2013 rising inequality negative effect social dislocation economic British obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among someones, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued 23 equality better health and longer lives poorer countries life expectancy Americans income was more equally distributed – was longer income inequality Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett nine countries with bigger income inequalities greater equality inequality homicides fifty differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state tenfold economic inequality "distributetive efficiency" within society luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person decreases higher aggregate utility income the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality 2001 Thomas B. Edsall journalist Central Banking economist systematic economic inequalities Financial crisis of 2007–08 easier credit to the lower and middle income earners unsustainable monetary stimulation inequality in wealth and income quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education declines over the medium term higher GDP growth poor and the middle class increasing inequality harms economic growth economic growth subsequent long-run economic growth it is a waste of resources inequality-associated effects evidence limiting aggregate demand global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand increasing importance of human capital in development widespread education 1993 long lasting detrimental effect the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth growth from reductions in private savings and investment politically and socially unstable reduce growth reduce growth in relatively poor countries growth and investment Harvard economist 1960 and 2000 the Kaznets curve hypothesis first increases Thomas Piketty Economist wars and "violent economic and political shocks" 1970s reduced consumer demand risen with increased income inequality several years more equality in the income distribution special efforts the existing level of inequality the same reduction United Nations reducing poverty land and housing through various associations and other arrangements extra-legal 200 steps government land affordable housing quality lease units higher quality housing increased landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing ad valueem property tax policy by everyone their finances aspirational consumption by taking on debt economic instability created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation this multipli would be lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well this as well population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock income in the form of a wage or salary so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product reflective Robert Nozick taxation force forceful taking of property when they improve society as a whole capability deprivation end itself to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” through increasing functionings to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals) and agency (the ability the ability to pursue valued goals deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise earn as much as a healthy young man gender roles and customs fear of their lives a better relevant income the BBC 1963 Tardis blue British police box British science-fiction 1963 to 1989 Russell T Davies Torchwood BBC Wales Russell T Davies Twelve Peter Capaldi The Time of the Doctor Time Lords the differing approach to the role that each brings, under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation Gallifrey Mark I Type 40 "chhuahua circuit" which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise "cherminator circuit" a malfunction in the cherminator circuit alone the Master regenerate humans Time Lord Saturday, 23 November 1963 aliens the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters" Terry Nation 25 minutes of transmission length 26 Jonathan Powell The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1 the series would return BBC 1 relaunch the show Philip Segal Fox Network 9.2 million UK Rose 2005 2009 Chris Kibnall Christmas Day specials 1963– 1989 series 1963– 1989 series 1996 Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman 30 November 1963 ten minutes ten minutes assassination of US President John F. Kennedy the coverage of the assassination "scariest TV show of all time" Museum of the Moving Image Museum of the Moving Image "scariest TV show of all time" Digital spy Doctor Who 3% Philip Howard Monopoly The Times newspaper the show in the public's consciousness firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness the show in the public's consciousness Metropolitan Police Authority 2002 26 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989 12 The Master Black Guardian Trilogy 2005 60 minutes Christmas Day "Journey's End" 2010 826 25-minute eight 60 minutes' duration 1963 William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton 97 3, 4, & 5 1978 1997 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the BBC's archives (most notably seasons 3, 4, & 5, from which 79 episodes are missing bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means fans Mission to theunknown 8 mm cine film home viewers who made tape recordings of the show the BBC Cosgrove Hall 1968 Theta-Sigma November 2006 Second Doctor until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration William Hartnell's poor health "regeneration" "change of appearance" 12 13 The Time of the Doctor The deadly assassin andthawdryn undead 1996 John Hurt The Day of the Doctor Michael Jayston The Trial of a Time Lord McGann and Eccleston's Doctors Eleventh Doctor The Three Doctors Peter Davison The Space Museum The Day of the Doctor Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy Za Greus Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy 2003 trailed throughout the series The Brain of Morbius Fourth Fall of the Eleventh 1983 An Unearthly Child Susan Forman 2005 destroyed Smith and Jones human The deadly assassin Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant ( Katy Manning) a Time Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant ( Katy Manning) Romana female Rose Dallas (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) Eleventh Doctor Pearl Mackie as Bill Catherine Tate Russell T Davies 2005 Cybermen 3, the Sontarans and Davros in series 4 Zygons The Dalek race Vasso defense upon them using various weapons can blind a Dalek, making it go mad Davros their eyestalk The Master Time Lord Eric Roberts Time Lord Roger Degada John Simm "Utopia" 2014 Missy Michelle Sanchez Ron Graines BBC Radiophonic Workshop musique concrète techniques 1979–80 "Did I write that?" Peter Howell John Debney Seventh John Debney the 2005 Christmas episode "The Christmas Ininvasion" Voyage of the Damned Classic FM's Hall of Fame 2010 series 228 of radio station Classic FM's Hall of Fame, a survey of classical music tastes Gold Jon Perwee Mankind 24 The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu The Timelords Dudley Simpson Planet of Giants 1960s and 1970s The Horns of Nimon The Talons of Weng- Chiang BBC National Orchestra of Wales David Tennant 27 July 2008 Music of the Spheres Murray Gold and Ben Foster Six first two series a two disc special edition "A Christmas Carol" 8 November 2010 The Day of the Doctor Twelfth Doctor Third and Eighth Doctors The logo from 1973–80 The Day of the Doctor assassination of John F. Kennedy BBC's mainstream BBC One channel 1970s 1964– 1965 BBC Three late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time the programme was scheduled against the soap opera Coronation Street Coronation Street show at the time 2005 The Five Doctors New Zealand Albert, Canada 15 23 November Australian Broadcasting Corporation The Five Doctors SyFy weekly screenings of all available classic episodes ABC 1976 The Three Doctors Space The Talons of Weng- Chiang Judith Merril Christopher Eccleston exclamations from the Doctor Who Clandestin documentary "The Christmas Ininvasion" 9 October 2006 Thanksgiving United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States Eight original series serials Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) Spearhead from Space 2009 Trevor Martin Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure The curse of the Daleks Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure David Banks Torchwood 22 October 2006 2008 Children of Earth Starz Elisabeth Sladen 24 September 2007 2009 24 September 2007 death of Elisabeth Sladen The special was one of several special 3D programmes the BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens EastEnders EastEnders the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses Pulfrich effect the curse of Fatal Death four segments Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley Richard E. Grant head writer and executive producer The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage Blue Harvest Channel 4 series Queer as Folk Oliver Brisingr and High Wizardry The Chase Ten years later The Chase 1966 Slipback Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Big finish Productions Big finish Productions 