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@@ -20,13 +20,6 @@ The base model uses a ViT-L/14 Transformer architecture as an image encoder and
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  The original implementation had two variants: one using a ResNet image encoder and the other using a Vision Transformer. This repository has the variant with the Vision Transformer.
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- ### Documents
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- - [Blog Post](https://openai.com/blog/clip/)
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- - [CLIP Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020)
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  ## Model Use
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  ### Intended Use
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  Certain use cases which would fall under the domain of surveillance and facial recognition are always out-of-scope regardless of performance of the model. This is because the use of artificial intelligence for tasks such as these can be premature currently given the lack of testing norms and checks to ensure its fair use.
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  Since the model has not been purposefully trained in or evaluated on any languages other than English, its use should be limited to English language use cases.
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- ## Data
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- The model was trained on publicly available image-caption data. This was done through a combination of crawling a handful of websites and using commonly-used pre-existing image datasets such as [YFCC100M](http://projects.dfki.uni-kl.de/yfcc100m/). A large portion of the data comes from our crawling of the internet. This means that the data is more representative of people and societies most connected to the internet which tend to skew towards more developed nations, and younger, male users.
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- ### Data Mission Statement
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- Our goal with building this dataset was to test out robustness and generalizability in computer vision tasks. As a result, the focus was on gathering large quantities of data from different publicly-available internet data sources. The data was gathered in a mostly non-interventionist manner. However, we only crawled websites that had policies against excessively violent and adult images and allowed us to filter out such content. We do not intend for this dataset to be used as the basis for any commercial or deployed model and will not be releasing the dataset.
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- ## Performance and Limitations
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- ### Performance
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- We have evaluated the performance of CLIP on a wide range of benchmarks across a variety of computer vision datasets such as OCR to texture recognition to fine-grained classification. The paper describes model performance on the following datasets:
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- - Food101
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- - CIFAR10
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- - CIFAR100
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- - Birdsnap
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- - SUN397
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- - Stanford Cars
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- - FGVC Aircraft
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- - VOC2007
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- - DTD
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- - Oxford-IIIT Pet dataset
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- - Caltech101
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- - Flowers102
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- - MNIST
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- - SVHN
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- - IIIT5K
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- - Hateful Memes
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- - SST-2
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- - UCF101
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- - Kinetics700
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- - Country211
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- - CLEVR Counting
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- - KITTI Distance
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- - STL-10
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- - RareAct
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- - Flickr30
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- - MSCOCO
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- - ImageNet
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- - ImageNet-A
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- - ImageNet-R
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- - ImageNet Sketch
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- - ObjectNet (ImageNet Overlap)
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- - Youtube-BB
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- - ImageNet-Vid
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- ## Limitations
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- CLIP and our analysis of it have a number of limitations. CLIP currently struggles with respect to certain tasks such as fine grained classification and counting objects. CLIP also poses issues with regards to fairness and bias which we discuss in the paper and briefly in the next section. Additionally, our approach to testing CLIP also has an important limitation- in many cases we have used linear probes to evaluate the performance of CLIP and there is evidence suggesting that linear probes can underestimate model performance.
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- ### Bias and Fairness
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- We find that the performance of CLIP - and the specific biases it exhibits - can depend significantly on class design and the choices one makes for categories to include and exclude. We tested the risk of certain kinds of denigration with CLIP by classifying images of people from [Fairface](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04913) into crime-related and non-human animal categories. We found significant disparities with respect to race and gender. Additionally, we found that these disparities could shift based on how the classes were constructed. (Details captured in the Broader Impacts Section in the paper).
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- We also tested the performance of CLIP on gender, race and age classification using the Fairface dataset (We default to using race categories as they are constructed in the Fairface dataset.) in order to assess quality of performance across different demographics. We found accuracy >96% across all races for gender classification with ‘Middle Eastern’ having the highest accuracy (98.4%) and ‘White’ having the lowest (96.5%). Additionally, CLIP averaged ~93% for racial classification and ~63% for age classification. Our use of evaluations to test for gender, race and age classification as well as denigration harms is simply to evaluate performance of the model across people and surface potential risks and not to demonstrate an endorsement/enthusiasm for such tasks.
 
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  The original implementation had two variants: one using a ResNet image encoder and the other using a Vision Transformer. This repository has the variant with the Vision Transformer.
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  ## Model Use
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  ### Intended Use
 
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  Certain use cases which would fall under the domain of surveillance and facial recognition are always out-of-scope regardless of performance of the model. This is because the use of artificial intelligence for tasks such as these can be premature currently given the lack of testing norms and checks to ensure its fair use.
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  Since the model has not been purposefully trained in or evaluated on any languages other than English, its use should be limited to English language use cases.