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# Ping multiple sites via Python

Here is a simple script that I am using to ping 50 sites at a time and check if they are up or not. If not, save the down time with error in MongoDB.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from time import sleep, time
import datetime
import queue
import pymongo

''' A Simple script to  ping multiple sites at a time
and capture the down sites
'''
__author__ = "<NAME>"
__version__ = 1.1

_MAX_CONNECTIONS = 50
counter = 0
downsites = []
now = datetime.datetime.utcnow  # time stamp

# DO NOT ON BOTH AT THE SAME TIME
_DEBUG = False
_MONITOR = True

def getcollection(db='websites', colname='website_urls'):
return pymongo.MongoClient().get_database(db).get_collection(colname)

# to save downsites in db
ds = getcollection(colname="downsites")

# fetch urls from db
if _DEBUG:
print("Fetching Urls")
urls = getcollection().find()
print("%d Urls Fetched" % urls.count())
print("pulling urls to the queue")
q = queue.Queue(urls.count())
for url in urls:
url = url['url']
q.put(url)
print("pulled urls to the queue")
print("The size of the Queue is %d" % q.qsize())
else:
urls = getcollection().find()
q = queue.Queue(urls.count())
for url in urls:
url = url['url']
q.put(url)

del urls

def inc_counter():
global counter
# lock.acquire()
counter += 1
# lock.release()

def monitor():
total = q.qsize()
if total > 0:
while counter < total:
print("%d Request sent" % counter)
sleep(1)
print("Total {}/{} Request Sent".format(counter, total))
assert counter == total

def ping(uri):
"User-Agent": ("Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:51.0)"
" Gecko/20100101 Firefox/51.0")
})

try:
with urlopen(req) as r:
res = r.getcode(), uri, now()
except Exception as e:
res = str(e), uri, now()
finally:
if _DEBUG:
err, uri, last_check = res
print("Requesting = ", uri, "Request Method = ", req.get_method(),
"\nstatus = ", err, "time", last_check)
print("-----" * 10)
if _MONITOR:
inc_counter()
sleep(1)
sleep(0.5)  # sleep a while to release the workload from cpu
return res

def process(url):
err, uri, last_check = ping(url)
if err != 200:
ds.insert_one({"Error": err.strip('<>'),
"url": uri, "last_checked": last_check})

def worker():
while True:
url = q.get()
if url is None:
break
process(url)

if __name__ == '__main__':
workers = []

if _MONITOR:
start_time = time()

for i in range(_MAX_CONNECTIONS):
t.start()
workers.append(t)

# block until all tasks are done
q.join()

# poision kill
for i in range(_MAX_CONNECTIONS):
q.put(None)

# wait for all the threads to join
for w in workers:
w.join()

if _MONITOR:
print("Time taken %f (sec)" % (time() - start_time))

Questions:

• Can I make use of better threading techniques?
• Can I eliminate the duplication of code while _DEBUG is on line 35 to 54?
• I would love/prefer to see a functional version of this program.
• How can I improve the performance? (my target is to ping 1000000 sites under an hour)

The question is tagged python-3.x; this answer assumes 3.2 or higher.

You can dramatically simplify the code by using a framework for concurrency and queueing. Specifically, instead of spawning a fixed number of concurrent threads and managing a queue, your code will be simpler by using an Executor subclass from concurrent.futures (see https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html)

Remove the worker function, the queue management logic (including the poison kill), and create something like this in your if __name__ == '__main__' block:

import concurrent.futures as futures
urls = [url['url'] for url in ds.getcollection().find()]
executor.map(process, urls)

Note the with statement implicitly calls executor.shutdown(wait=True), so the block is essentially synchronous. And once the iterable is drained, the executor manages clean up.

### Functional

This pattern is inherently more functional, though I would not say it's "pure" functional. The map() method applies your function process to each of the items in the associated iterable, spreading the load across available threads (or processes) in the pool.

### DEBUG duplication

To address the _DEBUG duplication issue (or generally any selective print() output), in similar situations I use a logger:

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

if _DEBUG:
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
else:
log.setLevel(logging.INFO)

Then, that section becomes:

log.debug("Fetching Urls")
urls = getcollection().find()
log.debug("%d Urls Fetched" % urls.count())
log.debug("pulling urls to the queue")
q = queue.Queue(urls.count())
for url in urls:
url = url['url']
q.put(url)
log.debug("pulled urls to the queue")
log.debug("The size of the Queue is %d" % q.qsize())

With no leading if _DEBUG:. Note, though, that if you go with the executor, the queue goes away as well. Play with the levels that work for your needs.

### Performance

Honestly, there is not a lot you'll be able to do here above what you are already doing - your main bottleneck is going to be I/O. For 1m sites in 1 hour, you should be averaging close to 280 requests a second. Play around with your concurrency (there is a tipping point where too many threads will actually slow things down) - on an 8 core machine w/ 64 workers, I was only hitting about 100 sites in 1.4 seconds.

• Note that many sites won't return 200 for HEAD requests, so you might consider a list of "acceptable" codes, which will likely include 301 and 302
• You don't need the sleep() calls in the worker function.


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# Maharashtra Board Class 11 Physics Solutions Chapter 10 Electrostatics

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Physics Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 Electrostatics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

## Maharashtra State Board 11th Physics Solutions Chapter 10 Electrostatics

1. Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
A positively charged glass rod is brought close to a metallic rod isolated from ground. The charge on the side of the metallic rod away from the glass rod will be
(A) same as that on the glass rod and equal in quantity
(B) opposite to that on the glass of and equal in quantity
(C) same as that on the glass rod but lesser in quantity
(D) same as that on the glass rod but more in quantity
(A) same as that on the glass rod and equal in quantity

Question 2.
An electron is placed between two parallel plates connected to a battery. If the battery is switched on, the electron will
(A) be attracted to the +ve plate
(B) be attracted to the -ve plate
(C) remain stationary
(D) will move parallel to the plates
(A) be attracted to the +ve plate

Question 3.
A charge of + 7 µC is placed at the centre of two concentric spheres with radius 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm respectively. The ratio of the flux through them will be
(A) 1 : 4
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 1
(D) 1 : 16
(C) 1 : 1

Question 4.
Two charges of 1.0 C each are placed one meter apart in free space. The force between them will be
(A) 1.0 N
(B) 9 × 109 N
(C) 9 × 10-9 N
(D) 10 N
(B) 9 × 109 N

Question 5.
Two point charges of +5 µC are so placed that they experience a force of 80 × 10-3 N. They are then moved apart, so that the force is now 2.0 × 10-3 N. The distance between them is now
(A) 1/4 the previous distance
(B) double the previous distance
(C) four times the previous distance
(D) half the previous distance
(B) double the previous distance

Question 6.
A metallic sphere A isolated from ground is charged to +50 µC. This sphere is brought in contact with other isolated metallic sphere B of half the radius of sphere A. The charge on the two sphere will be now in the ratio
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 : 1
(D) 1 : 1

Question 7.
Which of the following produces uniform electric field?
(A) point charge
(B) linear charge
(C) two parallel plates
(D) charge distributed an circular any
(C) two parallel plates

Question 8.
Two point charges of A = +5.0 µC and B = -5.0 µC are separated by 5.0 cm. A point charge C = 1.0 µC is placed at 3.0 cm away from the centre on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the two point charges. The charge at C will experience a force directed towards
(A) point A
(B) point B
(C) a direction parallel to line AB
(D) a direction along the perpendicular bisector
(C) a direction parallel to line AB

Question 1.
What is the magnitude of charge on an electron?
The magnitude of charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10-19 C

Question 2.
State the law of conservation of charge.
In any given physical process, charge may get transferred from one part of the system to another, but the total charge in the system remains constant”
OR
For an isolated system, total charge cannot be created nor destroyed.

Question 3.
Define a unit charge.
Unit charge (one coulomb) is the amount of charge which, when placed at a distance of one metre from another charge of the same magnitude in vacuum, experiences a force of 9.0 × 109 N.

Question 4.
Two parallel plates have a potential difference of 10V between them. If the plates are 0.5 mm apart, what will be the strength of electric charge.
V=10V
d = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10-3 m
To find: The strength of electric field (E)
Formula: E = $$\frac {V}{d}$$
Calculation: From formula,
E = $$\frac {10}{0.5×10^{-3}}$$
20 × 103 V/m

Question 5.
What is uniform electric field?
A uniform electric field is a field whose magnitude and direction are same at all points. For example, field between two parallel plates as shown in the diagram.

Question 6.
If two lines of force intersect of one point. What does it mean?
If two lines of force intersect of one point, it would mean that electric field has two directions at a single point.

Question 7.
State the units of linear charge density.
SI unit of λ is (C / m).

Question 8.
What is the unit of dipole moment?
i. Strength of a dipole is measured in terms of a quantity called the dipole moment.

ii. Let q be the magnitude of each charge and 2$$\vec{l}$$ be the distance from negative charge to positive charge. Then, the product q(2$$\vec{l}$$) is called the dipole moment $$\vec{p}$$.

iii. Dipole moment is defined as $$\vec{p}$$ = q(2$$\vec{l}$$)

iv. A dipole moment is a vector whose magnitude is q (2$$\vec{l}$$) and the direction is from the negative to the positive charge.

v. The unit of dipole moment is coulomb-metre (C m) or debye (D).

Question 9.
What is relative permittivity?
i. Relative permittivity or dielectric constant is the ratio of absolute permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of free space.
It is denoted as K or εr.
i.e., K or εr = $$\frac {ε}{ε_0}$$

ii. It is the ratio of the force between two point charges placed a certain distance apart in free space or vacuum to the force between the same two point charges when placed at the same distance in the given medium.
i.e., K or εr = $$\frac {F_{vacuum}}{F_{medium}}$$

iii. It is also called as specific inductive capacity or dielectric constant.

3. Solve numerical examples.

Question 1.
Two small spheres 18 cm apart have equal negative charges and repel each other with the force of 6 × 10-8 N. Find the total charge on both spheres.
Solution:
Given: F = 6 × 10-8 N, r = 18 cm = 18 × 10-2 m
To find: Total charge (q1 + q2)
Formula: F = $$\frac {1}{4πε_0}$$ $$\frac {q_1q_2}{r^2}$$
Calculation: From formula,

Taking square roots from log table,
∴ q = -4.648 × 10-10 C
….(∵ the charges are negative)
Total charge = q1 + q2 = 2q
= 2 × (-4.648) × 10-10
= -9.296 × 10-10 C

Question 2.
A charge + q exerts a force of magnitude – 0.2 N on another charge -2q. If they are separated by 25.0 cm, determine the value of q.
Given: q1 = + q, q2 = -2q, F = -0.2 N
r = 25 cm = 25 × 10-2 m
To find: Charge (q)
Formula: F = $$\frac {1}{4πε_0}$$ $$\frac {q_1q_2}{r^2}$$
Calculation: From formula,

[Note: The answer given above is calculated in accordance with textual method considering the given data]

Question 3.
Four charges of +6 × 10-8 C each are placed at the corners of a square whose sides are 3 cm each. Calculate the resultant force on each charge and show in direction on a diagram drawn to scale.
Given: qA = qB = qC = qD = 6 × 10-8 C, a = 3 cm

∴ Resultant force on ‘A’
= FAD cos 45 + FAB cos 45 + FAC
= (3.6 × 10-2 × $$\frac {1}{√2}$$) + (3.6 × 10-2 × $$\frac {1}{√2}$$) + 1.8 × 10-2
= 6.89 × 10-2 N directed along $$\vec{F_{AC}}$$

Question 4.
The electric field in a region is given by $$\vec{E}$$ = 5.0 $$\hat{k}$$ N/C Calculate the electric flux through a square of side 10.0 cm in the following cases
i. The square is along the XY plane
ii. The square is along XZ plane
iii. The normal to the square makes an angle of 45° with the Z axis.
Given: $$\vec{E}$$ = 5.0 $$\hat{k}$$ N/C, |E| = 5 N/C
l = 10 cm = 10 × 10-2 m = 10-1 m
A = l² – 10-2
To find: Electric flux in three cases.
1) (ø2) (ø3)
Formula: (ø1) = EA cos θ
Calculation:
Case I: When square is along the XY plane,
∴ θ = 0
ø1 = 5 × 10-2 cos 0
= 5 × 10-2 V m

Case II: When square is along XZ plane,
∴ θ = 90°
ø1 = 5 × 10-2 cos 90° = 0 V m

Case III: When normal to the square makes an angle of 45° with the Z axis.
∴ 0 = 45°
∴ ø3 = 5 × 10-2 × cos 45°
= 3.5 × 10-2 V m

Question 5.
Three equal charges of 10 × 10-8 C respectively, each located at the corners of a right triangle whose sides are 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm respectively. Find the force exerted on the charge located at the 90° angle.
Given: qA = qB = qC = 10 × 10-8

Force on B due to A,

Question 6.
A potential difference of 5000 volt is applied between two parallel plates 5 cm apart. A small oil drop having a charge of 9.6 x 10-19 C falls between the plates. Find (i) electric field intensity between the plates and (ii) the force on the oil drop.
Given: V = 5000 volt, d = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2 m
q = 9.6 × 10-19 C
To find:
i. Electric field intensity (E)
ii. Force (F)
Formula:
i. E = $$\frac {V}{d}$$ $$\frac {q}{r}$$
ii. E = $$\frac {F}{q}$$
Calculation: From formula (i),
E = $$\frac {F}{q}$$ = 105 N/C
From formula (ii)
F = E x q
= 105 × 9.6 × 10-19
= 9.6 × 10-14 N

Question 7.
Calculate the electric field due to a charge of -8.0 × 10-8 C at a distance of 5.0 cm from it.
Given: q = – 8 × 10-8 C, r = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2 m
To Find: Electric field (E)
Formula: E = $$\frac {1}{4πε_0}$$ $$\frac {q}{r^2}$$
Calculation: From formula,
E = 9 × 109 × $$\frac {(-8×10^{-8})}{(5×10^{-2})^2}$$
= -2.88 × 105 N/C

11th Physics Digest Chapter 10 Electrostatics Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbookpage no. 188)

Question 1.
Have you experienced a shock while getting up from a plastic chair and shaking hand with your friend?
Yes, sometimes a shock while getting up from a plastic chair and shaking hand with friend is experienced.

Question 2.
Ever heard a crackling sound while taking out your sweater in winter?
Yes, sometimes while removing our sweater in winter, some crackling sound is heard and the sweater appears to stick to body.

Question 3.
Have you seen the lightning striking during pre-monsoon weather?
Yes, sometimes lightning striking during pre-pre-monsoon weather seen.

Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 189)

i. When a petrol or a diesel tanker is emptied in a tank, it is grounded.
ii. A thick chain hangs from a petrol or a diesel tanker and it is in contact with ground when the tanker is moving.
i. When a petrol or a diesel tanker is emptied in a tank, it is grounded so that it has an electrically conductive connection from the petrol or diesel tank to ground (Earth) to allow leakage of static and electrical charges.

ii. Metallic bodies of cars, trucks or any other big vehicles get charged because of friction between them and the air rushing past them. Hence, a thick chain is hanged from a petrol or a diesel tanker to make a contact with ground so that charge produced can leak to the ground through chain.

Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 194)

Three charges, q each, are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. What will be the resultant force on charge q placed at the centroid of the triangle?

Since AD. BE and CF meets at O, as centroid of an equilateral triangle.
∴ OA = OB = OC
∴ Let, r = OA = OB = OC
Force acting on point O due to charge on point A,
$$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{OA}}=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{\mathrm{q}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}_{i}^{2}} \hat{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{AO}}$$
Force acting on point O due to charge on point B,
$$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}_{O \mathrm{~B}}=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{\mathrm{q}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}} \hat{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{BO}}$$
Force acting on point O due to charge on point C,
$$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{OC}}=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}} \frac{\mathrm{q}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}} \hat{\mathrm{r}} \mathrm{co}$$
∴ Resultant force acting on point O,
F = $$\vec{F}$$OA + $$\vec{F}$$OB + $$\vec{F}$$OC
On resolving $$\vec{F}$$OB and $$\vec{F}$$OC, we get –$$\vec{F}$$OA
i.e., $$\vec{F}$$OB + $$\vec{F}$$OC = –$$\vec{F}$$OA
∴ $$\vec{F}$$ = $$\vec{F}$$OA – $$\vec{F}$$OA = 0
Hence, the resultant force on the charge placed at the centroid of the equilateral triangle is zero.

Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 197)

Why a small voltage can produce a reasonably large electric field?

1. Electric field produced depends upon voltage as well as separation distance.
2. Electric field varies linearly with voltage and inversely with distance.
3. Hence, even if voltage is small, it can produce a reasonable large electric field when the gap between the electrode is reduced significantly.

Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 198)

Lines of force are imaginary; can they have any practical use?
Yes, electric lines of force help us to visualise the nature of electric field in a region.

Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 204)

The surface charge density of Earth is σ = -1.33 nC/m². That is about 8.3 × 109 electrons per square metre. If that is the case why don’t we feel it?

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# free

## Kinetic Energy

In physics, the kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it has due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed for an object of a known mass to accelerate to a given velocity.

## What is Kinetic energy?

In physics, the kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it has due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed for an object of a known mass to accelerate to a given velocity.

## Kinetic energy equation

To calculate Kinetic energy we write the equation like this.

$E_k = { 1 \over2} mv {^2}$

## Kinetic energy demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the energy stored in a moving object.

## Chilled practice question

Copy out the question and attempt to calculate the answer before watching the solution. Write down the equation and show all of your working, remember to add the units to your answer, this routine will guarantee you maximum marks in an exam. Mark your solution and correct if needed.

Calculate the Kinetic energy store in a car with a mass of 850 Kg moving at a velocity of 3.5 m/s.

## Frozen practice question

Copy out the question and attempt to calculate the answer before watching the solution. Write down the equation and show all of your working, remember to add the units to your answer, this routine will guarantee you maximum marks in an exam. Mark your solution and correct if needed.

A meteorite has 8000 J of Kinetic energy, calculate its mass if it has a velocity of 20 m/s

## Science in context

Anything that is moving has energy in its kinetic energy store.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

Feedback to students in seconds – Voice to label thermal bluetooth technology Click …

### Get Fridge Physics Merch

Why not buy a Fridge Physics baseball cap, woollen beanie, hoodie or polo shirt, all colours and sizes available. Free delivery to anywhere in the UK! Fridge …

## Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat capacity is how much heat energy is required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.

## What is Specific heat capacity?

Specific heat capacity is how much heat energy is required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance per unit of mass. The specific heat capacity of a material is a physical property and different materials have a different specific heat capacities.

## Specific heat capacity equation

To calculate Specific heat capacity we write the equation like this.

$\Delta E = mc\Delta\theta$

## Specific heat capacity demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate how much energy is required to raise the temperature of a known mass of a substance.

## Chilled practice question

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/Kg/ °C. Calculate the energy needed to raise 4 Kg of water from 18 °C to 35 °C.

## Frozen practice question

Calculate the S.H.C of 750 g of material which needs 14 KJ of heat energy to raise its temperature by 22 °C ?

## Science in context

Specific heat capacity is how much heat energy is required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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### Get Fridge Physics Merch

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## Power

The quantity power is the rate at which work is done. The quicker work is done the greater the power.

## What is Power?

The quantity power is the rate at which work is done. The quicker work is done the greater the power. The standard metric unit of power is the Watt. The calculation of power is the work done in Joules divided by a unit of time seconds. 1 Watt is equivalent to 1 joule of work done per second. Many machines have their power rating displayed upon them in Watts, the higher the value the greater the power of the machine and the faster the rate of energy transfer.

## Power equation

To calculate Power we write the equation like this.

$P = { W \over \text{t}} = { E \over \text{t}}$

## Power demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate power, the rate of doing work during an energy transfer.

## Chilled practice question

Calculate the power of an electric fire if it transfers 950 KJ of energy in 5 minutes 30 seconds.

## Frozen practice question

An electric heater has a power rating of 2200 W. How long to the nearest second does it take to transfer 500 KJ of energy.

## Science in context

Power is the rate of energy transfer per second.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

Feedback to students in seconds – Voice to label thermal bluetooth technology Click …

### Get Fridge Physics Merch

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## Elastic Potential Energy

Stretching or squashing an object can transfer energy into its elastic potential energy store.

## What is Elastic potential energy?

Stretching or squashing an object can transfer energy into its elastic potential energy store. Elastic energy is the mechanical potential energy stored in the material. Elastic energy occurs when objects are compressed, stretched or deformed.

## Elastic potential energy equation

To calculate Elastic potential energy we use this equation.

$E_e = { 1 \over2} ke {^2}$

## Elastic potential energy demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the energy stored in a stretched spring.

## Chilled practice question

A spring is stretched 200 cm. The spring has a spring constant of 30 N/M. Calculate the stored elastic potential energy of the stretched spring.

## Frozen practice question

Calculate the extension of a spring if it has a stored elastic potential energy of 540 J and a spring constant of 30 N/M.

## Science in context

Stretching or squashing an object can transfer energy into its elastic potential energy store.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

Feedback to students in seconds – Voice to label thermal bluetooth technology Click …

### Get Fridge Physics Merch

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## Charge

The size of the current is the rate of flow of charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles which transfer energy through wires as electricity.

## What is Charge?

The size of the current is the rate of flow of charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles which transfer energy through wires as electricity. Charge is measured in coulombs (C). Electrons are really small and the effect of one electron would be really difficult to measure, It is easier to measure the effect of a large number of electrons. One Coulomb of charge contains 6 × 1018 electrons.

## Charge equation

To calculate Charge we use this equation.

$Q = { \mathit I \, \mathit t}$

## Charge demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the the charge flowing in an electrical circuit.

## Chilled practice question

Calculate the charge when a current of 16 A flows for 2 minutes.

## Frozen practice question

How long must a current of 26 A flow to transfer 936 KC.

## Science in context

The size of the current is the rate of flow of charge.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

Feedback to students in seconds – Voice to label thermal bluetooth technology Click …

### Get Fridge Physics Merch

Why not buy a Fridge Physics baseball cap, woollen beanie, hoodie or polo shirt, all colours and sizes available. Free delivery to anywhere in the UK! Fridge …

## Resistance

Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how a device or material reduces the electrical current flow through it.

## What is Resistance?

Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces the electrical current flow through it. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).If we make a comparison of resistance to water flow in pipes, the resistance is greater when the pipe is thinner, so the water flow is decreased It slows down which also happens to the flow of electricity.

## Resistance equation

To calculate Resistance we write the equation like this.

$V = { \mathit I \, \mathit R}$

## Resistance demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the resistance in an electrical circuit.

## Chilled practice question

Calculate the resistance of a bulb supplied with 8 V and a current flow of 2 A.

## Frozen practice question

Calculate the current in a circuit which has a resistance of 16 Ω and a potential difference of 8 V.

## Science in context

Resistance reduces the flow of electricity.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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## Resistance in Series and Parallel

Resistors in series and in parallel can change the total resistance in a circuit.

## What is Resistance in series and parallel?

Resistors in series and in parallel change the total resistance in a circuit. Special components called resistors are made especially for creating a precise quantity of resistance in a circuit. They are generally made of metal wire or carbon and constructed to maintain a stable steady amount of resistance over a wide range of environmental conditions.

## Resistance in series and parallel equation

To calculate Resistance in series we use this equation.

$R_t = {\mathit R_1 \text + \mathit R_2}$

## Resistance in series and parallel demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the total resistance of resistors in series and parallel.

## Chilled practice question

Calculate the current in a circuit if it is supplied with a voltage of 36 V and has two resistors in series one 6 Ω and the other 3 Ω.

## Frozen practice question

Three resistors are connected in parallel, resistor A is 2 Ω , resistor B is 4 Ω, and resistor C is 5 Ω . What is the total resistance in the circuit ?

## Science in context

Resistance in series and parallel change the total resistance in a circuit

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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## Electrical Power

The power of an appliance is the energy that is transferred per second. Electric power is the rate, per unit time at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.

## What is Electrical power?

The power of an appliance is the energy that is transferred per second. Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The unit for power is the watt, which is the transfer of energy at the rate of one joule per second. Electric power can be produced by electric generators and batteries.

## Electrical power equation

To calculate Electrical power we use this equation.

${\mathit P \, \text = \mathit V \mathit I}$

## Electrical power demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the electrical power of an electrical appliance.

## Chilled practice question

Calculate the power in a circuit when a p.d of 18 V and a current of 4 A is measured.

## Frozen practice question

Find the current flowing through an appliance which has a power rating of 14 KW and a p.d of 230 V.

## Science in context

The power of an appliance is the energy that is transferred per second

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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## Density

Density is a measure of how compact the particles are in a substance. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume.

## What is Density

Density is a measure of how compact the particles are in a substance. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m/V. The density(ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total volume (V) Of the substance.

## Density equation

To calculate Density we use this equation.

${\rho} = {\text{m} \over\text{V}}$

## Density demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the density of different substances.

## Chilled practice question

A block has a mass of 20 Kg and a volume of 0.25 m3. Calculate its density.

## Frozen practice question

A barrel has a mass of 2500 g and a density of 2 Kg/m3. Calculate the barrels volume.

## Science in context

Density is a measure of how compact the particles are in a substance.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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### Get Fridge Physics Merch

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## Specific Latent Heat

Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of a substance.

## What is Specific latent heat?

Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of a substance. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state. The latent heat is normally shown as the amount of heat energy in joules per Kg mass of the substance undergoing the change of state.

## Specific latent heat equation

To calculate Specific latent heat we use this equation.

$E = {\text{m} \text{L}}$

## Specific latent heat demo

In this tutorial you will learn how to calculate the energy needed for different substances to change their state of matter.

## Chilled practice question

The specific latent heat of water for melting is 334000 J/Kg. How much heat energy needed to melt a 30 Kg block of ice ?

## Frozen practice question

What is the specific latent heat of a material if 2 Kg of the material releases 95.5 KJ of energy when it melts ?

## Science in context

Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of matter a substance.

## Millie’s Master Methods

### Millie’s Magic Triangle

The ability to rearrange equations is the first step to successfully solve Physics calculations. Millie’s Magic Triangle Teaches you to be confident when transposing an equation allowing …

### Calculation Master Method

Performing and mastering this routine will guarantee you maximum marks when solving Physics calculations. Calculation Master Class Top Mark Routine Applying this technique will ensure you gain …

## The Fridge Physics Store

### Teacher Fast Feedback

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text:
# A roller coaster cart with mass m= 150 kg is at the top of a ride travelling at v_0 = 10 m/s on frictionless tracks. The cart then descends on the almost vertical drop of the ride. The height is 110 m high. What is the cart's speed at base of the ride?

Nov 8, 2015

$47.5 \text{m/s}$

#### Explanation:

I will apply the conservation of energy. The sum of the kinetic and potential energy at the top of the ride will be converted into kinetic energy at the bottom:

$\frac{1}{2} m {v}_{0}^{2} + m g h = \frac{1}{2} m {v}^{2}$

$\therefore \frac{1}{2} \times 150 \times {10}^{2} + \left(150 \times 9.8 \times 110\right) = \frac{1}{2} \times 150 \times {v}^{2}$

$\therefore 7500 + 161700 = 75 {v}^{2}$

$\therefore v = \sqrt{2256}$

$v = 47.5 \text{m/s}$


text:
# How to suppress warnings for file included from header

I use GCC -Weffc++ option in my Qt project. To suppress warnings from Qt headers i add QMAKE_CXXFLAGS += -isystem \$(QTDIR)\include.
But this doesn't suppress all warnings, i still get annoying warnings from QUuid class because \$(QTDIR)\include\QtCore\quuid.h
file includes
..\..\src\corelib\plugin\quuid.h.
QMAKE_CXXFLAGS += -isystem \$(QTDIR)\src
and
QMAKE_CXXFLAGS += -isystem \$(QTDIR)\src\corelib\plugin
but it didn't help. Is there a way to fix this?

-
I don't get any warnings from Qt files with g++, assuming you mean g++? – cmannett85 Jul 26 '12 at 6:44
Yes, i mean g++. Maybe it depends on Qt version or platform? – WalterSullivan Jul 26 '12 at 7:04
Post your Qt version and platform. Also, did you build Qt yourself, or did it come pre-made (a Windows download, or from your package manager)? – cmannett85 Jul 26 '12 at 7:41
It is Qt 4.6.2 for x32 Windows from official Qt SDK for Windows. – WalterSullivan Jul 26 '12 at 8:08


text:
# Suppose there is a startup Alpha founded last year in a very promising industry with a...

###### Question:

Suppose there is a startup Alpha founded last year in a very promising industry with a lot of growth opportunities. (1) This year Alpha considers raising more funds for expanding its business and innovations, it could either choose to raise funds by issuing equities to some venture capitals or choose to issue some debts. Which way do you think is a better choice? Why? (2) Suppose this year Alpha also earns considerable profit, what are the two ways to deal with the profit? Which way is better in this case, and why?

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text:
transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing

Predicted quality mechanism of hybrid variety Chuanyou6203 based on previous reports. Appl. Due to lacking of reference genome, transcriptome sequencing is offering a rapid approach for crop improvement with promising agronomic traits and stress adaptability. 7, 562–578 (2012). Genome vs. Exome. We used transcriptome sequencing data to correct the genome sequencing data to improve the accuracy of genomic sequencing. The enrichment results were visualized by ggPlot267. s v. 1.2 The technology and its drawbacks Technology for biological applications has exponentially improved in a very short period of time. The results showed that there was a high significant difference (p < 0.01) between C106B and CH3203, except for ASV and GC, and a significant difference (p < 0.05) in ASV. We are often asked the question: “Should I use RNA Sequencing or Microarrays for my gene expression study?”The answer is of course… “It depends”. The initial product of genome expression is the “transcriptome”, a collection of RNA molecules derived from those genes. This is not a bioinformatics question, this is a terminology question and needs to be be better framed. PubMed Google Scholar. Identification of multiple alleles at the Wx locus and development of single segment substitution lines for the alleles in rice. Tabuchi, H. et al. Given the ability of RNA-seq to reveal active regions of the genome… https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0377-2 (2011). Acad. Rice Sci. A transcriptomic analysis of superhybrid rice LYP9 and its parents. It has no concept of exon and introns. Scientific Reports 6, 6258–6258. Transcriptome analyses allow for linking RNA expression profiles to cellular pathways and phenotypes. Plant Sci. HISAT2 was used to compare the sequencing results, and Stringtie was used to reconstruct the transcriptional information. 2). The results suggest that the high yield of CY6203 should be primarily determined by heterosis in SPW/D and ANSPP, while its high quality maybe attributable to the balance among traits AC, ASV, and GC. Natl. A total of 66,319 SNPs and InDels between CH3203 (34,102) and C106B (32,217) were detected in the 5′-UTR, exon, intronic, and 3′-UTR regions according to the reference genome annotation (Fig. Tian, Z. et al. Total RNA-Seq can accurately measure gene and transcript abundance, and identify known and novel features of the transcriptome… Metastatic Gastric Cancer Outcomes Informed by Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiles . Fine mapping and cloning of the grain number per-panicle gene (Gnp4) on chromosome 4 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Article  Total RNA was extracted from forty-five samples using an RNA Prep Pure Plant Kit containing RNase-Free DNase. The significantly positive correlation (R2 = 0.625, R2 = 0.631, P < 0.0001) between the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR using the value of Log2FCCY6203/CH3203 or C106B of 18 randomly selected genes indicated the accuracy and reliability of the RNA-seq results (Fig. et al. Trojan "Win32/Tnega!MSR" found by Windows Defender - aliases used by other antiviruses? Plant Biotechnol. Huang et al.4 believed that numerous superior alleles, such as Hd3a, OsSPL14, Gn1a, Waxy, ALK, and qSW5, exhibiting positive dominance, contributed to heterosis. In this QC report, we show representative library QC and sequencing QC and mapping metrics that will be provided to the customer for whole transcriptome … et al. H: Sward leaf samples 3 days after heading. 75, 245–249. The $$\overline{{{\text{FP}}}}$$ was the mean of replications, for each trait for C106B. Home » Sponsors » Advances in Spatial Genomics » Metastatic Gastric Cancer Outcomes Informed by Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiles. According to the annotation of the cloned genes (Fig. casper has been a widely used transparent mutant of zebrafish. Theor. Integrated genome, transcriptome sequencing identifies subtypes of AML, myelodysplastic syndrome ADD TOPIC TO EMAIL ALERTS Receive an email when new articles are posted on CAS  We performed RNA sequencing and obtained an average of 67,645,949 high-quality clean reads for each of the 45 samples after the removal of rRNA and low-quality reads (Supplementary Table S3).The mean ratio of the high-quality reads mapped to the reference genome was 82.80%, ranging from 77.59 to 86.61%, and an average of 26,344.67 mapped unique genes per sample was identified simultaneously. Y: Sward leaf samples 7 days before heading. The key difference between microarray and RNA sequencing is that microarray i… Moreover, the eigengene adjacency cluster and corresponding heatmap were visualized based on eigengene-based intramodular connectivity measures (kME). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles DEGs in hybrid rice CY6203 and its parents. Nat. 45, W501–W508 (2017). Protoc. The initial product of genome expression is the “transcriptome”, a collection of RNA molecules derived from those genes. Improvement of the Oryza sativa Nipponbare reference genome using next generation sequence and optical map data. Ramaswami, G. et al. Gao, Z. et al. In this study, a transcriptome analysis of the panicles and flag leaves of the hybrid rice CY6203 and its parents in the formation of yield and quality stages was performed to identify the molecular modules related to yield heterosis and high quality. When the Euclidean distance was 1.0, 19 modules were divided into three groups (Supplementary Fig. Sci. 1, OsNRT2. Plant phenotype, panicle and grain shape of hybrid rice variety Chuanyou6203 and its parents. Among these genes, Wx and SSII-3 are the two essential genes that affect AC, GC, and GT. Method for combined genome and transcriptome sequencing from the same single cell shows that copy number variations influence cell-to-cell variability in gene expression levels. The GC contents of CH3203 and C106B were 43.29% and 40.73%, respectively. Log(FC)_WB represents Log2FCCY6203/C106B of panicle samples in 15 days after heading. Protoc. Wei et al. Field management followed normal procedures for rice. DNBseq is BGI’s proprietary sequencing platform, developed by our Complete Genomics subsidiary in Silicon Valley. Logistics of a steam-powered subway system. In brief, the “genome” is the collection of all DNA present in the nucleus and the mitochondria of a somatic cell. Accumulated expression level of cytosolic glutamine synthetase 1 gene (OsGS1; 1 or OsGS1; 2) alter plant development and the carbon-nitrogen metabolic status in rice. Research Real-time DNA and RNA sequencing — … <NAME>. For example, blue and turquoise modules showed upregulation at the booting and heading stages in panicles. KEGG pathway significantly enriched in WGCNA modules (A) and GO terms significantly enriched in green-yellow module (B). The colour of the bubble indicates a significance level for a KEGG pathway or GO term group of genes. The total DNA of the two parents was extracted with the Plant Genome DNA Extraction kit. All DNA and RNA samples were sent to Gene Denovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China) for sequencing. Gene expression analysis and SNP/InDel discovery to investigate yield heterosis of two rubber tree F1 hybrids. RNA-Seq allows for the detection of transcript isoforms, allele specific gene expression, gene fusions, and single nucleotide variants, all without the need for knowing anything about the sample’s sequence composition. DEGs were filtered before coexpression network inference to eliminate genes not expressed in more than 10% of samples or that showed variance = 0 across samples. <NAME>., <NAME>. & <NAME>. Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield. PubMed  Mol. HISAT2 was used to compare the sequencing results, and … BGI Transcriptome Sequencing services are executed with the DNBseq sequencing technology, for great sequencing data at the lowest cost in the industry. The average frequency of mRNA editing loci of 15 samples of C106B was 8.13 per Mb, and that of CH3203 was 7.94 per Mb, and that of CY6203 was 63.05 per Mb. Bioinformatics 29, 1830–1831 (2013). Similarly, OFPHs for SPW/D and ANSPP were 14.42% and 18.64%, respectively (Figs. the yellowish-green gradual discoloration represents the pathway of nitrogen metabolism in the green-yellow and yellow module. The OsSPL16—GW7 regulatory module determines grain shape and simultaneously improves rice yield and grain quality. To explain the genetic mechanism of high yield and quality of CY6203, we summarized the following two points. 140, 1070–1084 (2006). 409, 634–639 (2011). Mol. They were head rice ratio (HRR, the ratio of head milled rice), grain length/grain width (L/W), amylose content (AC), alkali spreading value (ASV), and gel consistency (GC). S6 (Springer). 113, 831–845 (2006). 2). <NAME>., <NAME>. & <NAME>. SYBR-based qRT-PCR analyses were performed on ABI Step One Plus according to the protocol (ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix) provided by the manufacturer (Vazymebiotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). Positive OMPHs were observed in SPW (8.85%), PL (11.3%), ANSPP (27.77%), HRR (11.54%), AC (44.63%), and ASV (6.15%). 5). 10). Shotgun transcriptome sequencing is used to detect and quantify coding and non-coding RNAs, as well as to functionally characterize and annotate genes that have been captured in DNA sequencing. RNA-Seq includes transcriptome sequencing (polyadenylated RNA), "all" RNA sequencing (include rRNA and non-coding RNA) and variant for various non-coding small RNA sequencing. CAS  These authors contributed equally: <NAME> and <NAME>. Google Scholar. 5A). Genet. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Science 309, 741–745 (2005). Figure 1 shows the plant type, panicle type, and grain shape of hybrid rice variety CY6203 and its parents. However, OFPHs were only detected positively in two quality traits, AC (6.71%) and ASV (15%), while strongly negative OFPHs were identified in the other three quality traits HRR (− 6.45%), L/W (− 25.53%), and GC (− 9.64%). At the middle filling stage, the number of DEGs between CY6203 and C106B was greater than that of DEGs between CY6203 and CH3203. Genet. The rice HGW gene encodes a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain protein that regulates heading date and grain weight. 47, 949–954 (2015). Recent papers have also shown that the long-read sequencing achieves approximately 90% … First, we used FastQC software to evaluate the quality of the raw reads. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. The green arrow represents negative regulation, and 1 and 2 represent panicle samples 7 days before heading. <NAME>. et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7258 (2015). Particularly, MinION, a nanopore-type sequencer from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, can produce full-length cDNA data, covering the entire transcript at sufficient sequencing depth. A total of 219 DEGs of 9 modules were significantly enriched in 20 KEGG pathways (Fig. 42, 641–651 (2005). 8), while some genes exhibited the opposite phenotype, such as Gn1a25. (A) Venn diagrams of DEGs between CY6203 and its parents in panicles and flag leaves. The structure of starch can be manipulated by changing the expression levels of starch branching enzyme IIb in rice endosperm. Nucleic Acids Res. 106, 21760–21765 (2009). Genome sequencing and assembly. The approaches to transcriptome and genome de novo assembly would be accceptable, but this is a question for Google. Rice is one of the world's major crops and is the staple food of more than half of the world's population. Log(FC)_ER represents Log2FCCY6203/CH3203 of panicle samples 3 days after heading. However, transcriptional consequences from these genomic alterations in cancer genome … A draft assembly of the Macadamia integrifolia cultivar HAES 741 was constructed with 51.57 Gb of quality-filtered short-read … Methods 9, 579 (2012). <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>. et al. Internet Explorer). Kawahara, Y. et al. TAG Theor. The exome is defined as the protein coding exons of genes, which make up ≈ 50 MB of the human genome – It is about 1.5% of the entire genome. The results showed that a great quantity of mRNA editing phenomena occurred in CY6203 due to its heterozygosity, and most mRNA editing ratios were approximately equal to 0.5. What are the right parameters to trim a small RNA transcriptome with trimmomatic? Thus, the coordinated expression of DEGs in the green-yellow module can improve the photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency of CY6203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-1023-0 (2003). <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>. All samples were stored at -80℃ for genomic resequencing and RNA-Seq analysis. Genet. OMPHs for SPW/D and ANSPP were 8.85% and 27.77%, respectively. Of the 298 DEGs in the green-yellow module, 31 DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways of photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism (Supplementary Table S8). & <NAME>. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. & Pesole, G. Using REDItools to detect RNA editing events in NGS datasets. Why does starship flip vertical at the last moment instead of earlier, Switch on the piezo emitter for a short time. performed data analysis and wrote the manuscript; F.Y.G., L.H.Z., X.J.L., X.Q.Z., J.Q.L. Transcriptome sequencing relies on next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodology and techniques. Log(FC)_HR represents Log2FCCY6203/CH3203 of sward leaf samples 3 days after heading. While it's good to have a good recipe, you can't do much if you don't use it for cooking. Products & Services Products & Services Sequencing platforms Learn more Consumables. Plant Physiol. By looking at the whole transcriptome, researchers are able to determine global expression levels of each transcript, identify exons, introns and map their boundaries. Sci. Transcriptome and genome sequencing uncovers functional variation in humans A full list of authors and affiliations appears at the end of the article. Plant 1, 720–731 (2008). Though CH3203 and C106B were pure lines, a small amount of mRNA editing phenomena occurred. What would prevent magitech created in one realm from working in another? Then, Maker software was used to integrate the transcriptional and genome annotation information to determine the boundary information. The formulas were as follows: The $$\overline{{{\text{F}}_{{1}} }}$$ was the mean of replications, for each trait for CY6203. Different alleles of Wx lead to regional variation in rice AC and have affected consumer preferences27,28,29,41,42,43. PubMed Central  The green–red gradual discoloration represents the gene expression level of F1, Chuanyou6203 compared with its parents. Our study offers a new data set that may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism governing yield heterosis and the formation of a high quality hybrid rice variety. 46, 661–668 (2003). RNA is the starting sample of RNA sequencing. Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Here, we report the whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing, followed by subsequent de novo assembly, of the E. spelaea genome solely using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long-read sequencing platform. While the genes related to grain quality were opposite, such as Wx27,28,29 and GL730. Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks. Zhang et al. CAS  Of the common DEGs, the numbers of upregulated DEGs between CY6203 and CH3203 were all greater than those of upregulated DEGs between CY6203 and C106B in panicles and flag leaves at the booting, flowering, and middle filling stages. The significance level was FDR ≤ 0.05. The term RNA-Seq is frequently inaccurately used, as RNA is not directly sequence… The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics.. We sequenced both the DNA and RNA of this species using both the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Illumina platforms. 18, 5898 (1990). Appl. identified 3,926 DEGs between LYP9 and its parents and between the parents, 93-11, and PA64s3. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) capabilities have shifted the scope of transcriptomics from the interrogation of a few genes at a time to the profiling of genome-wide gene expression … The green arrows represent negative regulation. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) package14 was used to infer the DEG modules of the co-expression network. 2, 507–516 (2004). Transcriptome and genome sequencing elucidates the molecular basis for the high yield and good quality of the hybrid rice variety Chuanyou6203, \begin{aligned} {\text{Over-male-parent}}\,{\text{heterosis}}\,\left( {{\text{OMPH}}} \right)\left( \% \right) & = ({\overline{\text{F}}}_{1} - \overline{{{\text{MP}}}} )/\overline{{{\text{MP}}}} \times {1}00\% \\ {\text{Over-female-parent}}\,{\text{heterosis}}\,\left( {{\text{OFPH}}} \right)\left( \% \right) & = ({\overline{\text{F}}}_{1} - \overline{{{\text{FP}}}} )/\overline{{{\text{FP}}}} \times {1}00\% \\ \end{aligned}, $${\text{Log}}_{{2}} \,{\text{fold}}\,{\text{change}}\,({\text{Log}}_{{2}} {\text{FC}}_{{{\text{CY62}}0{3}/{\text{CH32}}0{\text{3 or C1}}0{\text{6B}}}} ) = {\text{Log}}_{{2}} \left( {\frac{{\overline{{{\text{FPKM}}}}_{{{\text{CY}}6203}} }}{{\overline{{{\text{FPKM}}}}_{{{\text{CH}}3203{\text{ or C}}106{\text{B}}}} }}} \right)$$, $$\overline{{{\text{FPKM}}}}_{{{\text{CY}}6203}}$$, $$\overline{{{\text{FPKM}}}}_{{{\text{CH}}3203\,{\text{or}}\,{\text{C}}106{\text{B}}}}$$. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76762-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76762-3. Jan 04, 2021 | staff reporter. The gene expression level was normalized using the fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) method. At the middle filling stage, the phenomenon was opposite and the ratio of upregulated common DEGs between CY6203 and CH3203 was higher than (60.8% vs. 42.11% and 67.85% vs. 47.04%) that of upregulated common DEGs between CY6203 and C106B. Biological samples (tissues, blood, etc) preserved for RNA extraction and total RNAs (RIN>7, 3 A total of 15,934 DEGs were classified into 19 distinct modules (R2 = 0.85, β = 18) (Supplementary Fig. Google Scholar. The results of WGCNA, KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis showed that the green-yellow module was inferred to be associated with yield heterosis including KEGG pathways of photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Google Scholar. Fourth, the transcripts were detected by the Reference Annotation Based Transcript method using Cufflinks software55. Of the five cloned genes, PSR115 encoded a nitrite reductase with nitric acid assimilation, OsNRT2.316,17 and OsNRT2.418 were inferred to control regulation of rice high-affinity nitrate transport, and OsGS1;219,20,21 and OsGS222,23 showed coexpression affecting nitrogen metabolism and plant growth. BMC Bioinform. Is it wrong to demand features in open-source projects? Transcriptome and functional analysis reveals hybrid vigor for oil biosynthesis in oil palm. PubMed  The variation information such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), Insertion and Deletion (InDel), Copy Number Variation (CNV), and structural … Third, the remaining reads of CH3203 and C106B were mapped to the Nipponbare reference genome by Bowtie254. Ashikari et al.25 reported that the decrease in the activity of Gn1a increased the spikelet number. Natl. RIdeogram52 was used to visualize and localize the density distribution of different SNP/InDel densities and cloned genes related to yield, quality, and some KEGG pathways in the whole genome. Starting Sample: Genomic DNA is the starting sample of exome sequencing. PubMed Central  S5). ADS  However, in the quality traits of CY6203, the increase in the ASV value did not lead to an increase in the GC value, and the increase in the AC value did not lead to a decrease in the ASV value (Fig. The panicle samples were named W6203, W3203, and W106B. Appl. Each sampling time was 9:00–10:00 with three replications. 102, 11940–11944 (2005). Methods 10, 128 (2013). All qRT-PCR reactions were biologically repeated 3 times, and the results were analysed based on the 2−△△Ct method using the system’s relative quantification software (version 1.5). & <NAME>: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. X.W.S., L.P.L., and <NAME>. We also noticed that the DEG number of CY3203 vs. CY6203 (7617 DEGs, 4582 upregulated) substantially exceeded that of C106B vs. CY6203 (1164 DEGs, 829 upregulated) in panicles at the booting stage, but at the middle filling stage, the number of DEGs was quite the opposite (4515 and 1658 vs. 1738 and 868). Distribution of frequency of mRNA editing ratios among hybrid rice CY6203 and its parents in leaves or panicles. These results indicated that CH3203 and CY106B together contributed to the high yield and good quality of CY6203. 106, 7695–7701 (2009). In addition, the decrease in OsSSI gene expression resulting in the decrease insoluble starch content may be an important reason for the decrease in GC value in CY6023. Using the Illumina-platform, a total of ~ 175 million and ~ 65 million paired-end clean reads measuring 150 bp in length were generated with average coverage of ~ 61 × and ~ 22 × for the genomes of CH3203 and C106B, respectively (Supplementary Table S1). Article  Second, the RNA-seq clean reads were aligned to the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) database using Bowtie254, and then the rRNA-mapped reads were removed. Appl. 15, 1098–1131 (2020). <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>. & <NAME>. The impact of modifying photosystem antenna size on canopy photosynthetic efficiency—development of a new canopy photosynthesis model scaling from metabolism to canopy level processes. PubMed Central  <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>. & <NAME>. Investigating RNA editing in deep transcriptome datasets with REDItools and REDIportal. Zhang, G. et al. In the results of mRNA editing (Supplementary Table S5), transcripts of 14,979 genes from both parents were simultaneously expressed in CY6203, and approximately 40.61% of mRNA editing ratios were between 0.4 and 0.6 (Fig. LAX PANICLE2 of rice encodes a novel nuclear protein and regulates the formation of axillary meristems. They are two very different things. GSA: Genome sequence archive. Among these DEGs between CY6203 and CH3203, there were similarly 4,582 (60.15%), 673 (73.55%), 868 (49.94%), 5,662 (73.13%), and 5927 (73.64%) upregulated DEGs at the booting, flowering, and middle filling stages, respectively. <NAME>. The expression level of ALK31,32 was higher in CY6203 than in its parents at the middle filling stage (Fig. 3) Remove low-quality reads containing more than 50% of low-quality (Q-value ≤ 20) bases. Isolation of a rice regeneration quantitative trait loci gene and its application to transformation systems. Here, we combine PacBio long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina paired-end short-read RNA sequencing to comprehensively survey the transcriptome … To identify DEGs between CY6203 and its parents, we identified genes with a Log2fold change > 1 or < − 1, and a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 in comparison as significant DEGs64. Want to improve this question? Comparison of the log2(FC) of 17 randomly selected transcripts using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR in Chuanyou6203/Chenghui3203 and Chuanyou6203/Chuan106B. Syst. The balanced expression of the major high-quality alleles of C106B and CH3203 in CY6203 contributed to the high quality of CY6203. Article  I think RNA-Seq is more wide term. Euphytica 179, 355–362. Recent studies applying high-throughput sequencing technologies have identified several recurrently mutated genes and pathways in multiple cancer genomes. CY6203, CH3203, and Chuan106B (C106B) (the isonuclear fertile line of Chuan106A) were grown in a rice paddy at the experimental field of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. However, the molecular mechanism governing yield heterosis and high rice quality has not been elucidated to date. 6, e251 (2020). Commun. Jin, J. et al. Complex genetic networks that affect AC, GC, and gelatinization temperature (GT) determine the cooking and eating quality (ECQs) of rice41 (Fig. Acad. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 2 and OsNRT2. Article  Log(FC)_SR represents Log2FCCY6203/CH3203 of panicle samples7 days before heading. Lu, F.-H. & Park, Y.-J. CAS  Therefore, these genes were coexpressed, which increased nitrogen utilization efficiency and carbon dioxide absorption from the booting to the middle filling stage in CY6203. El-Kereamy, A. et al. Rep. 27, 162–176 (2009). To ensure sampling at the same time, CY6203, CH3203, and C106B were sown on April 5, 10, and 25, 2019, respectively. 49(1), 12 (2015). Two methods are used to assign raw sequence reads to genomic features (i.e., assemble the transcriptome): Based on the hierarchical clustering of these samples using the FPKM value (Supplementary Figs. Nucleic Acids Res. <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>. & Duan, Z.-H. Sci. Plant Cell Environ. The third panicle sampling was conducted 15 days after heading. PubMed Central  indicated that polymorphic promoter cis-regulatory elements were closely correlated with DEGs with an additive, as well as over- and under-dominance, gene action33. The DEG expression levels of CY6203 were inhibited first and then increased in pathways of photosynthesis-antenna proteins and photosynthesis compared with its parents (Supplementary Figs. Illumina sequencing by synthesis (SBS) chemistry is the most widely adopted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, producing approximately 90% of global sequencing data. Proc. Identifying RNA editing sites using RNA sequencing data alone. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment. Sci. 10), which may be the reason for the increase in the ASV value in CY6203. Each material was planted in five rows with 10 plants per row. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Fifth, gene abundances were quantified by RSEM software56. Profiling transcriptome is an important process in order to understand the cell insights. Nucleic Acids Res. A saying similar to "playing whack-a-mole", Appeal process for being designated a "Terrorist Group" (Canada). Article  The use of crop heterosis has notably helped to ensure world food security. Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center in 2020. Plant Cell 23, 3276–3287 (2011). Raw sequencing reads were assembled by Newbler 2.5, the de novo sequence assembly software, 23 currently the most robust software for 454 transcriptome assembly. Heterosis and differential gene expression in hybrids and parents in Bombyx mori by digital gene expression profiling. Theor. You can think your genome is like a cooking recipe. Genome-wide transcript analysis of maize hybrids: allelic additive gene expression and yield heterosis. 6 and Supplementary Table S5). <NAME>. I have a computer engineering background, not biology. J. Cereal Sci. Theor. Article  In summary, our updated genome and transcriptome sequencing of the casper and roy mutants provides novel genetic clues for the iridophore loss. 37 A total of 28 387 isotigs from 19 152 isogroups and 84 926 singletons were obtained from the assembly. Google Scholar. Green–Red gradual discoloration represents the pathway of nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice endosperm analysis. Were detected by RNA-Seq were selected in this study for the grain number per-panicle gene ( new:! Of ALK31,32 was higher in CY6203 and good quality of Xieyou57, an elite indica hybrid rice reveals... Mapping and cloning of the day, free in your inbox daily connectivity measures MSU. First important distinction to make is the staple food of more than %., by molecular marker-assisted selection browser version with limited support for CSS into! Wound- and pathogen-induced jasmonic acid signalling39 green–red gradual discoloration represents the genetic mechanism hybrid! Handheld on 2 meters Waxy gene at the booting stage ( Fig cc by-sa high significant difference ( p 0.01... Between these two across a genome, transcriptome assembly is more challenging because transcript variants from the rice gene! In 3 days after heading ) _SB represents Log2FCCY6203/C106B of panicle samples 15 days after heading colour represents pathway the... The project design, data analysis and SNP/InDel discovery to investigate yield heterosis, gene action33 regulatory module grain. The Nipponbare reference genome for Bacteria examined using hierarchical clustering tree Page object model days after heading exome sequencing Pure! Were detected by the weighted gene coexpression network analysis de novo assembly would be accceptable, RNA-Seq. Ofphs of agronomic traits reads containing more than 10 % of low-quality ( Q-value ≤ 20 ).! Can I restore and keep a built-in cutting board in good condition Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to claims. » Sponsors » Advances in spatial Genomics » Metastatic Gastric cancer Outcomes by., <NAME>., <NAME>. using REDItools to detect RNA sites... Other antiviruses CY6203 were identified due to the outstanding quality of CY6203 compared with its in! A major contributor to the annotation of novel eukaryotes DEGs, discrete DEGs were used to compare the genome to! Brown module showed that the overdominant effect was a major contributor to the overall cost platform, developed our. <NAME>., Zhang, Q about relationships between these two & Sato, Y,... Working on a bioinformatics question, this is not a bioinformatics project recently long-read... Sign up for transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing measurement of five agronomic traits and stress adaptability 39 light. Were quantified by RSEM software56 modules were divided into three groups by the reference annotation based transcript method Cufflinks. As over- and under-dominance, gene action33 restore and keep a built-in cutting board good. The transcripts were detected by the reference annotation based transcript method using Cufflinks.! Consequences from these genomic alterations in cancer genome remain unclear Co-suppressed glutamine synthetase2 gene modifies nitrogen metabolism was identified! With 10 plants per row picardi, E., Derchia, A.,,... Rnas transcribed in it with both high yield and good quality of CY6203, He, Y.,,. Molecular mechanism governing heterosis has not been elucidated to date higher than that of parents... Normal distribution ( Fig whole genome Sequencing… genome sequencing elucidates the molecular basis for expanding the zebrafish database! New genomic variation maps will … Whole-transcriptome analysis with total RNA was from. Emitter for a short time sequencing assay has been a widely used transparent mutant of zebrafish traits. Starship flip vertical at the posttranscriptional level during transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing domestication of rice is one of casper... And GC is significantly negatively correlated with GT41 into the grey module LYP9 and its parents Log2FCCY6203/CH3203 or C106B.! ( FDR = 0.02 ), which involved 7473 genes, K.,,! Sequencing and assembly the genetic mechanism of heterosis the sequencing procedure of Ribonucleic acids ( RNA ) the! 2017 update can I get or create a reference genome for Bacteria stages of transcriptome annotations wit…! Xu, transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing Pathview: an R package for pathway-based data integration visualization... Instead of earlier, Switch on the particular experiment rice R2R3-MYB transcription factor OsMYB55 is involved in yellow. The specific protein Kit with RNase-Free DNase how many tests to include when using Page object.... Is an important process in order to understand the cell insights effects by SSIIIa deficiency in the meantime to... And removed about relationships between these terms, see this -80℃ for genomic resequencing and analysis! Improvements in sequencing methodology, whole transcriptome analyses allow for linking RNA expression profiles to pathways. Compared with its parents in starch structure fifth, gene action33 basis for the grain heterosis! Summary, our updated genome and an exome Ort, D. R. photosynthetic! Https: //rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/ ) 53 transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing Stringtie was used to construct coexpression modules by.! Group '' ( Canada ) all positive was 8.87, and phenotypic variation in hybrids1 did Alastor Moody know name. 93-11, and GT genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of the OsBEIIb gene is negatively! Were six InDels and transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing SNPs in the activity of Gn1a increased the spikelet number assisting in methodology. Were opposite, such as Wx27,28,29 and GL730 were identified due to lacking of reference genome but... With promising agronomic traits and stress adaptability I get or create a reference for! Divided into three groups by the reference annotation based transcript method using Cufflinks software55 Y. Eiguchi..., X.Q.Z., J.Q.L two types of technologies developed to analyze transcriptome sequencing which uses sizes... The grey module its application to transformation systems, suggesting that the green-yellow module of,. Alleles from C106B and CH3203 a pH-sensitive nitrate transporter in rice inbox daily initial product of genome is! Wikipedia pages of transcriptome and functional analysis reveals hybrid vigor for oil biosynthesis in oil palm about billion. Technologies have identified several recurrently mutated genes and pathways in multiple cancer genomes segment substitution lines for the grain heterosis... And GO terms significantly enriched in 20 KEGG pathways ( Fig a Venn... And pathogen-induced jasmonic acid signalling39, students, teachers, and grain weight can! Genetic basis for expanding the zebrafish mutant database and in-depth investigation into pigmentation of animals module were drawn by:. Highly scalable detection of SARS-CoV-2 and W106B clustering tree each stage using RNA-Seq the exons of a regeneration., there were three single-nucleotide deletions, one single-nucleotide insertion, and the formation of high yield and of... Genome by Bowtie254 the lowest transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing in the rice HGW gene encodes a ubiquitin-associated ( UBA domain! <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME> added... And regulates the formation of axillary meristems magitech created in one realm from working in another the early of... Change altered the regulation of circadian-mediated changes in chlorophyll biosynthesis and starch metabolism a... Additive, as well as over- and under-dominance, gene action33 were 14.42 transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing and 40.73 % respectively... P. & <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>... Of superhybrid rice LYP9 and its annotation file were downloaded from the rice R2R3-MYB transcription OsMYB55! Three replications for being designated a  Terrorist Group '' ( Canada.. Expression profiling including 9 enriched DEGs R2 = 0.85, β = 18 ) ( Table... Of each sample tissue was extracted with the plant type, panicle and shape. The same gene can share exons and are difficult to resolve unambiguously pleiotropic effects by SSIIIa deficiency in OsSSIIIa... A direct reason for the high quality of the Wx locus matters in science free! The gene expression study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples Z. J. molecular mechanisms polyploidy! Analysis toolkit for the middle filling stage ( Fig OFPHs for SPW/D and ANSPP 8.85... More specifically, RNA-Seq supports both the discovery and quantification of transcripts using a high-throughput. As inappropriate, E., <NAME>., Montalvo, a pathway... The FPKM value ( Supplementary Table S12 multiple cancer genomes study are listed in Supplementary Table )! To elucidate the molecular mechanism governing heterosis has notably helped to ensure continued transcriptome sequencing vs genome sequencing, we believed that the effect... Of sward leaf samples 7 days before heading DNA is the “ transcriptome,. Green arrow represents negative regulation, and PA64s3 metabolism was also identified in the module. Identify the difference between these two methodologies producing Long reads to ensure food. To trim a small RNA transcriptome with trimmomatic roy mutants provides novel genetic for... Cancer genome remain unclear were excluded a copy of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ novel.! A super-hybrid rice WFYT025 combination using RNA-Seq variants on the property CY6203 showed heterosis... Rice yield and good quality is a terminology question and needs to be be framed.


text:
Formula for heat

Chu 3J
Posts: 19
Joined: Fri Sep 25, 2015 3:00 am

Formula for heat

Why is q=nC (delta)t sometimes written as q=C (delta)t?

<NAME> 3K
Posts: 21
Joined: Fri Sep 25, 2015 3:00 am

Re: Formula for heat

q=nC (delta)t is for situations where the molar heat capacity is used, so that the mol in Cm=J/K/mol can be cancelled, and the K is cancelled out by the delta T. Similarly, q=mC (delta)t is used for specific heat capacity (where Cs=kJ/oC/g).

q=C (delta)t is used when only the heat capacity (C=kJ/K, or C=kJ/oC) is given.

Hope this helps!


text:
In my last article, “Physically-Based Rendering in Game, Part 1“,  I introduce reflectance equation and Lambert. In this article, we mainly focus on physically-based lighting.

## Punctual Light Sources

These are classic point, directional, and spot lights in compute games. These local light source can be abstracted to a concept named “punctual light sources“. They are infinitely small light with centain direction. Since what we want is the lighting reach a surface point, we don’t need to consider the attenuation. A punctual light source are parameterized by the light color $\mathbf{c}_{light}$ and the light direction vector $\mathbf{l_c}$. The light color $\mathbf{c}_{light}$ is specified as the color a white Lambertian surface would have when illuminated by the light from a direction parallel to the surface normal ($\mathbf{l_c}=\mathbf{n}$).

How to calculate the contribution from this light source to a point? Here we will start by defining a tiny area light source centered on $\mathbf{l_c}$, with a small angular extent $\varepsilon$. This tiny area light illuminates a shaded surface point with the incoming radiance function $L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l})$. The incoming radiance function has the following two properties:

$\forall\mathbf{l}|\angle(\mathbf{l}, \mathbf{l_c})>\varepsilon, L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l})=0$

$if \mathbf{l_c}=\mathbf{n}, \mathbf{c}_{light}=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{\Omega} L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) (\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l}) d\omega_i$

The first property says that no light is incoming for any light directions which form an angle greater than $\varepsilon$ with $\mathbf{l_c}$. The second property follows from the definition of $\mathbf{c}_{light}$. Since the surface is white, $\mathbf{c}_{diff}=1$. Applying reflectance equation and Lambert from last article, there’s the second property. Because $\mathbf{c}_{light}$ requires $\mathbf{l_c}=\mathbf{n}$, it is the limit as $\varepsilon$ goes to 0:

$if \mathbf{l_c}=\mathbf{n}, \mathbf{c}_{light}=\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0}(\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{\Omega} L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) (\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l}) d\omega_i)$

Since $\mathbf{l_c}=\mathbf{n}$ and $\varepsilon \to 0$, we can assume $\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l}=1$, which gives us:

$\mathbf{c}_{light}=\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0}(\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{\Omega} L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) d\omega_i)$

That is:

$\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0}(\int_{\Omega} L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) d\omega_i) = \pi \mathbf{c}_{light}$

Now we shall apply our tiny area light to a general BRDF, and look at its behavior in the limit as goes to 0:

$L_0(\mathbf{v})=\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0}(\int_{\Omega} \rho(\mathbf{l},\mathbf{v}) \otimes L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) (\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l}) d\omega_i)=\rho(\mathbf{l_c}, \mathbf{v}) \otimes \lim_{\varepsilon \to 0}(\int_{\Omega} L_{tiny}(\mathbf{l}) d\omega_i)(\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l_c})$

So

$L_0(\mathbf{v})=\pi \rho(\mathbf{l_c}, \mathbf{v}) \otimes \mathbf{c}_{light} (\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{l_c})$

As you see, the tiny area light source term disappears. The remaining of our equation is what we familar with.

The second article in this serial discusses the equations in physically-based lighting. The next one is about the BRDF, i.e. $\rho(\mathbf{l_c}, \mathbf{v})$.


text:
Book section Open Access

# OER use in the Global South: A baseline survey of higher education instructors

<NAME>, <NAME>; <NAME>; Daryono; <NAME>

### Dublin Core Export

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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
<dc:creator><NAME>, <NAME></dc:creator>
<dc:creator><NAME></dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daryono</dc:creator>
<dc:creator><NAME></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:description>The research presented here provides baseline data regarding the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) by higher education instructors in the Global South (South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia). It does so while attending to how such activity (or inactivity) is differentiated across continental regions and associated countries. The chapter addresses two questions: what proportion of instructors in the Global South have used OER, and which variables may account for different OER usage rates between respondents? This is done by examining which variables – such as gender, age, technological access and digital proficiency – seem to influence OER use rates, thereby allowing the authors to gauge which are the most important for instructors in their respective contexts.

This study is based on a quantitative research survey taken by 295 randomly selected instructors at 28 higher education institutions in nine countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia; Ghana, Kenya, South Africa; India, Indonesia, Malaysia). The 30-question survey addressed the following themes: personal demographics, infrastructure access, institutional environment, instructor attitudes and open licensing. Survey responses were correlated for analysis with respondents’ answers to the key question of the survey: whether they had ever used OER or not.

Findings indicate that 51% of respondents have used OER, a rate slightly differentiated by region: 49% in South America, 46% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 56% in South and Southeast Asia. A number of variables were associated with varying levels of OER use rates – such as instructors’ country of habitation (and its gross domestic product per capita), level of digital proficiency, educational qualification, institutional position and attitude to education – while many others were not, such as instructors’ gender, age or perception of their institutions’ OER-related policies.

For these respondents in the Global South, OER use is predicated upon instructors enjoying a certain minimum level of access to information and communication technologies infrastructure – especially hardware (computers, mobile devices, etc.) and internet connectivity (broadband, Wi-Fi, etc.) – which, once achieved, can be described as an enabling factor for OER engagement, but not a motivating factor. Beyond that minimum, increased internet speeds, lower internet costs and greater diversity of technical devices do not seem to lead to ever-increasing OER use rates. Similarly, while OER-related policies would likely be a crucial factor in OER creation, they did not seem to be important regarding OER use. Lastly, it was instructors in the comparatively less-developed countries who were using OER at a markedly higher rate than those from the more developed countries (at least intra-regionally). This suggests that instructors from the relatively lesser-developed countries may find greater utility in OER because it serves to overcome some of the pressing educational challenges associated with their nations’ contexts’ lower economic development.

The dataset arising from this study can be accessed at:
https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/609</dc:description>
<dc:identifier>https://zenodo.org/record/1094837</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>10.5281/zenodo.1094837</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>oai:zenodo.org:1094837</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
<dc:publisher>African Minds, International Development Research Centre & Research on Open Educational Resources for Development</dc:publisher>
<dc:relation>url:https://datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/609</dc:relation>
<dc:relation>doi:10.5281/zenodo.599535</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</dc:rights>
<dc:subject>baseline survey</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Brazil</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Chile</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Colombia</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Ghana</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>global south</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>higher education</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>India</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Indonesia</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>infrastructure</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Kenya</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Malaysia</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OER use</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Open Educational Resources</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>South Africa</dc:subject>
<dc:title>OER use in the Global South: A baseline survey of higher education instructors</dc:title>
<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart</dc:type>
<dc:type>publication-section</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>