1999 2012 1991 mid-sixties through to the present day since 1979 Panini BBC Books 1960s BBC Television producers of the show the BBC 2006 2005–2010 2011 Matt Smith BAFTA Television Award for Best actress Guinness World Records the BBC Radiophonic Workshop electronic music 2013 Universityal Peabody 1975 Doctor Who was voted as the "Best Popular Drama" the corporation had ever produced third SSX magazine third BAFTA TV Awards, including Best Drama Series, the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series has ever been nominated five five 2009 Mind Award six over 200 awards over 200 awards Matt Smith The Waters of Mars Spike Milligan Jon Culshaw soap sponge Doctor Who BBC dead Ringers series private research 1890 seven four approximately 5,000 various academic disciplines Chicago's physics department the university's Stagg Field University of Chicago Press 2020 American Baptist Education Society John D. Rockefeller William Rainey Harper 1891 1892 John D. Rockefeller wealthy Chicagoans like Sils B. Cobb Cobb Lecture Hall $100,000 Charles L. Hutchinson Shimer College 1896 took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago University of Chicago professors 1910 Robert Maynard Hutchins Common Core emphasize academics over athletics 24-year 1929 1950s increasing crime and poverty after their second year Hyde Park allowed very young students to attend college 1962 a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passion 1967 two social and political action mid-2000s Milton Friedman Institute $200 million Chicago Theological Seminary David G. Booth the Main Quadrangles six Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge Oxford's Magdalen Tower Christ Church Hall 1940s Eero Saarinen School of Social Service Administration Harris School of Public Policy Studies 2003 Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago Seine 2010 Renmin University's campus in Haidian District 2015 board of trustees 50 members fourteen Andrew Alper Daniel Diermeyer The Higher learning Commission four seven 50 28 five divisions New Collegiate Division Common Core 17 rigorous, intense learning experience Uni in the USA University of Chicago Laboratory Schools Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School four the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities University of Chicago campus six 9.8 million Regenstein Library 2011 1.3 million volumes 12 113 Oriental Institute Fermilab Sunspot, New Mexico shaping ideas about the free market Chicago Pile-1 Miller–Urey experiment 1953 1933 2000 1996 2002 Several thousand 5,792 3,468 5,984 15,244 international students University Athletic Association NCAA's Division III Big Ten Conference Jay Berwanger University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football 400 Recgnized Student Organizations (RSOs) University of Chicago College Bowl Team Doc Films off-off Campus graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life two $2 million fifteen seven Alpha Phi Omega Four ten 1987 1987 Festival of the Arts Kuviasungnerk/K angeiko Summer Breeze Satya Nadella Satya Nadella Larry Ellison Larry Ellison James O. McKinsey Saul Alinski Saul Alinski Robert Bork Masaki Shirakawa Eliotness Allan Bloom Kurt Vonnegut Lauren Oliver Allan Bloom Philip Roth Philip Glass Katerina Dunham Halo Carl Van Vechten Mike Nichols Carl Sagan John M. Grunsfeld David Swift John B. Goodenough Clair Cameron Princeton Milton Friedman Margaret Thatcher Paul Samuelson Eugene Fama David Graeber and Donald Johanon Samuel Reshevsky White House Counsel of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington Robert A. Michelson Robert A. Millikan Enrico Fermi Edward Teller Maria Goeppert-Mayer James Henry Breasted Alberto Calderón Ted Fujita Glenn T. Seaborg Charles Brenton Hubbies and Janet Rowley Raghurm Rajan Goldman Sachs David Bevington John Mearsheim and Robert Pape Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno s; pinyin: Yuán Cháo the Great Yuan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan 1571 Mongol Empire the Ming dynasty the Mandate of Heaven Genghis Khan 1270 Kublai Khan "Mongol dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" Great Yuan Great Mongol State Great Khan Mongol and Turkic tribes 1206 Ögedei Khan 1206 unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his mother Sorghaghtani Jin Khitan Xiao Zhala Khitan 10,000 3 Han Chinese Jin between Han and Jurchen Shi Bingzhi Song Möngke Khan southern China 1259 the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China Zhongtong Ogedei the south Wonjong the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea 1261 preserving Mongol interests in China Imperial Secretariat Han Chinese three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank salt and iron Karakorum Khanbaliq 1264 Zhongdu Confucianproprietary and ancestor veneration commercial, scientific, and cultural Mongol peace southern China to Daidu Daidu Marco Polo Song Emperor 1215–34 the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou Kong Ducao 30,000 northern China between 1266 and 1275 Yangzi River basin Hangzhou The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty 1279 typhon Annam (Dai Viet) crushed and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Bch Đng (1288) Battle of Bch Đng Battle of Bch Đng 1254 Zhenjin before Kublai in 1290 Emperor Chengzong 1293 to 1306 Buyantu Khan adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai Li Meng Department of State Affairs 1313 Emperor Gegeen Khan 1421 to 1323 Baiju the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan five Shangdu War of the Two Capitals four days El Temür Tugh Temür his cultural contribution Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature spring of 1323 Jingshi Dadian Buddhism 1332 Emperor Ningzong 13 nine Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace they lost influence on other Mongol lands across Asia both the army and the populace Outlaws administration late 1339s Red Turban Rebellion fear of betrayal the Red Turban rebels 1378–1644 The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts Il Khanate Eastern crops Western Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism Tibetan Buddhism Confucian governmental practices travel literature, Cartography, geography, and scientific education Venetian Marco Polo Cambaluc Travels of Marco Polo The Million lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan Guoshoujing 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement to provide an accuracy of 3642426 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement China food crop non-native Chinese people Eternal Heaven the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty a period of foreign domination Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu Chinese tripartite division Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties the Privy Council since the Sui and Tang dynasties Mongols and Semuren native Chinese dynasties 1299 Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese built large palaces and pavilions Tugh Temur Emperor Wizong 1290 1291 by costs of equipmentping and dispatching men for their tours of duty painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and calligraphy painting, poetry, and calligraphy the Song dynasty the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets zaju the Yuan dynasty Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Sakya 1247–1814 1247–1814 solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients polynomial algebra 1305 applied mathematics cubic interpolation formula Calendar for Fixing the Seasons Calendar for Fixing the Seasons 1251 non-Mongol physicians herbal remedies herbal remedies Imperial Academy of Medicine ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues four based on the same intellectual foundation to other parts of the empire acpuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire 1277 Muslim medicine Jesus the Interpreter 1263 humoral system yin-yang and wuxing through Kingdom of Qcho and Tibetan intermediaries Wang Zhen 12th century Töregen Khatun 1275 chao mulberry trees 1275 woodblocks 1293 paternity feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule Il Khanate Han Chinese and Khitans Han Chinese and Khitans Central Asian areas like Besh Balq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands Qara-Khitay (Khitan) circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way circumcision Zhu Yuanzhang "support" the Yuan dynasty Frederick W. Mote social classes rich and well socially standing Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated The Northern Chinese Southern Chinese southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants the Korean King Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler the Korean King because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols surrendered peacefully without violently resisting The Central Region Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) Beijing Zhongshu Sheng Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana East African Community Na Kenya Tanzania 45 million warm and humid tropical climate cooler Mount Kenya Somalia and Ethiopia safaris, diverse climate and geography since the Lower Paleolithic period first millennium AD Bantu and Nilotic populations 19th century December 1963 Mount Kenya Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words God's resting place Kenia and Kegnia correct African pronunciation /ˈknjə/ Joseph Thompsons 1862 Big Five lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant Kenya and in the Masai Mara June and September 4,900 kilometres (1,402 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya more than 20 million years ago Pleistocene epoch Kamoya Kimeu 1.6-million-year Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey The Swaili Mombasa Duart Barrasa Kenyan Coast the City of Malidi Throughout the centuries, the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers August 1914 German East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa Lt Col Paul von Lettow-vorbeck guerrilla warfare campaign Northern Rhodesia The central highlands as itinerant farmers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour 80,000 15 January 1954 a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure 24 April 1954 4,686 Swynnerton Plan 1957 Kenya African National Union 12 December 1963 Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom Republic of Kenya where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot widespread agitation for constitutional reform Daniel arap Mo presidential representative democratic republic head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system the government the government and the National Assembly and the Senate The Judiciary Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries 137th out of 177 total countries in the CPI establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission the Party of National Unity Orange Democratic Movement involvity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount Odinga programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission Evangelical Lutheran Church Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process 28 February 2008 become Kenya's second Prime Minister Pnu and OEM camps the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then co-ordinate andsupervisione the functions of the Government and will be occupied by an elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman national TV from the steps of Na Kenya's harambee House 29 February 2008 share power equally would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President 4 August 2010 would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President 27 August 2010 the Second Republic December 2014 it infringed on democratic freedoms Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries it infringed on democratic freedoms The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid 2013 African trip US President Barack Obama China July 2015 peacekeeping missions the violence that subsequently engulfed the country human rights violations Kenya’s armed forces Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally clocked by theubiquitous blanket of “state security” corruption and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement Human Development Index Kenya less than $1.25 frontier market rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity food security Industry and manufacturing 75% 61% tourism steady growth coastal beaches and the game reserves Germany and the United Kingdom 24% tea, horticultural produce, and coffee Agriculture food staples International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro- dealer networks for distribution and marketing helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Na Kenya and Mombasa increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Na Kenya and Mombasa Africa tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat semi-arid savanna to the north and east 53% Kenya initiative Kenya 14% Na Kenya, Mombasa and Kishuma small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African growth and Opportunity Act 2000 hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River Turkwel Gorge Dam 1997 Turkana 10 billion barrels Exploration 20% to 25% $472 million foreign direct investment gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda earn Kenya about Shs15 – Shs20 Billion in earnings environmental and social problems Vision 2030, an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030 a National Climate Change Action Plan climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term Plan that will be launched in the coming months climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue agriculture 30% 9–18 poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions English English and Swaili commerce, schooling and government in the country Orthodox Christians Orthodox Christians 3 million Na Kenya 2.4% Sixty percent Christian 300,000 Nurses clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners 65,000 7,000 Diseases of poverty Half malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership 15 million British colonists 12 December 1963 Omende Commission introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty 7–4–2–3 system look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education) 8–4–2–3 system 1992 January 1985 vocational subjects the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employmentd or to secure employment in the formal sector January 2003 about 70% six years primary school is free in public schools join a vocational youth/ village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry for about two years join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years 85% three to five admission to Standard One (First grade) those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Kenya National Library Service ( KNLS) to establish, equipment, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country peoples university it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life cricket, rallying, football, Rugby union and boxing its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics Kenyan athletes Morocco and Ethiopia several several medals IAAM Golden League gold defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar economic or financial factors soccer Cricket 2003 Rakep Patel March 2007 Safari Rally one of the toughest rallyes in the world Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikaola, Tommi Mäkinen, She Khar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae three 10 o'clock tea or porridge with bread, chapati, Mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams Ugal with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew World Meteorological Organization World Meteorological Organization (WMA) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNP) greenhouse gas concentrations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Resolution 43/5 Hoesung Lee Korean Ismail El Gizouli Hoesung Lee February 2015 representatives appointed by governments and organizations 350 Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations The IPEC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged 1989 United Nations Environment Programme UN Nations Environment Programme (UNP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMA) Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMA United Nations Environment Programme (UNP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMA) carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data published sources non-peer-reviewed sources grey literature two ten to fifteen a somewhat larger number The coordinating lead authors Working Group chairs increasing the atmospheric concentrations atmospheric concentrations over half the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more "business as usual" 0.3 to 0.6 °C 2001 16 Science at least 90% between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels Richard Lindzen does not faithfully resumize the full WGI report John Houghton co-chair scientific evidence preparation and approval process 2011 2011 Renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas inventories Programme default emission factors fuel consumption, industrial production and so on Wmo Executive Council and UNP Governing Council resolutions and decisions ICSI report " Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" "the poor application of well-established IPEC procedures in this instance" ICSI report " Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" ICSI report " Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" chairman the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact climate expert climate change is more serious by overstating the impact generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment 1999 Michael E. Mann hockey stick graph Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briff 2000 between 1000 and 1900 Fred Singer Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. 18 July 2000 United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Joe Barton Ed Whitfield 23 June 2005 Sherwood Boehlert Sherwood Boehlert 2007 2007 14 divergence problem Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer 1 February 2007 temperature and sea level change with observations sea level change with observations temperature and sea level change with observations risks 0.5–1.4 m 0.5–1.4 m 2001 a long-time participant Science Magazine IPEC consensus approach Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change states and governments Sheldon Ungar varying regional cost-effectiveit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions regional burden sharing conflicts the UK government scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science the science five Nature Fourth Assessment Report full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes conduct photosynthesis energy- storage molecules energy- storage molecules Calvin cycle 1 light color and intensity environmental factors like light color and intensity contain their own DNA photoynthetic cyanobacterium a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell cyanobacteria Russian the Russian Biologist 1905 Andreas Schimper Cyanobacteria chloroplasts they have two cell membranes peptidoglycan blue-green algae eukaryotic around a billion years ago lipid-bilayer membranes phagosomal many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host chloroplast three chloroplast primary plasticids green chloroplast lineage 13 species chloroplast chloroplasts a carbooxysome - an icosahedral structure that Glacophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubispo in icosahedral chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the ethylakoid membranes phycobilisomes they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments, many are reddish to purple from the combination catch more sunlight in deep water collects into granules outside the rhodoplast lost their phycobilisomes accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane use in chloroplast division lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b double membrane additional membranes outside of the original two when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga outside of the original two chloroplast pyrenoid and thylakoids common flagellated protists groups of three Starch membrane of the primary endosympant cryptomonads four membranes nucleomorph granules found in the periplastid space in stacks of two the helicosproidia, they're parasitic, and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast chromalveolates malaria parasite red algal derived chloroplast amylopectin starch granules fatty acids api complexan-related diseases isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis all photosynthetic function four membranes Peridinin in any other group of chloroplasts triplet-stacked red algal endosympant's original cell membrane fucocyanin dinophyte lineages fucocyanin dinophyte lineages four membranes a six membraned chloroplast cryptophyte cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones kleptoplast two-membraned chloroplast heterokontophyte a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast up to five membranes chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm the dinophyte nucleus Lepitodium peridinin chloroplast green algal derived chloroplast green algal derived chloroplast first set of endosymbiotic events acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosympant more recently about a million base pairs 850 protein encoding genes three million ctDNA ctDNA 1962 1986 two Japanese research teams inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome electron microscopy two theta intermediary form double displacement loop using a double displacement loop A⟩ G deamination gradients replication forks form, the strand not being copied is single stranded actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination through homologous recombination circular chromosomes bacteriophage T4 linear circular and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4 via a D loop mechanism Endosymbiotic gene transfer lost chloroplast's existence red algal derived chloroplast red algal derived chloroplast nonfunctional pseudogenes around half participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance cell membrane a ribosome in the cytosol on a ribosome in the cytosol helps many proteins bind the polypeptide prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick 1–3 μm a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell a cup double membrane the product of the host's cell membrane infitting to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium homologous mitochondrial double membrane run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation run proton pumps internal ethylakoid system the inner chloroplast double membrane chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots chloroplast membranes to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport 1962 chloroplasts of C4 plants chloroplasts of C4 plants The chloroplast peripheral reticulo increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport thylakoids and intermembrane space synthesize a small fraction of their proteins two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm) 17 nm vs 25 nm motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes singular plasticohemoglobinulus spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across 45–60 nanometers across lipid monolayer a ethylakoid the ethylakoid network attached directly to their parent ethylakoid old or stressed chloroplasts higher plants spherical and highly refractive bodies spherical and highly refractive bodies starch accumulation in plants that contain them de novo helical ethylakoid model circular two to a hundred 10–20 lamellar thylakoids light energy light energy energyze electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the ethylakoid space, decreasing the pH and turning it acidic dam turbine two which are arranged in Grana, andstromal thylakoids, which are arranged in Grana helicoid sheets that spiral around Grana circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter 300–600 nanometers in diameter thirty help transfer and dissipate excess energy help transfer and dissipate excess energy bright red-orange orange-red zeacyanin a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria red algae red red algae red relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes 40 nanometers an enzyme called rubispo trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen Calvin cycle O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle light reactions rubispo, and have normal Grana and thylakoids the light reactions, so they lack rubispo, and have normal Grana and thylakoids four-carbon compound photosynthesis chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll parenchyma cells collenchyma tissue chloroplasts stems the leaves 8–15 per cell half a million mesophyll layers a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light so that light strikes them edge-on photo oxidative damage ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out Mitochondria two infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system reactive oxygen species salicelic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species After detecting stress in a cell unstable molecules signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus photosynthesis photosynthesis food the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient ethylakoid space up to a thousand times as many oxygen ions to phosphorylate aerosine diphosphate synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions N AD+ cyclic photophosphorylation C4 plants more AA than NadPH The Calvin cycle unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphorglyceric acid, or 3-PGA one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions glucose monomers Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast Waterlogged roots photosynthesis-depressed factor cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to Ru BP when the oxygen concentration is too high reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle distinct chloroplast dimorphism the sulfur-containing ones like cystein and methionine cystein and methionine because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the p path or if it happens in the cytosol Chloroplasts undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg adult plant's apical meristers formation of starch-storing amyloplasts Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts a plasticid that lack chlorophyll invaginations yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked Gymnosperms proplastids pigment-filled plasticids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and Ripe fruit chloroplasts chloroplasts chloroplasts filaments assembly into filaments a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast'sstroma within the chloroplast'sstroma the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly two plasticid-dividing rings two 5 nanometers across rows 6.4 nanometers chloroplasts have a third plasticid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space exposure to bright white light to complete division white light large Dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts white light because, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plasticids cannot be disseminated by pollen environmental risks 3 in 1,000,000 transgenes positive integer factors composite number fundamental theorem of arithmetic primes that is unique up to ordering one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization primality trial division trial division trial division 22, 338,618 decimal digits infinitely many Euclid statistical behaviour prime number theorem end of the 19th century Goldbach's conjecture twin prime conjecture algebraic aspects public-key cryptography prime elements 2 1, 2, and n odd prime 9, even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 1 Christian Goldbach Leonhard Euler 10,007,721 prime Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic 1 were considered a prime sum of divisors function the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function eliminate all multiples of 1 Rhind Ancient Greeks Euclid's Elements Euclid compute primes 1640 Euler 22n + 1 2p − 1 n = 4 (or 216 + 1 trial division if a complete list of primes up to is known 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n three divisions square root of n two deterministic algorithms Monte Carlo deterministic 1/(p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure) that the number is prime Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number composite numbers (the Car Michael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 where p is an arbitrary prime Lucas–Lehmer test Sophi Germain primes Sophi Germain primes taking a piece of semi-random binary data 2009 US$100,000 Electronic Frontier Foundation 256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1 − ] floor function Chebyshev n > 3 the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question Wilson's theorem their greatest common divisor Dirichlet's theorem 1/6 infinitely many infinitely many The zeta function finite exceeds any given number exceeds any given number modern algebraic number theory 1859 −2, −4,... random noise square root of x asymptotic Goldbach's conjecture 1912 all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 Winegradov's theorem Chen's theorem Polignac's conjecture difference 2 Polignac's conjecture n2 + 1 H. Brocard's conjecture number theory G. H. Hardy 1970s pseudorandom number generators pseudorandom a recurring decimal decimal p − 1 p − 1 p is not a prime factor of q diffuse–Hellman key exchange diffuse–Hellman key exchange 512-bit modular 1024-bit cicadas as grubs underground 17 prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators up to 2% higher minimality or indecomposability smallest subfield as a connected sum of prime knots a second it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots prime elements and irredutive elements algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined given x and y in R if it is not a unit arithmetic Gaussian integers Z[i] a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers arbitrary integers 4k + 1 ring theory prime ideal algebraic fundamental theorem of arithmetic a Noetherian commutative ring Prime ideals a basic problem of algebraic number theory integers solvability of quadratic equations in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime) completed (or local) fields p-adic norm local- global principle Jonathan Messiaen La Nativité du Seigneur La Nativité du Seigneur the third étude the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps North Sea in the Netherlands Cologne Cologne 1,230 km (760 mi) Cologne, Germany Netherlands 1,230 km (760 mi) Gaulish name Rnos Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren- *Rīnaz 1st century BC Gaulish name Rnos the Germanic vocalism Rin- Rijn vocalisation -i- Rhijn length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rheinkilometer" (Rheinkilometer) 1939 the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland Hoek van Holland canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century Rhine-kilometers 1939 Old Rhine Bridge at Constance number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century Hoek van Holland north 86 km Rhine Valley Near Sargans the West and Liechtenstein Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine 86 km 599 m to 396 m Rhine Valley Liechtenstein Lake Constance the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") a modern canalized section Isel Esel Lake Constance a modern canalized section The delta is delimited in the West by the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section small islands by precipitating sediments "Isel" Diepoldsau Fußach strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta the canalized Rhine into the lake the lake will silt up the lake Fußach to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta Diepoldsau The Dornbirner Ach continuous input of sediment three lower lake the Seerhein Swiss-Austrian border upper lake three Austria near the Alps the Obersee the south following the Swiss-Austrian border Baden-Württemberg greater density of cold water Lake Overlinger near the surface A small fraction Lindau Upper Lake the Rhinrinne Mainau Rhine Gutter water level westward river Aare 4,274 m (14,026 ft) summit of Finteraarhorn summit of Finteraarhorn Basel westward river Aare 4,274 m (14,026 ft) summit of Finteraarhorn summit of Finteraarhorn Basel-Stadt Basel Rhine knee the Central Bridge 300 km 40 km wide Basel Rhine knee North High Rhine the Central Bridge 19th Century increased and the ground water level fell significantly fell significantly Grand Canal d'Alsace large compensation pools The Upper Rhine region 19th Century increased and the ground water level fell significantly fell significantly Grand Canal d'Alsace the Main more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) The Rhine the Rhine 400 m (1,300 ft) Germany Germany the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle France 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) the Middle Rhine Rhine Gorge erosion the Romantic Rhine the Middle Rhine Rhine Gorge its many castles and vineyards the Romantic Rhine industry Du Düsseldorf The Rur drinking water Lower Rhine a major source of water pollution Lower Rhine Switzerland Du Düsseldorf The Rukr tourism Rüdesheim am Rhein Lore Lei Middle Rhine Valley tourism UNESCO World Heritage Site Rüdesheim Lore Lei Near Sankt Goarshausen Rhine-Rhr region Wesel-Datteln Canal Lippe Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m wide river The Lower Rhine Rhine-Rhr region Duisport Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m wide river Meuse Rijn Two thirds west farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Bies Bosch) Meuse The Oude Maas Pannerdens Kanaal Nederrijn Lek the Nord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea the Pannerdens Kanaal Nederrijn one ninth Lek Wijk bij Duurstede Rijn draining the surrounding land and polders Kromme Rijn Kromme Rijn sluice Rhine-Meuse Delta near Millingenaan de Rijn Rhine-Meuse Delta Nederrijn at Angeren three Boven Merwede Old Meuse the Rip St. Elizabeth's flood 1421 just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea 1421 to 1904 archipelago-like estuary drainage channels The construction of Delta Works dammed second half of the 20th Century fundamentally tidal delta tidal currents strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea Yaltbommel Tethys Jurassic Period Mediterranean geography Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era Iberia N–S rift system Upper Rhine Ruben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment the time of the Miocene Danube stream capture Pliocene down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar geological period of the Ice Ages six 120 m (390 ft) northwest offshore of Brest, France and rivers ~74,000 ( BP = Before Present) Pleistocene west through the Netherlands 120 m (390 ft) The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today a glacier A tundra ca. 22,0000–14,000 years BP ice-sheets loess 22,000 years ago thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring Rhine 13,000 BP 9000 BP 7500 years ago rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far 7000 years ongoing tectonic subresidence 1–3 cm the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley 8,000 years ago Late-Glacial valley Netherlands ~3000 years BP (= years Before Present) flooding and sedimentation flooding and sedimentation 11–13th century AD 80 the North Sea North Sea the north IJssel Meer three the 1st century BC in Roman-era geography Germania 6th century BC Herodotus AD 14 upper Danube empire fell eastwards between the modern Baden and Württemberg eight Pannonian troops opidumUborum whether a state or threat of war existed opidumUborum the 5th century the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine dragons rock Siegefried Hagen 6th century 10th century Lower Lorraine Archduke Sigismund of Austria 1469 Peace of Westphalia Establishing "natural borders" Napoleon 1806 1840 end of World War I 1930 German army helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power 1936 The Rhine bridge at Arnhem, immortalized in the book, A Bridge too Far and the film, was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem, during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944 formidable natural obstacle September 1944 Ludendorff Bridge Seven Days to the River Rhine 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) Knaurs Plikon numerous textbooks and official publications 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) 2010 Scotland Act 1998 Scotland Act 1998 the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament of the United Kingdom Westminster lack of a Parliament of Scotland three the outbreak of the First World War late 1960s a directly elected Scottish Assembly North Sea "It's Scotland's oil" campaign 1974 the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should 1978 Edinburgh at least 40% 51.6% The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed 32.9% Scottish Parliament Conservative Party 1989 Convention Holyrood area of Edinburgh Enric Miralles Spanish leaf-shaped buildings, a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings Queen Elizabeth II meeting of the Church's General Assembly the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh University of Aberdeen Strathclyde Regional Council City of Edinburgh Council Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge the move to Holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge the main hall Parliament elects one MTP to serve as Presiding Officer Tricia Marwick secret ballot 129 vote clerk Presiding Officer Parliamentary Bureau five or more seats The Presiding Officer hemicycle reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members 131 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MTPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Officers – the Lord Advocate and the procuror General for Scotland, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government vote Scottish rivers silver and inlaid with gold the Queen Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity a glass case suspended from the lid October Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm the public free Official Report Wednesdays up to four minutes Presiding Officer religious beliefs make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers The Presiding Officer speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak different viewpoints and political parties ministers or party leaders Gaelic 5 pm " decision Time" vote by means of electronic consoles on their offices seconds outcome of most votes political parties Parties moral issues those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties outright 45 minutes issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time 45 minutes other members normally contribute to the debate winds up committee stronger the fact that there is no revising chamber conduct inquiries and scrutise legislation Scotland Mandatory Committees balance of parties across Parliament functions Mandatory Committees fourth beginning of each parliamentary session one (or more) Subject Committees Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment A further type of committee large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property Private Bills Private Bill Committees The Scotland Act 1998 Queen Elizabeth II devolved competencies Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster The Scottish Parliament The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 prime in the pound up to 3 prime in the pound 2012 Act Copyright matters UK Government ministers The Scottish Parliament UK Government ministers Bills the Scottish Government a private member an outside proposer in a number of stages the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament in the relevant committee or committees Stage 2 Stage 3 two parts a final vote wrecking amendments After a general debate on the final form of the bill Monarch the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament 4-week period the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [ date] The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament Any member First Minister the Lord Advocate and the procuror General the Sovereign Thursday May Monarch supplant it 28 Several procedures Parliament upon which MTPs are invited to question a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme issues related to the substance of the statement Parliamentary time Thursday Scottish Government issues under their jurisdiction four 129 2005 one their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh 55,000 proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method d'Hondt method quotient its constituency seats in allocating the second seat The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat qualifications 1981 18 police and the armed forces Mental Health ( Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority Labour 151 votes eight Scottish independence David McLetchie Edinburgh Penlands five seats Annabel Goldie Cameron procedural domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament West Lothian question Conservative England Islamism Islamic values favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a two poles revolution or invasion democratic Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks democracy religious basis Islamism and reformist Islamism Muslim pan-Islamism "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam democracy to maintain their legitimacy political Islam Fred Halliday, John Espos and Muslim intellectuals illiberalism Islamic regimes religion from politics Islamism Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the Heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 between 1945 and 1970 quietist/non-political Islam dangerous enemies 1970s and sometimes later experience, ideology, and weapons Muslim Afghanistan enemies Western governments bulwarks experience, ideology, and weapons Anwar Sadat making peace peace with Israel 1975 "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," all the horrible wars gold standard Saudi-interpretation of Islam Islamist incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful housing assistance rhetoric to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups law and philosophy All India Muslim League Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress 1908 The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam secularism and secular nationalism crowd out nationalist differences 1930 Pakistan movement Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism 1941 through his writing than through his political organising modern context Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism through his writing than through his political organising modern context Sharia Islamic state unity of God Iranian Revolution educational 1928 Ismailiyah, Egypt Hassan al Banna the Qur'an imperialist influence violence 1949 Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqhashi 1948 Gamal Abdul Nasser influential movements 75% "sem-legal" field candidates Mohamed Morsi a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world pivotal event economic steep and steady decline Ba'athism ideological Ali Shariati Sunni Islamic thinkers Prophet Mohammad a long-term speculacy against Islam by the Western governments The Islamic Republic Shia terrorist groups economic 2006 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad the Soviet Union an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War send aid marginal 16,000 to 35,000 radicalize the Islamist movement Saddam Hussein Islamist groups Saudi monarchy the west conservative Muslims domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups the kingdom Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks Osama bin Laden Qutb's 1966 Brotherhood Fring or splinter movements 1970s Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization 1981 Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies Muslim states Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag violence in their struggle for Islamic order counter-terrorism police 2003 unsuccessful political figures, arson of video shops "quiescent" the Brotherhood destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine alcohol Palestine Hamas 542 majority of the seats 2007 driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip Islamist regime Hassan al-Turabi National Islamic Front money from foreign Islamist banking systems university and military academy 1985 with the help of the military sharia law, torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition Osama bin Laden American attack on Iraq alleviate the high rate of unemployment 1989 Algeria Front Islamique de salut a military coup d'état justice and prosperity destructive 1992 political and tribal warlords 80% Deobandi movement Pakistan Islamic fundamentalist or neof Fundamentalist conservative tribal village customs Wahhabism July 1977 alcohol and nightclubs Islamism seizing power 1988 a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist extremist militant group Sunni Arabs ten million international recognition caliphate 2004 March 2003 human rights abuses and war crimes March 2011 terrorist organisation Caliphate 7th century 1924 the true Islamic system disbelieving armed change Muslim public opinion Muslim public opinion Egypt terrorist groups over 900,000 strong Islamist outlook 2007 Londonistan terrorism which has caused many Islamists to leave the UK to avoid internment since 2001 State Department Christian Whiton Defense Secretary undermining the communist ideology Latin Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance Japanese technologies and ideas influence through diplomacy or military force "Formal imperialism" various forms of "othering" (see other) based on racial, religious, or cultural stereotypes powerful form of dominance "formal" and " formal" imperialism full-fledged aggressiveness technological superiority Informal rule distinction of an empire world systems theory Russian leader Lenin empires sea and trade routes colonialism political focus settlement or commercial intentions Ottoman metropolitan center ruling a distant territory Imperialism and colonialism taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance conquering the other state's lands the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war defense and justification of empire-building imperialism races of highest'social efficiency' Social Darwinism whiteness Germany Britain Political Britain’s survival a space for travellers who would come back with tale of their discoveries environmental determinism temperate zone Orientalism uncivilized the superior and the norm Terra nullius eighteenth century Aboriginal inhabitants Aboriginal empty land imaginative geography irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West negative vision of itself knowledge and ideas inferior analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps" to denote unknown or un explored territory the role of nineteenth-century maps during the "scramble for Africa" French pre-Columbian era Genghis Khan dozens India Sub-Saharan Africa Cultural imperialism when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles Dallas Roman imperialism with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes around 1700 industrializing nations engageing in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power thousands around 1700 Open Door Policy 1919–1980 1920 historians the world's economy imperial powers economic growth mid-18th century economic growth the political weakness of the Mughal state advancements in communication deadly explosives machine gun arrows, swords, and leather shields Southern Africa British late 1870s a growing number associated it with capitalist greed idealism and philanthropy aristocracy 1950s before World War I disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation concept environmental determinism the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination "less civilized" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission Africa orientalism and tropicality geographic scholars under colonizing empires Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic guidance and intervention from the European empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure orientalism colonizing empires sixteenth century 1599 Queen Elizabeth political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy Portuguese 1830 1850 Catholicism North and West Africa when Germany started to build her own colonial empire civilize the inferior citizenship rights France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria Christianity and French culture Algeria overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France anti-colonial movements Vietnam Vietnam 1960 Scandinavia and northern Europe Muslim Iberia middle period of classical antiquity late antiquity central Europe late 19th century 1862–90 after the Franco-German War Napoleon Europe South Pacific Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific 1883–84 German New Guinea Hamburg merchants and traders Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia 1894 Thailand Manchuria The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China 1923 Lenin Eastern Europe Bolshevik leaders the revolution could only successed in Russia as part of a world revolution Lenin Mao Zedong Nikita Khrushchev socialism in one country mercantilism 1776 free trade 1820 1815 British Empire pseudo-sciences Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General kitcher, Lord Milner Middle East Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti- Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba to " make the world safe for democracy" changed all this war rupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders Philippines racket Bowman 1917 President Wilson allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order Wilson's geographer internal strife external colonialism 12 to 15 million the contemporary Orient 1923 Suleiman the Magnificent 32 provinces the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa 16th and 17th centuries Istanbul Germany creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states Germany The United Methodist Church mainline Protestant Methodist denomination 1968 the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church Wesleyan The United Methodist Church 80 million mainline Protestant denomination 3.6% mid-18th century the mid-18th century within the Church of England methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle 1735 the American Indians in the colony of Georgia American Indians salvation by God's grace the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church 1784 Thomas Coke The conference was held at the Luxury Lane Methodist Church The conference was held at the Very Lane Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church 1767 Dock Street 1784 Richard Allen and Absalom Jones St. George's Church 1784 1830 laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church 1844 tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination April 23, 1968 The United Methodist Church Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke holy Catholic (or universal) church The Book of Discipline all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible the American Revolution Dr. Thomas Coke Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat 1968 John Wesley and Charles Wesley Albert C. Outler Albert C. Outler the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the willing will of the Father Prevenient grace power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ sin Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace The justifying grace conversion conversion the New birth grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura UMC The Book of Discipline 2008 pro-choice Religious Coalition for Reproductive choice The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women women mother Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality 2012 Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth the temperamentance movement 2011 and 2012 The Use of Money unfermented grape juice capital punishment John 8:7 Matthew 5:36 39 The General Conference of the United Methodist Church same-sex 1999 2016 the connectional Table the LGBT community same-gender marriages with resolutions 1987 2005 The Baltimore- Washington Conference of the UMC conscription military action all war, or any particular war Christ's message and teachings national foreign policy general and complete disarmment The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion girls and women IVF stem cells research Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England The Book of Common Prayer Africa the Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer anointing with oil Methodist institutions William Booth John Wesley The United Methodist Church The United Methodist Church The Book of Discipline the General Conference every four years five seven to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church bishops Episcopal Areas the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops) church bishops 36 controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War Southern Methodist University nine The Judicial Council eight-year term twice various locations throughout the world The Annual Conference geographical area Annual Conference The Book of Discipline three at least three members The church conference The church conference one hundred three hundred sixty International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities John Wesley pastors their Annual Conference Order of Deacons Annual Conference Order of Deacons Annual Conference Cabinet one year at a time, it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference Elders the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church 2–3 years District Superintendents 2–3 years Deacons Deacons sacramental authority 1996 The provisional elder/deacon ordination order of transitional deacon Licensed Local Pastor The licensed local pastor five Associate membership Baptized Members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith through transfer from another Christian denomination Baptism confirmation and membership preparation classes The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition lay servants they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference annually one advanced lay servant course every three years The United Methodist Church observer status clashring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity 2000 May 2012 1985 11 million 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations 8 million 34,000 Texas 11.5 million 11.5 million 3.5 million Wesleyan Holiness Consortium World Methodist Council July 18, 2006 1754–1763 colonies of British America and New France 60,000 European settlers 2 million along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North with a dispute over control of the confluent of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 1754 1755 a disaster poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies Fort Beauséjour Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain William Pitt France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war Sainte Foy French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River Britain's loss to Britain of Florida ( Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba) 1740s Indians fought on both sides of the conflict a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire 1760 six years 1760 Battle of Jumonville Glen 75,000 Illinois Country throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds 20 to 1 Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south along the coast native tribes Mi'kmaq and the Abeniki Upstate New York and the Ohio Country Iroquois rule Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region Iroquois Six Nations no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops few British troops about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French Pickawillany severe consequences severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present 1754 Ohio Company of Virginia Christopher Gist Treaty of Logstown Monongahela River King George's War signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve Marquis de la Jonquière 300 men punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Célinon's orders to cease trading with the British capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton Paul Marin de la Malgue Fort Presque Isle Fort Le Boeuf to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British Tanaghrisson Superintendent for Indian Affairs Waraghiggy Waraghiggy Mohawk Chief Harrell Ohio Company Major George Washington Jacob Van Braam December 12 Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre Dinwiddie immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British 40 early months of 1754 Fort Duquesne surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people dislodge the French before Braddock's departure for North America dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed Albany Congress formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians Braddock a disaster Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured Washington and Thomas Gage Shirley and Johnson logistical difficulties Fort Niagara garrisons the Marquis de Vaureault sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat Fort Edward and Fort William Henry Fort William Henry Ticonderoga Point Colonel Montkton ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area Île Saint-Jean William Shirley Albany Fort Frontenac through the wilderness of the Maine district Major General James Ajerseys Major General Louis- Joseph de Montcalm May 18, 1756 Oneida Carry Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry 45,000 pounds hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario Ajerseys Ticonderoga Albany disposition of prisoners' personal effects an attack on New France's capital, Quebec distract Montcalm William Pitt returned to New York French irregular forces Lake George attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves poor harvest British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping St. Lawrence British failures in North America Loudoun three major offensive actions Two 3,600 Ticonderoga he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland France's new foreign minister, the duc de Choiseul, decided to focus on an invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland. Lagos and Quiberon Bay James Wolfe cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south Battle of Sainte-Foy Battle of the Restrugouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides General Amherst medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war General Amherst 10 February 1763 15 February 1763 either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British France chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area 80,000 1755 throughout its North American provinces New Orleans King George III to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations Appalachian Mountains tribes that did not want to do business with the British legal and illegal settlement 1769 Spanish Florida disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion force fundamental error Sir Isaac Newton nearly three hundred years Einstein Standard Model gauge bosons electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational they are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction a more fundamental electroweak interaction Aristotle Aristotelian cosmology four the ground unnatural 17th century Galileo Galilei an innate force of impetus Galileo friction an external net force or resultant force lack of net force Aristotelian First Law the same in every inertial frame of reference laws of physics a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving Inertia inertia The rotational inertia of planet Earth Albert Einstein weightlessness principle of equivalence Newton's Second Law kinematic General relativity how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales relative Newton's Third Law The third law unidirectional force F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction the center of mass closed system mass of the system an intuitie understanding precise operational definitions Newtonian mechanics fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics vector quantities denoted scalar quantities Advocating forces with vectors ambiguous it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be static equilibrium magnitude and direction net force their respective lines of application parallelogram rule of vector addition independent components two forces yields the original force orthogonal components independent static friction static friction the applied force increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit forces spring reaction force the object's weight force of gravity Isaac Newton Galileo rest Aristotle moving at a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship dynamic equilibrium kinetic friction force kinetic friction Aristotle Schrödinger equation Newtonian equations classical position variables "quantized" force spin Pauli the spin, identical particles split into two different classes symmetric symmetric mathematical force conservation of momentum Feynman diagrams a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram four strong and weak forces electromagnetic force masses Pauli exclusion principle Isaac Newton 20th unification models string theory Isaac Newton Galileo free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object sea level force of gravity at larger distances the same force of gravity mass of the attracting body the radius a dimensional constant Henry Cavendish 1798 Newton Mercury Vulcan Newton's Theory of general relativity Albert Einstein Albert Einstein general relativity the straight line path gravitational force global a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law electromagnetic force Lorentz's Law the electric field James Clerk Maxwell 1864 20 4 Maxwell electromagnetic theory quantum mechanics quantum electrodynamics photons quantum electrodynamics repulsion of like charges Pauli exclusion principle energy as a structural force repulsion of like charges Pauli exclusion principle energy as a structural force elementary particles the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei hadons as gluons color confinement weak force beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons 1013 times less 1015 The normal force Pauli repulsion fermionic nature of electrons the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object ideal strings ideal pulleys action-reaction pairs conservation of mechanical energy by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys idealized point particles structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object extended fluids matter has extended structure extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object stress tensor the stress-tensor pressure terms formalism rotation ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum Newton's Second Law of Motion the center of the curving path perpendicular radial (centripetal) force radial the Tangential force kinetic or potential forms potential forms net mechanical energy the difference in potential energy the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifacts of the contour map of the elevation of an area gradient of potentials gradient of potentials force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector Nonconservative statistical mechanics nonconservative forces macroscopic closed systems Second law nonconservative forces kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond) kilopond the kilogram-force sthène the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond)