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+{"text":"To host a ground-breaking discussion in the UK on the relationship between brain death and organ transplantation, ~which includes all relevant perspectives and stakeholders (including critics of brain-centred definitions of death). Produce collection of papers to be published as a special issue of a medical ethics journal (willingness of the editor of Clinical Ethics (RSM Press) has already been agreed). Establish a network of philosophers, clinicians, and policymakers and others interested to inform future policy and practice.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":44,"end":46}]}
+{"text":"Despite a wealth of material in British and continental university repositories relating to the early modern history of medicine, we still know little about the role and influence of what we now call polymaths within the medical profession. One such polymath was Duncan Liddel (1561-1613), who built extensive scholarly networks between Scotland, Poland and Germany. He settled in Helmstedt to lecture in medicine, mathematics and astronomy, where Melanchthonian 'methodus et ars' encouraged men of s cience to eschew polymathy in favour of a more fragmented disciplinary approach. In cooperation with the Special Collections at Aberdeen, this planned international conference focuses on Liddel's manifold activities, set within a comparative context of medicine as practiced in Scotland and Germany, both within the university and as extra-mural profession. Among the questions raised will be: how polymaths defined disciplinary boundaries, to what extent these shaped medical work, whether polymat hic scholars were at a disadvantage to more specialised colleagues, and how ideas concerning science and natural philosophy were translated across national boundaries. The planned conference volume will combine a focus on Liddel's agency with the wider context of knowledge transmission in continental Europe, investigating the link between ideas and practice in the development of modern science.","ents":[{"text":"Scotland","label":"GPE","start":337,"end":345},{"text":"Poland","label":"GPE","start":347,"end":353},{"text":"Germany","label":"GPE","start":358,"end":365},{"text":"Helmstedt","label":"GPE","start":381,"end":390},{"text":"Scotland","label":"GPE","start":779,"end":787},{"text":"Germany","label":"GPE","start":792,"end":799},{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":1302,"end":1308}]}
+{"text":"The medical collection at Pembroke consists of seven bound volumes of manuscripts, dating from the early twelfth to the fifteenth century, each containing a mixture of texts. They appear to have been bound at approximatelythe same time, and possibly by a local binder. It is thought that they may have been in the possession of Thomas Clayton (1575-1647), the Master of Broadgates Hall, and later Pembroke College, and who was Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University. The manuscripts are written on a mixture of parchment and vellum in a range ofhands. Most of the pages are in good condition, many have tabs cut from the side for ease of reference. Six are of a similar size, about 22cm high, with one being considerably smaller at 15cm. All are bound in white parchment whichhas dried and warped considerably, making the original binding extremely tight. They range from 108 to 230 folios in length, with the smaller volume having 278 folios. A large number of the texts are recipes, mostly from well-known medieval sources, and annotated with a number of marginalia. There are also inserted pages or notes at various points where either the compiler or the original owner has added to the text. As well as the recipes and lists of herbs, there are urine charts and two diagrams, one of the Zodiac and the other of the human brain. These texts are fairly typical of the medical canon of their time, and are particularly useful to scholars studying the dissemination of information through the medieval world. They can be used to trace the spread of particularcopies of medieval medical texts, and compared with other known texts in orderto establish the most likely original versions. Very little work has been doneon the Pembroke manuscripts beyond a brief description, and digitisation wouldmake them available to a wider world of scholarship for study and comparison. The final project would be to digitise all seven of the manuscripts, as well as carrying out important conservation work on them. While the binding is currently in reasonable condition, it has become very stiff, making the books themselves difficult to open. If they continue to be used, the binding will deteriorate, and so digital images would save the books from unnecessary stress. They are also currently unboxed, and relatively unprotected, which maycontribute to future deterioration. In order to ensure that the manuscripts are suitable for digitisation and to establish what, if any, conservation work is required, we need to first undertake a conservation survey, which will help us with the final digitisation project.","ents":[{"text":"Pembroke","label":"GPE","start":26,"end":34}]}
+{"text":"I propose to compare Dr. Tolosa Latour's paediatric research and medical policies, with his fictional stories Ni er as (Children's short stories, 1889). The importance of doctors in the public dissemination of the latest thinking on hygiene and paediatric care in late Nineteenth-Century Spain is known, as is to a lesser degree the impact of fictional writings like Ni er as. However, Ni er as has never been properly considered as a unique attempt to elucidate the emotional consequences of disease  as a means of promoting public health. Literary realism gave fictional means to educate society in the prevention of childhood illnesses. What remains unexamined is Latour's careful explanation of the emotions provoked in his doctor protagonist in dealing with disease. His efforts in disseminating European medical discoveries, his founding of the first Spanish children's hospitals and the dissemination of his own scientific work have been prized in the Spanish History of Medicine. The aim of th is innovative research is to examine Ni er as, which has not been reedited since 1897, in order to explain Latour's combination of illness and the emotion it provokes in his bid to advance and disseminate medical knowledge in late 19th century Spain.","ents":[{"text":"Spain","label":"GPE","start":288,"end":293},{"text":"Spain","label":"GPE","start":1246,"end":1251}]}
+{"text":"A feature film based on the award-winning BOWERBIRD series of novels by Ann Kelley. BOWERBIRD tells the story of Gussie who lives in Cornwall and like most twelve year olds is quickly growing up. She is also waiting for a donor for her heart transplant operation. BOWERBIRD follows her as she falls in love, experiences general adolescent angst, all whilst trying not to think about the life-changing operation that may never come. BOWERBIRD will be a poignant, moving and funny film intended for cinema release.","ents":[{"text":"Cornwall","label":"GPE","start":133,"end":141}]}
+{"text":"Three work streams will address participatory local action (outcomes 1-3), national media (outcome 4), and global communication (outcome 5). After two years, we will have stimulated local discussion and co-designed and implemented public engagement interventions for urban environmental sustainability and health \u2013 centred on waste management - with residents of informal settlements in Kisumu, will have equipped Kenyan journalists to increase and improve scientific reporting, and will have shared case studies and interactive models as the foundation of an ambitious web presence.\n\nOutcome 1: Both quantity and quality of public discussion of urban health and environmental sustainability will have increased, led by residents of informal settlements, with mutual learning through visits by representatives of other partner cities.\n\nOutcome 2: Local waste management solutions \u2013 benchmarked against scientific evidence and simulations - will have been co-developed by residents of informal settlements, community-based organisations, and researchers.\n\nOutcome 3: Visual, audio, and text materials documenting activities and solutions will have been developed through participatory processes led by Kenyan researchers and creatives, and will be available to decision-makers and local and global publics as attractive, intelligible knowledge products.\n\nOutcome 4: Media coverage around environment and health will have increased in quantity and verified scientific quality as a result of engagement with journalists.\n\nOutcome 5: As a springboard for work in other cities, a set of case studies including art, narratives, infographics, and interactive simulations will be available and accessed through our website. The package will be a model for public engagement in other cities.\n","ents":[{"text":"Kisumu","label":"GPE","start":387,"end":393}]}
+{"text":"Developing Effective Alcohol Policy for Russia:  Worldwide Experience and Russian Realities  Alcohol consumption is known to be a major destructive factor which contributes to mortality and social problems in Russia. The severity of the Russian alcohol problems is determined by the Northern pattern of alcohol consumption, which usually involves infrequent but severe intoxication with hard liquor. Unlike in Scandinavia or Poland, this destructive alcohol consumption pattern is often not adequately balanced with Nordic-type state alcohol policies. The development of an effective alcohol policy is an important goal of the Russian Federation. However, illegal markets and practices complicate its development.  Another obstacle for the development of alcohol policy in Russia is that the Soviet academic community has, for many decades, been isolated from worldwide discussion on alcohol policy and its consequences. This seminar is an important step to overcome this problem.  The seminar will address the following topics:  Alcohol related mortality;  Alcohol related social problems;  Social charactiristics of the problem drinkers in Russia;  World-wide recognised alcohol policy approaches;  Russian alcohol market;  Struggling illegal alcohol production and sales;  Resent development of alcohol situation in Russia;  Perspectives of developing effective alcohol policy for Russia.","ents":[{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":40,"end":46},{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":209,"end":215},{"text":"Scandinavia","label":"LOC","start":410,"end":421},{"text":"Poland","label":"GPE","start":425,"end":431},{"text":"the Russian Federation","label":"GPE","start":623,"end":645},{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":773,"end":779},{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":1142,"end":1148},{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":1319,"end":1325},{"text":"Russia","label":"GPE","start":1384,"end":1390}]}
+{"text":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) such as Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella\nEnteritidis generally cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in sub-Saharan Africa,\nclones of these Salmonella serovars cause invasive disease particularly in infants and\ntoddlers. Our overall goal is to develop vaccines to provide broad protection against\ninvasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease. The main goal of the project is to\nshow that we can develop live oral Salmonella vaccines with improved safety due to\nreduced transmission, designated here as Live Attenuated Non-Transmissible (LANT)\nvaccines. We will complete pre-clinical safety and efficacy studies assessing the in vivo\npersistence, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of candidate S. Typhimurium and\nS. Enteritidis LANT vaccines in mice. At the conclusion of this project, we anticipate\ndemonstrating that iNTS LANT vaccines are only shed in feces for a short duration but\nare still immunogenic and can protect animals against challenge with wild-type iNTS. If\nwe are successful, these results will pave the way for initiating future Phase I clinical\ntrials using safe, live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis\nvaccines.","ents":[{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":148,"end":166}]}
+{"text":"The INDiGO trial will test the efficacy of micronutrient interventions on developmental outcomes in young infants. If our trial shows positive benefits the next step will be studies of effectiveness with a view to integrating targeted nutrition interventions in early infancy, beyond exclusive breastfeeding. As part of this vision, we recognise that other aspects of nurturing care, such as responsive caregiving, are also important determinants of neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as school readiness and mental health. Currently, most health messages delivered at antenatal and postnatal care clinics in The Gambia focus on more immediate health issues, with the aim of reducing morbidity and mortality in the short term. To ensure the outcomes of the INDiGO trial are fully impactful, we will work with the local community in The Gambia to determine how to most appropriately promote and enable nurturing care practices within routine health care.\n\n \n\nIn phase one, we will use qualitative research approaches, to obtain a better understanding around caregiver, community and stakeholder perceptions on nurturing care. This will include (i) what is perceived as adequate and optimal care, (ii) understanding of the five aspects of nurturing care, and (iii) the barriers to and facilitators of nurturing care practices. In the second phase, with continued involvement from community members and stakeholders, we will co-produce and pilot a communication tool for implementation across antenatal care (ANC) clinics in The Gambia, aimed at promoting the concept of nurturing care in infancy and early childhood having life-long and intergenerational benefits.\n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"Gambia","label":"GPE","start":612,"end":618},{"text":"The Gambia","label":"GPE","start":831,"end":841},{"text":"The Gambia","label":"GPE","start":1521,"end":1531}]}
+{"text":"This project aims to answer the primary research question: Will the projected impacts of environmental changes on terrestrial food production and food quality have a demonstrable influence on nutrition and health outcomes over the next 20-30 years? The project will establish an interdisciplinary approach encompassing environmental, agricultural, nutrition, health, mathematical and social sciences to enable the mapping and quantification of the multiple pathways between environmental change and population-level food availability, food quality, dietary intake, nutrition and health outcomes over the coming decades. By taking a broad, interdisciplinary analytical approach, and applying it to country case studies, this project aims to test whether current projections of changes in agricultural production, food availability and food quality are likely to result in quantifiable impacts on nutrition and health outcomes. Key goals: 1. Define an evidence-based analytical framework linking environmental change with nutrition and health outcomes. 2. Apply the framework to three countries (UK, Mexico and Ethiopia) to identify critical nodes where policy-level action may influence nutrition and health. 3. Establish a method and analytical baseline for future modelling and scenario testing and make an inter-sectoral dataset on agriculture, food prices, nutrition and health available for public use.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1094,"end":1096},{"text":"Mexico","label":"GPE","start":1098,"end":1104},{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":1109,"end":1117}]}
+{"text":"In 2012, 20,000 adults in the UK had a tonsillectomy making it one of the 20 most commonly performed operations. There is large variation in national tonsillectomy rates and it is unclear whether this disparity is warranted or unwarranted. Investigation of paediatric tonsillectomy has shown variation related to surgeon preference. I hypothesise variation in adult tonsillectomy rates is related to unwarranted factors and aim to investigate the disparity through assessment of primary care referral  and secondary care surgical listing patterns, after controlling for warranted risk factors for variation. Data will be extracted from Fluwatch, Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics databases.  There is no disease specific patient reported outcome measure (PROM) for adults with recurrent tonsillitis. As a result it has not been possible to compare national standards of service provision for this condition or to definitively assess the clinical effectiveness of  tonsillectomy. I aim to evaluate the psychometric properties of a German PROM (TOI-14) on a UK adult population to assess its validity in this role. The key goals are to understand the variations in management and develop a tool that accurately measures treatment for adults with recurrent tonsillitis.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":30,"end":32},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1090,"end":1092}]}
+{"text":"The use of Aspirin in the management of an acute coronary syndrome. A comparison between Birmingham and Peshawar.  This study is being conducted in order to find out the level of awareness and actual use of Aspirin in patients with chest pain due to Acute MI and other Acute Coronary Syndromes.  Specific aims include:  1. To establish the common risk factors of those presenting with an Acute Coronary Syndrome in both Birmingham and Peshawar.  2. To establish the number of patients already taking Aspirin prior to admission following an event of Acute MI/ACS.  3. To identify the time between onset of chest pain and the intake of Aspirin, as this is an important factor in determining the patient's risk of a future MI.  4. To establish the level of awareness on the benefits of the intake of Aspirin not only amongst the health professionals but the patients too.  5. To note any differences between the management of ACS patients with aspirin in the two countries, and if a difference exists what this is and whether it is better to the management plan used amongst hospitals in the other country.","ents":[{"text":"Birmingham","label":"GPE","start":89,"end":99},{"text":"Peshawar","label":"GPE","start":104,"end":112},{"text":"Birmingham","label":"GPE","start":420,"end":430},{"text":"Peshawar","label":"GPE","start":435,"end":443}]}
+{"text":"I will address three questions crucial to tackling child health inequalities (HIs):\n \n\nWhat factors lie on the causal pathway between socio-economic circumstances and children\u2019s health and parental health-related behaviours, and which are most likely to reduce HIs?\nWho: Can we better predict those most likely to develop poor health (and will this help to target interventions more fairly and efficiently)?\nHow: To what extent can early years\u2019 interventions, if rolled out at different scales (e.g. to everyone, those living in deprived areas, those at greatest risk), reduce HIs?\n\n \nCutting-edge methods, and the novel application of traditional methods, will be applied in two complementary data sources: linked administrative data (in Greater Glasgow and Clyde \u2013 the UK\u2019s largest health governing board and subject to the highest HIs in Western Europe) and three UK cohorts (Millennium Cohort Study, Growing Up in Scotland, Southampton Women\u2019s Survey). Several aspects of child health (motor, social, cognitive and motor development; thinness, overweight and obesity; unintentional injuries) and parental health-related behaviours (immunisation; breastfeeding; smoking) will be examined. Maternal mental health, childcare and parenting will be investigated as mediating mechanisms that are amenable to intervention through early years\u2019 services. Findings will inform local and national policy and practice.","ents":[{"text":"Greater Glasgow","label":"GPE","start":739,"end":754},{"text":"Clyde","label":"GPE","start":759,"end":764},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":771,"end":773},{"text":"Western Europe","label":"LOC","start":841,"end":855},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":867,"end":869}]}
+{"text":"Presented in partnership with Wellcome Trust, the Doc/Fest Exchange on Tudor Square will be a welcoming, free of charge pop-up space in the heart of Sheffield, hosting engaging talks and events with fascinating talent, where audiences feel part of the discussion. Curated by Erinma Ochu, each day the Doc/Fest Exchange will host a breakfast reception for all festival audiences, followed by four talks related to Doc/Fest 2017 talent, stories and experiences.\n\nThe Doc/Fest Exchange will be influenced by the Festival programme, including films nominated for the Doc/Fest Illuminate Award (WT) exploring the screen chemistry between human storytelling and scientific understanding.\n\nAs part of our expanding cross-platform programming initiative, we will welcome back the Doc/Fest Researcher Programme. We would like to further involve researchers in the Doc/Fest programme, and encourage them to connect with storytellers, interactive and virtual reality makers and other creatives attending the Festival.\n\nWe will work with a dedicated researcher to create a strategy for a podcast channel hosting audio and video content.  Over the period of this grant we will identify appropriate content partners, an ideal platform to host the content, and a digital audience engagement plan.\n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"Sheffield","label":"GPE","start":149,"end":158}]}
+{"text":"The grant is sought as a support to the 2-day conference 'Epidemic Crisis: The Dialectics of Event and Process' which will be held at CRASSH, of the University of Cambridge in June 21 and 22 2013. The grant will cover the travel and accommodation expenses of the conferences main keynote speaker, Dr Ezra Barzilay of the Centres of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta.","ents":[{"text":"Atlanta","label":"GPE","start":372,"end":379}]}
+{"text":"'In Pursuit of the Nazi Mind' demonstrates how models of the unconscious and cognate clinical techniques contributed to  and were reshaped by  the Allied struggle against the Third Reich. Important studies of Nazi psychology, centred on the concept of the superego, were mobilised in military intelligence, post-war planning and policy recommendations. My goal is to contextualise and critically assess medico-psychiatric and psychoanalytical endeavours to grasp the irrational wellsprings of N azism, and to show their significance more widely for the history of psychology in western culture. A panoramic survey will cover the emergence of new Freudian approaches to politics in the 1920s, their apotheosis in the 1940s and disintegration in and beyond the 1960s. Five accompanying core cases, for which extensive documentation exists, are designed to illustrate the varied roles and influences of applied psychoanalysis  around the war: 1. Testimony of Hess s doctors, in Britain 1941-45, an d at Nuremberg. 2. Studies of Hitler, commissioned by the US Office of Strategic Services in 1941. 3. Experiments conducted upon Nazi sympathisers through the Allied Control Commission, 1945-6. 4. Psychoanalytic materials furnished to the UNESCO project, Tensions Affecting International Understanding' , 1947-51. 5. Clinical evaluations of imprisoned Nazi murderers  psychic lives, 1945-1970.","ents":[{"text":"the Third Reich","label":"GPE","start":171,"end":186},{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":975,"end":982},{"text":"Nuremberg","label":"GPE","start":1000,"end":1009}]}
+{"text":"We will exploit the opportunities of the UK National Health Service to generate a national resource of human iPS cells and associated data. We will generate and bank lines from 700 healthy and 800 disease-associated individuals, optimising techniques for iPS cell production and quality control. Cells will be subjected to extensive analysis of genome, epigenome, gene expression and proteome. For cells from healthy individuals, in-depth analysis of inter-individual variability will provide an open access platform for association studies of cellular function, and for distinguishing pathological from physiological variation. Patient collections will be selected via an open call, focusing initially on well-characterised conditions, where a single genetic lesion underlies a pleiotropic clinical phenotype. To characterise cellular phenotype we will construct high throughput artificial microenvironments. We will evaluate cell death, differentiation, morphology and division and specific signall ing pathways. We will collaborate to produce protocols to differentiate iPS cells into disease-relevant cell types. These approaches will provide in vitro readouts of inter-individual variation and disease and a platform for gene correction and engineering specific mutations into different genetic backgrounds. Our proposal will give researchers in the UK and beyond access to iPS cells and technology linked to extensive genetic, cellular and clinical information. ","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1355,"end":1357}]}
+{"text":"Located at the University of Sussex and jointly managed with the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), the British Library for Development Studies (BLDS) historic collection tracks the unfolding story of international development and health systems in the Global South over the last half century.  The collection is one of the most comprehensive in its coverage of government and official sources, particularly published in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia between the mid-1960s and mid-1990s.\n\nGradual reductions in funding, combined with a shift towards historical research in development studies and global health, have created a perfect opportunity to restore this archive.  Much is uncatalogued, a local classification scheme makes it difficult to find material, and the collection\u2019s research value is unpublicised.\n\nThe proposed project will enable the collection to be reshaped and positioned as an invaluable research resource for a new generation of scholars by:\n\nHoning the existing collection to focus on rare and unique holdings;\nIncreasing accessibility by cataloguing unlisted material, developing a standardised online search tool and undertaking preservation of fragile items;\nGenerating interest and awareness of an eventual new BLDS Legacy Collection through a launch event, public seminars, social media and a special historical issue of the IDS Bulletin.\n","ents":[{"text":"the Global South","label":"LOC","start":254,"end":270},{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":426,"end":444},{"text":"South Asia","label":"LOC","start":449,"end":459}]}
+{"text":"Increasing urbanisation has created epidemic incubators, fuelling infectious diseases and often increasing susceptibility to them. Longitudinal perspectives on the socio-environmental conditions which shape the emergence and 're-emergence' of infectious diseases can help to mitigate and prevent epidemics in rapidly urbanising nations. Regrettably, human health experiences throughout much of (pre-)history of urbanisation remain clouded by a lack of reliable data on disease exposure and transmissi on. This project will develop an innovative new approach, which recovers evidence for infectious disease exposure directly from the mouths of skeletons.  We have recently discovered that archaeological dental tartar (mineralized plaque) entraps and preserves DNA and proteins from multiple oral and systemic infectious disease pathogens. Uniquely, this can provide insight into past microbial landscapes and disease exposure rates  information not previously available through historical or archae ological analyses. The objectives of this project are: 1) to develop new molecular pilot data on disease exposure in the historically well-documented context of Industrial England; 2) interrogate and corroborate these pilot data drawing upon multi-disciplinary expertise in York; and 3) to forge a multi-institutional network investigating historic disease environments and the dynamics of human-pathogen co-habitation throughout the history of urbanisation. Please consider for cross-trust fundin g","ents":[{"text":"Industrial England","label":"LOC","start":1160,"end":1178},{"text":"York","label":"GPE","start":1273,"end":1277}]}
+{"text":"Scholars are paying increasing attention to the meaning, status and role of animals: research into One Medicine and the role of animals in medical and psychological therapies, as well as ongoing interest in the histories of zoonotic diseases, is shedding light on the presence of animals within the medical humanities. My research contributes to the emerging conversation between animal studies, urban history and the history of medicine by exploring the transnational relationships between humans a nd dogs in London, New York and Paris from c.1860 to 1940. Drawing on the analytical perspectives of biosecurity and nonhuman agency, as well as extensive archival research, it will uncover the often medicalized human responses and attitudes towards canine attributes and abilities, such as biting, movement, digestion, and intelligence, and the concomitant practices that emerged to control, contain or harness dogs in order to secure urban public space. I have so far completed my Paris research an d have made good progress on working through the London archival materials, as well as undertaken a preliminary research trip to New York. I am now seeking a Small Grant to complete my archival research in London and New York. The projects final output will be a monograph.","ents":[{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":511,"end":517},{"text":"New York","label":"GPE","start":519,"end":527},{"text":"Paris","label":"GPE","start":532,"end":537},{"text":"Paris","label":"GPE","start":983,"end":988},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":1050,"end":1056},{"text":"New York","label":"GPE","start":1130,"end":1138},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":1207,"end":1213},{"text":"New York","label":"GPE","start":1218,"end":1226}]}
+{"text":"There has been growing interest in developing and shaping Medical and Health Humanities (MHH) in Africa. While still a nascent field on the continent, in the last six years, through conferences and meetings, the increasing visibility of MHH has resulted in discussions about what the field is; how it can shape understandings, provision, and research related to health; and how artists, academics, activists, and health care seekers and providers based in Africa can contribute to its local development and international evolution. Our project seeks to support existing, local MHH networks; foster the growth of new regional networks; and connect regional networks through the creation of a MHH Africa hub and working group.\n\nStarting with southern and east Africa, this project will build a community of MHH researchers and practitioners and bring together people to collectively identify future projects, and to strengthen and develop formal, collaborative MHH structures. The intention is to foster a community of people involved in MHH and actively engage them in contributing to the future of the field and the network on the continent. Our vision is to build a south-led, south-to-south collaboration, which by 2025 will be an internationally recognised MHH Africa hub and working group.\n","ents":[{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":97,"end":103},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":456,"end":462},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":758,"end":764}]}
+{"text":"The Health Law & Regulation Unit at The University of Liverpool, would like to host an interdisciplinary conference in Liverpool to mark the ten year anniversary of The Mental Capacity Act 2005 a visionary piece of legislation for its time, which marked a turning point in the statutory rights of people who may lack capacity. As such, it is both an apt and opportune time to revisit the statute, reflecting upon its provisions and exploring how it has been operating in practice. The conference will allow for the building and sharing of interdisciplinary knowledge between law, ethics and practice in the domain of mental health regulation. It will create research collaborations that develop understanding of interactions between mental health and endeavours to regulate, govern and assist those in society who may lack capacity. The conference has the confirmed participation of academics, mental health practitioners, policy-makers and the judiciary. It is hoped it will facilitate dial ogue, knowledge exchange and the possibility of future research collaborations. Research from the conference will be disseminated; a Special Issue of The Medical Law Review has been secured. Papers from the conference will be published in 2016, in Volume 3 of the journal.","ents":[{"text":"Liverpool","label":"GPE","start":119,"end":128}]}
+{"text":"My thesis will be an examination of contemporary Hippocratic medicine's role in the lives of Louis XIV, his court and the wider contemporary French medical profession. The importance of Hippocratism to this period will be considered in context of the king's own medical experience as reflected in the Journal de Sant\u00e9 de Louis XIV - a medical case history by Louis' three successive premiers m\u00e9decins (Vallot, Daquin and Fagon), which records his health, illnesses and medical treatments administered annually from 1647 to 1711 in meticulous detail. In conjunction with the Journal and Hippocratic Corpus, my research will incorporate a wide range of primary source material including contemporary published medical texts, archival materials from the Paris and Montpellier medical faculties, and court memoirs and letters. These will be used to explain how Hippocratism was shaped into varying forms by different sects of society who adapted it to meet their specific needs. I will also consider the different compromises and challenges faced by Hippocratic medicine in these environments. My thesis will aim to conclude whether the form of Hippocratism experienced by Louis XIV - the absolute ruler of France and 'father' to his people - has anything to tell us about the many faces of Hippocratism experienced throughout the nation during his reign.","ents":[{"text":"Paris","label":"GPE","start":751,"end":756},{"text":"Montpellier","label":"GPE","start":761,"end":772},{"text":"France","label":"GPE","start":1203,"end":1209}]}
+{"text":"Estimating the returns to UK publicly funded musculo-skeletal-related research in terms of the net value of improved health outcomes.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":26,"end":28}]}
+{"text":"Asian Bioethics Colloquium (ABC): Inaugural Meeting. The basic aim of the ABC is career development of early career bioethics scholars in Asia. This aim will be met by having all the papers delivered at the Colloquium authored by such scholars (for example by PhD candidates or junior academics). The role of the senior scholars attending will be mentoring, feedback and detailed advice on how to achieve publication in high quality journals. Asian Bioethics Review will be one outlet for publication , subject to normal peer review. The Colloquium is a collaboration between several academic bioethics centres in Asia. This inaugural meeting is being hosted by the Centre of Biomedical Ethics, NUS. Future meetings will be held in other centres in Asia. Scholarships will be provided for junior scholars whose papers have been accepted. Senior scholars will be asked to find their own funding if possible.","ents":[{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":138,"end":142},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":614,"end":618},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":749,"end":753}]}
+{"text":"Facilitating collaboration: A key element of the strategy of all research institutes is to prioritise collaboration, particularly at inter-institutional and inter-university level\nIn 2014-15 ISSF intended use is:(a) Bridging funds(b) Core technical support(c) Strategic investment in equipment(d) PhD studentships in collaboration with external partners(e) Public engagement\n \nBridging funds (\u00a3120K)The objective is to facilitate retention of key staff. Up to 6 months salary can be committed to research staff (excluding PhD students) who are approaching the end of their research contracts.\n \nCore technical support (\u00a3180K)We will continue with our previous strategy of supporting key core services that are of value toISSF 05/148multiple research groups and provide opportunities to establish new research collaborations\n \nStrategic investment in equipment (\u00a3125K)As in previous years, we will use ISSF to provide funding for significant pieces of equipment that have multi-user applications and support the Research Institutes strategies, particularly where added value can be generated for Wellcome Trust funded research\n \nPhD studentships in collaboration with external partners (\u00a350K)A key pillar of the research strategy at St. George\u2019s is to support early career researchers (ECR) to build research teams and establish themselves with independent research programmes.\n \nPublic engagement (\u00a325K)Public engagement (PE) at St. George\u2019s has taken a massive step forward as a result of ISSF support and the budget for PE activities has increased each year.\n \nWandsworth Prison Science ClubWorking with Claire Fairclough on the Education team at HMP Wandsworth, we have begun consultation to create a science club.\n \nApplication for additional strategic infrastructural support (\u00a3250K)A proposal for a GCLP suite of laboratories for development of diagnostic tests in collaboration with industry partners.The newly created Centre for Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Resistance (CDAR) is part of the Institute for Infection and Immunity at SGUL. this proposal is for funding to develop new strategic infrastructure for CDAR that will specifically allow early stage commercial development of diagnostic devices at St. George\u2019s with industrial partners.\n \n \nAppointment of an Associate Dean to focus on Career Development of Research Staff.b) Introduction of a part-time, portfolio-based Postgraduate Certificate in Research Skills bringing together various core and optional development opportunities and supported by an individual mentor. This course has been commended by its external examiners and by Vitae as an example of excellent practice in researcher career development.c) Implementation of a requirement that all staff with management responsibility for research engage positively with researcher\u2019s skills and career development, including regular probation, review and performance management meetings.\n ","ents":[{"text":"St. George\u2019s","label":"GPE","start":2213,"end":2225}]}
+{"text":"DESIGN- pre and post observational cohort study - a continuation of existing pilot Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme with collection of quantitative data and detailed qualitative study on the optimisation of the programme contents, deployment and evaluation to inform the development of a large trial. PARTICIPANTS: Three cohorts yielding 30-40 people who have completed the PR programme. QUANTITATIVE: Details of those identified, invited, accepted and completed will be recorded. For all participants, we will record demographics, medical history and clinical features as before with new detailed evaluation of chest pains and haemoptysis. Outcome measures include incremental shuttle walking test, Clinical COPD questionnaire, MRC dyspnoea scale, spirometry and biometrics. Descriptive statistical analysis will assess the performance of the outcome measures QUALITATIVE: Semi-structured interviews with 25 participants who have completed the programme will be conducted by experienced qualitative researchers. They will be recorded in native languages, fully transcribed and translated to English. The interviews will be flexibly guided by a list of topics including: (i) facilitators and barriers to attending the programme (ii) the impact of their respiratory disease on their lives before and after the programme (iii) problems caused by attending PR (iv) improvements in the PR or its assessment (v) maintenance after PR. Five semi-structured interviews will be conducted with people who did not take part or complete PR, focusing on barriers to attending or completing PR. A focus group and upto 5 in-depth interviews with stakeholders (clinicians, administrators, community representatives and the PR team) will explore practical issues of running and extending PR in Africa. Thematic analysis will be performed by Ugandan researchers in local languages initially with further framework analysis of the translated transcripts in collaboration with the UK team","ents":[{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":1784,"end":1790},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1968,"end":1970}]}
+{"text":"The aim of this project is to produce a monograph on apothecaries, medical treatments and the medicine trade in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lima, Peru. Virtually nothing has been written on the activities of apothecaries in Spanish America in the early modern period, which was a critical period in the history of medicine influenced by the encounter between Old, and New World medical traditions and the development of empirical science. This study aims to throw light on these issues through an examination of inventories of private pharmacies and those in hospitals and missionary colleges, as well as through an analysis of the actual use of medicines revealed in legal cases associated with malpractice and the recovery of debts owed for medicines. The study will also examine the training and regulation of apothecaries and thus explore questions of the power of the Spanish state to regulate medical practice and the implications this had for the development of colonial medicine. The diverse sources for this period available in Lima and elsewhere together constitute an exceptionally rich and maybe even unique source in Spanish America, for the study of early modern medicine.","ents":[{"text":"Lima","label":"GPE","start":147,"end":151},{"text":"Peru","label":"GPE","start":153,"end":157},{"text":"Spanish America","label":"GPE","start":231,"end":246},{"text":"Lima","label":"GPE","start":1044,"end":1048},{"text":"America","label":"GPE","start":1145,"end":1152}]}
+{"text":"Funding is requested to host a conference, Medicine of Words: Literature, Theology, and Medicine in the Middle Ages planned to take place at St Anne's College, Oxford, on 11-12th September 2015. The conference will mark the final year of the project, Salus Animae: Therapeutic Reading in Medieval England funded by the Leverhulme Trust (October 2012 September 2015) and hosted by the Faculty of English Language and Literature. This project explores how reading was understood as a therapeutic act d uring the Middle Ages. Specifically, it investigates how vernacular religious writings directed at the laity aimed to promote health of the soul by evoking intense negative emotions such as fear and sorrow. The conference aims to disseminate the research undertaken by the project: the medieval understanding of therapeutic reading, the impact of theology on therapeutic reading, and how monastic reading practices were developed for wider use by the laity. The conference also aims to disseminate re search by scholars working in related areas in the UK, the European Union, and USA; to highlight the potential of this field for graduate research; and to initiate new collaborations in order to continue and build on the research pioneered by the project.","ents":[{"text":"Oxford","label":"GPE","start":160,"end":166},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1052,"end":1054},{"text":"USA","label":"GPE","start":1080,"end":1083}]}
+{"text":"After elections in Kenya in March 2013, decentralisation of management and financing of public health facilities from central to county level will begin to be implemented.  The proposed study will take place a year and a half later.  It will explore how the design and implementation of the Health Sector Services Fund (HSSF - a direct facility funding mechanism for primary healthcare facilities) varies across counties following implementation of Kenya's new constitution, and look at the perceived  impact of different HSSF designs and implementation strategies on health facility performance in three counties. These goals will be achieved through a mixed methodology, primarily qualitative, study which will: i. Describe different approaches to incorporating HSSF into the county level. ii. Explore key stakeholders perceptions of the implementation and impact of HSSF on priority setting, utilization, structural quality (availability of supplies, equipment and infrastructure), accessibili ty, adherence to user fee policies, staff motivation and community engagement. iii. Document health centre and dispensary income sources and levels, and if and how direct facility funds are included in facility income and expenditures. The study findings will contribute to on-going health sector reforms in Kenya and in other similar settings.","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":19,"end":24},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":449,"end":454},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1305,"end":1310}]}
+{"text":"The study will utilize a cluster randomized controlled trial design in which a stepped-care management program is compared with care as usual (CAU) for depression in primary care. We expect the intervention program will significantly increase rate of recovery from depression than CAU at the primary end point of 6 months of trial. Among secondary hypotheses to be tested the intervention package will 1) reduce disability; 2) improve quality of life; and 3) be more cost-effective than CAU. The stud y will be conducted in urban and rural primary care clinics around Ibadan, Nigeria, serving predominantly poor people. The intervention program will consist of psychoeducation, problem solving treatment as well as pharmacotherapy to be delivered by non-physician primary health providers. Supervision and support from scarce medical and specialist personnel will be gained by the structured use of mobile telephony.  The study is designed to test the effectiveness of an evidence-based intervention p ackage for depression that is contextualized for possible scaling-up in settings with extremely low human resources as is characteristic of much of Sub-Sahara Africa.","ents":[{"text":"Ibadan","label":"GPE","start":568,"end":574},{"text":"Nigeria","label":"GPE","start":576,"end":583},{"text":"Sub-Sahara Africa","label":"LOC","start":1150,"end":1167}]}
+{"text":"Innovative approaches are needed to assess quality and institutionalize quality improvement in private facilities, but rigorous evaluation of such interventions is very limited, with a particular lack of controlled designs. This study will provide new evidence on the PharmAccess model of quality improvement. The research is based on a well-articulated theory of change, linking PharmAccess activities to outputs, outcomes and impacts, and draws on both quantitative and qualitative data:- to examine changes in adherence to SafeCare standards in participating facilities to date, we will analyse the PharmAccess database which contains SafeCare scores across multiple dimensions, facility characteristics and implementation measures for at least two time points for 300 facilities in Kenya and Tanzania, using panel regression methods to identify factors associated with improvements in scores.- to evaluate the impact of PharmAccess on process quality of care we will conduct a prospective randomised controlled trial in Tanzania. Intervention facilities will receive the full PharmAccess package, while control facilities receive SafeCare assessments only with no further action. The primary outcome will be technical process quality at follow-up, with secondary outcomes of SafeCare scores, perceived quality, and business performance. The primary outcome will be measured using standardised (covert) patients and clinical role-playing vignettes.- to understand experiences and perceptions of participating facilities we will conduct in-depth interviews with staff from 30 purposively selected intervention facilities, and 8 implementing staff.- In addition to improving quality in participating facilities, PharmAccess aims to make the broader market and policy environment more conducive to the operation of a high performing private sector. We will investigate these potential effects through 30 key informant interviews with stakeholders in Kenya and Tanzania","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":786,"end":791},{"text":"Tanzania","label":"GPE","start":796,"end":804},{"text":"Tanzania","label":"GPE","start":1024,"end":1032},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1950,"end":1955},{"text":"Tanzania","label":"GPE","start":1960,"end":1968}]}
+{"text":"The control of sexually-transmitted infections is a health priority and depends on a knowledge of how they spread within communities. Good molecular methods are lacking for typing Chlamydia trachomatis, the cause of the most prevalent sexually-transmitted infection worldwide.  Important questions about the epidemiology of Chlamydia infections therefore remain unanswered.  We will do necessary preliminary work in developing SNP typing to address the epidemiology of C. trachomatis (including LGV)  infections.  We will use molecular methods to investigate the extent of bridging between MSM and heterosexual networks in London. We will study the geographic origins, and patterns of global spread of the soil saprophyte, Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. We have promoted the use of multilocus sequence analysis for bacterial taxonomy and will extend our previous work to resolve species in another taxonomy challenging group of species. We maintain multi-locus  sequence typing (MLST) databases that allow clinical and basic scientists to identify strains of bacterial pathogens via the internet.  These websites are widely used and we will upgrade them, basing them on a map-based approach, and will develop new websites and tools for epidemiology and public health.  We will also explore the utility of mobile phone technology for epidemiology.","ents":[{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":623,"end":629}]}
+{"text":"Harnessing big data to improve healthcare quality has become something of a holy grail for regulators. While England\u2019s Care Quality Commission is an acknowledged leader, the applicant has shown that its use of big data has not improved regulatory effectiveness, raising wider questions about the potential utility of this approach. In response, this pilot project will explore how other countries\u2019 healthcare regulators use big data and will draw on comparisons with England\u2019s experience, which has already been documented by the applicant and others, to identify and help understand common problems and opportunities for improvement.\n\n \n\nTo that end this project will combine desk-based research and qualitative interviews and workshops with regulators and other stakeholders to:\n\n \n\n1) Map the use of big data for healthcare quality regulation across all 31 high-income OECD countries;\n\n \n\n2) Explore four country case-studies reflecting a range of data-usage patterns and payer-provider-regulator configurations, in order to develop hypotheses about the factors shaping the use and effectiveness of big data;\n\n \n\n3) Lay the groundwork for a larger follow-up study by securing data-access and collaboration agreements\n\nto test those hypotheses and assess the barriers to improving healthcare quality regulation with big data.\n","ents":[{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":109,"end":116},{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":467,"end":474}]}
+{"text":"We propose the largest, most comprehensive, study yet undertaken of the medical world of one of the great aristocratic households of early England.  This medical world includes far more than the consultation of physicians.  It comprises wider and more sustained networks of informal medical information and advice, and exchanges and purchases of recipes and medications.  It embraces family, household, and dependants, as well as large political and social circles.  Such a world is revealed, in abundance, in the archives of the Cecil family.  Brief trawls for references to Lord Burghley's gout apart, medical historians have not so far exploited these archives.  Yet they permit a highly detailed study of the medical and health concerns of a substantial group of people over the long term.  Our project runs from the effective beginning of the archive with William Cecil's entry into politics in 1547 to the death of the second earl in 1668 and spans the family's households in London as well as Hertfordshire.   We shall thus be filling a major gap in the historiography.  Current work on early modern medicine has, overall, moved away from elites.  It has turned towards either a holistic, quasi anthropological, approach to medical culture, or to the experience of the poorer patient, the 'view from below'.  Studies of families or households are rare.  Among aristocrats the informal domestic practice of a few well-documented women has been ably investigated, but often in isolation from the medical ideas and resources of their male relatives.   The massive Cecil archive provides an opportunity to test on a large scale several hypotheses of wider interest to medical historians of the period.  What changes over time are detectable in medical attitudes and resources?  We hypothesise that the penetration of this aristocratic world by the new chemical medicine has been exaggerated.  How deeply gendered in this medical world?  We think that both sexes, not just women, had recourse to a balance of informal and 'professional' consultation: that networks were less gendered than has been suggested.  On the other hand we estimate that the commoditization of medicine will be noticeable earlier than the early eighteenth century where scholarly consensus locates it.","ents":[{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":139,"end":146},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":982,"end":988},{"text":"Hertfordshire","label":"GPE","start":1000,"end":1013}]}
+{"text":"The project's key goal is a better understanding of the extent to which environmental factors (including housing) and the social characteristics of individual, family and locality determined the disease and mortality profile of the pre-industrial city.  It focuses on three contrasting areas of London in the period 1550-1750, exploring the ways in which a recently-created dataset, representing a unique reconstruction of local populations in their physical setting, can be further extended and interrogated to illuminate and map health and mortality patterns within those populations, and to develop more general conclusions.   Specific objectives of the project include:  - a detailed analysis of patterns of mortality by house and household in city-centre Cheapside, incorporating data on household wealth, family size and composition, housing quality and amenity, and residential density;  - a similar analysis for extramural Aldgate, by local neighbourhoods rather than house by house, but incorporating detailed information on cause of death;  - a correlation between large-scale family reconstitution and mortality patterns for suburban Clerkenwell, linking this with population growth and the development of housing and new settlement;  - the development of a model of the interaction of the variables noted above in the production of local mortality patterns and outcomes.","ents":[{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":295,"end":301},{"text":"Cheapside","label":"LOC","start":760,"end":769},{"text":"Aldgate","label":"LOC","start":931,"end":938},{"text":"Clerkenwell","label":"GPE","start":1145,"end":1156}]}
+{"text":"We aim to create a multi-user micro-imaging platform that is designed to benefit scientists at the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), the University of Cape Town (UCT), and other research institutions in South Africa as well as the broader southern African region. Therefore, we seek funding for the procurement of a state-of-the-art confocal microscopy system, suitable for the multi-user environment of the UCT Confocal and Light Microscope Imaging Core Facility. This s ystem must be capable of a large variety of multi-modal and cutting-edge applications in advanced live-cell and tissue analysis, deep tissue imaging, and physiology. Together with a new super-resolution microscope for live pathogen imaging (recently approved for funding by the South African National Research Foundation [NRF]), the proposed equipment will establish the capacity within a single research campus to image non-infectious and infectious biological samples routinely, thereby placing UC T among a very limited number of institutions worldwide with this research capability. Critically, the new equipment will serve the needs of high-priority biomedical research projects, many of which are funded by the Wellcome Trust, in the Southern African region and beyond, while providing an important platform for undergraduate and post-graduate training and research capacity building.","ents":[{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":231,"end":243},{"text":"the Southern African region","label":"LOC","start":1236,"end":1263}]}
+{"text":"This thesis will investigate the impact of illness and infirmity on the lives of older people and their families in England, c.1570-1730. At this time, approximately twenty percent of the adult population was aged over sixty, and yet the health conditions of this demographic have attracted little attention. There are two key goals: the first is to ascertain how medical providers and laypeople understood and treated the diseases and disabilities of older people, and whether this constituted a concept of elderly medical care. The second aim is to uncover the personal experiences of ageing sufferers themselves, together with their carers and relatives, investigating what it was like to suffer or witness pain, sensory loss, \u2018dotage\u2019, and the prospect of death. Drawing on a range of printed and archival materials, the project will transform understandings of both old age and disease in early modern England, revealing the hitherto unnoticed importance of 'state of health' in definitions of old age. The project is of vital relevance to an array of historiographical areas, including bodies, emotions, pain, senses, religion, death, gender, and family and community relationships. It also has modern-day significance, and may spark debates about the wellbeing of an expanding ageing population.\n","ents":[{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":116,"end":123},{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":907,"end":914}]}
+{"text":"The funds requested will be used to support qualitative social sciences research into the ethical and legal principles that are emerging around research with chimeric organisms in the United States. These activities will feed into a larger comparative project on how nation-specific legal-constitutional regimes may be implicated in redefining the normative standards of the category human. Specific research activities will include interviewing members of Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight Comm ittees at Harvard University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, as well as visits to stem cell laboratories at both these universities. During this time I will be based at Harvard University in the Program on Science, Technology and Society at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. In order to undertake the empirical research it will be necessary to spend approximately 4 months in the United States where I will a) gather collect of documents (e.g. policy and ethical guidelines, repo rts from advisory bodies, media coverage of scientific practice, biomedical journal articles); b) conduct semi-structured interviews with scientists and regulators; c) visit laboratories and institutional settings to observe the conduct and deliberation of those involved in scientific and regulatory practice.","ents":[{"text":"the United States","label":"GPE","start":180,"end":197},{"text":"the United States","label":"GPE","start":894,"end":911}]}
+{"text":"Vaccine policy agendas, decision making process and influences to the decisions highly vary across countries. In recent years, mandatory vaccination policies have been introduced globally, to enforce specific vaccinations on target populations in a country. The policies pose various ethical and legal dilemmas that have been highly debated by academics, policy makers, and country citizens. Some studies have evaluated the policy impact on vaccine coverage and discussed ethics and perspectives of stakeholders. However, research has been geographically biased to Europe and United States; though the policies have been adopted globally, including among the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Given the disparities in results and controversy of the policy, the policy decision-making on mandatory vaccinations have not been well understood. To fill this gap in research, this qualitative study will select two countries in ASEAN as cases, and apply policy theories to data collected through literature reviews and key-informant interviews. The study aims to understand the emergence of mandatory vaccinations in policy makers agenda and the actors involved, context of policy adoption and the process and influences of the policy decision. This study aims to develop a vaccine policy decision framework to guide future vaccine policies.\n","ents":[{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":565,"end":571},{"text":"United States","label":"GPE","start":576,"end":589}]}
+{"text":"The research aims to study the history of the guide dogs for the blind in Britain and to reflect on their contemporary status in society. It considers the medical value of guide dogs, particularly their status as prostheses which replace the blind person's eyes, their contribution to their masters' health and their psychological benefits as companions. Britain has been the 'leading' country' in the world in the training of guide dogs and in innovation in the field. The research assesses this uni que British trajectory. It involves a 16-week research stay in Britain in the course of which the following archives and libraries will be consulted: Wellcome Trust Library, British Library, the Library of the Royal National Institute of Blind People, the BBC archives (all in London); the historical archives of the Guide Dogs for the Blind Association and International Guide Dog Federation (held in Reading). Oral history interviews will also be conducted with employees of the Guide Dogs for th e Blind Association and with guide dog owners. Following the research in Britain, the collected data will be analyzed and two scholarly articles, a number of shorter articles for popular magazines and a blog will be produced.","ents":[{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":74,"end":81},{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":355,"end":362},{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":564,"end":571},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":778,"end":784},{"text":"Reading","label":"GPE","start":903,"end":910},{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":1073,"end":1080}]}
+{"text":"We aim to create an intergenerational longitudinal population study of chronic conditions in rural and urban Malawi, leveraging substantial existing research infrastructure, to address the lack of high-quality longitudinal-data on chronic conditions in low income sub-Saharan Africa (LI-SSA).\n\nOur prospective cohort data will provide age-specific incidence and survival estimates for multiple chronic conditions, and improve understanding of determinants (socioeconomic, psychological, nutritional, microbial and inflammatory) of health-related trajectories over the life-course, from poor pregnancy outcomes to multimorbidity in adulthood. Understanding how early-life exposures interact with later-life factors to mediate disease risk will indicate when and how to intervene effectively.\n\nWithin rural and urban populations (110,000 individuals) we hold detailed non-communicable disease risk factor and HIV-test data in adults, plus an extensive biorepository. Procedures for longitudinal tracking, community surveillance and birth capture are well-established in rural Karonga and have been piloted in urban Lilongwe. Wellcome LPS support will enable;\n\n1_Longitudinal tracking of 110,000 urban/ rural individuals.\n\n2_Repeat biomarker and clinical assessments of chronic conditions.\n\n3_Establish novel, effective migrancy tracking within/between rural/urban settings.\n\n4_Recruit/follow 7,500 nested families (grandparents-parents-siblings-pregnancy-birth-cohort);  pregnancy, early-life and intergenerational effects.\n\n5_Health facility linkage; low-cost longitudinal health-care/outcomes data.\n\nThis resource will be shared with the global research community to best-practice guidelines.\n","ents":[{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":109,"end":115},{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":264,"end":282},{"text":"Karonga","label":"GPE","start":1074,"end":1081},{"text":"Lilongwe","label":"GPE","start":1113,"end":1121}]}
+{"text":"Infectious diseases remain the commonest cause of death in Africa, with HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and respiratory infections major contributors (Figure 1).1 Neglected infectious diseases cause widespread morbidity and economic loss.2 Yet effective vaccines are lacking for HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and helminths, and improved diagnostics and interventions are required. Concurrently, escalating non-communicable disease (NCD) rates3 present opportunities to explore infection-NCD relationships in ways no longer possible in resource-rich settings4 and genetic studies promise new insights into immunobiology because genetic variability in Africa is so high.5, 6 These African challenges and opportunities call for Infection  &  Immunity (I & I) research, in which key disciplines are immunology, molecular biology and bioinformatics. High infectious disease endemicity means that African scientists have unrivalled opportunities to conduct translational I & I research of global importance, embedded within strong epidemiological study designs (Figure 2). However, strong African capacity is necessary for sustainable, regionally-based research on African health priorities, and development in basic sciences has lagged behind clinical and epidemiological expertise.7 In Uganda, this gap hasbeen recognised: the National Development Plan8 and Vision 20409 prioritise science investment; basic science is a research priority at Makerere University;10 an African Development Bank (ADB) loan is developing laboratory infrastructure at Ugandan institutions (question(q)1j-k). The Makerere University UVRI Centre of Excellence for Infection and Immunity research and training (MUII-plusi) strategy is to drive I & I science in Uganda by bringing together scientists from the foremost health research institute (the Uganda Virus Research Institute, UVRI), and foremost university (Makerere), with their world-class, external collaborators, to support excellence in I & I research and training. Building on experience since 2008, and aligning with the Trust's DELTAS strategy [indicated in italics] MUII-plus will 1. Promote Africa-relevant I & I scientific excellence [Scientific Quality]. Transitioning from a training programme, the MUII-plus Centre of Excellence will comprise senior Ugandan I & Iscientists and young, emerging leaders, their research groups, trainees, and international collaborators: a mutually-supportive platform for world-class Africa-relevant science and training. 2. Provide career training for African I & I research leaders [Research Training] through a. Career-pathway fellowships: Uganda-based, with international collaboration and cosupervision b. Focus on bioinformatics: ring-fenced bioinformatic fellowships and project grants; shortcourses integrated with partner-network opportunities c. Focus on emerging  &  re-emerging infectious diseases: ring-fenced PhD opportunities at College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB) d. Improved efficiency and quality in I & I Masters training: Coordination of courses across Makerere colleges; expert input from Uganda partners, and video-conferencing from Cambridge e. Professional development and citizenship: mentored leadership experience; curriculum of workshops f. Planning for sustainability and succession 3. Utilise and enhance the UVRI-Makerere I & I research environment [Management/Environment]: a. Drive research in new laboratories developed during phase 1 (MUII-1i), in new, CoVAB, biosecurity laboratories, in the MRC-funded Uganda Medical Informatics Centre b. Strengthen research support at lead institution, UVRI 4. Engage in outreach [Citizenship]: developing communication skills; raising public awareness, networking scientists and trainees, sharing resources and research findings, interacting with policy makers, promoting implementation","ents":[{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":59,"end":65},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":642,"end":648},{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":1274,"end":1280},{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":1725,"end":1731},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":2121,"end":2127},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":2450,"end":2456},{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":2609,"end":2615},{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":3113,"end":3119}]}
+{"text":"Dengue poses a significant global public health risk to 3.6 billion people in more than 150 countries. A recent study estimates that Dengue has infected ~400 million people globally in the year 2010, of which 34% were people in India.A vaccine against dengue remains an unmet healthcare need in India and world-wide. Anti- DENV antibodies which are cross-reactive, but not cross-protective, tend to exacerbate disease through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). For a useful dengue vaccine, safety and efficacy are inter-linked and a dengue vaccine therefore needs to simultaneously protect against all four DENVs. The major thrust of efforts in the past several decades has been on the development of Live-Attenuated-Vaccines (LAV). The persistent difficulty of various dengue LAV candidates in eliciting a balanced immune response against all the four serotypes has serious safety implications.With the support of an Affordable Healthcare in India Award, Dr Navin Khanna at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, India (\u2018ICGEB\u2019) will be aiming to develop an affordable, safe and efficacious \u2018four-in-one\u2019 dengue subunit vaccine candidate (DSV4). The vaccine is based on a non-replicating VLP platform presenting EDIIIs of all four DENVs in a single entity and uses the high capacity P. pastoris expression system. The project involves process development and pre-clinical studies of this novel vaccine candidate in a dengue sensitive mouse model.","ents":[{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":228,"end":233},{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":295,"end":300}]}
+{"text":"Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe form of TB, affects the brain and spine. Over 100,000 children and adults suffer from TBM yearly, of which up to a half die and a quarter are left disabled. These appalling outcomes are driven by:\n\n\n Delay in diagnosis - there is no reliable test;\n Suboptimal antibiotic treatment \u2013 rifampicin, the key antibiotic, doesn\u2019t reach therapeutic levels in spinal fluid.\n\n\nI will address these challenges through TBM research based in Uganda. We will perform lumbar puncture (spinal tap) on ~240 people presenting to hospital with symptoms of meningitis. We will evaluate an exciting new test \u2018Xpert MTB/Rif Ultra\u2019 on spinal fluid, potentially a fast and reliable fully-automated way of diagnosing TBM.\n\n \n\nPersons with TBM will be invited to join a clinical trial (RIFT trial). Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three groups receiving different rifampicin doses. We will then measure levels of rifampicin in blood, spinal fluid, and brain tissue (among deaths) to determine whether target levels are reached. We will also study other important clinical factors. \n","ents":[{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":475,"end":481}]}
+{"text":"Hypothesis: The Caucasus region acts as a hub for the intercontinental movement of avian influenza viruses. I aim to: 1) establish the role of wild birds in disseminating HPAI viruses from Asia into the Middle East, Europe and Africa 2) understand evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza viruses in a region with a high population turnover due to frequent migration events 3) identify the selection pressures driving LPAI virus evolution in the Caucasus region 4) assist the full integration  of Georgia into international avian influenza virus surveillance In Georgia, I will survey the prevalence of LPAI and HPAI viruses in the Caucasus wild bird population using avian capture and sampling techniques. I will look for evidence of virus transmission between bird species from different flyways by comparing Caucasus region avian influenza virus isolates with those circulating in Asia and from other geographic flyways. After antigenic characterization and sequencing of positive isolate s, I will quantify the antigenic and genetic evolution of LPAI virus subtypes in the wild birds using antigenic cartography and phylogenetic methods to investigate virus evolution in response to immune selection pressure within the natural host. I will transfer knowledge of antigenic cartography to Georgian scientists.","ents":[{"text":"Caucasus","label":"LOC","start":16,"end":24},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":189,"end":193},{"text":"the Middle East","label":"LOC","start":199,"end":214},{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":216,"end":222},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":227,"end":233},{"text":"Caucasus","label":"LOC","start":446,"end":454},{"text":"Georgia","label":"GPE","start":497,"end":504},{"text":"Georgia","label":"GPE","start":562,"end":569},{"text":"Caucasus","label":"LOC","start":632,"end":640},{"text":"Caucasus","label":"LOC","start":811,"end":819},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":884,"end":888}]}
+{"text":"The 1958 Birth Cohort (1958BC) recruited 17,416 British newborns 3-9 March 1958. A BiomedicalResource (58BMR) was later created by the biomedical survey (Strachan, Power, Bynner[2002/3]) to include extensive questionnaire data, physical measures and biosamples on 1958BCparticipants. The biosamples, stored in ALSPAC laboratories at the University of Bristol, includeblood, urine and saliva (9,000+ participants), DNA (8000+), lymphoblastic cell lines (7,500+). Mostparticipants providing DNA have been genome-wide-genotyped (data held at European-Genome-Phenome-Archive). Other data are held at UK-Data-Archive, managed by Centre for LongitudinalStudies. The 58BMR is used widely by biomedical, social and population scientists nationally andworldwide. 58FORWARDS will maintain and develop the infrastructure for managing, linking andreleasing biosamples/data from 58BMR, facilitating scientific exploitation by makingbiosamples/data readily available for sharing. 58FORWARDS has three aims: (1) Fund andsupport pre-existing procedures and systems that have underpinned the 58BMR for  > 10 years; (2)Ensure targeted development of key systems and procedures to meet rapid, and understandable,changes in the strategy of national funders regarding infrastructural support for major UK cohorts;(3) Ensure that access to data and biosamples from the 58BMR remains streamlined and securethrough all maintenance and development work.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1281,"end":1283}]}
+{"text":"Every week a unique group meets in Portsmouth. People of different ages and backgrounds,  but with one thing in common. None of them will be alive by the end of the 12 week project they have signed up for. Rowans Hospice is carrying out pioneering work with patients. Lead clinician Dr Beadon,  believes that many people facing death, cannot put a coherent narrative together of what is happening to them as their bodies change their and mental processes alter. We follow one group at the hosp ice as they work with Dr Beadon.","ents":[{"text":"Portsmouth","label":"GPE","start":35,"end":45}]}
+{"text":"Trypanosoma brucei and related tsetse-transmitted parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and other animals in sub-Saharan Africa. Thedevastating human disease, African sleeping sickness, threatens millions of people in some of the poorest, most remote areas of the world, and the relatedcattle disease is of huge economic importance. Together these diseases significantly impact on the economy and development of affected countries. There is a desperate need for a deeper understanding of the biology of these parasites, which can then be exploited for the development of novel approachesto combat these diseases. Here I propose to examine the nature of the parasite's metabolism for a number of reasons: (1) there are several unique features of trypanosome metabolism, (2) metabolism can underpin phenotypic variation, (3) currently little is known about how trypanosomes control their metabolism and (4) metabolic pathways can be novel drug targets. The approach I propose is to combine genome-wide forward genetics with metabolomics analysis. This approach will allow me to ascertain how genetic variation","ents":[{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":133,"end":151}]}
+{"text":" The MSc in Global Health within the Faculty of Social Science at the University of Southampton is a multi-disciplinary programme designed to equip students with the necessary skills to understand and respond to global health challenges. Our previous award from the Wellcome  Master's Programme Award in Humanities and Social Science enabled three talented students from low- and middle-income countries to attend this highly successful programme.  They have gained an extensive understanding of key issues in Global Health from a social science perspective as well as strong quantitative skills that provide a firm basis for a successful career in research.  They have also established enduring links with Global Health academics within the University who will continue to support and advise them.  \n\nWe are now requesting funding for a further five studentships.  Three will again be ring-fenced for students from low- and middle-income countries, while the other two will be open to UK students in order to build further capacity in global health research within the UK.  In addition to gaining subject knowledge, quantitative expertise and transferable skills for the workplace, they will also be supported in planning their future careers and offered opportunities for networking and gaining specific training and experience.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":986,"end":988},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1070,"end":1072}]}
+{"text":"The proposed research will test whether Rapid Ethical Assessment can be introduced as a mainstream tool to enhance biomedical research ethics appraisal in Ethiopia. Review of literature will shape a quantitative study to assess the most important issues to have affected research ethics review todate. A qualitative study will then explore deeper sociological, anthropological and ethical dimensions to the issues surrounding ethical appraisal. From the information gathered, tools based on the Rapid Ethical Assessment used in the Gambia will be developed and presented at a one-day stakeholder workshop. After feedback from participants, the tools will be piloted in at least three community-based epidemiologic research projects in Ethiopia. Basedon evaluations made, the tools will be further refined, and presented to a wider audience through a second 3-5 day workshop. A database made up of Rapid Ethical Assessments preceding a range of studies will be compiled, and will beavailable to interested researchers, on application.","ents":[{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":155,"end":163},{"text":"Gambia","label":"GPE","start":532,"end":538},{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":735,"end":743}]}
+{"text":"The project will pursue three, inter-related areas of research. The first is the role of medicine in the processes, humanisation, reform, and abolition of capital punishment in nineteenth and twentieth-century Britain. This will entail analysis of secondary and primary sources, with particular attention to medical journals, parliamentary reports, and archival papers. The research will result in an article for a journal in the history of medicine. Secondly, we will undertake historical research o n additional medical themes that arise as a result of the 'Immersive Museum Theatre' process. This will involve surveys of secondary literature but also the identification of primary sources that will act as prompts in the creation of theatre. Themes include infanticide, the history of poisoning, the insanity plea and medical evidence in trials, the effects of long-term imprisonment on body and mind, and the uses of the executed body. Our goal is to contribute to the creation of theatre that eng ages with but also challenges the history of medicine. The third area of research is the study and evaluation of the collaboration. Here, our goal is to contribute to the development of a closer relation between research and public engagement within history of medicine.","ents":[{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":210,"end":217}]}
+{"text":"X-ray mammography is the most common technique for breast cancer screening, a leading cause of death in the UK, but it is often inaccurate and causes damage due to ionising radiation. Photoacoustic imaging is a promising new technique for mammography that measures ultrasound waves created by laser light absoption in structures such as blood vessels in human tissue. However, it is challenging to design an imaging system with a large penetration depth because the detection sensitivity is a complex function of many different factors. This research project will compare different ultrasound detectors to be applied to human breast imaging (photoacoustic mammography) in order to help determine what kind of detector is most promising when designing imaging systems. The detectors will be tested using phantom imaging experiments that consist of blood vessel-like tubes placed in an optically scattering liquid to represent human biological tissue. By pulsing the system with a laser, ultrasound waves will be produced and the sensor will detect them. The goal of the research is to evaluate the performance of different ultrasound sensors. In the future, this will enable the selection of an optimal ultrasound sensor for designing new photoacoustic imaging systems.\n\n \n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":108,"end":110}]}
+{"text":"Unlike other childhood cancers genomic abnormalities are currently not used in the clinical management of aggressive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and we cannot predict which children will or will not respond to therapy. There is huge disparity between outcome for children with BL in high- and low-income countries ( > 90% vs 50%) and BL remains a substantial global health challenge. For those patients who do not respond to front-line treatment or who relapse, outcome is dismal in both settings. There is, therefore, a clear clinical need to identify biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. Knowledge of the key genetic defects driving the pathogenesis of BL and disease progression is essential to develop rational targeted therapies suitable for both low- and high-income countries. In this project we will use cutting-edge next-generation sequencing approaches to fully characterise the genome complexity of patients with relapsed disease. Analysis of matched diagnostic and relapse samples from children diagnosed with BL in the UK and Malawi will enable the key abnormalities associated with disease progression to be identified. Our overall aim is to identify the specific abnormalities which could be targeted by novel drugs to improve survival for children diagnosed who are currently not cured by frontline treatment.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1029,"end":1031},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":1036,"end":1042}]}
+{"text":"The vision for the Centre is to help tackle the urgent unmet medical need and lack of drug discovery research for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) by creating the hub for NTD drug discovery and being the collaborator of choice for academics, Pharma and Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) in the translation of discovery science into drug candidates.\n \n The success of this vision will be evidenced by increased integration, efficiency and effectiveness of the discovery science, drug discovery and mode-of-action teams in Dundee, providing:\n \nAccelerated delivery of NTD drug candidates for our PDP partners, with an initial focus on visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. \nImproved paradigms for carrying out NTD drug discovery, including improved understanding of PKPD relationships and more predictive disease models.\nImproved methodology to determine drug modes of action and resistance mechanisms.\nIncreased exploitation of novel drug targets through structure based drug discovery, involving collaborators worldwide.\nTraining and support for international scientists in the theory and practice of NTD drug discovery.\nIncreased public engagement and awareness of the impact of, and need for, new medicines for NTDs and a greater understanding of the nature and importance of drug discovery.","ents":[{"text":"Dundee","label":"GPE","start":529,"end":535}]}
+{"text":"Children exposed to abuse, neglect, and dysfunctional home environments (e.g., parental substance abuse, mental illness, domestic violence) have an elevated risk of developing costly and impairing mental health problems. However, as highlighted in a recent report by the UK Science and Technology Select Committee, the extent to which these adverse childhood experiences cause mental health problems is not known. This is because children exposed to adversities are likely to have other genetic and environmental risk factors for mental health problems, which may confound previously observed associations.\n\nI will apply causal inference methods to disentangle the effects of adverse childhood experiences on mental health from genetic and environmental confounds. In doing so, I will make use of data from three large population-based cohorts of children from the UK, Sweden, and Norway, with measures of adverse childhood experiences, mental health, and potential confounding factors (including genetic data). By examining whether findings converge across different causal inference methods with different assumptions, I will be able to draw more confident conclusions about the effects of adverse childhood experiences on mental health. In turn, the findings will indicate the extent to which interventions targeting adverse childhood experiences could prevent children from developing mental health problems.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":865,"end":867},{"text":"Sweden","label":"GPE","start":869,"end":875},{"text":"Norway","label":"GPE","start":881,"end":887}]}
+{"text":"King's College London (KCL) and its partners the Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust (GSTT), King's College Hospital (KCH) and South London and Maudsley (SLAM) NHS Trusts propose a Clinical Research Facility (CRF) to support research into neuroscience and psychiatry, cell therapy, immunology and the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. In addressing the strategically important area of mental health, the design of the KCL CRF permits us to examine the possibility that inflammatory immune responses significantly exacerbate neuropathology. Thus, optimised cell infusion therapies in a context of immunological tolerance may play a major role in the treatment of neurodegeneration, developmental disorders, and unwanted immunity against allergens, self, and cell and organ transplants. Importantly, this proposal is possible because it builds on internationally competitive research in neuroscience and in immunology that is collectively supported by several MRC and Wellcome Trust Programme Grants, and that involves three of the four MRC Centres awarded to KCL. To optimally align basic and clinical research strengths the CRF will compose a hub and spoke structure. The hub adjacent to the Institute of Psychiatry (IOP) at Denmark Hill (DH) will focus on neuroimaging and the development of novel therapeutics for mental health. The spoke at Guy's Hospital will drive the clinical application of advances in immune regulation being made in the adjacent immunological research laboratories, and will include a GMP facility for cell production. The two units will be run under a single management structure based at DH, which has established experience in GMP licensing and other major logistical aspects of clinical research. This is possible because of a strategic alliance already established between KCL, KCH and GSTT in clinical trial training, administration and delivery which is funded in part by the London Development Agency. Moreover, the focus of the CRF is aligned to the local Trusts' strategic priorities and to their long term commitment to excellence in clinical care. The CRF will play a local and regional role in training new generations of clinical researchers and support staff, and by its nature will enhance cross-disciplinary scholarship that can put UK clinical research at the leading edge. The cost of construction and equipment is estimated at \u00a38m of which \u00a34m is requested here; matching funding will be provided by KCL, its partners and from other sources secured through fundraising (\u00a33m secure already).","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":2293,"end":2295}]}
+{"text":"Lab_13 Ghana is part of a network of Lab_13s founded on the principles of creating a space where children can explore the science questions which matterto them; where curiosity is encouraged and experiment driven by imagination. We want to inspire the next generation of passionate scientists harnessing theskills they, and their countries, need for success There are 3 (soon to be 9) Lab_13s in the UK. Lab_13 Ghana is the first to open in Africa. The lab is run by a management committee of young people, supported by a team of Scientists in Residence (SiRs), who are not teachers act as guides to the students in their investigations. For many students Lab_13 will be their first and only school experience of practical science. Lab-13 Ghana is a partnership between Lightyear Foundation, with many years experience of running participatory science sessions in Ghana schools, and Ignite!, who developed the concept of Lab_13 in the UK. The ultimate aim is for the programme to be managed locally. A Ghana Advisory Board (GAB) has beenset up to facilitate this process. A 5 month pilot is under way, taking its first students in March 2015. 22 schools have already signed up to participate. The next stage of the programme is to open a second lab alongside the pilot for 12 months. In addition to doubling the reach we will monitor the academic benefit over a longer period and work with the GAB to move towards a sustainable locally owned operation.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":400,"end":402},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":441,"end":447},{"text":"Ghana","label":"GPE","start":864,"end":869},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":935,"end":937}]}
+{"text":"The Glasgow Medical Humanities Network is a 36-month programme of activity bringing into closer integration and strategic co-ordination the centres of excellence in medical humanities currently distributed across the city\u2019s universities (Glasgow, Strathclyde, Glasgow Caledonian), campuses (including Crichton Campus, Dumfries), and collections. An expanded online medical humanities hub will accompany a programme of training workshops and research events (symposia, and a conference) over three years, with an emphasis on strategic partnership with civic collections and knowledge exchange stakeholders. Three conceptual foci on \u2018Objects\u2019, \u2018Place\u2019, and \u2018Time\u2019 will integrate and stimulate new work, with a focus on Early Career development through training, employment opportunities, and a responsive fund for pilot projects. Enhanced diversity of participation will be ensured through regular monitoring and best practice, overseen by a dedicated Diversity Officer on the Network Steering Group.\n","ents":[{"text":"Glasgow","label":"GPE","start":238,"end":245},{"text":"Strathclyde","label":"GPE","start":247,"end":258},{"text":"Dumfries","label":"GPE","start":318,"end":326}]}
+{"text":"The Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre (CAIC) is applying for funds to implement Light Sheet Fluorescent Microscopy (LSFM) for time-lapse imaging of biological processes and a centralised computational infrastructure for storage and analysis of image data by the CAIC community. LSFM introduces a step change in imaging thick living specimens by allowing high imaging speed and depth penetration, while minimising phototoxicity and improving signal-to-nose ratio compared to previous methods. We will  implement two separate LSFMs optimised for different microscopic scales: 1) cellular resolution imaging in tissues; 2) subcellular resolution within cells. To store and process the large amounts of data generated, we will install a Storage Area Network with an initial 300 Terrabyte capacity, with expansion potential to Petabytes. We will acquire high performance graphics workstations for interactive data visualisation and evaluation. Two support staff will be employed to implement the app lication of this advanced equipment to biological research: an imaging associate will train users and help design experiments to take full advantage of light sheet imaging. Second, an image analysis programmer will give expert support in techniques of automated image analysis and data processing for the large volumes of data produced.","ents":[{"text":"Petabytes","label":"LOC","start":822,"end":831}]}
+{"text":"Transplant will explore the details of transplantation, considering issues and practices across a range of disciplines, addressing cultural, medical and associated philosophical concerns.  On average, 15 major organs are circulated in the UK everyday.  Providing a visible and tangible form for this process, the project will reveal the unfolding circumstances of medical intervention exploring several themes - surgical intervention; guest/host relationships; organic interchange and embodied intimacy; liminal states and transit - which, taken together, broadly consider perceptions of reconfigured bodies.  A film work, publication, and national, real-time 'dataspace' and installation will result, detailing the human organ gift, its procurement and carriage.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":239,"end":241}]}
+{"text":"Little is known about the impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) healthcare costs on household care-seeking behaviour and risk of impoverishment in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). Nested within PURE, an 18-country study on CVD, the goal of this project is to develop and implement standardised instruments for measuring the impact of CVD healthcare costs on patient households, and to pilot these instruments in three LMIC (Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa). Data on healthcare exp enditure and utilisation collected from over 1500 household surveys will be analysed and compared against data from pictorial diaries filled out by the same households. The impact of CVD healthcare costs on catastrophic spending and likelihood of forgoing care will be analysed and the relative appropriateness of either data collection method will be assessed for subsequent research. Qualitative interviews will be conducted to examine long-term effects of distress financing (e.g. borrowing money  to finance healthcare) on household healthcare-seeking decisions and risk of impoverishment, and to identify CVD healthcare costs not captured by quantitative data collection. Tools developed by this project will subsequently be applied in all PURE countries and evidence generated will be of major importance for global health policy.","ents":[{"text":"Tanzania","label":"GPE","start":432,"end":440},{"text":"Zimbabwe","label":"GPE","start":442,"end":450},{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":455,"end":467}]}
+{"text":"Vector control using Insecticide treated materials (ITM) has been the primary intervention of choice to curb the spread of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Widespread use of these interventions has led to decline of malaria transmission, morbidity and mortality thus prompting World health organization and other players to consider shifting their focus from controlling to elimination phase. However, the major challenge to Kenya and other countries aiming to eliminate malaria is residual transmission, sustained by increased changes in vector population composition, behavioral changes in secondary vectors of malaria and the rising level of insecticide resistance (IR).\nTo  effectively manage IR and maximize effectiveness of the current and future control interventions, I propose to conduct a comprehensive study to characterize IR genotypes of these vectors; to determine how population structures influences changes in vector behavior, rates of gene flow and frequency of IR genes; to determine the association of sporozoite rates, environmental and socio-economic factors with IR frequency and also to determine how evolution of variabilities in IR gene loci over time leads to increased IR frequency in Kenya.","ents":[{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":134,"end":152},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":423,"end":428},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1211,"end":1216}]}
+{"text":"In this project, I want to understand whether the ways in which responses to migration and health are limited at a regional level in Southern Africa resonates in the Asia and the Pacific context.\n\nUsing an analysis of existing literature and original research with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), this research will do three things:\n\n\n Suggest ways in which the newly established Migration Health and Development Research Initiative (MHADRI) network, as part of the Migration Health Research Portal committed to the development of early career researchers, could strengthen and respond to gaps in the existing literature around the roles that are and can be played by supranational, specifically regional, organisations in around issues of migration and health;\n Start to develop an understanding of intraregional migration management in Asia and the Pacific, in relation to that of intraregional migration management in Southern Africa; and\n Reflect on lessons learnt by the IOM, as a non-state organisation, in working with regional structures and actors, to better inform understandings of the working relationships between state and non-state actors across contexts.\n\n","ents":[{"text":"Southern Africa","label":"LOC","start":133,"end":148},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":166,"end":170},{"text":"Pacific","label":"LOC","start":179,"end":186},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":858,"end":862},{"text":"Pacific","label":"LOC","start":871,"end":878},{"text":"Southern Africa","label":"LOC","start":941,"end":956}]}
+{"text":"Typhoid is a serious infection which kills up to 600,000 people every year. Many children and adults are affected by the disease and it is the commonest bacterial cause of fever in children attending hospital in some parts of South Asia. It is very expensive to undertake the field studies that are needed to see if new vaccines work and this has stalled development of some new generation vaccines which might give better protection against typhoid. In this project a research team lead by Professor Andrew Pollard from Oxford University will use a model of infection in healthy volunteers to see if a new vaccine can prevent the disease. The researchers will also use the model to understand typhoid infection better and study which components of immunity are important in vaccine protection. The team will use the model to try to develop new blood or urine tests for better diagnosis of typhoid. It is hoped that these studies will improve case management and move vaccine development more quickly to eventually save lives.","ents":[{"text":"South Asia","label":"LOC","start":226,"end":236}]}
+{"text":"Breast cancer is the second most common cancer to affect women in Ireland. Approximately 15% of breast cancers are described as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer which lacks the receptors for oestrogen and progesterone and do not overexpress HER2. This renders hormone treatment and the monoclonal antibody Herceptin/Trastuzumab ineffective.\n\n \n\nTNBC is a particularly aggressive and invasive form of breast cancer which has recently been shown to have its own unique microbiome. These microbiome may contribute in driving the pathogenic process. It is also suggested that cancer microbiomes may play a significant role in chemoresistance.\n\n \n\nOur objective is to determine the association of the breast cancer tumour microbiome with tumour proliferation and chemotherapeutic drug efficacy. Importantly for this study, bacteria have been shown to be potentially involved in the degradation of chemotherapeutic drugs.\n\n \n\nIn summary, tumour microbiome is beginning to gain recognition as one of the hallmarks of cancer. If our research were to show a link between the microbiome and the cancer cells\u2019 proliferation and innate resistance to treatment, it could pave the way for further investigation into possibilities of treating cancer patients with antibiotics in addition to chemotherapeutics to improve clinical outcome.\n","ents":[{"text":"Ireland","label":"GPE","start":66,"end":73}]}
+{"text":"This project will catalogue, preserve and conserve five internationally-important collections which tell the story of how Edinburgh became one of the world's centres of genetics research. These collections are (1) the library, papers and photographic slides of the Roslin Institute (2) papers of J. C. Ewart (3) papers of C. H. Waddington (4) records of the Institute of Animal Genetics (5) F.A.E. Crew Collection. We will open up these collections and set them in their context, in terms of the history of scientific research and of the human story behind the work in Edinburgh which they reveal. The bulk of the material is archival or printed, produced between 1890 and 2007, but there are older items dating back to 1573. These earlier items indicate the deep roots of the Edinburgh genetics community; they also present us with a challenging range of material needing different levels of work. These collections require preservation work to prevent serious deterioration, and are largely uncatalogued or accessible only via basic handlists. An experienced Project Archivist and Book Cataloguer will create appropriate online catalogue records, with generous interpretative support from academic colleagues. The Archivist and Cataloguer will perform basic remedial preservation work, mainly cleaning and rehousing items; an accredited Conservator will repair items whose current physical condition prevents usage. This material will become accessible to a world-wide audience and prepared for eventual digitisation. We will also scope other collections still in private / departmental care for future projects.","ents":[{"text":"Edinburgh","label":"GPE","start":122,"end":131},{"text":"Edinburgh","label":"GPE","start":569,"end":578},{"text":"Edinburgh","label":"GPE","start":777,"end":786}]}
+{"text":"Dengue fever is a major public health problem [1-3] which basically relies on vector control through the use of insecticides, larvicides [4] and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in Australia [5].  These control strategies are challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance, biting time and financial constraints [6-10].  Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) is an intervention that I believe may have the potential to be developed into a new tool against Aedes mosquitoes. This strategy has shown to reduce other disease transmiting mosquitoes such as Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles sergenti [11-13]. Our previous work [14] showed that by combining an ATSB with a resting place increased the bait-fed Anopheles arabiensis number compared to non-resting place. This tool (attractive toxic sugar-baited resting place (ATSB-RP)) is a new method exploiting sugar feeding behaviour of disaese vectors.\nI intend to determine the Ivermectin concentration capable of killing 90% of  Aedes. Aegypti  and investigate if Ae.aegypti  will sugar feed even if the host is constantly available. Finally I will determine the percentage of wild Ae.aegypti  attracted by ATSB-RPs in the field.\nMy findings will introduce ATSB-RPs as a potential control tool against Ae.aegypti and may be further investigated to determine the epidemiological impact on dengue transmission. ","ents":[{"text":"Australia","label":"GPE","start":178,"end":187}]}
+{"text":"My research explores how understandings of food allergy have changed during the twentieth century.  Despite the clinical, cultural and political significance of food allergy, there has been little historical investigation of the subject.  Although food allergy is now the subject of intense medical research, lobbying and legislation, it was considered witchcraft, a fad, or a racket  for much of the twentieth century, and an area of clinical practice that was certain to discredit those who resear ched and treated it.   The aim of this project is to examine how food allergy was transformed from a marginalised, ridiculed subject to a medical phenomenon which has changed the ways in which food is processed, marketed and consumed.  My sources will include the medical literature in which the debates about food allergy occurred, encompassing both published and archival material found in the UK and North America.  I will also use newspaper, magazine and online sources, and conduct interviews of  patients, allergists and activists who have engaged in and been affected by the debates about food allergy.  My goal will be to publish a monograph and journal articles on the subject, and to contribute to informed public debate about food allergy.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":896,"end":898},{"text":"North America","label":"LOC","start":903,"end":916}]}
+{"text":"This core facility at King\u2019s College London (KCL) will form the hub of a multi-institution consortium of leading UK molecular imaging researchers and their clinical and biomedical collaborators. It will provide radiochemists and radiobiologists with a unique, comprehensive range of radioanalytical equipment for development and characterisation of the next generation of radiopharmaceuticals for whole-body molecular imaging, cell tracking and targeted radionuclide therapy.\n\nThe objectives are to:\n\n\n enable chemical synthesis and analysis, and biological evaluation, of new radiochemical platforms and radiopharmaceuticals, and develop radiosynthetic protocols for their clinical translation;\n develop a new generation of radiotracers, building on recent innovations to help develop and support the clinical use of new advanced therapies: novel molecular, cell-based, nano and radio therapies;\n use radionuclide molecular imaging to understand disease environment, pathology and resistance to treatment.\n\n\nThe facility will enable a consortium of chemists, biologists, pharmacists and clinicians to pursue these objectives across cancer, immunology, neurology, cardiovascular disease, infection, regenerative medicine and transplant therapies, through collaboration with the applicants and through direct access.\n\nThe requested equipment will complement existing KCL research facilities including whole-body preclinical imaging PET/CT and SPECT/CT scanners funded by a previous Wellcome Multi-User Equipment Grant (2008 \u2013 2013).\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":113,"end":115}]}
+{"text":"Nutrition security, health and environmental systems are closely interlinked and need to be jointly managed. This requires long-term monitoring and observations systems, modelling and assessment tools, as well as integrated technological and institutional solutions. NUTRI-SCOPE will link global-scale, long-term scenarios on the food system under socio-economic and environmental change with a well-selected sample of empirical sub-national assessments of nutritional impacts in children under five. Bridging global and sub-national scales will be facilitated by specific national socio-economic assessments. Within the existing INDEPTH network of long-term health and demographic surveillance systems we will determine the causal relationships between environmental changes, food availability, nutritional status and health indicators. The derived impact functions will be used in national and global-scale models to generate future scenarios on nutrition and public health under socio-economic and environmental changes. With this modelling framework, integrated technological and institutional solutions for improving nutrition security and health will be assessed, contributing to improved policy decisions. The initial focus will be on six countries in Africa and Asia, including ground-truthing of modelling results. The long-term goal is to establish an integrated, multi-scale monitoring and assessment framework at the interface between the global food system, public health, nutrition, and environmental change.","ents":[{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":1259,"end":1265},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":1270,"end":1274}]}
+{"text":"The Colonial Copperbelt Malaria Control Programme in Zambia \n\nThis book-length project reconsiders the seminal event in the development of mining on Zambia's Copperbelt and in the history of tropical medicine and its uses for industry -- the Ross Institute Expedition to the Copperbelt in 1929. On the advice of the Expedition's experts, including William Simpson and Malcolm Watson, mine managers began a sanitation campaign against malaria and other diseases. Malaria control proved to be highly successful in this case. I am examining the reasons for the success of the programme, its relevance to today's malaria control efforts and its interpretation by African miners, mosquito control workers and inhabitants of the Copperbelt.\n \nThe resulting book, Snake Spirits and Garden Cities: The Moral Economy of Malaria in Colonial Zambia, requires additional work in Zambian archives for its completion - in particular, the mining industry archives, which were unexpectedly closed in July 2007 when I traveled to Zambia an another Wellcome Trust travel grant. At that time I was able to finish the proposed work in the Zambian National Archives, but was unable to undertake the newly instituted and Lengthy process of gaining access to the mining industry archives.\n","ents":[{"text":"Zambia","label":"GPE","start":53,"end":59},{"text":"Zambia","label":"GPE","start":149,"end":155},{"text":"Copperbelt","label":"LOC","start":158,"end":168},{"text":"Copperbelt","label":"LOC","start":723,"end":733},{"text":"Zambia","label":"GPE","start":1013,"end":1019}]}
+{"text":"The project aims to secure and enhance access to a collection of rare officialdocuments relating to the history of medicine in British India in the later 19th and early 20th century (though some pre-date this), by providing digital copies of the full texts and illustrations and enabling preservation of the originals for the future. \"Disease control in British India\", our previous successful Wellcome Trust-funded project, is now complete, as is the accompanying website \"MedicalHistory of British India\", and phase 2 of the project (health of the army, andother related documents) is well under way. This additional material greatly enhances what the National Library of Scotland is developing as a huge and important resource for medical historians, as well as military and colonial historians, and historians of South Asia. There is also interest for medical practitioners and researchers in the field, as well as some interest for the local ethnic community. We would hope eventually to add all the medical material from the India Papers collection, enabling this rich, and often rare,material to become globally available. We are aiming to produce preservation microfilm copies of the material as well as digital images and to provide access to texts through a web-based feature that would enable keyword searching of full text and of title, author, location, subject category, publication date and location.","ents":[{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":135,"end":140},{"text":"South Asia","label":"LOC","start":817,"end":827}]}
+{"text":"This project will explore the ways in which reading was viewed as simultaneously psychologically disruptive and restorative within nineteenth-century asylums, and examine how reading was utilised through medical directives as part of the therapeutic regime. How did patients experience print culture within asylums during a period of increasing medicalisation of mental health treatment?\n\nI will gather a variety of perspectives on the psychological benefits and dangers of reading from nineteenth-century sources, both from asylum professionals and from cultural commentators, to contrast professional and lay attitudes towards reading as treatment.\n\nI will collect a large quantity of data from archival material from a representative sample of asylums across Britain. This dataset will allow me to make a comparison of the ways in which material was collected and made accessible to patients, and to identify the relationship between \u2018ideal\u2019 material and that consumed by patients.\n\nFinally, I will use asylum records and first-person writing by patients to assess actual patient experience of reading versus the ostensible provision, and evaluate the impact of location, gender and class on levels of access to reading. This project will challenge notions of the \u2018failure\u2019 of the moral treatment regime and examine an earlier history of reading-as-therapy.\n","ents":[{"text":"Britain","label":"GPE","start":762,"end":769}]}
+{"text":"Otherwise asymptomatic high bone mass (HBM) individuals whose BMD is approximately twice normal due to excess bone formation are not uncommon. Several HBM families have previously been described, in whom radiological features such as increased cortical thickness occur in association with LRP5 gene mutations causing excessive osteoblast stimulation. In this fellowship, I aim to perform the first systematic characterisation of the HBM phenotype, by ascertaining HBM probands and their first degree relatives identified from searches of DXA databases at over 15 UK centres. I will determine whether this phenotype is generally associated with greater cortical thickness as quantified by pQCT and automated metacarpal radiogrammetry, and with increased bone formation as reflected by biochemical markers. I will confirm that HBM is associated with a decreased risk of fracture, and establish whether there is an increased risk of osteoarthritis based on analysis of hand, pelvic and knee radiographs. I will also analyse how commonly HBM is caused by LRP5 gene mutations, by relating this phenotype to results from gene sequencing analyses. Finally, I will determine whether HBM also segregates as a monogenic trait in families without LRP5 gene mutations, thereby providing the basis for gene-mapping studies intended to identify novel HBM-causing genes.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":563,"end":565}]}
+{"text":"Urbanisation is a major demographic trend globally. Informal settlements account for much urban growth, exacerbating the inextricably linked challenges of sanitation, water provision, and public health. The conventional \u2018big pipes\u2019 solution to these challenges has changed little in 150 years, comes at major financial, environmental, and social costs, and frequently overlooks informal settlements. We have pioneered an alternative, water-sensitive approach that integrates sustainable design with the management of the water-cycle, benefiting human health and urban ecosystems. This decentralised, climate-change sensitive approach provides financial flexibility for multistage developments and adaptability to future technologies. It promises a solution to the water services challenges of informal settlements, yet has only been demonstrated in developed world settings.\nWe will examine whether the water-sensitive approach can be applied to revitalise developing-world informal settlements to improve environmental and public health outcomes. Our evidence-based assessment of its efficacy across 24 settlements, poorly served by water infrastructure in Makassar and Suva, will deliver the first public health and environmental data on the benefits and risks of water-sensitive approaches. Our scientific, economic and implementation findings will provide the basis for profound changes to infrastructure policies, investments, loan strategies, and their sustainability across the Asia-Pacific and the developing world.","ents":[{"text":"Makassar","label":"GPE","start":1158,"end":1166},{"text":"Suva","label":"GPE","start":1171,"end":1175},{"text":"the Asia-Pacific","label":"LOC","start":1481,"end":1497}]}
+{"text":"The aim of this project is to investigate the causes of morbidity and the response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adolescents aged 12-18 years in Harare, Zimbabwe.  The objectives are:  To investigate the spectrum of HIV-related disease in adolescents admitted to hospital, with a special focus on respiratory and febrile illnesses.  To investigate mortality, disease progression, development, sexual behaviour and psychosocial circumstances (quality of life, schooling, knowledge of HIV diagnosis) in HIV-infected adolescents before and after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART).  To investigate efficacy and toxicity of currently used ART regimes recommended by WHO in HIV-infected adolescents in Zimbabwe.  To investigate factors associated with poor clinical, developmental and psychosocial outcome one year after starting ART.  Three hundred and sixty sequential adolescents admitted to hospital medical wards will be recruited to a cross-sectional study of cause of admission.  Dedicated adolescent outpatient clinics will be set up and a cohort of HIV-infected adolescents (target number 200) will be established.  Patients will be followed up for one year after starting ART.  Follow-up data will be used to identify explanatory variables to investigate factors predictive of a poor outcome as defined at 1 year.","ents":[{"text":"Harare","label":"GPE","start":157,"end":163},{"text":"Zimbabwe","label":"GPE","start":165,"end":173},{"text":"Zimbabwe","label":"GPE","start":712,"end":720}]}
+{"text":"The METADAC project runs such an independent committee to approve applications from researchers to access data and samples from UK longitudinal studies. METADAC designs the rules for making sure that access to data and samples for research is safe and secure based on the best practice and policies from around the world. METADAC also ensures that the process of applying for access is fair and transparent. METADAC includes experts in science, ethics, law and clinical practice who have an understanding of the complexities of sharing data and samples for research. ","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":128,"end":130}]}
+{"text":"Keywords: Heroin, drugs, Ireland.\n\nBy 1990 heroin had devastated working-class communities across Dublin and, in some families, wiped out entire generations. But how did things reach that stage when three decades previously heroin was only known in Ireland as a symbol of distant, undesirable, foreignness?\n\nThis project will explore the history of heroin in Ireland, from its first public discussion (1918) to the end of the first heroin epidemic (1990). It will approach the history from two directions. First, analysing the public discourse about the drug. This will reveal, inter alia, different ways that heroin was used as a symbol of dissolute otherness, and how this shaped health policy and provision. Secondly the project will collect 100 oral histories to investigate how heroin affected everyday life in the communities at the centre of the heroin epidemic of the 1970s and 1980s. Finally, the project will use reception theory to integrate these approaches and achieve three key goals:\n\n\n To understand how the public discourse shaped community members\u2019 interaction with each other, the wider world, and healthcare providers.\n To give marginalised communities a voice in the production of their own history.\n To produce the first history of heroin-use in Ireland.\n\n","ents":[{"text":"Ireland","label":"GPE","start":25,"end":32},{"text":"Dublin","label":"GPE","start":98,"end":104},{"text":"Ireland","label":"GPE","start":249,"end":256},{"text":"Ireland","label":"GPE","start":359,"end":366},{"text":"Ireland","label":"GPE","start":1268,"end":1275}]}
+{"text":"The purpose of this research is to identify, evaluate and recommend appropriate regulatory solutions to the current legal obstacles which inhibit the sharing of biological samples and digital information in biobanks used for genomic research within Europe and at a global level. It will generate recommendations for policy-makers about the best options for the future regulation of biobanks. This research will map the supranational organisations that are responsible for biomedical regulation and the key legal instruments that apply to biobanks and research networks. Drawing on specific case studies, regulatory theory and literature, this research will analyse the possible regulatory mechanisms that could be developed, or adapted, to facilitate the cross-border networking of biobanks. It will test some of the principles and theories of regulatory scholarship that have been developed in areas outside biomedicine, to determine how relevant they may be for biobank regulation. This research will address some of the current deficits in regulatory scholarship regarding biomedical regulation at European and international levels, as well as contributing to the wider debate about the regulation of innovative technologies.","ents":[{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":249,"end":255}]}
+{"text":"'The Temptation of St. Anthony' is a new devised theatre performance, created by The Mechanical Animal Corporation and presented at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2015. It aims to engage public audiences in issues surrounding the significance of religious experience upon biomedical practice. This project responds to recent studies of the impact of 'spirit possession' cases upon psychiatric practice in the UK. Creatively engaging with psychiatric and anthropological analyses of possession state s, 'St. Anthony' asks how physical ensemble performance might provide a fresh, much-needed exploration into the complex nature of possession. To achieve this the creative team (directed by Tom Bailey) collaborates with researchers across the disciplines of Psychiatry (Dr. Simon Dein, Dr. Hugh Grant-Peterkin), Anthropology (Prof. Bettina Schmidt) and Medical Humanities (Dr. Anna Harpin). In a number of UK religious communities possession by a foreign spirit is believed to cause mental illness,  requiring religious forms of treatment (such as deliverance or exorcism). For psychiatrists, cases involving possessed patients present a culturally-sensitive interface between clinical medicine and religious healing practices. How to treat mental illnesses embedded within religious contexts? Is there a border between psychiatry and the roles that religious healing practices fulfil?  These issues provide a catalyst for a contemporary re-exploration of the legend of 'St. Anthony', depicting  a man's epic struggles to maintain both faith and sanity while possessed in the desert. Offering an exciting thematic correlation for our research, the legend provides a compelling narrative framework through which to engage audiences.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":408,"end":410},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":903,"end":905}]}
+{"text":"Fundamental studies on the structures and mechanisms of proteins underpin much of modern day Biochemistry and Cell Biology, and as such are a main focus of molecular level work at Bristol Biochemistry. The principal and co-applicants  research ranges from the analysis of DNA repair, protein-protein interactions, protein folding and quality control, through to structural and functional analysis of membrane proteins and studies on potential drug targets of pathogenic organisms. These studies rely  on the ability to produce large quantities of pure, functional protein so that experimental applications such as x-ray crystallography, NMR, analytical ultracentrifugation, stopped flow kinetic analysis, fluorescence modification and spectroscopy can be applied. Protein samples of interest are usually over-expressed by standard procedures. The current facilities available in Bristol include flask shakers for the production of host cells from which the proteins are extracted and purified. However , advances in technology, together with recent expansions and appointments in the Department mean that these facilities are primitive and inadequate. New projects are severely hampered because of the low levels of the respective proteins that can be expressed and purified employing the current technology. The acquisition of a dedicated cell growth facility incorporating a fermenter (Bioreactor) would alleviate this problem.","ents":[{"text":"Bristol","label":"GPE","start":879,"end":886}]}
+{"text":"We will test the hypothesis that mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are tightly balanced, and that uncoupling this balance contributes to cellular dysfunction and disease. Errors in mitochondrial quality control lie at the heart of several important human diseases, and we intend to translate knowledge gained from our dynamic cell biology approaches to the genetically-tractable Drosophila system in order to elucidate the pathways linking mitochondrial dynamics, clearance (mitophagy) and biogenesis with the progress of neurodegenerative disease. We also plan to identify novel players in the mitophagy pathway by screening for factors required for Parkin-mediated mitophagy using a cell-based model of mitochondrial clearance. Our specific aims will be to: Describe the itinerary of a damaged mitochondrion with its exile from the mitochondrial network to its sequestration within an autophagosome. Identify and characterize new signaling pathways linking mitochondrial dysfunction with localized autophagosome formation. Explore the relationships between mitochondrial quality control and mitochondrial biogenesis in Drosophila models of neurodegenerative disease.","ents":[{"text":"Drosophila","label":"LOC","start":384,"end":394}]}
+{"text":"Debating Matters Competition  A proposal to establish a new style of national debating competition for sixth-form students (Debating Matters). It is informed by extensive pilot work.  Key objectives include:  Developing confidence and skills of young people, enabling critical engagement with social, ethical and cultural issues; including those relating to science and bioscience.  Boosting the confidence and skills of teachers in discussions of contemporary issues and ethical dilemmas.  Encouraging more science teachers to become involved with debating activities.  Target audiences are sixth-form students, teachers and other professionals keen to assist young people in their development.  Existing debating competitions typically employ formal (Parliamentary and Oxbridge) models of debate that can be off-putting for schools not versed in these traditions. Debating Matters, with its new and more informal style of debate, is intended to appeal (though not exclusively) to teachers and schools outside of traditional debating.  Controversies surrounding science from major issues of public interest. They will feature significantly in the debate themes. The Institute of Ideas has a strong track record of promoting public debate of science and society issues and hopes to develop valuable lessons for the public engagement community about engaging younger people in these discussions.  The Institute of Ideas has entered into positive, ongoing discussions with John Holman (at the National Science Learning Centre) and the Yorkshire and Humber and East of England regional SLCs, about jointly piloting CPD courses for the teaching of science and society issues in parallel and in interaction with the development of the competition.","ents":[{"text":"Yorkshire","label":"GPE","start":1533,"end":1542},{"text":"Humber","label":"GPE","start":1547,"end":1553},{"text":"East of England","label":"LOC","start":1558,"end":1573}]}
+{"text":"In 2016-2017, the \"Talking Trees Project\" - 'A public health/forum research addressing maternal deaths prevalent among pastoralists\u2019 communities of Kenya\u2019 was launched and implemented in Narok, and Kajiado Counties by the Enduring Voices Foundation (EVF).\n\nThe EVF through its Wellcome Trust\u2019s - International Public Engagement Award, organized the \u2018Talking Trees Project\" around the following modules: Maternal healthcare, FGM/C, alternative rites of passage, women\u2019s health (sexuality, pregnancy management, HIV/Aids and mortality), human rights, child development and early child-marriage. This second-project-phase will mobilize the Somali communities in Garissa and Wajir Counties, to participate in open-public-health-engagement and research forums, which will lead to voluntary public declarations on the abandonment of FGM/C.\n\nThis project will bring together researchers, health experts and the Somali communities to discuss and develop an understanding of the discrepancies between modern science and traditional practices, and to share best practices culminating from the phase-one of the \u2018Talking Trees Project\u2019 that would help minimize maternal deaths resulting from FGM/C complications. It will also help the research team in identify challenges and support gaps in research dissemination to the general public, so as to develop appropriate information materials in Somali language that actively contributes to Somali community outreach and FGM/C awareness.    \n","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":148,"end":153},{"text":"Narok","label":"GPE","start":187,"end":192},{"text":"Kajiado","label":"GPE","start":198,"end":205},{"text":"Garissa","label":"GPE","start":659,"end":666},{"text":"Wajir","label":"GPE","start":671,"end":676}]}
+{"text":"The drought that is currently affecting Cape Town has driven the implementation of maximum level water restrictions. To meet these requirements, city residents are experimenting with various water saving methods, including harvesting rainwater and recycling grey water for household use. Bucket Loads Of Health responds to the multiple health risks that are associated with these approaches to reusing water.  \n\nThe project will engage residents from three communities that vary significantly in water availability. Through a series of participatory audio-visual workshops, the community participants will explore their individual and collective experiences of water shortage and water saving. The workshop outputs - including body maps, personal stories, musical narratives and short films - will create platforms for co-learning between the community participants, water scientists, government representatives and other community members. These engagements will enable the exchange of knowledge about how water saving efforts can compromise health, and generate new thinking about practical measures to make these efforts safer.\n\nThis work will emphasize the importance of public engagement in making scientific research more accessible and relevant to communities and policy makers. It will also enable policy makers to draft guidelines underlining the health-related aspects of water saving and reuse in different contexts. \n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"Cape Town","label":"GPE","start":40,"end":49}]}
+{"text":"The Sainsbury Wellcome Centre aims to understand how computation in neural circuits generates flexible behaviour\u2014a complex, scientific challenge that cannot be tackled by any one laboratory. The Centre is in a unique position to reveal general principles that link behaviour to neural processes across scales, by relating algorithms to neural circuits, cells and synapses. We will determine how these neural elements give rise to computations contributing to innate and learned behaviours, and develop a theoretical framework that explains how flexible, adaptive behaviour arises from neural activity. We have assembled outstanding scientific talent in an exceptional environment, with access to shared resources and state-of-the-art facilities that deliver new technologies, empowering bold research. We will exploit new models of scientific collaboration by integrating experiment, theory, data science and engineering, in close partnership with colleagues at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit. Our multi-disciplinary collaborative approach extends to the training and support of early career researchers, enhancing their success within and beyond our walls. By sharing our resources, knowledge and research culture, and through initiatives with our UCL, UK and international partners, we will collectively advance global efforts to understand the neural underpinnings of behaviour.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1266,"end":1268}]}
+{"text":"Urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) commonly affect women after childbirth. In the developed world initial treatment is non-surgical with pelvic floor exercises for UI and vaginal support pessaries or pelvic floor exercises for POP. Working with colleagues in Ethiopia we know that UI and POP affect much younger women, with greater severity. Conservative treatments are not offered because of lack of trained personnel, and significant difficulties with transport and access to care. Pelvic floor disorders are a modern epidemic and the introduction of sustainable treatment models is a public health priority. Our longterm goal is to design acceptable, sustainable and deliverable fully developed conservative treatment interventions for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence to be disseminated, delivered and evaluated in a large prospective study. This application will fund three workpackages which bring key disciplinary perspectives together to lay the groundwork for this goal: a priority setting partnership in Gondar, Ethiopia; formative research with qualitative interviews to understand views and experiences of women and stakeholders to inform the design of the intervention, and an exploration of individual and community stigma associated with the condition to develop educational materials using concepts of communication for social change.\n","ents":[{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":282,"end":290},{"text":"Gondar","label":"GPE","start":1068,"end":1074},{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":1076,"end":1084}]}
+{"text":"Malaria is one of the world's most devastating diseases of humans and results in over 450,000 deaths annually. Novel therapies are urgently required to populate the antimalarial clinical portfolio, as the current therapeutics that treat this disease are becoming less effective due to emerging resistance. A collaboration between Dr David Olsen from Merck  &  Co., Kenilworth, NJ USA (known as MSD outside the US and Canada) and Professor Alan Cowman from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), has demonstrated that malaria aspartyl protease enzymes are an attractive drug target, as they perform essential functions for survival in blood, sexual and liver stages of the parasite life cycle. Through screening aspartyl protease inhibitor libraries, the collaboration has identified novel drug-/ike hit compounds that are potently active against the malaria parasite. The proposed research aims to increase potency against the parasite whilst maintaining selectivity, progressing to a lead optimisation stage discovery program.","ents":[{"text":"Kenilworth","label":"GPE","start":365,"end":375},{"text":"NJ","label":"GPE","start":377,"end":379},{"text":"USA","label":"GPE","start":380,"end":383},{"text":"US","label":"GPE","start":410,"end":412},{"text":"Canada","label":"GPE","start":417,"end":423}]}
+{"text":"I seek funding for a research trip to Chennai, India, to collect information required to complete a single-authored monograph--Biotrash: Money, Medicine and Garbage in India. This monograph investigates the economic afterlives of medical garbage in Chennai (especially the reclamation and reprocessing of used discarded medical plastics) in order to illuminate the sinews that connect broader processes of the globalisation of health and healthcare to their local variations. In particular, this rese arch trip is to collect material essential for finishing Chapter 6: 'Caste, garbage and liberalization.' During 2007-10 (with an intense period of fieldwork, 2009-10) I collected material that pointed to the endurance of a direct correlation between caste identity (particularly among dalits) and centrality to (medical) waste reclamation and reprocessing. It appears that within contemporary healthcare waste economies, caste endures at the heart of access (or lack thereof) to the fruits of modern  healthcare; caste limits access of the low-caste poor to high quality healthcare gained by gleaning value from the trailings of the care of the global rich.  I need to revisit key transfer points in Chennai's medical waste economies to interview and thereby collect more systematic and specific information about these workers' caste identities.","ents":[{"text":"Chennai","label":"GPE","start":38,"end":45},{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":47,"end":52},{"text":"Chennai","label":"GPE","start":249,"end":256},{"text":"Chennai","label":"GPE","start":1201,"end":1208}]}
+{"text":"The play was very effective and relevant as well as enjoyable for students key stage 4 and key stage 5. I feel that more schools should be given the opportunity to watch the play for the advancement of scientific literacy.' Head of Science, Dunraven School, 2005, on Mind The Gap 'The technologies derived from the new brain sciences throw up deep ethical, social and legal problems. Abi Bown and Y Touring's new play is a dramatically powerful and educationally challenging exploration of these themes. I can thoroughly recommend it.' Prof Steven Rose, Professor of Biology, Open University, 2005, on Mind The Gap Y Touring, in partnership with the Royal Albert Hall's Learning & Participation Department, the Association of Medical Research Charities and the British Science Association, will deliver Mind the Gap, a Theatre of Debate\u00ae project (play, debate featuring electronic voting and online resources) exploring the ethical issues arising from advances in brain science and aspects of ageing through an exploration of the impact of Alzheimer's Disease. The production will run for a week during National Science and Engineering Week at the Royal Albert Hall, reaching about 1000 students and adults. Additionally we hope, through the Royal Albert Hall, to work with NESTA to pilot live broadcasting of the production to a select number of UK cinemas for schools' audiences. Each screening will be followed by a live debate facilitated by the British Science Association. We are also looking to extend this project to include a 4 week schools tour.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1347,"end":1349}]}
+{"text":"The goal of this submission is to provide immediate support to the Institut Nationale De Recherche Biomedicale (INRB) for the implementation of Monitored Emergency Use of MAb114 during the ongoing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in Eastern DRC, and to strengthen capacity to implement a formal clinical trial of candidate therapeutics, as identified as a priority in the national EVD research plan.\n\nSupport is requested for INRB administration, logistics, consumables and personal costs, and for training and capacity development activities.\n","ents":[{"text":"Eastern DRC","label":"LOC","start":235,"end":246}]}
+{"text":"Are mental illnesses and the core concepts in the psychiatric toolkit universal and identical across cultures, ethnic groups and 'civilisations'? This research will offer the first substantial historical analysis of the roots of the current global mental health movement and transcultural psychiatry. It challenges the idea that the concept of a global psyche is a recent development, and aims to demonstrate that it emerged in the aftermath of WWII and during decolonisation, when Western psychiatry endeavored to leave behind its colonial legacies, and lay the foundation for a new union of Western and non-Western concepts of mental illness and healing. In this period, leading psychiatrists across the globe set about identifying and debating the universal psychological characteristics and psychopathological mechanisms shared among all cultures. My research will explore this psychiatric, social and cultural search for a new definition of 'common humanity', and analyse the core medical-historical forces behind it. The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia will serve as a case study.\n\nThe project will involve the scoping of archives in Europe, Africa, Asia and the US, the employment of four research assistants, organisation of an international conference, and the creation of a network of researchers and practitioners in global psychiatry.\n","ents":[{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":1151,"end":1157},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":1159,"end":1165},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":1167,"end":1171},{"text":"US","label":"GPE","start":1180,"end":1182}]}
+{"text":"A centre for Clinical Infectious Diseases research at the University of Cape Town will be established to address the following aims 1. Promote interactions at the basic science/clinical science interface 2. To increase research training opportunities for clinical and basic scientists 3. To develop regional capacity in Mathematical Biology and statistical methods, and to increase interactions between basic and clinical Scientists and Epidemiologists. Aim one will be addressed by improvem ents to clinical and laboratory research infrastructure. In aim two we will create novel research entry positions that will allow new clinical and basic scientific researchers to develop sufficient skills and experience to submit their own proposals for personal funding. Contributing laboratories and units will offer projects with candidates selected on a competitive basis. The third aim will be fostered by an annual regional meeting that will include important collaborators in Malawi, Zambia an d Zimbabwe. This will foster multidisciplinary collaboration that adds value to existing expertise at all four sites. In addition intensive training courses that will be linked to the annual regional meetings will be provided. These courses will also form a mechanism to identify high-flying persons likely to benefit from additional research training.","ents":[{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":975,"end":981},{"text":"Zambia","label":"GPE","start":983,"end":989},{"text":"Zimbabwe","label":"GPE","start":995,"end":1003}]}
+{"text":"Persons suffering from schizophrenia, and their families, experience considerable stigma and discrimination. This study seeks to answer the question whether a community-based intervention, primarily aimed at improving symptoms and function in people with schizophrenia, is effective in reducing the experience of stigma and discrimination of patients and care-givers. The study will be nested in the COPSI (Community Care for People with Schizophrenia in India) trial which is comparing two types of treatment for people with schizophrenia in two sites in India (Goa and Chennai).  Roughly half the patients will receive treatment as usual, consisting of anti-psychotic medication prescribed in out-patient clinics; the other half will receive treatment as usual with additional Community Based Intervention (CBI). CBI comprises an individualised needs assessment, psycho-education, adherence management, rehabilitation and networking with community agencies such as self-help groups. The study will use a mixed-methods approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data collected from participants, their care-givers and other stakeholders in the Goa site. The.findings will contribute to the limited evidence on interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination for people with severe mental disorders in developing countries.","ents":[{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":556,"end":561},{"text":"Goa","label":"GPE","start":563,"end":566},{"text":"Chennai","label":"GPE","start":571,"end":578},{"text":"Goa","label":"GPE","start":1155,"end":1158}]}
+{"text":"The goal of this study is to assess whether inactivated influenza vaccine can reduce adverse vascularevents in high risk participants. We will address the question by randomizing patients at high risk foradverse vascular events to either annual inactivated influenza vaccine or to placebo over threeinfluenza seasons. The primary outcome is a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatalmyocardial infarction (MI), non- fatal stroke, and hospitalization for congestive heart failure (CHF).We will enroll 3,500 participants from centres in eight countries: Philippines (the lead centre),Mozambique, Sudan, Uganda, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, China. Because influenza vaccination isrecommended to patients with high risk CV conditions, participants in both groups will be allowed toobtain an influenza vaccine outside of the study. However, given that the trial is being conducted incountries where the uptake of influenza is  be relatively low and we will be able to determine the effect of influenza vaccine on major adversevascular events.","ents":[{"text":"Philippines","label":"GPE","start":561,"end":572},{"text":"centre),Mozambique","label":"GPE","start":583,"end":601},{"text":"Sudan","label":"GPE","start":603,"end":608},{"text":"Uganda","label":"GPE","start":610,"end":616},{"text":"Saudi Arabia","label":"GPE","start":618,"end":630},{"text":"Malaysia","label":"GPE","start":632,"end":640},{"text":"China","label":"GPE","start":642,"end":647}]}
+{"text":"During the 19th century the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh was the leading medical library in Scotland and regularly bought monographs to meet the contemporary medical information needs of its Fellows.  An extensive collection was built up which the College has carefully looked after.  Scientific medicine, public health, sociology and other disciplines all feature and there are works by Christison, Koch, Lister, Pasteur, Hughes-Bennett, Simpson, Syme and Virchow and many others  In the 21st Century the College wants as many people as possible to use this collection and wishes information about it to be disseminated as widely as possible.  Thanks to previous Research Resources funding the College is currently increasing research access to this important resource of 19th century, printed, primary material.  The Library would like to continue this successful project and now seeks funding for a further two years.  We estimate that we will add a further 7000 machine readable descriptive records relating to our 19th century catalogue to our online catalogue.  Until our current project, funded by Research Resources, no online catalogue existed for any of the College's 19th century holdings.  The College continues to commit resources to retroconverting earlier material.","ents":[{"text":"Scotland","label":"GPE","start":104,"end":112}]}
+{"text":"County lines (CL) trafficking is a model of illegal drug (heroin and crack cocaine) distribution that has emerged recently in the UK, whereby city-based dealing groups exploit the labour of children and adults, often in vulnerable circumstances in order to deal directly to smaller coastal and market towns. Involvement in CL is associated with experiencing a wide range of health harms including violence and sexual exploitation.\n\nCL is causally complex. The many individual-level risk factors currently thought to lead to vulnerability CL exploitation (mental health issues, prior histories of abuse and neglect, being excluded from mainstream education, being in care, prior offending, drug addition, disability) are themselves determined by complex, interacting upstream socio-economic factors. In order to capture this complexity, I aim to take a systems modelling approach to CL trafficking \u2013 viewing the CL phenomenon as an emergent property of a dynamic and open, adaptive system. This model could then be used for \u2018what-if\u2019 policy scenario testing, estimating the possibility for cooperation or conflict between the goals and activities of a wide range of statutory bodies, and could guide the design of coordinated cross-sectoral interventions.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":130,"end":132}]}
+{"text":"Building on 30-years of research in Malawi, we will conduct population-based epidemiological studies with integrated laboratory and genomic analysis. Our aim is to generate policy-relevant evidence for the region. We will: 1. Determine the burden, the risk factors and the barriers to accessing care for major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural and urban settings. 2. Design intervention studies to evaluate different strategies for controlling NCDs. 3. Understand patterns of transmi ssion and the factors associated with virulence of M.tuberculosis in Karonga in a setting of unusually well implemented routine tuberculosis control in order to contribute knowledge towards the goal of tuberculosis elimination. 4. Determine the long-term impacts of antiretroviral therapy on mortality, reproductive health and family welfare in the rural population and investigate changes in treatment strategies that will maximise population level benefits. 5. Evaluate the impact of Malawi's newly introduced HIV test-and-treat strategy for pregnant women on retention in care and on mother-to-child HIV transmission in real-life urban and rural African settings. 6. Develop Malawian research capacity in epidemiology, medical statistics and demography. 7. Strengthen links with the Malawi Ministry of Health and the College of Medicine and form collaborations with public health institutions in the region","ents":[{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":36,"end":42},{"text":"Karonga","label":"GPE","start":561,"end":568},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":978,"end":984}]}
+{"text":"This study will be based on research of patients  notes in Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives and admission registers of London County Asylums, which are kept in the London Metropolitan Archives. The aim is to analyse the child population in Bethlem, as historians note that it admitted an unusually high number of youngsters, an earlier study found that 1069 patients under the age of twenty were taken in between 1815 and 1900. Since the hospital did not admit patients with chronic conditions, none o f its child inmates were idiot or epileptic, as was the case in most other hospitals. This makes the Bethlem cohort unique in its size and relative homogeneity.      The group studied will be under the age of fifteen, therefore the numbers will be significantly lower than 1069 of the under twenty category. This will make feasible a thorough examination of the patients  notes with the view of reconstructing the clinical picture that the admitted children presented. The findings from Bethlem will  be compared with figures from London county asylums in order to see if Bethlem was altogether unique or if its number of children inmates reflected the situation in London.","ents":[{"text":"Bethlem","label":"GPE","start":239,"end":246},{"text":"Bethlem","label":"GPE","start":602,"end":609},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":1032,"end":1038},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":1167,"end":1173}]}
+{"text":"The overall aim is to critically evaluate inequities in health care in Kenya and to explore the extent to which health insurance mechanisms could address inequity challenges. Specific objectives are: 1.To critically evaluate the distribution of health care financing burdens and health care benefits by socio-economic status group, to show how the pattern differs between public and private financing mechanisms, and to identify factors influencing this distribution; 2.To document the opinions  of key stakeholders on health care financing challenges in Kenya,  and explore their views about the design and role of insurance mechanisms in improving access to health care for the poor; 3.To use the information gathered to explore the design of different insurance mechanisms, to make policy recommendations on the most appropriate insurance mechanisms for Kenya, and to form an evidence base for monitoring equity in the Kenyan health system. The study will take place in 3 districts in K enya. The mixed methodology study will combine quantitative and qualitative data collection methods - household surveys, focus group discussions, facility exit surveys, and in-depth interviews - to model different combinations of health insurance schemes and inform policy on the most appropriate design for Kenya.","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":71,"end":76},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":555,"end":560},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":857,"end":862},{"text":"K enya","label":"GPE","start":988,"end":994},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1298,"end":1303}]}
+{"text":"This Discretionary Award will advance the research design and networking activities of a project proposal to be re-submitted to the Wellcome Trust in May 2018:  'Male circumcision in Kenya: medicalization and masculinity in contemporary culture'. The aim of this wider project is to deliver a new way of looking at Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) scale-up in Africa. How do contemporary cultural, medical, and bioethical debates about male circumcision taking place in other global contexts - such as in Switzerland or Israel -  play into the medical consensus that VMMC is a cost-effective and efficacious, gender-responsive HIV-prevention strategy? The question is actually a very broad and important one to medical researchers: How is efficacy mediated by context? This would be a very significant issue in VMMC scale-up. At stake is a claim to efficacy: medical male circumcision is predicted to reduce the risk of female-to-male HIV infection by 60%. At stake is a huge number of medical subjects: a global health target of 20.8 million men in 14 African countries. The award will fund scoping work that will be indispensable in the development of a full research project addressing these questions to be carried out under a Research Fellowship.\n\n \n\n \n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":183,"end":188},{"text":"Africa","label":"GPE","start":370,"end":376},{"text":"Switzerland","label":"GPE","start":515,"end":526},{"text":"Israel","label":"GPE","start":530,"end":536}]}
+{"text":"Seminar Series: 'Religion, Health and Welfare in Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries', Glasgow Caledonian University, 4 meetings, Semester A, 2007-08\nThis is an application under the Symposia scheme from Professor John Stewart, CSHHH, School of Law and Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, for \u00a3857 towards a seminar series to be held at Glasgow Caledonian University (Semester A, 2007-2008). The seminar series is entitled 'Religion, Health and Welfare in Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries' and it will consist of four meetings.  The general aim of the series is to have scholarly discussions - open to members of academic staff, postgraduate and postdoctoral students, and undergraduate students from the host universities (Glasgow Caledonian University and the University of Strathclyde) and throughout Central Scotland - led by invited speakers. The invited speakers are at different career stages which is a strength.  It is also a strength that the seminar series will result in a publication.  Finally, the series will help the CSHHH establish itself as a centre for the history of medicine (it will help 'capacity building').  An award of \u00a3857 is recommended.","ents":[{"text":"Central Scotland","label":"LOC","start":855,"end":871}]}
+{"text":"Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of vascular disease, with co-morbid hypertension and hyperlipidaemia increasing risk further. UK studies have identified substantial ethnic differences in the risk of vascular outcomes amongst individuals with type 2 diabetes. Whether these inequalities stem from differences in healthcare usage, quality of care, or differences in treatment efficacy remains unknown.\nThe aim of this fellowship is to identify modifiable determinants of ethnic inequalities in vascular outcomes of type 2 diabetes in order to generate an evidence base for clinical management of diabetes tailored to the UK population.\nObjectives:\n1. To identify determinants of ethnic differences in access to health services and quality of preventive care for patients with type 2 diabetes using electronic health databases.\n2. To examine whether patients identified as having uncontrolled cardio-metabolic risk factors are treated appropriately and equitably across ethnic groups.\n3. To identify ethnic differences in trajectories of risk factor control following initiation of treatment and achievement of control to recommended targets.\n4. To explore whether pharmacological treatment reduces the risk of vascular events equally across ethnic groups.\n5. To develop recommendations for treatment strategies based on real world evidence of ethnic differences in risk factor profile and pharmacological treatment.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":129,"end":131},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":622,"end":624}]}
+{"text":"In recent years the development and use of assisted reproductive technologies have exploded in China. Since China's first IVF baby was born in 1988, over 350 treatment centres have opened, potentially offering services to the over 90 million estimated infertile individuals in the country today. In addition to IVF, prenatal screening and genetic testing have also increased. This increase in reproductive technologies corresponds with a rise in popular concern about the impact of Chinas rapid social and environmental change on the nation's reproductive health. Such scientific action and medical attention takes place as the nation struggles to strengthen the quality of the Chinese population while managing population quantity after decades of explicitly eugenic governmental policies.Our international, interdisciplinary conference, China Repro Tech, offers historical, sociological, and anthropological perspective on these issues. Held at University of Cambridge, the conference is programmed to reflect the topical specializations of our participants - from the implications of IVF and infertility to the medicalization of gendered bodies and population policies. Our goals include, sharing research, methodologies, and discussion on the socio-cultural, economic, political and historical landscapes shaping reproduction in China today. We expect the workshop to result in both future collaborations and publications.","ents":[{"text":"China","label":"GPE","start":95,"end":100},{"text":"China","label":"GPE","start":108,"end":113},{"text":"China","label":"GPE","start":1333,"end":1338}]}
+{"text":"Serum interleukin - 10 levels in asymptomatic HBsAg positive carriers and in patients with hepatitis B-related advanced liver disease in the Gambia, West Africa","ents":[{"text":"the Gambia, West Africa","label":"GPE","start":137,"end":160}]}
+{"text":"Our project will investigate and present the subjective experiences of tuberculosis (TB) through \"swallowing the world\" of TB patients and their families, medical science and its practitioners, the country\u2019s history and political economy. In South Africa TB is still an urgent public health concern, exacerbated by HIV. The burgeoning tuberculosis epidemic South Africa faces highlights the necessity for researchers to commit to study the social and political tropes of the infection in order to contribute to, complement or challenge scientific expertise and medical practice. Integrating disciplines allows for a more dynamic understanding of infectious diseases that cannot be advanced by any discipline in isolation. The proposed interactive exposition aims to explore questions and challenge assumptions around tuberculosis from the standpoint of art and creativity. By interrupting public space, the installations will create a series of multi-sensory, visceral, interactive and inclusive exhibitions, performances, and public programs designed to generate experience and interpretation of living with and/or among tuberculosis. In order to push knowledge and experiences of TB to new understandings the project coordinators will bring their existing research findings to consult with and sketch collaborations between TB patients, their family, friends; visual artists, musicians, filmmakers, performers, engineers, medics and neighborhood organisations.","ents":[{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":242,"end":254},{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":357,"end":369}]}
+{"text":"Oxford, UK, 11 December 2009 - Summit Corporation plc (AIM: SUMM) today announces that it has been awarded \u00a32.2 million from the Wellcome Trust to fund the development of the Company's infectious disease programme targeting C. difficile, a bacteria that is posing a significant and growing healthcare threat. \n\nThe award is made through the Wellcome Trust's Seeding Drug Discovery Initiative and provides over two years of funding to develop Summit's programme through until the end of preclinical development.  \n\nFollowing today's award, Summit's C. difficile programme becomes part of the Company's expanded Partnered Product Portfolio that now comprises eight drug programmes. This portfolio requires no further investment from Summit but has contractual, success based regulatory and sales milestones worth over $160m plus sales royalties. In addition, Summit retains significant territory rights in some of the programmes, including C. difficile, which ensures the Company can benefit from future commercial agreements signed in these programmes.\n\nSteven Lee, PhD, Chief Executive Officer of Summit said, \"This \u00a32.2 million award from The Wellcome Trust endorses Summit's scientific expertise in the area of infectious diseases.  Our C. difficile programme targets a significant and growing healthcare threat and the two years of funding will act as a potential value driver for the business as the programme is developed into a valuable commercial opportunity.\"  \n\n\nAbout Clostridium difficile\nThe bacteria Clostridium difficile has emerged as a significant healthcare threat with approximately 50,000 cases per annum reported in the UK and an estimated 500,000 cases in the US.  Mortality rates in the UK due to C. difficile infection are four times higher than infections due to MRSA. In addition hyper-virulent strains are now endemic in Europe and the US, with these strains being associated with more severe disease and higher mortality rates. In the US, the cost of care for C. difficile is estimated at $1.1 billion per annum.  Therapy options remain limited with most common antibiotic treatments actually inducing C. difficile infection\n\nSummit's early-stage programme has identified a novel class of small molecule compounds that have an attractive profile as a potential new therapy for the treatment of C. difficile. Early stage in vitro studies have shown the compounds inhibit the growth of C. difficile, but crucially, are highly selective for this bacterium. This is a highly desirable property for any new treatment as it will help the normal, healthy balance of gut flora to re-establish whilst selectively killing the C. difficile bacteria.  In addition, the compounds display activity against the hyper-virulent strains \n\n\nUsing the Wellcome Trust funding, the next stage of development is to establish proof of concept in the gold-standard in vivo model and also undertake studies to establish the mode of action for this novel set of compounds.","ents":[{"text":"Oxford","label":"GPE","start":0,"end":6},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":8,"end":10},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1640,"end":1642},{"text":"US","label":"GPE","start":1681,"end":1683},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1709,"end":1711},{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":1847,"end":1853},{"text":"US","label":"GPE","start":1862,"end":1864},{"text":"US","label":"GPE","start":1962,"end":1964}]}
+{"text":"\n\n\nThe   Plasmodium falciparum genome contains large multigene families that code   for    hypervariable antigens, which are exported to the surface of the infected   host erythrocyte and    represent targets of naturally acquired immunity to malaria. These variant   surface antigens    (VSA) act at the host-parasite interface, ensuring parasite survival   without inducing a sterilizing    host immune response. With the exception of the well-demonstrated roles of   var-encoded P.    falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (PfEMP)1 in virulence and immune   evasion, the    biological significance of other VSA and their role in the acquisition of   antimalarial immunity in    endemic regions is largely unknown. Here we propose to determine whether   two other VSA,    RIFINs and STEVORs, encoded by the rif and stevor multigene families   respectively, are    targets of natural immunity and whether the hypervariable regions of these   structurally-related    proteins are exposed to antibody-mediated immune selection at the   erythrocyte surface. We will    define the expression patterns and measure the naturally acquired antibody   responses to these    antigens in wild isolates of P. falciparum from coastal Kenya. By   identifying and characterising    the molecular targets of naturally acquired immunity, this research will   advance current    understandings of P. falciparum antigenic variation and the mechanisms of   natural acquisition    of protective immunity against malaria.\n\n\n","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1224,"end":1229}]}
+{"text":"Given the centrality of the World Bank to global health policy as well as general public interest in what the Bretton Woods institutions actually do, I plan for engagement withtwo types of audiences: the first is the knowledgeable expert public of those working in organizations such as NGOs, philanthropies, philanthropic arms of private sector organizations, civil servants and UN employees; and the second is general public engagement with nonexpert audiences. The aim would be to communicate simply and clearly the main contributions of the World Bank to global public health over the past 40 years. This would focus on both positiveand negative aspects of this engagement to provide a balanced picture and use specific project examples at country level to make the conceptual and theoretical analysis accessible and interesting. Three different types of events would be planned. The first would be Global Health History seminars co-organized with Professor Bhattacharya and the WHO Collaborating Centre on Global Health Histories (\u00a32000). These would take place at WHO Headquarters inGeneva and at World Bank Headquarters in Washington D.C and be recorded and available as podcasts on ITunes. The second is a half-day symposium at Chatham House in London (co-organized with Dr. David Heymann) presenting the main findings of the project to key stakeholders based in the city with an expert comment summarizing the event published afterwards (\u00a35000). Third, we would build an exhibition depicting the World Bank's involvement in health over the past 40 years and organize five special events to showcase it. The first two would be UK-based exhibitions at the York Festival of Ideas (co-organized by Professor Bhattacharya) and in the Edinburgh Science Festival which would bring together the general public, journalists, academics and UN officials. The second two would be Asia-based exhibitions at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore (co-organized with Prof Josip Car) and the Public Health Foundation of India in New Delhi (co-organized with Prof Srinath Reddy). The fifth would an exhibition at the World Health Assembly in the final year of the project proposed by Edinburgh University and the World Bank (Dr. Tim Evans) (\u00a320,000). All the above activities would be supported by a dedicated project website andsocial media (\u00a38,500). The website would be continually updated and provide details of the project aims, staff, publications, events (including podcasts), and resources. Relevant information would be continually tweeted to build an audience as the findings of the project are released. We would assess the success of the above activities by several metrics including the number of attendees, feedback on the event collected with a standardized form, and coverage by social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, number of visitors to the website).","ents":[{"text":"inGeneva","label":"GPE","start":1087,"end":1095},{"text":"Washington D.C","label":"GPE","start":1130,"end":1144},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":1253,"end":1259},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":1635,"end":1637},{"text":"Asia","label":"LOC","start":1877,"end":1881},{"text":"Singapore","label":"GPE","start":1939,"end":1948},{"text":"New Delhi","label":"GPE","start":2029,"end":2038}]}
+{"text":"There is growing commitment by developing countries to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The goal of UHC is to ensure that everyone can use the health services they need without risk of financial ruin. There is however evidence that, if not well designed, these efforts tend to benefit the well-off while excluding the poor in society, resulting in highly inequitable health systems. Using multiple methods (cross-sectional survey, in-depth interviews, focused group discussions, document revi ew), the this research will explore how best UHC efforts in Kenya can be designed to offer financial risk protection for all while ensuring equity in access to needed services and the inclusion of the poor.  Key questions that will be answered by the study include; what are the determinants of inequity in use of health services? How can the poor be identified and how can healthcare services be extended to reach them? How can the institutional design and organizational capacities of health fi nancing systems ensure equity and pro-poorness? What are the perceptions and experiences of the poor and the barriers they face in benefiting from HF mechanisms? Results will inform national and international UHC policy debates and the design of health policy reform.","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":561,"end":566}]}
+{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 99% of all reported malaria cases. Children under five years are often the most vulnerable, accounting for 71% of all malaria deaths (WHO, 2017). This can be attributed to the low immunity in children which increases their vulnerability to malaria infections. Testing of drugs in children can be difficult due to ethical concerns. However, advances in pharmacokinetics (the study of how the body processes drugs) has given rise to a novel approach, which enables the simulation (in virtual clinical trials) of many clinical subjects, each possessing a unique subset of physiological parameters. Results from a previous research on pregnant women conducted by our group using the same approach was found to provide an effective dosage regimen (Olafuyi et al, 2017).\n\n \n\nIn this project, we will adapt the pharmacokinetic approach to examine dosage regimen in children using piperaquine (antimalarial drug). We will also address potential drug interactions in patients co-infected with HIV, where anti-retroviral drugs can lead to the enhanced degradation of piperaquine. The study will look at data and its impact on cohorts and recommend an appropriate dosage regimen for children in sub-Saharan Africa under malarial only and malaria-HIV co-infection, which will help reduce anti-malarial resistance.\n","ents":[{"text":"Sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":0,"end":18},{"text":"sub-Saharan Africa","label":"LOC","start":1216,"end":1234}]}
+{"text":"Malaria remains a major global health problem across Africa. In order to control and eliminate malaria it is essential to interrupt the highly efficient process of transmission; transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) could play a key role here. Although several TBV candidates have been identified, the path for clinical evaluation is not well defined, increasing the risk that vaccine candidates are progressed to large, complex, expensive and lengthy cluster-randomised trials. Controlled Human Malaria Infection (CHMI) models gained a prominent \u2018bridging\u2019 role in the early evaluation of candidate pre-erythrocytic- and blood-stages P. falciparum vaccines in malaria-na\u00efve volunteers. Recently we successfully pioneered P. falciparum and P. vivax CHMI-transmission models in malaria na\u00efve volunteers. \n\nHere, we propose to capitalize on these successes by establishing the first CHMI-transmission models for P. falciparum in Burkina Faso and both P. falciparum and P. vivax in Ethiopia. Both sites with different malaria endemicity have excellent clinical and mosquito infrastructure. We will build a collaborative network with on site capacity to conduct and evaluate CHMI-transmission studies using with local parasite strains and mosquitoes. These CHMI-trans models will be strong assets to test TBV\u2019s that may reduce and eventually eliminate malaria transmission.\n","ents":[{"text":"Africa","label":"GPE","start":53,"end":59},{"text":"Burkina Faso","label":"GPE","start":927,"end":939},{"text":"Ethiopia","label":"GPE","start":979,"end":987}]}
+{"text":"Diabetic retinopathy in Grenada: Assesment of preventative screening services and public health strategy implementation","ents":[{"text":"Grenada","label":"GPE","start":24,"end":31}]}
+{"text":"The project will explore the history of the Scottish State Inebriate Reformatories, a short-lived initiative in the management of alcohol abuse, 1901-1925.  The existing records of the State Inebriate Reformatory in Perth will be read and surviving records from the local Inebriate Reformatories will also be looked at to address specific questions:- 1) What were the characteristics of the inmate population of these institutions?  What was the nature of the therapeutic regime they experienced?  2) What were the backgrounds of the medical men involved in the running of these institutions and how were they connected to the prior campaign for Inebriate Reformatories?  What roles did doctors play within these institutions? 3) What were the views of the Scottish psychiatric establishment toward these institutions?  What was the nature of the day-to-day relations between the Inebriate Reformatories and the Royal and District asylums.  In part this is an exploration of how easy or diffi cult it proved in practice to separate the Inebriate  from the Insane , and hence to what extent the problems associated with alcohol use were medicalised. It is hoped that this study will contribute to our understanding of alcohol abuse issues in Scotland today.","ents":[{"text":"Perth","label":"GPE","start":216,"end":221},{"text":"Scotland","label":"GPE","start":1241,"end":1249}]}
+{"text":"By bringing GOARN Research and ISARIC partners together in the LMIC setting during COVID-19 we hope to strengthen the clinical, social science  and operational research response. \n\nAim: to support the roll out of the ISARIC WHO natural history protocol (known as the Clinical Characterisation Protocol - CCP) across LMICs: \n\nOverarching goals:  \n\n\n \n Support the roll out/uptake of the CCP across 5 countries per region, where feasible* (across four ISARIC regions of S America, Africa, S Asia  &  SE Asia).   \n \n\n\n\n \n Support the set up and running of local dynamic clinical data dashboards in at least 10 sites per ISARIC region \n \n\n\n\n \n Share the aggregate data with WHO to assist with providing a global picture on the incidence and presentation of moderate to severe cases across a representation of the LMICs to inform clinical management and public health planning and control.  \n \n\n\n\n \n Support the establishment of follow up modules and programmes for discharged hospitalised cases in 5 sites per region to evaluate longer term health impacts of COVID-19 on individual, health services and society to inform prevention and care planning.  \n \n\n\n \n\n*Brazil are in an intense first wave and reaching out to another 4 S. American countries would be challenging at the time of writing. \n","ents":[{"text":"S America","label":"LOC","start":468,"end":477},{"text":"Africa","label":"LOC","start":479,"end":485},{"text":"S Asia","label":"LOC","start":487,"end":493},{"text":"SE Asia","label":"LOC","start":498,"end":505},{"text":"ISARIC","label":"LOC","start":617,"end":623}]}
+{"text":"arch project titled \"European women's health issues in colonial India in the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries\" is on gender and health in the colony.  I wish to focus on the four broad areas: (a) Reproductive health of middle-class 'memsahibs': Reproductive health issues pertaining to European women, such as childbirth practices, maternal health-care, maternal mortality, including the occurrence of puerperal fever.  In connection with this I would explore the development of medical care and treatment infrastructure (e.g. doctors and hospitals) in the three presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras during this period, noting the shifts and changes. (b) Health of soldiers' wives: The health conditions of lower-class 'barrack wives' such as poor hygiene, alcoholism, lack of maternal care, as well as their impact (eg, high female mortality) in the military barracks. (c) Climate and Clothing: The role of medical handbooks in constructing colonial 'theories' about the impact of tropical climates on white female health as well as the perceived role of exercise and clothing. (d) Tropical Disease: Colonial constructions, such as European women's greater 'vulnerability' to tropical diseases like cholera, malaria, 'enteric fever' and the recommended use of the 'cholera belt' as a prevention.  This research seeks to address a largely neglected area.","ents":[{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":64,"end":69},{"text":"Calcutta","label":"GPE","start":594,"end":602},{"text":"Bombay","label":"GPE","start":604,"end":610},{"text":"Madras","label":"GPE","start":615,"end":621}]}
+{"text":"Child health and welfare: enabling access to the Save the Children archive\n\nThis two-year project focuses on cataloguing and preserving the extensive archive of Save the Children (1919-2002), held at the University of Birmingham.\n\nHealth and welfare of children is the guiding principle of this charity, established by sisters Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Buxton. Its objects being to:\n\n\n preserve child life;\n relieve child distress;\n promote child welfare;\n improve the conditions of child life.\n\n\n \n\nJebb\u2019s \u2018Children\u2019s Charter\u2019, drafted in 1922, would later evolve into the \u2018Convention on the Rights of the Child\u2019 as adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989.\n\nThe archive comprises 2,000 boxes including minutes, project reports and publications. Material documents the charity\u2019s work in child health, nutrition and well-being both overseas and in the UK.\n\nThe outcome of this project will be a fully searchable electronic catalogue. This will enable access and reveal the full research potential of this internationally significant collection. The project will establish an ongoing rolling programme to open up access to files once over 25 years old. Preservation activities are also included in this project, focusing on the repackaging of thousands of photographs and transparencies which provide visual support to the written record.\n\n \n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":855,"end":857}]}
+{"text":"The overall aim of the fellowship is to establish an evidence base to aid advocacy for inclusion of pregnant women in malaria drug clinical trials through a review of drug trials in the past 20 years. Specifically, we hope to address the following over a four-week period:\n\n\n Identify malaria drug clinical trials conducted in the past 20 years and review their enrolment criteria.\n Establish the common reasons for excluding or including pregnant women.\n Establish the average time between original approval and pregnancy evidence and eventual regulatory licensure.\n Review ethics committee and regulatory authority SOPs (Malawi, South Africa and McMaster-Canada) for assessing clinical trial eligibility with respect to pregnancy.\n Determine barriers for inclusion of pregnant women in malaria drug clinical trials.\n Propose recommendations for addressing barriers for inclusion of pregnant women in malaria clinical trials.\n\n","ents":[{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":623,"end":629},{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":631,"end":643}]}
+{"text":"Community engagement (CE) for biomedical research is increasingly promoted internationally. Important studies at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP) for which CE is essential but complex are those involving Most-at-Risk- Populations (MARPs) for HIV-1, including Female Sex Workers and Men who have Sex with Men (MSM). Although MARPs are a priority intervention group for the Ministries of Health, sex work and male-same-sex behaviour is illegal in Kenya. These populations can therefore face a double stigma of HIV-1, and being criminalised, stigmatised and discriminated against, including in health care. These challenges underscore the importance of research focused on these groups. However, in this context,research and even CE activities can have unintended adverse outcomes both those the research is aimed at benefiting (through increased unwanted attention), and for the broader KWTRP. A range of MARPs studies (interventional and observational; clinical, epidemiological, immunological and socio-behavioural) have been conducted in three urban areas along the Coast of Kenya: Mtwapa, Kilifi and Malindi. Many studies have been linked to cohorts of HIV-1 negative and positive volunteers (250 and 165 respectively). CE activities to date have focused on sensitizing local key stakeholders, including community leaders, district health authorities, religious leaders, partner organizations and researchers. The proposed project will be an action researchactivity aimed at strengthening locally appropriate forms of community engagement through documenting, evaluating and amending the current communication structures and activities. As is typical for action research projects, this will be a cyclic process with action and critical reflection taking place in turn.","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":464,"end":469},{"text":"the Coast of Kenya","label":"LOC","start":1082,"end":1100},{"text":"Mtwapa","label":"GPE","start":1102,"end":1108},{"text":"Kilifi","label":"GPE","start":1110,"end":1116},{"text":"Malindi","label":"GPE","start":1121,"end":1128}]}
+{"text":"People-centred health systems (PCHS) is a recent progressive shift that has moved thinking beyond building-blocks models of health systems towards ones that centralise a human and relational nature. Despite the conceptual advance, empirical methods are lacking. The project seeks to develop methods for conducing and using Verbal Autopsy (VA) consistent with a PCHS approach by combining VA with Participatory Action Research (PAR) in a process connected to the health system at different levels. VA is a health surveillance technique that provides information on levels and causes of mortality in populations where deaths occur outside facilities and/or without registration. PAR is a process that aims to transform the roles of those participating from objects of research to active researchers and agents of change. It systematises local experience through collective analysis to generate valid forms of evidence on the relationships between health problems and their causes. Three phases of research are proposed. In Phase 1, we will conduct a secondary analysis of data gained through the application of the 2012 WHO VA standard in a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) in rural South Africa. Combing data on medical causes with new data on background characteristics of deaths, we will develop improved ways to classify causes in a method suitable for use at sub-district/district level. In Phase 2, local service users and providers will engage in a PAR process to review the results of Phase 1, set priorities for local services, and explore the potential for co-benefits related to empowerment and social inclusion. The final Phase 3 aims to consult at higher levels of the health system to consider how the method could be further applied and evaluated. The overall output is a practical and integrated methodology based on core standards that is contextually relevant and capable of affecting health gains by translating local priorities into actionable public health agendas.","ents":[{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":1196,"end":1208}]}
+{"text":"To provide a forum for contemporary international research, scholarship and practice in the medical humanities, including history and ethics. o To focus on surgery and pathology, previously uncharted territory for the medical humanities, offering innovation. o To provide a forum for examining the intrinsic artistry and humanity of surgery and pathology, advertising key practitioners who utilize approaches drawn from the humanities. o To apply humanities and arts perspectives to surgery and pathology topics and issues, in order to progress both scholarship and medical practice. o To professionally curate a parallel art exhibition and subsequently produce a television film to offer public engagement. o To offer a platform for members of the Association to present work in three peer-reviewed formats: academic paper, interactive workshop, or exhibit. o To provide a forum for international/ national networking. o To promote the particular strength in medical humanities in the Cornwall-based provision of Peninsula Medical School, including strengthening collaborations with institutions such as Tate St lves. o To provide a forum for medical students with an interest in medical humanities to meet and to present work. o To publish key papers from the conference as a special edition of the journal Medical Humanities.","ents":[{"text":"Cornwall","label":"GPE","start":986,"end":994}]}
+{"text":"A collaboration between Camden People\u2019s Theatre (CPT), King\u2019s College London\u2019s Lung Biology Group, and a group of Camden-based young people, Fog Everywhere is an inventive new professional theatre production looking at the impact of air pollution in the capital, explored through a playful folk history of the London fog. Developed through a programme of schools\u2019 workshops, the production will headline a two-week festival exploring air pollution and practical ways to contribute to its reduction. It connects with Camden residents, in the top 13% of most deprived UK communities in terms of Living Environment, as well as key influencers.\n\n \n\nWith almost 10,000 people killed annually by air pollution in London, and the capital\u2019s first \u2018black warning\u2019 issued in January 2017, the time is ripe for Fog Everywhere. The project draws on CPT\u2019s extensive expertise presenting theatre festivals connected with urgent political issues, for instance Whose London Is It Anyway?, a festival exploring regeneration and the housing crisis that reached over 2,500 people in January 2016.   \n\n \n\nThe project will make the science behind air pollution more widely understood by translating it into human stories, helping audiences reduce their environmental impact, protect their health and participate in change.\n","ents":[{"text":"Camden","label":"GPE","start":114,"end":120},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":310,"end":316},{"text":"Camden","label":"GPE","start":516,"end":522},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":566,"end":568},{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":707,"end":713}]}
+{"text":"Immunity to nematode parasites requires sequential activation of innate and adaptive immunity in a concerted Type 2 response dependent on the cytokines IL-4, IL-13 and IL-25. Our work, and that of others, has identified a novel epithelial cell type that is critical to initiation of this response, known as tuft (or brush) cells. Most significantly, tuft cells are a major source of IL-25 during gastro-intestinal nematode infection, which induces IL-13 production from innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), to activate further innate and adaptive cell populations. They also express high levels of the enzymes that produce acetylcholine and lipid mediators implicated in immunity. Tuft cells are found in other mucosal locations, including the lungs, and are highly conserved across the Mammalia, including in ruminants where intestinal nematodes are a major problem. A fascinating aspect is their expression of taste receptors suggesting that they may chemically \u2018sense\u2019 the presence of nematodes. In this proposal we seek to (i) determine the immune effector functions of  tuft cell mediators; (ii) identify molecules from parasites that may activate tuft cells; and (iii) establish whether tuft cell functions are conserved in ruminants and may lead to new strategies for control of nematode infection in sheep.\n","ents":[{"text":"Mammalia","label":"LOC","start":787,"end":795}]}
+{"text":"Y Touring will research, produce and tour a four-part Theatre of Debate programme exploring the use of clinical trials. The programme will consist of a play, post-performance debate, online resources/simulation and a downloadable audio recording. The programme is a response to the fact that over 85% (figure from Y Tourin'gs internal evaluation) of young people's audiences watching Every Breath, a previous programme exploring the use of animals in biomedical research, have been keen to explore the issue of clinical trials. The programme will be developed in partnership with the Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC) and the play will be written by award-winning playwright Judith Johnson. The programme will target students of KS4 and above (14+) and will include a 5-week London tour and an 8-week UK tour of schools, young offenders institutes, science centres and studio theatres. Based on previous tours, the programme will reach upto 19,500 young people and adults.","ents":[{"text":"London","label":"GPE","start":790,"end":796},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":816,"end":818}]}
+{"text":"Dermatology is an under-resourced area of research, however, the University of Dundee has established a critical mass of internationally competitive researchers in genetic skin disease and cutaneous therapy development.  This award will strengthen this multidisciplinary research centre and catalyze further clinically applicable research at the interface of genetics, dermatology and drug discovery.  Specifically, a large collection of diverse monogenic disorders accumulated through a UK genoderma tology network will be analysed using whole exome sequencing approaches, informed by transcriptome analysis.  Targeted sequence capture and next-generation sequencing of loci identified by genomewide association studies will discover new causative variants in eczema, in addition to streamlining analysis of the large, repetitive filaggrin gene.  Our previous genetics work has identified a number of new therapy targets tractable by small molecule approaches, which will extended here.  A profession ally-managed biotech-style cutaneous drug discovery portfolio will be developed (3 projects already initiated) and extended to run 15 high-throughput screens, supported by hit validation and early hit-to-lead chemistry, with the aim of taking at least 2 dermatology targets through to pharmaceutical partnering.  Animal and cell-culture platforms for assessing cutaneous drug/siRNA delivery/efficacy will be established.  This award will also strengthen our capacity for patient outreach and training  of new investigators.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":488,"end":490}]}
+{"text":"The project draws together collaborators with particular interests in the relationships between pornography and sexual health to examine the empirical evidence base on forms of mediated sexuality, enabling better understanding of the kinds of interventions most useful to young people. Increasingly prominent in discussions of sexual health pornography is often portrayed as a public health issue, addictive, a factor in erectile dysfunction, loss of sexual desire, changes to brain functioning, as well as worries about wellbeing and \u2018healthy\u2019 relationships. Sex and relationship education will be compulsory in the UK from 2019, and pornography will be included  but what form such \u2018porn ed\u2019 will take is not clear. Our project takes as its starting point a review of the disjuncture between dominant framings of pornography and the bodies of knowledge about pornography, health and sexuality emerging from critical forms of humanities and social sciences. In particular, as media become central to sexual practices, experiences, identities and lifestyles, we will investigate how these may be significant to sex education and sexual health interventions. These findings will contribute to networking and scoping activities which will lead to a larger funding application to develop educational resources which are deliverable, effective and useful.\n","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":617,"end":619}]}
+{"text":"The Devon Partnership NHS Trust, providing mental health and learning disability services for Devon has decided to discard a substantial number of individual patient records, together with at least two different card indices. These materials appear to date mainly 1930s - 1960s and are to be destroyed unless archived. They represent an important resource for researchers and for the engagement of scientific and historical scholarship with the wider public. The Devon Archivist has accepted the need to house these materials on a temporary basis until an effective means of sampling and retention can be found. The rationale for retaining these materials and developing a clear model for sampling what is a collection of some ten thousand patient files can be simply stated. Earlier deposits of health records, in particular those relating to mental health, have provided a foundation for major research initiatives at the Centre, including detailed studies of mental services in south west England before 1939. Relatively few collections of patient records for the post-1918 period have survived, though they complement studies of the nineteenth century which have drawn largely on such materials. The present proposal is for a brief (approximately 3 months) investigation of the medical records to assess their scope and organisation, and to identify an appropriate strategy for future sampling. The proposal envisages funding for one member of staff (a Research Assistant) under the direction of Dr Jo Melling (the applicant), in collaboration with the Devon Archivist, but housed in the Devon Record Office. John Draisey (Devon County Archivist) has agreed to the Research Assistant using office space, telephone facilities and associated resources at the Devon Record Office. Management will be arranged by monthly meetings, with reports prepared by the Research Assistant.","ents":[{"text":"Devon","label":"GPE","start":94,"end":99},{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":992,"end":999},{"text":"Devon County","label":"GPE","start":1627,"end":1639}]}
+{"text":"Care, not Confinement: Accessing and Preserving the Records of the Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries Introduction and context The Crichton Royal Institution was opened in 1839, on a site about a mile south of the town of Dumfries. As a private benefaction for the amelioration of the unhappy lot of the mentally afflicted a century ago, the Crichton bequest (of about \u00a3100,000) was the most generous one then known in this or any other country 'At its opening' the Crichton Institution was declared to be 'the most perfect in Europe of its kind'. Its place in medical history, and specifically in the development of the understanding of the brain, was created under the guidance of the first Physician Superintendent, Dr W A F Browne, and was continued and enhanced by his successors. Browne's revolutionary use of art therapy and drama therapy for patients (including the first theatrical performance ever given in a lunatic asylum) was an exemplar of the humane principles and improved treatments he espoused in his What Asylums were, are and ought to be, published in 1837. His son Sir James Crichton-Browne, in his capacity as Lord Chancellor's Visitor, was acquainted with every mental hospital in England and Scotland that took private patients. He remarked in 1936 on his \"sense of pride that [the Crichton] should so steadily pursue the policy of progress and emancipation, and maintain a leading, I had almost said the leading, place in institutions of its kind\". The Crichton maintained its international reputation throughout the last century, as exemplified by the establishment of the Department of Clinical Psychiatry under the eminent academic Dr Willi Meyer-Gross and Dr John Raven, the developer of the widely-used intelligence-testing \"Raven's Matrices\". Records The records were formerly held at the Crichton. In 1983 Dumfries and Galloway Health Board appointed an archivist to care for their collections, of which the Crichton records formed part. Following her retirement in 2008 the Health Board records were placed into commercial storage near Edinburgh. In 2009 Dumfries and Galloway Council agreed to provide storage for, and access to the records. They are currently stored in the Archives Outstore and in Dumfries Archive Centre; public access is provided at the latter.","ents":[{"text":"Dumfries","label":"GPE","start":224,"end":232},{"text":"Europe","label":"LOC","start":529,"end":535},{"text":"England","label":"GPE","start":1206,"end":1213},{"text":"Scotland","label":"GPE","start":1218,"end":1226},{"text":"Edinburgh","label":"GPE","start":2071,"end":2080}]}
+{"text":"The prediction of risk for disease is an area that is expanding in both the commercial and academic worlds; however, most prediction methods do not incorporate all of the available information on risk. I plan to develop computationally efficient phenotype prediction methods utilising as much of the relevant genetic information as possible, which will be tested in simulation and then applied to data from the UK Biobank. The accurate prediction of phenotypes relies on an accurate understanding of genetic architecture, including the overall effect size distribution and the relation between allele frequency and effect size. The Bayesian approach I plan to takewill incorporate knowledge about genetic architecture and learn about genetic architecture in an adaptive way. I will test whether the inclusion of environmental effects and gene-environment interaction effects improves phenotype prediction. It is known that the inclusion of genotype-phenotype data on close relatives improves phenotype prediction, and I will test whetherdata of this sort will enable more clinically useful phenotype prediction. This investigation will reveal fundamental facts about the nature of variationin disease risk while at the same time giving practical methods for risk prediction.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":411,"end":413}]}
+{"text":"Undernutrition is a major consequence of climate change. Biodiversity could enhance climate change resilience of local food systems by improving human nutritional outcomes and providing healthy local food resources during/after climate-related risks. What is unclear, however, is how food biodiversity (FBD) is linked to human nutritional status. This study aims to answer that question by investigating impacts of FBD on the prevalence of malnutrition-related anemia in Shawi Indigenous adults aged 15 to 60 years old and assess the role of FBD on the resilience of Shawi to extreme floods in past five years. This will be achieved through two complementary studies. In the first study, Shawi people who have experienced recent floods will have FBD measured using questionnaires and 24-hour recall. Anemia will be assessed using a novel, non-invasive, image-based application alongside measuring blood hemoglobin. Given that seasonal changes could affect FBD, a cross sectional study with repeated measurements will be conducted to explore if the association between FBD and anemia is stable at different times of year. In the second study, community-based participatory approaches will be used with Shawi participants to investigate the role of FBD on responding to extreme floods\n\nKey words: nutrition, biodiversity, Amazonia, resilience, Indigenous people\n","ents":[{"text":"Amazonia","label":"LOC","start":1320,"end":1328}]}
+{"text":"Background: Memory disorders are a significant source of morbidity.  They are common with over 800,000 patients with dementia in the UK, a number expected to double over the next 20 years.  Project aims: (i)Map structural and functional alterations to cognitive performance in diagnostic groups, considering the importance of structural and functional connectivity and integral structures (eg hippocampus) (ii) Explore the role of structural and functional connectivity in the neurobiology of me mory deficits. (iii) Develop novel image analysis methods that may aid diagnosis and understanding. Study Design and Methodology: Three groups will be compared using an advanced multi-modal imaging MRI protocol: a. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (n=20), b. age/sex matched patients with early Alzheimer's disease (n=20), c. age/sex matched healthy controls (n=20).  MRI brain protocol will include structural imaging, DTI, fMRI and Perfusion.  Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and 7 Tesla MRI scan wi ll be performed on a subgroup.  MRI analysis includes voxel wise diffusion indices and resting networks.   Neuropsychological testing protocol will be performed.  Correlates of MRI findings with neuropsychological markers will be sought. Opportunities: These studies will investigate the neurobiology of memory in limbic encephalitis and Alzheimer's disease.  This may help in detection and treatment of these diseases and related memory disorders.","ents":[{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":133,"end":135}]}
+{"text":"DIFD/Wellcome Trust initiative on capacity building in Kenya and Malawi.   The initiative for this proposed programme stems from an agreement between Mark Walport of the Wellcome Trust and Mark Lowcock of DFID early in 2004 to seek closer working in areas of common interest in global health research. Such collaboration reflects more general moves towards greater coordination of UK research funding in global health, most clearly marked by the recent establishment of the UK Funders Forum for Health (presently comprising DFID, Wellcome Trust and the MRC). With the establishment of 'centres of excellence' featuring within the strategies of both WT and DFID, it was agreed that the initiative should build upon existing investments and track-record: leading to the decision that the programme should begin its work in Kenya and Malawi.   IDRC has a mission to support development through research, and has a track-record in strengthening health systems through enhancement of research capacity and the utilisation of research. This includes implementation of the Tanzanian Essential Health Interventions Project (TEHIP), which demonstrated clear health impacts on District level services of improved knowledge utilisation. Given this track-record, what was initially conceived of as a Wellcome Trust-DFID partnership is now planned as a tripartite venture, with IDRC providing capacity for local implementation and technical support for the initiative.    The initiative is conceived of as a single programme that will be implemented in two components; the two components matched to the distinct needs and opportunities in Kenya and Malawi respectively. In Kenya, for example, the Regional East African Community Health (REACH) Policy initiative, provides a unique opportunity for the programme to link with and support a regionally-owned initiative in getting research into heath policy and practice. In Malawi, SWAp implementation and major external investments in human resources and malaria control, provide a differing range of opportunities and needs. Although the two programme components should be coherent with each other in terms of analysis of research capacity issues, the strategies adopted will be distinctive to the extent that they fit with local circumstances.","ents":[{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":55,"end":60},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":65,"end":71},{"text":"UK","label":"GPE","start":381,"end":383},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":821,"end":826},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":831,"end":837},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1626,"end":1631},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":1636,"end":1642},{"text":"Kenya","label":"GPE","start":1660,"end":1665},{"text":"Malawi","label":"GPE","start":1908,"end":1914}]}
+{"text":"Among parasites transmitted by insects, single-celled parasites of the genus Leishmania are second only to malaria in terms of their impact on health. The parasites cause the potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, which affects some half a million people worldwide each year.One potential way to reduce the impact of this neglected disease is an innovative, pheromone-based 'lure-and-kill' approach being developed by Gordon Hamilton and colleagues at Keele University and the Funda\u00e7ao Oswaldo Cruz in Brazil.  In South America, Leishmania infantum chagasi is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. As with mosquitoes and malaria, it is only female sand flies that take blood meals and transmit the parasite from infected dogs (the mammalian reservoir of the infection) to humans. If sand fly feeding on dogs and humans could be better controlled, or even prevented, transmission would be less likely to occur, and the number of cases reduced. The strategy adopted by Dr Hamilton and his team has been to exploit the natural communication system that controls sand fly reproductive behaviour. At dusk, male sand flies aggregate on and around host animals, releasing chemicals (sex pheromones) that attract both sexes to mate, and females to blood-feed. With Wellcome Trust funding, Dr Hamilton and his colleague Krishnakumari Bandi have demonstrated that the male pheromone can be synthesized from an inexpensive and easily obtained plant derived intermediate, and that the synthetic pheromone attracts female sand flies in the laboratory.In recent trials, Dr Hamilton, Daniel Bray and Reginaldo Brazil extended this work to show that the pheromone also attracts sand flies in the field. Using dispensers which release the chemical at a similar rate to a group of aggregating males, the group showed that the synthetic pheromone can be used to attract both sexes to mechanical light traps and inexpensive sticky traps in Brazil.","ents":[{"text":"Brazil","label":"GPE","start":505,"end":511},{"text":"South America","label":"LOC","start":517,"end":530},{"text":"Brazil","label":"GPE","start":1936,"end":1942}]}
+{"text":"Hip Hop Health will create engagement among youth (16 to 20 years), health researchers and popular music artists on research related to water-related diseases affecting their communities. The project leverages our existing Science Spaza network of over 60 science clubs spread across South Africa (SA) supporting learners in low-resource contexts to engage with topics in science and maths though activity-based learning. Hip Hop Science Spaza is an existing initiative using popular youth culture to explore, debate and share science knowledge. Through Hip Hop Health, Science Spaza will pilot a model for community engagement with health research that can be applied to other health topics. The Hip Hop Health project will work closely with 60 learners from science clubs in the uMgungundlovu District Municipality in SA. In phase 1, a space will be created for dialogue among learners, health researchers and water practitioners to identify issues around water-related disease (agenda setting). This discussion will inform the design of Science Spaza resources, including guidelines for conducting small water-health related studies. In phase 2, the learners will conduct these studies, supported by health research and ethics experts. They will reflect on their learnings and, working with a prominent hip hop or rap artist, create songs on their key learnings and perform them for the local community. In phase 3, the products of phase 2 will be recorded on CD and the resources and guidelines refined and shared with other Science Spaza clubs. Broadcast options in youth radio and TV channels will also be pursued.","ents":[{"text":"South Africa","label":"GPE","start":284,"end":296},{"text":"SA","label":"GPE","start":298,"end":300},{"text":"the uMgungundlovu District Municipality","label":"GPE","start":777,"end":816},{"text":"SA","label":"GPE","start":820,"end":822}]}
+{"text":"This programme of research will provide a rounded and original analysis of one of the most ambitious efforts at increasing health coverage and equity internationally - the global movement for Primary Health Care (PHC). Developed and run over the course of much of the 1970s and 1980s, this health programme is deserving of detailed attention in a context where a new global movement for PHC is being advocated yet again by the World Health Organization (WHO) Director General, Dr. Margaret Chan (who  took up office in 2006 and is expected to be re-elected in 2012). This is, therefore, an ideal time for the preparation of detailed, historically grounded, inter-disciplinary and independent studies of past and current chapters of PHC. Situating these studies in detailed national and local case studies is important, so that they can assist in the development of more context-specific and effective global health policy. The proposed research project will acknowledge the great institutional complex ity of the WHO and other UN organizations such as the UNICEF, as well as national and local governments. Their multifaceted administrative structures ensured that policy goals were interpreted in varying ways and, in turn, meant that there were wide-ranging differences in project implementation. This programme of research will examine the provision of universal healthcare within India, Ceylon/Sri Lanka and Bangladesh; it will also look at the impact of the transnational spread of ideas as a resu lt of work carried out by global heath agencies in South Asia.","ents":[{"text":"India","label":"GPE","start":1384,"end":1389},{"text":"Ceylon","label":"GPE","start":1391,"end":1397},{"text":"Bangladesh","label":"GPE","start":1412,"end":1422},{"text":"South Asia","label":"LOC","start":1554,"end":1564}]}
+{"text":"Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved yet ill-studied endocytic process. It is characterised by the formation of Rac1-actin-dependent membrane ruffles and shares the same core machinery with the process of cell migration. Macropinocytosis can be utilised by professional antigen-presenting cells like macrophages to sample their surrounding environments for signs of infection or by cancer cells to fuel their proliferation. Despite its important roles in many pathophysiological conditions, factors that regulate macropinocytosis remain largely unclear.   \n\nTraditionally, it is believed that growth factors play a central role in triggering macropinocytosis. However, recent in vitro evidence suggests physical cues such as hydraulic pressure and membrane tension also significantly impact this process. Nevertheless, an in vivo model that intercalates physical factors in the regulation of macropinocytosis is still lacking.\n\nThis proposal looks at the highly macropinocytic macrophages and aims to combine the advantage of the mechanically tunable Xenopus embryos with the high-resolution imaging capability of zebrafish embryos and larvae to address three key questions:\n\n\n Can tissue mechanical properties affect the migration and macropinocytosis of macrophages?\n Establishing a Xenopus ex vivo primitive myeloid-derived macrophage model for macropinocytosis study.\n Can substrate stiffness affect bacterial clearance by macrophages during wounding and inflammation?\n\n\nKeywords: Macropinocytosis, mechanosensing, macrophages, Xenopus, zebrafish.\n","ents":[{"text":"Xenopus","label":"LOC","start":1062,"end":1069}]}