National Football League
National Football League
Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
National Football League
golden
American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League
February 7, 2016
American Football Conference
American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League
American Football Conference
February 7, 2016
Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L")
Levi's Stadium
San Francisco Bay Area
Super Bowl L
2015
24–10
San Francisco Bay Area
Levi's Stadium
50th
February 7, 2016
2015
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L")
2015
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
National Football League
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
eight
1995
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals 49–15
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
four
quarterback Cam Newton
15–1
Cam Newton
12–4 record
four
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
eight
New England Patriots
quarterback Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
quarterback Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
15–1
Von Miller
two
Broncos
Von Miller
five
Newton
seven
Von Miller
three
two
Von Miller
linebacker
five
two
Von Miller
five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
seven
three
defense
Von Miller
Super Bowl MVP
seven
three
Von Miller
five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
CBS
$5 million
British rock group Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
CBS
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
third-most
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Roger Goodell
50th Super Bowl
2012
Roger Goodell
early 2012
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
an important game for us as a league
spectacular
2012
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Levi's Stadium
San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
October 16, 2012
10
Super Bowl XLIV
2010
1985
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
Stanford Stadium
May 3, 2013
2010
10
XLIV
two
New Orleans
1985
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
two
New Orleans
1985
Florida legislature
May 21, 2013
NFL owners
2014
$1.2 billion
San Diego
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII
San Diego
2014
2014
$1.2 billion
1985
Super Bowl XXXVII
1985
2014
2003
San Francisco Bay Area
May 21, 2013
2014
$1.2 billion
2003
John Fox
one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
six
The Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl 50
John Fox
one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
ten
Super Bowl 50
six
one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
John Fox
John Fox
six
one loss
four
John Fox
DeAngelo Williams
Kelvin Benjamin
seventh
1978
Carolina Panthers
Ten
eight
Kelvin Benjamin
1978
2009
2011 Green Bay Packers
ACL
Kelvin Benjamin
DeAngelo Williams
1978
Ten
Carolina Panthers
1978
NFC
Ten
six
45
a career-low 10 interceptions
27
Greg Olsen
45 total
Pro Bowl quarterback
1,104 yards and seven touchdowns
key receivers
Jonathan Stewart
six
Cam Newton
3,837
five
six
500
18
six
99.4
39
308
136
118
four
Kony Ealy
just 308 points, ranking sixth in the league
Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short
two of the Panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the Pro Bowl: Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly
four
Josh Norman
two interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns
Kony Ealy
Jared Allen
four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns
John Fox
Brock Osweiler
Indianapolis Colts
Brock Osweiler
John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the new head coach
four
Gary Kubiak
a key 27–20 win
39
a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
plantar fasciitis
39
13–7
John Fox
Indianapolis Colts
John Fox
plantar fasciitis
John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the new head coach
67.9
2,249 yards and nine touchdowns
Demaryius Thomas
Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions
1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4
67.9
2,249
2,249 yards and nine touchdowns
Manning
Veteran receiver
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average
67.9
17
Emmanuel Sanders
C. J. Anderson
4.7
4,530
512
Linebacker Brandon Marshall
three interceptions
Pro Bowl
Linebacker
512 sacks
fourth
Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
three interceptions
Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
487
seven
31–24
Arizona Cardinals
49–15
487
Seattle Seahawks
Seattle Seahawks
seven
Seattle Seahawks
49–15
Seattle Seahawks
487
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
20–18
17 seconds
Pittsburgh Steelers
11 points
New England Patriots
17
Manning's problems with interceptions
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
the Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots
New England Patriots
17
Thomas Davis
broken arm
three
11
broken arm
a broken arm
11
NFC Championship Game
three
broken arm
11
Thomas Davis
39
John Elway
39
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations
39
John Elway
two
two
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Super Bowl XXXIII
Peyton Manning
39
John Elway
1998
1998
26
26
Newton
Manning
Newton
26
a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes
NFL
2011
Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver
2011
26
26
Super Bowl XX
Chicago Bears
Chicago Bears
Elway
Elway
Chicago Bears
Elway
Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos
Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419 turf
Atlanta Braves
Baltimore Ravens
kicker
Baltimore Ravens
kicker
natural grass stadiums
Justin Tucker
re-sodded the field with a new playing surface
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
their cleats
Justin Tucker
natural grass stadiums
Pittsburgh Steelers
0-4
Denver
white
Atlanta Falcons 34–19
Denver QB
0-4
Denver QB
white
orange
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
0-4
blue
blue jerseys
Stanford University
Stanford University
San Jose
Santa Clara Marriott
San Jose Marriott
Santa Clara Marriott
Stanford University
Stanford University
Stanford University
San Jose Marriott
Stanford University
Stanford University
San Jose State
San Jose Marriott
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl LI
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
Vince Lombardi Trophy
2014
Super Bowl LI
Arabic numerals
gold
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl LI
Super Bowl LI
Vince Lombardi Trophy
June 4, 2014
Arabic
Super Bowl LI
gold
week 7
50
gold
Gold
Golden Super Bowl
Gold footballs
50
gold
Moscone Center
San Francisco
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
January 30
More than 1 million
Ed Lee
Moscone Center
"Super Bowl City"
Moscone Center
"Super Bowl City"
Ed Lee
"Super Bowl City"
More than 1 million
Ed Lee
$5 million
"Super Bowl City" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero
Santa Clara University
$2 million
week-long
$2 million
pep
A professional fundraiser
Bellomy Field
professional fundraiser
city council
$2 million
the city council
February 1, 2016
February 1, 2016
SAP Center
San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
Tuesday
February 1, 2016
Opening Night
SAP Center
San Jose
February 1, 2016
Super Bowl Opening Night
San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
the Monday evening
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center in San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
February 1, 2016
Super Bowl
over $40 million
Dignity Health
Dignity Health
Dignity Health
Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
over $40 million
over $40 million
Business Connect
Business Connect
over $40 million
25
The Super Bowl 50
25
50 fund
Super Bowl
25 percent
50 fund
25
The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18
18-karat gold-plated
Tiffany & Co
Tiffany & Co
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co
Tiffany & Co
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co
CBS
Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson
36
5K
three
on the sidelines
360
5K
on the sidelines
XXXV
three
XXXV
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
5K
the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution
NBC and Fox
John Sutcliffe
Alvaro Martin
December 28, 2015
Spanish
third dedicated Spanish-language
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe
third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
John Sutcliffe
NFL Mobile service
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
tablets
Chromecast and Roku
CBSSports.com
CBSSports.com
Verizon Wireless
Verizon Wireless customers
Verizon
NFL Mobile service
Chromecast and Roku
Verizon Wireless
WatchESPN
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
Stephen Colbert
Stephen Colbert
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
the game
CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
20th
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Crash the Super Bowl
"Small Business Big Game"
Death Wish coffee
30-second commercial
nine
Death Wish coffee
nine
QuickBooks
Death Wish coffee
30
Death Wish coffee
Death Wish coffee
Jason Bourne
Gods of Egypt
Jason Bourne
Apocalypse
Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios
Jason Bourne
Captain America: Civil War
Deadpool
Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass
Fox
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Boomer Esiason
James Lofton
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
Kevin Harlan
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
James Lofton and Mark Malone
pre-game and halftime coverage
North America
KRFX
Dave Logan
1110 AM
Chester, South Carolina
Mick Mixon
Dave Logan
Ed McCaffrey
WBT
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
WBT
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Live Sports Extra
Darren Fletcher
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady
Bart Starr
Chuck Howley
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Super Bowl XII
39
39
Bart Starr
Peyton Manning
Super Bowl XII
Six-time
national anthem
Academy Award
American Sign Language
American Sign Language
Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
American Sign Language
Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
Six-time
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British
Super Bowl XLVII
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Super Bowl XLVIII
Bruno Mars
Associated Press
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Bruno Mars
"Hymn for the Weekend"
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Mark Ronson
Denver
Andre Caldwell
Ronnie Hillman
Brandon McManus
C. J. Anderson
20
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
a deficit
Denver
Owen Daniels
C. J. Anderson
Carolina was facing a deficit
a deficit
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Cam Newton
CBS
Von Miller
Von Miller
1993
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
end of the 1993 season
Jonathan Stewart
both teams
28
61
33
51
Jonathan Stewart
11:28
Norwood
33
Jonathan Stewart
they could not get the ball into the end zone
Darian Stewart
linebacker
Kony Ealy
Newton
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
19
Mike Tolbert
Mike Tolbert
Darian Stewart
Kony Ealy
defensive end Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr
Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead
22
McManus
T. J. Ward
Ted Ginn Jr
uprights
Ted Ginn Jr
Trevathan
Corey Brown
26
Graham Gano
Emmanuel Sanders
Devin Funchess
39
Devin Funchess
Stewart
41-yard line
Ealy
Carolina on the 50-yard line
end in punts
Ealy
Panthers 41-yard line
39
The next three drives of the game would end in punts
24
Carolina
Josh Norman
Miller
Bennie Fowler
Miller
Ward
Newton
Josh Norman
3:08
4:51
Miller
Ward
three
Anderson
six total tackles (five solo), 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
zero
four
Thomas Davis
18 of 41 passes for 265 yards
13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns
zero
Anderson
Sanders
Thomas Davis
Sanders
Anderson
11
265 yards
four
315 to 194
21 to 11
Baltimore Ravens
Jordan Norwood
Manning
315 to 194
21 to 11
Kony Ealy
the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player
21 to 11
21 to 11
Super Bowl winning team
Kony Ealy
two different teams
Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skodowska-Curie
Wadysaw Szpilman
seven months
100
Krasiski Palace Garden
Saxon Garden
east end
azienki Park
15 kilometres
otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
several
to clean them of plants and sediments
foreign-born inhabitants
833,500
34%
Jewish
internal migration and urbanisation
Warsaw University of Technology
2,000
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Warsaw School of Economics
1816
two million
green
Irena Bajerska
5,111 m2
infrastructure
the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
solid economic growth
improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute
Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
700
developed a lot over the past years
musical
events and festivals
Palace of Culture and Science
Warsaw Autumn
events and festivals
Ogrd Saski
Ogrd Saski
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
Wianki
Gatherings of thousands
a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw
when they would be married
fern
art posters
60
prestigious ones
paintings
arms
Warsaw Uprising Museum
Katy Museum
historic stereoscopic
Museum of Independence
60
Royal Ujazdw Castle
500
Zachta National Gallery of Art
modern art by Polish and international artists
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice as well
Konwiktorska Street
their disastrous financial situation
syrenka
The mermaid (syrenka)
at least the mid-14th century
1390
a sword
depths of the oceans and seas
the depths of the oceans and seas
on the coast of Denmark
Warszowa
he followed the fishermen and captured
Warsaw
1916
Art Deco style
the Israeli poet
Isaac Bashevis Singer
Economist Intelligence Unit
2012
FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing
The Warsaw Stock Exchange
Frontex
1313
Krakw
1806
King Sigismund III Vasa
it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history
Roman Catholic
Polish Academy of Sciences
UNESCO World Heritage Site
iconic
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Warszawa
belonging to Warsz
a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisaw
village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood
miasto stoeczne Warszawa
Jazdw
Prince of Pock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
religious freedom
establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1596
1796
Kingdom of Prussia
Napoleon
Congress of Vienna of 1815
1816
from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
areas controlled by Russia
Pisudski
1920
the Red Army
1 September 1939
a German Nazi colonial administration
several hundred thousand
19 April 1943
almost a month
the Red Army
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
1 August 1944
63
between 150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
large prefabricated housing projects
Eastern Bloc
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
Let Thy Spirit descend
anti-communist fervor
less than a year
Victory Square
incentive for the democratic changes
about 300 km (190 mi)
523 km (325 mi)
Vistula River
115.7 metres (379.6 ft)
right bank of the Vistula
two
plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (32.8 to 82.0 ft) above Vistula level
The Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
plain moraine
former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace
valleys and ground depressions with water systems
by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace
pine forest
turbulent history of the city and country
During the Second World War
Second World War
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
Eastern bloc countries
Gothic
14th century
the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style
Renaissance
mannerist architecture
17th century
1688–1692
rococo
The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw
1775–1795
bourgeois
they were rebuilt in socialist realism style
socialist realism
Warsaw University of Technology building
distinctive buildings
many places
Pawiak
Warsaw Citadel
children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising
Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kuma
green spaces
New Orangery
Pole Mokotowskie
Park Ujazdowski
1927
The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas
within the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty Forest
two
1,300,000
420,000
1951
better only because they lived in the capital
residency registration
multi-cultural
711,988
56.2%
2.8%
aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944
a commune (gmina)
a commune (gmina)
Krakw
a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta)
60
every four years
committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government
30
President
Jan Andrzej Menich
1695–1696
City council
Centrum
rdmiecie
304,016
emerging market
12%
191.766 billion PLN
1817
World War II
April 1991
374
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
Colombia
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Aveo
Warszawa
Warsaw
Vistula River
1.740 million
9th most-populous
Warsaw
Vistula River
260 kilometres (160 mi)
2.666 million
9th
France
10th and 11th centuries
Denmark, Iceland and Norway
Rollo
10th century
William the Conqueror
Richard I of Normandy
Christian
Norman, Viking
9th century
911
King Charles III of West Francia
the river Seine
Picardy or the le-de-France
the indigenous langue d'ol branch of Romance
north
fighting horsemen
Saracen attack
Archangel Michael
Monte Gargano
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville
1130
Squillace
Kitab Rudjdjar
The Book of Roger
meritocratic
Seljuk Turks
1050s
1060s
Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
A Norman
Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron
Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration
Robert Guiscard
February 1082
30,000
city of Deabolis
Bohemond
river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho
1185
Dyrrachium
Byzantine hands
King Ethelred II of England
Duke Richard II
Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Robert of Jumiges
Battle of Hastings
Duke William II of Normandy
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxon
1169
Bannow Bay
Irish
King Malcolm III
King Malcolm III
1072
Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Norman
Hereford
the Welsh
Edward the Confessor
Cheshire
carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands
William of Montreuil
1097
Tancred
Jerusalem
380 years
large fleet
Berengaria
1191
Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre
Conrad of Montferrat
silver
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
12 May 1191
double coronation
1489
Knights Templar
Africa
Bethencourt
Maciot de Bethencourt
Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt
Channel Islands
two
Romanesque
rounded
Early Gothic
Early Gothic
within the Kingdom of Sicily
early 11th century
the dukes
16th century
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent
mosaics
11th century
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
southern Italy
Latin
Robert Guiscard
singing
1943
Serbian Cyrillic
1943
7 January 1943
1943
Serbian
modern alternating current
1884
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents"
1884
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
AC induction motor
1893
high-voltage
mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
Colorado Springs
1893
a wireless controlled boat
Wardenclyffe Tower project
1943
the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
New York hotels
an archetypal "mad scientist"
a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal "mad scientist"
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
1990s
showmanship
Croatia
Serbian Orthodox priest
eidetic memory
Nikola
Serbian Orthodox priest
Milutin Tesla
uka Tesla
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
western Serbia
three
"Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School."
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
killed in a horse-riding accident
Gospi, Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekuli
German
integral calculus
cheating
1873
1870
to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium
Martin Sekuli
German
1873
cholera
nine months
send him to the best engineering school
enter the priesthood
his birthtown, Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
enter the priesthood
illness
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
mountains
1874
books
this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally
1874
evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan
Mark Twain
1875
Austrian Polytechnic
1879
a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork
He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester
Graz
1875
1879
gambled away his allowance
killed through overwork
left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
a draftsman
hide the fact that he dropped out of school
nervous breakdown
December 1878
that he dropped out of school
he had drowned in the Mur River
draftsman
he dropped out of school
police guard for not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
60
a stroke
taught a large class of students
not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
he died of a stroke
Gospi
he did not receive grades for the courses
attend lectures
Charles-Ferdinand University
Prague
January 1880
Gospi
two of Tesla's uncles
Budapest
Ferenc Pusks
chief electrician position
telephone repeater or amplifier
chief electrician position
1881
Ferenc Pusks
the Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician position
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Continental Edison Company
Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side
France
June 1884
Thomas Edison
Manhattan's lower east side
US$10 a week
a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary
1885
US$10 a week
American humor
US$10 a week
two businessmen
electric lighting company
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
dynamo electric machine commutators
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
Tesla
forced Tesla out leaving him penniless
leaving him penniless
work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger
1886/1887
he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock
ditch digger
electrical repair jobs
a Western Union superintendent
April 1887
13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
89 Liberty Street
late 1886
a Western Union superintendent
Alfred S. Brown
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
Tesla Electric Company
induction motor
May 1888
a commutator
sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
self-starting
1887
because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
commutator
May 1888
a friend and publicist
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1888
decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
Thomas Commerford Martin
Thomas Commerford Martin
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferraris
Italian physicist
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
1888
$60,000
Westinghouse
a  specialist at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
$60,000
July 1888
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
60
DC traction motor
an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars
DC traction motor
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
rival lighting systems
AC development
Thomas Edison
electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
Edison
1888
the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for a while
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
Chicago
General Electric
Tesla Polyphase System
Tesla Polyphase System
George Westinghouse
Columbian Exposition in Chicago
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
Westinghouse Electric
Westinghouse Electric
two-phased system
Richard Dean Adams
1893
two-phased system
there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
$200,000
$216,000
35
South Fifth Avenue
electric lamps
Tesla coil
30 July 1891
Tesla coil
35
wireless
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
Institute of Radio Engineers
1892 to 1894
vice president
1892 to 1894
Institute of Radio Engineers
he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
5th Avenue laboratory fire
December 1895
metal locking screw
1894
"Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays"
lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire
X-ray
Mark Twain
X-rays
March 1896
Tesla Coil
X-rays
Tesla Coil
March 1896
X-ray imaging
Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus
X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas
various causes
lesser extent
his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
Roentgen rays
longitudinal waves
plasmas
Roentgen rays
Benjamin Lamme
1893
Westinghouse Electric
Egg of Columbus
Tesla
11 July 1934
break off the cathode
he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out
electric gun
National Electric Light Association
Tesla Coil
the Franklin Institute
1898
tele automaton
Madison Square Garden
electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden
monkey
1900
Guglielmo Marconi
1901
1903
Supreme Court of the United States
1899
Colorado Springs
15 June 1899
five inches
atmospheric
stationary
resonant frequency
lightning
135 feet
15 miles away
turned off
electrified
power outage
burned out
powerful high frequency currents set up in them
jump through the windings and destroy the insulation
communications from another planet
Talking with Planets
Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets"
that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets
July 1899
$100,000
Colorado Springs experiments
Colorado Springs experiments
1899
7 January 1900
torn down
1904
contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt
trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications
near Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
the original agreement
by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901
over 50 letters
to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe
Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
187
200
100–5,000 hp
1906
200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine
steam
Houston Street lab
the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
World Today
set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization
the application of electricity
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
William H. Maxwell
superintendent of New York City schools
overseas
lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries
sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars
$20,000 ($472,500
AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal
Electrical Experimenter
a fluorescent screen
a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating "(Tesla) was prophesying or dreaming
mile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous
recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
their animosity toward each other
38
Edison
1937
1,655,114
a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft)
less than $1,000
turbine engines
$125 per month
accept charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer), as a type of unspecified settlement
$125 per month
impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under
mechanical energy
any terrestrial distance
minimal loss
mineral deposits
1935
refused medical aid
consult a doctor
broken
early 1938
1937
"teleforce"
Van de Graaff generator
infantry
anti-aircraft purposes
death ray
1937
luncheon
small tungsten
high voltage
Only a little time
charged particle beam
Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade
Belgrade
millions
all war
committed any part of it to paper
teleforce weapon
his papers
86
7 January 1943
Alice Monaghan
do not disturb
coronary thrombosis
Tesla was an American citizen
Alien Property Custodian
nothing
Manhattan storage and Warehouse Company
Louis Adamic
Louis Adamic
12 January
two thousand
Ferncliff Cemetery
Belgrade
Sava Kosanovi
Charlotte Muzar
Nikola Tesla Museum
in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the Nikola Tesla Museum
around 300
26
Canada
patent archives
8:5 p.m
3:00 a.m.
3:00 a.m.
headwaiter
between 8 to 10 miles per day
it stimulated his brain cells
stimulated his brain cells
brain cells
telepathy
newspaper editor
one
broken wing and leg
over $2,000
he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily
park
hotel room
142 pounds
6 feet 2 inches
1888 to about 1926
New York City
eight
a peculiar affliction
they would be able to envision it in realistic detail
blinding flashes of light
photographic
48 hours
84 hours
Graz
Swezey
a journalist whom Tesla had befriended
chastity
"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work..."
end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
seclude himself
a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force."
seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet
Francis Marion Crawford
his lab and elsewhere
middle age
overweight people
a secretary
her weight
fired a secretary
smaller subatomic particles
an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
transmitted electrical energy
19th
Einstein's theory of relativity
antagonistic
relativity
gravity
1892
curved
81
an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics
humans' "pity"
"pity"
1937
Queen Bees
1926
Queen Bees
post-World War I
"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
20 December 1914
League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
opposed religious fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
"A Machine to End War"
made
War
a number of books and articles for magazines and journals
David Hatcher Childress
Ben Johnston
on the web
1900
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla
science fiction
comics and video games
several
Time magazine
75th birthday
electrical power generation
Albert Einstein
70
Computational complexity theory
their inherent difficulty
computational problem
significant resources, whatever the algorithm used
mathematical models
amount of communication (used in communication complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing)
number of gates
to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
algorithms and computability theory
computability theory
computability theory
computability theory
a problem ice
a problem
abstract
the solution is the output corresponding to the given input
the solution is the output corresponding to the given input
2000
asking for a round trip
computational problems and not particular problem
binary alphabet
the binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
their adjacency matrices
Decision problems
either no or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
a formal language
the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes
arbitrary
formal language
how graphs are encoded as binary strings
the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
a single output (of a total function)
integer factorization problem
integer factorization problem
more complex
decision problems
the set of triples
the size of the input in bits
a size of the input in bits
as a function of the size of the ice
bits
an increase in the input size
Cobham
the time taken
worst-case time complexity T(n)
the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n
the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm
Turing machine
an algorithm
Turing machine
manipulates symbols
deterministic Turing machine
rules
non-determinism
non-determinism
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
when resources (such as time or space) are bounded
deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary
time and memory
that the machines operate deterministically
non-deterministic
computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources
algorithms
non-deterministic time
yes
their difficulty
DTIME(f(n)
DTIME(f(n)
computational
computational
communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity
Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms
a computational resource
The best, worst and average case complexity
time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size
the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size
inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others
deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
O(n log n) time
time O(n2)
the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem
algorithms
lower
worst-case complexity
all possible algorithms
big O notation
constant factors and smaller terms
one would write T(n) = O(n2)
independent of the specific details of the computational model used
some complexity classes
framework
complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
the chosen machine model
quadratic
single-tape
Cobham-Edmonds
P
time or space
bounding
important complexity classes
BPP, ZPP and RP
Boolean circuits
quantum
#P
Interactive
computation time
DTIME(n2) is contained in DTIME(n2
time and space hierarchy theorems
the respective resources
quantitative
The time and space hierarchy theorems
EXPTIME
PSPACE
a reduction
another problem
X reduces
Karp reductions and Levin reductions
log-space reductions
a polynomial-time reduction
an algorithm for multiplying two integers
the reduction process takes polynomial time
squaring is not more difficult than multiplication
multiplication
type of reduction
an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
solve any problem
NP-hard problems
most difficult problems
they are the ones most likely not to be in P
polynomial-time solution
P = NP
The complexity class P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
NP
the Boolean satisfiability problem
non-deterministic Turing machines
many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
integer programming problems in operations research
US$1,000,000
Ladner
NP-intermediate problems
graph isomorphism problem
the problem is at least not NP-complete
NP-complete
polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
second
Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
integer factorization problem
k
modern cryptographic systems
the general number field sieve
breakthrough
breakthrough
all these complexity classes collapse to one class
any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory
co-NP
reversed
NP is not equal to NP
the class containing the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems
if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again
they are distinct or equal classes
the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space
NL and NC
if they are distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
polynomial time algorithm is not always practical
NP-complete problems
Presburger
algorithms
the NP-complete knapsack problem
over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
Turing machines by Alan Turing
Alan Turing
a computer
1936
a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms"
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
input encoding
encoding
Manuel Blum
speed-up theorem
Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems
21
curriculum
pedagogy
a university or college
a lesson plan
a school or other place of formal education
cultures
numeracy
craftsmanship
vocational training
a family member
formal education
formal
a family member
a transient or ongoing role
the Quran, Torah or Bible
religious
the Quran, Torah or Bible
gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas
homeschooling
paid professionals
physicians
homeschooling
professionals
school functions
extracurricular
supervise study halls
teachers
colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession
to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession
public interest
governments
the standards of practice for the teaching profession
teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs
complaints involving members
the college
conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct
Teaching Unions
on an individual basis
tutor
academy
facilitate student learning
a course of study
pedagogy
a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills
the rise of the internet over the past decade
teachers approach their roles in the classroom
a course of study, lesson plan
relevant authority
learning disabilities
students of different ages
standardized
particular skills
self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop
pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky
pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate
pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all
the relationship between teachers and children
whole curriculum
different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers
primary school
surrogate
alternative
platoon
students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes
students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects
United States
Co-teaching
two or more
learning
harmoniously
social networking
corporal punishment
a substitute parent
all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them
most common form of school discipline
as a substitute parent
school discipline
the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution
United States
US Supreme Court
physical pain
30
American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle
significant (though declining) degree
wooden paddle
principal's office
caning
Asian, African and Caribbean
schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries
detention
detention
school at a given time in the school day
quietly
lines or a punishment essay
assertive teacher
immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm
clear
clear boundaries
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline
some teachers and parents
East Asia
many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently
strict discipline with high standards of education
Japan
all
Japan
schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all
school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students
instruction
motivated students
motivated students
motivated students
dictatorial
schools alike
one of persuasion and negotiation
more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike
a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically
enthusiasm
teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
teach by rote
higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials
higher levels of intrinsic motivation
read lecture material
movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions
experimental
higher
self-determined
enthusiasm
emotional contagion
a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
beneficial relations with their students
goals he receives from his superior
aligning his personal goals with his academic goals
student motivation and attitudes towards school
stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
teachers who are friendly and supportive
interacting
Effective
enthusiasm about the students
enthusiastic
excitement in the student
influential
teaching
sexual
9.6%
United States
sometime during their educational career
American Association of University Women
England
not necessarily a teacher
2,869
The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students
Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
profession
sex offenders register
occupational stress
inspections
occupational burnout
Stress
occupational stress
42%
UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession
twice
teachers
average workers
several
Organizational interventions
relieve occupational stress among teachers
occupational stress
Organizational interventions
a university or college
certification
elementary school education
a background check and psychiatric evaluation
prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom
individual states and territories
three
secondary schools/high schools
universities and/or TAFE colleges
three-tier model
a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
Bachelor of Education
private sector, businesses and sponsors
civil servants recruited in special university classes
special university classes
Lehramtstudien
Bundesbesoldungsordnung
Hauptschule
Extra pay
€27,814 p.a.
rising incrementally to €53,423
over €90,000
the Teaching Council
Section 30
Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
Oireachtas
2006
Existing staff
"cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role"
refuse vetting
£41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
earn £20,980 annually
bachelor's
September 2007
alternative licensing programs
hard-to-fill
vary
geographic area and subject taught
secondary school teachers
General Teaching Council for Scotland
Teaching
seven Scottish Universities
"Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Regist
a year
April 2008
£32,583
£32,583
go on to earn up to £39,942
the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association
Wales
Welsh
until the age of 16
22 per cent
all age groups
ATL, NUT or NASUWT
falling with teachers being younger than in previous years
between 2005 and 2010
ATL
growing cause of concern
each state
ten years
bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
low salaries
average teacher salaries
supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities
elementary school
monetary compensation
many
Protestant/Non-Denominational
not always
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood
a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all
spiritual
father
father of the house
a guru
extremely high
their disciples
the West - the emphasis
Dharma
continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku
Tulku
through phowa and siddhi
phowa and siddhi
ulemas
one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence
Sufism
actions-oriented
Qutb
German
18 February 1546
Late Medieval Catholic Church
freedom from God's punishment for sin
reject all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X
a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin
salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds
sacerdotalism
the Bible
a holy priesthood
the Bible into the vernacular
a standard version
Tyndale Bible
singing in churches
Protestant clergy to marry
10 November 1483
Hans Luder
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
copper mines and smelters
University of Erfurt
a beerhouse and whorehouse
four
a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises
1505
law school
uncertainty
Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel
everything himself by experience
men and institutions
death and divine judgment
2 July 1505
Erfurt
deaths of two friends
Luther's education
fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession
one of deep spiritual despair
the jailer and hangman of my poor soul
Johann von Staupitz
true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Biblical studies
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
Roman Catholic
active in charity and good works
charity and good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
Johann Tetzel
springs
Luther
Johann Tetzel
those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error
salvation
all punishments
salvation
Christ
Tetzel
a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate
indulgences for the living
indulgences for the living
the story of the post on the door
Gerhard Prause
Philipp Melanchthon
Wittenberg
it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth
January 1518
the printing press
friends of Luther
two months
two months
as early as 1519
Students
early part
1520
On the Freedom of a Christian
lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians
penance and righteousness
the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity
the central truths of Christianity
"is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."
God
1525
faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law
Smalcald Articles
faith
"Christ and His salvation"
"Christ and His salvation"
the Reformation
two points
Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
Rome
a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric
one half
December 1517
Pope Leo X
papal theologians and envoys
October 1518
the papacy was the Antichrist
the Antichrist
January 1519
remain silent
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
Jan Hus
15 June 1520
set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg
41
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular
18 April 1521
the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
Prince Frederick III
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
whether he stood by their contents
the next day
he stood by their contents
raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
knight winning a bout
Michael Mullett
world classic of epoch-making oratory
recant his writings
Luther
they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings
dramatic form
private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate
25 May 1521
The Emperor
requiring his arrest
kill Luther without legal consequence
disappearance
the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach
my Patmos
New Testament
in his episcopates
a sin
cannot be earned
1 August 1521
God's favor
a place where justice resides
summer of 1521
asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with Thanksgiving by the whole congregation
it is a gift, to be received with Thanksgiving by the whole congregation
On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require
vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation
placing them on prophetic faith
1521
the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
Little Horn
The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2
Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
Zwickau prophets
council
6 March 1522
necessary change
preached eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
violence
immediate
Jerome Schurf
sixth sermon
misguided people into the way of the truth
misguided
public order
conservative
Zwickau prophets
fomenting social unrest and violence
social unrest and violence
Zwickau prophet
German Peasants' War of 1524–25
1524–25
support an attack on the upper classes in general
the upper classes in general
temporal authorities
Thuringia
mad dogs
condemned the violence as the devil's work
mad dogs
three grounds
rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves "Christian brethren" and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel
God
Divine Right of Kings
highwaymen and murderers
laid down their weapons
Swabian League
15 May 1525
Mntzer's execution
wing of the secular powers
Katharina von Bora
herring barrels
26 years old
41 years old
April 1523
13 June 1525
evening of the same day
wedding banquet
27 June
Bugenhagen
clerical
clerical
his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless
death of a heretic
reckless
1525–32
a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast
six
my poverty for the riches of Croesus
farming the land
their own ministers
worship service
supervisory church body
clear summary
it is a theology of the cross
extreme change
the Electorate of Saxony
an adviser
John the Steadfast
temporal sovereign
early 1526
Latin Mass
Catholic mass
unison setting of the Creed
freedom
1527
Electorate of Saxony
pastoral care and Christian education
all of Christian doctrine
teaching
catechism
1529
the people themselves
people themselves
a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations
The catechism
The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching
the Catechism
The Small Catechism
Bible
Small Catechism
Larger Catechism
Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language
not as a doctrine to be learned
with the Father and draws the believer to the Father
1522
1534
translation
alone
Faith alone
Saxon chancellery
northern and southern Germans
Germans
for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance
impediments and difficulties
German-language publications
Bible translation
evolution of the German language and literature
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
hymn-writer
all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children
singing of German hymns
sung hymns with a lute
waldzither
the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes
for Lutheran views
"Ein neues Lied wir heben an"
John C. Messenger
Ein neues Lied wir heben an
1524
Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
Creed in the Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
perceived difficulty of its tune
1538
the Small Catechism
specific catechism questions
multiple revisions
"Vater unser im Himmelreich"
1523
essential Reformation doctrine
write psalm-hymns for use in German worship
Achtliederbuch
Reformation doctrine
Nun komm
Veni redemptor gentium
Veni redemptor gentium
two
German Te Deum
baptism
Johann Walter
grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
early Lutheran hymnals
four
18
24
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
Johann Sebastian Bach
cantatas
1707
1724 to 1725
1724 to 1725
sleeps
the parable of the rich man and Lazarus
the continuity of one's personal identity
involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death
in their graves and in heaven
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
Franz Pieper
1755
wakes
Francis Blackburne
1765
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Landgrave of Hesse
doctrinal unity
fourteen
the nature of the Eucharist
significance of the words spoken by Jesus
sacramental union
sacramental union
only spiritually or symbolically present
omnipresence of his human nature
1530
Marburg Colloquy
Schmalkaldic League
The Swiss cities
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
antithetical
reason
faith has; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things
reason
separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy
Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy
sixteenth century Europe
against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism
keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms
to punish Christians
papacy
Holy War
Latin translation of the Qur'an
critical pamphlets
critical pamphlets on Islam
he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk"
exposed to scrutiny
God's wrath to Christians
Agricola
anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg
with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians
On the Councils and the Church
second use of the law
work sorrow over sin in man's heart
states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law
eliminate the accusing law
Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people
live
the Ten Commandments
third
a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis
Ten Commandments
the sacrament of baptism
The Ten Commandments
a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven
marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
Landgrave of Hesse
Landgrave of Hesse
Martin Brecht
lasting damage
expelled Jews some ninety years
Jews
the murder of Christ
divinity of Jesus
convert them to Christianity
treatise Von den Juden and Ihren Lgen
1543
three years
"that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will only tend to make them worse
"We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder
Jews
Martin Luther
heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews of Saxony was doomed to perdition
Luther's anti-Jewish works
1580s
Luther
anti-Jewish rhetoric
attacks on Jews
Heinrich Himmler
the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published
17 December 1941
territory
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Sasse
a "blueprint."
opportunistic
Biographer
modern hatred of the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
religious and in no respect racial
a new element
Ronald Berger
"hysterical and demonizing mentality"
Ronald Berger
hostile publications
declining state of mind
state of mind
vulgarity and violence
Catholics
Last Battles: Politics and Polemics
1980s
the least prejudiced toward Jews
Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993)
1928-1933
deteriorated
antagonisms
kidney and bladder stones
Ménire's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract
angina
poor physical health
poor physical health
poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher
Katharina
three
Eisleben
15 February 1546
they are "our public enemies... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do."
they are "our public enemies... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do."
Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
Mansfeld
negotiations for a settlement
late 1545
early 1546
his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade
17 February 1546
chest pains
"Yes"
common prayer of the dying
1 a.m.
apoplectic stroke
2:45 a.m
18 February 1546
Castle Church in Wittenberg
Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
his last statement
Latin
"We are beggars,"
frail Catholic saints
as a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
frail Catholic saints
1530s and 1540s
18 February
Lutheran Calendar of Saints
31 October
Church of England's Calendar of Saints
he is commemorated on 31 October
SoCal
10
economic center
demographics and economic ties
demographics and economic ties
Southern California Megaregion
11
Tijuana
Mexican
Tijuana
Pacific coast
seven
12 million
Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 12 million inhabitants
17.5 million
Colorado River
Colorado Desert
Mojave Desert
Mexico–United States border
California
3,792,621
Los Angeles
San Diego
the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation
Los Angeles
United States
five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
15
San Bernardino
Hollywood
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
music
Sony
skateboard
Tony Hawk
Shaun White
Oahu
Transpacific Yacht Race
Palm Springs
popular beaches
desert
open spaces
37° 9' 58.23
11
ten
Tehachapi Mountains
Tehachapi Mountains
Mexico
Alta California
Monterey
Compromise
a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state
inequitable taxes
"Cow Counties"
three
75%
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
1999
Imperial
seven
northern, central, and southern California regions
California State Automobile Association
three-region point
South of the Tehachapis
southern California region
large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways
vast
suburban
highways
international metropolitan region
Camp Pendleton
Temecula and Murrieta
United States Census Bureau
Orange Counties
1990s
Mediterranean
infrequent rain
90-60's
very rare
70-50's
Pacific Ocean
natural ecosystem
topographic
Peninsular Ranges
topographic
10,000
10,000
6.7
property damage
over $20 billion
San Andreas Fault
6.7+ earthquake
Puente Hills Fault
USGS
Earthquake occurrence
economically
global
economic
2010
high growth rates
10.0%
stronger, tech-oriented
Greater Sacramento region
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
two
five million
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
San Diego
over 100,000
twelve
100,000
Riverside
petroleum
Hollywood
housing bubble
diverse
heavily
1920s
aerospace
aerospace
suburbs
aerospace
major business districts
Central business districts
Downtown Los Angeles
business districts
Los Angeles Area
San Fernando Valley
Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile
business districts
Downtown Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Orange County
University of California, Irvine
Irvine Tech Center
South Coast Metro
rapidly
Downtown San Diego
Northern San Diego
University City
Downtown San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
smaller commercial and general aviation
third
San Diego International Airport
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
seven
Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
Southern California
The Tech Coast
prestigious and world-renowned research universities
private institutions
5
12
NFL
NBA
MLB
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
Chivas
two
2014
StubHub Center
2018
College sports
UCLA Bruins
USC Trojans
Pac-12 Conference
NCAA Division I
Rugby
high school
increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport
BSkyB
BSkyB
2014
British Sky Broadcasting Group plc
British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited
2006
two
the English FA
£4.2bn
ondigital consortium
ITV Digital
three
Sky Three
'Pick TV'
Sky+ PVR
September 2007
pay a monthly fee
January 2010
BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box
VideoGuard pay-TV
NDS
Cisco Systems
BSkyB
PVR
Virgin Media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007
2007
substantially increased the asking price
Video On Demand
HD channels
July 2013
2013
cloud storage service
cloud storage service
SkyDrive cloud storage service
Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch
Astra
27 September 2001
the Sky Digital platform
3.5 million
British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
a British telecommunications company
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
share recordings and other media
later in 2016
2016
MPEG-2
Dolby Digital
MPEG-4
OpenTV system
DVB-S2
1998
Astra 2A
Eutelsat's Eurobird 1
hundreds
28.5°E
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
March
digital terrestrial
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football
free-to-view
a monthly subscription
a VideoGuard UK
Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
the Sky service
autumn of 1991
ITV
£18m to £34m per year
BBC
£304m
Ofcom
£15–100,000
BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Open
ondigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services
over 100,000
2007
Virgin Media
Video On Demand service
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million
more than 25m people
August 2004
36%
flattened
"Welfare Cash Card"
only "essentials"
damaging
claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
a man's presence in the household
£30m
no indication
Virgin Media
BSkyB
carriage of their respective basic channels
service sectors
second
fourth
Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley near Bright
over 1,000
cramped and unsanitary
multi-member proportional representation system
eight
five
lower house members—four years
every four years
Labor
Labor
Labor
The Greens
Labor
About 61.1%
26.7%
Buddhism
168,637
Around 20%
south-east
a state in the south-east of Australia
second-most
Port Phillip Bay
second-largest
Koori
1788
Sullivan Bay
Sullivan Bay
1803
More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
50%
6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi)
90%
270,000
1975
the 1855 colonial constitution
Parliament of Victoria
an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
32 °C (90 °F)
hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
48.8 °C (119.8 °F)
7 February 2009
state or government schools
Victoria Department of Education
fees
Roman Catholic Church
curriculum
manufacturing
October 2016
October 2016
October 2016
Ford's Victorian plants
2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Mount Bogong
1,986 m
Murray River system
helmeted honeyeater
The Victorian Alps in the northeast
Great Dividing Range mountain system
east-west
0 °C (32 °F)
11.7 °C (10.9 °F)
several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines
V/Line
Victorian Government
freight services
passenger system
37
12
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1851
richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world
sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000
20 million ounces
1,548
489
540,800
63,519
Over 61 per cent
Victoria
3 million
60%
nearly two-thirds
Asia
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard gauge
760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines
mountainous areas
five
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
1854
British troops
Eureka Stockade
hated mining licence fees
Colony of Victoria Act 1855
political party or coalition
The Premier
representatives elected to either house of parliament
Daniel Andrews
representatives elected to either house of parliament
17% to $8.7 billion
17% to $8.7 billion
32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi)
A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops
60%
a big part in tourism
sports tourism
Melbourne
regional cities
Bright Autumn Festival
the southern and central parts of France
one-eighth
1562 to 1598
the granting of the Edict of Nantes
granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
unclear origins
Geneva
Besanon Hugues
Amboise plot of 1560
1560
availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
1294
Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sreté
Montpellier
the Edict of Als
1622
1629
Cape of Good Hope
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
Dutch East India Company
1600
1624
Jessé de Forest
Boschwick
L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
Brooklyn
present-day Charleston
British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
Pons
1697
Charleston
William III of Orange
the League of Augsburg
League of Augustsburg
Calvinist Dutch Republic
1672
Edict of Fontainebleau
1685
Protestantism
roughly 500,000
The Catholic Church in France
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
5,000 to 30,000
they attempted to meet for worship
the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
between 1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Louis XIII
Louis XIII
Huguenot rebellions broke out
Approximately one million
2%
Alsace
Cévennes mountain region
the Cévennes
New Rochelle
New Rochelle
The "Huguenot Street Historic District"
Huguenot Street Historic District
New York Harbor
Dutch Republic
75,000 to 100,000
ca. 2 million
Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
Edict of Nantes
Huguon
King Hugo
le roi Huguet
prétendus réformés
at night
Kent
The Weavers
indigenous population
Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
The Weavers
Cork City
Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
Dublin
a High Sheriff
1696
kingdom
non-Catholics
non-Catholics
Seven Years' War
1759-60
Henry of Navarre
1598
reaffirmed Catholicism
the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions
the Protestants equality with Catholics
education
illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants
Four thousand
new converts
New York and Virginia
Guanabara Confession of Faith
1555
Fort Coligny
1560
Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine industry
Western Cape province
surnames
Thomas Jefferson
Henry Laurens
Charleston
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
British lace industry
"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground"
no contemporary documentation to support
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
Great Elector Frederick William
the rugged Cévennes region in the south
Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church
the Catholic Church
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Norman Huguenots
Jacksonville
French naval
September 1565
Charlesfort
St. Augustine
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1562
The Wars of Religion
Lower Norfolk County
Lower Norfolk County
Manakin Town
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
Huguenot exiles
"Apologie" of William the Silent
William the Silent
Huguenot exiles
Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
1708
50,000
Andrew Lortie
Pope
William of Orange
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
Irish linen
Irish
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken
Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken
thriving glass-making works
1890s
1604
England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of the Palatinate
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire
Dutch Cape Colony
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
Hugues Capet
Hugues hypothesis
Gallicans
Hugues hypothesis
double or triple non-French linguistic origins
Jacques Lefevre
Geneva
1530
William Farel
Lefevre
3 October 1572
Catholics
Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone
1573
almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone
Louis XIV
increasingly aggressively
he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism
excluded them from favored professions
dragonnades
Westchester
coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point"
John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
married outside their immediate French communities
the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life
E.I. du Pont
nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
1724
Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia
Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. 13
Edict of Potsdam
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. 13
Thomas de Maizire
Theodor Fontane
Adolf Galland
The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizire
German Federal Minister of the Interior
power
the Rankine cycle
steam
high pressure
external combustion engines
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
steam pump
Thomas Newcomen
United Kingdom
21 February 1804
south Wales
Abercynon
south
water pump
multi-stage centrifugal pumps
1850s
steam locomotives
lower-pressure boiler feed water
either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively
triple and quadruple expansion engines
19th century
marine triple expansion engines
Olympic
trip mechanisms or cams profiled
Joy
by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
Lead fusible plugs
the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly
increases significantly
suppress the fire
dampening the fire
James Watt
rotary
ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered
1883
Industrial Revolution
first century AD
Hero of Alexandria
Greek mathematician
Giovanni Branca
1606
compound engines
expansions
shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried
internal combustion engines
coal carried
steam turbines
late part
several hundred horsepower
90%
electric power
a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
combustion chamber
solar
electric
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Porter
Charles Richard
London Exhibition
90° out of phase with each other (quartered)
180°
90°
counterflow
two
one
four
expansion
Quasiturbine
counterflow
defect
oscillating cylinder steam engine
trunnion
models
ships where their compactness is valued
the working fluid is recycled continuously
open loop
Mercury
"open loop" system
working fluid
565
stainless steel
63%
30 °C
Steam engines
steamboats
Stanley Steamer
propelling transport appliances
an increase in the land available for cultivation
Catch Me Who Can
Matthew Murray
twin-cylinder
Middleton Railway
Stockton and Darlington Railway
Arthur Woolf
British
torque variability
cylinder volume
90%
reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
gas turbines
reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion
The Rankine cycle
removed in a condenser
1990s
biomass
Scottish
its "duty"
17
7 million
94
Watt
turbine type steam engines
Reciprocating piston type steam engines
turbine type steam engines
internal combustion engines
Thomas Savery
water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
John Smeaton
Richard Trevithick
Oliver Evans
1802
transport
power source
Energiprojekt AB
Sweden
5
4 kg (8.8 lb)
27-30%
surface condensers
automobile radiator
automobile radiator
rejected heat to evaporate water
3600
one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building
Boulton
a steam engine
operations requiring constant speed
handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler
1880
railway locomotives
complicated
1930
road engines
reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff"
kick back
evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression
fixed
Jernimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Spanish
1606
1698
1712
rotating discs
a drive shaft
static discs
turbine casing
50 Hertz electric power systems
lower
electric motors
steam turbine plant
Advanced Steam movement
pollution
Wankel engine
cylinders and valve gear
thermal expansion
1763–1775
a separate condenser
half
Newcomen's
a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam
two independent mechanisms
plug valve
an adjustable spring-loaded valve
seal illegally
power from the engine
a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff
1849
30%
four
Rumford medal the committee
thermodynamic
Watt
the separate condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
lower heat addition temperature
liquid phase
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
recover the latent heat of vaporisation
superheaters
bunker
a chain or screw stoking mechanism
feed water
British
dreadnought battleships
dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
1905
water
a turbine connected to an electrical generator
electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
Britain
a practical Carnot cycle
condenser
constant pressure
isothermal
gas
8
oxygen
two
almost half
Diatomic oxygen gas
20.8%
silicon dioxide
8
downward trend
hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen
oxides
third-most
dioxygen
photosynthesis
sunlight
high-altitude ozone layer
oxygen
water
cellular respiration
water
allotrope
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
nitroaereus
1679
Robert Boyle
spiritus nitroaereus
17th century
respiration
John Mayow
Priestley
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
1775
Because he published his findings first
more active and lived longer
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
2nd century BCE
parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
Philo of Byzantium
parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
air
an ignition event, such as heat or a spark
the source of most of the chemical energy released
oxygen
Oxygen
an ignition event
the oxidant
rapid combustion
chemical energy
peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
pure O 2
liquid oxygen
13
Concentrated O 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically
combustion
ignition sources are minimized
fuel
Apollo 1 crew
oxygen
trace quantities
larger mass than the crust
silicates
crustal rock
The Earth's mantle
silicates of magnesium and iron
silicates of magnesium and iron
monatomic
the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another
HO
hydrogen
Amedeo Avogadro's law
phlogiston
non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little
gaseous
metals
buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products
a covalent double bond
two
double bond
chemically
the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms
1773
1774
his work
Antoine Lavoisier
the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion
spin triplet state
triplet oxygen
unpaired electrons
spontaneous
the bond order from three to two
part of the trapped air
weight
weight
1777
azote
Trioxygen
Trioxygen
reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue
protective radiation
ozone layer of the upper atmosphere
O 2
the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere
Occurrence
complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role)
cellular respiration
James Dewar
1891
1895
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature
6.04 milliliters
nitrogen
twice as much
most abundant
third
0.9%
world's oceans
ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules
19th century
compressing and cooling
Louis Paul Cailletet
Only a few drops
March 29, 1883
dust grains
oxygen-16
Genesis
unknown
Genesis spacecraft
molecular O 2
common organic molecules
photosynthesis
the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength
Carotenoids
Paleoclimatologists
water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old
12%
oxygen-18
warmer
687 and 760 nm
the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale
vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform
global scale
remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform
impart magnetic character to oxygen
liquid oxygen
unpaired electrons
Liquid oxygen
magnet
hydrogen peroxide
destroy invading microbes
hypersensitive response
anaerobic
2.5 billion years ago
90.20 K
High-purity liquid O 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air
Liquid oxygen
liquid nitrogen
combustible
water bodies
lower temperatures
their higher oxygen content
algae
biochemical oxygen demand
about 3.5 billion years ago
Paleoproterozoic
banded iron formations
1.7 billion years ago
3–2.7 billion years ago
oxygen cycle
biogeochemical
three
photosynthesis
oxygen
pressure swing adsorption
90% to 93%
nitrogen
non-cryogenic
90% to 93% O 2
Oxygen gas
molecular oxygen and hydrogen
nearly pure O 2 gas
O 2 evolution
chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
a history of recreational use
a placebo effect is a more likely explanation
a "boost" in performance
a placebo effect
aerobic
decompression sickness
carbon monoxide
anaerobic bacteria
Decompression sickness
Oxygen
heart
emphysema
respiration
gaseous oxygen
electronegativity
chemical bonds
FeO
chemical bonds
passivates the metal and slows further corrosion
cabin depressurization
exothermic reaction
exothermic reaction
oxygen
high pressure
smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
smaller cylinders
compressed gas
bulk liquid oxygen storage containers
organic solvents
a ring of three atoms
feeder materials
Epoxides
"R" is an organic group
biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life
Only a few common complex biomolecules
biological relevance, carbohydrates
proteins
phosphate
Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system
permanent pulmonary fibrosis
160 kPa
Acute oxygen toxicity
breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth
low total pressures used
marginally more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal)
no damage
marginally more than normal
at elevated partial pressures
partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa)
50% oxygen composition at standard pressure
mechanical ventilators
30%–50%
October 1973
US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally
1979
second oil shock
members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott
multilateral negotiations with the combatants
January 18, 1974
March 1974
August 15, 1971
rise and fall according to market demand
Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
September 1971
oil producers' real income decreased
less than two percent per year
1971
1973–1974
1947 to 1967
October 6, 1973
Iran
ten times more
Iran
"of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly!
a barrel
October 16, 1973
to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met
$2.2 billion
principal hostile country
over 100 billion dollars
Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Middle East
amid shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
distribution and price disruptions
USSR
1973
Kissinger's dominance
The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security
automobiles
Macroeconomic problems
Arctic
five to ten years
Netherlands
America
UK
Israelis
Ted Heath
the UK
strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
1973–74
Switzerland
Sweden
Price controls
to encourage investment
creating greater scarcity
rationing
William E. Simon
1973
coordinate the response to the embargo
20%
55 mph
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Bill Clinton
November 28, 1995
1977
energy crisis
market and technology realities
congresses and presidents
Soviet
British Prime Minister Edward Heath
10 years
the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
Japan
71%
declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy
November 22, Japan issued a statement "asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy to
December 25,
Afghanistan
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi
January 1979
November 1979
Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Dats
Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
Japanese
A decade after the 1973 oil crisis
Toyota Corona Mark II
Datsun 810
Acura, Lexus and Infiniti
the Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
captive import policy
domestic sales
at least four
1985
Mercury Marquis
Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500
1979
1981
Mustang I
1981
1980s
pushing prices down, shrinking
$40 per barrel
Project Mercury
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1968
John F. Kennedy
two
from 1961 to 1972
Apollo Applications Program
Soviet Union
Skylab
1967
cabin fire
Budget cuts
six
landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
final Apollo 17
842 pounds (382 kg)
avionics, telecommunications, and computers
one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission
three
Abe Silverstein
manned lunar landings
early 1960
1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
Soviet Union
massive financial commitment
James E. Webb
aerospace technology
Yuri Gagarin
Soviet Union
one
circumspect
April 20
Lyndon B. Johnson
one week
"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
Robert R. Gilruth
NASA's Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team
Kennedy
at least three
Apollo
250,000
130 million cubic foot
Dr. George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
D. Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller
General Samuel C. Phillips
General Samuel C. Phillips
from January 1964
Apollo Program Director
rendezvous
1961
Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Manned Spacecraft Center
Jerome Wiesner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
No, that's no good
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power
propulsion, electrical power and life support
1964
cone-shaped
Command/Service Module
two
three
Earth ocean landing
heat shield
Parachutes
5,560
A cylindrical Service Module
high-gain S-band
discarded
51,300 pounds
an orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
twice
1964
Saturn V
two
Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere
15,100
34 hours
Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers
the Army
June 11, 1962
dummy upper stages filled with water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
The Saturn IB
200,000 lbf
third stage
40,000 pounds
The three-stage Saturn V
33
230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit
burned liquid hydrogen
Project Mercury and Gemini veterans
All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans
Dr. Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews
all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders
Apollo 8
1966
265.7 nautical miles
25,700 km
Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208
Apollo spacesuit
greater visibility
water-cooled
Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Gemini and Apollo programs
1966
Donn F. Eisele
KC135 weightlessness training aircraft
AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft
August 1967
Saturn IB
Apollo 1 backup crew
Samuel Phillips
tiger team
1967
Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
altitude chamber
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
launch countdown
altitude chamber
a strange odor
January 27, 1967
sealing of the hatch
noticed a strange odor
100% oxygen atmosphere
both houses of Congress
deficiencies
George Low
While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control."
nitrogen/oxygen
flammable cabin and space suit materials
quick-release
NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights
modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits
unmanned Saturn V validation
successfully accomplished
letters
AS-501
a Block I CSM
April 4, 1968
a third unmanned
Apollo 5
37
George Low
successfully test-fired and restarted
"fire-in-the-hole" test
Saturn V
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon
human cosmonauts
Neil Armstrong
July 1969
black-and-white television
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
July 24
Ocean of Storms
Surveyor 3
removed some parts which they returned to Earth
accidentally pointed into the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle
Block II spacesuit
eight
over three days
mass
a liquid oxygen tank exploded
Commander
the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added
oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
shrink
museum exhibits
1971
extremely old
3.2 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
multiple impact events
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater
$170 billion
15
$20.4 billion
Apollo Extension Series
Apollo Applications Program
Apollo Telescope Missions
1973
it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space
1979
Apollo Telescope Mount
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Apollo 11
unknown
Apollo 8
Book of Genesis
one-quarter
inspiring
Apollo TV camera
incompatible
a magnetic tape shortage
newer satellite data
Nafzger
Nafzger
remove random noise and camera shake
kinescope
Nafzger
black and white
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
a body of treaties and legislation
the Treaties establishing the European Union
regulations and directives
Regulations and Directives
a body of treaties and legislation
direct effect or indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
the Treaties establishing the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
the Treaties establishing the European Union
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the courts of member states
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
courts of member states
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice
The TEU
The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law
interpret the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
as soon as they enter into force
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the land islands
as soon as they enter into force
Court of Justice of the European Union
with common rules for coal and steel
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
Norway did not end up joining
Greenland
common rules for coal and steel
1992
1986
1972
1985
following the Nice Treaty
France and the referendum in the Netherlands
substance
amending treaty
it did not completely replace them
constitutional law of the European Union
produced a single constitutional document
referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
the Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
the Council is the "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives"
President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
one
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(3)
The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
by a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections
Ireland
The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament
Santer Commission
not break any law
Committee of Independent Experts
European Council
President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings
1999
Commission v Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Anti-fraud Office
2012
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process
one million signatures
amendment and veto
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
1979
first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process
citizens of smallest countries
different ministers of the member states
former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk
inversely to member state size
352
260
the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states
each six months
352
most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus
unanimity
qualified majority
harder
TEU articles 4 and 5
member state courts
294
a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
TEU articles 4 and 5
Conciliation Committee
judicial
Court of Justice of the European Union
one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office"
member state courts
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
Court of Justice of the European Union
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy
the nationalisation law was from 1962
1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958
European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
Court of Justice
EU law
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
1972
national law
the Solange I and Solange II
administrative law
1986
All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged
constitutional law
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’
postal
Treaty provisions
Directives
at least 4 weeks
more than 28 days
early 1990s
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice
Swedex GmbH & Co KG
25
Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive"
incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages
6 million Lira
European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
since the 1950s
Article 5
the least onerous
since the 1960s
international law and public law
a proper legal basis
principles of legal certainty and good faith
constitutional traditions common to the member states
fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
member states
1950
European Court of Human Rights
1999
2007
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
European Union law
European Court of Justice
Treaty of Amsterdam
1997
1989
30
40
12
The UK
the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
1992
the election of the UK Labour Party to government
1997
Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
1951
cartels
Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66
1957
Article 101(1)
abuse of dominant position
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
since the Treaty of Rome 1957
consumer prices
principle of free movement of goods in the EU
North American Free Trade Association
a customs union
parallel importers
private actors
Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries, and even Belgian tomato imports
trading rules
25 per cent
France
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol fr Branntwein
a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products
a Belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages
Keck and Mithouard
prevent cut throat competition
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market
people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
European Community
citizenship
Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
stay
1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Gaelic
Belgian Football Association v Bosman
1 to 4
Citizenship of the EU
social services that people can access wherever they move
Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entended to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems"
higher education
Functioning of the European Union
if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied
Reyners v Belgium
article 49
Reyners v Belgium
2006
shipping toxic waste
October 2007
2005
people who give services "for remuneration"
Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice
treatment
Daily Mail
£1
£1
a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there
Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabsyrelsen
Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
nine
four
over half
Amazoneregenwoud
Amazon Jungle
South America
over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
16,000
broadleaf
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi)
nine
Brazil
estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species
the tropical rainforest
Climate fluctuations
the Oligocene
Middle Miocene
the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
45°
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum
Cretaceous–Paleogene
66–34 Mya
Middle Miocene
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
34 million years
middle of the continent by the Purus Arch
toward the Atlantic
Solimes Basin
5–10 million years
the Atlantic
mid-Eocene
Atlantic
Pacific across the Amazonas Basin
Amazonas Basin
Solimes Basin
mid-Eocene
the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch
toward the Atlantic
Pacific
Solimes Basin
Last Glacial Maximum
that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
difficult to resolve
by the available data
21,000 years
evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
significant changes
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
21,000 years
sediment deposits
moist tropical
open forest and grassland
the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
CALIPSO
182 million
1,600 miles
Amazon basin
132 million
CALIPSO satellite
182 million tons
27.7 million tons
132 million tons
43 million tons
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
182 million tons
1,600 miles
27.7 million
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.52/sq mi
agriculture
anthropological
5 million
density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
Betty Meggers
0.2
Amazonia: Man and Culture
Betty Meggers
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants
5 million
200,000
Francisco de Orellana
1540s
spread of diseases from Europe
between AD 0–1250
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Ondemar Dias
at least 11,000 years
black earth
large areas
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger
Terra preta
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
40,000
one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams
128,843
2.5 million
2,000
40,000
378
one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon
1,100
16,000
90,790
356  47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
16,000
1,100
90,790
356  47 tonnes
438,000
electric eels
black caiman
piranha
lipophilic alkaloid toxins
Vampire bats dwell
crop cultivation
early 1960s
slash and burn method
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space
587,000 square kilometres
587,000 square kilometres
cattle
second-largest
91%
soy farmers
increased settlement and deforestation
8,646
an increase to the present day
18%
biodiversity
destruction of the forest
loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
10%
1011
severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
greenhouse gas
2100
21st century
climate change in addition to deforestation
indigenous
community-based
deforestation and ecocide
the Urarina
non-human primates
remote sensing
Trio Tribe
southern Suriname
handheld GPS devices and programs
to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
tree growth stages
carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
2006
Synthetic aperture radar
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
deforestation on regional climate
irreversibly
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
2010
1,160,000 square miles
three
2005
1.5 gigatons
comb jellies
marine waters worldwide
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia
body cavity
a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
combs
comb jellies
a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
water flow
a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
marine waters worldwide
ten times their own weight
100–150
25
100–150
tentilla
ten times their own weight
lack tentacles and prey
huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
ten times their own weight
little tentacles
huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
colloblasts, sticky cells
Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named
hermaphrodites
miniature cydippids
juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
simultaneous hermaphrodites
platyctenids
combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
beroids
Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
Mnemiopsis
fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
bays
other places they are uncommon and difficult to find
planktonic plants
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
66 million years ago
monophyletic
515 million years ago
comb-rows than modern forms
515 million years ago
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
monophyletic
tentacles
cnidarians
having colloblasts
bilaterians
animal phylum
colloblasts
cnidarians
colloblasts
colloblasts
ctenophores and cnidarians
bilaterians
mesoglea
triploblastic
ctenophores
sponges
cilia
locomotion
ctenes
"comb-bearing"
Pleurobrachia
oceanic
withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
an epithelium
bioluminescence
pharynx
a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles
mouth and pharynx
swimming-plates
ctenes
have a supporting function
direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish
2 millimeters
experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities
mesoglea
reduce its bulk and decrease its density
pump this into the mesoglea
aboral organ
opposite end from the mouth
transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
a statocyst
a balance sensor
sea gooseberry
an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end
spherical
a sheath into which it can be withdrawn
at the narrow end
tentilla ("little tentacles")
microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it
they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora
a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches
a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive
eight
near the mouth to the opposite end
evenly round the body
a ciliary groove
lobes
gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
four
produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
clapping their lobes
the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly
nerves
water disturbances
Nuda
The Beroida
forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip
tight closure streamlines the front of the animal
their large pharynx
The Cestida
Cestum veneris
belt animals
by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows
Velamen parallelum
tentilla-bearing tentacles
a muscular "foot"
comb-rows
rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
via pores in the epidermis
internal fertilization
genus Mnemiopsis
in the parts of the internal canal network
external
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
among the plankton
by a more radical metamorphosis
true larvae
Beroe the juveniles
secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
ink
more brightly in relation to their body size
vegetarians
zooplankton
incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
10 times their own weight per day
Lampea
low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
chum salmon
other ctenophores
blooms in the Red Sea
ctenophores
eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish
via the ballast tanks of ships
by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata
late 1980s
slowed the animal's metabolism
soft, gelatinous bodies
a comb jelly
mid-Cambrian period
Three
tentacles
515 million years ago
sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
ctenophores
Ediacaran
Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria
Porifera (sponges)
beroids
monophyletic
65.5 million years ago
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220 miles
ash tree
an ash leaf
a city in the U.S. state of California
1872
the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
1885
47
the Central Pacific Railroad
2.7%
Chinatown
Pinedale Assembly Center
an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
revolve a balance
1976
Visa Inc
Bill Aken
Bob Gallion
Madera
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system
Woodward Park
Civil War Revisited
Between the 1880s and World War II
San Joaquin Valley
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
Hughes Hotel
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
near their current locations
wide sidewalks
Fresno's far southeast side
Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
a golf course designed by William P. Bell
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile south
1970s
second and third run
1978
Broadway in New York City
Evita and The Wiz
restaurants, live theater and nightclubs
a few hundred feet
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
early twentieth century homes
Storybook
newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl
decades
Huntington Boulevard
William Stranahan
1914
267
Huntington Boulevard
"Southwest Fresno"
southwest
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
Nielsen Ave
M. Theo Kearney
tall palm
Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
Brookhaven
West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm
between the 1960s and 1990s
Fresno and B streets
Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side
little
Ralph Woodward
300
2,500
22 miles
6am
1946
Developer William Smilie
Sierra Sky Park
automobiles
there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world
Mediterranean characteristics
July
81%
northwest
December, January and February
115 °F (46.1 °C)
January 6, 1913
1885
the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (0.06 m) on January 21, 1962
3.55 inches
494,665
49.6%
8,525 (1.7%)
30.0%
4,404.5
68,511
7.4%
1,388
3.62
3.62
427,652
149,025
8.4%
11.2%
4,097.9 people per square mile
To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
NBC affiliate KSEE
KGPE
main north/south freeway
Sierra Freeway
Eisenhower Freeway
west
Fresno
1950s
Interstate 99
improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Fresno
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation
the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation
Davies
networking paradigm
a fee per unit of connection time
by a fee per unit of information transmitted
another principal networking paradigm
pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session
by a fee per unit of connection time
by a fee per unit of information transmitted
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
according to a multiple access scheme
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
according to a multiple access scheme
distributed adaptive message block switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
by store and forward switching
described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
by store and forward switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran
Operating System Principles
a nationwide network in the UK
ARPANET
Donald Davies
Operating System Principles
use in the ARPANET
complete addressing information
individually
a destination address, source address, and port numbers
a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination
The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets
connection id in a table
address information
a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
connection-oriented operations
a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
connection-oriented operations
X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
1969
division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
an example of a datagram protocol
protocol suite
a proprietary suite of networking protocols
allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
addresses
plug-n-play system
CYCLADES packet switching network
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
ARPANET architecture
a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
a data network based on this voice-phone network
Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix
They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth
Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities
connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing
Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities
first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
Larry Roberts
the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
ARPANET technology
GTE
an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
build their own dedicated networks
build their own dedicated networks
two
Bell Northern Research
the interconnection of national X.25 networks
an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
on-line betting, financial applications
by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
the network and the connected users via leased lines
the network and the connected users via leased lines
incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
The Computer Science Network
to extend networking benefits
a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
Qwest
Abilene
Qwest
Internet2 Network
National Science Foundation Network
advanced research and education networking
advanced research and education networking in the United States
Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
MCI Telecommunications
more than 100
OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links
arid plains of Central Asia
killed 30–60% of Europe's total population
30–60%
17th century
450 million down to 350–375 million
fleas carried by ground rodents
1338–39
China and India
1331
25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
infected corpses
Sicily and the south of Europe
several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather
northwest
Italy
smaller trade relations with their neighbours
Germany and Scandinavia
1349
serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
autumn 1347
through the port's trade with Constantinople
the north
Gasquet
atra mors
Gasquet
1823
Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name
a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers
the king of France
Miasma theory
Miasma theory
the plague theory
19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894
Alexandre Yersin
mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
two populations of rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"
1908
the Black Death
the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire
30–75%
Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)
80
90 to 95 percent
fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F)
October 2010
a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central
the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
genetic branches
Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
may have entered Europe in two waves
through the port of Marseille around November 1347
spring of 1349
amended
England
the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease
October 2011
J. F. D. Shrewsbury
the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
contemporary accounts were exaggerations
bubonic plague theory
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
an epidemiological account
lack of reliable statistics
over 100%
figures from the clergy
1377
extensive samples from other mass graves
marginal significance
lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries
faster
5 to 15 years
cause was a form of anthrax
thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
blood poisoning
25
50%
100,000
some pre-planning and Christian burials
50%
isolated
14th to 17th centuries
the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671
almost a million
propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300
end of 1350
10–15%
1665
40,000
Russia
Italian Plague of 1629–1631
1654
22
1.7 million
about half
half
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720
1500 and 1850
30 to 50 thousand
second quarter of the 19th century
two-thirds
melt
a metamorphic rock
a new magma
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor spreading
crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
convecting mantle
1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
San Andreas
Alfred Wegener
convecting
arrival times of seismic waves
simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model
410 and 660 kilometers
wave speeds
separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers
the most recent eon with an expanded scale
Quaternary
The Holocene
Quaternary
cross-cutting relationships
younger
key bed
younger
xenoliths
magma or lava flows
clasts
inclusions and components
gravel
faunal succession
William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary thought
the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in sedimentary strata
organisms
Charles Darwin
20th century
fossils and stratigraphic correlation
new absolute ages
one another
fossil sequences
Thermochemical techniques
geochronologic and thermochronologic studies
isotope ratios
Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
horizontal
shallow crust
"synforms"
"synforms"
anticlines and synclines
Extension
boudins
within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
metamorphosed
Extension
Dikes
large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed
topographic
Continual motion along the fault
Deformational
layered basaltic lava flows
Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time
Cambrian time
the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada
the study of rocks
the study of sedimentary layers
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers
optical microscopy
birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference
geochemical evolution of rock units
laboratory
optical microscopy
how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes
how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes
metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks
Structural
microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
plot and combine
analog and numerical experiments
orogenic wedges
orogenic wedges
sand
all angles remain the same
they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt
stratigraphers
geophysical
well logs
computer programs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon
to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
biostratigraphers
Magnetic stratigraphers
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
fossil animal shells
Ibn Sina
deposition of silt
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth
1795
the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea
William Maclure
1809
1809
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
catastrophism
catastrophism
Charles Darwin
103 miles
8.5
English Core Cities Group
Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror
wool trade
coal
16th century
the Great North Run
Pons Aelius
River Tyne
2,000
Hadrian's Wall
Pictish
England
Elizabeth
25-foot
William the Lion
three
coal
the Hostmen
a pointless pursuit
an eccentric
ruin
their families
boats
about 7,000 out of 20,000
one-third
devastating loss
King
the Scots
drummes
Triumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization
the Maling company
electric lighting
prosperity
steam turbine
medieval
Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot
Stairs
modern
Derwentwater House
Tyneside Classical
England's best-looking city
Grey Street
1960s
one side of the original Eldon Square itself
Town Moor
graze cattle
The Hoppings funfair
June
King Harald V of Norway
Large-scale regeneration
Gateshead Council
Norman Foster
a tourist promotion
ten
Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
four stories
244
Butcher Market
1835
2000
a painting of this event
English Heritage
oceanic
warming
rain
January 1982
the remainder of the British Isles
2010
Eldon Square Shopping Centre
Bainbridge's
by department
2007
shopping destinations
suburban
Tesco
Newcastle
Gateshead
The Tyneside flat
terraces
the industrial centres on Tyneside
Architects
high density
Census
at 5.9%
overinflated
authorities
Tunbridge Wells
2001
metropolitan
student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
student populations
37.8
ancestors
Border Reiver
between 500 and 2,000
1%
Geordie
Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to
many elements
forerunner
("stream")
Scandinavia
elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom
Scots
Many words
the Dutch gooien
Ear Institute at the University College London
noisiest
80.4
negative long-term
a motorway underpass without pedestrian access
Collingwood Street
a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema
12
The Pink Triangle
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
many celebrated seasons
21 January 1788
Grey Street
theatres
Theatre Royal on Grey Street
Royal Shakespeare Company
local talent
arts capital of the UK
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle
8000
John and Benjamin Green
lecture theatre
Joseph Swan
The Newcastle Beer Festival
May
biennial
NewcastleGateshead
2
The Hoppings
every June
Temperance Movement
cycling
The Northern Pride Festival and Parade
Newcastle Mela
Norman Foster
Design Event
East Asian
NewcastleGateshead
folk-rock group
1971
Folk metal band Skyclad
Folk metal band Skyclad
Duran Duran
November 2006 and May 2008
Old Town Hall, Gateshead
three
the restored Classic
a roof extension
Newcastle
a museum highlighting life on Tyneside
shipbuilding
2009
Seven Stories
On the Night of the Fire
Get Carter
noir thriller
Mike Figgis
Tommy Lee Jones
Gosforth Park
Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Brough Park in Byker
Blaydon Race
6 miles (9.7 km)
via the Metro Light Rail system
20 minutes
five million
over 90
Victorian architecture
six
Queen Victoria
Robert Stephenson
Manors
three hours
three hours
Edinburgh
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
Tyne and Wear Metro
five
deep-level
A bridge was built across the Tyne
37 million
'Metro: All Change
smart ticketing
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system
trams as opposed to the current light rail trains
A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass)
A69
Great North Road
the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel
the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
3
two
Stagecoach
Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area
Eldon Square Bus Station
1998
cycling promotes healthy living
healthy
one way streets
national networks
Danish DFDS Seaways
end of October 2006
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
late 2008
Thomson
eleven
seven
Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
the two primary state-Catholic run high schools
two
Newcastle University
Sunday Times University of the Year award
polytechnics became new universities
Northumbria University
three
1474
Coptic Cathedral
Church of St Thomas
parish churches
Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
the Priory church at Hexham
the last of the ancient churchyards
The church tower
City Road
a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead
The entrance to studio 5
the result of its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
since 1951
Radio Lollipop
Newcastle University's student's union building
1770
Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
light bulb
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
international footballers
Nobel Prize
keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
4.5 million
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5 acres
145
5,000 years
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture
Great Exhibition of 1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night openings
1949
between September and November 1946
nearly a million and a half
Council of Industrial Design
Festival of Britain
1948
a rock concert
young people
Roy Strong
mediaeval
Dundee
£76 million
on the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
five years
Brompton Park House
Sheepshanks Gallery
Captain Francis Fowke
1862
the offices and board room
Owen Jones
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
mosaic
James Gamble & Reuben
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Edward Poynter
Henry Young Darracott Scott
Colonel
Cadeby
prints, drawings, paintings and photographs
2008
sgraffito
Starkie Gardner
southeast of the garden
south side of the garden
Reuben Townroe
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
720 feet (220 m)
an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
fame
Alfred Drury
four
Webb
marble
Queen Victoria
the Art Library
Henry Cole wing
the Spiral
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
the Spiral
main silverware
mosaic floors
FuturePlan
South Kensington
the exhibition designers and masterplanners Metaphor
Kim Wilkie
Kim Wilkie
elliptical
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
American Sweetgum
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
600,000
RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
700,000
Andrea Palladio
American
330
Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio
the Great Fire of London
the Great Fire of London
c1600
Montal
Alhambra
19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Afghanistan
1909
60,000
10,000
6000
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru
70,000
China, Japan and Korea
T. T. Tsui Gallery
1991
Ming and Qing
Ando Cloisonné
1986
13th-century
1550 to 1900
koro
14th to the 19th century
Himalayan
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
mother-of-pearl
ivory
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
over 18,000
1876
1876
Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
Charles Dickens
12th to 16th
trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES
Encoded Archival Title (EAD)
newly accessioned into the collection
" search the Collections,"
2007
Factory Project
Andy Warhol
15,000
catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Designers and artists whose work is on display
Horace Walpole
imports
increase in tea drinking
wider trends
John Ruskin
mass production
Arts and Crafts
Trajan's Column
cut in half
Trajan's Column
sculptures, friezes and tombs
in a glass case
1731
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
East Asian pottery and porcelain
Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton
Britain and Holland
elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
4000 years
6000
Ancient Egypt
René Lalique
René Lalique
1994
Danny Lane
2004
Dale Chihuly
13th
over 10,000
2,000
David Hockney
David Hockney
David Hockney
1,442
Word and Image department
everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
1913
Harrods
2002
Vivienne Westwood
178
Vivienne Westwood costumes
modern fashion
1859 and 1865
between 1859 and 1865
art and furnishings
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
c1750
Germany
Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Gi Ponti
6000
Ancient Egypt
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and items
1496–97
nearly 8 tonnes
Sir George Gilbert Scott
over 10,000
c1110
gilt bronze
St Thomas Becket
c1180
gilt copper
5,100
Bryan Davies
Horniman Museum
35
2010
650
650
6800
Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
1857
233
forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
The Hay Wain
British
1600–1800
Madame de Pompadour
Carlo Crivelli's Virgin
Franois, Duc d'Alenon
Eadweard Muybridge
1887
781
images of different animals and humans performimages various actions
James Lafayette
400 AD to 1914
22,000
400 AD to 1914
tomb and memorial
National Galleries of Scotland
Neptune and Triton
Italian, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical sculpture
Michelangelo
c. 1547
20
the sculptor
1914
World War I
St John the Baptist
Eric Gill
Nicholas Stone
Eric Gill
sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display
Dorothy and Michael Hintze
1950
by theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
Tate Britain
53,000
all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD to the present
1st century AD
western European
by technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
Netherlands
hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank
late 14th-century
William Morris
1887
Marion Dorn
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
2009
the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance
The V&A Theatre & performance galleries
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
Interventive
V&A Museum of Childhood
preventive
Disney–ABC Television Group
1957
Columbus Avenue
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
Disney Media Networks
October 12, 1943
NBC Blue Network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
232
Citadel Broadcasting
eight
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
National Broadcasting Company
NBC Blue and NBC Red
major cities, and to test drama series
new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
NBC Blue Network
Mutual
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Blue
Mark Woods
NBC Blue Network
Dillon, Read & Co.
David Sarnoff
$7.5 million
Life savers
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
president and CEO of ABC
June 30, 1951
counterprogramming
Paul Whiteman
suspenseful
Bing Crosby
public service
$155 million
ABC1
October
ABC International
United States
1959
The arrival of satellite television
Japan and Latin America
Japan and Latin America
the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Mainichi Broadcasting System
respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
Peanuts television specials
Emmy Awards
1965
Academy Awards, Emmy Awards
A Charlie Brown Christmas
1974
Ryan Seacrest
through 2016
New Year's Eve
cable channel TLC
the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the ABC television network
1975
The Edge of Night
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific)
NBA
The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
Frank Marx
2 through 6
1947
VHF
108
two
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
United Paramount Theatres
Paramount Pictures
nine full-time affiliates
CBS
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan
August 10, 1948
October 1948
Mount Wilson
The Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
1960s
ABC
1960s
1959
NBC
1961
1985
circle logo
Troika Design Group
black-and-yellow
the dot
Pittard Sullivan
1998–2002
"We Love TV"
Demand
1993–94
1995–96 season
1983
"That Special Feeling"
1970s
black
black
Paul Rand
Bauhaus
Herbert Bayer
1963–64 season
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
six divisions
2004
Dancing with the Stars
Anne Sweeney
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable
ABC
NBC
May 2
2000
The WB
Step by Step to CBS
August 1999
Meredith Vieira
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
July 31, 1995
ABC Inc
Knight Ridder
Robert Iger
Sports Night
1965–66
third
Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
May 1, 1953
7 West 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Cheyenne
Sugarfoot
Walt Disney
the wheel series Warner Bros
Roy
$500,000
1954
anthology television programs that Disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
"LOVE Radio"
seven
1969
Duel
1971
$400,000–$450,000
1970s
CBS and NBC
behavioral and demographic
Monday Night Football
2006
NBC
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
January 2, 1971
Henry Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
developing youth-oriented programming
Paramount Pictures
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
jiggle TV
Alex Haley
Aaron Spelling
nine
1976–77 season
Soap
Roone Arledge
ABC Sports
7 Lincoln Square
June 1979
June 1978
Hugh Downs
Barbara Walters
MCA Inc
ABC Cable News
ABC News now
WJRT-TV and WTVG
WJRT-TV and WTVG
The Writers Guild of America
Duel
Caris & Co
ABC Entertainment
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2004
2004
Fridays
Fridays
1970
Worldvision Enterprises
ABC Circle Films
Turner Broadcasting System
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
eight
235
96.26%
1946
the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1943
2011
Extreme makeover: Home Edition
HD
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
the network's programming in 1080i HD
11
ABC's master feed
Body of Proof
late-season premiere Happy Endings
NBC
Brothers & Sisters
All My Children and One Life to Live
Prospect Park
Hulu
The Revolution
18–49
2004
long-dominant CBS
The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday time slot despite being bookended by Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Dragon's Den
Sundays
Tim Allen
Daniel Burke
Thomas Murphy
NewPD Blue
Doogie Howser, M.D
ten
1993
DIC Entertainment
Time Warner Cable
23.63%
Chicago radio station WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Edgar Scherick
Roone Arledge
Sports Programs, Inc.
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
90%
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television
Daniel B. Burke
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home Videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital
7:00 to 9:00
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
WBMA-LD
a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Studios
ABC Television Center
ABC Television Center, East
Times Square Studios
Good Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings Way
World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
Hulu
July 6, 2009
27%
the day after their original broadcast
eight
fast forwarding of accessed content
January 7, 2014
LoyalKaspar
four
ABC Modern
ESPN
14
14
All-Channel Receiver Act
UHF
Youngstown
five times
WTRF-TV
1960s
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
because of its use of violence, Desilu then presented it to ABC
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
Hanna-Barbera
Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
ITT
Donald F. Turner
Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities Communications
$3.5 billion
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc
president of ABC's broadcasting division
Michael P. Millardi
Roone Arledge
Laverne & Shirley
Laverne & Shirley
Big Three networks
The Love Boat
comedies and family-oriented series
TGIF
"Thank Goodness It's Funny"
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros
seven
the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly
ABC Pictures
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
500%
between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population
Ollie Treiz
Dick Clark
counterprogramming against its competitors
actioner Zorro
Life
detective
"WATCH ABC"
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
WatchESPN
The Sinclair Broadcast Group
Sinclair
The E. W. Scripps Company
28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
15
"Start Here"
Troika
entertainment division
entertainment division
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WZZM and WOTV
WTSP
Mongol Empire
the Mongol invasions
Khwarezmian and Xia
Central Asia and China
Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin
gedei Khan
1227
Western Xia
sons and grandsons
Mongolia
Deln Boldog
Yesgei
1162
Tatar chieftain
Temlen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Temge
Brte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
Hoelun
Khasar
one hunting excursion
his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud
with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
Jelme and Bo'orchu
Jelme and Bo'orchu
a river crevice
temporary alliances
Hoelun
Chinese dynasties
the need for alliances
Brte of the Onggirat tribe
the Merkits
Jamukha
Jochi
1226
three
Tolui
1189
Tolui
at least six
sworn brother or blood brother
the Merkits
Jadaran
20,000
Jamukha
Mongolian aristocracy
Kokochu
1186
Battle of Dalan Balzhut
Qara Khitai
Yassa code
civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils
orphans
stronger with each victory
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
Keraite tribe
several generals
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
friendship and reunion
he did not want disloyal men in his army
reunion
noble death
Chinese
Jamukha
Khasar
extensive spy network and Yam route systems
Wang Khan
1206
Khuruldai
Khagan
his son and successor, gedei
Genghis Khan
Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
1215
Zhongdu
gedei Khan
Kuchlug
Liao
two tumen
Jebe
The Arrow
internal revolt
west of Kashgar
Lake Balkhash
Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire)
Muslim
Shah Ala
Inalchuq
two Mongols and a Muslim
100,000
Silk Road
Tien Shan mountains
three groups
northeast
Jochi
Samarkand
superior strategy and tactics
Inalchuq
molten silver
divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities
Subutai and Jebe
Samarkand fell
Bukhara
a river
captured enemies
executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand
pyramids of severed heads
opened the gates
Turkish defenders
artisans and craftsmen
he was the flail of God
young men who had not fought
1220
Subutai
Armenia and Azerbaijan
Battle of Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus
Transoxiana and Persia
1225
Samarkand
1226
autumn
Mongols
Yellow River
a line of five stars
Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
arrows
Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province)
ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage
seniority of Jochi
gedei
Khwarezmid Empire
gedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
gedei
1226
Khorasan
Urgench
Genghis Khan
I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting
Western Xia
fell from his horse
an arrow wound
war booty
Oirads
markings
Khentii Aimag
Onon River
Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Edsen Khoroo
Dongshan Dafo Dian
Japanese troops
early 1954
Red Guards
October 6, 2004
rural Mongolia
horses
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan and his family
Genghis Khan
tax exemptions
Ong Khan
a personal concept
Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
Tregene Khatun
Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
Tregene Khatun
a civil state under the Great Yassa
Chu'Tsai
they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities
Jin
Khitan rulers
Muqali, Jebe and Subutai
Karakorum
Muqali
Subutai and Jebe
unwavering loyalty
certain rivers
Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities
defended position for ambush and counterattack
feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea
Genghis's successor gedei Khan
1279
Silk Road
Turkey
tolerant
expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas
the Mongolian People's Republic period
his butchery is exaggerated
Genghis Khan's Mongolia
butchery
"Genghis Khan's children"
Mongolian tgrg
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
to avoid trivialization
Ulaanbaatar
Ikh Zasag
illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Ikh Zasag (Great Administration)
Inner Mongolia region
5 million
Kublai Khan
Yuan
conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China
Iran
10 to 15 million
10 to 15 million
Hulagu Khan
Mamluks of Egypt
Ghazan Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Timur
Genghis Khan
Nishapur
tenggis
Baikal
"right", "just", or "true"
modifier -s
Chinggis
Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
variety of ways in different languages
simplified Chinese
Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
simplified Chinese
root
tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
many other herbs not listed
healthcare
optimal
optimisation
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
small-business proprietors
pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
General Pharmaceutical Council
the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals
health care professional
pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
writing a five volume book
De Materia Medica
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
middle eastern scientists
fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected
Taih Code (701) and re-stated in the Yr Code
Meiji Restoration
Meiji Restoration
Imperial household
botany and chemistry
Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
15th century
Church of Santa Maria Novella
a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd
old prescription books and antique drugs
1221
pharmacy legislation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
automation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
dispensary
hospitals
disciplines of pharmacy
safety of medications
clinical pharmacists
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose
high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding
high cost of medications and drug-related technology
high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding
direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care
physicians and other healthcare professionals
patient care rounds drug product selection
all health care settings
drug choice, dose, route, frequency
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration
drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan
full independent prescribing
North Carolina and New Mexico
2011
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
Virginia, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
patients
directly with patients
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
employ  specialist pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
about the year 2000
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies
online pharmacies
traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
method by which the medications are requested and received
to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication
potentially dangerous
prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
Vicodin
reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drugsupplys, rather than consumers
there is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription
legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
specialty drugs
19 of 28
chronic and complex disease
novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
lab monitoring, adherence counseling
separately from physicians
pharmacists
American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
7 to 10 percent
form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
United Kingdom
rural areas in the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
1.6 kilometres
high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible
the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
exaggerating their seriousness
directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
more integral
integral
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
Medication Therapy Management
increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Alberta and British Columbia
the Australian Government
medicine use review
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
show globe
Netherlands
Germany and Austria
France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
disease
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
neuroimmune system
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
disease
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
disease
pathogens
neuroimmune system
the blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
pathogens
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
pathogens
by the immune system
rudimentary
eukaryotes
the basis of vaccination
bacteriophage
defensins
vaccination
Jawed vertebrates
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
when the immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
recurring and life-threatening infections
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Immunodeficiency
autoimmunity
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
plague of Athens
scorpion
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
microorganisms
yellow fever
during the plague of Athens in 430 BC
adaptive immune system
immune system
adaptive immune system
Innate
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
physical barriers
self and non-self
self molecules
non-self molecules
antigens
specific immune receptors
pattern recognition receptors
innate immune system
microorganisms
pathogens
the exoskeleton
the exoskeleton of insects
coughing and sneezing
mucus
tears and urine
-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
defensins and zinc
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
fungi
pure cultures of the lactobacilli
pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
prostaglandins
interleukins
Phagocytes
cytokines
intracellular
phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils and macrophages
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin 1
Leukocytes
Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms
adaptive immune system
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
T cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
MHC I
killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)
early vertebrates
antigen presentation
pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
A third, minor subtype
Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses
CD8
TCR
granulysin
perforin
MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor
200–300
200–300
cytokines
CD40
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
T cell receptor (TCR)
CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells
receptor diversity
V9/V2
B cell
proteolysis
lymphokines
long-lived memory cells
immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
specific pathogen
microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
passive immunity is usually short-term, lasting from a few days up to several months
immunomodulators
adaptive and innate
lupus erythematosus
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
progressive decline in hormone levels with age
cholecalciferol
hormones
cholecalciferol
killer T cells
MHC class I
viral
MHC class I
phagocytic
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs
rapid apoptosis
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
RNA silencing mechanisms
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
thymus and bone marrow
self
Immunodeficiencies
young and the elderly
50 years
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
an antigen from a pathogen
natural specificity
enzymes
a type III secretion system
move from the pathogen to the host
elude host immune responses
Frank Burnet
pathogens, an allograft
histocompatibility
Niels Jerne
Glucorticoids
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
free radical production
vitamin D receptor
the steroid hormone calcitriol
symbiotic
CYP27B1
dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
defensins
phagocytic
Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors
adaptive immune system
lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response
restriction modification system
viral
CRISPR
"cellular" and "humoral"
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells
cancers
MHC class I molecules
cytokine TGF-
macrophages and lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity
four
immediate or anaphylactic reaction
IgE
cytotoxic
intracellular pathogenesis
food poisoning bacterium Salmonella
Plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
surface proteins
antigenic variation
HIV
HIV
antigens
immune surveillance
papillomavirus
tyrosinase
melanocytes
melanocytes
larger doses
hydrophilic
Immunoproteomics
B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
APCs
Th1/Th2
slowly evolving adaptive immune response
proteases
disrupting their plasma membrane
recognition signal
catalytic
Civil disobedience
apartheid
Singing Revolution
Ukraine
Georgia
Egyptians
Egyptians
people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws
what they deem to be unfair laws
Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
King of Thebes
Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
Sophocles
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Sophocles
King of Thebes
to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law
Percy Shelley
nonviolent
Satyagraha
vast audiences
Henry David Thoreau
Percy Shelley
nonviolent protest
nonviolent protest
Civil Disobedience
Henry David Thoreau
muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
utterly debased
become utterly debased
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
LeGrande
the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult
lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
semantical problems
more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have
LeGrande
voluminous
semantical problems and grammatical Niceties
lawful
violent
civil disobedience
two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
Civil disobedience
state and its laws
the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court
head of government of a country
two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict
head of government of a country
Thoreau
political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective
not necessarily right
handle his refusal to pay
individuals who disagree with what is being said
The individual
individuals
individuals who disagree with what is being said
Resign
it is not necessarily right
governmental entities
non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities
governmental entities
against governmental entities
non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities
larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken
civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities
governmental entities
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
constitute civil disobedience
Book of Exodus
Shiphrah and Puah
constitute
rules that conflict with morality
assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
Book of Exodus
Book of Exodus
non-violent
Black's Law Dictionary
rebellion
tolerance
non-violent
non-violent
non-violent
a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest
to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Hungarians
Ferenc Dek
an active attempt to overthrow a government
change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
Non-revolutionary civil disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue
to render certain laws ineffective
Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience
Roman Empire
prevent the installation of pagan images
his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened
higher political office
after the end of the Mexican War
Roman Empire
to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem
jail solidarity
jail solidarity
weeks and months
illegal
propaganda
the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
being cut down
different illegal acts
the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness
harassment
public policy
Julia Butterfly Hill
allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die."
"Wise up or die."
engaging in the forbidden speech
the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
1978
pure speech
criminalized behavior
expressing defiance
engaging in the forbidden speech
a system to function
padlocking the gates
GCSB Waihopai
coercion
coercive
civil disobedience
coercive
to engage in moral dialogue
coercion in order to get their issue onto the table
criminal
a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful
criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful
lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
accept punishment
their belief in the validity of the social contract
criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
criminal law
a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
plead guilty
either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience
important decision for civil disobedients
plead for the beauty that surrounds us
Camp Mercury nuclear test site
suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds
they faced arrest
nolo contendere
suspended
continuing their protest, as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice
reminding their countrymen of injustice
remaining in jail
reminding their countrymen of injustice
plea bargain
plead guilty to one misdemeanor count
solidarity
blind
Mohandas Gandhi
defiant speech
lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution
lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
defiant speech
to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
seek jury nullification
Vietnam War era
seek jury nullification
attribution
conscientious lawbreakers must be punished
breaking the law for self-gratification
avoiding attribution
denying having committed the crime
Indirect civil disobedience
Indirect civil disobedience
Vietnam War
necessity
"prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leaflet
giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not
utilitarian grounds
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure
manufacturing
six to nine percent
design, and financing
a known client
An architect
a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
effective planning
megaprojects
design and execution of the infrastructure
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential
heavy/highway
Infrastructure
Industrial
a trade magazine for the construction industry
ENR
2014
transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction service firms
The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Building construction
small renovations
the owner of the property
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Materials readily available in the area
waste
more expensive to build
3D printing technology
20 hours
2014
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
plan the physical proceedings
designs into reality
the property owner
a quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
previously separated specialties
entirely separate companies
one-stop shopping
"design build"
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
preventable financial problems
builders ask for too little money to complete the project
when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
Fraud
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
the loans banker
accountants
identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
the owner
Some legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations
things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district
An attorney
construction project
A contract
that a delay costs money
that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
poorly drafted contracts
relationship contracting
Public-Private Partnering
Public-Private Partnering
co-operation
architect or engineer
His or her
the architect's client and the main contractor
the main contractor
building is ready to occupy
The owner
Several D&B contractors
The owner
a consortium of several contractors
they design phase 2
contractors
damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
municipal building inspector
an occupancy permit
$960 billion
$680 billion
about 667,000
fewer than 10
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
US/Canada
construction
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
Proper safety equipment such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
independent schools
academic scholarship
public (government) funding
select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition
$45,000
tuition-free
Australia
United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada
upper sixth
upper sixth
prep schools
peer tuitions
the best teachers
Roman Catholic
Orthodox Christians
religious
Student uniforms for Australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools
a compulsory blazer
more expensive
Presbyterian Church
Catholic schools
Sydney
girls
Article 7, Paragraph 4
second Gleichschaltung
11.1%
11.1%
11.1%
Sonderungsverbot
Private Schools became insolvent in the past in Germany
very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships
Ergnzungschulen
vocational
charging their students tuition fees
religious groups
independent schools
Prominent Examination Boards
Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE, NENBSE
the union government
societies
a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world
The Annual Status of Education Report
assesses learning levels in rural India
English
scoil phrobhideach
boarding schools
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
English-medium
English-medium
National School system
Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools
aided
fully funded by private parties
Kathmandu
Nepali and/or the state's official language is also taught
the state's official language
88
28,000
3.7%
the nation's then-private Catholic school system
Auckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christchurch
Catholic schismatic group
about 7.5%
32%
80%
August 1992
natural science
The Education Service Contracting scheme of the government
Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
The South African Schools Act of 1996
1996
traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed
traditional private schools and schools
early nineteenth century
private schools
more academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
higher school fees
10%
30
700
The Knowledge School
innovative school voucher model
13 years old
public schools
9 per cent
13 per cent
£27,000+ per year
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
College Preparatory
South
College Preparatory
African-American
religious organizations or private individuals
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments
charter status
Massachusetts
1852
1972
268 U.S. 510
McCrary
$40,000
$50,000
Groton School
boarding schools
John Harvard
after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College
James Bryant Conant
Association of American Universities
President Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79
18 million volumes
eight
150
Harvard Yard
$37.6 billion
Charles River
eleven
Harvard Yard
1636
Harvard Corporation
1638
1639
1650
Puritan
English
The school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
intuition
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy
1945
four
1977
mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
3 miles (5 km) west-northwest
twelve
Charles River
half a mile northwest
on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston
John W. Weeks Bridge
on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area
fifty percent
new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram
enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible
2,400
7,200
14,000
1875
1875
$32 billion
30%
Allston Science Complex
$4.093 million
$159 million
1980s
Duke Kent-Brown
$230 million
5.3%
2007
disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities
2016
seven
eight
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
60%
four
degrees summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
$120,000 to $80,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes
$414 million
88%
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
18 million
three
Western art from the Middle Ages
the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
second most commonly named "dream college"
42
Yale University
every two years
1903
1903
1906
Yale
Lavietes Pavilion
Malkin Athletic Center
three
23
Thames River
Cornell
2003
General Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
José Mara Figueres
Fan S. Noli
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Yo Ma
W. E. B. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
largest
Duval County
1968
St. Johns River
340 miles
Fort Caroline
Timucua
Andrew Jackson
third largest
golf
two
"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
thousands
University of North Florida team
Ecological and Historic Preserve
the historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
fort San Mateo
St. Johns River
the American Revolutionary War
prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish
ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river
Britain
February 9, 1832
Confederate
The Skirmish of the Brick Church
American Civil War
supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause
1864
Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
Florida East Coast Railway
railroad
Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly
2,000
sent the state militia to maintain order
Great Fire of 1901
New York–based filmmakers
silent film studios
"Winter Film Capital of the World"
the emergence of Hollywood
construction of highways
55.1%
white flight
Mayor W. Haydon Burns
World War II
education, sanitation, and traffic control
unincorporated suburbs
funding education, sanitation, and traffic control
Voters
through the traditional old boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
Lower taxes
voters approved the plan
Hans Tanzler
The Better Jacksonville Plan
$2.25 billion
$2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities
86.66%
The Trout River
The Trout River
13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2)
Baldwin
tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline
Barnett Center
tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline
42
distinctive flared base
humid subtropical
May through September
mild and sunny
low latitude
104 °F
thunderstorms
rapid heating
64 to 92 °F
Hurricane Dora
110 mph (180 km/h)
Tropical Storm Fay
Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
Arab
366,273
largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census
Filipino
29.7%
23.9%
non-families
94.1
40%
3.5 billion
$759,900
using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts)
the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession
40%
financial assets
nearly $41 trillion
more than half
The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined
400
New York Times
why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"
substantial head start
wealth
the "richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
over 60 percent
Institute for Policy Studies
a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
inequality
inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
value added by different classifications of workers
wages and profits
worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
productivity gap
capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs
a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class
increasing unemployment
relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class
labor inputs
competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits
less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs
productivity of each worker
relatively stagnant
workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer
law of supply and demand
losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers
by offering a higher wage the best of their labor
unfair
the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market
prices
wages
markets
high levels of inequality
competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage
low demand
high wages
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
a low wage
competition
expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job
a large need for the positions
Competition
entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment)
self-employment
Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income
opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs
opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs
higher economic inequality
necessity rather than opportunity
Necessity-based
achievement-oriented motivations
more positive
progressive tax
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
progressive tax system
tax rate
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation
increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality
aggregate savings and investment
lower incomes
the poor
aggregate savings and investment
variation
high wages
lower
lower incomes
education raises incomes and promotes growth
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency
2014
2008-2009 recession
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
decrease in the price of skilled labor
decreased inequality
educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy
compression
1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees
Education
gender inequality in education
continental European countries
continental European countries
little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes
intensive Anglo-American liberal policies
economic inequality
social exclusion
CEPR
little support
lower
Scandinavia
vice-versa
decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization
decline of organized labor
Sociologist
University of Washington
decline of organized labor
very low levels of inequality
weak labor movements and vice-versa
reduced wages as a result of the competition
reduced wages as a result of the competition
low skilled jobs
trade liberalisation
a global to a domestic scale
low-skilled workers
trade liberalisation
minor
machine labor in wealthier nations
53%
-40%
income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference
males
Gender
males
women
Thomas Sowell
in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men
social welfare programs
lower
various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality
more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality
Economist
levels of economic inequality
more capital
more wealth and income and introducing inequality
social welfare programs
1910 to 1940
1970s
service sector
service sector
Kuznets
Kuznets curve
very weak
income inequality will eventually decrease
implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time
Wealth concentration
invest in new sources of creating wealth
wealth condensation
those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth
the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities
those who already hold wealth
wealth condensation
Thomas Piketty
higher returns
market forces
Economist
rare and desired skills
A better explainer of growing inequality
rent-seeking
resources devoted on high-end consumption
human capital is neglected
life expectancy
economic utility
lower
2013
rising inequality
negative effect
promoting social dislocation
economic
British
obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use
lower
23
social goods
better health and longer lives
poorer countries
life expectancy
Americans
longer
income inequality
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
nine
countries with bigger income inequalities
greater equality
inequality
homicides
fifty
differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state
about half of all variation
economic inequality is problematic
"distributive efficiency"
luxury items providing a great deal of utility to that person
decreases
higher aggregate utility
income
consumption is more important than income
2001
Thomas B. Edsall
journalist
economist
systematic economic inequalities
Financial crisis of 2007–08
easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
unsustainable monetary stimulation
inequality in wealth and income
not just economic prosperity
declines over the medium term
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
increasing inequality harms economic growth
economic growth
subsequent long-run economic growth
it is a waste of resources
inequality-associated effects
both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
limiting aggregate demand
both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
increasing importance of human capital in development
human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education
1993
a long lasting detrimental effect
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
reduce growth in relatively poor countries
reduce growth in relatively poor countries
growth and investment
Research by Harvard economist
between 1960 and 2000
Kuznets curve hypothesis
first increases
Thomas Piketty
Economist
wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
1970s
reduced consumer demand
risen with increased income inequality
several years
more equality in the income distribution
special efforts
existing level of inequality
the same reduction
United Nations
reducing poverty
land and housing
through various associations and other arrangements
extra-legal
200
government land
affordable housing
quality rental units
higher quality housing increased
landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units
ad valorem property tax policy
by everyone
their finances
aspirational consumption
by taking on debt
economic instability
more environmental degradation
multiplier
this as well
corrected
private ownership of the means of production
a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock
income in the form of a wage or salary
so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product
reflective
Robert Nozick
taxation
force
forceful taking of property
when they improve society as a whole
capability deprivation
end itself
to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being
through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals
the ability to pursue valued goals
they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise
earn as much as a healthy young man
gender roles and customs
fear of their lives
a better relevant income
BBC
1963
TARDIS
time-travelling space ship
British science-fiction
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
Torchwood
BBC Wales
Christopher Eccleston
Twelve
Peter Capaldi
The Time of the Doctor
Time Lords
personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
"chameleon circuit"
chameleon circuit
a blue British Police box
one or more companions to share these adventures
The Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
23 November 1963
Newman and Wilson
the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
Terry Nation
25 minutes
26
Jonathan Powell
More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
the series would return
BBC 1
relaunch the show
Philip Segal
Fox Network
9.1 million
UK
"Rose"
2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
Christmas Day specials
1963–1989
1963–1989 series
1963–1989
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
1963–1989 series
30 November 1963
ten minutes
ten minutes
episode two
assassination
"Behind the Sofa"
Museum of the Moving Image
Museum of the Moving Image
scariest TV show of all time
Digital Spy
Doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time
3%
Philip Howard
comparing Monopoly
The Times newspaper
TARDIS
public's consciousness
to the show in the public's consciousness
Metropolitan Police Authority
2002
26
6 December 1989
12
The Trial
Black Guardian Trilogy
2005
60 minutes
Christmas Day
"Journey's End"
2010
between 25-minute episodes
25-minute
eight
one of 72 minutes
1080i
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
seasons 3, 4, & 5
1978
1972, almost all episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held
bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
Mission to the Unknown
8 mm cine film
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
BBC on VHS
animation studio Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
Second Doctor
until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however
original star William Hartnell's poor health
"regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
"change of appearance"
12
13
The Time of the Doctor
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film
1996
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
The Space Museum
Shada
Peter Davison
The Space Museum
The Day of the Doctor
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Zagreus
Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
2003
The Time of the Doctor
The Brain of Morbius
"Fourth"
The Time of the Doctor
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
2005
destroyed
"Smith and Jones"
human, or humanoid aliens
The Deadly Assassin
The Deadly Assassin
human, or humanoid aliens
Sarah Jane Smith
the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role
Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
Eleventh Doctor
Pearl Mackie
Catherine Tate
Russell T Davies
1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009–10 Specials
Doctor who one step at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks
3, the Sontarans and Davros
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a Dalek, making it go mad
Davros
their eyestalk
The Master
Time Lord
Eric Roberts
Professor Moriarty
Roger Delgado
Michelle Gomez
"Utopia"
2014
Missy
Michelle Gomez
Ron Grainer
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
musique concrte techniques
end of season 17 (1979–80)
Did I write that
Peter Howell
John Debney
Seventh Doctor
Ron Grainer
Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion"
"Voyage of the Damned"
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Jon Pertwee
24
The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu
The Timelords
Dudley Simpson
Planet of Giants
1964
Planet of Giants
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
27 July 2008
Music of the Spheres
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Six
first two series
The next Doctor to End of Time Part 2
Christmas Carol
8 November 2010
The Day of the Doctor
Twelfth Doctor
current Doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor
Fourth Doctor
the current Doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor
assassination of John F. Kennedy
BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
1970s
circa 1964–1965
BBC Three
the BBC Board of Control
the programme was scheduled against the soap opera Coronation Street
the BBC Board of Control
soap opera
2005
PBS
New Zealand
CITV
15
23 November
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
partial funding
SyFy
weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
BBC UKTV
1976
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
excerpts from the Doctor who Confidential documentary
The Christmas Invasion
9 October 2006
Christmas Invasion
United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
Eight original series serials
Doctor who (The Infinite Quest)
Spearhead from Space
2009
Trevor Martin
Doctor who – The Ultimate Adventure
The Curse of the Daleks
Doctor who – The Ultimate Adventure
David Banks
Torchwood
BBC Three on 22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
an anagram of "Doctor Who")
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
2010
autumn 2011
death of Elisabeth Sladen
Dimensions in Time
Dimensions in Time
EastEnders
darkened lens
Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens
Curse of Fatal Death
four
Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
head writer and executive producer
The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Oliver
Brisingr and High Wizardry
LP record
Ten years
The Chase
1981
Slipback
Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
50th Anniversary celebrations
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
1991
1965 to 1991
since 1979
Panini
BBC Books
early 1960s
BBC Television
producers of the show
BBC
2006
2005–2010
2016
Michelle Gomez
BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor
Guinness World Records
50th anniversary special
electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop)
2013
50th anniversary special
1975
Best Popular Drama
third
SFX
third
Best Drama Series
five
five
2009
Mind Award
over a hundred
200
200
Matt Smith
Karen Gillan who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan who won Best Actress
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
a soap sponge
Doctor who fandom
BBC Dead Ringers series
private research
1890
seven
four
approximately 5,000
academic disciplines
Chicago's physics department
the university's Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
American Baptist Education Society
American Baptist Education Society
William Rainey Harper
1891
1892
John D. Rockefeller
Silas B. Cobb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Charles L. Hutchinson
Shimer College
1896
confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
University of Chicago professors
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Common Core
eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics
24-year
1929
1950s
increasing crime and poverty
after their second year
Hyde Park
attend college
1962
President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies
1967
two
social and political action
mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
around $200 million
Chicago Theological Seminary
David G. Booth
the Main Quadrangles
six
Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche
Magdalen Tower
Magdalen Tower
1940s
Eero Saarinen
School of Social Service Administration
Harris School of Public Policy Studies
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
Haidian District
2010
Renmin University's campus in Haidian District
2015
a board of trustees
50
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Daniel Diermeier
The Higher learning Commission
four
seven
50
28
five
New Collegiate Division
Common Core
17
rigorous
Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
four
academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools
University of Chicago campus
six
9.8 million volumes
Regenstein Library
2011
1.3 million
113
113
Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot, New Mexico
shaping ideas about the free market
Chicago Pile-1
Miller–Urey experiment
1953
1933
2000
1996
2002
Several thousand
5,792
3,468
5,984
15,244
international students
University Athletic Association
NCAA's Division III
Big Ten Conference
Jay Berwanger
University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football
400
Recognized Student Organizations
University of Chicago College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit
Executive Committee
two
$2 million
fifteen
seven
Alpha Phi Omega
Four
ten
1987
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Satya Nadella
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
MF Global CEO
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
Saul Alinsky
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
Kurt Vonnegut
Kurt Vonnegut
Kurt Vonnegut
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Katherine Dunham
Halo
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
David Suzuki
John B. Goodenough, mathematician and Fields Medal recipient Paul Joseph Cohen
Clair Cameron Patterson
Thomas Sowell
Thomas Sowell
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington
A. A. Michelson
Arthur H. Compton
Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Caldern
Ted Fujita
Glenn T. Seaborg
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
Raghuram Rajan
President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Great Yuan
the Great Yuan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Ming dynasty
the Ming dynasty
the Ming dynasty
Genghis Khan
1271
Kublai Khan
Mongol dynasty of China
Great Yuan Great Mongol State
Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic
1206
gedei Khan
1206
unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani
the Jin
Khitan Xiao Zhala
Khitan
10,000 troops
There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops
Han Chinese
Jin
Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
Song
Mngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Bke
Zhongtong
Ogedei
an obstacle in the south
Wonjong
Mongol tributary state
1262
preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
Imperial Secretariat
Han Chinese
three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank
salt and iron
Karakorum
Khanbaliq
1264
Zhongdu
Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
commercial, scientific, and cultural
Mongol peace
southern China to Daidu
southern China to Daidu
Venetian merchant Marco Polo
Song Emperor
1115–1234
1115–1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
bringing an end to the Song dynasty
1279
an inauspicious typhoon
Annam (Dai Viet) crushed and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Bch ng
Battle of Bch ng
1288
1253
Zhenjin
1285
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai
Li Meng
Department of State Affairs
1313
Emperor Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan
five
Shangdu
War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temr
Tugh Temr
cultural contribution
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
spring of 1329
compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian
Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values
1332
Emperor Ningzong
13
nine
Liao, Jin, and Song
struggle, famine, and bitterness
the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese
intrigues and rivalries
Outlaws ravaged the country without interference
administration
late 1340s
Red Turban Rebellion
fear of betrayal
Khanbaliq
1644
communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate
The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
the Ilkhanate
Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
Western
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Tibetan
governmental
travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
Venetian Marco Polo
Cambaluc
Il milione
The Million
through contact with Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
non-native Chinese people
Eternal Heaven
the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty
the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty
a period of foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Jurchen Jin
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
traditional Chinese tripartite
the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Privy Council
since the Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
Privy Council
end of the dynasty
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
generally converse well
Tangut
Emperor Wenzong
1290
1291
by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty
classical Chinese art
painting, poetry, and calligraphy
Song
qu
the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form
Yuan dynasty
Tibetan variants
Tibetan Buddhism
Khanbaliq
Sakya
1314
1314
equivalent
polynomial algebra
1303
applied mathematics to the construction
cubic interpolation formula
Shoushi Li
Shoushi Li
1281
Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans
herbal remedies
herbal remedies
Imperial Academy of Medicine
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine
advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine
to other parts of the empire
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis
1347
Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court
Jesus the Interpreter
1263
yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine
yin-yang and wuxing
through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
12th century
Tregene Khatun
1273
chao
mulberry trees
1275
woodblocks
1294
patrimonial feudalism
Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire)
due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule
Ilkhanate
Han Chinese and Khitans
Han Chinese and Khitans
Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
artisans and farmers
Qara-Khitay (Khitan)
Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision
Kosher butchering
Zhu Yuanzhang
thanks
Yuan dynasty
Frederick W. Mote
actual social power and wealth
socially standing
less rich
Northern
Northern Chinese
southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
the Korean King
the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia
Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng)
Khanbaliq
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
Africa
East African Community
Nairobi
Tanzania
45 million
warm and humid tropical
cooler
Mount Kenya
Somalia and Ethiopia
safaris, diverse climate and geography
since the Lower Paleolithic period
first millennium AD
Bantu and Nilotic populations
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
"God's resting place"
Kenia and Kegnia
a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /knj/
Joseph Thompsons
1862
Big Five
lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
Kenya and in the Masai Mara
between June and September
2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
20 million years ago
Pleistocene epoch
paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey
1.6-million-year-old
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
The Swahili
Mombasa
Duarte Barbosa
the Kenyan Coast
City of Malindi
14th century
August 1914
British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa
Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
effective guerrilla warfare campaign
Northern Rhodesia
central highlands
itinerant farmers
banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax
80,000
15 January 1954
understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
24 April 1954
4,686
Swynnerton Plan
1957
Jomo Kenyatta
12 December 1963
Kenya Independence Act 1963
Republic of Kenya
voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
widespread agitation for constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
presidential representative democratic republic
head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system
the government
the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index
a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
139th out of 176 total countries in the CPI
establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC)
Party of National Unity
the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
complicity
Odinga
programmes
Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
28 February 2008
appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament
both PNU and ODM camps
a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers
end of the current Parliament
authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
Jakaya Kikwete
Nairobi's Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
4 August 2010
the new constitution passed by a wide margin
27 August 2010
Second Republic
December 2014
it infringed on democratic freedoms
Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
democratic freedoms
The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip
US President Barack Obama
China
July 2015
peacekeeping
the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
less
recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
Human Development Index
Kenya
$1.25
frontier market
rapid expansion in telecommunication
food security
Industry and manufacturing
75%
61%
tourism
exhibited steady growth
the expansive East and West Tsavo National Park 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) in the southeast
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
Agriculture
sharp weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
Africa
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
semi-arid savanna to the north and east
53%
Kenyans for Kenya
Kenya
14%
Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African growth and Opportunity Act
2000
hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River
Turkwel Gorge Dam
1997
Turkana
10 billion barrels
Exploration
20% to 25%
$474 million
foreign direct investment
gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi
environmental and social problems
a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway'
an economic development programme
Medium Term Plan
climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue
agriculture
30%
9–18
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
English
English and Swahili
commerce, schooling and government
in the country
the Independent Presbyterian Church
The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite
3 million
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
Christian
300,000
Nurses
clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
65,000
7,000
Diseases of poverty
Half
Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
15 million
British colonists
12 December 1963
an authority named the Ominde Commission
introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty
the 7–4–2–3 system
look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education)
8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational subjects
the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
January 2003
70%
six years
age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school
exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
join a polytechnic or other technical college
85%
three to five
admission to Standard One (First grade)
those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
Kenya National Library Service (KNLS)
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes
Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions
several
several medals
IAAF Golden League jackpot
defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar
economic or financial factors
volleyball
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
the world famous Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Bjrn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
three
10 o'clock tea
tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme
greenhouse gas concentrations
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Korean
Ismail El Gizouli
Hoesung Lee
February 2015
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
350
Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers
Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives
1989
United Nations Environment Programme
the IPCC Trust Fund
Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
the IPCC Trust Fund
carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
two
two
two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors"
The coordinating lead authors
Working Group chairs
increasing the atmospheric concentrations
atmospheric concentrations
over half the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more
"business as usual" (BAU) scenario
0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16
Science
at least 90%
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
Richard Lindzen
full WGI report
John Houghton
responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM
scientific evidence
publishing Special Reports on specific topics
year 2011
year 2011
Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)
Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
publishing default emission factors
fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions
the conclusion in the final summary was robust
the poor application of well-established IPCCC procedures
an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
chairman
direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II
climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment
1999
Michael E. Mann
"hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C
18 July 2000
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
2007
2007
14
divergence problem
Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer
1 February 2007
temperature and sea level change with observations
projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
temperature and sea level change with observations
a study on projected rises in sea levels
0.5–1.4 m
0.5–1.4 m
2001
a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
Science Magazine
IPCC consensus
global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol
Climate Change
states and governments
Sheldon Ungar
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
regional burden sharing
the UK government
scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
the science
five
the journal Nature
"living" Wikipedia-IPCC
the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference
conduct photosynthesis
energy-storage molecules
energy-storage molecules
Calvin cycle
1
pinch in two
environmental factors like light color and intensity
contain their own DNA
a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
plants and algae
Russian
biologist
1905
Konstantin Mereschkowski
thylakoids
ancestors of chloroplasts
they have two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
eukaryotic
around a billion years ago
two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
phagosomal
many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
chloroplast
three
red algal chloroplast lineage
green chloroplast lineage
green chloroplast
a glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages
a glaucophyte
glaucophyte chloroplasts
a carboxysome
icosahedral
photosynthetic
phycobilisomes
phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
catch more sunlight in deep water
collects into granules outside the rhodoplast
lost their phycobilisomes
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane
chloroplast division
chlorophyll b
double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor
secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga
membranes outside of the original two
its chloroplast
pyrenoid and thylakoids
common flagellated
groups of three
membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte
cyanobacterial membranes
cryptomonads
red-algal derived chloroplast
nucleomorph
in granules found in the periplastid space
in stacks of two
the helicosproidia
chromalveolates
malaria parasite
a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
amylopectin starch granules
fatty acids
apicomplexan-related diseases
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
all photosynthetic function
four
Peridinin
any other group of chloroplasts
triplet-stacked
red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
fucoxanthin dinophyte
fucoxanthin dinophyte
four
a six membraned chloroplast
a cryptophyte
nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
a kleptoplast
two-membraned chloroplast
heterokontophyte
diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
five
entire diatom endosymbiont
granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
dinophyte nucleus
Lepidodinium
their original peridinin chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
first set of endosymbiotic events
acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
about a million
850
three million
ctDNA
plastome
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce)
genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce)
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron microscopy
two
a theta intermediary form
double displacement loop
using a double displacement loop
A] G deamination gradients
when it is single stranded
linear and replicates through homologous recombination
through homologous recombination
circular chromosomes
bacteriophage T4
linear
linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
the lost chloroplast's existence
a red algal derived chloroplast
red algal derived chloroplast
nonfunctional pseudogenes
around half
participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
cell membrane
a ribosome in the cytosol
on a ribosome in the cytosol
helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely
it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place
generally lens-shaped
1–3 m
1–3 m
a net
a cup
double membrane
the product of the host's cell membraneinfolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
homologous
mitochondrial double membrane
run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
generate ATP energy
the internal thylakoid system
inner mitochondrial double membrane
Stromules
chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
chloroplasts of C4 plants
the chloroplasts of C4 plants
chloroplast peripheral reticulum
increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm
thylakoids and intermembrane space
to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
two-thirds
two-thirds
motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
plastoglobulus
singular
lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers
45–60 nanometers
lipid monolayer
thylakoid
thylakoid network
directly to their parent thylakoid
In old or stressed chloroplasts
higher plants
spherical and highly refractive bodies
spherical and highly refractive bodies
de novo
form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
the helical thylakoid model
helicoid stromal
two to a hundred thylakoids
two to a hundred thylakoids
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light energy
light energy
energize electrons
to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space
two
pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
helicoid sheets that spiral around grana
pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
two types of thylakoids
thirty
help transfer and dissipate excess energy
the leaves of some land plants change color
-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts
orange-red zeaxanthin
a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts
red algae red
one of the pigments that makes many red algae red
Cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes
40 nanometers
an enzyme called rubisco
distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
Calvin cycle
ATP energy
light reactions
rubisco
normal grana and thylakoids
a four-carbon compound
each stage of photosynthesis
All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green
chlorophyll
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
chloroplasts
the stems
the leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
mesophyll layers
low-light conditions
vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall
photooxidative damage
ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
Mitochondria
two
infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
After detecting stress in a cell
unstable molecules
signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars
photosynthesis
food in the form of sugars
sugar molecules from carbon dioxide
sugar molecules from carbon dioxide
use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy
into the thylakoid space
a concentration gradient
adenosine triphosphate
chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma
NADP+
cyclic photophosphorylation
C4 plants
more ATP than NADPH
Calvin
unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
one out of every six
glucose monomers
high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
distorting the grana and thylakoids
Waterlogged
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide
when the oxygen concentration is too high
reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis
up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
their stroma
cysteine and methionine
crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
two terms
undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg
adult plant's apical meristems
starch-storing amyloplasts
proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked
Gymnosperms
proplastids
pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
chloroplasts
chloroplasts
chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids
filaments
assemble into filaments
a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
near the center of the chloroplast
the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly
two plastid-dividing rings
two
5 nanometers
6.4 nanometers
chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space
Light
white light
large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts
white light
developers of genetically modified crops
environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained
no positive divisors
prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
primes that is unique up to ordering
1 as a prime
primality
trial division
trial division
the Miller–Rabin primality test
22,338,618
300 BC
Euclid around 300 BC
statistical behaviour
prime number theorem
end of the 19th century
Goldbach's conjecture
twin prime conjecture
algebraic aspects
public-key cryptography
prime elements and prime ideals
2
1, 2, and n
odd prime
9
even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5
1
Christian Goldbach
mathematicians
10,006,721
a prime number
sieve of Eratosthenes
1 were considered a prime
the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1
the Egyptian fraction expansions
Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
compute primes
1640
Euler
22n + 1
2p  1
n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
trial division
a complete list of primes up to is known
1
three divisions are necessary (m = 2, 3, and 5), given that 4 and 6 are composite
square root of n
two
probabilistic
deterministic algorithms
deterministic
1/(1-p)n
Fermat primality test
the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number
composite numbers
the Baillie-PW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
Solovay-Strassen tests
primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime
2p  1
The Lucas–Lehmer test
Sophie Germain primes
the Sophie Germain primes
distributed
2009
US$100,000
Electronic Frontier Foundation
256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1
floor function
Chebyshev
n > 3
at least one
Wilson's theorem
their greatest common divisor is one
Dirichlet's
1/6
infinitely many
infinitely many
The zeta function
finite
exceeds any given number
exceeds any given number
modern algebraic number theory
1859
= 2, 4
random noise
square root
asymptotic
Goldbach's conjecture
1912
n = 2 · 1017
Vinogradov
Chen's theorem
A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes
pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
H. Brocard's conjecture
number theory
G. H. Hardy
1970s
algorithms
pseudorandom
recurring
decimal
if and only if the factorial (p  1)
if
fraction 1/p
RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
512
modular exponentiation
512
cicadas of the genus Magicicada
as grubs underground
17 years
the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators on Magicicadas
2%
minimality or indecomposability
smallest subfield
as a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
knot sum of two nontrivial knots
prime elements and irreducible elements
prime elements and irreducible elements
prime elements and irreducible elements
given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y
if it is not a unit
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Gaussian integers Z
a + bi
arbitrary
4k + 1
ring theory
Prime
algebraic
arithmetic generalizes
Noetherian
Prime ideals
some resemblance with ramification in geometry
integers
solvability of quadratic equations
completing with respect to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime)
back and forth to the completed (or local) fields
p-adic norm
local- global principle
Olivier Messiaen
La Nativité du Seigneur
La Nativité du Seigneur
third étude
the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations
the Swiss canton of Graubnden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
North Sea in the Netherlands
Cologne
Cologne
1,050,000
the Swiss canton of Graubnden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
Netherlands
1,050,000
Gaulish name Rnos
Germanic vocalism Rin-
vocalisation -i-
1st century BC
Gaulish name Rnos
Rhin
Rijn
the vocalisation -i-
Rhijn
"Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer)
1939
Hoek van Holland
Hoek van Holland
canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
"Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer)
1939
Hoek van Holland
canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
Lake Constance
north
86 km
Rhine Valley
a wide glacial alpine valley
Liechtenstein
near Chur
86 km
599 m to 396 m
Rhine Valley
Liechtenstein
Lake Constance
Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
Isel
sediments
Lake Constance
modern canalized section
Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
small islands
the singular is pronounced "Isel"
near Diepoldsau
Fuach
strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake
the lake will silt up the lake
Fuach
counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
near Diepoldsau
The Dornbirner Ach
the continuous input of sediment
three
lower lake
Seerhein
Swiss-Austrian
upper lake
three
Austria near the Alps
Obersee
the south following the Swiss-Austrian border
Baden-Wrttemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake berlingen
near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake
entire length
Lindau
near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake
Lake berlingen
Lake berlingen
Rhine Gutter
the water level
westward
river Aare
4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
river Aare
4,274 m (14,022 ft)
Finsteraarhorn
the German-Swiss border
the "Rhine knee"
the "Rhine knee"
the Central Bridge
300 km
40 km
the "Rhine knee"
the "Rhine knee"
North
High Rhine
the Central Bridge
19th Century
increased
fell
Grand Canal d'Alsace
large compensation pools
Upper Rhine region
19th Century
increased
fell
Grand Canal d'Alsace
the Main and, later, the Moselle
more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
The Rhine
Neckar
400 m (1,300 ft)
Germany
Germany
Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
by erosion
the Romantic Rhine
Middle Rhine
through the Rhine Gorge
the Romantic Rhine
the Romantic Rhine
industry
Duisburg
The Ruhr
drinking water
Lower Rhine
a major source of water pollution
Lower Rhine
Switzerland
Duisburg
The Ruhr
tourism
Rdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Middle Rhine Valley
tourism
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Rdesheim
Lorelei
Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
Wesel-Datteln Canal
Lippe
Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr region
Duisport
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
the Rhine-Ruhr region
Meuse
Rijn
Two thirds
west
west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch)
Meuse
Oude Maas
the Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
the Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
the Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
one ninth
the Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Rijn
draining the surrounding land and polders
Kromme Rijn
Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
sluice
Rhine-Meuse Delta
near Millingen aan de Rijn
Rhine–Meuse Delta
Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal
three
Boven Merwede
Dordtse Kil
the Rip
St. Elizabeth's flood
1421
just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea
1421 to 1904
an archipelago-like estuary
drainage channels
construction of Delta Works
dammed
second half of the 20th Century fundamentally
tidal delta
tidal currents
strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea
Zaltbommel
Tethys
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
Iberia
N–S
Upper Rhine Graben
the time of the Miocene
Danube
stream capture
Pliocene
Vosges Mountains
the geological period of the Ice Ages
six
120 m (390 ft)
northwest
offshore of Brest, France and rivers
end of the Pleistocene
end of the Pleistocene
west
120 m (390 ft)
sea level
a glacier
A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna
ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP
ice-sheets
loess
22,000 years ago
thaw and fall-winter snow covers
the Rhine and its downstream extension
13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500 yr ago
Rates of sea-level rise
7000 years
ongoing tectonic subsidence
1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years)
11,700 years ago
8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
Netherlands
Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta started with peat mining, for salt and fuel, from Roman times onward
flooding and sedimentation
sediment load
11–13th century AD
approximately 80
North Sea
the North Sea
the north and enters the IJsselmeer
the IJsselmeer
three
1st century BC
Germania
6th century BC
Herodotus
AD 14
upper Danube
until the empire fell
Alsace-Lorraine
The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell
eight
Pannonian troops
a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI
whether a state or threat of war existed
Cologne, V Alaudae
the Migration period
the kingdoms of Francia
Drachenfels
Siegfried
Hagen
6th century
10th century
Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
1469
Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders"
Napoleon
1806
1840
end of World War I
1930
German army
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
Arnhem
a formidable natural obstacle
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres
Knaurs Lexikon
it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications
1,230 kilometres
1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
1998
Scotland Act 1998
areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Westminster
the lack of a Parliament of Scotland
three
the outbreak of the First World War
late 1960s
Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs
North Sea
It's Scotland's oil
1974
the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
Edinburgh
majority
51.6%
Scottish devolution referendum
32.9%
Scottish Parliament
Conservative Party
1989
the Convention
Scottish Parliament Building
Spanish architect Enric Miralles
Spanish
leaf-shaped
Queen Elizabeth II
meeting of the Church's General Assembly
the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh
the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh
University of Aberdeen
the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
City of Edinburgh Council
Lothian Regional Council
demolished
Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
main hall
one MSP
Tricia Marwick
secret ballot of the 129 MSPs
129
A vote clerk
the Presiding Officer
the Parliamentary Bureau
five or more
The Presiding Officer
hemicycle
reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
2
vote
Scottish rivers
silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
the Queen
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
a glass case suspended from the lid
October
debating chamber
the public
Entry
Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau
religious beliefs
nominate speakers
The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer)
who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
different viewpoints and political parties
ministers or party leaders
Gaelic
at 5 pm
Decision Time
vote
by means of electronic consoles on their desks
seconds
The outcome of most votes
political parties
MSPs
moral
entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line
45 minutes
issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency
45 minutes
other members normally contribute to the debate
"winds up" the debate
committee
stronger
the fact that there is no revising chamber
conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation
Scotland
MSPs
balance of parties across Parliament
different committees with their functions
Mandatory Committees
fourth Session
at the beginning of each parliamentary session
one (or more)
current Subject Committees
Session
A further type of committee
large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property
an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government
Private Bill Committees
The Scotland Act
Queen Elizabeth II
devolved competencies
Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
Parliament
Schedule 5
Scottish Parliament
ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound
3 pence
2012 Act
subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament
The Scottish Parliament
Westminster
the Scotland Parliament
Bills
Scottish Government
a private member
an outside proposer
in a number of stages
first, or introductory stage of the bill
accompanying documents
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
Parliament together with its accompanying documents
Stage 2
Stage 3
two parts
final vote
"wrecking amendments"
Decision Time
the Monarch for royal assent
for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament
4-week period
the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
a conventional enacting formula
parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government
Any member
a First Minister from a number of candidates
the elected MSPs
the Sovereign
May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on)
May
the Monarch
supplant
28
Several procedures
Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question
a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme
issues related to the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m
any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs"
2005
one
their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh
55,000
proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method
d'Hondt method
quotient
constituency seats
iteratively
a number of qualifications
1981
18
police and the armed forces
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Scottish Parliament
Labour
151 votes
eight
Scottish independence
David McLetchie
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
Cameron
procedural
domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
West Lothian question
Conservative
England
Islamism
spheres
favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a
two poles
revolution or invasion
democratic
Palestine
abolish the state of Israel
democracy
religious
the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood
Sunni pan-Islamism
"sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam
democracy
to maintain their legitimacy
political
Islam
Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error
illiberal Islamic regimes
religion from politics
Islamism
Americans
a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970"
between 1945 and 1970
quietist/non-political Islam
dangerous enemies
1970s
experience, ideology, and weapons
mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
experience, ideology, and weapons
Anwar Sadat
making peace
peace with Israel
1975
a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s
the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism
Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way,"
all the horrible wars
the "gold standard" of religion
Saudi-interpretation
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric
housing
rhetoric
to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups
law and philosophy
All India Muslim League
mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
secularism and secular nationalism
crowd out
nationalist differences
1930
Pakistan movement
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
profession of journalism
1941
his writing
in a modern context
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
his writing
in a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
unity of God
Iranian Revolution
an educational process or da'wah
1928
Ismailiyah, Egypt
Maududi
the Qur'an
imperialist
violence
1949
Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
1948
Gamal Abdul Nasser
one of the most influential movements
75%
semi-legal
field candidates
Mohamed Morsi
quick and decisive defeat
pivotal event
economic
A steep and steady decline
different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements
ideological
Ali Shariati
Sunni Islamic thinkers
Prophet Mohammad
conspiracy
Islamic Republic
Shia terrorist groups
economic
2006
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Soviet Union
an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime
send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
marginal
estimated 16,000 to 35,000
brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait
Saddam Hussein
Islamist groups
Saudi monarchy
the west
conservative Muslims
those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example)
the kingdom
Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack
Osama
Qutb
1966
the Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter
1970s
Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
1981
Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muslim
Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
violence
Major General Raouf Khayrat
2003
unsuccessful
political figures
"quiescent"
HAMAS
the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine
devout middle class
Palestine
Hamas
542
majority of the seats
2007
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
National Islamic Front
with money from foreign Islamist banking systems
university and military academy
1985
able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military
sharia law
Osama bin Laden
American attack on Iraq
staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men
1989
Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
vicious and destructive
1992
political and tribal warlords
80%
Deobandi
neighboring Pakistan
Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
conservative tribal village customs
Wahhabism
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
his means of seizing power
1988
Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group
Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria
ten million
recognition
a caliphate
2004
March 2003
human rights abuses and war crimes
March 2011
a terrorist organisation
a different view
7th century
1924
Islamic system
"the disbelieving (Kafir)
armed
through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion
elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
Egypt
terrorist groups
900,000
Islamist
2007
Londonistan
incitement to terrorism
since 2001
State Department
Christian Whiton
Defense Secretary
undermining the communist ideology
Latin
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means
Japanese
technologies and ideas
influence through diplomacy or military force
full-fledged
diplomacy or military force
powerful form of dominance
uneven trade agreements forcefully
full-fledged
aggressiveness
technological superiority
Informal rule
distinction of an empire
world systems theory
Russian leader Lenin
the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be ‘sovereignty’, or simply ‘rule’
sea and trade routes
colonialism
political focus
ideological
Ottoman
a person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
start dominating areas and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled
conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance
exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war
the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations
defense and justification of empire-building
imperialism
races of highest'social efficiency'
"Social Darwinism"
"whiteness"
Germany
Britain
Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism
a state’s survival
able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries
environmental determinism
temperate zone
Orientalism
uncivilized
the superior and the norm
Terra nullius
eighteenth century
Terra nullius
Aboriginal
empty land
imaginative geography
irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West
a negative vision of itself
early Western imperialism
a negative vision
analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps
information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
contemporary maps
the role of nineteenth-century maps
imperial
pre-Columbian
Genghis Khan
number in the dozens
Ancient Egypt
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cultural
soft power
depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas
Nor
bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
around 1700
industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power
thousands
around 1700
Open Door Policy
1919–1980
1920–1999
European imperialism
the world's economy
imperial powers
economic growth
mid-18th century
economic growth
the political weakness of the Mughal state
advancements in communication
deadly explosives
machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
the 1880s
British
late 1870s
policy of idealism and philanthropy
it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed
aristocracy
1950s
1872–1967
domestic social reforms
domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation
The concept environmental determinism
the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination
"less civilized"
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
geographic scholars
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
guidance and intervention
orientalism
colonizing empires
sixteenth century
1599
Queen Elizabeth
exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy
the Portuguese
1830
1850
Catholicism
Algeria
when Germany started to build her own colonial empire
civilize the inferior
assimilation was always on the distant horizon
small numbers of settlers
Christianity
Britain
the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Algeria
1960
Scandinavia and northern Europe
Muslim Iberia
middle period of classical antiquity
late antiquity
central Europe
the late 19th century
1862–90
After Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire after the Franco-German War
Napoleon
Europe itself
South Pacific
German New Guinea
1884
German New Guinea
Hamburg merchants
Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia
1894
Thailand
Manchuria
Soviet Union
1932
Lenin
Eastern Europe
Bolshevik leaders
the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
Imperialism
mercantilism
1776
free trade
1820
1815
The British Empire
pseudo-sciences
Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner
Middle East
Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba
interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy"
denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos
Philippines
racket
Bowman
1917
President Wilson
would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order
Wilson's geographer
internal strife
internal colonialism
12 to 15 million
Orient
1299 to 1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32
the Horn of Africa
16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
Germany
modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states
Germany
United Methodist Church
a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
1968
the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Wesleyan
The United Methodist Church
80 million
mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
Church of England
started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a holy life
1735
American Indians in the colony of Georgia
American Indians
salvation by God's grace
the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church
1784
Thomas Coke
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
a sail loft on Dock Street
1784
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
1844
tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world
The Methodist Church
the holy catholic (or universal) church
The Book of Discipline
all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat
1968
John Wesley and Charles Wesley
Albert C. Outler
Outler's work proved pivotal in the work of union
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ
sin
Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
The justifying grace
conversion
conversion
New Birth
grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian perfection
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength
grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
Wesleyan theology
The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura
UMC
The Book of Discipline
2008
pro-choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's
all women
the mother
Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS)
2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital
John 8:7
Matthew 5:38-39
General Conference of the United Methodist Church
same-sex
1999
2016
Connectional Table
LGBT
same-gender marriages with resolutions
1987
2005
Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
conscription
military action
all war
Christ's message and teachings
national foreign policy
general and complete disarmament
Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
girls and women
IVF
stem
research
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
The Book of Common Prayer
Africa
Book of Common Prayer
anointing with oil
Methodist institutions
John Wesley
John Wesley
The United Methodist Church
The highest level is called the General Conference
The Book of Discipline
the General Conference
every four years
five
seven
elect and appoint bishops
appoint bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
36
controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War
Southern Methodist University
nine
The Judicial Council
eight-year term
twice
twice a year at various locations throughout the world
the Evangelical Lutheran Church
geographical area
Annual Conference
The Book of Discipline
three
at least three members
The church conference
compensation packages for tax purposes
one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
their Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
multiple years
appointments are officially fixed
Elders
the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church
2–3 years
District Superintendents
2–3 years
Deacons
Deacons
sacramental authority
1996
The provisional elder/deacon
ordination order of transitional deacon
'Licensed Local Pastor
licensed local pastor
five
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
Individuals
Baptism
students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in Christ
The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
lay servants
they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference
annually
two
The United Methodist Church
observer
the "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity."
2000
May 2012
1985
11 million
42,000
8 million
34,000
Texas
11.4 million
11.4 million
3.5 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War
2 million
2 million
along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers
May 1754
1755
disaster
a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
four-way attack
William Pitt
1763 treaty
Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war
Sainte Foy in Quebec
French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River
Britain of Florida
Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba)
1740s
British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents
a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
1763
six years
1760
Battle of Jumonville Glen
75,000
Illinois Country
St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds
20 to 1
eastern coast of the continent
along the coast
native tribes
Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
Iroquois rule
Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes
Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi
Iroquois Six Nations
no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops
no French regular army troops
local militia companies
200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave
they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
Pickawillany
severe consequences
ignored the warning
very badly disposed towards the French
brisk trade
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
1749
Ohio Company of Virginia
Christopher Gist
"Half-King" Tanacharison
Monongahela River
King George's War
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve
resolve
Marquis de la Jonquire
300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Fort Presque Isle
Fort Le Boeuf
to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Fort Le Boeuf
a colonel of the Western New York Militia
Warraghiggey
Warraghiggey
Mohawk Chief Hendrick
Ohio Company
Major George Washington
Jacob Van Braam
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
superior to that of the British
additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecur
early months of 1754
Fort Duquesne
learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen
They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people
to dislodge the French
before Braddock's departure for North America
dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau
Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America
Albany Congress
formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
Braddock
1,500 army troops and provincial militia
500
Washington and Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson
logistical difficulties
Fort Niagara
garrisons
Marquis de Vaudreuil
Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
Fort William Henry
Ticonderoga Point
Colonel Monckton
cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise
Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and le Saint-Jean
William Shirley
Albany
Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudire River to attack the city of Quebec
Chaudire River
Major General James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
the Oneida Carry
the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry
45,000 pounds
hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario
Abercrombie
Ticonderoga
Oswego
prisoners' personal effects
an attack on New France's capital, Quebec
to distract Montcalm
William Pitt
returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry
French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)
Lake George
angered at the lost opportunity for loot
poor harvest
the allegedly corrupt machinations of Franois Bigot
St. Lawrence
The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
Newcastle and Pitt
three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
Two
3,600
18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies
destroyed Fort Frontenac
he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac
an invasion of Britain
the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay
Lagos and Quiberon Bay
James Wolfe
successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
Fort Niagara
Governor Vaudreuil
medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops
General Amherst
10 February 1763
15 February 1763
the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
80,000
1755
North American provinces
New Orleans
King George III
a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers
Appalachian Mountains
Cuba
legal and illegal settlement
1769
Spanish Catholic population
disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion
force
A fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
three hundred years
Einstein
devised a Standard Model
gauge bosons
decreasing strength
gravitational
a more fundamental electroweak interaction
Aristotle
Aristotelian cosmology
four
on the ground
unnatural
17th century
Galileo Galilei
an innate force of impetus
Galileo
friction
an external net force or resultant force
a lack of net force
Aristotelian
First Law
the same in every inertial frame of reference
the laws of physics
curving parabolic path
it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction
Inertia
inertia
The rotational inertia of planet Earth
Albert Einstein
weightlessness
equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kinematic
General relativity
how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales
the relative units of force and mass then are fixed
Third Law
third law
unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body
F and F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
the center of mass
closed
mass of the system
intuitive understanding
precise operational definitions
Newtonian mechanics
fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics
vector quantities
denoted scalar quantities
Associating forces with vectors
ambiguous
impossible
static equilibrium
magnitude and direction
the net force
their respective lines of application
resultant
independent components
two
yields the original force
orthogonal components
independent
the applied force is opposed by static friction
static friction
the applied force
increases or decreases
weighing
the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force"
the object's weight
millennia
Isaac Newton
Galileo
completely equivalent to rest
Aristotle
at a constant velocity
at a constant velocity
A simple case of dynamic equilibrium
kinetic friction force
kinetic friction
Aristotle misinterpreted this motion
Schrdinger equation
Newtonian
classical position variables
quantized
The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics
spin
Pauli
the correlation is strictly positive
symmetric
symmetric
mathematical
force
conservation of momentum
Feynman diagrams
identical
four fundamental interactions
The strong and weak forces
electromagnetic
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
20th century
unification models
self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything
Isaac Newton
Galileo
9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location)
from sea level and may vary depending on location
force of gravity
different ways at larger distances
the mass of the attracting body
mass of the attracting body
the radius
a dimensional constant
Henry Cavendish
1798
Newton
Mercury
Vulcan
discrepancy
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space
gravitational force
global
a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law
unified electromagnetic force
Lorentz's Law
the electric field
James Clerk Maxwell
1864
20
4
Maxwell
nonexistence
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
stiffness
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
stiffness
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
elementary particles
a residual of the force
nuclear force
as gluons
color confinement
heavy W and Z bosons
beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons
1013
1015 kelvins
The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact
the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects
the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects
the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object
ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable
ideal pulleys
action-reaction pairs
conservation of mechanical energy
a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load
idealized point particles
how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
extended fluids
other parts of an object
extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object
The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations)
the stress-tensor
pressure terms
formalism
Torque is the rotation equivalent for position
all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque
analogous equation
the center of the curving path
perpendicular
radial (centripetal) force
radial
tangential force
kinetic
potential forms
the net mechanical energy
difference in potential energy
artifact
macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates
gradient of potentials
force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector
Nonconservative forces other than friction
statistical mechanics
nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
nonconservative forces necessarily
the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond)
kilopond
the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl)
kip
kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond)