diff --git "a/notebooks/eda.ipynb" "b/notebooks/eda.ipynb" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/notebooks/eda.ipynb" @@ -0,0 +1,15371 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stderr", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "2023-06-15 21:45:58.717469: I tensorflow/core/platform/cpu_feature_guard.cc:182] This TensorFlow binary is optimized to use available CPU instructions in performance-critical operations.\n", + "To enable the following instructions: AVX2 FMA, in other operations, rebuild TensorFlow with the appropriate compiler flags.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import pandas as pd\n", + "import numpy\n", + "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n", + "from typing import List, Dict\n", + "from collections import Counter\n", + "from pprint import pprint\n", + "\n", + "import seaborn as sns\n", + "sns.set_style(\"darkgrid\")\n", + "sns.set_palette(\"mako\")\n", + "\n", + "import spacy\n", + "from spacy.lang.en import English\n", + "from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n", + "\n", + "nlp = English()\n", + "\n", + "pd.set_option('display.float_format', '{:.2f}'.format)\n", + "# sns.color_palette(\"rocket\", as_cmap=True)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "df_raw = pd.read_parquet(\"/Users/luis.morales/Desktop/arxiv-paper-recommender/data/processed/arxiv_papers_raw.parquet.gzip\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/html": [ + "
\n", + " | id | \n", + "submitter | \n", + "authors | \n", + "title | \n", + "comments | \n", + "journal-ref | \n", + "doi | \n", + "report-no | \n", + "categories | \n", + "license | \n", + "abstract | \n", + "versions | \n", + "update_date | \n", + "authors_parsed | \n", + "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "0704.0001 | \n", + "Pavel Nadolsky | \n", + "C. Bal\\'azs, E. L. Berger, P. M. Nadolsky, C.-... | \n", + "Calculation of prompt diphoton production cros... | \n", + "37 pages, 15 figures; published version | \n", + "Phys.Rev.D76:013009,2007 | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevD.76.013009 | \n", + "ANL-HEP-PR-07-12 | \n", + "hep-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "A fully differential calculation in perturba... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 19:18:42 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-11-26 | \n", + "[[Balázs, C., ], [Berger, E. L., ], [Nadolsky,... | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "0704.0002 | \n", + "Louis Theran | \n", + "Ileana Streinu and Louis Theran | \n", + "Sparsity-certifying Graph Decompositions | \n", + "To appear in Graphs and Combinatorics | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO cs.CG | \n", + "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib... | \n", + "We describe a new algorithm, the $(k,\\ell)$-... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 02:26:18 GMT', ... | \n", + "2008-12-13 | \n", + "[[Streinu, Ileana, ], [Theran, Louis, ]] | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "0704.0003 | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "The evolution of the Earth-Moon system based o... | \n", + "23 pages, 3 figures | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "physics.gen-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "The evolution of Earth-Moon system is descri... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sun, 1 Apr 2007 20:46:54 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-01-13 | \n", + "[[Pan, Hongjun, ]] | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "0704.0004 | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "A determinant of Stirling cycle numbers counts... | \n", + "11 pages | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO | \n", + "None | \n", + "We show that a determinant of Stirling cycle... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 03:16:14 GMT', ... | \n", + "2007-05-23 | \n", + "[[Callan, David, ]] | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "0704.0005 | \n", + "Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "Wael Abu-Shammala and Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "From dyadic $\\Lambda_{\\alpha}$ to $\\Lambda_{\\a... | \n", + "None | \n", + "Illinois J. Math. 52 (2008) no.2, 681-689 | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CA math.FA | \n", + "None | \n", + "In this paper we show how to compute the $\\L... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 18:09:58 GMT', '... | \n", + "2013-10-15 | \n", + "[[Abu-Shammala, Wael, ], [Torchinsky, Alberto, ]] | \n", + "
... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "
2268247 | \n", + "supr-con/9608008 | \n", + "Ruslan Prozorov | \n", + "R. Prozorov, M. Konczykowski, B. Schmidt, Y. Y... | \n", + "On the origin of the irreversibility line in t... | \n", + "19 pages, LaTex, 6 PostScript figures; Author'... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevB.54.15530 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "We report on measurements of the angular dep... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 26 Aug 1996 15:08:35 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Prozorov, R., ], [Konczykowski, M., ], [Schm... | \n", + "
2268248 | \n", + "supr-con/9609001 | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury, Balam A. Willemsen, John S... | \n", + "Nonlinear Response of HTSC Thin Film Microwave... | \n", + "4 pages, LaTeX type, Uses IEEE style files, 60... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1109/77.620744 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The non-linear microwave surface impedance o... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Aug 1996 17:34:38 GMT', ... | \n", + "2016-11-18 | \n", + "[[Choudhury, Durga P., , Physics Department, N... | \n", + "
2268249 | \n", + "supr-con/9609002 | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury | \n", + "Balam A. Willemsen, J. S. Derov and S.Sridhar ... | \n", + "Critical State Flux Penetration and Linear Mic... | \n", + "20 pages, LaTeX type, Uses REVTeX style files,... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevB.56.11989 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The vortex contribution to the dc field (H) ... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Tue, 3 Sep 1996 14:08:26 GMT', '... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Willemsen, Balam A., , Physics Department,\\n... | \n", + "
2268250 | \n", + "supr-con/9609003 | \n", + "Hasegawa Yasumasa | \n", + "Yasumasa Hasegawa (Himeji Institute of Technol... | \n", + "Density of States and NMR Relaxation Rate in A... | \n", + "7 pages, 4 PostScript Figures, LaTeX, to appea... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1143/JPSJ.65.3131 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "We show that the density of states in an ani... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Wed, 18 Sep 1996 07:57:29 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Hasegawa, Yasumasa, , Himeji Institute of Te... | \n", + "
2268251 | \n", + "supr-con/9609004 | \n", + "Masanori Ichioka | \n", + "Naoki Enomoto, Masanori Ichioka and Kazushige ... | \n", + "Ginzburg Landau theory for d-wave pairing and ... | \n", + "12 pages including 8 eps figs, LaTeX with jpsj... | \n", + "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 204 (1997). | \n", + "10.1143/JPSJ.66.204 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The Ginzburg Landau theory for d_{x^2-y^2}-w... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Wed, 25 Sep 1996 14:17:09 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Enomoto, Naoki, , Okayama Univ.], [Ichioka, ... | \n", + "
2268252 rows × 14 columns
\n", + "\n", + " | id | \n", + "submitter | \n", + "authors | \n", + "title | \n", + "comments | \n", + "journal-ref | \n", + "doi | \n", + "report-no | \n", + "categories | \n", + "license | \n", + "abstract | \n", + "versions | \n", + "update_date | \n", + "authors_parsed | \n", + "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "0704.0001 | \n", + "Pavel Nadolsky | \n", + "C. Bal\\'azs, E. L. Berger, P. M. Nadolsky, C.-... | \n", + "Calculation of prompt diphoton production cros... | \n", + "37 pages, 15 figures; published version | \n", + "Phys.Rev.D76:013009,2007 | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevD.76.013009 | \n", + "ANL-HEP-PR-07-12 | \n", + "hep-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "A fully differential calculation in perturba... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 19:18:42 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-11-26 | \n", + "[[Balázs, C., ], [Berger, E. L., ], [Nadolsky,... | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "0704.0002 | \n", + "Louis Theran | \n", + "Ileana Streinu and Louis Theran | \n", + "Sparsity-certifying Graph Decompositions | \n", + "To appear in Graphs and Combinatorics | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO cs.CG | \n", + "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib... | \n", + "We describe a new algorithm, the $(k,\\ell)$-... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 02:26:18 GMT', ... | \n", + "2008-12-13 | \n", + "[[Streinu, Ileana, ], [Theran, Louis, ]] | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "0704.0003 | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "The evolution of the Earth-Moon system based o... | \n", + "23 pages, 3 figures | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "physics.gen-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "The evolution of Earth-Moon system is descri... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sun, 1 Apr 2007 20:46:54 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-01-13 | \n", + "[[Pan, Hongjun, ]] | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "0704.0004 | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "A determinant of Stirling cycle numbers counts... | \n", + "11 pages | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO | \n", + "None | \n", + "We show that a determinant of Stirling cycle... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 03:16:14 GMT', ... | \n", + "2007-05-23 | \n", + "[[Callan, David, ]] | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "0704.0005 | \n", + "Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "Wael Abu-Shammala and Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "From dyadic $\\Lambda_{\\alpha}$ to $\\Lambda_{\\a... | \n", + "None | \n", + "Illinois J. Math. 52 (2008) no.2, 681-689 | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CA math.FA | \n", + "None | \n", + "In this paper we show how to compute the $\\L... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 18:09:58 GMT', '... | \n", + "2013-10-15 | \n", + "[[Abu-Shammala, Wael, ], [Torchinsky, Alberto, ]] | \n", + "
... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "... | \n", + "
2268247 | \n", + "supr-con/9608008 | \n", + "Ruslan Prozorov | \n", + "R. Prozorov, M. Konczykowski, B. Schmidt, Y. Y... | \n", + "On the origin of the irreversibility line in t... | \n", + "19 pages, LaTex, 6 PostScript figures; Author'... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevB.54.15530 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "We report on measurements of the angular dep... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 26 Aug 1996 15:08:35 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Prozorov, R., ], [Konczykowski, M., ], [Schm... | \n", + "
2268248 | \n", + "supr-con/9609001 | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury, Balam A. Willemsen, John S... | \n", + "Nonlinear Response of HTSC Thin Film Microwave... | \n", + "4 pages, LaTeX type, Uses IEEE style files, 60... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1109/77.620744 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The non-linear microwave surface impedance o... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Aug 1996 17:34:38 GMT', ... | \n", + "2016-11-18 | \n", + "[[Choudhury, Durga P., , Physics Department, N... | \n", + "
2268249 | \n", + "supr-con/9609002 | \n", + "Durga P. Choudhury | \n", + "Balam A. Willemsen, J. S. Derov and S.Sridhar ... | \n", + "Critical State Flux Penetration and Linear Mic... | \n", + "20 pages, LaTeX type, Uses REVTeX style files,... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevB.56.11989 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The vortex contribution to the dc field (H) ... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Tue, 3 Sep 1996 14:08:26 GMT', '... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Willemsen, Balam A., , Physics Department,\\n... | \n", + "
2268250 | \n", + "supr-con/9609003 | \n", + "Hasegawa Yasumasa | \n", + "Yasumasa Hasegawa (Himeji Institute of Technol... | \n", + "Density of States and NMR Relaxation Rate in A... | \n", + "7 pages, 4 PostScript Figures, LaTeX, to appea... | \n", + "None | \n", + "10.1143/JPSJ.65.3131 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "We show that the density of states in an ani... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Wed, 18 Sep 1996 07:57:29 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Hasegawa, Yasumasa, , Himeji Institute of Te... | \n", + "
2268251 | \n", + "supr-con/9609004 | \n", + "Masanori Ichioka | \n", + "Naoki Enomoto, Masanori Ichioka and Kazushige ... | \n", + "Ginzburg Landau theory for d-wave pairing and ... | \n", + "12 pages including 8 eps figs, LaTeX with jpsj... | \n", + "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 204 (1997). | \n", + "10.1143/JPSJ.66.204 | \n", + "None | \n", + "supr-con cond-mat.supr-con | \n", + "None | \n", + "The Ginzburg Landau theory for d_{x^2-y^2}-w... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Wed, 25 Sep 1996 14:17:09 GMT', ... | \n", + "2009-10-30 | \n", + "[[Enomoto, Naoki, , Okayama Univ.], [Ichioka, ... | \n", + "
2268252 rows × 14 columns
\n", + "\n", + " | Null Count | \n", + "
---|---|
id | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
submitter | \n", + "15188 | \n", + "
authors | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
title | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
comments | \n", + "533142 | \n", + "
journal-ref | \n", + "1464835 | \n", + "
doi | \n", + "1146890 | \n", + "
report-no | \n", + "2092748 | \n", + "
categories | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
license | \n", + "452843 | \n", + "
abstract | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
versions | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
update_date | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
authors_parsed | \n", + "0 | \n", + "
\n", + " | Subject | \n", + "count_categories | \n", + "
---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "math | \n", + "809731 | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "cs | \n", + "762856 | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "cond-mat | \n", + "456374 | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "astro-ph | \n", + "385477 | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "physics | \n", + "282299 | \n", + "
5 | \n", + "hep-ph | \n", + "172043 | \n", + "
6 | \n", + "hep-th | \n", + "158585 | \n", + "
7 | \n", + "quant-ph | \n", + "135474 | \n", + "
8 | \n", + "stat | \n", + "128289 | \n", + "
9 | \n", + "gr-qc | \n", + "100320 | \n", + "
\n", + " | id | \n", + "submitter | \n", + "authors | \n", + "title | \n", + "comments | \n", + "journal-ref | \n", + "doi | \n", + "report-no | \n", + "categories | \n", + "license | \n", + "abstract | \n", + "versions | \n", + "update_date | \n", + "authors_parsed | \n", + "len_abstract | \n", + "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "0704.0001 | \n", + "Pavel Nadolsky | \n", + "C. Bal\\'azs, E. L. Berger, P. M. Nadolsky, C.-... | \n", + "Calculation of prompt diphoton production cros... | \n", + "37 pages, 15 figures; published version | \n", + "Phys.Rev.D76:013009,2007 | \n", + "10.1103/PhysRevD.76.013009 | \n", + "ANL-HEP-PR-07-12 | \n", + "hep-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "A fully differential calculation in perturba... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 19:18:42 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-11-26 | \n", + "[[Balázs, C., ], [Berger, E. L., ], [Nadolsky,... | \n", + "983 | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "0704.0002 | \n", + "Louis Theran | \n", + "Ileana Streinu and Louis Theran | \n", + "Sparsity-certifying Graph Decompositions | \n", + "To appear in Graphs and Combinatorics | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO cs.CG | \n", + "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib... | \n", + "We describe a new algorithm, the $(k,\\ell)$-... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 02:26:18 GMT', ... | \n", + "2008-12-13 | \n", + "[[Streinu, Ileana, ], [Theran, Louis, ]] | \n", + "798 | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "0704.0003 | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "Hongjun Pan | \n", + "The evolution of the Earth-Moon system based o... | \n", + "23 pages, 3 figures | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "physics.gen-ph | \n", + "None | \n", + "The evolution of Earth-Moon system is descri... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sun, 1 Apr 2007 20:46:54 GMT', '... | \n", + "2008-01-13 | \n", + "[[Pan, Hongjun, ]] | \n", + "880 | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "0704.0004 | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "David Callan | \n", + "A determinant of Stirling cycle numbers counts... | \n", + "11 pages | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CO | \n", + "None | \n", + "We show that a determinant of Stirling cycle... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Sat, 31 Mar 2007 03:16:14 GMT', ... | \n", + "2007-05-23 | \n", + "[[Callan, David, ]] | \n", + "248 | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "0704.0005 | \n", + "Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "Wael Abu-Shammala and Alberto Torchinsky | \n", + "From dyadic $\\Lambda_{\\alpha}$ to $\\Lambda_{\\a... | \n", + "None | \n", + "Illinois J. Math. 52 (2008) no.2, 681-689 | \n", + "None | \n", + "None | \n", + "math.CA math.FA | \n", + "None | \n", + "In this paper we show how to compute the $\\L... | \n", + "[{'created': 'Mon, 2 Apr 2007 18:09:58 GMT', '... | \n", + "2013-10-15 | \n", + "[[Abu-Shammala, Wael, ], [Torchinsky, Alberto, ]] | \n", + "223 | \n", + "
\n", + " | len_abstract | \n", + "
---|---|
count | \n", + "2268252.00 | \n", + "
mean | \n", + "935.27 | \n", + "
std | \n", + "427.57 | \n", + "
min | \n", + "6.00 | \n", + "
25% | \n", + "605.00 | \n", + "
50% | \n", + "894.00 | \n", + "
75% | \n", + "1233.00 | \n", + "
max | \n", + "6091.00 | \n", + "
\n", + " | month_year | \n", + "count | \n", + "
---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "2007 | \n", + "145936 | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "2008 | \n", + "69357 | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "2009 | \n", + "229079 | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "2010 | \n", + "56229 | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "2011 | \n", + "61870 | \n", + "
5 | \n", + "2012 | \n", + "57324 | \n", + "
6 | \n", + "2013 | \n", + "72037 | \n", + "
7 | \n", + "2014 | \n", + "88141 | \n", + "
8 | \n", + "2015 | \n", + "215153 | \n", + "
9 | \n", + "2016 | \n", + "133658 | \n", + "
10 | \n", + "2017 | \n", + "122603 | \n", + "
11 | \n", + "2018 | \n", + "136389 | \n", + "
12 | \n", + "2019 | \n", + "156051 | \n", + "
13 | \n", + "2020 | \n", + "178041 | \n", + "
14 | \n", + "2021 | \n", + "194847 | \n", + "
15 | \n", + "2022 | \n", + "220524 | \n", + "
16 | \n", + "2023 | \n", + "131013 | \n", + "
\n", + " | Subject | \n", + "Count_papers | \n", + "
---|---|---|
0 | \n", + "math | \n", + "809731 | \n", + "
1 | \n", + "cs | \n", + "762856 | \n", + "
2 | \n", + "cond-mat | \n", + "456374 | \n", + "
3 | \n", + "astro-ph | \n", + "385477 | \n", + "
4 | \n", + "physics | \n", + "282299 | \n", + "
~ 0.2 M_solar/yr.\n", + " The DLA in UM 673A is metal-poor, with an overall metallicity Z_DLA ~ 1/30\n", + " Z_solar, and has a very low internal velocity dispersion. It exhibits some\n", + " apparent peculiarities in its detailed chemical composition, with the elements\n", + " Ti, Ni, and Zn being deficient relative to Fe by factors of 2-3. The [Zn/Fe]\n", + " ratio is lower than those measured in any other DLA or Galactic halo star,\n", + " presumably reflecting somewhat unusual previous enrichment by stellar\n", + " nucleosynthesis. We discuss the implications of these results for the nature of\n", + " the galaxy hosting the DLA.,\n", + " Rate adaptation and transmission power control in 802.11 WLANs have received\n", + " a lot of attention from the research community, with most of the proposals\n", + " aiming at maximising throughput based on network conditions. Considering energy\n", + " consumption, an implicit assumption is that optimality in throughput implies\n", + " optimality in energy efficiency, but this assumption has been recently put into\n", + " question. In this paper, we address via analysis, simulation and\n", + " experimentation the relation between throughput performance and energy\n", + " efficiency in multi-rate 802.11 scenarios. We demonstrate the trade-off between\n", + " these performance figures, confirming that they may not be simultaneously\n", + " optimised, and analyse their sensitivity towards the energy consumption\n", + " parameters of the device. We analyse this trade-off in existing rate adaptation\n", + " with transmission power control algorithms, and discuss how to design novel\n", + " schemes taking energy consumption into account.,\n", + " The ability for a moving agent to localize itself in environment is the basic\n", + " demand for emerging applications, such as autonomous driving, etc. Many\n", + " existing methods based on multiple sensors still suffer from drift. We propose\n", + " a scheme that fuses map prior and vanishing points from images, which can\n", + " establish an energy term that is only constrained on rotation, called the\n", + " direction projection error. Then we embed these direction priors into a\n", + " visual-LiDAR SLAM system that integrates camera and LiDAR measurements in a\n", + " tightly-coupled way at backend. Specifically, our method generates visual\n", + " reprojection error and point to Implicit Moving Least Square(IMLS) surface of\n", + " scan constraints, and solves them jointly along with direction projection error\n", + " at global optimization. Experiments on KITTI, KITTI-360 and Oxford Radar\n", + " Robotcar show that we achieve lower localization error or Absolute Pose Error\n", + " (APE) than prior map, which validates our method is effective.,\n", + " Young giant exoplanets emit infrared radiation that can be linearly polarized\n", + " up to several percent. This linear polarization can trace: 1) the presence of\n", + " atmospheric cloud and haze layers, 2) spatial structure, e.g. cloud bands and\n", + " rotational flattening, 3) the spin axis orientation and 4) particle sizes and\n", + " cloud top pressure. We introduce a novel high-contrast imaging scheme that\n", + " combines angular differential imaging (ADI) and accurate near-infrared\n", + " polarimetry to characterize self-luminous giant exoplanets. We implemented this\n", + " technique at VLT/SPHERE-IRDIS and developed the corresponding observing\n", + " strategies, the polarization calibration and the data-reduction approaches. By\n", + " combining ADI and polarimetry we can characterize planets that can be directly\n", + " imaged with a very high signal-to-noise ratio. We use the IRDIS pupil-tracking\n", + " mode and combine ADI and principal component analysis to reduce speckle noise.\n", + " We take advantage of IRDIS' dual-beam polarimetric mode to eliminate\n", + " differential effects that severely limit the polarimetric sensitivity\n", + " (flat-fielding errors, differential aberrations and seeing), and thus further\n", + " suppress speckle noise. To correct for instrumental polarization effects, we\n", + " apply a detailed Mueller matrix model that describes the telescope and\n", + " instrument and that has an absolute polarimetric accuracy $\\leq0.1\\%$. Using\n", + " this technique we have observed the planets of HR 8799 and the (sub-stellar)\n", + " companion PZ Tel B. Unfortunately, we do not detect a polarization signal in a\n", + " first analysis. We estimate preliminary $1\\sigma$ upper limits on the degree of\n", + " linear polarization of $\\sim1\\%$ and $\\sim0.1\\%$ for the planets of HR 8799 and\n", + " PZ Tel B, respectively. The achieved sub-percent sensitivity and accuracy show\n", + " that our technique has great promise for characterizing exoplanets through\n", + " direct-imaging polarimetry.,\n", + " XTE J1810-197 is the first transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar ever discovered.\n", + " Its highly variable X-ray flux allowed us to study the timing and spectral\n", + " emission properties of a magnetar candidate over a flux range of about two\n", + " orders of magnitude. We analyzed nine XMM-Newton observations of XTE J1810-197\n", + " collected over a four years baseline (September 2003 - September 2007). EPIC PN\n", + " and MOS data were reduced and used for detailed timing and spectral analysis.\n", + " Pulse phase spectroscopic studies were also carried out for observations with\n", + " sufficiently high signal to noise. We find that: (i) a three blackbodies model\n", + " reproduces the spectral properties of the source over the entire outburst\n", + " statistically better than the two blackbodies model previously used in the\n", + " literature, (ii) the coldest blackbody is consistent with the thermal emission\n", + " from the whole surface, and has temperature and radius similar to those\n", + " inferred from ROSAT observations before the outburst onset, (iii) there is a\n", + " spectral feature around 1.1 keV during six consecutive observations (since\n", + " March 2005); if due to proton resonant cyclotron scattering, it would imply a\n", + " magnetic field of around 2E14 G. This is in a very good agreement with the\n", + " value from the spin period measurements.,\n", + " Nanophotonic devices seek to generate, guide, and/or detect light using\n", + " structures whose nanoscale dimensions are closely tied to their functionality.\n", + " Semiconducting nanowires, grown with tailored optoelectronic properties, have\n", + " been successfully placed into devices for a variety of applications. However,\n", + " the integration of photonic nanostructures with electronic circuitry has always\n", + " been one of the most challenging aspects of device development. Here we report\n", + " the development of rewritable nanoscale photodetectors created at the interface\n", + " between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3. Nanowire junctions with characteristic dimensions\n", + " 2-3 nm are created using a reversible AFM writing technique. These nanoscale\n", + " devices exhibit a remarkably high gain for their size, in part because of the\n", + " large electric fields produced in the gap region. The photoconductive response\n", + " is gate-tunable and spans the visible-to-near-infrared regime. The ability to\n", + " integrate rewritable nanoscale photodetectors with nanowires and transistors in\n", + " a single materials platform foreshadows new families of integrated\n", + " optoelectronic devices and applications.,\n", + " Sensing the fluid flow around an arbitrary geometry entails extrapolating\n", + " from the physical quantities perceived at its surface in order to reconstruct\n", + " the features of the surrounding fluid. This is a challenging inverse problem,\n", + " yet one that if solved could have a significant impact on many engineering\n", + " applications. The exploitation of such an inverse logic has gained interest in\n", + " recent years with the advent of widely available cheap but capable MEMS-based\n", + " sensors. When combined with novel data-driven methods, these sensors may allow\n", + " for flow reconstruction around immersed structures, benefiting applications\n", + " such as unmanned airborne/underwater vehicle path planning or control and\n", + " structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades. In this work, we train\n", + " deep reversible Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to perform flow sensing (flow\n", + " reconstruction) around two-dimensional aerodynamic shapes: airfoils. Motivated\n", + " by recent work, which has shown that GNNs can be powerful alternatives to\n", + " mesh-based forward physics simulators, we implement a Message-Passing Neural\n", + " Network to simultaneously reconstruct both the pressure and velocity fields\n", + " surrounding simulated airfoils based on their surface pressure distributions,\n", + " whilst additionally gathering useful farfield properties in the form of context\n", + " vectors. We generate a unique dataset of Computational Fluid Dynamics\n", + " simulations by simulating random, yet meaningful combinations of input boundary\n", + " conditions and airfoil shapes. We show that despite the challenges associated\n", + " with reconstructing the flow around arbitrary airfoil geometries in high\n", + " Reynolds turbulent inflow conditions, our framework is able to generalize well\n", + " to unseen cases.,\n", + " In this paper, we investigate the ideal structure of uniform Roe algebras for\n", + " general metric spaces beyond the scope of Yu's property A. Inspired by the\n", + " ideal of ghost operators coming from expander graphs and in contrast to the\n", + " notion of geometric ideal, we introduce a notion of ghostly ideal in a uniform\n", + " Roe algebra, whose elements are locally invisible in certain directions at\n", + " infinity. We show that the geometric ideal and the ghostly ideal are\n", + " respectively the smallest and the largest element in the lattice of ideals with\n", + " a common invariant open subset of the unit space of the coarse groupoid by\n", + " Skandalis-Tu-Yu, and hence the study of ideal structure can be reduced to\n", + " classifying ideals between the geometric and the ghostly ones. As an\n", + " application, we provide a concrete description for the maximal ideals in a\n", + " uniform Roe algebra in terms of the minimal points in the Stone-\\v{C}ech\n", + " boundary of the space. We also provide a criterion to ensure that the geometric\n", + " and the ghostly ideals have the same $K$-theory, which helps to recover\n", + " counterexamples to the Baum-Connes type conjectures. Moreover, we introduce a\n", + " notion of partial Property A for a metric space to characterise the situation\n", + " in which the geometric ideal coincides with the ghostly ideal.,\n", + " In mathematical population genetics, it is well known that one can represent\n", + " the genealogy of a population by a tree, which indicates how the ancestral\n", + " lines of individuals in the population coalesce as they are traced back in\n", + " time. As the population evolves over time, the tree that represents the\n", + " genealogy of the population also changes, leading to a tree-valued stochastic\n", + " process known as the evolving coalescent. Here we will consider the evolving\n", + " coalescent for populations whose genealogy can be described by a beta\n", + " coalescent, which is known to give the genealogy of populations with very large\n", + " family sizes. We show that as the size of the population tends to infinity, the\n", + " evolution of certain functionals of the beta coalescent, such as the total\n", + " number of mergers, the total branch length, and the total length of external\n", + " branches, converges to a stationary stable process. Our methods also lead to\n", + " new proofs of known asymptotic results for certain functionals of the\n", + " non-evolving beta coalescent.,\n", + " Robotic applications require both correct task performance and compensation\n", + " for undefined behaviors. Although deep learning is a promising approach to\n", + " perform complex tasks, the response to undefined behaviors that are not\n", + " reflected in the training dataset remains challenging. In a human-robot\n", + " collaborative task, the robot may adopt an unexpected posture due to collisions\n", + " and other unexpected events. Therefore, robots should be able to recover from\n", + " disturbances for completing the execution of the intended task. We propose a\n", + " compensation method for undefined behaviors by switching between two\n", + " controllers. Specifically, the proposed method switches between learning-based\n", + " and model-based controllers depending on the internal representation of a\n", + " recurrent neural network that learns task dynamics. We applied the proposed\n", + " method to a pick-and-place task and evaluated the compensation for undefined\n", + " behaviors. Experimental results from simulations and on a real robot\n", + " demonstrate the effectiveness and high performance of the proposed method.,\n", + " Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over $\\mathbb{Q}$ and $A$ be another elliptic\n", + " curve over a real quadratic number field. We construct a $\\mathbb{Q}$-motive of\n", + " rank $8$, together with a distinguished class in the associated Bloch-Kato\n", + " Selmer group, using Hirzebruch-Zagier cycles, that is, graphs of\n", + " Hirzebruch-Zagier morphisms. We show that, under certain assumptions on $E$ and\n", + " $A$, the non-vanishing of the central critical value of the (twisted) triple\n", + " product $L$-function attached to $(E,A)$ implies that the dimension of the\n", + " associated Bloch-Kato Selmer group of the motive is $0$; and the non-vanishing\n", + " of the distinguished class implies that the dimension of the associated\n", + " Bloch-Kato Selmer group of the motive is $1$. This can be viewed as the triple\n", + " product version of Kolyvagin's work on bounding Selmer groups of a single\n", + " elliptic curve using Heegner points.,\n", + " With the ever-increasing cases of hate spread on social media platforms, it\n", + " is critical to design abuse detection mechanisms to proactively avoid and\n", + " control such incidents. While there exist methods for hate speech detection,\n", + " they stereotype words and hence suffer from inherently biased training. Bias\n", + " removal has been traditionally studied for structured datasets, but we aim at\n", + " bias mitigation from unstructured text data. In this paper, we make two\n", + " important contributions. First, we systematically design methods to quantify\n", + " the bias for any model and propose algorithms for identifying the set of words\n", + " which the model stereotypes. Second, we propose novel methods leveraging\n", + " knowledge-based generalizations for bias-free learning. Knowledge-based\n", + " generalization provides an effective way to encode knowledge because the\n", + " abstraction they provide not only generalizes content but also facilitates\n", + " retraction of information from the hate speech detection classifier, thereby\n", + " reducing the imbalance. We experiment with multiple knowledge generalization\n", + " policies and analyze their effect on general performance and in mitigating\n", + " bias. Our experiments with two real-world datasets, a Wikipedia Talk Pages\n", + " dataset (WikiDetox) of size ~96k and a Twitter dataset of size ~24k, show that\n", + " the use of knowledge-based generalizations results in better performance by\n", + " forcing the classifier to learn from generalized content. Our methods utilize\n", + " existing knowledge-bases and can easily be extended to other tasks,\n", + " We present the results of the Machine Reading for Question Answering (MRQA)\n", + " 2019 shared task on evaluating the generalization capabilities of reading\n", + " comprehension systems. In this task, we adapted and unified 18 distinct\n", + " question answering datasets into the same format. Among them, six datasets were\n", + " made available for training, six datasets were made available for development,\n", + " and the final six were hidden for final evaluation. Ten teams submitted\n", + " systems, which explored various ideas including data sampling, multi-task\n", + " learning, adversarial training and ensembling. The best system achieved an\n", + " average F1 score of 72.5 on the 12 held-out datasets, 10.7 absolute points\n", + " higher than our initial baseline based on BERT.,\n", + " Current phylogenetic comparative methods generally employ the\n", + " Ornstein-Uhlenbeck(OU) process for modeling trait evolution. Being able of\n", + " tracking the optimum of a trait within a group of related species, the OU\n", + " process provides information about the stabilizing selection where the\n", + " population mean adopts a particular trait value. The optima of a trait may\n", + " follow certain stochastic dynamics along the evolutionary history. In this\n", + " paper, we extend the current framework by adopting a rate of evolution which\n", + " behave according to pertinent stochastic dynamics. The novel model is applied\n", + " to analyze about 225 datasets collected from the existing literature. Results\n", + " validate that the new framework provides a better fit for the majority of these\n", + " datasets.,\n", + " Properties of 2-dimensional generalizations of sine functions that are\n", + " symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to permutation of their two variables\n", + " are described. It is shown that the functions are orthogonal when integrated\n", + " over a finite region $F$ of the real Euclidean space, and that they are\n", + " discretely orthogonal when summed up over a lattice of any density in $F$.\n", + " Decomposability of the products of functions into their sums is shown by\n", + " explicitly decomposing products of all types. The formalism is set up for\n", + " Fourier-like expansions of digital data over 2-dimensional lattices in $F$.\n", + " Continuous interpolation of digital data is studied.,\n", + " We study the concept of cone metric space in the context of ordered vector\n", + " spaces by setting up a general and natural framework for it.,\n", + " It is shown that explanations of atmospheric neutrino anomaly other than\n", + " $\\nu_\\mu - \\nu_\\tau oscillations (e.g. decay, decoherence and $\\nu_\\mu -\n", + " \\nu_\\tau - \\nu_{KK}$ mixing) can be tested at future facilities. Stringent\n", + " tests of CPT invariance in neutrino oscillations can also be performed.,\n", + " We analyze the dispersions of distributed lossless source coding (the\n", + " Slepian-Wolf problem), the multiple-access channel and the asymmetric broadcast\n", + " channel. For the two-encoder Slepian-Wolf problem, we introduce a quantity\n", + " known as the entropy dispersion matrix, which is analogous to the scalar\n", + " dispersions that have gained interest recently. We prove a global dispersion\n", + " result that can be expressed in terms of this entropy dispersion matrix and\n", + " provides intuition on the approximate rate losses at a given blocklength and\n", + " error probability. To gain better intuition about the rate at which the\n", + " non-asymptotic rate region converges to the Slepian-Wolf boundary, we define\n", + " and characterize two operational dispersions: the local dispersion and the\n", + " weighted sum-rate dispersion. The former represents the rate of convergence to\n", + " a point on the Slepian-Wolf boundary while the latter represents the fastest\n", + " rate for which a weighted sum of the two rates converges to its asymptotic\n", + " fundamental limit. Interestingly, when we approach either of the two corner\n", + " points, the local dispersion is characterized not by a univariate Gaussian but\n", + " a bivariate one as well as a subset of off-diagonal elements of the\n", + " aforementioned entropy dispersion matrix. Finally, we demonstrate the\n", + " versatility of our achievability proof technique by providing inner bounds for\n", + " the multiple-access channel and the asymmetric broadcast channel in terms of\n", + " dispersion matrices. All our proofs are unified a so-called vector rate\n", + " redundancy theorem which is proved using the multidimensional Berry-Esseen\n", + " theorem.,\n", + " A summary of recent progress in Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) at the\n", + " two-loop level is given. A short introduction to ChPT is included, along with\n", + " an explanation of the usefulness of developing ChPT for partially quenched QCD.\n", + " Further, our recent work in partially quenched ChPT is reviewed, and a few\n", + " comments are given on older work in mesonic ChPT at the two-loop level. In\n", + " particular, we quote the present best values for the low-energy constants of\n", + " the $\\mathcal{O}(p^4)$ chiral Lagrangian.,\n", + " We study the behaviour of multiple radiative cooling algorithms implemented\n", + " in seven Semi-Analytic Models (SAMs) of galaxy formation, including a new model\n", + " we propose in this paper. We use versions of the models without feedback and\n", + " apply them to dark matter haloes growing in a cosmological context, which have\n", + " final masses that range from 10^{11}Msun to 10^{14}Msun. First, using\n", + " simplified smoothly-growing halo models, we demonstrate that the different\n", + " algorithms predict cooling rates and final cold gas masses that differ by a\n", + " factor of ~5 for massive haloes (>10^{12}Msun). The algorithms are in better\n", + " agreement for less massive haloes because they cool efficiently and, therefore,\n", + " their cooling rates are largely limited by the halo accretion rate. However,\n", + " for less massive haloes, all the SAMs predict less cooling than corresponding\n", + " 1D hydrodynamic models. Second, we study the gas accretion history of the\n", + " central galaxies of dark matter haloes using merger trees. The inclusion of\n", + " mergers alters the cooling history of haloes by locking up gas in galaxies\n", + " within small haloes at early times. For realistic halo models, the dispersion\n", + " in the cold gas mass predicted by the algorithms is 0.5 dex for high mass\n", + " haloes and 0.1 dex for low mass haloes, while the dispersion in the accretion\n", + " rate is about two times larger. Comparing to cosmological SPH simulations, we\n", + " find that most SAMs systematically under-predict the gas accretion rates for\n", + " low-mass haloes but over-predict the gas accretion rates for massive haloes.\n", + " Although the models all include both \"rapid\" and \"slow\" mode accretion, the\n", + " transition between the two accretion modes varies between models and also\n", + " differs from the simulations. Finally, we construct a new model that explicitly\n", + " incorporates cold halo gas to illustrate that such a class of models can better\n", + " match the results from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations.,\n", + " We explore the dynamical transport of an impurity between different embedding\n", + " majority species which are spatially separated in a double well. The transfer\n", + " and storage of the impurity is triggered by dynamically changing the\n", + " interaction strengths between the impurity and the two majority species. We\n", + " find a simple but efficient protocol consisting of linear ramps of\n", + " majority-impurity interactions at designated times to pin or unpin the\n", + " impurity. Our study of this highly imbalanced few-body triple mixture is\n", + " conducted with the multi-layer multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree\n", + " method for atomic mixtures which accounts for all interaction-induced\n", + " correlations. We analyze the dynamics in terms of single-particle densities,\n", + " entanglement growth and provide an effective potential description involving\n", + " mean-fields of the interacting components. The majority components remain\n", + " self-trapped in their individual wells at all times, which is a crucial element\n", + " for the effectiveness of our protocol. During storage times each component\n", + " performs low-amplitude dipole oscillations in a single well. Unexpectedly, the\n", + " inter-species correlations possess a stabilizing impact on the transport and\n", + " storage properties of the impurity particle.,\n", + " We investigate the non-perturbatively generated axion-like particle (ALP)\n", + " potential, involving fermions in the dark sector that couple to the ALP, in an\n", + " early cosmological inflationary stage with the ALP being a spectator field. The\n", + " potential here deviates from the standard cosine nature due to the presence of\n", + " the two fermion masses $m_u$ and $m_d$ which couple to the ALP. The ALP is a\n", + " spectator field during inflation but it starts to oscillate and dominates the\n", + " energy density of the universe after inflation ends, thereby sourcing\n", + " isocurvature perturbations, while standard curvature fluctuations form the\n", + " inflaton are assumed to be sub-dominant. Subsequently the ALP decays converting\n", + " the isocurvature perturbations to adiabatic perturbations thereby acting as the\n", + " origin of the primordial density perturbations. We identify the parameter space\n", + " involving the axion decay constant $f_a$, scale of confinement $\\Lambda$, ALP\n", + " mass $m$ and the masses of the fermions, $m_u$ and $m_d$ where it can\n", + " satisfactorily behave as the curvaton and source the observed primordial\n", + " density perturbation. We also predict local non-Gaussianity signals for\n", + " bi-spectrum and tri-spectrum $f_{NL}$ and $g_{NL}$, as a function of the ratio\n", + " $m_u/m_d$, which are within the allowed range in the latest Planck observations\n", + " and are detectable with future observations. Particularly we observed that the\n", + " value of $f_{NL}$ and $g_{NL}$ are dependent on the ratio of $m_u$ and $m_d$:\n", + " $f_{NL}$ is more or less positive for all scenarios except $m_u = m_d$ and\n", + " $g_{NL}$ is always positive irrespective of the ratio between $m_u$ and $m_d$.\n", + " The results of our analysis in the limit $m_u = m_d$ resembles vanilla curvaton\n", + " scenario while in the limit $m_u \\gg m_d$ resembles pure axion cosine\n", + " potential.,\n", + " A novel cesium (Cs) two-color magneto-optical trap (TC-MOT), which partially\n", + " employs the optical radiation forces due to photon scattering of the 6P3/2\n", + " (F'=5) - 7S1/2 (F\"=4) excited-state transition in the Cs 6S1/2 - 6P3/2 - 7S1/2\n", + " (852 + 1470 nm) ladder-type system, has been proposed and experimentally\n", + " investigated. One of the three pairs of 852 nm cooling/trapping beams (CTBs) in\n", + " a conventional Cs MOT is replaced with a pair of the 1470 nm CTBs (type-I) or\n", + " with one 852 nm CTB plus another counter-propagating 1470 nm CTB (type-II).\n", + " Both the type-I and type-II Cs TC-MOTs can cool and trap atoms on both the red-\n", + " and blue-detuning sides of the two-photon resonance. The Cs TC-MOT demonstrated\n", + " in this work may have applications in the background-free detection of cooled\n", + " and trapped atoms, and the photon-pair sources compatible with the\n", + " ensemble-based quantum memory and the long-distance quantum communication via\n", + " optical fiber.,\n", + " ATR points were introduced by Darmon as a conjectural construction of\n", + " algebraic points on certain elliptic curves for which in general the Heegner\n", + " point method is not available. So far the only numerical evidence, provided by\n", + " Darmon--Logan and G\\\"artner, concerned curves arising as quotients of Shimura\n", + " curves. In those special cases the ATR points can be obtained from the already\n", + " existing Heegner points, thanks to results of Zhang and Darmon--Rotger--Zhao.\n", + " In this paper we compute for the first time an algebraic ATR point on a curve\n", + " which is not uniformizable by any Shimura curve, thus providing the first piece\n", + " of numerical evidence that Darmon's construction works beyond geometric\n", + " modularity. To this purpose we improve the method proposed by Darmon and Logan\n", + " by removing the requirement that the real quadratic field be norm-euclidean,\n", + " and accelerating the numerical integration of Hilbert modular forms.,\n", + " We present an algorithm for extracting key-point descriptors using deep\n", + " convolutional neural networks (CNN). Unlike many existing deep CNNs, our model\n", + " computes local features around a given point in an image. We also present a\n", + " face alignment algorithm based on regression using these local descriptors. The\n", + " proposed method called Local Deep Descriptor Regression (LDDR) is able to\n", + " localize face landmarks of varying sizes, poses and occlusions with high\n", + " accuracy. Deep Descriptors presented in this paper are able to uniquely and\n", + " efficiently describe every pixel in the image and therefore can potentially\n", + " replace traditional descriptors such as SIFT and HOG. Extensive evaluations on\n", + " five publicly available unconstrained face alignment datasets show that our\n", + " deep descriptor network is able to capture strong local features around a given\n", + " landmark and performs significantly better than many competitive and\n", + " state-of-the-art face alignment algorithms.,\n", + " We classify all Mathieu subspaces of ${\\rm Mat}_n(K)$ of codimension less\n", + " than $n$, under the assumption that ${\\rm char\\,} K = 0$ or ${\\rm char\\,} K \\ge\n", + " n$.\n", + " More precisely, we show that any proper Mathieu subspace of ${\\rm Mat}_n(K)$\n", + " of codimension less than $n$ is a subspace of $\\{M \\in {\\rm Mat}_n(K) \\mid {\\rm\n", + " tr\\,} M = 0\\}$ if ${\\rm char\\,} K = 0$ or ${\\rm char\\,} K \\ge n$. On the other\n", + " hand, we show that every subspace of $\\{M \\in {\\rm Mat}_n(K) \\mid {\\rm tr\\,} M\n", + " = 0\\}$ of codimension less than $n$ in ${\\rm Mat}_n(K)$ is a Mathieu subspace\n", + " of ${\\rm Mat}_n(K)$ if ${\\rm char\\,} K = 0$ or ${\\rm char\\,} K \\ge n+1$.,\n", + " The Convected Scheme (CS) is a `forward-trajectory' semi-Lagrangian method\n", + " for solution of transport equations, which has been most often applied to the\n", + " kinetic description of plasmas and rarefied neutral gases. In its simplest\n", + " form, the CS propagates the solution by advecting the `moving cells' along\n", + " their characteristic trajectories, and by remapping them on the mesh at the end\n", + " of the time step. The CS is conservative, positivity preserving, simple to\n", + " implement, and not subject to time step restriction to maintain stability.\n", + " Recently [Y. G\\\"u\\c{c}l\\\"u and W.N.G. Hitchon, 2012] a new methodology was\n", + " introduced for reducing numerical diffusion, based on a modified equation\n", + " analysis: the remapping error was compensated by applying small corrections to\n", + " the final position of the moving cells prior to remapping. While the spatial\n", + " accuracy was increased from 2nd to 4th order, the new scheme retained the\n", + " important properties of the original method, and was shown to be simple and\n", + " efficient for constant advection problems. Here the CS is applied to the\n", + " solution of the Vlasov-Poisson system: the Vlasov equation is split into two\n", + " constant advection equations, one in configuration space and one in velocity\n", + " space, and high order time accuracy is achieved by proper composition of the\n", + " operators. The splitting procedure enables us to use the constant advection\n", + " solver, which we extend to arbitrarily high order of accuracy: a new improved\n", + " procedure is given, which makes the calculation of the corrections\n", + " straightforward. Focusing on periodic domains, we describe a spectrally\n", + " accurate scheme based on the fast Fourier transform; the proposed\n", + " implementation is strictly conservative and positivity preserving. The ability\n", + " to correctly reproduce the system dynamics, as well as resolving small-scale\n", + " features in the solution, is shown in classical 1D-1V test cases, both in the\n", + " linear and the non-linear regimes.,\n", + " This paper studies the components of the moduli space of rank 1, torsion-free\n", + " sheaves, or compactified Jacobian, of a non-Gorenstein curve. We exhibit a\n", + " generically reduced component of dimension equal to the arithmetic genus and\n", + " prove that this is the only non-smoothable component when the curve has a\n", + " unique singularity that is of finite representation type. Analogous results are\n", + " proven for the Hilbert scheme of points and the Quot scheme parameterizing\n", + " quotients of the dualizing sheaf.,\n", + " Bound states at sharp corners have been widely viewed as the hallmark of\n", + " two-dimensional second-order topological insulators and superconductors. In\n", + " this work, we show that the existence of sublattice degrees of freedom can\n", + " enrich the tunability of bound states on the boundary and hence lift the\n", + " constraint on their locations. We take the Kane-Mele model with\n", + " honeycomb-lattice structure to illustrate the underlying physics. With the\n", + " introduction of an in-plane exchange field to the model, we find that the\n", + " boundary Dirac mass induced by the exchange field has a sensitive dependence on\n", + " the boundary sublattice termination. We find that the sensitive sublattice\n", + " dependence can lead bound states to emerge at a specific type of boundary\n", + " defects named as sublattice domain walls if the exchange field is of\n", + " ferromagnetic nature, even in the absence of any sharp corner on the boundary.\n", + " Remarkably, this sensitive dependence of the boundary Dirac mass on the\n", + " boundary sublattice termination allows the positions of bound states to be\n", + " manipulated to any place on the boundary for an appropriately-designed sample.\n", + " With a further introduction of conventional s-wave superconductivity to the\n", + " model, we find that, no matter whether the exchange field is ferromagnetic,\n", + " antiferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, highly controllable Majorana zero modes\n", + " can be achieved at the sublattice domain walls. Our work reshapes the\n", + " understanding of boundary physics in second-order topological phases, and\n", + " meanwhile opens potential avenues to realize highly controllable bound states\n", + " for potential applications.,\n", + " Along this paper we show that under certain conditions the method for\n", + " describing of solvable Lie and Leibniz algebras with maximal codimension of\n", + " nilradical is also extensible to Lie and Leibniz superalgebras, respectively.\n", + " In particular, we totally determine the solvable Lie and Leibniz superalgebras\n", + " with maximal codimension of model filiform and model nilpotent nilradicals.\n", + " Finally, it is established that the superderivations of the obtained\n", + " superalgebras are inner.,\n", + " The standard axiomatization of quantum mechanics (QM) is not fully explicit\n", + " about the role of the time-parameter. Especially, the time reference within the\n", + " probability algorithm (the Born Rule, BR) is unclear. Using a plausible\n", + " principle P1, about the role of probability in a physical theory, and a second\n", + " principle P2 affording a most natural way to make BR precise, a logical\n", + " conflict with the standard expression for the completeness of QM can be\n", + " derived. Rejecting P1 is implausible. Rejecting P2 leads to unphysical results\n", + " and to a conflict with a generalization of P2, a principle P3. It is thus made\n", + " plausible that the standard expression of QM completeness must be revised. An\n", + " absolutely explicit form of the axioms is provided, including a precise form of\n", + " the projection postulate. An appropriate expression for QM completeness,\n", + " reflecting the restrictions of the Gleason and Kochen-Specker theorems is\n", + " proposed.,\n", + " In this paper we first consider the null-plane bound-state equation for a $q\n", + " \\bar q$ pair in 1+3 dimensions and in the lowest-order Tamm-Dancoff\n", + " approximation. Light-cone gauge is chosen with a causal prescription for the\n", + " gauge pole in the propagator. Then we show that this equation, when\n", + " dimensionally reduced to 1+1 dimensions, becomes 't Hooft's bound-state\n", + " equation, which is characterized by an $x^+$-instantaneous interaction. The\n", + " deep reasons for this coincidence are carefully discussed.,\n", + " In the present paper we investigate the problem of the existence of a value\n", + " for differential games without Isaacs condition. For this we introduce a\n", + " suitable concept of mixed strategies along a partition of the time interval,\n", + " which are associated with classical nonanticipative strategies (with delay).\n", + " Imposing on the underlying controls for both players a conditional independence\n", + " property, we obtain the existence of the value in mixed strategies as the limit\n", + " of the lower as well as of the upper value functions along a sequence of\n", + " partitions which mesh tends to zero. Moreover, we characterize this value in\n", + " mixed strategies as the unique viscosity solution of the corresponding\n", + " Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation.,\n", + " One of the goals of phylogenetic research is to find the species tree\n", + " describing the evolutionary history of a set of species. But the trees derived\n", + " from geneti data with the help of tree inference methods are gene trees that\n", + " need not coincide with the species tree. This can for example happen when\n", + " so-called deep coalescence events take place. It is also known that species\n", + " trees can differ from their most likely gene trees. Therefore, as a means to\n", + " find the species tree, it has been suggested to use subtrees of the gene trees,\n", + " for example triples, and to puzzle them together in order to find the species\n", + " tree. In this paper, we will show that this approach may lead to wrong trees\n", + " regarding the minimum deep coalescence criterion (MDC). In particular, we\n", + " present an example in which the optimal MDC tree is unique, but none of its\n", + " triple subtrees fulfills the MDC criterion. In this sense, MDC is a\n", + " non-hereditary tree reconstruction method.,\n", + " In this paper we propose to thoroughly investigate asymmetric nuclear\n", + " collisions both in the fixed target mode at the laboratory energy below 5 GeV\n", + " per nucleon and in the collider mode with a center of mass energy below 11 GeV\n", + " per nucleon. Using the UrQMD transport model, we demonstrate a strong\n", + " enhancement of directed and elliptic flow coefficients for the midcentral\n", + " asymmetric nuclear collisions compared to symmetric collisions. We argue that\n", + " such an enhancement is due to the disappearance of the nuclear shadowing effect\n", + " on the side of the smaller projectile nucleus. An analysis of the energy and\n", + " centrality dependencies of the directed, elliptic and triangular flows at\n", + " midrapidity shows us their sensitivity to the details of the employed model of\n", + " hadronic interaction. In general, the flow patters found for asymmetric nuclear\n", + " collisions have a very rich and complicated structure of energy and centrality\n", + " dependencies compared to the flows found for symmetric collisions and are worth\n", + " to be investigated experimentally. The directed, elliptic, and triangular flow\n", + " coefficients are computed for target nuclei containing high density\n", + " fluctuations and thoroughly compared with that ones obtained in the absence of\n", + " such fluctuations.,\n", + " We analyze the performance of amplify-and-forward (AF) automatic repeat\n", + " request (ARQ) for a two-hop cooperative system with reliability constrains. For\n", + " this setup, we first derive the closed-form outage probability expression.\n", + " Next, we present a power allocation scheme that allows us to achieve a target\n", + " outage probability, while minimizing the outage-weighted average power\n", + " expenditure for asymmetric power allocation between the source and relay. This\n", + " is cast as an optimization problem, and the optimal power allocation (OPA) is\n", + " obtained in closed form by invoking the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. We\n", + " evaluate numerically the OPA strategy between different AF-ARQ transmission\n", + " rounds and we show that the proposed scheme provides large power gains with\n", + " respect to the optimized point-to-point ARQ scheme, as well as with respect to\n", + " the equal power allocation (EPA) strategy.,\n", + " This work aims at transferring a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)\n", + " pre-trained on one image domain to a new domain referring to as few as just one\n", + " target image. The main challenge is that, under limited supervision, it is\n", + " extremely difficult to synthesize photo-realistic and highly diverse images,\n", + " while acquiring representative characters of the target. Different from\n", + " existing approaches that adopt the vanilla fine-tuning strategy, we import two\n", + " lightweight modules to the generator and the discriminator respectively.\n", + " Concretely, we introduce an attribute adaptor into the generator yet freeze its\n", + " original parameters, through which it can reuse the prior knowledge to the most\n", + " extent and hence maintain the synthesis quality and diversity. We then equip\n", + " the well-learned discriminator backbone with an attribute classifier to ensure\n", + " that the generator captures the appropriate characters from the reference.\n", + " Furthermore, considering the poor diversity of the training data (i.e., as few\n", + " as only one image), we propose to also constrain the diversity of the\n", + " generative domain in the training process, alleviating the optimization\n", + " difficulty. Our approach brings appealing results under various settings,\n", + " substantially surpassing state-of-the-art alternatives, especially in terms of\n", + " synthesis diversity. Noticeably, our method works well even with large domain\n", + " gaps, and robustly converges within a few minutes for each experiment.,\n", + " Recognizing handwritten mathematics is a challenging classification problem,\n", + " requiring simultaneous identification of all the symbols comprising an input as\n", + " well as the complex two-dimensional relationships between symbols and\n", + " subexpressions. Because of the ambiguity present in handwritten input, it is\n", + " often unrealistic to hope for consistently perfect recognition accuracy. We\n", + " present a system which captures all recognizable interpretations of the input\n", + " and organizes them in a parse forest from which individual parse trees may be\n", + " extracted and reported. If the top-ranked interpretation is incorrect, the user\n", + " may request alternates and select the recognition result they desire. The tree\n", + " extraction step uses a novel probabilistic tree scoring strategy in which a\n", + " Bayesian network is constructed based on the structure of the input, and each\n", + " joint variable assignment corresponds to a different parse tree. Parse trees\n", + " are then reported in order of decreasing probability. Two accuracy evaluations\n", + " demonstrate that the resulting recognition system is more accurate than\n", + " previous versions (which used non-probabilistic methods) and other academic\n", + " math recognizers.,\n", + " The magnetization ripple is a microstructure formed by the magnetization in a\n", + " thin-film ferromagnet. It is triggered by the random orientation of the grains\n", + " in the poly-crystalline material. In an approximation of the micromagnetic\n", + " model, which is sketched in this paper, this leads to a nonlocal (and strongly\n", + " anisotropic) elliptic equation in two dimensions with white noise as a right\n", + " hand side. However, like in singular Stochastic PDE, this right hand side is\n", + " too rough for the non-linearity in the equation. In order to develop a\n", + " small-date well-posedness theory, we take inspiration from the recent\n", + " rough-path approach to singular SPDE. To this aim, we develop a Schauder theory\n", + " for the non-standard symbol $|k_1|^3+k_2^2$.,\n", + " Multivariate Bayesian error-in-variable (EIV) linear regression is considered\n", + " to account for additional additive Gaussian error in the features and response.\n", + " A 3-variable deterministic scan Gibbs samplers is constructed for multivariate\n", + " EIV regression models using classical and Berkson errors with independent\n", + " normal and inverse-Wishart priors. These Gibbs samplers are proven to always be\n", + " geometrically ergodic which ensures a central limit theorem for many time\n", + " averages from the Markov chains. We demonstrate the strengths and limitations\n", + " of the Gibbs sampler with simulated data for large data problems, robustness to\n", + " misspecification and also analyze a real-data example in astrophysics.,\n", + " We describe a new method (\\textsc{CompaSO}) for identifying groups of\n", + " particles in cosmological $N$-body simulations. \\textsc{CompaSO} builds upon\n", + " existing spherical overdensity (SO) algorithms by taking into consideration the\n", + " tidal radius around a smaller halo before competitively assigning halo\n", + " membership to the particles. In this way, the \\textsc{CompaSO} finder allows\n", + " for more effective deblending of haloes in close proximity as well as the\n", + " formation of new haloes on the outskirts of larger ones. This halo-finding\n", + " algorithm is used in the \\textsc{AbacusSummit} suite of $N$-body simulations,\n", + " designed to meet the cosmological simulation requirements of the Dark Energy\n", + " Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey. \\textsc{CompaSO} is developed as a\n", + " highly efficient on-the-fly group finder, which is crucial for enabling good\n", + " load-balancing between the GPU and CPU and the creation of high-resolution\n", + " merger trees. In this paper, we describe the halo-finding procedure and its\n", + " particular implementation in \\Abacus{Abacus}, accompanying it with a\n", + " qualitative analysis of the finder. {We test the robustness of the\n", + " \\textsc{CompaSO} catalogues before and after applying the cleaning method\n", + " described in an accompanying paper and demonstrate its effectiveness by\n", + " comparing it with other validation techniques.} We then visualise the haloes\n", + " and their density profiles, finding that they are well fit by the NFW\n", + " formalism. Finally, we compare other properties such as radius-mass\n", + " relationships and two-point correlation functions with that of another widely\n", + " used halo finder, \\textsc{ROCKSTAR}.,\n", + " The analysis of the light curves of the optical counterparts of GRB 970228\n", + " and GRB 970508 points out remarkable similarities. The spectral distribution\n", + " obtained from the color indices shows that both the transients became bluer\n", + " during the increasing stage, and redder after the maximum. A main difference\n", + " concerns the behaviour of the optical fading which is well fitted by a single\n", + " power law in the case of GRB 970508 but not in the case of GRB 970228.,\n", + " We consider the problem of interaction neighborhood estimation from the\n", + " partial observation of a finite number of realizations of a random field. We\n", + " introduce a model selection rule to choose estimators of conditional\n", + " probabilities among natural candidates. Our main result is an oracle inequality\n", + " satisfied by the resulting estimator. We use then this selection rule in a\n", + " two-step procedure to evaluate the interacting neighborhoods. The selection\n", + " rule selects a small prior set of possible interacting points and a cutting\n", + " step remove from this prior set the irrelevant points. We also prove that the\n", + " Ising models satisfy the assumptions of the main theorems, without restrictions\n", + " on the temperature, on the structure of the interacting graph or on the range\n", + " of the interactions. It provides therefore a large class of applications for\n", + " our results. We give a computationally efficient procedure in these models. We\n", + " finally show the practical efficiency of our approach in a simulation study.,\n", + " We discuss the combinatorics of decorated Dyck paths and decorated\n", + " parallelogram polyominoes, extending to the decorated case the main results of\n", + " both [Haglund 2004] and [Aval et al. 2014]. This settles in particular the\n", + " cases $\\langle\\cdot,e_{n-d}h_d\\rangle$ and $\\langle\\cdot,h_{n-d}h_d\\rangle$ of\n", + " the Delta conjecture of Haglund, Remmel and Wilson (2018). Along the way, we\n", + " introduce some new statistics, formulate some new conjectures, prove some new\n", + " identities of symmetric functions, and answer a few open problems in the\n", + " literature (e.g. from [Haglund et al. 2018], [Zabrocki 2016], [Aval et al.\n", + " 2015]). The main technical tool is a new identity in the theory of Macdonald\n", + " polynomials that extends a theorem of Haglund in [Haglund 2004]. This is an\n", + " edited merge of arXiv:1712.08787 and arXiv:1709.08736,\n", + " A slave-boson functional-integral method has been developed for the Hubbard\n", + " model with arbitrary, orbital degeneracy $D$. Its saddle-point mean-field\n", + " theory is equivalent to the Gutzwiller approximation, as in the case of\n", + " single-band Hubbard model. Our theory is applied to the doubly degenerate ($D =\n", + " 2$) model, and numerical calculations have been performed for this model in the\n", + " paramagnetic states. The effect of the exchange interaction on the\n", + " metal-insulator (MI) transition is discussed. The critical interaction for the\n", + " MI transition is analytically calculated as functions of orbital degeneracy and\n", + " electron occupancy.,\n", + " We study the problem of finding the optimal dosage in early stage clinical\n", + " trials through the multi-armed bandit lens. We advocate the use of the Thompson\n", + " Sampling principle, a flexible algorithm that can accommodate different types\n", + " of monotonicity assumptions on the toxicity and efficacy of the doses. For the\n", + " simplest version of Thompson Sampling, based on a uniform prior distribution\n", + " for each dose, we provide finite-time upper bounds on the number of sub-optimal\n", + " dose selections, which is unprecedented for dose-finding algorithms. Through a\n", + " large simulation study, we then show that variants of Thompson Sampling based\n", + " on more sophisticated prior distributions outperform state-of-the-art dose\n", + " identification algorithms in different types of dose-finding studies that occur\n", + " in phase I or phase I/II trials.,\n", + " In this paper we develop a novel two-stage fourth order time-accurate\n", + " discretization for time-dependent flow problems, particularly for hyperbolic\n", + " conservation laws. Different from the classical Runge-Kutta (R-K) temporal\n", + " discretization for first order Riemann solvers as building blocks, the current\n", + " approach is solely associated with Lax-Wendroff (L-W) type schemes as the\n", + " building blocks. As a result, a two-stage procedure can be constructed to\n", + " achieve a fourth order temporal accuracy, rather than using well-developed four\n", + " stages for R-K methods. The generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver is taken\n", + " as a representative of L-W type schemes for the construction of a two-stage\n", + " fourth order scheme.,\n", + " We model voting behaviour in the multi-group setting of a two-tier voting\n", + " system using sequences of de Finetti measures. Our model is defined by using\n", + " what we call the de Finetti representation of a probability measure describing\n", + " voting behaviour. The de Finetti measures describe the interaction between\n", + " voters and possible outside influences on them. We assume these sequences\n", + " converge weakly to the Dirac measure in the origin, representing a tendency\n", + " toward weakening social cohesion as the population grows large. The resulting\n", + " model covers a wide variety of behaviour, ranging from independent voting in\n", + " the limit under fast converge and a critical converge speed with its own\n", + " pattern of behaviour, to a subcritical converge speed which yields a model in\n", + " line with empirical evidence of real-world voting data. These models can be\n", + " used e.g. to study the problem of optimal voting weights in two-tier voting\n", + " systems.,\n", + " Orthogonal polynomials for the weight $x^{\\nu} \\exp(-x - t/x),\\ x, t > 0, \\nu\n", + " \\in \\mathbb{R}$ are investigated. Differential-difference equations, recurrence\n", + " relations, explicit representations, generating functions and Rodrigues-type\n", + " formula are obtained.,\n", + " Let (X, d) be a Cat(k) space and P a bounded subset of X . If k > 0 then it\n", + " is required that the diameter of P be less than Pi/(4 sqrt(k)) . Let u: P to R\n", + " be a bounded non-negative function from P to R. The existence of a unique point\n", + " in X called the barycenter of P relative to u is established. When u=1, the\n", + " barycenter is simply the circumcenter of P. The barycenter has a number of\n", + " properties including a scaling, continuity and limit property. Under suitable\n", + " conditions, the barycenter is a fixed point of an isometry or group of\n", + " isometries. Barycenters are used to show that a complete Cat(k) space X is an\n", + " absolute retract if k is less than or equal to 0, and an absolute neighborhood\n", + " retract if X is complete and of curvature less than or equal to k.,\n", + " We show that simulated relativistic motion can generate entanglement between\n", + " artificial atoms and protect them from spontaneous emission. We consider a pair\n", + " of superconducting qubits coupled to a resonator mode, where the modulation of\n", + " the coupling strength can mimic the harmonic motion of the qubits at\n", + " relativistic speeds, generating acceleration radiation. We find the optimal\n", + " feasible conditions for generating a stationary entangled state between the\n", + " qubits when they are initially prepared in their ground state. Furthermore, we\n", + " analyze the effects of motion on the probability of spontaneous emission in the\n", + " standard scenarios of single-atom and two-atom superradiance, where one or two\n", + " excitations are initially present. Finally, we show that relativistic motion\n", + " induces sub-radiance and can generate a Zeno-like effect, preserving the\n", + " excitations from radiative decay.,\n", + " In magnetized plasmas of fusion devices the strong magnetic field leads to\n", + " highly anisotropic physics where solution scales along field lines are much\n", + " larger than perpendicular to it. Hence, regarding both accuracy and efficiency,\n", + " a numerical method should allow to address parallel and perpendicular\n", + " resolutions independently. In this work, we consider the eigenvalue problem of\n", + " a two-dimensional anisotropic wave equation with variable coefficients which is\n", + " a simplified model of linearized ideal magnetohydrodynamics. For this, we\n", + " propose to use a mesh that is aligned with the magnetic field and choose to\n", + " discretize the problem with a discontinuous Galerkin method which naturally\n", + " allows for non-conforming interfaces. First, we analyze the eigenvalue spectrum\n", + " of a constant coefficient anisotropic wave equation, and demonstrate that this\n", + " approach improves the accuracy by up to seven orders of magnitude, if compared\n", + " to a non-aligned method with the same number of degrees of freedom. In\n", + " particular, the results improve for eigenfunctions with high mode numbers. We\n", + " also apply the method to compute the eigenvalue spectrum of the associated\n", + " anisotropic wave equation with variable coefficients of flux surfaces of a\n", + " Stellarator configuration. We benchmark the results against a spectral code.,\n", + " We discuss upper and lower bounds for the size of gaps in the length spectrum\n", + " of negatively curved manifolds. For manifolds with algebraic generators for the\n", + " fundamental group, we establish the existence of exponential lower bounds for\n", + " the gaps. On the other hand, we show that the existence of arbitrary small gaps\n", + " is topologically generic: this is established both for surfaces of constant\n", + " negative curvature (Theorem 3.1), and for the space of negatively curved\n", + " metrics (Theorem 4.1). While arbitrary small gaps are topologically generic, it\n", + " is plausible that the gaps are not too small for almost every metric. One\n", + " result in this direction is presented in Section 5.,\n", + " Submodular functions are set functions mapping every subset of some ground\n", + " set of size $n$ into the real numbers and satisfying the diminishing returns\n", + " property. Submodular minimization is an important field in discrete\n", + " optimization theory due to its relevance for various branches of mathematics,\n", + " computer science and economics. The currently fastest strongly polynomial\n", + " algorithm for exact minimization [LSW15] runs in time $\\widetilde{O}(n^3 \\cdot\n", + " \\mathrm{EO} + n^4)$ where $\\mathrm{EO}$ denotes the cost to evaluate the\n", + " function on any set. For functions with range $[-1,1]$, the best\n", + " $\\epsilon$-additive approximation algorithm [CLSW17] runs in time\n", + " $\\widetilde{O}(n^{5/3}/\\epsilon^{2} \\cdot \\mathrm{EO})$. In this paper we\n", + " present a classical and a quantum algorithm for approximate submodular\n", + " minimization. Our classical result improves on the algorithm of [CLSW17] and\n", + " runs in time $\\widetilde{O}(n^{3/2}/\\epsilon^2 \\cdot \\mathrm{EO})$. Our quantum\n", + " algorithm is, up to our knowledge, the first attempt to use quantum computing\n", + " for submodular optimization. The algorithm runs in time\n", + " $\\widetilde{O}(n^{5/4}/\\epsilon^{5/2} \\cdot \\log(1/\\epsilon) \\cdot\n", + " \\mathrm{EO})$. The main ingredient of the quantum result is a new method for\n", + " sampling with high probability $T$ independent elements from any discrete\n", + " probability distribution of support size $n$ in time $O(\\sqrt{Tn})$. Previous\n", + " quantum algorithms for this problem were of complexity $O(T\\sqrt{n})$.,\n", + " Most prostate cancer survivors are confronted with disease-related and\n", + " treatment-related side effects that impact their quality of life. A tool that\n", + " combines specific physical activity coaching with the promotion of a healthy\n", + " lifestyle and self-management guidance might be a successful method to enhance\n", + " a lifestyle change in these patients. As a prerequisite for useful health\n", + " technology, it is important to consider a design process centred in the\n", + " patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the context of the problem\n", + " and the user needs to support the ideation of a low-fidelity prototype of a\n", + " tool to promote a healthy lifestyle among early-stage prostate cancer\n", + " survivors. A user-centred design approach was followed involving a\n", + " multidisciplinary team. The prototype was developed in 3 phases. In phase 1,\n", + " the context was studied with 2 systematic reviews of the state of practice and\n", + " consulting with 3 specialists in Oncology, resulting in a global use case and\n", + " main requirements. In phase 2, the needs and barriers of the users were studied\n", + " based on literature research and validated with 3 specialists, resulting in the\n", + " creation of 3 personas. In phase 3, 2 sessions were held to ideate and\n", + " prioritize possible app features, based on brainstorming and selection\n", + " techniques. Using the Ninja Mock and Proto.io software a low-fidelity prototype\n", + " was developed, resulting in 25 interactive screens. Understanding the user\n", + " needs and context seems to be essential to highlight key goals, hence\n", + " facilitating the bridge between ideation of the tool and the intended users\n", + " tasks and experiences. The conclusion of this first stage of the design process\n", + " brings valuable details (such as barriers of the users to technology and to\n", + " physical activity) for future iterations of design of the mobile app.,\n", + " In this article, we study transportation network in Minnesota. We show that\n", + " the system is characterized by Taylor's power law for fluctuation scaling with\n", + " nontrivial values of the scaling exponent. We also show that the characteristic\n", + " exponent does not unequivocally characterize a given road network, as it may\n", + " differ within the same network if one takes into account location of\n", + " observation points, season, period of day, or traffic intensity. The results\n", + " are set against Taylor's fluctuation scaling in the Nagel-Schreckenberg\n", + " cellular automaton model for traffic. It is shown that Taylor's law may serve,\n", + " beside the fundamental diagram, as an indicator of different traffic phases\n", + " (free flow, traffic jam etc.).,\n", + " The NGT field equations with sources are expanded first about a flat\n", + " Minkowski background and then about a GR background to first-order in the\n", + " antisymmetric part of the fundamental tensor, $g_{\\mu\\nu}$. From the general,\n", + " static spherically symmetric solution of the field equation in empty space, we\n", + " establish that there are two conserved charges $m$ and $\\ell^2$ corresponding\n", + " to the two basic gauge invariances of NGT. There is no direct contribution to\n", + " the flux of gravitational waves from the antisymmetric, $g_{[\\mu\\nu]}$, sector\n", + " in the linearized, lowest order of approximation, nor in the non-linear theory.\n", + " It is demonstrated that the flux of gravitational waves is finite in magnitude\n", + " and positive definite for solutions of the field equations which satisfy the\n", + " boundary condition of asymptotic flatness.,\n", + " In this paper, we study unique, globally defined uniformly bounded weak\n", + " solutions for a class of semilinear reaction-diffusion-advection systems. The\n", + " coefficients of the differential operators and the initial data are only\n", + " required to be measurable and uniformly bounded. The nonlinearities are\n", + " quasi-positive and satisfy a commonly called mass control or dissipation of\n", + " mass property. Moreover, we assume the intermediate sum condition of a certain\n", + " order. The key feature of this work is the surprising discovery that\n", + " quasi-positive systems that satisfy an intermediate sum condition automatically\n", + " give rise to a new class of $L^p$-energy type functionals that allow us to\n", + " obtain requisite uniform a priori bounds. Our methods are sufficiently robust\n", + " to extend to different boundary conditions, or to certain quasi-linear systems.\n", + " We also show that in case of mass dissipation, the solution is bounded in\n", + " sup-norm uniformly in time. We illustrate the applicability of results by\n", + " showing global existence and large time behavior of models arising from a\n", + " spatio-temporal spread of infectious disease.,\n", + " We present a new method to assess the properties of transiting planet\n", + " candidates by multicolor photometry. By analyzing multicolor transit/eclipse\n", + " light curves and apparent magnitudes of the target in parallel, this method\n", + " attempts to identify the nature of the system and provide a quantitative\n", + " constraint on the properties of unresolved companion(s). We demonstrate our\n", + " method by observing the six systems hosting candidate transiting planets,\n", + " identified by the K2 mission (EPIC 206036749, EPIC 206500801, EPIC 210513446,\n", + " EPIC 211800191, EPIC 220621087, and EPIC 220696233). Applying our analysis code\n", + " to the six targets, we find that EPIC 206036749, EPIC 210513446, and EPIC\n", + " 211800191 are likely to be triple-star systems including eclipsing binaries,\n", + " and EPIC 220696233 is likely a planetary system, albeit further observations\n", + " are required to confirm the nature. Additionally, we confirm that the\n", + " systematic errors in the derived system parameters arising from adopting\n", + " specific isochrone models and observing instruments (passbands) are relatively\n", + " small. While this approach alone is not powerful enough to validate or refute\n", + " planet candidates, the technique allows us to constrain the properties of\n", + " resolved/unresolved companions, and prioritize the planet candidates for\n", + " further follow-up observations (e.g., radial-velocity measurements).,\n", + " We describe and explain the desire, common among mathematicians, both for\n", + " unity and independence in its major themes. In the dialogue that follows, we\n", + " express our spontaneous and considered judgment and reservations by contrasting\n", + " the development of mathematics as a goal-driven process as opposed to one that\n", + " often seems to possess considerable arbitrariness.,\n", + " A new model for Korteweg and de-Vries equation (KdV) is derived. The system\n", + " under study is an open channel consisting of two concentric cylinders, rotating\n", + " about their vertical axis, which is tilted by slope {\\tau} from the inertial\n", + " vertical z, in uniform rate {\\Omega}_1={\\tau}{\\Omega}, and the whole tank is\n", + " elevated over other table rotating at rate {\\Omega}. Under these conditions, a\n", + " set of Kelvin waves is formed on the free surface depending on the angle of\n", + " tilt, characterized by the slope {\\tau}, volume of water, and rotation rate.\n", + " The resonant mode in the system appears in the form of a single Kelvin solitary\n", + " wave, whose amplitude satisfies the Korteweg-de Vries equation with forced\n", + " term. The equation was derived following classical perturbation methods, the\n", + " additional term made the equation a non-integrable one, that cannot be solved\n", + " without the help of numerical methods. Invoking the simple finite difference\n", + " scheme method, it was found that the numerical results are in a good agreement\n", + " with the experiment.,\n", + " We consider the existence, stability and dynamics of the ground state and\n", + " nonlinear excitations, in the form of dark solitons, for a\n", + " quasi-one-dimensional polariton condensate in the presence of pumping and\n", + " nonlinear damping. We find a series of remarkable features that can be directly\n", + " contrasted to the case of the typically energy-conserving ultracold alkali-atom\n", + " Bose-Einstein condensates. For some sizeable parameter ranges, the nodeless\n", + " (\"ground\") state becomes {\\it unstable} towards the formation of {\\em stable}\n", + " nonlinear single or {\\em multi} dark-soliton excitations. It is also observed\n", + " that for suitable parametric choices, the instability of single dark solitons\n", + " can nucleate multi-dark-soliton states. Also, for other parametric regions,\n", + " {\\em stable asymmetric} sawtooth-like solutions exist. Finally, we consider the\n", + " dragging of a defect through the condensate and the interference of two\n", + " initially separated condensates, both of which are capable of nucleating dark\n", + " multi-soliton dynamical states.,\n", + " Property-preserving hash functions allow for compressing long inputs $x_0$\n", + " and $x_1$ into short hashes $h(x_0)$ and $h(x_1)$ in a manner that allows for\n", + " computing a predicate $P(x_0, x_1)$ given only the two hash values without\n", + " having access to the original data. Such hash functions are said to be\n", + " adversarially robust if an adversary that gets to pick $x_0$ and $x_1$ after\n", + " the hash function has been sampled, cannot find inputs for which the predicate\n", + " evaluated on the hash values outputs the incorrect result.\n", + " In this work we construct robust property-preserving hash functions for the\n", + " hamming-distance predicate which distinguishes inputs with a hamming distance\n", + " at least some threshold $t$ from those with distance less than $t$. The\n", + " security of the construction is based on standard lattice hardness assumptions.\n", + " Our construction has several advantages over the best known previous\n", + " construction by Fleischhacker and Simkin. Our construction relies on a single\n", + " well-studied hardness assumption from lattice cryptography whereas the previous\n", + " work relied on a newly introduced family of computational hardness assumptions.\n", + " In terms of computational effort, our construction only requires a small number\n", + " of modular additions per input bit, whereas previously several exponentiations\n", + " per bit as well as the interpolation and evaluation of high-degree polynomials\n", + " over large fields were required. An additional benefit of our construction is\n", + " that the description of the hash function can be compressed to $\\lambda$ bits\n", + " assuming a random oracle. Previous work has descriptions of length\n", + " $\\mathcal{O}(\\ell \\lambda)$ bits for input bit-length $\\ell$, which has a\n", + " secret structure and thus cannot be compressed.\n", + " We prove a lower bound on the output size of any property-preserving hash\n", + " function for the hamming distance predicate. The bound shows that the size of\n", + " our hash value is not far from optimal.,\n", + " Quantum copy-protection, introduced by Aaronson (CCC'09), uses the no-cloning\n", + " principle of quantum mechanics to protect software from being illegally\n", + " distributed. Constructing copy-protection has been an important problem in\n", + " quantum cryptography. Since copy-protection is shown to be impossible to\n", + " achieve in the plain model, we investigate the question of constructing\n", + " copy-protection for arbitrary classes of unlearnable functions in the random\n", + " oracle model. We present an impossibility result that rules out a class of\n", + " copy-protection schemes in the random oracle model assuming the existence of\n", + " quantum fully homomorphic encryption and quantum hardness of learning with\n", + " errors. En route, we prove the impossibility of approximately correct\n", + " copy-protection in the plain model.,\n", + " Recently, the PVLAS collaboration has reported evidence for an anomalously\n", + " large rotation of the polarization of light generated in vacuum in the presence\n", + " of a transverse magnetic field. This may be explained through the production of\n", + " a new light spin-zero particle coupled to two photons. In this Letter of\n", + " Intent, we propose to test this hypothesis by setting up a photon regeneration\n", + " experiment which exploits the photon beam of the Vacuum-UltraViolet\n", + " Free-Electron Laser VUV-FEL, sent along the transverse magnetic field of a\n", + " linear arrangement of dipole magnets of size B L ~ 30 Tm. The high photon\n", + " energies available at the VUV-FEL increase substantially the expected photon\n", + " regeneration rate in the mass range implied by the PVLAS anomaly, in comparison\n", + " to the rate expected at visible lasers of similar power. We find that the\n", + " particle interpretation of the PVLAS result can be tested within a short\n", + " running period. The pseudoscalar vs. scalar nature can be determined by varying\n", + " the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the laser polarization. The\n", + " mass of the particle can be measured by running at different photon energies.\n", + " The proposed experiment offers a window of opportunity for a firm establishment\n", + " or exclusion of the particle interpretation of the PVLAS anomaly before other\n", + " experiments can compete.,\n", + " Given a compact manifold X, the set of simple manifold structures on X x\n", + " \\Delta^k relative to the boundary can be viewed as the k-th homotopy group of a\n", + " space \\S^s (X). This space is called the block structure space of X.\n", + " We study the block structure spaces of real projective spaces. Generalizing\n", + " Wall's join construction we show that there is a functor from the category of\n", + " finite dimensional real vector spaces with inner product to the category of\n", + " pointed spaces which sends the vector space V to the block structure space of\n", + " the projective space of V. We study this functor from the point of view of\n", + " orthogonal calculus of functors; we show that it is polynomial of degree <= 1\n", + " in the sense of orthogonal calculus.\n", + " This result suggests an attractive description of the block structure space\n", + " of the infinite dimensional real projective space via the Taylor tower of\n", + " orthogonal calculus. This space is defined as a colimit of block structure\n", + " spaces of projective spaces of finite-dimensional real vector spaces and is\n", + " closely related to some automorphisms spaces of real projective spaces.,\n", + " The chirality-dependent magnetoelectric properties of Neel-type domain walls\n", + " in iron garnet films is observed. The electrically driven magnetic domain wall\n", + " motion changes the direction to the opposite with the reversal of electric\n", + " polarity of the probe and with the chirality switching of the domain wall from\n", + " clockwise to counterclockwise. This proves that the origin of the electric\n", + " field induced micromagnetic structure transformation is inhomogeneous\n", + " magnetoelectric interaction.,\n", + " Comparative evaluation of forecasts of statistical functionals relies on\n", + " comparing averaged losses of competing forecasts after the realization of the\n", + " quantity $Y$, on which the functional is based, has been observed. Motivated by\n", + " high-frequency finance, in this paper we investigate how proxies $\\tilde Y$ for\n", + " $Y$ - say volatility proxies - which are observed together with $Y$ can be\n", + " utilized to improve forecast comparisons. We extend previous results on\n", + " robustness of loss functions for the mean to general moments and ratios of\n", + " moments, and show in terms of the variance of differences of losses that using\n", + " proxies will increase the power in comparative forecast tests. These results\n", + " apply both to testing conditional as well as unconditional dominance. Finally,\n", + " we numerically illustrate the theoretical results, both for simulated\n", + " high-frequency data as well as for high-frequency log returns of several\n", + " cryptocurrencies.,\n", + " The minimal geometric deformation (MGD), associated with the 4D Schwarzschild\n", + " solution of the Einstein equations, is shown to be a solution of the pure 4D\n", + " Ricci quadratic gravity theory, whose linear perturbations are then implemented\n", + " by the Gregory-Laflamme eigentensors of the Lichnerowicz operator. The\n", + " stability of MGD black strings is hence studied, through the correspondence\n", + " between their Lichnerowicz eigenmodes and the ones associated with the 4D MGD\n", + " solutions. Its is shown that there exists a critical mass driving the MGD black\n", + " strings stability, above which the MGD black string is precluded from any\n", + " Gregory-Laflamme instability. The general relativistic limit leads the MGD\n", + " black string to be unstable, as expected, corresponding to the standard\n", + " Gregory-Laflamme black string instability.,\n", + " The low temperature properties of a wide range of many-fermion systems are\n", + " well understood within the framework of Landau's theory of Fermi liquids. The\n", + " low-energy physics of these systems is governed by interacting fermionic\n", + " quasiparticles with momenta and energies near a Fermi surface in momentum\n", + " space. Nonequilibrium properties are described by a kinetic equation for the\n", + " distribution function for quasiparticles proposed by Landau. Quasiparticle\n", + " interactions with other quasiparticles, phonons or impurities lead to internal\n", + " forces acting on a distribution of nonequilibrium quasiparticles, as well as\n", + " collision processes that ultimately limit the transport of mass, heat, charge\n", + " and magnetization, as well as limit the coherence times of quasiparticles. For\n", + " Fermi liquids that are close to a second order phase transition, e.g. Fermi\n", + " liquids that undergo a superfluid transition, \\emph{incipient} Cooper pairs -\n", + " long-lived fluctuations of the ordered phase - provide a new channel for\n", + " scattering quasiparticles, as well as corrections to internal forces acting on\n", + " the distribution of nonequilibrium quasiparticles. We develop the theory of\n", + " quasiparticle transport for Fermi liquids in the vicinity of a BCS-type\n", + " superfluid transition starting from Keldysh's field theory for non-equilibrium,\n", + " strongly interacting fermions. The leading corrections to Fermi liquid theory\n", + " for non-equilibrium quasiparticle transport near a Cooper instability arise\n", + " from the virtual emission and absorption of incipient Cooper pairs. Our theory\n", + " is applicable to quasiparticle transport in superconductors, nuclear matter and\n", + " the low temperature phases of liquid $^3$He. As an implementation of the theory\n", + " we calculate the pairing fluctuation corrections to the attenuation of zero\n", + " sound in liquid $^3$He near the superfluid transition and demonstrate\n", + " quantitative agreement with experimental results.,\n", + " For minimal $\\mathbb{Z}^{2}$-topological dynamical systems, we introduce a\n", + " cube structure and a variation of the regionally proximal relation for\n", + " $\\mathbb{Z}^2$ actions, which allow us to characterize product systems and\n", + " their factors. We also introduce the concept of topological magic systems,\n", + " which is the topological counterpart of measure theoretic magic systems\n", + " introduced by Host in his study of multiple averages for commuting\n", + " transformations. Roughly speaking, magic systems have a less intricate dynamic\n", + " and we show that every minimal $\\mathbb{Z}^2$ dynamical system has a magic\n", + " extension. We give various applications of these structures, including the\n", + " construction of some special factors in topological dynamics of $\\mathbb{Z}^2$\n", + " actions, and a computation of the automorphism group of the minimal Robinson\n", + " tiling.,\n", + " In the Internet of Things (IoT) devices are exposed to various kinds of\n", + " attacks when connected to the Internet. An attack detection mechanism that\n", + " understands the limitations of these severely resource-constrained devices is\n", + " necessary. This is important since current approaches are either customized for\n", + " wireless networks or for the conventional Internet with heavy data\n", + " transmission. Also, the detection mechanism need not always be as\n", + " sophisticated. Simply signaling that an attack is taking place may be enough in\n", + " some situations, for example in NIDS using anomaly detection. In graph\n", + " networks, central nodes are the nodes that bear the most influence in the\n", + " network. The purpose of this research is to explore experimentally the\n", + " relationship between the behavior of central nodes and anomaly detection when\n", + " an attack spreads through a network. As a result, we propose a novel anomaly\n", + " detection approach using this unique methodology which has been unexplored so\n", + " far in communication networks. Also, in the experiment, we identify presence of\n", + " an attack originating and propagating throughout a network of IoT using our\n", + " methodology.,\n", + " The unification theory of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) hypothesizes that all\n", + " AGNs are surrounded by an anisotropic dust torus and are essentially the same\n", + " objects but viewed from different angles. However, little is known about the\n", + " dust which plays a central role in the unification theory. There are\n", + " suggestions that the AGN dust extinction law appreciably differs from that of\n", + " the Galaxy. Also, the silicate emission features observed in type 1 AGNs appear\n", + " anomalous (i.e., their peak wavelengths and widths differ considerably from\n", + " that of the Galaxy). In this work, we explore the dust properties of 147 AGNs\n", + " of various types at redshifts z<0.5, with special attention paid to 93 AGNs\n", + " which exhibit the 9.7 and 18 $\\mu$m silicate emission features. We model their\n", + " silicate emission spectra obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph aboard the\n", + " Spitzer Space Telescope. We find that 60/93 of the observed spectra can be well\n", + " explained with \"astronomical silicate\", while the remaining sources favor\n", + " amorphous olivine or pyroxene. Most notably, all sources require the dust to be\n", + " $\\mu$m-sized (with a typical size of ~1.5$\\pm$0.1 $\\mu$m), much larger than\n", + " sub-$\\mu$m-sized Galactic interstellar grains, implying a flat or \"gray\"\n", + " extinction law for AGNs. We also find that, while the 9.7 $\\mu$m emission\n", + " feature arises predominantly from warm silicate dust of temperature T~270 K,\n", + " the ~5--8 $\\mu$m continuum emission is mostly from carbon dust of T~640 K.\n", + " Finally, the correlations between the dust properties (e.g., mass, temperature)\n", + " and the AGN properties (e.g., luminosity, black hole mass) have also been\n", + " investigated.,\n", + " Let $X$ be an algebraic K3 surface, $v=(r,H,s)$ a primitive isotropic Mukai\n", + " vector on $X$ and $M_X(v)$ the moduli of sheaves over $X$ with $v$. Let $N(X)$\n", + " be Picard lattice of $X$.\n", + " In math.AG/0309348 and math.AG/0606289, all divisors in moduli of $(X,H)$ (i.\n", + " e. pairs $H\\in N(X)$ with $\\rk N(X)=2$) implying $M_X(v)\\cong X$ were\n", + " described. They give some Mukai's correspondences of $X$ with itself.\n", + " Applying these results, we show that there exists $v$ and a codimension 2\n", + " submoduli in moduli of $(X,H)$ (i. e. a pair $H\\in N(X)$ with $\\rk N(X)=3$)\n", + " implying $M_X(v)\\cong X$, but this submoduli cannot be extended to a divisor in\n", + " moduli with the same property. There are plenty of similar examples.\n", + " We discuss the general problem of description of all similar submoduli and\n", + " defined by them Mukai's correspondences of $X$ with itself and their\n", + " compositions, trying to outline a possible general theory.,\n", + " The Submillimeter Array (SMA) has been used to image the emission from radio\n", + " recombination lines of hydrogen at subarcsecond angular resolution from the\n", + " young high-mass star MWC349A in the H26$\\alpha$, H30$\\alpha$, and H31$\\alpha$\n", + " transitions at 353, 232, and 211 GHz, respectively. Emission was seen over a\n", + " range of 80 kms-1 in velocity and 50~mas (corresponding to 60~AU for a distance\n", + " of 1200 pc). The emission at each frequency has two distinct components, one\n", + " from gas in a nearly edge-on annular disk structure in Keplerian motion, and\n", + " another from gas lifted off the disk at distances of up to about 25~AU from the\n", + " star. The slopes of the position-velocity (PV) curves for the disk emission\n", + " show a monotonic progression of the emission radius with frequency with\n", + " relative radii of $0.85\\pm0.04$, 1, and $1.02\\pm0.01$ for the H26$\\alpha$,\n", + " H30$\\alpha$, and H31$\\alpha$ transitions, respectively. This trend is\n", + " consistent with theoretical excitation models of maser emission from a region\n", + " where the density decreases with radius and the lower transitions are\n", + " preferentially excited at higher densities. The mass is difficult to estimate\n", + " from the PV diagrams because the wind components dominate the emission at the\n", + " disk edges. The mass estimate is constrained to be only in the range of 10--30\n", + " solar masses. The distribution of the wind emission among the transitions is\n", + " surprisingly different, which reflects its sensitivity to excitation\n", + " conditions. The wind probably extracts significant angular momentum from the\n", + " system.,\n", + " Acoustic microstreaming due to an oscillating microbubble is analytically\n", + " investigated to obtain the circular streaming motion adjacent to a nearby wall.\n", + " Classical theory due to Nyborg is carefully derived in the radial coordinates.\n", + " The theory is used to obtain the flow field and the vortical motion caused by\n", + " the microbubble motion. The length of the vertices are decreasing when the\n", + " microbubble is excited at distances close to the rigid wall, while the maximum\n", + " shear stress is increasing.,\n", + " The photogalvanic effect (PGE) occurring in noncentrosymmetric materials\n", + " enables the generation of a dc photocurrent at zero bias with a high\n", + " polarization sensitivity, which makes it very attractive in photodetection.\n", + " However, the magnitude of the PGE photocurrent is usually small, leading to a\n", + " low photoresponsivity, and therefore hampers its practical application in\n", + " photodetection. Here, we propose an approach to largely enhancing the PGE\n", + " photocurrent by applying an inhomogenous mechanical stretch, based on quantum\n", + " transport simulations. We model a two-dimensional photodetector consisting of\n", + " the wide-bandgap MgCl$_2$/ZnBr$_2$ vertical van der Waals heterojunction with\n", + " the noncentrosymmetric $C_{3v}$ symmetry. Polarization-sensitive PGE\n", + " photocurrent is generated under the vertical illumination of linearly polarized\n", + " light. By applying inhomogenous mechanical stretch on the lattice, the\n", + " photocurrent can be largely increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude due to the\n", + " significantly increased device asymmetry. Our results propose an effective way\n", + " to enhance the PGE by inhomogenous mechanical strain, showing the potential of\n", + " the MgCl$_2$/ZnBr$_2$ vertical heterojunction in the low-power UV\n", + " photodetection.,\n", + " Reason and inference require process as well as memory skills by humans.\n", + " Neural networks are able to process tasks like image recognition (better than\n", + " humans) but in memory aspects are still limited (by attention mechanism, size).\n", + " Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and it's modified version LSTM are able to solve\n", + " small memory contexts, but as context becomes larger than a threshold, it is\n", + " difficult to use them. The Solution is to use large external memory. Still, it\n", + " poses many challenges like, how to train neural networks for discrete memory\n", + " representation, how to describe long term dependencies in sequential data etc.\n", + " Most prominent neural architectures for such tasks are Memory networks:\n", + " inference components combined with long term memory and Neural Turing Machines:\n", + " neural networks using external memory resources. Also, additional techniques\n", + " like attention mechanism, end to end gradient descent on discrete memory\n", + " representation are needed to support these solutions. Preliminary results of\n", + " above neural architectures on simple algorithms (sorting, copying) and Question\n", + " Answering (based on story, dialogs) application are comparable with the state\n", + " of the art. In this paper, I explain these architectures (in general), the\n", + " additional techniques used and the results of their application.,\n", + " We study the time evolution of an ideal system composed of two harmonic\n", + " oscillators coupled through a quadratic Hamiltonian with arbitrary interaction\n", + " strength. We solve its dynamics analytically by employing tools from symplectic\n", + " geometry. In particular, we use this result to completely characterize the\n", + " dynamics of the two oscillators interacting in the ultrastrong coupling regime\n", + " with additional single-mode squeezing on both oscillators, as well as higher\n", + " order terms. Furthermore, we compute quantities of interest, such as the\n", + " average number of excitations and the correlations that are established between\n", + " the two subsystems due to the evolution. We find that this model predicts a\n", + " second order phase transition and we compute the critical exponents and the\n", + " critical value. We also provide an exact decoupling of the time evolution in\n", + " terms of simple quantum optical operations, which can be used for practical\n", + " implementations and studies. Finally, we show how our techniques can be\n", + " extended to include more oscillators and higher order interactions.,\n", + " We demonstrate that the fundamental algebraic structure underlying the\n", + " Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra -- the insertion pre-Lie structure on graphs --\n", + " corresponds directly to the canonical pre-Lie structure of polynomial vector\n", + " fields. Using this fact, we construct a Hopf algebra built from tensors that is\n", + " isomorphic to a version of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra that first appeared\n", + " in the perturbative renormalization of quantum field theories.,\n", + " It is a puzzle why the densities of dark matter and dark energy are nearly\n", + " equal today when they scale so differently during the expansion of the\n", + " universe. This conundrum may be solved if there is a coupling between the two\n", + " dark sectors. In this paper we assume that dark matter is made of cold relics\n", + " with masses depending exponentially on the scalar field associated to dark\n", + " energy. Since the dynamics of the system is dominated by an attractor solution,\n", + " the dark matter particle mass is forced to change with time as to ensure that\n", + " the ratio between the energy densities of dark matter and dark energy become a\n", + " constant at late times and one readily realizes that the present-day dark\n", + " matter abundance is not very sensitive to its value when dark matter particles\n", + " decouple from the thermal bath. We show that the dependence of the present\n", + " abundance of cold dark matter on the parameters of the model differs\n", + " drastically from the familiar results where no connection between dark energy\n", + " and dark matter is present. In particular, we analyze the case in which the\n", + " cold dark matter particle is the lightest supersymmetric particle.,\n", + " Recent observations of Seyfert 1 AGN with Chandra, XMM-Newton and Suzaku\n", + " revealed broad iron K_alpha emission lines, some relativistically blurred. For\n", + " galactic black hole X-ray binaries XMM-Newton spectra during hard state also\n", + " reveal the presence of a relativistic iron emission line and a thermal\n", + " component, interpreted as an indication for a weak inner cool accretion disk\n", + " underneath a hot corona. These thermal components were found after the\n", + " transition from soft to hard spectral state and can be understood as sustained\n", + " by re-condensation of gas from an advection-dominated flow (ADAF) onto the\n", + " disk. In view of the similarity of accretion flows around stellar mass and\n", + " supermassive black holes we discuss whether the broad iron emission lines in\n", + " Seyfert 1 AGN can be understood as arising from a similar accretion flow\n", + " geometry. We derive Eddington-scaled accretion rates for Seyfert galaxies with\n", + " strong lines in samples of Miller (2007) and Nandra et al. (2007). For the\n", + " evaluation we use the observed X-ray luminosity, bolometric corrections and\n", + " black hole masses from literature, most values taken from Fabian and Vasudevan\n", + " (2009). Rates derived are less than 0.1 of the Eddington rate for more than\n", + " half of the sources. For 10^7 to 10^8 solar mass black holes in Seyfert 1 AGN\n", + " this limit corresponds to 0.01 to 0.2 solar masses per year. Our investigation\n", + " shows that for quite a number of Seyfert AGN in hard spectral state iron\n", + " emission lines can arise from an inner weak disk surrounded by an ADAF as\n", + " predicted by the re-condensation model. Some of the remaining sources with\n", + " higher accretion rates may be in a spectral state comparable to the \"very high\"\n", + " state of LMXBs. (abridged),\n", + " We study the transport through evanescent waves in graphene quantum dots of\n", + " different geometries. The transmission is suppressed when the leads are\n", + " attached to edges of the same majority sublattice. Otherwise, the transmission\n", + " depends exponentially on the distance between leads in rectangular dots, and as\n", + " a power law in circular dots. The transmission through junctions where the\n", + " transmitted and reflected currents belong to the opposite valley as the\n", + " incoming one depends on details of the lattice structure at distances\n", + " comparable to the atomic spacing.,\n", + " We characterize classes of linear maps between operator spaces $E$, $F$ which\n", + " factorize through maps arising in a natural manner via the Pisier vector-valued\n", + " non-commutative $L^p$ spaces $S_p[E^*]$ based on the Schatten classes on the\n", + " separable Hilbert space $l^2$. These classes of maps can be viewed as\n", + " quasi-normed operator ideals in the category of operator spaces, that is in\n", + " non-commutative (quantized) functional analysis. The case $p=2$ provides a\n", + " Banach operator ideal and allows us to characterize the split property for\n", + " inclusions of $W^*$-algebras by the 2-factorable maps. The various\n", + " characterizations of the split property have interesting applications in\n", + " Quantum Field Theory.,\n", + " We propose to forecast future hand-object interactions given an egocentric\n", + " video. Instead of predicting action labels or pixels, we directly predict the\n", + " hand motion trajectory and the future contact points on the next active object\n", + " (i.e., interaction hotspots). This relatively low-dimensional representation\n", + " provides a concrete description of future interactions. To tackle this task, we\n", + " first provide an automatic way to collect trajectory and hotspots labels on\n", + " large-scale data. We then use this data to train an Object-Centric Transformer\n", + " (OCT) model for prediction. Our model performs hand and object interaction\n", + " reasoning via the self-attention mechanism in Transformers. OCT also provides a\n", + " probabilistic framework to sample the future trajectory and hotspots to handle\n", + " uncertainty in prediction. We perform experiments on the Epic-Kitchens-55,\n", + " Epic-Kitchens-100, and EGTEA Gaze+ datasets, and show that OCT significantly\n", + " outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by a large margin. Project page is\n", + " available at https://stevenlsw.github.io/hoi-forecast .,\n", + " Finite size effects on the cooperative thermal denaturation of proteins are\n", + " considered. A dimensionless measure of cooperativity, Omega, scales as N^zeta,\n", + " where N is the number of amino acids. Surprisingly, we find that zeta is\n", + " universal with zeta = 1 + gamma, where the exponent gamma characterizes the\n", + " divergence of the susceptibility for a self-avoiding walk. Our lattice model\n", + " simulations and experimental data are consistent with the theory. Our finding\n", + " rationalizes the marginal stability of proteins and substantiates the earlier\n", + " predictions that the efficient folding of two-state proteins requires the\n", + " folding transition temperature to be close to the collapse temperature.,\n", + " We consider a one-phase free boundary problem of the minimizer of the energy\n", + " \\[ J_{\\gamma}(u)=\\frac{1}{2}\\int_{(B_1^{n+1})^+}{y^{1-2s}|\\nabla\n", + " u(x,y)|^2dxdy}+\\int_{B_1^{n}\\times \\{y=0\\}}{u^{\\gamma}dx}, \\] with constants\n", + " $01.5\\cdot10^{21}m/s^2$ is inferred which is more than two orders of\n", + " magnitude larger than the value $a_m=1\\cdot10^{19}m/s^2$ suggested by $^{57}$Fe\n", + " rotor experiments.,\n", + " Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments under applied magnetic field\n", + " at low temperatures show detailed low lying magnetic excitations in the so\n", + " called tridiminshed iron icosahedron magnetic molecule. The magnetic molecule\n", + " consists of nine iron Fe$^{3+}$ ($s = 5/2$) and three phosphorous atoms that\n", + " are situated on the twelve vertices of a nearly perfect icosahedron. The three\n", + " phosphorous atoms form a plane that separates the iron cluster into two weakly\n", + " coupled three- and six-ion fragments, \\{Fe$_3$\\} and \\{Fe$_6$\\}, respectively.\n", + " The magnetic field INS results exhibit an $S=1/2$ ground state expected from a\n", + " perfect equilateral triangle of the \\{Fe$_3$\\} triad with a powder averaged\n", + " $g$-value $=2.00$. Two sets of triplet excitations whose temperature and\n", + " magnetic field dependence indicate an $S=0$ ground state with two\n", + " non-degenerate $S=1$ states are attributed to the \\{Fe$_6$\\} fragment. The\n", + " splitting may result from a finite coupling between the two fragments,\n", + " single-ion anisotropy, antisymmetric exchange couplings, or from magnetic\n", + " frustration of its triangular building blocks.,\n", + " In this paper a unified approach for power allocation (PA) problem in\n", + " multi-hop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) amplify-and-forward\n", + " (AF) relaying systems has been developed. In the proposed approach, we consider\n", + " short and long-term individual and total power constraints at the source and\n", + " relays, and devise decentralized low complexity PA algorithms when wireless\n", + " links are subject to channel path-loss and small-scale Rayleigh fading. In\n", + " particular, aiming at improving the instantaneous rate of multi-hop\n", + " transmission systems with AF relaying, we develop (i) a near-optimal iterative\n", + " PA algorithm based on the exact analysis of the received SNR at the\n", + " destination; (ii) a low complexity-suboptimal iterative PA algorithm based on\n", + " an approximate expression at high-SNR regime; and (iii) a low complexity-non\n", + " iterative PA scheme with limited performance loss. Since the PA problem in\n", + " multi-hop systems is too complex to solve with known optimization solvers, in\n", + " the proposed formulations, we adopted a two-stage approach, including a power\n", + " distribution phase among distinct subcarriers, and a power allocation phase\n", + " among different relays. The individual PA phases are then appropriately linked\n", + " through an iterative method which tries to compensate the performance loss\n", + " caused by the distinct two-stage approach. Simulation results show the superior\n", + " performance of the proposed power allocation algorithms.,\n", + " We have designed a passive spintronic diode based on a single skyrmion\n", + " stabilized in a magnetic tunnel junction and studied its dynamics induced by\n", + " voltage-controlled anisotropy (VCMA) and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction\n", + " (VDMI). We have demonstrated that the sensitivity (rectified voltage over input\n", + " microwave power) with realistic physical parameters and geometry can be larger\n", + " than 10 kV/W which is one order of magnitude better than diodes employing a\n", + " uniform ferromagnetic state. Our numerical and analytical results on the VCMA\n", + " and VDMI-driven resonant excitation of skyrmions beyond the linear regime\n", + " reveal a frequency dependence on the amplitude and no efficient parametric\n", + " resonance. Skyrmions with a smaller radius produced higher sensitivities,\n", + " demonstrating the efficient scalability of skyrmion-based spintronic diodes.\n", + " These results pave the way for designing passive ultra-sensitive and energy\n", + " efficient skyrmion-based microwave detectors.,\n", + " Carbon materials are excellent candidates for photovoltaic solar cells: they\n", + " are Earth-abundant, possess high optical absorption, and superior thermal and\n", + " photostability. Here we report on solar cells with active layers made solely of\n", + " carbon nanomaterials that present the same advantages of conjugated\n", + " polymer-based solar cells - namely solution processable, potentially flexible,\n", + " and chemically tunable - but with significantly increased photostability and\n", + " the possibility to revert photodegradation. The device active layer composition\n", + " is optimized using ab-initio density functional theory calculations to predict\n", + " type-II band alignment and Schottky barrier formation. The best device\n", + " fabricated is composed of PC70BM fullerene, semiconducting single-walled carbon\n", + " nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide. It achieves a power conversion efficiency\n", + " of 1.3% - a record for solar cells based on carbon as the active material - and\n", + " shows significantly improved lifetime than a polymer-based device. We calculate\n", + " efficiency limits of up to 13% for the devices fabricated in this work,\n", + " comparable to those predicted for polymer solar cells. There is great promise\n", + " for improving carbon-based solar cells considering the novelty of this type of\n", + " device, the superior photostability, and the availability of a large number of\n", + " carbon materials with yet untapped potential for photovoltaics. Our results\n", + " indicate a new strategy for efficient carbon-based, solution-processable, thin\n", + " film, photostable solar cells.,\n", + " A task decomposition method for iterative learning model predictive control\n", + " is presented. We consider a constrained nonlinear dynamical system and assume\n", + " the availability of state-input pair datasets which solve a task T1. Our\n", + " objective is to find a feasible model predictive control policy for a second\n", + " task, T2, using stored data from T1. Our approach applies to tasks T2 which are\n", + " composed of subtasks contained in T1. In this paper we propose a formal\n", + " definition of subtasks and the task decomposition problem, and provide proofs\n", + " of feasibility and iteration cost improvement over simple initializations. We\n", + " demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on autonomous racing and\n", + " robotic manipulation experiments.,\n", + " The updated H-band spectral line list (from \\lambda 15,000 - 17,000\\AA)\n", + " adopted by the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)\n", + " for the SDSS IV Data Release 16 (DR16) is presented here. The APOGEE line list\n", + " is a combination of atomic and molecular lines with data from laboratory,\n", + " theoretical, and astrophysical sources. Oscillator strengths and damping\n", + " constants are adjusted using high signal-to-noise, high-resolution spectra of\n", + " the Sun and alpha Boo (Arcturus) as \"standard stars\". Updates to the DR16 line\n", + " list, when compared to the previous DR14 version, are the inclusion of\n", + " molecular H_2O and FeH lines, as well as a much larger (by a factor of ~4)\n", + " atomic line list, which includes significantly more transitions with hyperfine\n", + " splitting. More recent references and line lists for the crucial molecules CO\n", + " and OH were used, as well as for C_2 and SiH. In contrast to DR14, DR16\n", + " contains measurable lines from the heavy neutron-capture elements cerium (as Ce\n", + " II), neodymium (as Nd II), and ytterbium (as Yb II), as well as one line from\n", + " rubidium (as Rb I), that may be detectable in a small fraction of APOGEE red\n", + " giants.,\n", + " We study $c<1$ matter coupled to gravity in the Coulomb gas formalism using\n", + " the double cohomology of the string BRST and Felder BRST charges. We find that\n", + " states outside the primary conformal grid are related to the states of non-zero\n", + " ghost number by means of descent equations given by the double cohomology. Some\n", + " aspects of the Virasoro structure of the Liouville Fock space are studied. As a\n", + " consequence, states of non-zero ghost number are easily constructed by\n", + " ``solving'' these descent equations. This enables us to map ghost number\n", + " conserving correlation functions involving non-zero ghost number states into\n", + " those involving states outside the primary conformal grid.,\n", + " The simplest interior magnetic field B_i that can explain the observed\n", + " uniform rotation of the Sun's radiative envelope is an axial dipole stabilized\n", + " by a deep toroidal field. It can explain the uniform rotation only if confined\n", + " in the polar caps. The field must be prevented from diffusing up into the\n", + " high-latitude convection zone, whose slower rotation must remain decoupled from\n", + " the radiative interior. This paper describes new analytical and numerical\n", + " solutions of the relevant magnetohydrodynamic equations showing that such\n", + " confinement and decoupling is dynamically possible by means of a laminar\n", + " \"magnetic confinement layer\" at the bottom of the tachocline. With realistic\n", + " values of the microscopic diffusivities, a weak laminar downwelling flow\n", + " U~10^{-5}cm/s over the poles is enough to enforce exponential decay of B_i with\n", + " altitude, in a confinement layer only a fraction of a megameter thick.\n", + " Downwelling in the polar tachocline is implied both by helioseismic\n", + " observations, combined with elementary dynamics, and by theoretical arguments\n", + " about the \"gyroscopic pumping\" that would spread differential rotation downward\n", + " in the absence of B_i. Our confinement-layer solutions are the first to take\n", + " account of all the relevant physical effects in a self-consistent mathematical\n", + " model. The effects include magnetic diffusion, baroclinicity and stable\n", + " stratification (thermal and compositional), Coriolis effects, and thermal\n", + " relaxation. We discuss how the confinement layers at each pole might fit into a\n", + " global dynamical picture of the solar tachocline. That picture, in turn,\n", + " suggests a new insight into the early Sun and solar lithium depletion.,\n", + " We present a detailed re-analysis of the two {\\it ASCA} Performance\n", + " Verification observations of the nearby Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG-6-30-15.\n", + " Confirming the results of Fabian et al. (1994), we find definite evidence for\n", + " the {\\sc O\\,vii} and {\\sc O\\,viii} K-shell absorption edges of the warm\n", + " absorber and a doubling of the warm absorber column density within the 3 weeks\n", + " separating the two observations. No intra-day {\\it flux-correlated} variability\n", + " of the warm absorber is found. However, we report the discovery of an `event'\n", + " in which the warm absorber parameters temporarily change for\n", + " \\sim10\\,000\\thinspace s before returning to their original values. Possible\n", + " interpretations are discussed but a contradiction remains: the constancy of the\n", + " ionization state of the warm absorber argues that it lies at large distances\n", + " from the central source whereas the short term change in column density argues\n", + " for small distances. Fluorescent iron emission is examined. As found by Fabian\n", + " et al. (1994), the iron line is broad and strong (equivalent width\n", + " \\sim300\\thinspace eV). The line profile is also suggestive of it being skewed.\n", + " Such a line would be expected from a relativistic accretion disk. We also find\n", + " very rapid primary X-ray variability. Assuming relativistic beaming to be\n", + " unimportant, the derived efficiency is comparable to the maximum obtainable\n", + " from accretion onto a Schwarzschild black hole. Correlated variability outside\n", + " of the energy range of {\\it ASCA} might exceed this maximum, thus requiring\n", + " efficient accretion onto a Kerr hole.,\n", + " Geometrically, zeroes of a Gaussian analytic function are intersection points\n", + " of an analytic curve in a Hilbert space with a randomly chosen hyperplane.\n", + " Mathematical physics provides another interpretation as a gas of interacting\n", + " particles. In the last decade, these interpretations influenced progress in\n", + " understanding statistical patterns in the zeroes of Gaussian analytic\n", + " functions, and led to the discovery of canonical models with invariant zero\n", + " distribution. We shall discuss some of recent results in this area and mention\n", + " several open questions.,\n", + " With the potential for the improvements of measurement precision,the\n", + " refinement of theoretical calculation on hadronic $B$ weak decays is necessary.\n", + " In this paper, we study the contributions of $B$ mesonic distribution amplitude\n", + " ${\\Phi}_{B2}$ within the QCD factorization approach, and find that\n", + " ${\\Phi}_{B2}$ contributes to only the nonfactorizable annihilation amplitudes\n", + " for the $B$ ${\\to}$ $PP$ decays ($P$ denotes the ground $SU(3)$ pseudoscalar\n", + " mesons). Although small, the ${\\Phi}_{B2}$ contributions might be helpful for\n", + " improving the performance of the QCD factorization approach, especially for the\n", + " pure annihilation $B_{d}$ ${\\to}$ $K^{+}K^{-}$ and $B_{s}$ ${\\to}$\n", + " ${\\pi}^{+}{\\pi}^{-}$ decays.,\n", + " The method of analytical continuation from imaginary to real chemical\n", + " potential is tested in 2-color QCD. In comparison to previous studies in the\n", + " same theory, an exact updating algorithm is used and simulations are performed\n", + " closer to the thermodynamic limit. It is shown that the method considerably\n", + " improves if suitable functions are used to interpolate data with imaginary\n", + " chemical potential.,\n", + " We characterize the rate of convergence of a converging volume-normalized\n", + " Yamabe flow in terms of Morse theoretic properties of the limiting metric. If\n", + " the limiting metric is an integrable critical point for the Yamabe functional\n", + " (for example, this holds when the critical point is non-degenerate), then we\n", + " show that the flow converges exponentially fast. In general, we make use of a\n", + " suitable Lojasiewicz-Simon inequality to prove that the slowest the flow will\n", + " converge is polynomially. When the limit metric satisfies an Adams-Simon type\n", + " condition we prove that there exist flows converging to it exactly at a\n", + " polynomial rate. We conclude by constructing explicit examples to show that\n", + " this does occur; these seem to be the first examples of a slowly converging\n", + " solution to a geometric flow.,\n", + " An exact solution was produced for one of the versions of conformal\n", + " -invariant gravitation theories (conformal geometrodynamics - CG) for the body\n", + " with a mass and an electric charge. The solution is analogous to the\n", + " Reissner-Nordstr\\\"{o}m solution in the general relativity theory. Its similar\n", + " solution was earlier produced by Mannheit and Kazanas for the different version\n", + " of the conformal-invariant gravitation theory -- Weyl conformal gravitation\n", + " theory (Weyl CGt). Similar solutions do not comply. Issues of conformity with\n", + " regard to the similar solutions are discussed. A conclusion is made that only\n", + " the similar solution produced from conformal geometrodynamics (CG) equations\n", + " corresponds to electrodynamic equations.,\n", + " This volume contains the proceedings of LINEARITY 2009: the first\n", + " International Workshop on Linearity, which took place 12th September 2009 in\n", + " Coimbra, Portugal. The workshop was a satellite event of CSL 2009, the 18th\n", + " EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic.,\n", + " We present a computational analysis of the reactive flow in a hypersonic\n", + " scramjet engine with focus on effects of uncertainties in the operating\n", + " conditions. We employ a novel methodology based on active subspaces to\n", + " characterize the effects of the input uncertainty on the scramjet performance.\n", + " The active subspace identifies one-dimensional structure in the map from\n", + " simulation inputs to quantity of interest that allows us to reparameterize the\n", + " operating conditions; instead of seven physical parameters, we can use a single\n", + " derived active variable. This dimension reduction enables otherwise infeasible\n", + " uncertainty quantification, considering the simulation cost of roughly 9500\n", + " CPU-hours per run. For two values of the fuel injection rate, we use a total of\n", + " 68 simulations to (i) identify the parameters that contribute the most to the\n", + " variation in the output quantity of interest, (ii) estimate upper and lower\n", + " bounds on the quantity of interest, (iii) classify sets of operating conditions\n", + " as safe or unsafe corresponding to a threshold on the output quantity of\n", + " interest, and (iv) estimate a cumulative distribution function for the quantity\n", + " of interest.,\n", + " Given any equivariant coherent sheaf $\\mathcal L$ on a compact semi-positive\n", + " toric orbifold $\\mathcal X$, its SYZ T-dual mirror dual is a Lagrangian brane\n", + " in the Landau-Ginzburg mirror. We prove the oscillatory integral of the\n", + " equivariant superpotential in the Landau Ginzburg mirror over this Lagrangian\n", + " brane is the genus-zero $1$-descendant Gromov-Witten potential with a\n", + " Gamma-type class of $\\mathcal L$ inserted.,\n", + " We investigate quantum Hall stripes under in-plane magnetic field\n", + " $B_\\parallel$ in a variable-density two-dimensional electron gas. At filling\n", + " factor $\\nu = 9/2$, we observe one, two, and zero $B_\\parallel$-induced\n", + " reorientations at low, intermediate, and high densities, respectively. The\n", + " appearance of these distinct regimes is due to a strong density dependence of\n", + " the $B_\\parallel$-induced orienting mechanism which triggers the second\n", + " reorientation, rendering stripes \\emph{parallel} to $B_\\parallel$. In contrast,\n", + " the mechanism which reorients stripes perpendicular to $B_\\parallel$ showed no\n", + " noticeable dependence on density. Measurements at $\\nu = 9/2$ and $11/2$ at the\n", + " same, tilted magnetic field, allows us to rule out density dependence of the\n", + " native symmetry-breaking field as a dominant factor. Our findings further\n", + " suggest that screening might play an important role in determining stripe\n", + " orientation, providing guidance in developing theories aimed at identifying and\n", + " describing native and $B_\\parallel$-induced symmetry-breaking fields.,\n", + " The past century was era of linear systems. Either systems (especially\n", + " industrial ones) were simple (quasi)linear or linear approximations were\n", + " accurate enough. In addition, just at the ending decades of the century\n", + " profusion of computing devices were available, before then due to lack of\n", + " computational resources it was not easy to evaluate available nonlinear system\n", + " studies. At the moment both these two conditions changed, systems are highly\n", + " complex and also pervasive amount of computation strength is cheap and easy to\n", + " achieve. For recent era, a new branch of supervised learning well known as\n", + " surrogate modeling (meta-modeling, surface modeling) has been devised which\n", + " aimed at answering new needs of modeling realm. This short literature survey is\n", + " on to introduce surrogate modeling to whom is familiar with the concepts of\n", + " supervised learning. Necessity, challenges and visions of the topic are\n", + " considered.,\n", + " In the right conditions, removing one particle from a multipartite bound\n", + " state can make it fall apart. This feature, known as the \"Borromean property\",\n", + " has been recently demonstrated experimentally in Efimov states. One could\n", + " expect that such peculiar behavior should be linked with the presence of strong\n", + " inter-particle correlations. However, any exploration of this connection is\n", + " hindered by the complexity of the physical systems exhibiting the Borromean\n", + " property. To overcome this problem, we introduce a simple dynamical toy model\n", + " based on a discrete-time quantum walk of many interacting particles. We show\n", + " that the particles described by it need to exhibit the\n", + " Greenberger-Horne-Zeillinger (GHZ) entanglement to form Borromean bound states.\n", + " As this type of entanglement is very prone to particle losses, our work\n", + " demonstrates an intuitive link between correlations and Borromean properties of\n", + " the system. Moreover, we discuss our findings in the context of the formation\n", + " of composite particles.,\n", + " Resonating Valence Bond states are quantum spin liquids, having low energy\n", + " spin-half (spinon) or spin-1 excitations. Although spins are `disordered', they\n", + " posses subtle topological orders and some times chiral orders. RVB states are\n", + " easily appreciated and seem natural in the quantum fluctuation dominated 1D\n", + " world. In 2 and 3D, competing orders such as antiferromagnetism, charge order\n", + " or even superconductivity often hide an underlying robust quantum spin liquid\n", + " state. Introduction of additional spin interactions or doping of delocalized\n", + " charges, or finite temperatures, could frustrate the long range magnetic order\n", + " and reveal a robust RVB state. To this extent they are natural in 2D and above.\n", + " We present a brief history of insulating RVB states. Then we summarise our own\n", + " recent theory of RVB states for 2 and 3D systems, including some newly\n", + " synthesised ones: i) boron doped diamond, ii) \\nxcob, iii) quasi 2D organic\n", + " conductors and iv) a 2D graphene sheet.,\n", + " Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and complex neurodegenerative disorder\n", + " with 5 stages in the Hoehn and Yahr scaling. Given the heterogeneity of PD, it\n", + " is challenging to classify early stages 1 and 2 and detect brain function\n", + " alterations. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising tool\n", + " in revealing functional connectivity (FC) differences and developing biomarkers\n", + " in PD. Some machine learning approaches like support vector machine and\n", + " logistic regression have been successfully applied in the early diagnosis of PD\n", + " using fMRI data, which outperform classifiers based on manually selected\n", + " morphological features. However, the early-stage characterization in FC changes\n", + " has not been fully investigated. Given the complexity and non-linearity of fMRI\n", + " data, we propose the use of a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to\n", + " characterize the early stages of PD. The study included 84 subjects (56 in\n", + " stage 2 and 28 in stage 1) from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative\n", + " (PPMI), the largest available public PD dataset. Under a repeated 10-fold\n", + " stratified cross-validation, the LSTM model reached an accuracy of 71.63%,\n", + " 13.52% higher than the best traditional machine learning method, indicating\n", + " significantly better robustness and accuracy compared with other machine\n", + " learning classifiers. We used the learned LSTM model weights to select the top\n", + " brain regions that contributed to model prediction and performed FC analyses to\n", + " characterize functional changes with disease stage and motor impairment to gain\n", + " better insight into the brain mechanisms of PD.,\n", + " We report the TeV gamma-ray observations of the nearby normal spiral galaxy\n", + " NGC 253. At a distance of $\\sim$2.5 Mpc, NGC 253 is one of the nearest\n", + " starburst galaxies. This relative closeness, coupled with the high star\n", + " formation rate in the galaxy, make it a good candidate TeV gamma-ray source.\n", + " Observations were carried out in 2000 and 2001 with the CANGAROO-II 10 m\n", + " imaging atmospheric Cerenkov telescope. TeV gamma-ray emission is detected at\n", + " the $\\sim 11\\sigma$ level with a flux of $(7.8 \\pm 2.5)\\times 10^{-12} {\\rm\n", + " cm}^{-2} {\\rm sec}^{-1}$ at energies $>$0.5 TeV. The data indicate that the\n", + " emission region is broader than the point spread function of our telescope.,\n", + " Social media serves as a unified platform for users to express their thoughts\n", + " on subjects ranging from their daily lives to their opinion on consumer brands\n", + " and products. These users wield an enormous influence in shaping the opinions\n", + " of other consumers and influence brand perception, brand loyalty and brand\n", + " advocacy. In this paper, we analyze the opinion of 19M Twitter users towards 62\n", + " popular industries, encompassing 12,898 enterprise and consumer brands, as well\n", + " as associated subject matter topics, via sentiment analysis of 330M tweets over\n", + " a period spanning a month. We find that users tend to be most positive towards\n", + " manufacturing and most negative towards service industries. In addition, they\n", + " tend to be more positive or negative when interacting with brands than\n", + " generally on Twitter. We also find that sentiment towards brands within an\n", + " industry varies greatly and we demonstrate this using two industries as use\n", + " cases. In addition, we discover that there is no strong correlation between\n", + " topic sentiments of different industries, demonstrating that topic sentiments\n", + " are highly dependent on the context of the industry that they are mentioned in.\n", + " We demonstrate the value of such an analysis in order to assess the impact of\n", + " brands on social media. We hope that this initial study will prove valuable for\n", + " both researchers and companies in understanding users' perception of\n", + " industries, brands and associated topics and encourage more research in this\n", + " field.,\n", + " As an emerging technology in the era of Industry 4.0, digital twin is gaining\n", + " unprecedented attention because of its promise to further optimize process\n", + " design, quality control, health monitoring, decision and policy making, and\n", + " more, by comprehensively modeling the physical world as a group of\n", + " interconnected digital models. In a two-part series of papers, we examine the\n", + " fundamental role of different modeling techniques, twinning enabling\n", + " technologies, and uncertainty quantification and optimization methods commonly\n", + " used in digital twins. This first paper presents a thorough literature review\n", + " of digital twin trends across many disciplines currently pursuing this area of\n", + " research. Then, digital twin modeling and twinning enabling technologies are\n", + " further analyzed by classifying them into two main categories:\n", + " physical-to-virtual, and virtual-to-physical, based on the direction in which\n", + " data flows. Finally, this paper provides perspectives on the trajectory of\n", + " digital twin technology over the next decade, and introduces a few emerging\n", + " areas of research which will likely be of great use in future digital twin\n", + " research. In part two of this review, the role of uncertainty quantification\n", + " and optimization are discussed, a battery digital twin is demonstrated, and\n", + " more perspectives on the future of digital twin are shared.,\n", + " We consider systems of interacting Generalized Friedman's Urns (GFUs) having\n", + " irreducible mean replacement matrices. The interaction is modeled through the\n", + " probability to sample the colors from each urn, that is defined as convex\n", + " combination of the urn proportions in the system. From the weights of these\n", + " combinations we individuate subsystems of urns evolving with different\n", + " behaviors. We provide a complete description of the asymptotic properties of\n", + " urn proportions in each subsystem by establishing limiting proportions,\n", + " convergence rates and Central Limit Theorems. The main proofs are based on a\n", + " detailed eigenanalysis and stochastic approximation techniques.,\n", + " The present work is the second part of a pair of papers, considering Hybrid\n", + " Discontinuous Galerkin methods with relaxed H(div)-conformity. The first part\n", + " mainly dealt with presenting a robust analysis with respect to the mesh size\n", + " $h$ and the introduction of a reconstruction operator to restore\n", + " divergence-conformity and pressure robustness using a non conforming right hand\n", + " side. The aim of this part is the presentation of a high order polynomial\n", + " robust analysis for the relaxed $H(\\operatorname{div})$-conforming Hybrid\n", + " Discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the two dimensional Stokes problem. It\n", + " is based on the recently proven polynomial robust LBB-condition for BDM\n", + " elements [P. L. Lederer, J. Sch\\\"oberl, IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis,\n", + " 2017] and is derived by a direct approach instead of using a best approximation\n", + " C\\'{e}a like result. We further treat the impact of the reconstruction operator\n", + " on the $hp$ analysis and present a numerical investigation considering\n", + " polynomial robustness. We conclude the paper presenting an efficient operator\n", + " splitting time integration scheme for the Navier--Stokes equations which is\n", + " based on the methods recently presented in [C. Lehrenfeld, J. Sch\\\"oberl,\n", + " \\emph{Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng.}, 361 (2016)] and includes the ideas of the\n", + " reconstruction operator.,\n", + " The behaviour of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere is highly\n", + " dependent on their thermal properties. Here we investigate the volatility of\n", + " SOA formed from alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene upon ozone- and\n", + " OH-induced oxidation, and the effect of OH-induced ageing on the initially\n", + " produced SOA. For all three terpenes, the ozone-induced SOA was less volatile\n", + " than the OH-induced SOA. The thermal properties of the SOA were described using\n", + " three parameters extracted from the volatility measurements: the temperature at\n", + " which 50 per cent of the volume has evaporated (TVFR0.5), which is used as a\n", + " general volatility indicator; a slope factor (SVFR), which describes the\n", + " volatility distribution; and TVFR0.1, which measures the volatility of the\n", + " least volatile particle fraction. Limonene-derived SOA generally had higher\n", + " TVFR0.5 values and shallower slopes than SOA derived from alpha- and\n", + " beta-pinene. This was especially true for the ozone-induced SOA, partially\n", + " because the ozonolysis of limonene has a strong tendency to cause SOA formation\n", + " and to produce extremely low volatility VOCs (ELVOCs). Ageing by OH exposure\n", + " did not reduce TVFR0.5 for any of the studied terpenes but did increase the\n", + " breadth of the volatility distribution by increasing the aerosols heterogeneity\n", + " and contents of substances with different vapour pressures, also leading to\n", + " increases in TVFR0.1. This stands in contrast to previously reported results\n", + " from smog chamber experiments, in which TVFR0.5 always increased with ageing.\n", + " These results demonstrate that there are two opposing processes that influence\n", + " the evolution of SOAs thermal properties as they age, and that results from\n", + " both flow reactors and static chambers are needed to fully understand the\n", + " temporal evolution of atmospheric SOA thermal properties.,\n", + " Natural gas-fired generation units can hedge against the volatility in the\n", + " uncertain renewable generation, which may occur during very short periods. It\n", + " is crucial to utilize models capable of correctly capturing the natural gas\n", + " network dynamics induced by the volatile demand of gas-fired units. The\n", + " Weymouth equation is commonly implemented in literature to avoid dealing with\n", + " the mathematical complications of solving the original governing differential\n", + " equations of the natural gas dynamics. However, it is shown in this paper that\n", + " this approach is not reliable in the short-term operation problem. Here, the\n", + " merit of the non-convex transient model is compared with the simplified\n", + " Weymouth equation, and the drawbacks of employing the Weymouth equation are\n", + " illustrated. The results demonstrate how changes in the natural gas demand are\n", + " met by adjustment in the pressure within pipelines rather than the output of\n", + " natural gas suppliers. This work presents a convex relaxation scheme for the\n", + " original non-linear and non-convex natural gas flow equations with dynamics,\n", + " utilizing a rank minimization approach to ensure the tightness. The proposed\n", + " method renders a computationally efficient framework that can accurately solve\n", + " the non-convex non-linear gas operation problem and accurately capture its\n", + " dynamics. Also, the results suggest that the proposed model improves the\n", + " solution optimality and solution time compared to the original non-linear\n", + " non-convex model. Finally, the scalability of the proposed approach is verified\n", + " in the case study.,\n", + " We extend our previous study of the stellar population of L1641, the\n", + " lower-density star-forming region of the Orion A cloud south of the dense Orion\n", + " Nebula Cluster (ONC), with the goal of testing whether there is a statistically\n", + " significant deficiency of high-mass stars in low-density regions. Previously,\n", + " we compared the observed ratio of low-mass stars to high-mass stars with\n", + " theoretical models of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) to infer a\n", + " deficiency of the highest-mass stars in L1641. We expand our population study\n", + " to identify the intermediate mass (late B to G) L1641 members in an attempt to\n", + " make a more direct comparison with the mass function of the nearby ONC. The\n", + " spectral type distribution and the K-band luminosity function of L1641 are\n", + " similar to those of the ONC (Hillenbrand 1997; Muench et al. 2002), but\n", + " problems of incompleteness and contamination prevent us from making a detailed\n", + " test for differences. We limit our analysis to statistical tests of the ratio\n", + " of high-mass to low-mass stars, which indicate a probability of only 3% that\n", + " the ONC and the southern region of L1641 were drawn from the same population,\n", + " supporting the hypothesis that the upper mass end of the IMF is dependent on\n", + " environmental density.,\n", + " Tree-level unitarity constraints on the masses of the Higgs bosons in the\n", + " general Two Higgs Doublet Model (THDM) are studied. We first consider the case\n", + " where the Higgs potential is invariant under a discrete symmetry\n", + " transformation, and derive strong constraints on the mass of the lightest\n", + " CP-even Higgs boson ($M_h$) as a function of $\\tan\\beta$. We then show that the\n", + " inclusion of the discrete symmetry breaking term weakens the mass bounds\n", + " considerably. It is suggested that a measurement of $M_h$ and $\\tan\\beta$ may\n", + " enable discrimination between the two Higgs potentials.,\n", + " We show existence, uniqueness and stability for a family of stationary\n", + " subsonic compressible Euler flows with mass-additions in two-dimensional\n", + " rectilinear ducts, subjected to suitable time-independent multi-dimensional\n", + " boundary conditions at the entrances and exits.The stationary subsonic Euler\n", + " equations consist a quasi-linear system of elliptic-hyperbolic composite-mixed\n", + " type, while addition-of-mass destructs the usual methods based upon\n", + " conservation of mass and Lagrangian coordinates to separate the elliptical and\n", + " hyperbolic modes of the system. We establish a new decomposition and nonlinear\n", + " iteration scheme to overcome this major difficulty. It reveals that\n", + " mass-additions introduce very strong interactions in the elliptic and\n", + " hyperbolic modes, and lead to a class of second-order elliptic equations with\n", + " multiple integral nonlocal terms. The linearized problem is solved by studying\n", + " algebraicand analytical properties of infinite weakly coupled boundary-value\n", + " problems of ordinary differential equations, each with multiple nonlocal terms,\n", + " after applications of Fourier analysis methods.,\n", + " This is the second part of a two-part series of papers. In this paper, for\n", + " the generalized non-orthogonal amplify and forward (GNAF) protocol presented in\n", + " Part-I, a construction of a new family of distributed space-time codes based on\n", + " Co-ordinate Interleaved Orthogonal Designs (CIOD) which result in reduced\n", + " Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding complexity at the destination is proposed.\n", + " Further, it is established that the recently proposed Toeplitz space-time codes\n", + " as well as space-time block codes (STBCs) from cyclic division algebras can be\n", + " used in GNAF protocol. Finally, a lower bound on the optimal\n", + " Diversity-Multiplexing Gain (DM-G) tradeoff for the GNAF protocol is\n", + " established and it is shown that this bound approaches the transmit diversity\n", + " bound asymptotically as the number of relays and the number of channels uses\n", + " increases.,\n", + " Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has attracted much attention as a\n", + " promising approach to alleviate spectrum congestion. However, traditional ISAC\n", + " systems rely on phased arrays to provide high spatial diversity, where enormous\n", + " power-consuming components such as phase shifters are used, leading to the high\n", + " power consumption of the system. In this article, we introduce holographic\n", + " ISAC, a new paradigm to enable high spatial diversity with low power\n", + " consumption by using reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHSs), which is an\n", + " innovative type of planar antenna with densely deployed metamaterial elements.\n", + " We first introduce the hardware structure and working principle of the RHS and\n", + " then propose a novel holographic beamforming scheme for ISAC. Moreover, we\n", + " build an RHS-enabled hardware prototype for ISAC and evaluate the system\n", + " performance in the built prototype. Simulation and experimental results verify\n", + " the feasibility of holographic ISAC and reveal the great potential of the RHS\n", + " for reducing power consumption. Furthermore, future research directions and key\n", + " challenges related to holographic ISAC are discussed.,\n", + " An adaptive moving mesh finite difference method is presented to solve two\n", + " types of equations with dynamic capillary pressure term in porous media. One is\n", + " the non-equilibrium Richards Equation and the other is the modified\n", + " Buckley-Leverett equation. The governing equations are discretized with an\n", + " adaptive moving mesh finite difference method in the space direction and an\n", + " implicit-explicit method in the time direction. In order to obtain high quality\n", + " meshes, an adaptive time-dependent monitor function with directional control is\n", + " applied to redistribute the mesh grid in every time step, and a diffusive\n", + " mechanism is used to smooth the monitor function. The behaviors of the central\n", + " difference flux, the standard local Lax-Friedrich flux and the local\n", + " Lax-Friedrich flux with reconstruction are investigated by solving a 1D\n", + " modified Buckley-Leverett equation. With the moving mesh technique, good mesh\n", + " quality and high numerical accuracy are obtained. A collection of\n", + " one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical experiments is presented to\n", + " demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.,\n", + " The modelling and simulation of the interaction among vehicles and\n", + " pedestrians during cross-walking is an open challenge for both research and\n", + " practical computational solutions supporting urban/traffic decision makers and\n", + " managers. The social cost of pedestrians' risky behaviour pushes the\n", + " development of a new generation of computational models integrating analytical\n", + " knowledge, data and experience about the complex dynamics occurring in\n", + " pedestrian/vehicle interactions, which are not completely understood despite\n", + " recent efforts. This paper presents the results of a significant data gathering\n", + " campaign realised at an unsignalized zebra crossing. The selected area of the\n", + " city of Milan (Italy) is characterised by a significant presence of elderly\n", + " inhabitants and pedestrian-vehicle risky interactions, testified by a high\n", + " number of accidents involving pedestrians in the past years. The results\n", + " concern the analysis of: (i) vehicular and pedestrian traffic volumes; (ii)\n", + " level of service; (iii) pedestrian-vehicle interactions, considering the impact\n", + " of ageing on crossing behaviour. Results showed that the phenomenon is\n", + " characterised by three main phases: approaching, appraising (evaluation of the\n", + " distance and speed of oncoming vehicles) and crossing. The final objective of\n", + " the research is to support the development of a microscopic agent-based tool\n", + " for simulating pedestrian behaviour at unsignalized crosswalks, focusing on the\n", + " specific needs of the elderly pedestrians.,\n", + " We formalise and study multi-agent timed models MAPTs (Multi-Agent with timed\n", + " Periodic Tasks), where each agent is associated to a regular timed schema upon\n", + " which all possibles actions of the agent rely. MAPTs allow for an accelerated\n", + " semantics and a layered structure of the state space, so that it is possible to\n", + " explore the latter dynamically and use heuristics to greatly reduce the\n", + " computation time needed to address reachability problems. We apply MAPTs to\n", + " explore state spaces of autonomous vehicles and compare it with other\n", + " approaches in terms of expressivity, abstraction level and computation time.,\n", + " Let $B=(X,Y,E)$ be a bipartite graph. A half-square of $B$ has one color\n", + " class of $B$ as vertex set, say $X$; two vertices are adjacent whenever they\n", + " have a common neighbor in $Y$. Every planar graph is a half-square of a planar\n", + " bipartite graph, namely of its subdivision. Until recently, only half-squares\n", + " of planar bipartite graphs, also known as map graphs (Chen, Grigni and\n", + " Papadimitriou [STOC 1998, J. ACM 2002]), have been investigated, and the most\n", + " discussed problem is whether it is possible to recognize these graphs faster\n", + " and simpler than Thorup's $O(n^{120})$-time algorithm (Thorup [FOCS 1998]).\n", + " In this paper, we identify the first hardness case, namely that deciding if a\n", + " graph is a half-square of a balanced bisplit graph is NP-complete. (Balanced\n", + " bisplit graphs form a proper subclass of star convex bipartite graphs.) For\n", + " classical subclasses of tree convex bipartite graphs such as biconvex, convex,\n", + " and chordal bipartite graphs, we give good structural characterizations of\n", + " their half-squares that imply efficient recognition algorithms. As a\n", + " by-product, we obtain new characterizations of unit interval graphs, interval\n", + " graphs, and of strongly chordal graphs in terms of half-squares of biconvex\n", + " bipartite, convex bipartite, and of chordal bipartite graphs, respectively.\n", + " Good characterizations of half-squares of star convex and star biconvex\n", + " bipartite graphs are also given, giving linear-time recognition algorithms for\n", + " these half-squares.,\n", + " We investigate the multi-order parameter phase field model of Steinbach and\n", + " Pezzolla [I. Steinbach, F. Pezzolla, A generalized field method for multiphase\n", + " transformations using interface fields, Physica D 134 (1999) 385-393]\n", + " concerning its ability to describe grain boundary premelting. For a single\n", + " order parameter situation solid-melt interfaces are always attractive, which\n", + " allows to have (unstable) equilibrium solid-melt-solid coexistence above the\n", + " bulk melting point. The temperature dependent melt layer thickness and the\n", + " disjoining potential, which describe the interface interaction, are affected by\n", + " the choice of the thermal coupling function and the measure to define the\n", + " amount of the liquid phase. Due to the strictly finite interface thickness also\n", + " the interaction range is finite. For a multi-order parameter model we find\n", + " either purely attractive or purely repulsive finite-ranged interactions. The\n", + " premelting transition is then directly linked to the ratio of the grain\n", + " boundary and solid-melt interfacial energy.,\n", + " Similarity-preserving hashing is a widely-used method for nearest neighbour\n", + " search in large-scale image retrieval tasks. There has been considerable\n", + " research on generating efficient image representation via the\n", + " deep-network-based hashing methods. However, the issue of efficient searching\n", + " in the deep representation space remains largely unsolved. To this end, we\n", + " propose a simple yet efficient deep-network-based multi-index hashing method\n", + " for simultaneously learning the powerful image representation and the efficient\n", + " searching. To achieve these two goals, we introduce the multi-index hashing\n", + " (MIH) mechanism into the proposed deep architecture, which divides the binary\n", + " codes into multiple substrings. Due to the non-uniformly distributed codes will\n", + " result in inefficiency searching, we add the two balanced constraints at\n", + " feature-level and instance-level, respectively. Extensive evaluations on\n", + " several benchmark image retrieval datasets show that the learned balanced\n", + " binary codes bring dramatic speedups and achieve comparable performance over\n", + " the existing baselines.,\n", + " We derive bounds on squark and slepton masses in mini-split supersymmetry\n", + " scenario using low energy experiments. In this setup gauginos are at the TeV\n", + " scale, while sfermions are heavier by a loop factor. We cover the most\n", + " sensitive low energy probes including electric dipole moments (EDMs), meson\n", + " oscillations and charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) transitions. A leading\n", + " log resummation of the large logs of gluino to sfermion mass ratio is\n", + " performed. A sensitivity to PeV squark masses is obtained at present from kaon\n", + " mixing measurements. A number of observables, including neutron EDMs, mu->e\n", + " transitions and charmed meson mixing, will start probing sfermion masses in the\n", + " 100 TeV-1000 TeV range with the projected improvements in the experimental\n", + " sensitivities. We also discuss the implications of our results for a variety of\n", + " models that address the flavor hierarchy of quarks and leptons. We find that\n", + " EDM searches will be a robust probe of models in which fermion masses are\n", + " generated radiatively, while LFV searches remain sensitive to simple-texture\n", + " based flavor models.,\n", + " Bayesian modelling for cost-effectiveness data has received much attention in\n", + " both the health economics and the statistical literature in recent years.\n", + " Cost-effectiveness data are characterised by a relatively complex structure of\n", + " relationships linking the suitable measure of clinical benefit (\\eg QALYs) and\n", + " the associated costs. Simplifying assumptions, such as (bivariate) normality of\n", + " the underlying distributions are usually not granted, particularly for the cost\n", + " variable, which is characterised by markedly skewed distributions. In addition,\n", + " individual-level datasets are often characterised by the presence of structural\n", + " zeros in the cost variable.\n", + " Hurdle models can be used to account for the presence of excess zeros in a\n", + " distribution and have been applied in the context of cost data. We extend their\n", + " application to cost-effectiveness data, defining a full Bayesian model which\n", + " consists of a selection model for the subjects with null costs, a marginal\n", + " model for the costs and a conditional model for the measure of effectiveness\n", + " (conditionally on the observed costs). The model is presented using a working\n", + " example to describe its main features.,\n", + " We report on the discovery of a mysterious ultra-steep spectrum (USS)\n", + " synchrotron source in the galaxy cluster Abell 2877. We have observed the\n", + " source with the Murchison Widefield Array at five frequencies across 72-231 MHz\n", + " and have found the source to exhibit strong spectral curvature over this range\n", + " as well the steepest known spectra of a synchrotron cluster source, with a\n", + " spectral index across the central three frequency bands of $\\alpha =\n", + " -5.97^{+0.40}_{-0.48}$. Higher frequency radio observations, including a deep\n", + " observation with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, fail to detect any of\n", + " the extended diffuse emission. The source is approximately 370 kpc wide and\n", + " bears an uncanny resemblance to a jellyfish with two peaks of emission and long\n", + " tentacles descending south towards the cluster centre. Whilst the `USS\n", + " Jellyfish' defies easy classification, we here propose that the phenomenon is\n", + " caused by the reacceleration and compression of multiple aged electron\n", + " populations from historic active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, so-called\n", + " `radio phoenix', by an as yet undetected weak cluster-scale mechanism. The USS\n", + " Jellyfish adds to a growing number of radio phoenix in cool-core clusters with\n", + " unknown reacceleration mechanisms; as the first example of a polyphoenix,\n", + " however, this implies the mechanism is on the scale of the cluster itself.\n", + " Indeed, we show that in simulations, emission akin to the USS Jellyfish can be\n", + " produced as a short-lived, transient phase in the evolution of multiple\n", + " interacting AGN remnants when subject to weak external shocks.,\n", + " In this paper we study the redundancy of Huffman codes. In particular, we\n", + " consider sources for which the probability of one of the source symbols is\n", + " known. We prove a conjecture of Ye and Yeung regarding the upper bound on the\n", + " redundancy of such Huffman codes, which yields in a tight upper bound. We also\n", + " derive a tight lower bound for the redundancy under the same assumption.\n", + " We further apply the method introduced in this paper to other related\n", + " problems. It is shown that several other previously known bounds with different\n", + " constraints follow immediately from our results.,\n", + " What is chaos? Despite several decades of research on this ubiquitous and\n", + " fundamental phenomenon there is yet no agreed-upon answer to this question.\n", + " Recently, it was realized that all stochastic and deterministic differential\n", + " equations, describing all natural and engineered dynamical systems, possess a\n", + " topological supersymmetry. It was then suggested that its spontaneous breakdown\n", + " could be interpreted as the stochastic generalization of deterministic chaos.\n", + " This conclusion stems from the fact that such phenomenon encompasses features\n", + " that are traditionally associated with chaotic dynamics such as\n", + " non-integrability, positive topological entropy, sensitivity to initial\n", + " conditions, and the Poincare-Bendixson theorem. Here, we strengthen and\n", + " complete this picture by showing that the hallmarks of set-theoretic chaos --\n", + " topological transitivity/mixing and dense periodic orbits -- can also be\n", + " attributed to the spontaneous breakdown of topological supersymmetry. We also\n", + " demonstrate that these features, which highlight the noisy character of chaotic\n", + " dynamics, do not actually admit a stochastic generalization. We therefore\n", + " conclude that spontaneous topological symmetry breaking can be considered as\n", + " the most general definition of continuous-time dynamical chaos. Contrary to the\n", + " common perception and semantics of the word \"chaos\", this phenomenon should\n", + " then be truly interpreted as the low-symmetry, or ordered phase of the\n", + " dynamical systems that manifest it. Since the long-range order in this case is\n", + " temporal, we then suggest the word \"chronotaxis\" as a better representation of\n", + " this phenomenon.,\n", + " An experimental investigation of a new interaction connected with the\n", + " existence of the cosmological vectorial potential, has been carried out. On its\n", + " basis, a new method of energy generation with the use of a plasma generator,\n", + " has been studied. The experimental results and complete analysis of errors in\n", + " the experiments are presented.,\n", + " Many centralized matching markets are preceded by interviews between\n", + " participants. We study the impact on the final match of an increase in the\n", + " number of interviews for one side of the market. Our motivation is the match\n", + " between residents and hospitals where, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, interviews\n", + " for the 2020-21 season of the National Residency Matching Program were switched\n", + " to a virtual format. This drastically reduced the cost to applicants of\n", + " accepting interview invitations. However, the reduction in cost was not\n", + " symmetric since applicants, not programs, previously bore most of the costs of\n", + " in-person interviews. We show that if doctors can accept more interviews, but\n", + " the hospitals do not increase the number of interviews they offer, then no\n", + " previously matched doctor is better off and many are potentially harmed. This\n", + " adverse consequence is the result of what we call interview hoarding. We prove\n", + " this analytically and characterize optimal mitigation strategies for special\n", + " cases. We use simulations to extend these insights to more general settings.,\n", + " A popular way to study N=1 supersymmetric gauge theories is to realize them\n", + " geometrically in string theory, as suspended brane constructions, D-branes\n", + " wrapping cycles in Calabi-Yau manifolds, orbifolds, and otherwise. Among the\n", + " applications of this idea are simple derivations and generalizations of Seiberg\n", + " duality for the theories which can be so realized.\n", + " We abstract from these arguments the idea that Seiberg duality arises because\n", + " a configuration of gauge theory can be realized as a bound state of a\n", + " collection of branes in more than one way, and we show that different brane\n", + " world-volume theories obtained this way have matching moduli spaces, the\n", + " primary test of Seiberg duality.\n", + " Furthermore, we do this by defining ``brane'' and all the other ingredients\n", + " of such arguments purely algebraically, for a very large class of N=1 quiver\n", + " supersymmetric gauge theories, making physical intuitions about brane-antibrane\n", + " systems and tachyon condensation precise using the tools of homological\n", + " algebra.\n", + " These techniques allow us to compute the spectrum and superpotential of the\n", + " dual theory from first principles, and to make contact with geometry and\n", + " topological string theory when this is appropriate, but in general provide a\n", + " more abstract notion of ``noncommutative geometry'' which is better suited to\n", + " these problems. This makes contact with mathematical results in the\n", + " representation theory of algebras; in this language, Seiberg duality is a\n", + " tilting equivalence between the derived categories of the quiver algebras of\n", + " the dual theories.,\n", + " Learning a causal effect from observational data is not straightforward, as\n", + " this is not possible without further assumptions. If hidden common causes\n", + " between treatment $X$ and outcome $Y$ cannot be blocked by other measurements,\n", + " one possibility is to use an instrumental variable. In principle, it is\n", + " possible under some assumptions to discover whether a variable is structurally\n", + " instrumental to a target causal effect $X \\rightarrow Y$, but current\n", + " frameworks are somewhat lacking on how general these assumptions can be. A\n", + " instrumental variable discovery problem is challenging, as no variable can be\n", + " tested as an instrument in isolation but only in groups, but different\n", + " variables might require different conditions to be considered an instrument.\n", + " Moreover, identification constraints might be hard to detect statistically. In\n", + " this paper, we give a theoretical characterization of instrumental variable\n", + " discovery, highlighting identifiability problems and solutions, the need for\n", + " non-Gaussianity assumptions, and how they fit within existing methods.,\n", + " The Ward identities for conformal symmetries in single field models of\n", + " inflation are studied in more detail in momentum space. For a class of\n", + " generalized single field models, where the inflaton action contains arbitrary\n", + " powers of the scalar and its first derivative, we find that the Ward identities\n", + " are valid. We also study a one-parameter family of vacua, called\n", + " $\\alpha$-vacua, which preserve conformal invariance in de Sitter space. We find\n", + " that the Ward identities, upto contact terms, are met for the three point\n", + " function of a scalar field in the probe approximation in these vacua.\n", + " Interestingly, the corresponding non-Gaussian term in the wave function does\n", + " not satisfy the operator product expansion. For scalar perturbations in\n", + " inflation, in the $\\alpha$-vacua, we find that the Ward identities are not\n", + " satisfied. We argue that this is because the back-reaction on the metric of the\n", + " full quantum stress tensor has not been self-consistently incorporated. We also\n", + " present a calculation, drawing on techniques from the AdS/CFT correspondence,\n", + " for the three point function of scalar perturbations in inflation in the\n", + " Bunch-Davies vacuum.,\n", + " We consider a Yang-Mills-Higgs theory with the gauge group SU(3) broken to\n", + " its center Z(3) by two scalar fields in the adjoint representation and obtain\n", + " new Z(3) strings asymptotic configurations with the gauge field and magnetic\n", + " field in the direction of the step operators.,\n", + " We find a new class of time-dependent brane solutions in supergravities in\n", + " arbitrary dimensions $D$. These are general intersecting light-like branes\n", + " (null-branes), and their superposition and intersection rules are obtained.\n", + " This is achieved by directly solving bosonic field equations for supergravity\n", + " coupled to a dilaton and antisymmetric tensor fields. We discuss their possible\n", + " significance.,\n", + " Improving earlier work of Balasubramanian, Conrey and Heath-Brown, we obtain\n", + " an asymptotic formula for the mean-square of the Riemann zeta-function times an\n", + " arbitrary Dirichlet polynomial of length $T^{1/2 + \\delta}$, with $\\delta =\n", + " 0.01515....$ As an application we obtain an upper bound of the correct order of\n", + " magnitude for the third moment of the Riemann zeta-function. We also refine\n", + " previous work of Deshouillers and Iwaniec, obtaining asymptotic estimates in\n", + " place of bounds. Using the work of Watt, we compute the mean-square of the\n", + " Riemann zeta-function times a Dirichlet polynomial of length going up to\n", + " $T^{3/4}$ provided that the Dirichlet polynomial assumes a special shape.\n", + " Finally, we exhibit a conjectural estimate for trilinear sums of Kloosterman\n", + " fractions which implies the Lindelof Hypothesis.,\n", + " The design and production of novel 2-dimensional materials has seen great\n", + " progress in the last decade, prompting further exploration of the chemistry of\n", + " such materials. Doping and hydrogenating graphene is an experimentally realised\n", + " method of changing its surface chemistry, but there is still a great deal to be\n", + " understood on how doping impacts on the adsorption of molecules. Developing\n", + " this understanding is key to unlocking the potential applications of these\n", + " materials. High throughput screening methods can provide particularly effective\n", + " ways to explore vast chemical compositions of materials. Here, alchemical\n", + " derivatives are used as a method to screen the dissociative adsorption energy\n", + " of water molecules on various BN doped topologies of hydrogenated graphene. The\n", + " predictions from alchemical derivatives are assessed by comparison to density\n", + " functional theory. This screening method is found to predict dissociative\n", + " adsorption energies that span a range of more than 2 eV, with a mean absolute\n", + " error $<0.1$ eV. In addition, we show that the quality of such predictions can\n", + " be readily assessed by examination of the Kohn-Sham highest occupied molecular\n", + " orbital in the initial states. In this way, the root mean square error in the\n", + " dissociative adsorption energies of water is reduced by almost an order of\n", + " magnitude (down to $\\sim0.02$ eV) after filtering out poor predictions. The\n", + " findings point the way towards a reliable use of first order alchemical\n", + " derivatives for efficient screening procedures.,\n", + " We investigate whether the anomalous elemental abundance patterns in some of\n", + " the C-enhanced metal-poor-s+r (CEMP-r/s) stars are consistent with predictions\n", + " of nucleosynthesis yields from the i-process, a neutron-capture regime at\n", + " neutron densities intermediate between those typical for the slow (s) and rapid\n", + " (r) processes. Conditions necessary for the i-process are expected to be met at\n", + " multiple stellar sites, such as the He-core and He-shell flashes in\n", + " low-metallicity low-mass stars, super-AGB and post-AGB stars, as well as\n", + " low-metallicity massive stars. We have found that single-exposure one-zone\n", + " simulations of the i-process reproduce the abundance patterns in some of the\n", + " CEMP-r/s stars much better than the model that assumes a superposition of\n", + " yields from s- and r-process sources. Our previous study of nuclear data\n", + " uncertainties relevant to the i-process revealed that they could have a\n", + " significant impact on the i-process yields obtained in our idealized one-zone\n", + " calculations, leading, for example, to ~0.7dex uncertainty in our predicted\n", + " [Ba/La] ratio. Recent 3D hydrodynamic simulations of convection driven by a\n", + " He-shell flash in post-AGB Sakurai's object have discovered a new mode of\n", + " non-radial instabilities: the Global Oscillation of Shell H-ingestion. This has\n", + " demonstrated that spherically symmetric stellar evolution simulations cannot be\n", + " used to accurately model physical conditions for the i-process.,\n", + " We present results of systematic calculations of the\n", + " isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections to the superallowed I=$0+,T=1 -->\n", + " I=0+,T=1 beta-decays, based on the self-consistent isospin- and\n", + " angular-momentum-projected nuclear density functional theory (DFT). We discuss\n", + " theoretical uncertainties of the formalism related to the basis truncation,\n", + " parametrization of the underlying energy density functional, and ambiguities\n", + " related to determination of Slater determinants in odd-odd nuclei. A\n", + " generalization of the double-projected DFT model towards a no core\n", + " shell-model-like configuration-mixing approach is formulated and implemented.\n", + " We also discuss new opportunities in charge-symmetry- and\n", + " charge-independence-breaking studies offered by the newly developed DFT\n", + " formalism involving proton-neutron mixing in the particle-hole channel.,\n", + " Context. The second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2) contains high precision\n", + " positions, parallaxes and proper motions for 1.3 billion sources. The resulting\n", + " Hertzsprung-Russel diagram reveals fine structures all over the mass range.\n", + " Aims. This paper aims to investigate the content of Gaia DR2 at the low-mass\n", + " end and to characterize ultra-cool and brown dwarfs.\n", + " Methods. We first retrieve the sample of spectroscopically confirmed\n", + " ultra-cool and brown dwarfs in Gaia DR2. We use their locus in the precise\n", + " Hertzsprung-Russel diagram to select new candidates, and to investigate their\n", + " properties.\n", + " Results. The number of spectroscopically confirmed objects recovered in Gaia\n", + " DR2 corresponds to 62 %, and 71 %, of the expected number of objects with and\n", + " estimated Gaia magnitude Gest $\\leq$ 21.5, and 20.3, respectively,\n", + " significantly filling the gap with Gaia DR1. Furthermore Gaia DR2 contains ~13\n", + " 000 $\\geq$M7 and 679 new L candidates. A tentative classification suggests that\n", + " a few hundreds are young or subdwarf candidates. Their distance distribution\n", + " shows that the solar neighborhood census is still incomplete.\n", + " Conclusions. Gaia DR2 offers a great wealth of information on the low-mass\n", + " objects. It provide a homogeneous and precise catalog of candidates worthwhile\n", + " to be further characterized with spectroscopic observations.,\n", + " We have prepared magnetic graphite samples bombarded by protons at low\n", + " temperatures and low fluences to attenuate the large thermal annealing produced\n", + " during irradiation. An overall optimization of sample handling allowed us to\n", + " find Curie temperatures $ T_c \\gtrsim 350$ K at the used fluences. The\n", + " magnetization versus temperature shows unequivocally a linear dependence, which\n", + " can be interpreted as due to excitations of spin waves in a two dimensional\n", + " Heisenberg model with a weak uniaxial anisotropy.,\n", + " The classical approach to inverse problems is based on the optimization of a\n", + " misfit function. Despite its computational appeal, such an approach suffers\n", + " from many shortcomings, e.g., non-uniqueness of solutions, modeling prior\n", + " knowledge, etc. The Bayesian formalism to inverse problems avoids most of the\n", + " difficulties encountered by the optimization approach, albeit at an increased\n", + " computational cost. In this work, we use information theoretic arguments to\n", + " cast the Bayesian inference problem in terms of an optimization problem. The\n", + " resulting scheme combines the theoretical soundness of fully Bayesian inference\n", + " with the computational efficiency of a simple optimization.,\n", + " Deep neural networks trained on jet images have been successful in\n", + " classifying different kinds of jets. In this paper, we identify the crucial\n", + " physics features that could reproduce the classification performance of the\n", + " convolutional neural network in the top jet vs. QCD jet classification. We\n", + " design a neural network that considers two types of substructural features:\n", + " two-point energy correlations, and the IRC unsafe counting variables of a\n", + " morphological analysis of jet images. The new set of IRC unsafe variables can\n", + " be described by Minkowski functionals from integral geometry. To integrate\n", + " these features into a single framework, we reintroduce two-point energy\n", + " correlations in terms of a graph neural network and provide the other features\n", + " to the network afterward. The network shows a comparable classification\n", + " performance to the convolutional neural network. Since both networks are using\n", + " IRC unsafe features at some level, the results based on simulations are often\n", + " dependent on the event generator choice. We compare the classification results\n", + " of Pythia 8 and Herwig 7, and a simple reweighting on the distribution of IRC\n", + " unsafe features reduces the difference between the results from the two\n", + " simulations.,\n", + " For robots to successfully execute tasks assigned to them, they must be\n", + " capable of planning the right sequence of actions. These actions must be both\n", + " optimal with respect to a specified objective and satisfy whatever constraints\n", + " exist in their world. We propose an approach for robot task planning that is\n", + " capable of planning the optimal sequence of grounded actions to accomplish a\n", + " task given a specific objective function while satisfying all specified\n", + " numerical constraints. Our approach accomplishes this by encoding the entire\n", + " task planning problem as a single mixed integer convex program, which it then\n", + " solves using an off-the-shelf Mixed Integer Programming solver. We evaluate our\n", + " approach on several mobile manipulation tasks in both simulation and on a\n", + " physical humanoid robot. Our approach is able to consistently produce optimal\n", + " plans while accounting for all specified numerical constraints in the mobile\n", + " manipulation tasks. Open-source implementations of the components of our\n", + " approach as well as videos of robots executing planned grounded actions in both\n", + " simulation and the physical world can be found at this url:\n", + " https://adubredu.github.io/gtpmip,\n", + " The paper presents methods for evaluating the accuracy of alignments between\n", + " transcriptions and audio recordings. The methods have been applied to the\n", + " Spoken British National Corpus, which is an extensive and varied corpus of\n", + " natural unscripted speech. Early results show good agreement with human ratings\n", + " of alignment accuracy. The methods also provide an indication of the location\n", + " of likely alignment problems; this should allow efficient manual examination of\n", + " large corpora. Automatic checking of such alignments is crucial when analysing\n", + " any very large corpus, since even the best current speech alignment systems\n", + " will occasionally make serious errors. The methods described here use a hybrid\n", + " approach based on statistics of the speech signal itself, statistics of the\n", + " labels being evaluated, and statistics linking the two.,\n", + " Few-shot event detection (ED) has been widely studied, while this brings\n", + " noticeable discrepancies, e.g., various motivations, tasks, and experimental\n", + " settings, that hinder the understanding of models for future progress.This\n", + " paper presents a thorough empirical study, a unified view of ED models, and a\n", + " better unified baseline. For fair evaluation, we compare 12 representative\n", + " methods on three datasets, which are roughly grouped into prompt-based and\n", + " prototype-based models for detailed analysis. Experiments consistently\n", + " demonstrate that prompt-based methods, including ChatGPT, still significantly\n", + " trail prototype-based methods in terms of overall performance. To investigate\n", + " their superior performance, we break down their design elements along several\n", + " dimensions and build a unified framework on prototype-based methods. Under such\n", + " unified view, each prototype-method can be viewed a combination of different\n", + " modules from these design elements. We further combine all advantageous modules\n", + " and propose a simple yet effective baseline, which outperforms existing methods\n", + " by a large margin (e.g., 2.7% F1 gains under low-resource setting).,\n", + " We propose a method to generate an optical Schr\\\"odinger-cat-like state in a\n", + " cavity in a substantial decoherence regime. Even when the cavity decay rate is\n", + " considerably large, a cat-like state can be generated in a laser-like setting\n", + " if the gain for the field is larger than the loss. Under the condition that\n", + " opposite-phase atomic dipoles repeatedly traverse the cavity, the cavity field\n", + " converges to a squeezed vacuum state in a steady state. A\n", + " Schr\\\"odinger-cat-like state is then generated when a single photon decay\n", + " occurs. The phase-space distribution of the cat state can be revealed in\n", + " homodyne detection by using the decaying photon as a herald event. Quantum\n", + " trajectory simulation was used to identify the conditions for the\n", + " Schr\\\"odinger-cat-like state formation as well as to analyze the properties of\n", + " those states. Based on these simulations, possible experiments are proposed\n", + " within the reach of the current technology.,\n", + " Search clarification has recently attracted much attention due to its\n", + " applications in search engines. It has also been recognized as a major\n", + " component in conversational information seeking systems. Despite its\n", + " importance, the research community still feels the lack of a large-scale data\n", + " for studying different aspects of search clarification. In this paper, we\n", + " introduce MIMICS, a collection of search clarification datasets for real web\n", + " search queries sampled from the Bing query logs. Each clarification in MIMICS\n", + " is generated by a Bing production algorithm and consists of a clarifying\n", + " question and up to five candidate answers. MIMICS contains three datasets: (1)\n", + " MIMICS-Click includes over 400k unique queries, their associated clarification\n", + " panes, and the corresponding aggregated user interaction signals (i.e.,\n", + " clicks). (2) MIMICS-ClickExplore is an exploration data that includes\n", + " aggregated user interaction signals for over 60k unique queries, each with\n", + " multiple clarification panes. (3) MIMICS-Manual includes over 2k unique real\n", + " search queries. Each query-clarification pair in this dataset has been manually\n", + " labeled by at least three trained annotators. It contains graded quality labels\n", + " for the clarifying question, the candidate answer set, and the landing result\n", + " page for each candidate answer.\n", + " MIMICS is publicly available for research purposes, thus enables researchers\n", + " to study a number of tasks related to search clarification, including\n", + " clarification generation and selection, user engagement prediction for\n", + " clarification, click models for clarification, and analyzing user interactions\n", + " with search clarification.,\n", + " I review briefly some dynamical models of structures in the outer parts of\n", + " disc galaxies, including models of polar rings, tidal tails and bridges. I then\n", + " discuss the density distribution in the outer parts of discs. For this, I\n", + " compare observations to results of a model in which the disc galaxy is in fact\n", + " the remnant of a major merger, and find good agreement. This comparison\n", + " includes radial profiles of the projected surface density and of stellar age,\n", + " as well as time evolution of the break radius and of the inner and outer disc\n", + " scale lengths. I also compare the radial projected surface density profiles of\n", + " dynamically motivated mono-age populations and find that, compared to older\n", + " populations, younger ones have flatter density profiles in the inner region and\n", + " steeper in the outer one. The break radius, however, does not vary with stellar\n", + " age, again in good agreement with observations.,\n", + " It has been shown that graphene doping is sufficient to lead to an\n", + " improvement in the critical current density - field performance (Jc(B)), with\n", + " little change in the transition temperature in MgB2. At 3.7 at% graphene doping\n", + " of MgB2 an optimal enhancement in Jc(B) was reached by a factor of 30 at 5 K\n", + " and 10 T, compared to the un-doped sample. The results suggested that effective\n", + " carbon substitutions by grapheme, 2D nature of grapheme and the strain effect\n", + " induced by difference thermal coefficient between single grapheme sheet and\n", + " MgB2 superconductor may play an important role in flux pinning enhancement.,\n", + " The minimal cooling speed required to form a glass is obtained for a simple\n", + " solvable energy landscape model. The model, made from a two-level system\n", + " modified to include the topology of the energy landscape, is able to capture\n", + " either a glass transition or a crystallization depending on cooling rate. In\n", + " this setup, the minimal cooling speed to achieve glass formation is then found\n", + " to be related with the relaxation time and with the thermal history. In\n", + " particular, we obtain that the thermal history encodes small fluctuations\n", + " around the equilibrium population which are exponentially amplified near the\n", + " glass transition, which mathematically corresponds to the boundary layer of the\n", + " master equation. Finally, to verify our analytical results, a kinetic\n", + " Monte-Carlo simulation was implemented.,\n", + " We address the observability problem for ensembles that are described by\n", + " probability distributions. The problem is to reconstruct a probability\n", + " distribution of the initial state from the time-evolution of the probability\n", + " distribution of the output under a classical finite-dimensional linear system.\n", + " We present two solutions to this problem, one based on formulating the problem\n", + " as an inverse problem and the other one based on reconstructing all the moments\n", + " of the distribution. The first approach leads us to a connection between the\n", + " reconstruction problem and mathematical tomography problems. In the second\n", + " approach we use the framework of tensor systems to describe the dynamics of the\n", + " moments which leads to a more systems theoretic treatment of the reconstruction\n", + " problem. Furthermore we show that both frameworks are inherently related. The\n", + " appeal of having two dual view points, the first being more geometric and the\n", + " second one being more systems theoretic, is illuminated in several examples of\n", + " theoretical or practical importance.,\n", + " This study investigates the evolution of Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instabilities\n", + " in Type Ia supernova remnants that are associated with a low adiabatic index\n", + " gamma, where gamma < 5/3, which reflects the expected change in the supernova\n", + " shock structure as a result of cosmic-ray particle acceleration. Extreme cases,\n", + " such as the case with the maximum compression ratio that corresponds to\n", + " gamma=1.1, are examined. As gamma decreases, the shock compression ratio rises,\n", + " and an increasingly narrow inter shock region with a more pronounced initial\n", + " mixture of R-T unstable gas is produced. Consequently, the remnant outline may\n", + " be perturbed by small-amplitude, small-wavelength bumps. However, as the\n", + " instability decays over time, the extent of convective mixing in terms of the\n", + " ratio of the radius of the R-T fingers to the blast wave does not strongly\n", + " depend on the value of gamma for gamma >= 1.2. As a result of the age of the\n", + " remnant, the unstable gas cannot extend sufficiently far to form metal-enriched\n", + " filaments of ejecta material close to the periphery of Tycho's supernova\n", + " remnant. The consistency of the dynamic properties of Tycho's remnant with the\n", + " adiabatic model gamma=5/3 reveals that the injection of cosmic rays is too weak\n", + " to alter the shock structure. Even with very efficient acceleration of cosmic\n", + " rays at the shock, significantly enhanced mixing is not expected in Type Ia\n", + " supernova remnants.,\n", + " We have developed new methods to calculate dispersion curves (analytically in\n", + " the simpler cases) from which we are able to derive the spatial distribution of\n", + " electron and current densities. We investigate the case where the magnetic\n", + " field varies linearly with position and the results provide useful insights\n", + " into the properties of this and other field distributions. We consider spin as\n", + " well as a confining electrostatic potential. We show that the electron and the\n", + " current density exhibit a very rich structure related to the quantisation of\n", + " the energy. Moreover there is a direct contribution to the current density due\n", + " to the spin which could be of interest in relation to spin polarised current.,\n", + " For $p \\in [1, \\infty),$ we define and study full and reduced crossed\n", + " products of algebras of operators on $\\sigma$-finite $L^p$ spaces by isometric\n", + " actions of second countable locally compact groups. We give universal\n", + " properties for both crossed products. When the group is abelian, we prove the\n", + " existence of a dual action on the full and reduced $L^p$ operator crossed\n", + " products. When the group is discrete, we construct a conditional expectation to\n", + " the original algebra which is faithful in a suitable sense. For a free action\n", + " of a discrete group on a compact metric space $X,$ we identify all traces on\n", + " the reduced $L^p$ operator crossed product, and if the action is also minimal\n", + " we show that the reduced $L^p$ operator crossed product is simple. We prove\n", + " that the full and reduced $L^p$ operator crossed products of an amenable $L^p$\n", + " operator algebra by a discrete amenable group are again amenable. We prove a\n", + " Pimsner-Voiculescu exact sequence for the K-theory of reduced $L^p$ operator\n", + " crossed products by ${\\mathbb{Z}}.$ We show that the $L^p$ analogs\n", + " ${\\mathcal{O}}_d^p$ of the Cuntz algebras ${\\mathcal{O}}_d$ are stably\n", + " isomorphic to reduced $L^p$ operator crossed products of stabilized $L^p$ UHF\n", + " algebra by ${\\mathbb{Z}},$ and show that $K_0 ({\\mathcal{O}}_d^p) \\cong\n", + " {\\mathbb{Z}} / (d - 1) {\\mathbb{Z}}$ and $K_1 ({\\mathcal{O}}_d^p) = 0.$,\n", + " Based on the results of the earlier spectroscopic observations with the 6-m\n", + " BTA telescope of the SAO RAS we refine the metallicity estimates of the\n", + " complexes of ionized gas in the VII Zw 403 galaxy. Infrared observations from\n", + " the Spitzer Space Telescope are used to search for a possible correlation of\n", + " the mass fraction distribution of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)\n", + " with the distribution of ionized and neutral hydrogen, and with the metallicity\n", + " of gas in the HII regions of the galaxy.,\n", + " Let $\\varphi_{n,K}$ denote the largest angle in all the triangles with\n", + " vertices among the $n$ points selected at random in a compact convex subset $K$\n", + " of $\\mathbb{R}^d$ with nonempty interior, where $d\\ge2$. It is shown that the\n", + " distribution of the random variable\n", + " $\\lambda_d(K)\\,\\frac{n^3}{3!}\\,(\\pi-\\varphi_{n,K})^{d-1}$, where $\\lambda_d(K)$\n", + " is a certain positive real number which depends only on the dimension $d$ and\n", + " the shape of $K$, converges to the standard exponential distribution as\n", + " $n\\to\\infty$. By using the Steiner symmetrization, it is also shown that\n", + " $\\lambda_d(K)$ -- which is referred to in the paper as the elongation of $K$ --\n", + " attains its minimum if and only if $K$ is a ball $B^{(d)}$ in $\\mathbb{R}^d$.\n", + " Finally, the asymptotics of $\\lambda_d(B^{(d)})$ for large $d$ is determined.,\n", + " Radio emission from protostellar jets is usually dominated by free-free\n", + " emission from thermal electrons. However, in some cases, it has been proposed\n", + " that non-thermal emission could also be present. This additional contribution\n", + " from non-thermal emission has been inferred through negative spectral indices\n", + " at centimeter wavelengths in some regions of the radio jets. In the case of HH\n", + " 80-81, one of the most powerful protostellar jets known, linearly polarized\n", + " emission has also been detected, revealing that the non-thermal emission is of\n", + " synchrotron nature from a population of relativistic particles in the jet. This\n", + " result implies that an acceleration mechanism should be taking place in some\n", + " parts of the jet. Here, we present new high sensitivity and high angular\n", + " resolution radio observations at several wavelengths (in the 3-20 cm range) of\n", + " the HH80-81 radio jet. These new observations represent an improvement in\n", + " sensitivity and angular resolution by a factor of $\\sim$10 with respect to\n", + " previous observations. This allows us to resolve the morphology of the radio\n", + " jet, and to study the different emission mechanisms involved through spectral\n", + " index maps. We conclude that synchrotron emission in this jet arises from an\n", + " extended component detected at low frequencies and from the termination points\n", + " of the jet, where strong shocks against the ambient medium can produce\n", + " efficient particle acceleration.,\n", + " We generalize the soft-wall and hard-wall models to a light-front holographic\n", + " QCD model with a generic dilaton profile. The effective potential induced by a\n", + " higher power dilaton profile is interpreted as a stronger color confinement at\n", + " long distance, and it gradually evolves to the hard-wall model when the power\n", + " increases to infinity. As an application, we investigate the exotic meson\n", + " states recently discovered in experiments in the generic soft-wall model with a\n", + " higher power dilaton profile, and the results are in agreement with the spectra\n", + " of the exotic mesons. Our calculation indicates a weaker interaction at short\n", + " distance and a stronger interaction at large distance for the components in the\n", + " exotic mesons. The generic dilaton profile deserves further scrutiny for\n", + " understanding the strong interaction and for applications.,\n", + " The next-generation CMB experiments are expected to constrain the\n", + " tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with high precision. Delensing is an important\n", + " process as the observed CMB $B$-mode polarization that contains the primordial\n", + " tensor perturbation signal is dominated by a much larger contribution due to\n", + " gravitational lensing. To do so successfully, it is useful to explore methods\n", + " for lensing reconstruction beyond the traditional quadratic estimator (QE)\n", + " (which will become suboptimal for the next-generation experiments), and the\n", + " maximum a posterior estimator (which is still currently under development). In\n", + " Caldeira et al. 2020, the authors showed that a neural network (NN) method\n", + " using the ResUNet architectrue performs better than the QE and slightly\n", + " suboptimally compared to the iterative estimator in terms of the lensing\n", + " reconstruction performance. In this work, we take one step further to evaluate\n", + " the delensing performance of these estimators on maps with primordial tensor\n", + " perturbations using a standard delensing pipeline, and show that the\n", + " \\emph{delensing} performance of the NN estimator is optimal, agreeing with that\n", + " of a converged iterative estimator, when tested on a suite of simulations with\n", + " $r=0.01$ and $r=0.001$ for $12.7^{\\circ} \\times 12.7^{\\circ}$ maps at a\n", + " CMB-Stage~4 like polarization noise level $1\\,\\mu \\rm{K\\,arcmin}$ and 1' beam.\n", + " We found that for the purpose of delensing, it is necessary to train and\n", + " evaluate the NN on a set of CMB maps with $l\n", + " rhoT taking into account the twist 3 contributions. We show that a gauge\n", + " invariant expression is obtained with the help of QCD equations of motion. More\n", + " generally, relying on these equations and on the invariance under rotation on\n", + " the light-cone of the factorized amplitude, the non-perturbative Distribution\n", + " Amplitudes can be reduced to a minimal set. This opens the way to a consistent\n", + " treatment of factorization for exclusive processes with a transversally\n", + " polarized vector meson. We prove the equivalence of two proposed\n", + " parametrizations of the rhoT distribution amplitudes.,\n", + " We present results from the sixth stage of a project to build a statistical\n", + " hurricane model. Previous papers have described our modelling of the tracks,\n", + " genesis, and lysis of hurricanes. In our track model we have so far employed a\n", + " normal distribution for the residuals when computing innovations, even though\n", + " we have demonstrated that their distribution is not normal. Here, we test to\n", + " see if the track model can be improved by including more realistic non-normal\n", + " innovations. The results are mixed. Some features of the model improve, but\n", + " others slightly worsen.,\n", + " Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly used in a variety of domains,\n", + " while solving ML programming tasks poses unique challenges because of the\n", + " fundamentally different nature and construction from general programming tasks,\n", + " especially for developers who do not have ML backgrounds. Automatic code\n", + " generation that produces a code snippet from a natural language description can\n", + " be a promising technique to accelerate ML programming tasks. In recent years,\n", + " although many deep learning-based neural code generation models have been\n", + " proposed with high accuracy, the fact that most of them are mainly evaluated on\n", + " general programming tasks calls into question their effectiveness and\n", + " usefulness in ML programming tasks. In this paper, we set out to investigate\n", + " the effectiveness of existing neural code generation models on ML programming\n", + " tasks. For our analysis, we select six state-of-the-art neural code generation\n", + " models, and evaluate their performance on four widely used ML libraries, with\n", + " newly-created 83K pairs of natural-language described ML programming tasks. Our\n", + " empirical study reveals some good, bad, and missing aspects of neural code\n", + " generation models on ML tasks, with a few major ones listed below. (Good)\n", + " Neural code generation models perform significantly better on ML tasks than on\n", + " non-ML tasks. (Bad) Most of the generated code is semantically incorrect. (Bad)\n", + " Code generation models cannot significantly improve developers' completion\n", + " time. (Good) The generated code can help developers write more correct code by\n", + " providing developers with clues for using correct APIs. (Missing) The\n", + " observation from our user study reveals the missing aspects of code generation\n", + " for ML tasks, e.g., decomposing code generation for divide-and-conquer into two\n", + " tasks: API sequence identification and API usage generation.,\n", + " We investigate the cooling rate of a gas of inelastically interacting\n", + " particles. When we assume velocity dependent coefficients of restitution the\n", + " material cools down slower than with constant restitution. This behavior might\n", + " have large influence to clustering and structure formation processes.,\n", + " We show that there exist Gaussian channels which are amendable. A channel is\n", + " amendable if when applied twice is entanglement breaking while there exists a\n", + " unitary filter such that, when interposed between the first and second action\n", + " of the map, prevents the global transformation from being entanglement breaking\n", + " [Phys. Rev. A 86, 052302 (2012)]. We find that, depending on the structure of\n", + " the channel, the unitary filter can be a squeezing transformation or a phase\n", + " shift operation. We also propose two realistic quantum optics experiments where\n", + " the amendability of Gaussian channels can be verified by exploiting the fact\n", + " that it is sufficient to test the entanglement breaking properties of two mode\n", + " Gaussian channels on input states with finite energy (which are not maximally\n", + " entangled).,\n", + " The rising use of information and communication technology in smart grids\n", + " likewise increases the risk of failures that endanger the security of power\n", + " supply, e.g., due to errors in the communication configuration, faulty control\n", + " algorithms, or cyber-attacks. Co-simulations can be used to investigate such\n", + " effects, but require precise modeling of the energy, communication, and\n", + " information domain within an integrated smart grid infrastructure model. Given\n", + " the complexity and lack of detailed publicly available communication network\n", + " models for smart grid scenarios, there is a need for an automated and\n", + " systematic approach to creating such coupled models. In this paper, we present\n", + " an approach to automatically generate smart grid infrastructure models based on\n", + " an arbitrary electrical distribution grid model using a generic architectural\n", + " template. We demonstrate the applicability and unique features of our approach\n", + " alongside examples concerning network planning, co-simulation setup, and\n", + " specification of domain-specific intrusion detection systems.,\n", + " The observed Higgs boson mass poses a new puzzle in addition to the\n", + " longstanding problem of the origin of the electroweak scale; the shallowness of\n", + " the Higgs potential. The Higgs quartic coupling even seems to vanish at around\n", + " the Planck scale within the uncertainties of the top quark mass and the strong\n", + " gauge coupling. We show that the shallowness of the Higgs potential might be an\n", + " outcome of supersymmetry breaking at around the Planck scale. There, the\n", + " electroweak fine-tuning in the Higgs quadratic terms leads to an almost\n", + " vanishing quartic coupling at around the Planck scale.,\n", + " The art of viticulture and the quest for making wines has a long tradition\n", + " and it just started recently that mathematicians entered this field with their\n", + " main contribution of modelling alcoholic fermentation. These models consist of\n", + " systems of ordinary differential equations that describe the kinetics of the\n", + " bio-chemical reactions occurring in the fermentation process. The aim of this\n", + " paper is to present a new model of wine fermentation that accurately describes\n", + " the yeast dying component, the presence of glucose transporters, and the\n", + " formation of aromas and acids. Therefore the new model could become a valuable\n", + " tool to predict the taste of the wine and provide the starting point for an\n", + " emerging control technology that aims at improving the quality of the wine by\n", + " steering a well-behaved fermentation process that is also energetically more\n", + " efficient. Results of numerical simulations are presented that successfully\n", + " confirm the validity of the proposed model by comparison with real data.,\n", + " In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into\n", + " stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial\n", + " resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in\n", + " canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on\n", + " multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy\n", + " height map over the \"Landes de Gascogne\" forest in France, a large maritime\n", + " pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management.\n", + " This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical\n", + " length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep\n", + " learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with\n", + " composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI\n", + " waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from\n", + " forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat\n", + " imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net\n", + " models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate\n", + " the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model\n", + " outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole\n", + " \"Landes de Gascogne\" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m\n", + " on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available\n", + " satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite\n", + " source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in\n", + " coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height\n", + " models available in the same region.,\n", + " Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) has revolutionized free viewpoint rendering\n", + " tasks and achieved impressive results. However, the efficiency and accuracy\n", + " problems hinder its wide applications. To address these issues, we propose\n", + " Geometry-Aware Generalized Neural Radiance Field (GARF) with a geometry-aware\n", + " dynamic sampling (GADS) strategy to perform real-time novel view rendering and\n", + " unsupervised depth estimation on unseen scenes without per-scene optimization.\n", + " Distinct from most existing generalized NeRFs, our framework infers the unseen\n", + " scenes on both pixel-scale and geometry-scale with only a few input images.\n", + " More specifically, our method learns common attributes of novel-view synthesis\n", + " by an encoder-decoder structure and a point-level learnable multi-view feature\n", + " fusion module which helps avoid occlusion. To preserve scene characteristics in\n", + " the generalized model, we introduce an unsupervised depth estimation module to\n", + " derive the coarse geometry, narrow down the ray sampling interval to proximity\n", + " space of the estimated surface and sample in expectation maximum position,\n", + " constituting Geometry-Aware Dynamic Sampling strategy (GADS). Moreover, we\n", + " introduce a Multi-level Semantic Consistency loss (MSC) to assist more\n", + " informative representation learning. Extensive experiments on indoor and\n", + " outdoor datasets show that comparing with state-of-the-art generalized NeRF\n", + " methods, GARF reduces samples by more than 25\\%, while improving rendering\n", + " quality and 3D geometry estimation.,\n", + " Let $(X,B)$ be a log canonical pair over a normal variety $Z$ with maximal\n", + " Albanese dimension. If $K_X+B$ is relatively abundant over $Z$ (for example,\n", + " $K_X+B$ is relatively big over $Z$), then we prove that $K_X+B$ is abundant. In\n", + " particular, the subadditvity of Kodaira dimensions $\\kappa(K_X+B) \\geq\n", + " \\kappa(K_F+B_F)+ \\kappa(Z)$ holds, where $F$ is a general fiber, $K_F+B_F=\n", + " (K_X+B)|_F$, and $\\kappa(Z)$ means the Kodaira dimension of a smooth model of\n", + " $Z$. We discuss several variants of this result in Section 4. We also give a\n", + " remark on the log Iitaka conjecture for log canonical pairs in Section 5.,\n", + " In this work we study the asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues in\n", + " one-dimensional open sets. The method of proof is rather elementary, based on\n", + " the Dirichlet lattice points problem, which enable us to consider sets with\n", + " infinite measure. Also, we derive some estimates for the the spectral counting\n", + " function of the Laplace operator on unbounded two-dimensional domains.,\n", + " We developed a new sub-nanosecond time-resolved instrument to study the\n", + " dynamics of UV-visible luminescence under high stopping power heavy ion\n", + " irradiation. We applied our instrument, called SPORT, on a fast plastic\n", + " scintillator (BC-400) irradiated with 27-MeV Ar ions having high mean\n", + " electronic stopping power of 2.6 MeV/\\mu m. As a consequence of increasing\n", + " permanent radiation damages with increasing ion fluence, our investigations\n", + " reveal a degradation of scintillation intensity together with, thanks to the\n", + " time-resolved measurement, a decrease in the decay constant of the\n", + " scintillator. This combination indicates that luminescence degradation\n", + " processes by both dynamic and static quenching, the latter mechanism being\n", + " predominant. Under such high density excitation, the scintillation\n", + " deterioration of BC-400 is significantly enhanced compared to that observed in\n", + " previous investigations, mainly performed using light ions. The observed\n", + " non-linear behaviour implies that the dose at which luminescence starts\n", + " deteriorating is not independent on particles' stopping power, thus\n", + " illustrating that the radiation hardness of plastic scintillators can be\n", + " strongly weakened under high excitation density in heavy ion environments.,\n", + " The inconsistencies involved in the foundation of set theory were invariably\n", + " caused by infinity and self-reference; and only with the opportune axiomatic\n", + " restrictions could them be obviated. Throughout history, both concepts have\n", + " proved to be an exhaustible source of paradoxes and contradictions. It seems\n", + " therefore legitimate to pose some questions concerning their formal\n", + " consistency. This is just the objective of this paper. Starting from an\n", + " extension of Cantor's paradox that suggests the inconsistency of the actual\n", + " infinity, the paper makes a short review of its controversial history and\n", + " proposes a new way of criticism based on w-order. Self-reference is also\n", + " examined from a critique perspective which includes syntactic and semantic\n", + " considerations. The critique affects the formal sentence involved in Godel's\n", + " first incompleteness theorem and its ordinary language interpretation.,\n", + " The minimum spanning tree, based on the concept of ultrametricity, is\n", + " constructed from the correlation matrix of stock returns and provides a\n", + " meaningful economic taxonomy of the stock market. In order to study the\n", + " dynamics of this asset tree we characterize it by its normalized length and by\n", + " the mean occupation layer, as measured from an appropriately chosen center. We\n", + " show how the tree evolves over time, and how it shrinks particularly strongly\n", + " during a stock market crisis. We then demonstrate that the assets of the\n", + " optimal Markowitz portfolio lie practically at all times on the outskirts of\n", + " the tree. We also show that the normalized tree length and the investment\n", + " diversification potential are very strongly correlated.,\n", + " In magnetic Weyl semimetals, where magnetism breaks time-reversal symmetry,\n", + " large magnetically sensitive anomalous transport responses are anticipated that\n", + " could be useful for topological spintronics. The identification of new magnetic\n", + " Weyl semimetals is therefore in high demand, particularly since in these\n", + " systems Weyl node configurations may be easily modified using magnetic fields.\n", + " Here we explore experimentally the magnetic semimetal PrAlGe, and unveil a\n", + " direct correspondence between easy-axis Pr ferromagnetism and anomalous Hall\n", + " and Nernst effects. With sizes of both the anomalous Hall conductivity and\n", + " Nernst effect in good quantitative agreement with first principles\n", + " calculations, we identify PrAlGe as a system where magnetic fields can connect\n", + " directly to Weyl nodes via the Pr magnetization. Furthermore, we find the\n", + " predominantly easy-axis ferromagnetic ground state co-exists with a low density\n", + " of nanoscale textured magnetic domain walls. We describe how such nanoscale\n", + " magnetic textures could serve as a local platform for tunable axial gauge\n", + " fields of Weyl fermions.,\n", + " Recent developments concerning CP violation beyond the Standard Model are\n", + " reviewed. The central target of this presentation is the $B$ system, as it\n", + " plays an outstanding role in the extraction of CKM phases. Besides a general\n", + " discussion of the appearance of new physics in the corresponding CP-violating\n", + " asymmetries through $B^0_q$--$\\bar{B^0_q}$ mixing $(q\\in\\{d,s\\})$, it is\n", + " emphasized that CP violation in non-leptonic penguin modes, e.g. in $B_d\\to\\phi\n", + " K_{S}$, offers a powerful tool to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. In\n", + " this respect $B\\to\\pi K$ modes, which have been observed recently by the CLEO\n", + " collaboration, may also turn out to be very useful. Their combined branching\n", + " ratios allow us to constrain the CKM angle $\\gamma$ and may indicate the\n", + " presence of physics beyond the Standard Model.,\n", + " We describe non-autonomous Hamiltonian systems coming from the Hitchin\n", + " integrable systems. The Hitchin integrals of motion depend on the W-structures\n", + " of the basic curve. The parameters of the W-structures play the role of times.\n", + " In particular, the quadratic integrals dependent on the complex structure\n", + " (W_2-structure) of the basic curve and times are coordinate on the Teichmuller\n", + " space. The corresponding flows are the monodromy preserving equations such as\n", + " the Schlesinger equations, the Painleve VI equation and their generalizations.\n", + " The equations corresponding to the highest integrals are monodromy preserving\n", + " conditions with respect to changing of the W_k-structures (k>2). They are\n", + " derived by the symplectic reduction from the gauge field theory on the basic\n", + " curve interacting with W_k-gravity. As by product we obtain the classical Ward\n", + " identities in this theory.,\n", + " Precise measurements of exoplanets radii are of key importance for our\n", + " understanding of the origin and nature of these objects. Measurement of the\n", + " planet radii using the transit method have reached a precision that the effects\n", + " of stellar surface features have to be taken into account. While the effects\n", + " from spots have already been studied in detail, our knowledge of the effects\n", + " caused by faculae is still limited. This is particularly the case for M-stars.\n", + " Faculae can pose a problem if they are inhomogeneously distributed on the\n", + " stellar surface. Using the eclipse mapping method, we study the distribution of\n", + " the faculae on the surface of GJ1214 using the CaIIH&K lines as tracers. In\n", + " order to assess the homogeneity of the distribution in a quantitative way, we\n", + " introduce the inhomogeneity factor IHF. IHF is 0% if the distribution is\n", + " homogeneous, positive, if the plage regions are preferentially located along\n", + " the path of the planet, and negative, if they are preferentially located\n", + " outside the path of the planet. For GJ1214, we derive a rather small value of\n", + " IHF=7.7-7.7+12.0%. We discuss the relevance of this result in the context of\n", + " the PLATO and ARIEL missions.,\n", + " Literacy is one of the most fundamental skills for people to access and\n", + " navigate today's digital environment. This work systematically studies the\n", + " language literacy skills of online populations for more than 160 countries and\n", + " regions across the world, including many low-resourced countries where official\n", + " literacy data are particularly sparse. Leveraging public data on Facebook, we\n", + " develop a population-level literacy estimate for the online population that is\n", + " based on aggregated and de-identified public posts written by adult Facebook\n", + " users globally, significantly improving both the coverage and resolution of\n", + " existing literacy tracking data. We found that, on Facebook, women collectively\n", + " show higher language literacy than men in many countries, but substantial gaps\n", + " remain in Africa and Asia. Further, our analysis reveals a considerable\n", + " regional gap within a country that is associated with multiple socio-technical\n", + " inequalities, suggesting an \"inequality paradox\" -- where the online language\n", + " skill disparity interacts with offline socioeconomic inequalities in complex\n", + " ways. These findings have implications for global women's empowerment and\n", + " socioeconomic inequalities.,\n", + " The preservation theorems for semi-properness, hemi-properness, and\n", + " pseudo-completeness hold for countable support iterations as well as revised\n", + " countable support iterations, notwithstanding the fact that the \"factor lemma\"\n", + " fails for the countable support versions.\n", + " Example: The countable support iteration of Namba forcing over a ground model\n", + " of CH does not add reals.\n", + " Example: A countable support iteration built from Namba forcing and Cohen\n", + " forcing, over a ground model of CH, does not collapse omega_1,\n", + " According to a report online, more than 200 million unique users search for\n", + " jobs online every month. This incredibly large and fast growing demand has\n", + " enticed software giants such as Google and Facebook to enter this space, which\n", + " was previously dominated by companies such as LinkedIn, Indeed and\n", + " CareerBuilder. Recently, Google released their \"AI-powered Jobs Search Engine\",\n", + " \"Google For Jobs\" while Facebook released \"Facebook Jobs\" within their\n", + " platform. These current job search engines and platforms allow users to search\n", + " for jobs based on general narrow filters such as job title, date posted,\n", + " experience level, company and salary. However, they have severely limited\n", + " filters relating to skill sets such as C++, Python, and Java and company\n", + " related attributes such as employee size, revenue, technographics and\n", + " micro-industries. These specialized filters can help applicants and companies\n", + " connect at a very personalized, relevant and deeper level. In this paper we\n", + " present a framework that provides an end-to-end \"Data-driven Jobs Search\n", + " Engine\". In addition, users can also receive potential contacts of recruiters\n", + " and senior positions for connection and networking opportunities. The high\n", + " level implementation of the framework is described as follows: 1) Collect job\n", + " postings data in the United States, 2) Extract meaningful tokens from the\n", + " postings data using ETL pipelines, 3) Normalize the data set to link company\n", + " names to their specific company websites, 4) Extract and ranking the skill\n", + " sets, 5) Link the company names and websites to their respective company level\n", + " attributes with the EVERSTRING Company API, 6) Run user-specific search queries\n", + " on the database to identify relevant job postings and 7) Rank the job search\n", + " results. This framework offers a highly customizable and highly targeted search\n", + " experience for end users.,\n", + " Using an external electric field, one can modulate the bandgap of Bernal\n", + " stacked bilayer graphene by breaking A-~B symmetry. We analyze strain effects\n", + " on the bilayer graphene using the extended Huckel theory and find that reduced\n", + " interlayer distance results in higher bandgap modulation, as expected.\n", + " Furthermore, above about 2.5 angstrom interlayer distance, the bandgap is\n", + " direct, follows a convex relation to electric field and saturates to a value\n", + " determined by the interlayer distance. However, below about 2.5 angstrom, the\n", + " bandgap is indirect, the trend becomes concave and a threshold electric field\n", + " is observed, which also depends on the stacking distance.,\n", + " The evolution of $N$ spin-$1/2$ system with all-range Ising-type interaction\n", + " is considered. For this system we study the entanglement of one spin with the\n", + " rest spins. It is shown that the entanglement depends on the amount of spins\n", + " and the initial state. Also the geometry of manifold which contains entangled\n", + " states is obtained. Finally we find the dependence of entanglement on the\n", + " scalar curvature of manifold and examine it for different number of spins in\n", + " the system.,\n", + " We show that for almost every map in a transversal one-parameter family of\n", + " piecewise expanding unimodal maps the Birkhoff sum of suitable observables\n", + " along the forward orbit of the turning point satisfies the law of iterated\n", + " logarithm. This result will follow from an almost sure invariance principle for\n", + " the Birkhoff sum, as a function on the parameter space. Furthermore, we obtain\n", + " a similar result for general one-parameter families of piecewise expanding maps\n", + " on the interval.,\n", + " Recently, due to the ubiquity and supremacy of E-recruitment platforms, job\n", + " recommender systems have been largely studied. In this paper, we tackle the\n", + " next job application problem, which has many practical applications. In\n", + " particular, we propose to leverage next-item recommendation approaches to\n", + " consider better the job seeker's career preference to discover the next\n", + " relevant job postings (referred to jobs for short) they might apply for. Our\n", + " proposed model, named Personalized-Attention Next-Application Prediction\n", + " (PANAP), is composed of three modules. The first module learns job\n", + " representations from textual content and metadata attributes in an unsupervised\n", + " way. The second module learns job seeker representations. It includes a\n", + " personalized-attention mechanism that can adapt the importance of each job in\n", + " the learned career preference representation to the specific job seeker's\n", + " profile. The attention mechanism also brings some interpretability to learned\n", + " representations. Then, the third module models the Next-Application Prediction\n", + " task as a top-K search process based on the similarity of representations. In\n", + " addition, the geographic location is an essential factor that affects the\n", + " preferences of job seekers in the recruitment domain. Therefore, we explore the\n", + " influence of geographic location on the model performance from the perspective\n", + " of negative sampling strategies. Experiments on the public CareerBuilder12\n", + " dataset show the interest in our approach.,\n", + " Different thicknesses of cobalt thin films were growth by magnetron\n", + " sputtering deposition techniques. The films thicknesses were determinated with\n", + " X ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Quartz Crystal Monitoring (QCM). XPS\n", + " is also used to determinate the films quality. The films magnetic properties\n", + " were determinated by Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) technique.,\n", + " In this work, we study the existence and uniqueness of bounded Weyl almost\n", + " periodic solution to the abstract differential equation u ' (t) = Au(t) + f\n", + " (t), t $\\in$ R, in a Banach space X, where A : D (A) $\\subset$ X $\\rightarrow$\n", + " X is a linear operator (unbounded) which generates an exponentially stable C\n", + " 0-semigroup on X and f : R $\\rightarrow$ X is a Weyl almost periodic function.\n", + " We also investigate the nonautonomous case.,\n", + " We analyze a non-Markovian mean field interacting spin system, related to the\n", + " Curie--Weiss model. We relax the Markovianity assumption by replacing the\n", + " memoryless distribution of the waiting times of a classical spin-flip dynamics\n", + " with a distribution with memory. The resulting stochastic evolution for a\n", + " single particle is a spin-valued renewal process, an example of two-state\n", + " semi-Markov process. We associate to the individual dynamics an equivalent\n", + " Markovian description, which is the subject of our analysis. We study a\n", + " corresponding interacting particle system, where a mean field interaction is\n", + " introduced as a time scaling, depending on the overall magnetization of the\n", + " system, on the waiting times between two successive particle's jumps. Via\n", + " linearization arguments on the Fokker-Planck mean field limit equation, we give\n", + " evidence of emerging periodic behavior. Specifically, numerical analysis on the\n", + " discrete spectrum of the linearized operator, characterized by the zeros of an\n", + " explicit holomorphic function, suggests the presence of a Hopf bifurcation for\n", + " a critical value of the temperature, which is in accordance with the one\n", + " obtained by simulating the N-particle system.,\n", + " We report an experimental study of the emergence of non-trivial topological\n", + " winding and long-range order across the paramagnetic to skyrmion lattice\n", + " transition in the transition metal helimagnet MnSi. Combining measurements of\n", + " the susceptibility with small angle neutron scattering, neutron resonance spin\n", + " echo spectroscopy and all-electrical microwave spectroscopy, we find evidence\n", + " of skyrmion textures in the paramagnetic state exceeding $10^3$\\AA with\n", + " lifetimes above several 10$^{-9}$s. Our experimental findings establish that\n", + " the paramagnetic to skyrmion lattice transition in MnSi is well-described by\n", + " the Landau soft-mode mechanism of weak crystallization, originally proposed in\n", + " the context of the liquid to crystal transition. As a key aspect of this\n", + " theoretical model, the modulation-vectors of periodic small amplitude\n", + " components of the magnetization form triangles that add to zero. In excellent\n", + " agreement with our experimental findings, these triangles of the\n", + " modulation-vectors entail the presence of the non-trivial topological winding\n", + " of skyrmions already in the paramagnetic state of MnSi when approaching the\n", + " skyrmion lattice transition.,\n", + " We present results of our analysis of NuSTAR data of the luminous infrared\n", + " galaxy Mrk 266, which contains two nuclei, SW and NE, resolved in previous\n", + " Chandra imaging. Combining with the Chandra data, we intepret the hard X-ray\n", + " spectrum obtained from a NuSTAR observation as resulting from steeply rising\n", + " flux from a Compton-thick AGN in the SW nucleus which is very faint in the\n", + " Chandra band, confirming the previous claim of Mazzarella et al. (2012). This\n", + " hard X-ray component is dominated by reflection, and its intrinsic 2-10 keV\n", + " luminosity is likely to be ~1e43 erg/s. Although it is bright in soft X-ray,\n", + " only moderately absorbed NE nucleus has a 2-10 keV luminosity of 4e41 erg/s,\n", + " placing it in the low-luminosity AGN class. These results have implications for\n", + " understanding the detectability and duty cycles of emission from dual AGN in\n", + " heavily obscured mergers.,\n", + " The transformation of the stripe domain structure of spontaneously-formed\n", + " epitaxial silicene on ZrB$_2$ thin film into a single-domain driven by the\n", + " adsorption of a fraction of a monolayer of silicon was used to investigate how\n", + " dislocations react and eventually annihilate in a two-dimensional honeycomb\n", + " structure. The in-situ real time STM monitoring of the evolution of the domain\n", + " structure after Si deposition revealed the mechanisms leading to the nucleation\n", + " of a single-domain into a domain structure through a stepwise reaction of\n", + " partial dislocations. After its nucleation, the single-domain extends by the\n", + " propagation of edge dislocations at its frontiers. The identification of this\n", + " particular nucleation-propagation formation of dislocation-free silicene sheet\n", + " provides insights into how crystallographic defects can be healed in\n", + " two-dimensional materials.,\n", + " Starting from the vortex filament flow introduced in 1906 by Da Rios, there\n", + " is a hierarchy of commuting geometric flows on space curves. The traditional\n", + " approach relates those flows to the nonlinear Schr\\\"odinger hierarchy satisfied\n", + " by the complex curvature function of the space curve. Rather than working with\n", + " this infinitesimal invariant, we describe the flows directly as vector fields\n", + " on the manifold of space curves. This manifold carries a canonical symplectic\n", + " form introduced by Marsden and Weinstein. Our flows are precisely the\n", + " symplectic gradients of a natural hierarchy of invariants, beginning with\n", + " length, total torsion, and elastic energy. There are a number of advantages to\n", + " our geometric approach. For instance, the real part of the spectral curve is\n", + " geometrically realized as the motion of the monodromy axis when varying total\n", + " torsion. This insight provides a new explicit formula for the hierarchy of\n", + " Hamiltonians. We also interpret the complex spectral curve in terms of curves\n", + " in hyperbolic space and Darboux transforms. Furthermore, we complete the\n", + " hierarchy of Hamiltonians by adding area and volume. These allow for the\n", + " characterization of elastic curves as solutions to an isoperimetric problem:\n", + " elastica are the critical points of length while fixing area and volume.,\n", + " A choice dictionary can be initialized with a parameter $n\\in\\mathbb{N}$ and\n", + " subsequently maintains an initially empty subset $S$ of $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$ under\n", + " insertion, deletion, membership queries and an operation $\\textit{choice}$ that\n", + " returns an arbitrary element of $S$. The choice dictionary is fundamental in\n", + " space-efficient computing and has numerous applications. The best previous\n", + " choice dictionary can be initialized with $n$ and $t\\in\\mathbb{N}$ and\n", + " subsequently executes all operations in $O(t)$ time and occupies\n", + " $n+O(n({t/w})^t+\\log n)$ bits on a word RAM with a word length of\n", + " $w=\\Omega(\\log n)$ bits. We describe a new choice dictionary that executes all\n", + " operations in constant time and, in addition to the space needed to store the\n", + " integer $n$, occupies only $n+1$ bits, which is shown to be optimal if\n", + " $w=o(n)$.\n", + " A generalization of the choice dictionary called a colored choice dictionary\n", + " is initialized with $c\\in\\mathbb{N}$ in addition to $n$ and subsequently\n", + " maintains a semipartition $(S_0,\\ldots,S_{c-1})$ of $\\{1,\\ldots,n\\}$ under the\n", + " operations $\\textit{setcolor}(j,\\ell)$, which moves $\\ell$ from its current\n", + " subset to $S_j$, $\\textit{color}(\\ell)$, which returns the unique\n", + " $j\\in\\{0,\\ldots,c-1\\}$ with $\\ell\\in S_j$, and $\\textit{choice}(j)$, which\n", + " returns an arbitrary element of $S_j$. We describe new colored choice\n", + " dictionaries that, if initialized with constant $c$, execute\n", + " $\\textit{setcolor}$, $\\textit{color}$ and $\\textit{choice}$ in constant time\n", + " and occupy $n\\log_2\\!c+1$ bits plus the space needed to store $n$ if $c$ is a\n", + " power of 2, and at most $n\\log_2\\!c+n^\\epsilon$ bits in general, for arbitrary\n", + " fixed $\\epsilon>0$. We also study the possibility of iterating over the set $S$\n", + " or over $S_j$ for given $j\\in\\{0,\\ldots,c-1\\}$ and an application of this to\n", + " breadth-first search.,\n", + " We develop an approach to policy selection in active inference that allows us\n", + " to efficiently search large policy spaces by mapping each policy to its\n", + " embedding in a vector space. We sample the expected free energy of\n", + " representative points in the space, then perform a more thorough policy search\n", + " around the most promising point in this initial sample. We consider various\n", + " approaches to creating the policy embedding space, and propose using k-means\n", + " clustering to select representative points. We apply our technique to a\n", + " goal-oriented graph-traversal problem, for which naive policy selection is\n", + " intractable for even moderately large graphs.,\n", + " In this work we explore cyberbullying and other toxic behavior in team\n", + " competition online games. Using a dataset of over 10 million player reports on\n", + " 1.46 million toxic players along with corresponding crowdsourced decisions, we\n", + " test several hypotheses drawn from theories explaining toxic behavior. Besides\n", + " providing large-scale, empirical based understanding of toxic behavior, our\n", + " work can be used as a basis for building systems to detect, prevent, and\n", + " counter-act toxic behavior.,\n", + " We wish to demonstrate that investigation of asymptotically high multiplicity\n", + " (AHM) hadron reactions may solve, or at least clear up, a number of problems\n", + " unsolvable by other ways. We would lean upon the idea: (i) the entropy is\n", + " proportional to multiplicity and, by this reason, at the AHM domain one may\n", + " expect the equilibrium final state and (ii) the high-multiplicity processes\n", + " becomes hard. Last one means that the nonperturbative corrections are frozen\n", + " during this processes and the QCD predictions are available for them.,\n", + " The joint state of a system that is in contact with an environment is called\n", + " lazy, if the entropy rate of the system under any coupling to the environment\n", + " is zero. Necessary and sufficient conditions have recently been established for\n", + " a state to be lazy [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 050403 (2011)], and it was shown that\n", + " almost all states of the system and the environment do not have this property [\n", + " Phys. Rev. A 81 052318 (2010)]. At first glance, this may lead us to believe\n", + " that low entropy rates themselves form an exception, in the sense that most\n", + " states are far from being lazy and have high entropy rates. Here, we show that\n", + " in fact the opposite is true if the environment is sufficiently large. Almost\n", + " all states of the system and the environment are pretty lazy-their entropy\n", + " rates are low for any coupling to the environment.,\n", + " As with all measurements, the measurement of examinee ability, in terms of\n", + " scores that the examinee obtains in a test, is also error-ridden. The\n", + " quantification of such error or uncertainty in the test score data--or rather\n", + " the complementary test reliability--is pursued within the paradigm of Classical\n", + " Test Theory in a variety of ways, with no existing method of finding\n", + " reliability, isomorphic to the theoretical definition that parametrises\n", + " reliability as the ratio of the true score variance and observed (i.e.\n", + " error-ridden) score variance. Thus, multiple reliability coefficients for the\n", + " same test have been advanced. This paper describes a much needed method of\n", + " obtaining reliability of a test as per its theoretical definition, via a single\n", + " administration of the test, by using a new fast method of splitting of a given\n", + " test into parallel halves, achieving near-coincident empirical distributions of\n", + " the two halves. The method has the desirable property of achieving splitting on\n", + " the basis of difficulty of the questions (or items) that constitute the test,\n", + " thus allowing for fast computation of reliability even for very large test data\n", + " sets, i.e. test data obtained by a very large examinee sample. An interval\n", + " estimate for the true score is offered, given an examinee score, subsequent to\n", + " the determination of the test reliability. This method of finding test\n", + " reliability as per the classical definition can be extended to find reliability\n", + " of a set or battery of tests; a method for determination of the weights\n", + " implemented in the computation of the weighted battery score is discussed. We\n", + " perform empirical illustration of our method on real and simulated tests, and\n", + " on a real test battery comprising two constituent tests.,\n", + " We study topological phase transitions in tetragonal NaZnSb$_{1-x}$Bi$_x$,\n", + " driven by the chemical composition $x$. Notably, we examine mirror Chern\n", + " numbers that change without symmetry indicators. First-principles calculations\n", + " are performed to show that NaZnSb$_{1-x}$Bi$_x$ experiences consecutive\n", + " topological phase transitions, diagnosed by the strong $\\mathbb Z_{2}$\n", + " topological index $\\nu_{0}$ and two mirror Chern numbers $\\mu_{x}$ and\n", + " $\\mu_{xy}$. As the chemical composition $x$ increases, the topological\n", + " invariants ($\\mu_{x}\\mu_{xy}\\nu_{0}$) change from $(000)$, $(020)$, $(220)$, to\n", + " $(111)$ at $x$ = 0.15, 0.20, and 0.53, respectively. A simplified low-energy\n", + " effective model is developed to examine the mirror Chern number changes,\n", + " highlighting the central role of spectator Dirac fermions in avoiding symmetry\n", + " indicators. Our findings suggest that NaZnSb$_{1-x}$Bi$_{x}$ can be an exciting\n", + " testbed for the exploration of the interplay between the topology and symmetry.,\n", + " Three new single-atom-thick silicon-carbon stable systems have been found by\n", + " using of SCED-LCAO and DFT methods. An important position, named bone position,\n", + " is proposed in these structures. For SiC and Si1C9 system, the bone positions\n", + " are partially occupied by Si atoms, the plane structure is kept and electronic\n", + " gap is opened with 0.955 eV and 0.689 eV respectively. For Si2C8 system, the\n", + " bone positions are fully occupied by Si atoms. It shows a buckled structure\n", + " with a buckling of 0.05 {\\AA} and a Dirac cone at M point. Moreover, the sp\n", + " hybridization between Si and C atoms in SiC system is found and the\n", + " co-existence of sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization is also found in Si2C8 system.\n", + " The thermal stability for these three systems is certified.,\n", + " We present an effective technique for training deep learning agents capable\n", + " of negotiating on a set of clauses in a contract agreement using a simple\n", + " communication protocol. We use Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning to train both\n", + " agents simultaneously as they negotiate with each other in the training\n", + " environment. We also model selfish and prosocial behavior to varying degrees in\n", + " these agents. Empirical evidence is provided showing consistency in agent\n", + " behaviors. We further train a meta agent with a mixture of behaviors by\n", + " learning an ensemble of different models using reinforcement learning. Finally,\n", + " to ascertain the deployability of the negotiating agents, we conducted\n", + " experiments pitting the trained agents against human players. Results\n", + " demonstrate that the agents are able to hold their own against human players,\n", + " often emerging as winners in the negotiation. Our experiments demonstrate that\n", + " the meta agent is able to reasonably emulate human behavior.,\n", + " The third observing run of advanced LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA brought\n", + " unprecedented sensitivity towards a variety of quasi-monochromatic, persistent\n", + " gravitational-wave signals. Continuous waves allow us to probe not just the\n", + " existence of canonical asymmetrically rotating neutron stars, but also\n", + " different forms of dark matter, thus showing the wide-ranging astrophysical\n", + " implications of using a relatively simple signal model. I will describe the\n", + " major results from the numerous continuous-wave searches that were performed in\n", + " O3, both inside and outside the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA collaborations, and show how\n", + " impactful to multi-messenger physics that they have been.,\n", + " The migration of cells through tight constricting spaces or along fibrous\n", + " tracks in tissues is important for biological processes, such as embryogenesis,\n", + " wound healing, and cancer metastasis, and depends on the mechanical properties\n", + " of the cytoskeleton. Migratory cells often express and upregulate the\n", + " intermediate filament protein vimentin. The viscoelasticity of vimentin\n", + " networks in shear deformation has been documented, but its role in motility is\n", + " largely unexplored. Here, we studied the effects of vimentin on cell motility\n", + " and stiffness using mouse embryo fibroblasts derived from wild-type and\n", + " vimentin-null mice. We find that loss of vimentin increases motility through\n", + " small pores and along thin capillaries. Atomic force microscopy measurements\n", + " reveal that the presence of vimentin enhances the perinuclear stiffness of the\n", + " cell, to an extent that depends on surface ligand presentation and therefore\n", + " signaling from extracellular matrix receptors. Together, our results indicate\n", + " that vimentin hinders three-dimensional motility by providing mechanical\n", + " resistance against large strains and may thereby protect the structural\n", + " integrity of cells.,\n", + " An incremental version of the fourth catalog of active galactic nuclei (AGNs)\n", + " detected by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope is presented. This version\n", + " (4LAC-DR3) derives from the third data release of the 4FGL catalog based on 12\n", + " years of E>50 MeV gamma-ray data, where the spectral parameters, spectral\n", + " energy distributions (SEDs), yearly light curves, and associations have been\n", + " updated for all sources. The new reported AGNs include 587 blazar candidates\n", + " and four radio galaxies. We describe the properties of the new sample and\n", + " outline changes affecting the previously published one. We also introduce two\n", + " new parameters in this release, namely the peak energy of the SED high-energy\n", + " component and the corresponding flux. These parameters allow an assessment of\n", + " the Compton dominance, the ratio of the Inverse-Compton to the synchrotron peak\n", + " luminosities, without relying on X-ray data.,\n", + " Learning Markov decision processes (MDP) in an adversarial environment has\n", + " been a challenging problem. The problem becomes even more challenging with\n", + " function approximation, since the underlying structure of the loss function and\n", + " transition kernel are especially hard to estimate in a varying environment. In\n", + " fact, the state-of-the-art results for linear adversarial MDP achieve a regret\n", + " of $\\tilde{O}(K^{6/7})$ ($K$ denotes the number of episodes), which admits a\n", + " large room for improvement. In this paper, we investigate the problem with a\n", + " new view, which reduces linear MDP into linear optimization by subtly setting\n", + " the feature maps of the bandit arms of linear optimization. This new technique,\n", + " under an exploratory assumption, yields an improved bound of\n", + " $\\tilde{O}(K^{4/5})$ for linear adversarial MDP without access to a transition\n", + " simulator. The new view could be of independent interest for solving other MDP\n", + " problems that possess a linear structure.,\n", + " We study the asymptotics for the lengths $L_N(q)$ of the instability tongues\n", + " of Hill equations that arise as iso-energetic linearization of two coupled\n", + " oscillators around a single-mode periodic orbit. We show that for small\n", + " energies, i.e. $q\\rightarrow 0$, the instability tongues have the same behavior\n", + " that occurs in the case of the Mathieu equation: $L_N(q) = O(q^N)$. The result\n", + " follows from a theorem which fully characterizes the class of Hill equations\n", + " with the same asymptotic behavior. In addition, in some significant cases we\n", + " characterize the shape of the instability tongues for small energies.\n", + " Motivation of the paper stems from recent mathematical works on the theory of\n", + " suspension bridges.,\n", + " To produce a fermionic model exhibiting an entanglement entropy volume law,\n", + " we propose a particular version of nonlocality in which the energy-momentum\n", + " dispersion relation is effectively randomized at the shortest length scales\n", + " while preserving translation invariance. In contrast to the ground state of\n", + " local fermions, exhibiting an entanglement entropy area law with logarithmic\n", + " corrections, the entropy of nonlocal fermions is extensive, scaling as the\n", + " volume of the subregion and crossing over to the anomalous fermion area law at\n", + " scales larger than the locality scale, {\\alpha}. In the 1-d case, we are able\n", + " to show that the central charge appearing in the universal entropy expressions\n", + " for large subregions is simply related to the locality scale. These results are\n", + " demonstrated by exact diagonalizations of the corresponding discrete lattice\n", + " fermion models. Within the Ryu-Takayanagi holographic picture, the relation\n", + " between the central charge and the locality scale suggest a dual spacetime in\n", + " which the size of the flat UV portion and the radius of AdS in the IR are both\n", + " proportional to the locality scale, {\\alpha}.,\n", + " The nature of dark matter (DM) particles and the mechanism that provides\n", + " their measured relic abundance are currently unknown. In this paper we\n", + " investigate inert scalar and vector like fermion doublet DM candidates with a\n", + " charge asymmetry in the dark sector, which is generated by the same mechanism\n", + " that provides the baryon asymmetry, namely baryogenesis-via-leptogenesis\n", + " induced by decays of scalar triplets. At the same time the model gives rise to\n", + " neutrino masses in the ballpark of oscillation experiments via type II seesaw.\n", + " We discuss possible sources of depletion of asymmetry in the DM and visible\n", + " sectors and solve the relevant Boltzmann equations for quasi-equilibrium decay\n", + " of triplet scalars. A Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain analysis is performed for the\n", + " whole parameter space. The survival of the asymmetry in the dark sector leads\n", + " to inelastic scattering off nuclei. We then apply bayesian statistic to infer\n", + " the model parameters favoured by the current experimental data, in particular\n", + " the DAMA annual modulation and Xenon100 exclusion limit. The latter strongly\n", + " disfavours asymmetric scalar doublet DM of mass $\\mathcal{O}(\\TeV)$ as required\n", + " by DM-$\\bar{\\rm DM}$ oscillations, while an asymmetric vector like fermion\n", + " doublet DM with mass around 100 GeV is a good candidate for DAMA annual\n", + " modulation yet satisfying the constraints from Xenon100 data.,\n", + " We develop a new formalism for the Quantum Master Equation $\\Delta\n", + " e^{S/\\hbar} = 0$ and the category of ${\\rm IBL}_\\infty$-algebras and simplify\n", + " some homotopical algebra arising in the context of oriented surfaces with\n", + " boundary. We introduce and study a category of MV-algebras, which, on the one\n", + " hand, contains such important categories as those of ${\\rm\n", + " IBL}_\\infty$-algebras and ${\\rm L}_\\infty$-algebras, and on the other hand, is\n", + " homotopically trivial, in particular allowing for a simple solution of the\n", + " quantum master equation. We also present geometric interpretation of our\n", + " results.,\n", + " We present a probabilistic model for constraint-based grammars and a method\n", + " for estimating the parameters of such models from incomplete, i.e., unparsed\n", + " data. Whereas methods exist to estimate the parameters of probabilistic\n", + " context-free grammars from incomplete data (Baum 1970), so far for\n", + " probabilistic grammars involving context-dependencies only parameter estimation\n", + " techniques from complete, i.e., fully parsed data have been presented (Abney\n", + " 1997). However, complete-data estimation requires labor-intensive, error-prone,\n", + " and grammar-specific hand-annotating of large language corpora. We present a\n", + " log-linear probability model for constraint logic programming, and a general\n", + " algorithm to estimate the parameters of such models from incomplete data by\n", + " extending the estimation algorithm of Della-Pietra, Della-Pietra, and Lafferty\n", + " (1997) to incomplete data settings.,\n", + " Massive amounts of fake news and conspiratorial content have spread over\n", + " social media before and after the 2016 US Presidential Elections despite\n", + " intense fact-checking efforts. How do the spread of misinformation and\n", + " fact-checking compete? What are the structural and dynamic characteristics of\n", + " the core of the misinformation diffusion network, and who are its main\n", + " purveyors? How to reduce the overall amount of misinformation? To explore these\n", + " questions we built Hoaxy, an open platform that enables large-scale, systematic\n", + " studies of how misinformation and fact-checking spread and compete on Twitter.\n", + " Hoaxy filters public tweets that include links to unverified claims or\n", + " fact-checking articles. We perform k-core decomposition on a diffusion network\n", + " obtained from two million retweets produced by several hundred thousand\n", + " accounts over the six months before the election. As we move from the periphery\n", + " to the core of the network, fact-checking nearly disappears, while social bots\n", + " proliferate. The number of users in the main core reaches equilibrium around\n", + " the time of the election, with limited churn and increasingly dense\n", + " connections. We conclude by quantifying how effectively the network can be\n", + " disrupted by penalizing the most central nodes. These findings provide a first\n", + " look at the anatomy of a massive online misinformation diffusion network.,\n", + " I present a simple derivation of the de Gennes narrowing phenomenon.,\n", + " The circllhist histogram is a fast and memory efficient data structure for\n", + " summarizing large numbers of latency measurements. It is particularly suited\n", + " for applications in IT infrastructure monitoring, and provides nano-second data\n", + " insertion, full mergeability, accurate approximation of quantiles with a-priori\n", + " bounds on the relative error.\n", + " Open-source implementations are available for\n", + " C/lua/python/Go/Java/JavaScript.,\n", + " We set up recursion relations for calculating all even moments of the\n", + " end-to-end distance of a Porod-Kratky wormlike chains in $D$ dimensions. From\n", + " these moments we derive a simple analytic expression for the end-to-end\n", + " distribution in three dimensions valid for all peristence lengths. It is in\n", + " excellent agreement with Monte Carlo data for stiff chains and goes properly\n", + " over into the Gaussian random-walk distributions for low stiffness.,\n", + " Using the integral field unit (IFU) data from Mapping Nearby Galaxies at\n", + " Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, we select a sample of 101 galaxies\n", + " with counter-rotating stellar disks and regularly-rotating ionized gas disk. We\n", + " classify the 101 galaxies into four types based on the features of their\n", + " stellar velocity fields. The relative fractions and stellar population age\n", + " radial gradients of the four types are different in blue cloud (BC), green\n", + " valley (GV) and red sequence (RS) populations. We suggest different formation\n", + " scenarios for the counter-rotating stellar disks, and the key factors in the\n", + " formation of counter-rotating stellar disks include: (1) the abundance of\n", + " pre-existing gas in progenitor, (2) the efficiency in angular momentum\n", + " consumption.,\n", + " In a previous work we have demonstrated a novel numerical model for the point\n", + " spread function (PSF) of an optical system that can efficiently model both\n", + " experimental measurements and lens design simulations of the PSF. The novelty\n", + " lies in the portability and the parameterization of this model, which allows\n", + " for completely new ways to validate optical systems, which is especially\n", + " interesting for mass production optics like in the automotive industry, but\n", + " also for ophtalmology. The numerical basis for this model is a non-linear\n", + " regression of the PSF with an artificial neural network (ANN). In this work we\n", + " examine two important aspects of this model: the spatial resolution and the\n", + " accuracy of the model. Measurement and simulation of a PSF can have a much\n", + " higher resolution then the typical pixel size used in current camera sensors,\n", + " especially those for the automotive industry. We discuss the influence this has\n", + " on on the topology of the ANN and the final application where the modeled PSF\n", + " is actually used. Another important influence on the accuracy of the trained\n", + " ANN is the error metric which is used during training. The PSF is a distinctly\n", + " non-linear function, which varies strongly over field and defocus, but\n", + " nonetheless exhibits strong symmetries and spatial relations. Therefore we\n", + " examine different distance and similarity measures and discuss its influence on\n", + " the modeling performance of the ANN.,\n", + " While idiosyncrasies of the Chinese classifier system have been a richly\n", + " studied topic among linguists (Adams and Conklin, 1973; Erbaugh, 1986; Lakoff,\n", + " 1986), not much work has been done to quantify them with statistical methods.\n", + " In this paper, we introduce an information-theoretic approach to measuring\n", + " idiosyncrasy; we examine how much the uncertainty in Mandarin Chinese\n", + " classifiers can be reduced by knowing semantic information about the nouns that\n", + " the classifiers modify. Using the empirical distribution of classifiers from\n", + " the parsed Chinese Gigaword corpus (Graff et al., 2005), we compute the mutual\n", + " information (in bits) between the distribution over classifiers and\n", + " distributions over other linguistic quantities. We investigate whether semantic\n", + " classes of nouns and adjectives differ in how much they reduce uncertainty in\n", + " classifier choice, and find that it is not fully idiosyncratic; while there are\n", + " no obvious trends for the majority of semantic classes, shape nouns reduce\n", + " uncertainty in classifier choice the most.,\n", + " We derive expansions of the resolvent\n", + " Rn(x;y;t)=(Qn(x;t)Pn(y;t)-Qn(y;t)Pn(x;t))/(x-y) of the Hermite kernel Kn at the\n", + " edge of the spectrum of the finite n Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUEn) and the\n", + " finite n expansion of Qn(x;t) and Pn(x;t). Using these large n expansions, we\n", + " give another proof of the derivation of an Edgeworth type theorem for the\n", + " largest eigenvalue distribution function of GUEn. We conclude with a brief\n", + " discussion on the derivation of the probability distribution function of the\n", + " corresponding largest eigenvalue in the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOEn) and\n", + " Gaussian Symplectic Ensembles (GSEn).,\n", + " We present a method enabling a large number of agents to learn how to flock,\n", + " which is a natural behavior observed in large populations of animals. This\n", + " problem has drawn a lot of interest but requires many structural assumptions\n", + " and is tractable only in small dimensions. We phrase this problem as a Mean\n", + " Field Game (MFG), where each individual chooses its acceleration depending on\n", + " the population behavior. Combining Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) and\n", + " Normalizing Flows (NF), we obtain a tractable solution requiring only very weak\n", + " assumptions. Our algorithm finds a Nash Equilibrium and the agents adapt their\n", + " velocity to match the neighboring flock's average one. We use Fictitious Play\n", + " and alternate: (1) computing an approximate best response with Deep RL, and (2)\n", + " estimating the next population distribution with NF. We show numerically that\n", + " our algorithm learn multi-group or high-dimensional flocking with obstacles.,\n", + " We report on progress of a lattice QCD calculation of the $B\\to Dl\\nu$ and\n", + " $B_s\\to D_s l\\nu$ semileptonic form factors. We use a relativistic staggered\n", + " action (HISQ) for light and charm quarks, and an improved non-relativistic\n", + " (NRQCD) action for bottom, on the second generation MILC ensembles.,\n", + " We study the irreversible aggregation of films of patchy spherical colloids\n", + " with directional and selective interactions. We report a crossover of the\n", + " interfacial roughening from the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) to the KPZ with\n", + " quenched disorder (KPZQ) universality class when the difference between the\n", + " strong and weak bonds is sufficiently large. We calculate the critical\n", + " exponents and identify the crossover between the two regimes.,\n", + " Many species of ants forage by building up two files: an outbound one moving\n", + " from the nest to the foraging area, and a nestbound one, returning from it to\n", + " the nest. Those files are eventually submitted to different threats. If the\n", + " danger is concentrated at one point of the file, one might expect that ants\n", + " returning to the nest will pass danger information to their nestmates moving in\n", + " the opposite direction towards the danger area. In this paper, we construct\n", + " simple cellular automata models for foraging ants submitted to localized\n", + " abduction, were danger information is transmitted using different protocols,\n", + " including the possibility of no transmission. The parameters we have used in\n", + " the simulations have been estimated from actual experiments under natural\n", + " conditions. So, it would be easy to test our information-transmission hypothese\n", + " in real experiments. Preliminary experimental results published elsewhere\n", + " suggest that the behavior of foraging ants of the species Atta insularis is\n", + " best described using the hypothesis of no transmission of danger information.,\n", + " Because obesity is a risk factor for many serious illnesses such as diabetes,\n", + " better understandings of obesity and eating disorders have been attracting\n", + " attention in neurobiology, psychiatry, and neuroeconomics. This paper presents\n", + " future study directions by unifying (i) economic theory of addiction and\n", + " obesity (Becker and Murphy, 1988; Levy 2002; Dragone 2009), and (ii) recent\n", + " empirical findings in neuroeconomics and neurobiology of obesity and addiction.\n", + " It is suggested that neurobiological substrates such as adiponectin, dopamine\n", + " (D2 receptors), endocannabinoids, ghrelin, leptin, nesfatin-1, norepinephrine,\n", + " orexin, oxytocin, serotonin, vasopressin, CCK, GLP-1, MCH, PYY, and stress\n", + " hormones (e.g., CRF) in the brain (e.g., OFC, VTA, NAcc, and the hypothalamus)\n", + " may determine parameters in the economic theory of obesity. Also, the\n", + " importance of introducing time-inconsistent and gain/loss-asymmetrical temporal\n", + " discounting (intertemporal choice) models based on Tsallis' statistics and\n", + " incorporating time-perception parameters into the neuroeconomic theory is\n", + " emphasized. Future directions in the application of the theory to studies in\n", + " neuroeconomics and neuropsychiatry of obesity at the molecular level, which may\n", + " help medical/psychopharmacological treatments of obesity (e.g., with\n", + " sibutramine), are discussed.,\n", + " Mobile robots are increasingly populating homes, hospitals, shopping malls,\n", + " factory floors, and other human environments. Human society has social norms\n", + " that people mutually accept; obeying these norms is an essential signal that\n", + " someone is participating socially with respect to the rest of the population.\n", + " For robots to be socially compatible with humans, it is crucial for robots to\n", + " obey these social norms. In prior work, we demonstrated a Socially-Aware\n", + " Navigation (SAN) planner, based on Pareto Concavity Elimination Transformation\n", + " (PaCcET), in a hallway scenario, optimizing two objectives so that the robot\n", + " does not invade the personal space of people. This paper extends our PaCcET\n", + " based SAN planner to multiple scenarios with more than two objectives. We\n", + " modified the Robot Operating System's (ROS) navigation stack to include PaCcET\n", + " in the local planning task. We show that our approach can accommodate multiple\n", + " Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) scenarios. Using the proposed approach, we\n", + " achieved successful HRI in multiple scenarios like hallway interactions, an art\n", + " gallery, waiting in a queue, and interacting with a group. We implemented our\n", + " method on a simulated PR2 robot in a 2D simulator (Stage) and a pioneer-3DX\n", + " mobile robot in the real-world to validate all the scenarios. A comprehensive\n", + " set of experiments shows that our approach can handle multiple interaction\n", + " scenarios on both holonomic and non-holonomic robots; hence, it can be a viable\n", + " option for a Unified Socially-Aware Navigation (USAN).,\n", + " This paper presents an automatic method to evaluate the naturalness of\n", + " natural language generation in dialogue systems. While this task was previously\n", + " rendered through expensive and time-consuming human labor, we present this\n", + " novel task of automatic naturalness evaluation of generated language. By\n", + " fine-tuning the BERT model, our proposed naturalness evaluation method shows\n", + " robust results and outperforms the baselines: support vector machines,\n", + " bi-directional LSTMs, and BLEURT. In addition, the training speed and\n", + " evaluation performance of naturalness model are improved by transfer learning\n", + " from quality and informativeness linguistic knowledge.,\n", + " In transportation networks, where traffic lights have traditionally been used\n", + " for vehicle coordination, intersections act as natural bottlenecks. A\n", + " formidable challenge for existing automated intersections lies in detecting and\n", + " reasoning about uncertainty from the operating environment and human-driven\n", + " vehicles. In this paper, we propose a risk-aware intelligent intersection\n", + " system for autonomous vehicles (AVs) as well as human-driven vehicles (HVs). We\n", + " cast the problem as a novel class of Multi-agent Chance-Constrained Stochastic\n", + " Shortest Path (MCC-SSP) problems and devise an exact Integer Linear Programming\n", + " (ILP) formulation that is scalable in the number of agents' interaction points\n", + " (e.g., potential collision points at the intersection). In particular, when the\n", + " number of agents within an interaction point is small, which is often the case\n", + " in intersections, the ILP has a polynomial number of variables and constraints.\n", + " To further improve the running time performance, we show that the collision\n", + " risk computation can be performed offline. Additionally, a trajectory\n", + " optimization workflow is provided to generate risk-aware trajectories for any\n", + " given intersection. The proposed framework is implemented in CARLA simulator\n", + " and evaluated under a fully autonomous intersection with AVs only as well as in\n", + " a hybrid setup with a signalized intersection for HVs and an intelligent scheme\n", + " for AVs. As verified via simulations, the featured approach improves\n", + " intersection's efficiency by up to $200\\%$ while also conforming to the\n", + " specified tunable risk threshold.,\n", + " We consider effects of coloured scalar mediators in decays $c\\to u \\, {\\it\n", + " invisibles}$. In particular, in these processes, as invisibles, we consider\n", + " massive right-handed fermions. The coloured scalar $\\bar S_1\\equiv (\\bar 3, 1,\n", + " -2/3)$, due to its coupling to weak singlets up-quarks and invisible\n", + " right-handed fermions ($\\chi$), is particularly interesting. Then, we consider\n", + " $\\tilde R_2 \\equiv (\\bar 3, 2, 1/6)$, which as a weak doublet is a subject of\n", + " severe low-energy constraints. The $\\chi$ mass is considered in the range $(m_K\n", + " - m_\\pi)/2\\leq m_\\chi \\leq (m_D - m_\\pi)/2$. We determine branching ratios for\n", + " $D\\to \\chi \\bar \\chi$, $D\\to \\chi \\bar \\chi \\gamma$ and $D\\to \\pi \\chi \\chi$\n", + " for several $\\chi$ masses, using most constraining bounds. For $\\bar S_1$, the\n", + " most constraining is $D^0 -\\bar D^0$ mixing, while in the case of $\\tilde R_2$\n", + " the strongest constraint comes from $B\\to K {\\it missing\\, energy}$ . We find\n", + " in decays mediated by $\\bar S_1$ that branching ratios can be $\\mathcal B(D\\to\n", + " \\chi \\bar \\chi)< 10^{-8}$ for $m_\\chi=0.8$ GeV, $\\mathcal B(D\\to \\chi \\bar \\chi\n", + " \\gamma) \\sim 10^{-8}$ for $m_\\chi=0.18$ GeV, while $\\mathcal B(D^+ \\to \\pi^+\n", + " \\chi \\bar \\chi )$ can reach $ \\sim 10^{-8}$ for $m_\\chi=0.18$ GeV. In the case\n", + " of $\\tilde R_2$ these decay rates are very suppressed. We find that future\n", + " tau-charm factories and Belle II experiments offer good opportunities to search\n", + " for such processes. Both $\\bar S_1$ and $\\tilde R_2$ might have masses within\n", + " LHC reach.,\n", + " We observed supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) with the Space Telescope Imaging\n", + " Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1999 September, and\n", + " again with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the HST in 2003 November.\n", + " No point source is observed in the remnant. We obtain a limiting flux of F_opt\n", + " < 1.6 x 10^{-14} ergs/s/cm^2 in the wavelength range 2900-9650 Angstroms for\n", + " any continuum emitter at the center of the supernova remnant (SNR). It is\n", + " likely that the SNR contains opaque dust that absorbs UV and optical emission,\n", + " resulting in an attenuation of ~35% due to dust absorption in the SNR. Taking\n", + " into account dust absorption in the remnant, we find a limit of L_opt < 8 x\n", + " 10^{33} ergs/s. We compare this upper bound with empirical evidence from point\n", + " sources in other supernova remnants, and with theoretical models for possible\n", + " compact sources. Bright young pulsars such as Kes 75 or the Crab pulsar are\n", + " excluded by optical and X-ray limits on SN 1987A. Of the young pulsars known to\n", + " be associated with SNRs, those with ages < 5000 years are all too bright in\n", + " X-rays to be compatible with the limits on SN 1987A. Examining theoretical\n", + " models for accretion onto a compact object, we find that spherical accretion\n", + " onto a neutron star is firmly ruled out, and that spherical accretion onto a\n", + " black hole is possible only if there is a larger amount of dust absorption in\n", + " the remnant than predicted. In the case of thin-disk accretion, our flux limit\n", + " requires a small disk, no larger than 10^{10} cm, with an accretion rate no\n", + " more than 0.3 times the Eddington accretion rate. Possible ways to hide a\n", + " surviving compact object include the removal of all surrounding material at\n", + " early times by a photon-driven wind, a small accretion disk, or very high\n", + " levels of dust absorption in the remnant.,\n", + " We discuss order 1/m_b^4 and 1/m_b^5 corrections in inclusive semileptonic\n", + " decay of a $B$ meson. We identify relevant hadronic matrix elements of\n", + " dimension seven and eight and estimate them using the ground-state saturation\n", + " approximation. Within this approach the effects on the integrated rate and on\n", + " kinematic moments are estimated. The overall relative shift in V_{cb} turns out\n", + " about +0.4% as applied to the existing fits. Similar estimates are presented\n", + " for B -> X_s+\\gamma decays.,\n", + " We establish sharp-in-time kernel and dispersive estimates for the\n", + " Schr\\\"odinger equation on non-compact Riemannian symmetric spaces of any rank.\n", + " Due to the particular geometry at infinity and the Kunze-Stein phenomenon,\n", + " these properties are more pronounced in large time and enable us to prove the\n", + " global-in-time Strichartz inequality for a larger family of admissible couples\n", + " than in the Euclidean case. Consequently, we obtain the global well-posedness\n", + " for the corresponding semilinear equation with lower regularity data and some\n", + " scattering properties for small powers which are known to fail in the Euclidean\n", + " setting. The crucial kernel estimates are achieved by combining the stationary\n", + " phase method based on a subtle barycentric decomposition, a subordination\n", + " formula of the Schr\\\"odinger group to the wave propagator and an improved\n", + " Hadamard parametrix.,\n", + " Controlling the global statuses of a network by its local dynamic parameters\n", + " is an important issue, and it is difficult to obtain the direct solution for.\n", + " The transformation method, which is originally used to control physical field\n", + " by designing material parameters, is proposed to obtain the necessary local\n", + " dynamic parameters when the global statuses of a network system are prescribed\n", + " in a space. The feasibility of this transformation method is demonstrated and\n", + " verified by two examples (a communication field cloak and a communication field\n", + " bender) in the network system. It is shown that the global system state can be\n", + " controlled by adjusting the local nodes dynamics with the transformation\n", + " method. Simulation results also show that the transformation method provides a\n", + " powerful, intuitive and direct way for the global statuses controlling of\n", + " network systems.,\n", + " If $D$ is the definite quaternion algebra over $\\qu$ of discriminant $p$, we\n", + " compute, for any prime $p>3$, the number of infinite dimensional cusp forms on\n", + " $D^*$ which are trivial at infinity, tamely ramified at $p$, and have given\n", + " conductor $N$ away from $p$. We include a detail explanation of a Deuring--type\n", + " correspondence between supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic $p$ and\n", + " a certain double coset arising from the adelic points of $D^*$.,\n", + " We raise the following general question regarding a ring graded by a group:\n", + " \"If $P$ is a ring-theoretic property, how does one define the graded version\n", + " $P_{\\operatorname{gr}}$ of the property $P$ in a meaningful way?\". Some\n", + " properties of rings have straightforward and unambiguous generalizations to\n", + " their graded versions and these generalizations satisfy all the matching\n", + " properties of the nongraded case. If $P$ is either being unit-regular, having\n", + " stable range 1 or being directly finite, that is not the case. The first part\n", + " of the paper addresses this issue. Searching for appropriate generalizations,\n", + " we consider graded versions of cancellation, internal cancellation,\n", + " substitution, and module-theoretic direct finiteness.\n", + " In the second part of the paper, we turn to Leavitt path algebras. If $K$ is\n", + " a trivially graded field and $E$ is an oriented graph, the Leavitt path algebra\n", + " $L_K(E)$ is naturally graded by the ring of integers. If $E$ is a finite graph,\n", + " we present a property of $E$ which is equivalent with $L_K(E)$ being graded\n", + " unit-regular. This property critically depends on the lengths of paths to\n", + " cycles making it stand out from other known graph conditions which characterize\n", + " algebraic properties of $L_K(E).$ It also further illustrates that graded\n", + " unit-regularity is quite restrictive in comparison to the alternative\n", + " generalization of unit-regularity which we consider in the first part of the\n", + " paper.,\n", + " We examine the decoherence of an asymmetric two-qubit system that is coupled\n", + " via a tunable interaction term to a common bath or two individual baths of\n", + " harmonic oscillators. The dissipative dynamics are evaluated using the\n", + " Bloch-Redfield formalism. It is shown that the behaviour of the decoherence\n", + " effects is affected mostly by different symmetries between the qubit operator\n", + " which is coupled to the environment and temperature, whereas the differences\n", + " between the two bath configurations are very small. Moreover, it is elaborated\n", + " that small imperfections of the qubit parameters do not lead to a drastic\n", + " enhancement of the decoherence rates.,\n", + " A version of Gromov's cup product lemma in which one factor is the (1,0)-part\n", + " of the differential of a continuous plurisubharmonic function is obtained. As\n", + " an application, it is shown that a connected noncompact complete Kaehler\n", + " manifold that has exactly one end and admits a continuous plurisubharmonic\n", + " function that is strictly plurisubharmonic along some germ of a 2-dimensional\n", + " complex analytic set at some point has the Bochner-Hartogs property; that is,\n", + " the first compactly supported cohomology with values in the structure sheaf\n", + " vanishes.,\n", + " Thermal noise usually dominates the low-frequency region of the optical phase\n", + " noise of soliton microcombs, leading to decoherence and limiting many aspects\n", + " of applications. In this work, we demonstrate a simple and reliable way to\n", + " mitigate this noise by laser cooling with the pump laser. The key is rendering\n", + " the pump laser to simultaneously excite two neighboring cavity modes from\n", + " different families that are respectively red and blue detuned, one for soliton\n", + " generation and the other one for laser cooling.,\n", + " This paper proposes a distributed Gaussian process regression (GPR) with\n", + " over-the-air computation, termed AirComp GPR, for communication- and\n", + " computation-efficient data analysis over wireless networks. GPR is a\n", + " non-parametric regression method that can model the target flexibly. However,\n", + " its computational complexity and communication efficiency tend to be\n", + " significant as the number of data increases. AirComp GPR focuses on that\n", + " product-of-experts-based GPR approximates the exact GPR by a sum of values\n", + " reported from distributed nodes. We introduce AirComp for the training and\n", + " prediction steps to allow the nodes to transmit their local computation results\n", + " simultaneously; the communication strategies are presented, including\n", + " distributed training based on perfect and statistical channel state information\n", + " cases. Applying to a radio map construction task, we demonstrate that AirComp\n", + " GPR speeds up the computation time while maintaining the communication cost in\n", + " training constant regardless of the numbers of data and nodes.,\n", + " The COVID-19 pandemic (SARS-CoV-2 virus) is the defying global health crisis\n", + " of our time. The absence of mass testing and the relevant presence of\n", + " asymptomatic individuals causes the available data of the COVID-19 pandemic in\n", + " Brazil to be largely under-reported regarding the number of infected\n", + " individuals and deaths. We propose an adapted Susceptible-Infected-Recovered\n", + " (SIR) model which explicitly incorporates the under-reporting and the response\n", + " of the population to public policies (such as confinement measures, widespread\n", + " use of masks, etc) to cast short-term and long-term predictions. Large amounts\n", + " of uncertainty could provide misleading models and predictions. In this paper,\n", + " we discuss the role of uncertainty in these prediction, which is illustrated\n", + " regarding three key aspects. First, assuming that the number of infected\n", + " individuals is under-reported, we demonstrate an anticipation regarding the\n", + " peak of infection. Furthermore, while a model with a single class of infected\n", + " individuals yields forecasts with increased peaks, a model that considers both\n", + " symptomatic and asymptomatic infected individuals suggests a decrease of the\n", + " peak of symptomatic. Second, considering that the actual amount of deaths is\n", + " larger than what is being register, then demonstrate the increase of the\n", + " mortality rates. Third, when consider generally under-reported data, we\n", + " demonstrate how the transmission and recovery rate model parameters change\n", + " qualitatively and quantitatively. We also investigate the effect of the\n", + " \"COVID-19 under-reporting tripod\", i.e. the under-reporting in terms of\n", + " infected individuals, of deaths and the true mortality rate. If two of these\n", + " factors are known, the remainder can be inferred, as long as proportions are\n", + " kept constant. The proposed approach allows one to determine the margins of\n", + " uncertainty by assessments on the observed and true mortality rates.,\n", + " We study self-sustained oscillations (SO) in a Nb superconducting stripline\n", + " resonators (SSR) integrated with a DC superconducting quantum interface devices\n", + " (SQUID). We find that both the power threshold where these oscillations start\n", + " and the oscillations frequency are periodic in the applied magnetic flux\n", + " threading the SQUID loop. A theoretical model which attributes the SO to a\n", + " thermal instability in the DC-SQUID yields a good agreement with the\n", + " experimental results. This flux dependant nonlinearity may be used for quantum\n", + " state reading of a qubit-SSR integrated device.,\n", + " As spiking-based deep learning inference applications are increasing in\n", + " embedded systems, these systems tend to integrate neuromorphic accelerators\n", + " such as $\\mu$Brain to improve energy efficiency. We propose a $\\mu$Brain-based\n", + " scalable many-core neuromorphic hardware design to accelerate the computations\n", + " of spiking deep convolutional neural networks (SDCNNs). To increase energy\n", + " efficiency, cores are designed to be heterogeneous in terms of their neuron and\n", + " synapse capacity (big cores have higher capacity than the little ones), and\n", + " they are interconnected using a parallel segmented bus interconnect, which\n", + " leads to lower latency and energy compared to a traditional mesh-based\n", + " Network-on-Chip (NoC). We propose a system software framework called SentryOS\n", + " to map SDCNN inference applications to the proposed design. SentryOS consists\n", + " of a compiler and a run-time manager. The compiler compiles an SDCNN\n", + " application into subnetworks by exploiting the internal architecture of big and\n", + " little $\\mu$Brain cores. The run-time manager schedules these sub-networks onto\n", + " cores and pipeline their execution to improve throughput. We evaluate the\n", + " proposed big little many-core neuromorphic design and the system software\n", + " framework with five commonlyused SDCNN inference applications and show that the\n", + " proposed solution reduces energy (between 37% and 98%), reduces latency\n", + " (between 9% and 25%), and increases application throughput (between 20% and\n", + " 36%). We also show that SentryOS can be easily extended for other spiking\n", + " neuromorphic accelerators.,\n", + " Tensor networks have in recent years emerged as the powerful tools for\n", + " solving the large-scale optimization problems. One of the most popular tensor\n", + " network is tensor train (TT) decomposition that acts as the building blocks for\n", + " the complicated tensor networks. However, the TT decomposition highly depends\n", + " on permutations of tensor dimensions, due to its strictly sequential\n", + " multilinear products over latent cores, which leads to difficulties in finding\n", + " the optimal TT representation. In this paper, we introduce a fundamental tensor\n", + " decomposition model to represent a large dimensional tensor by a circular\n", + " multilinear products over a sequence of low dimensional cores, which can be\n", + " graphically interpreted as a cyclic interconnection of 3rd-order tensors, and\n", + " thus termed as tensor ring (TR) decomposition. The key advantage of TR model is\n", + " the circular dimensional permutation invariance which is gained by employing\n", + " the trace operation and treating the latent cores equivalently. TR model can be\n", + " viewed as a linear combination of TT decompositions, thus obtaining the\n", + " powerful and generalized representation abilities. For optimization of latent\n", + " cores, we present four different algorithms based on the sequential SVDs, ALS\n", + " scheme, and block-wise ALS techniques. Furthermore, the mathematical properties\n", + " of TR model are investigated, which shows that the basic multilinear algebra\n", + " can be performed efficiently by using TR representaions and the classical\n", + " tensor decompositions can be conveniently transformed into the TR\n", + " representation. Finally, the experiments on both synthetic signals and\n", + " real-world datasets were conducted to evaluate the performance of different\n", + " algorithms.,\n", + " In this paper we deal with compactifications of affine homology $3$-cells\n", + " into quadric fibrations such that the boundary divisors contain fibers. We show\n", + " that all such affine homology $3$-cells are isomorphic to the affine $3$-space\n", + " $\\mathbb{A}^{3}$. Moreover, we show that all such compactifications can be\n", + " connected by explicit elementary links preserving $\\mathbb{A}^{3}$ to the\n", + " projective $3$-space $\\mathbb{P}^{3}$.,\n", + " We construct bi-local interpolating field operators for baryons consisting of\n", + " three quarks with two flavors, assuming good isospin symmetry. We use the\n", + " restrictions following from the Pauli principle to derive relations/identities\n", + " among the baryon operators with identical quantum numbers. Such relations that\n", + " follow from the combined spatial, Dirac, color, and isospin Fierz\n", + " transformations may be called the (total/complete) Fierz identities. These\n", + " relations reduce the number of independent baryon operators with any given spin\n", + " and isospin. We also study the Abelian and non-Abelian chiral transformation\n", + " properties of these fields and place them into baryon chiral multiplets. Thus\n", + " we derive the independent baryon interpolating fields with given values of spin\n", + " (Lorentz group representation), chiral symmetry ($U_L(2) \\times U_R(2)$ group\n", + " representation) and isospin appropriate for the first angular excited states of\n", + " the nucleon.,\n", + " Machine learning (ML) estimates of conditional average treatment effects\n", + " (CATEs) can be used to inform policy allocation rules, such as treating those\n", + " with a beneficial estimated CATE (\"plug-in policy\"), or searching for a\n", + " decision tree that optimises overall outcomes. Little is known about the\n", + " practical performance of these algorithms in usual settings of policy\n", + " evaluations. We contrast the performance of various policy learning algorithms,\n", + " using synthetic data with varying outcome prevalence (rare vs. not rare),\n", + " positivity violations, extent of treatment effect heterogeneity and sample\n", + " size. For each algorithm, we evaluate the performance of the estimated\n", + " treatment allocation by assessing how far the benefit from a resulting policy\n", + " is from the best possible (\"oracle\") policy. We find that the plug-in policy\n", + " type outperforms tree-based policies, regardless of ML method used.\n", + " Specifically, the tree-based policy class may lead to overly-optimistic\n", + " estimated benefits of a learned policy; i.e., the estimated advantages of\n", + " tree-based policies may be much larger than the true possible maximum\n", + " advantage. Within either policy class, Causal Forests and the\n", + " Normalised-Double-Robust Learner performed best, while Bayesian Additive\n", + " Regression Trees performed worst. Additionally, we find evidence that with\n", + " small sample sizes or in settings where the ratio of covariates to samples is\n", + " high, learning policy trees using CATEs has a better performance than using\n", + " doubly-robust scores. The methods are applied to a case study that investigates\n", + " infant mortality through improved targeting of subsidised health insurance in\n", + " Indonesia.,\n", + " I start with a brief introduction to MOND phenomenology and its possible\n", + " roots in cosmology--a notion that may turn out to be the most far reaching\n", + " aspect of MOND. Next I discuss the implications of MOND for the dark matter\n", + " (DM) doctrine: MOND's successes imply that baryons determine everything. For DM\n", + " this would mean that the puny tail of leftover baryons in galaxies wags the\n", + " hefty DM dog. This has to occur in many intricate ways, and despite the\n", + " haphazard construction history of galaxies--a very tall order. I then\n", + " concentrate on galaxy clusters in light of MOND, which still requires some yet\n", + " undetected cluster dark matter, presumably in some baryonic form (CBDM). This\n", + " CBDM might contribute to the heating of the x-ray emitting gas and thus\n", + " alleviate the cooling-flow puzzle. MOND, qua theory of dynamics, does not\n", + " directly enter the microphysics of the gas; however, it does force a new\n", + " outlook on the role of DM in shaping the cluster gasdynamics: MOND tells us\n", + " that the cluster DM is not cold dark matter, is not so abundant, and is not\n", + " expected in galaxies; it is thus not subject to constraints on baryonic DM in\n", + " galaxies. The mass in CBDM required in a whole cluster is, typically, similar\n", + " to that in hot gas, but is rather more centrally concentrated, totally\n", + " dominating the core. The CBDM contribution to the baryon budget in the universe\n", + " is thus small. Its properties, deduced for isolated clusters, are consistent\n", + " with the observations of the ``bullet cluster''. Its kinetic-energy reservoir\n", + " is much larger than that of the hot gas in the core, and would suffice to keep\n", + " the gas hot for many cooling times. Heating can be effected in various ways\n", + " depending on the exact nature of the CBDM, from very massive black holes to\n", + " cool, compact gas clouds.,\n", + " Various intervention therapies ranging from pharmaceutical to hi-tech\n", + " tailored solutions have been available to treat difficulty in falling asleep\n", + " commonly caused by insomnia in modern life. However, current techniques largely\n", + " remain ill-suited, ineffective, and unreliable due to their lack of precise\n", + " real-time sleep tracking, in-time feedback on the therapies, an ability to keep\n", + " people asleep during the night, and a large-scale effectiveness evaluation.\n", + " Here, we introduce a novel sleep aid system, called Earable, that can\n", + " continuously sense multiple head-based physiological signals and simultaneously\n", + " enable closed-loop auditory stimulation to entrain brain activities in time for\n", + " effective sleep promotion. We develop the system in a lightweight, comfortable,\n", + " and user-friendly headband with a comprehensive set of algorithms and dedicated\n", + " own-designed audio stimuli. We conducted multiple protocols from 883 sleep\n", + " studies on 377 subjects (241 women, 119 men) wearing either a gold-standard\n", + " device (PSG), Earable, or both concurrently. We demonstrate that our system\n", + " achieves (1) a strong correlation (0.89 +/- 0.03) between the physiological\n", + " signals acquired by Earable and those from the gold-standard PSG, (2) an 87.8\n", + " +/- 5.3% agreement on sleep scoring using our automatic real-time sleep staging\n", + " algorithm with the consensus scored by three sleep technicians, and (3) a\n", + " successful non-pharmacological stimulation alternative to effectively shorten\n", + " the duration of sleep falling by 24.1 +/- 0.1 minutes. These results show that\n", + " the efficacy of Earable exceeds existing techniques in intentions to promote\n", + " fast falling asleep, track sleep state accurately, and achieve high social\n", + " acceptance for real-time closed-loop personalized neuromodulation-based home\n", + " sleep care.,\n", + " We give a degree 8 separable extension having two non-isomorphic Hopf-Galois\n", + " structures with isomorphic underlying Hopf algebras.,\n", + " For any quasi-triangular Hopf algebra, there exists the universal R-matrix,\n", + " which satisfies the Yang-Baxter equation. It is known that the adjoint action\n", + " of the universal R-matrix on the elements of the tensor square of the algebra\n", + " constitutes a quantum Yang-Baxter map, which satisfies the set-theoretic\n", + " Yang-Baxter equation. The map has a zero curvature representation among\n", + " L-operators defined as images of the universal R-matrix. We find that the zero\n", + " curvature representation can be solved by the Gauss decomposition of a product\n", + " of L-operators. Thereby obtained a quasi-determinant expression of the quantum\n", + " Yang-Baxter map associated with the quantum algebra $U_{q}(gl(n))$. Moreover,\n", + " the map is identified with products of quasi-Pl\\\"{u}cker coordinates over a\n", + " matrix composed of the L-operators. We also consider the quasi-classical limit,\n", + " where the underlying quantum algebra reduces to a Poisson algebra. The\n", + " quasi-determinant expression of the quantum Yang-Baxter map reduces to ratios\n", + " of determinants, which give a new expression of a classical Yang-Baxter map.,\n", + " We propose a new holonomy formulation for spin foams, which naturally extends\n", + " the theory space of lattice gauge theories. This allows current spin foam\n", + " models to be defined on arbitrary two-complexes as well as to generalize\n", + " current spin foam models to arbitrary, in particular finite groups. The\n", + " similarity with standard lattice gauge theories allows to apply standard coarse\n", + " graining methods, which for finite groups can now be easily considered\n", + " numerically. We will summarize other holonomy and spin network formulations of\n", + " spin foams and group field theories and explain how the different\n", + " representations arise through variable transformations in the partition\n", + " function. A companion paper will provide a description of boundary Hilbert\n", + " spaces as well as a canonical dynamic encoded in transfer operators.,\n", + " The gauge invariant definition of the spin dependent gluon distribution\n", + " function from first principle is necessary to study the proton spin crisis at\n", + " high energy colliders. In this paper we derive the gauge invariant Noether's\n", + " theorem in Yang-Mills theory by using combined Lorentz transformation plus\n", + " local non-abelian gauge transformation. We find that the definition of the\n", + " gauge invariant spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the Yang-Mills field does\n", + " not exist in Yang-Mills theory although the definition of the gauge invariant\n", + " spin (or orbital) angular momentum of the quark exists. We show that the gauge\n", + " invariant definition of the spin angular momentum of the Yang-Mills field in\n", + " the literature is not correct because of the non-vanishing boundary surface\n", + " term in Yang-Mills theory. We also find that the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor in\n", + " Yang-Mills theory is not required to obtain the symmetric and gauge invariant\n", + " energy-momentum tensor of the quark and the Yang-Mills field.,\n", + " We construct bundles of modules of vertex operator algebras, and prove the\n", + " rigidity and vanishing theorem for the Dirac operator on loop space twisted by\n", + " such bundles.\n", + " This result generalizes many previous results.,\n", + " We examine the regularized zero-range model in an application to\n", + " three-fermion systems -- the triton and the hypertriton. We consider bound\n", + " states and low-energy neutron-deuteron and lambda-deuteron scattering. The\n", + " model is shown to provide an adequate quantitative description of these system\n", + " on a par with finite-range potential models. The well known correlation between\n", + " the doublet $nd$ scattering length and the triton binding energy (Phillips\n", + " line) finds a natural explanation within the model.,\n", + " We present the results of a ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter\n", + " observation of the variable radio star \\ls. The source has a power law spectrum\n", + " with photon index 1.1 +/- 0.3 and a luminosity of 5.9 x 10^{33} erg/s in the\n", + " 0.1 -2.4 keV range. Variability on a timescale of days is clearly visible in\n", + " the ROSAT data, but no periodic pulsations have been detected. The low X--ray\n", + " luminosity is difficult to explain in the context of the models involving super\n", + " Eddington accretion which have been proposed to account for the non thermal\n", + " radio outbursts. Though the weak X--ray flux is marginally compatible with the\n", + " levels expected from normal B and Be star winds, the variability and the rather\n", + " hard spectrum are more suggestive of non thermal emission. This might originate\n", + " in a shocked region produced by a young pulsar in orbit around the Be star.,\n", + " We introduce a model of superconductivity and discuss its relation to the\n", + " quantum Hall-effect. This kind of relation is supported by the well known SQUID\n", + " results. The concept of pure gauge potential as it is involved in various\n", + " theoretical models concerning solid state effects in magnetic fields is also\n", + " discussed.,\n", + " We formulate a Bohr-type rotating particle model for three light particles of\n", + " the same rest mass, forming a bound rotational state under the influence of\n", + " their gravitational attraction, in the same way that electrostatic attraction\n", + " leads to the formation of a bound proton-electron state in the classical Bohr\n", + " model of the H atom. By using special relativity, the equivalence principle and\n", + " the de Broglie wavelength equation, we find that when the three rotating\n", + " particles have the rest masses of neutrinos or antineutrinos then surprisingly\n", + " the rest mass of the rotating state has the rest mass of the stable baryons,\n", + " i.e. of the proton and the neutron. This rest mass is due almost exclusively to\n", + " the kinetic energy of the rotating neutrinos. The results are found to be\n", + " consistent with the theory of general relativity. Predictions for the\n", + " properties of these bound rotational states are compared with experimental\n", + " values.,\n", + " Analysis of state reconstruction both classical and quantum mechanical on\n", + " equal footing is outlined. The meaning of \"mutual unbiased bases\" (MUB) of\n", + " Hilbert spaces is explained in detail. An alternative quantum state\n", + " reconstruction, that utilizes mutual unbiased bases (MUB), is given. The MUB\n", + " approach is then used for state reconstruction in a finite, d, dimensional\n", + " Hilbert spaces.,\n", + " We consider locally homogeneous $CR$ manifolds and show that, under a\n", + " condition only depending on their underlying contact structure, their $CR$\n", + " automorphisms form a finite dimensional Lie group.,\n", + " We present a study of binary mixtures of Bose-Einstein condensates confined\n", + " in a double-well potential within the framework of the mean field\n", + " Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We reexamine both the single component and the\n", + " binary mixture cases for such a potential, and we investigate in which\n", + " situations a simpler two-mode approach leads to an accurate description of\n", + " their dynamics. We also estimate the validity of the most usual dimensionality\n", + " reductions used to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equations. To this end, we\n", + " compare both the semi-analytical two-mode approaches and the numerical\n", + " simulations of the 1D reductions with the full 3D numerical solutions of the\n", + " Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Our analysis provides a guide to clarify the\n", + " validity of several simplified models that describe mean field non-linear\n", + " dynamics, using an experimentally feasible binary mixture of an F=1 spinor\n", + " condensate with two of its Zeeman manifolds populated, m=+1 and m=-1.,\n", + " In this paper, we extend a recently introduced multi-fidelity control variate\n", + " for the uncertainty quantification of the Boltzmann equation to the case of\n", + " kinetic models arising in the study of multiagent systems. For these phenomena,\n", + " where the effect of uncertainties is particularly evident, several models have\n", + " been developed whose equilibrium states are typically unknown. In particular,\n", + " we aim to develop efficient numerical methods based on solving the kinetic\n", + " equations in the phase space by Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) coupled to\n", + " a Monte Carlo sampling in the random space. To this end, exploiting the\n", + " knowledge of the corresponding mean-field approximation we develop novel\n", + " mean-field Control Variate (MFCV) methods that are able to strongly reduce the\n", + " variance of the standard Monte Carlo sampling method in the random space. We\n", + " verify these observations with several numerical examples based on classical\n", + " models , including wealth exchanges and opinion formation model for collective\n", + " phenomena.,\n", + " We present a rotationally invariant Hirsch-Fye quantum Monte Carlo algorithm\n", + " in which the spin rotational invariance of Hund's exchange is approximated by\n", + " averaging over all possible directions of the spin quantization axis. We employ\n", + " this technique to perform benchmark calculations for the two- and three-band\n", + " Hubbard models on the infinite-dimensional Bethe lattice. Our results agree\n", + " quantitatively well with those obtained using the continuous-time quantum Monte\n", + " Carlo method with rotationally invariant Coulomb interaction. The proposed\n", + " approach is employed to compute the electronic and magnetic properties of\n", + " paramagnetic $\\alpha$ iron and nickel. The obtained Curie temperatures agree\n", + " well with experiment. Our results indicate that the magnetic transition\n", + " temperature is significantly overestimated by using the density-density type of\n", + " Coulomb interaction.,\n", + " Current theories of nanochannel flow impose no upper bound on flow rates, and\n", + " predict friction through nanochannels can be vanishingly small. We reassess\n", + " neglecting channel entry effects in extremely long channels and find violations\n", + " at the nanoscale. Even in frictionless nanochannels, end effects provide a\n", + " finite amount of friction. Hence, the speed at which nanochannels transport\n", + " liquids is limited. Flow-rate and slip length measurements are reevaluated\n", + " using calculations which include end-effect friction. End effects are critical\n", + " for the design of new technological devices and to understand biological\n", + " transport.,\n", + " This paper introduces cosmoDC2, a large synthetic galaxy catalog designed to\n", + " support precision dark energy science with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope\n", + " (LSST). CosmoDC2 is the starting point for the second data challenge (DC2)\n", + " carried out by the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration (LSST DESC). The\n", + " catalog is based on a trillion-particle, 4.225 Gpc^3 box cosmological N-body\n", + " simulation, the `Outer Rim' run. It covers 440 deg^2 of sky area to a redshift\n", + " of z=3 and is complete to a magnitude depth of 28 in the r-band. Each galaxy is\n", + " characterized by a multitude of properties including stellar mass, morphology,\n", + " spectral energy distributions, broadband filter magnitudes, host halo\n", + " information and weak lensing shear. The size and complexity of cosmoDC2\n", + " requires an efficient catalog generation methodology; our approach is based on\n", + " a new hybrid technique that combines data-driven empirical approaches with\n", + " semi-analytic galaxy modeling. A wide range of observation-based validation\n", + " tests has been implemented to ensure that cosmoDC2 enables the science goals of\n", + " the planned LSST DESC DC2 analyses. This paper also represents the official\n", + " release of the cosmoDC2 data set, including an efficient reader that\n", + " facilitates interaction with the data.,\n", + " The paper is devoted to the relationship between almost limited operators and\n", + " weakly compacts operators. We show that if $F$ is a $\\sigma $-Dedekind complete\n", + " Banach lattice then, every almost limited operator $T:E\\rightarrow F $ is\n", + " weakly compact if and only if $E$ is reflexive or the norm of $F$ is order\n", + " continuous. Also, we show that if $E$ is a $\\sigma $-Dedekind complete Banach\n", + " lattice then the square of every positive almost limited operator $\n", + " T:E\\rightarrow E$ is weakly compact if and only if the norm of $E$ is order\n", + " continuous.,\n", + " We study the fixed point problem for a system of multivariate operators that\n", + " are coordinate-wise monotone (i.e., nondecreasing or nonincreasing in each of\n", + " the variables, independently), in the setting of quasi-ordered sets. We show\n", + " that this problem is equivalent to the fixed point problem for a mixed monotone\n", + " operator that can be explicitly constructed. As a consequence, we obtain a\n", + " criterion for the existence and uniqueness of solution to our problem, in the\n", + " setting of partially ordered metric spaces. To validate our results, we provide\n", + " an application to a first-order differential system with periodic boundary\n", + " value conditions. A direct consequence that follows from our paper is that all\n", + " the separate recent developments on the subject of tripled, quadrupled or\n", + " multidimensional fixed points are but particular aspects of a single, unified\n", + " and much simpler approach.,\n", + " To ensure pedestrian friendly streets in the era of automated vehicles,\n", + " reassessment of current policies, practices, design, rules and regulations of\n", + " urban areas is of importance. This study investigates pedestrian crossing\n", + " behaviour, as an important element of urban dynamics that is expected to be\n", + " affected by the presence of automated vehicles. For this purpose, an\n", + " interpretable machine learning framework is proposed to explore factors\n", + " affecting pedestrians' wait time before crossing mid-block crosswalks in the\n", + " presence of automated vehicles. To collect rich behavioural data, we developed\n", + " a dynamic and immersive virtual reality experiment, with 180 participants from\n", + " a heterogeneous population in 4 different locations in the Greater Toronto Area\n", + " (GTA). Pedestrian wait time behaviour is then analyzed using a data-driven Cox\n", + " Proportional Hazards (CPH) model, in which the linear combination of the\n", + " covariates is replaced by a flexible non-linear deep neural network. The\n", + " proposed model achieved a 5% improvement in goodness of fit, but more\n", + " importantly, enabled us to incorporate a richer set of covariates. A game\n", + " theoretic based interpretability method is used to understand the contribution\n", + " of different covariates to the time pedestrians wait before crossing. Results\n", + " show that the presence of automated vehicles on roads, wider lane widths, high\n", + " density on roads, limited sight distance, and lack of walking habits are the\n", + " main contributing factors to longer wait times. Our study suggested that, to\n", + " move towards pedestrian-friendly urban areas, national level educational\n", + " programs for children, enhanced safety measures for seniors, promotion of\n", + " active modes of transportation, and revised traffic rules and regulations\n", + " should be considered.,\n", + " The irreducible representations of the extended Galilean group are used to\n", + " derive the symmetric and asymmetric wave equations. It is shown that among\n", + " these equations only a new asymmetric wave equation is fundamental. By being\n", + " fundamental the equation gives the most complete description of propagating\n", + " waves as it accounts for the Doppler effect, forward and backward waves, and\n", + " makes the wave speed to be the same in all inertial frames. To demonstrate\n", + " these properties, the equation is applied to acoustic waves propagation in an\n", + " isothermal atmosphere, and to determine Lamb's cutoff frequency.,\n", + " In this paper, we study convex optimization methods for computing the trace\n", + " norm regularized least squares estimate in multivariate linear regression. The\n", + " so-called factor estimation and selection (FES) method, recently proposed by\n", + " Yuan et al. [22], conducts parameter estimation and factor selection\n", + " simultaneously and have been shown to enjoy nice properties in both large and\n", + " finite samples. To compute the estimates, however, can be very challenging in\n", + " practice because of the high dimensionality and the trace norm constraint. In\n", + " this paper, we explore a variant of Nesterov's smooth method [20] and interior\n", + " point methods for computing the penalized least squares estimate. The\n", + " performance of these methods is then compared using a set of randomly generated\n", + " instances. We show that the variant of Nesterov's smooth method [20] generally\n", + " outperforms the interior point method implemented in SDPT3 version 4.0 (beta)\n", + " [19] substantially . Moreover, the former method is much more memory efficient.,\n", + " We show theoretically that, in the limit of weak dispersion, one-dimensional\n", + " (1D) binary centrosymmetric photonic crystals can support topological edge\n", + " modes in all photonic band gaps. By analyzing their bulk band topology, these\n", + " \"harmonic\" topological edge modes can be designed in a way that they exist at\n", + " all photonic band gaps opened at the center of the Brillouin Zone, or at all\n", + " gaps opened at the zone boundaries, or both. The results may suggest a new\n", + " approach to achieve robust multi-frequency coupled modes for applications in\n", + " nonlinear photonics, such as frequency up-conversion.,\n", + " The Casimir interaction energy for a class of discrete self-similar\n", + " configuration of parallel plates is evaluated using existing methods. The\n", + " similarities to characteristics of an attractive Casimir force is deduced only\n", + " at infinite range of configuration. Further, the emergence of Casimir-like\n", + " energy is qualitatively described for a Gaussian model of Landau-Ginzburg\n", + " scalar field. Its relevance to self-similarity in the statistical field is\n", + " shown at infinite range of fluctuations.,\n", + " Stochastic Dual Coordinate Ascent is a popular method for solving regularized\n", + " loss minimization for the case of convex losses. We describe variants of SDCA\n", + " that do not require explicit regularization and do not rely on duality. We\n", + " prove linear convergence rates even if individual loss functions are\n", + " non-convex, as long as the expected loss is strongly convex.,\n", + " Many methods to explain black-box models, whether local or global, are\n", + " additive. In this paper, we study global additive explanations for non-additive\n", + " models, focusing on four explanation methods: partial dependence, Shapley\n", + " explanations adapted to a global setting, distilled additive explanations, and\n", + " gradient-based explanations. We show that different explanation methods\n", + " characterize non-additive components in a black-box model's prediction function\n", + " in different ways. We use the concepts of main and total effects to anchor\n", + " additive explanations, and quantitatively evaluate additive and non-additive\n", + " explanations. Even though distilled explanations are generally the most\n", + " accurate additive explanations, non-additive explanations such as tree\n", + " explanations that explicitly model non-additive components tend to be even more\n", + " accurate. Despite this, our user study showed that machine learning\n", + " practitioners were better able to leverage additive explanations for various\n", + " tasks. These considerations should be taken into account when considering which\n", + " explanation to trust and use to explain black-box models.,\n", + " Quantization of BKP type equations are done through the Moyal bracket and the\n", + " formalism of pseudo-differential operators. It is shown that a variant of the\n", + " dressing operator can also be constructed for such quantized systems.,\n", + " We characterize the performance of a backscatter tag-to-tag (T2T) multi-hop\n", + " network. For this, we developed a discrete component-based backscatter T2T\n", + " transceiver and a communication protocol suite. The protocol composed of a\n", + " novel (i) flooding-based link control tailored towards backscatter\n", + " transmission, and (ii) low-power listening MAC. The MAC design is based on the\n", + " new insight that backscatter reception is more energy costly than transmission.\n", + " Our experiments show that multi-hopping extends the coverage of backscatter\n", + " networks by enabling longer backward T2T links (tag far from the exciter\n", + " sending to the tag close to the exciter). Four hops, for example, extend the\n", + " communication range by a factor of two. Furthermore, we show that dead spots in\n", + " multi-hop T2T networks are far less significant than those in the single-hop\n", + " T2T networks.,\n", + " We study short-range ferromagnetic models residing on planar manifolds with\n", + " global negative curvature. We show that the local metric properties of the\n", + " embedding surface induce droplet formation from the boundary, resulting in the\n", + " stability of a Griffiths phase at a temperature lower than that of the bulk\n", + " transition. We propose that this behavior is independent of order parameter and\n", + " hyperlattice specifics, and thus is universal for such non-Euclidean spin\n", + " models. Their temperature-curvature phase diagrams are characterized by two\n", + " distinct bulk and boundary transitions; each has mean-field critical behavior\n", + " and a finite correlation length related to the curvature of the embedding\n", + " surface. The implications for experiments on superconducting hyperlattice\n", + " networks are also discussed.,\n", + " Let $u\\in C([0,T^{\\ast}[;L^{n}(\\mathbb{R}% ^{n})^{n})$ be a maximal solution\n", + " of the Navier-Stokes equations. We prove that $u$ is $C^{\\infty}$ on\n", + " $]0,T^{\\ast}[\\times \\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and there exists a constant $\\varepsilon\n", + " _{\\ast}>0$, which depends only on $n,$ such that if $T^{\\ast}$ is finite then,\n", + " for all $\\omega \\in S(\\mathbb{R}% ^{n})^{n},$ we have $\\overline{\\lim_{t\\to\n", + " T^{\\ast}}}\\Vert u(t)-\\omega \\Vert_{\\mathbf{B}_{\\infty}^{-1,\\infty}}\\geq\n", + " \\varepsilon_{\\ast}.$,\n", + " Driven by a large number of potential applications in areas like\n", + " bioinformatics, information retrieval and social network analysis, the problem\n", + " setting of inferring relations between pairs of data objects has recently been\n", + " investigated quite intensively in the machine learning community. To this end,\n", + " current approaches typically consider datasets containing crisp relations, so\n", + " that standard classification methods can be adopted. However, relations between\n", + " objects like similarities and preferences are often expressed in a graded\n", + " manner in real-world applications. A general kernel-based framework for\n", + " learning relations from data is introduced here. It extends existing approaches\n", + " because both crisp and graded relations are considered, and it unifies existing\n", + " approaches because different types of graded relations can be modeled,\n", + " including symmetric and reciprocal relations. This framework establishes\n", + " important links between recent developments in fuzzy set theory and machine\n", + " learning. Its usefulness is demonstrated through various experiments on\n", + " synthetic and real-world data.,\n", + " A cost-effective QKD transmitter is evaluated in a 16km reach, 2:16-split PON\n", + " and yields 5.10-7secure bits/pulse. Co-existence with 20 down-and 1 upstream\n", + " channel is possible at low QBER degradation of 0.93% and 1.1%.,\n", + " Using the field theoretical approach introduced by Cremades, Ibanez and\n", + " Marchesano for describing open strings attached to D9 branes having different\n", + " magnetizations, we give a procedure for determining the Kaehler metrics of\n", + " those open strings in toroidal compactifications.,\n", + " A Wigner crystal formed with trapped ion can undergo structural phase\n", + " transition, which is determined only by the mechanical conditions on a\n", + " classical level. Instead of this classical result, we show that through\n", + " consideration of quantum and thermal fluctuation, a structural phase transition\n", + " can be solely driven by change of the system's temperature. We determine a\n", + " finite-temperature phase diagram for trapped ions using the renormalization\n", + " group method and the path integral formalism, and propose an experimental\n", + " scheme to observe the predicted temperature-driven structural phase transition,\n", + " which is well within the reach of the current ion trap technology.,\n", + " Mergers of stellar-mass black holes (BHs), such as GW150914 observed by LIGO,\n", + " are not expected to have electromagnetic counterparts. However, the Fermi GBM\n", + " detector identified of a gamma-ray transient 0.4 s after the gravitational wave\n", + " (GW) signal GW150914 with consistent sky localization. I show that the two\n", + " signals might be related if the BH binary detected by LIGO originated from two\n", + " clumps in a dumbbell configuration that formed when the core of a rapidly\n", + " rotating massive star collapsed. In that case, the BH binary merger was\n", + " followed by a gamma-ray burst (GRB) from a jet that originated in the accretion\n", + " flow around the remnant BH. A future detection of a GRB afterglow could be used\n", + " to determine the redshift and precise localization of the source. A population\n", + " of standard GW sirens with GRB redshifts would provide a new approach for\n", + " precise measurements of cosmological distances as a function of redshift.,\n", + " We present optical-line gas metallicity diagnostics established by the\n", + " combination of local SDSS galaxies and the largest compilation of extremely\n", + " metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) including new EMPGs identified by the Subaru\n", + " EMPRESS survey. A total of 103 EMPGs are included that cover a large parameter\n", + " space of magnitude (Mi=-19 to -7) and H-beta equivalent width (10-600 Ang),\n", + " i.e., wide ranges of stellar mass and star-formation rate. Using reliable\n", + " metallicity measurements of the direct method for these galaxies, we derive the\n", + " relationships between strong optical-line ratios and gas-phase metallicity over\n", + " the range of 12+log(O/H)=~6.9-8.9 corresponding to 0.02-2 solar metallicity\n", + " Zsun. We confirm that R23-index, ([OIII]+[OII])/H-beta, is the most accurate\n", + " metallicity indicator with the metallicity uncertainty of 0.14 dex over the\n", + " range among various popular metallicity indicators. The other metallicity\n", + " indicators show large scatters in the metal-poor range (<0.1 Zsun). It is\n", + " explained by our CLOUDY photoionization modeling that, unlike R23-index, the\n", + " other metallicity indicators do not use a sum of singly and doubly ionized\n", + " lines and cannot trace both low and high ionization gas. We find that the\n", + " accuracy of the metallicity indicators is significantly improved, if one uses\n", + " H-beta equivalent width measurements that tightly correlate with ionization\n", + " states. In this work, we also present the relation of physical properties with\n", + " UV-continuum slope beta and ionization production rate xi_ion derived with\n", + " GALEX data for the EMPGs, and provide local anchors of galaxy properties\n", + " together with the optical-line metallicity indicators that are available in the\n", + " form of ASCII table and useful for forthcoming JWST spectroscopic studies.,\n", + " The NuSTEC workshop (https://indico.cern.ch/event/727283) held at L'Aquila in\n", + " October 2018 was devoted to neutrino-nucleus scattering in the kinematic region\n", + " where hadronic systems with invariant masses above the $\\Delta(1232)$ resonance\n", + " are produced: the so-called shallow- and deep-inelastic scattering regime. Not\n", + " only is the physics in this kinematic region quite intriguing, it is also\n", + " important for current and future oscillation experiments with accelerator and\n", + " atmospheric neutrinos. For the benefit of the community, links to the\n", + " presentations are accompanied by annotations from the speakers.,\n", + " The important peaks related to the physical properties of a lithium ion\n", + " rechargeable battery were extracted from the measured X ray diffraction\n", + " spectrum by a convolutional neural network based on the Attention mechanism.\n", + " Among the deep features, the lattice constant of the cathodic active material\n", + " was selected as a cell voltage predictor, and the crystallographic behavior of\n", + " the active anodic and cathodic materials revealed the rate property during the\n", + " charge discharge states. The machine learning automatically selected the\n", + " significant peaks from the experimental spectrum. Applying the Attention\n", + " mechanism with appropriate objective variables in multi task trained models,\n", + " one can selectively visualize the correlations between interesting physical\n", + " properties. As the deep features are automatically defined, this approach can\n", + " adapt to the conditions of various physical experiments.,\n", + " To implement controllable loads for frequency regulation in transmission\n", + " networks in a practical way, the control scheme needs to be granulated down at\n", + " least to subtransmission networks since loads in transmission networks are\n", + " usually the aggregation of lower voltage networks. However, not only frequency\n", + " but also bus voltage will be affected by active power changes in\n", + " subtransmission networks due to a higher R/X ratio of transmission lines.\n", + " Further, the costs for loads participating in frequency and voltage regulation\n", + " should also be considered. In this paper, a control scheme is proposed for\n", + " electric spring (ES) aggregators which consist of back-to-back ESs and\n", + " exponential type of noncritical loads in subtransmission networks. A\n", + " distributed optimization which aims to minimize the costs and implements both\n", + " frequency and voltage regulation is adopted for ES aggregators to obtain new\n", + " active and reactive power setpoints by sharing information with neighbors.\n", + " Power consumption of each ES aggregator is then adjusted accordingly to conduct\n", + " frequency and voltage regulation simultaneously. Simulation results show that\n", + " ES aggregators are able to achieve required active power response and regulate\n", + " frequency cooperatively, and meanwhile maintain bus voltages within the\n", + " acceptable range with minimized costs under the proposed control scheme.,\n", + " Let $X$ be a Banach space and $Conv_H(X)$ be the space of non-empty closed\n", + " convex subsets of $X$, endowed with the Hausdorff metric $d_H$. We prove that\n", + " each connected component of the space $Conv_H(X)$ is homeomorphic to one of the\n", + " spaces: a singleton, the real line, a closed half-plane, the Hilbert cube\n", + " multiplied by the half-line, the separable Hilbert space, or a Hilbert space of\n", + " density not less than continuum.,\n", + " In this paper, we present an experimental and simulation based study to\n", + " evaluate the use of full-duplex as a mode in practical IEEE 802.11 networks. To\n", + " enable the study, we designed a 20 MHz multi-antenna OFDM full-duplex physical\n", + " layer and a full-duplex capable MAC protocol which is backward compatible with\n", + " current 802.11. Our extensive over-the-air experiments, simulations and\n", + " analysis demonstrate the following two results. First, the use of multiple\n", + " antennas at the physical layer leads to a higher ergodic throughput than its\n", + " hardware-equivalent multi-antenna half-duplex counterparts, for SNRs above the\n", + " median SNR encountered in practical WiFi deployments. Second, the proposed MAC\n", + " translates the physical layer rate gain into near doubling of throughput for\n", + " multi-node single-AP networks. The two combined results allow us to conclude\n", + " that there are potentially significant benefits gained from including a\n", + " full-duplex mode in future WiFi standards.,\n", + " Deep hashing establishes efficient and effective image retrieval by\n", + " end-to-end learning of deep representations and hash codes from similarity\n", + " data. We present a compact coding solution, focusing on deep learning to\n", + " quantization approach that has shown superior performance over hashing\n", + " solutions for similarity retrieval. We propose Deep Triplet Quantization (DTQ),\n", + " a novel approach to learning deep quantization models from the similarity\n", + " triplets. To enable more effective triplet training, we design a new triplet\n", + " selection approach, Group Hard, that randomly selects hard triplets in each\n", + " image group. To generate compact binary codes, we further apply a triplet\n", + " quantization with weak orthogonality during triplet training. The quantization\n", + " loss reduces the codebook redundancy and enhances the quantizability of deep\n", + " representations through back-propagation. Extensive experiments demonstrate\n", + " that DTQ can generate high-quality and compact binary codes, which yields\n", + " state-of-the-art image retrieval performance on three benchmark datasets,\n", + " NUS-WIDE, CIFAR-10, and MS-COCO.,\n", + " Li-based half-Heusler alloys have attracted much attention due to their\n", + " potential applications in optoelectronics and because they carry the\n", + " possibility of exhibiting large magnetic moments for spintronic applications.\n", + " Due to their similarities to metastable zinc blende half-metals, the\n", + " half-Heusler alloys $\\beta$-LiMnZ (Z = N, P and Si) were systematically\n", + " examined for their electric, magnetic and stability properties at optimized\n", + " lattice constants and strained lattice constants that exhibit half-metallic\n", + " properties. Other phases of the half-Heusler structure ($\\alpha$ and $\\gamma$)\n", + " are also reported here, but they are unlikely to be grown. The magnetic moments\n", + " of these stable Li-based alloys are expected to reach as high as 4\n", + " $\\mu_{\\mathrm{B}}$ per unit cell when Z = Si and 5 $\\mu_{\\mathrm{B}}$ per unit\n", + " cell when Z = N and P, however the antiferromagnetic spin configuration is\n", + " energetically favored when Z is a pnictogen. $\\beta$-LiMnSi at a lattice\n", + " constant 14\\% larger than its equilibrium lattice constant is a promising\n", + " half-metal for spintronic applications due to its large magnetic moment and\n", + " vibrational stability. The modified Slater--Pauling rule for these alloys is\n", + " determined. Finally, a plausible method for developing half-metallic Li$_x$MnZ\n", + " at equilibrium, by tuning $x$, is investigated, but, unlike tetragonalization,\n", + " this type of alloying introduces local structural changes that destroy the\n", + " half-metallicity.,\n", + " One of the major assumptions in the search for gravitational wave signatures\n", + " from massive and supermassive black hole binaries with LISA, is that these\n", + " systems will have circularized before entering the LISA bandwidth. Current\n", + " astrophysical simulations now suggest that systems could have a non-negligible\n", + " eccentricity in the LISA band, and an important level of eccentricity in the\n", + " Pulsar Timing regime. In this work, we use a set of source catalogues from\n", + " astrophysically motivated models of massive black hole binary formation and\n", + " assume a one year LISA mission lifetime. Depending on the model in question,\n", + " the initial eccentricities in the final year of the inspiral can be as high as\n", + " 0.6 for high mass seeds and 0.8 for low mass seeds. We show that restricted\n", + " post-Newtonian circular templates are extremely inefficient in recovering\n", + " eccentric binaries, with median optimal signal to noise ratio recoveries of\n", + " approximately 10% for all models considered. This coupled with extremely large\n", + " errors in parameter recovery from individual Markov chain Monte Carlo's\n", + " demonstrate quite clearly that even to search for binaries with initial\n", + " eccentricities as low as $10^{-4}$, we will require eccentric templates for\n", + " LISA data analysis.,\n", + " Complex networks often have a modular structure, where a number of tightly-\n", + " connected groups of nodes (modules) have relatively few interconnections.\n", + " Modularity had been shown to have an important effect on the evolution and\n", + " stability of biological networks, on the scalability and efficiency of\n", + " large-scale infrastructure, and the development of economic and social systems.\n", + " An analytical framework for understanding modularity and its effects on network\n", + " vulnerability is still missing. Through recent advances in the understanding of\n", + " multilayer networks, however, it is now possible to develop a theoretical\n", + " framework to systematically study this critical issue. Here we study,\n", + " analytically and numerically, the resilience of modular networks under attacks\n", + " on interconnected nodes, which exhibit high betweenness values and are often\n", + " more exposed to failure. Our model provides new understandings into the\n", + " feedback between structure and function in real world systems, and consequently\n", + " has important implications as diverse as developing efficient immunization\n", + " strategies, designing robust large-scale infrastructure, and understanding\n", + " brain function.,\n", + " In order to investigate the effects of vacuum polarisation on mass inflation\n", + " singularities, we study a simple toy model of a charged black hole with cross\n", + " flowing radial null dust which is homogeneous in the black hole interior. In\n", + " the region $r^2 \\ll e^2$ we find an approximate analytic solution to the\n", + " classical field equations. The renormalized stress-energy tensor is evaluated\n", + " on this background and we find the vacuum polarisation backreaction corrections\n", + " to the mass function $m(r)$. Asymptotic analysis of the semiclassical mass\n", + " function shows that the mass inflation singularity is much stronger in the\n", + " presence of vacuum polarisation than in the classical case.,\n", + " In a recent paper [D. Philipp, V. Perlick, D. Puetzfeld, E. Hackmann, and C.\n", + " L\\\"ammerzahl, Phys. Rev. D 95, 104037 (2017)], a definition of a\n", + " general-relativistic geoid, restricted to stationary spacetimes, was presented\n", + " in terms of \"isochronometric surfaces\". In this note, we explicate how this\n", + " definition is just a special, highly restrictive case of our earlier\n", + " formulation of the general-relativistic geoid using quasilocal frames, which is\n", + " valid for generic, non-stationary spacetimes [M. Oltean, R.J. Epp, P.L.\n", + " McGrath, and R.B. Mann, Class. Quantum Grav. 33, 105001 (2016)]. Moreover, like\n", + " the isochronometric surface geoid, we show how our \"geoid quasilocal frame\"\n", + " (GQF) can also be defined, simply and operationally, in terms of redshift\n", + " measurements.,\n", + " In this work, we introduce a new methodology to construct a network of\n", + " epicenters that avoids problems found in well-established methodologies when\n", + " they are applied to global catalogs of earthquakes located in shallow zones.\n", + " The new methodology involves essentially the introduction of a time window\n", + " which works as a temporal filter. Our approach is more generic and for small\n", + " regions the results coincide with previous findings. The network constructed\n", + " with that model has small-world properties and the distribution of node\n", + " connectivity follows a non-traditional function, namely a q-exponential, where\n", + " scale-free properties are present. The vertices with larger connectivity in the\n", + " network correspond to the areas with very intense seismic activities in the\n", + " period considered. These new results strengthen the hypothesis of long spatial\n", + " and temporal correlations between earthquakes.,\n", + " We count permutations avoiding a nonconsecutive instance of a two- or\n", + " three-letter pattern, that is, the pattern may occur but only as consecutive\n", + " entries in the permutation. Two-letter patterns give rise to the Fibonacci\n", + " numbers. The counting sequences for the two representative three-letter\n", + " patterns, 321 and 132, have respective generating functions\n", + " (1+x^2)(C(x)-1)/(1+x+x^2-x C(x)) and C(x+x^3) where C(x) is the generating\n", + " function for the Catalan numbers.,\n", + " The discretization of certain integral equations, e.g., the first-kind\n", + " Fredholm equation of Laplace's equation, leads to symmetric positive-definite\n", + " linear systems, where the coefficient matrix is dense and often\n", + " ill-conditioned. We introduce a new preconditioner based on a novel overlapping\n", + " domain decomposition that can be combined efficiently with fast direct solvers.\n", + " Empirically, we observe that the condition number of the preconditioned system\n", + " is $O(1)$, independent of the problem size. Our domain decomposition is\n", + " designed so that we can construct approximate factorizations of the subproblems\n", + " efficiently. In particular, we apply the recursive skeletonization algorithm to\n", + " subproblems associated with every subdomain. We present numerical results on\n", + " problem sizes up to $16\\,384^2$ in 2D and $256^3$ in 3D, which were solved in\n", + " less than 16 hours and three hours, respectively, on an Intel Xeon Platinum\n", + " 8280M.,\n", + " Imagine interconnected objects with embedded artificial intelligence (AI),\n", + " empowered to sense the environment, see it, hear it, touch it, interact with\n", + " it, and move. As future networks of intelligent objects come to life,\n", + " tremendous new challenges arise for security, but also new opportunities,\n", + " allowing to address current, as well as future, pressing needs. In this paper\n", + " we put forward a roadmap towards the realization of a new security paradigm\n", + " that we articulate as intelligent context-aware security. The premise of this\n", + " roadmap is that sensing and advanced AI will enable context awareness, which in\n", + " turn can drive intelligent security mechanisms, such as adaptation and\n", + " automation of security controls. This concept not only provides immediate\n", + " answers to burning open questions, in particular with respect to non-functional\n", + " requirements, such as energy or latency constraints, heterogeneity of radio\n", + " frequency (RF) technologies and long life span of deployed devices, but also,\n", + " more importantly, offers a viable answer to scalability by allowing such\n", + " constraints to be met even in massive connectivity regimes. Furthermore, the\n", + " proposed roadmap has to be designed ethically, by explicitly placing privacy\n", + " concerns at its core. The path towards this vision and some of the challenges\n", + " along the way are discussed in this contribution.,\n", + " We study the macroscopic quantum tunneling of magnetization of the F=1 spinor\n", + " condensate interacting through dipole-dipole interaction with an external\n", + " magnetic field applied along the longitudinal or transverse direction. We show\n", + " that the ground state energy and the effective magnetic moment of the system\n", + " exhibit an interesting macroscopic quantum oscillation phenomenon originating\n", + " from the oscillating dependence of thermodynamic properties of the system on\n", + " the vacuum angle. Tunneling between two degenerate minima are analyzed by means\n", + " of an effective potential method and the periodic instanton method.,\n", + " The first proof-of-principle experiment on \"crystal collimation\" was\n", + " performed with 70-GeV protons on IHEP accelerator. A bent crystal installed in\n", + " the ring as a primary element upstream of a collimator has reduced the\n", + " radiation levels downstream in the accelerator by a factor of two. The\n", + " measurements agree with Monte Carlo predictions.,\n", + " We prove a uniqueness result for asymptotically conical (AC) gradient\n", + " shrinking solitons for the Laplacian flow of closed G_2-structures: If two\n", + " gradient shrinking solitons to Laplacian flow are asymptotic to the same closed\n", + " G_2-cone, then their G_2-structures are equivalent, and in particular, the two\n", + " solitons are isometric. The proof extends Kotschwar and Wang's argument for\n", + " uniqueness of AC gradient shrinking Ricci solitons. We additionally show that\n", + " the symmetries of the G_2-structure of an AC shrinker end are inherited from\n", + " its asymptotic cone; under a mild assumption on the fundamental group, the\n", + " symmetries of the asymptotic cone extend to global symmetries.,\n", + " We present a detailed study of thermal transport in the disordered Fermi\n", + " liquid with short-range interactions. At temperatures smaller than the impurity\n", + " scattering rate, i.e., in the diffusive regime, thermal conductivity acquires\n", + " non-analytic quantum corrections. When these quantum corrections become large\n", + " at low temperatures, the calculation of thermal conductivity demands a\n", + " theoretical approach that treats disorder and interactions on an equal footing.\n", + " In this paper, we develop such an approach by merging Luttinger's idea of using\n", + " gravitational potentials for the analysis of thermal phenomena with a\n", + " renormalization group calculation based on the Keldysh nonlinear sigma model.\n", + " The gravitational potentials are introduced in the action as auxiliary sources\n", + " that couple to the heat density. These sources are a convenient tool for\n", + " generating expressions for the heat density and its correlation function from\n", + " the partition function. Already in the absence of the gravitational potentials,\n", + " the nonlinear sigma model contains several temperature-dependent\n", + " renormalization group charges. When the gravitational potentials are introduced\n", + " into the model, they acquire an independent renormalization group flow. We show\n", + " that this flow preserves the phenomenological form of the correlation function,\n", + " reflecting its relation to the specific heat and the constraints imposed by\n", + " energy conservation. The main result of our analysis is that the\n", + " Wiedemann-Franz law holds down to the lowest temperatures even in the presence\n", + " of disorder and interactions and despite the quantum corrections that arise for\n", + " both the electric and thermal conductivities.,\n", + " F\\\"{o}rster-Dexter theory for excitation energy transfer is generalized for\n", + " the account of short time nonequilibrium kinetics due to the nonstationary bath\n", + " relaxation. The final rate expression is presented as a spectral overlap\n", + " between the time dependent stimulated emission and the stationary absorption\n", + " profiles, which allows experimental determination of the time dependent rate.\n", + " For a harmonic oscillator bath model, an explicit rate expression is derived\n", + " and model calculations are performed in order to examine the dependence of the\n", + " nonequilibrium kinetics on the excitation-bath coupling strength and the\n", + " temperature. Relevance of the present theory with recent experimental findings\n", + " and possible future theoretical directions are discussed.,\n", + " A Wikipedia book (known as Wikibook) is a collection of Wikipedia articles on\n", + " a particular theme that is organized as a book. We propose Wikibook-Bot, a\n", + " machine-learning based technique for automatically generating high quality\n", + " Wikibooks based on a concept provided by the user. In order to create the\n", + " Wikibook we apply machine learning algorithms to the different steps of the\n", + " proposed technique. Firs, we need to decide whether an article belongs to a\n", + " specific Wikibook - a classification task. Then, we need to divide the chosen\n", + " articles into chapters - a clustering task - and finally, we deal with the\n", + " ordering task which includes two subtasks: order articles within each chapter\n", + " and order the chapters themselves. We propose a set of structural, text-based\n", + " and unique Wikipedia features, and we show that by using these features, a\n", + " machine learning classifier can successfully address the above challenges. The\n", + " predictive performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the\n", + " auto-generated books to existing 407 Wikibooks which were manually generated by\n", + " humans. For all the tasks we were able to obtain high and statistically\n", + " significant results when comparing the Wikibook-bot books to books that were\n", + " manually generated by Wikipedia contributors,\n", + " We study the robustness against non-magnetic impurities in the topological\n", + " superconductor with point nodes, focusing on an effective model of\n", + " Cu$_{x}$Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$. We find that the topological superconductivity with\n", + " point-nodes is not fragile against non-magnetic impurities, although the\n", + " superconductivity with nodes in past studies is usually fragile. Exchanging the\n", + " role of spin with the one of orbital, and vice versa, we find that in the\n", + " \"dual\" space the topological superconductor with point-nodes is regarded as the\n", + " intra-orbital spin-singlet $s$-wave one. From the viewpoint of the dual space,\n", + " we deduce that the point-node state is not fragile against non-magnetic\n", + " impurity, when the orbital imbalance in the normal states is small. Since the\n", + " spin imbalance is induced by the Zeeman magnetic field, we shall name this key\n", + " quantity for the impurity effects Zeeman \"orbital\" field. The numerical\n", + " calculations support that the deduction is correct. If the Zeeman orbital field\n", + " is small, the topological superconductivity is not fragile in dirty materials,\n", + " even with nodes. Thus, the topological superconductors can not be simply\n", + " regarded as one of the conventional unconventional superconductors.,\n", + " In this paper, we derive second order hydrodynamic traffic models from\n", + " kinetic-controlled equations for driver-assist vehicles. At the vehicle level\n", + " we take into account two main control strategies synthesising the action of\n", + " adaptive cruise controls and cooperative adaptive cruise controls. The\n", + " resulting macroscopic dynamics fulfil the anisotropy condition introduced in\n", + " the celebrated Aw-Rascle-Zhang model. Unlike other models based on heuristic\n", + " arguments, our approach unveils the main physical aspects behind frequently\n", + " used hydrodynamic traffic models and justifies the structure of the resulting\n", + " macroscopic equations incorporating driver-assist vehicles. Numerical insights\n", + " show that the presence of driver-assist vehicles produces an aggregate\n", + " homogenisation of the mean flow speed, which may also be steered towards a\n", + " suitable desired speed in such a way that optimal flows and traffic\n", + " stabilisation are reached.,\n", + " The existence of a star with such a large mass means that the equation of\n", + " state is stiff enough to provide a high enough pressure up to a fairly large\n", + " central densities,. Such a stiff equation of state is possible if the ground\n", + " state has nucleons as its constituents. This further implies that a purely\n", + " nucleon ground state may exist till about four times nuclear density which\n", + " indicates that quarks in the nucleon are strongly bound and that the nucleon\n", + " nucleon potential is strongly repulsive. We find this to be so in a chiral\n", + " soliton model for the nucleon which has bound state quarks. We point out that\n", + " this has important implications for the strong interaction $ \\mu_B$ vs T phase\n", + " diagram.,\n", + " The paper introduces the class of split regular BiHom-Poisson superalgebras,\n", + " which is a natural generalization of split regular Hom-Poisson algebras and\n", + " split regular BiHom-Lie superalgebras. By developing techniques of connections\n", + " of roots for this kind of algebras, we show that such a split regular\n", + " BiHom-Poisson superalgebras $A$ is of the form $A=U+\\sum_{\\a}I_\\a$ with $U$ a\n", + " subspace of a maximal abelian subalgebra $H$ and any $I_{\\a}$, a well described\n", + " ideal of $A$, satisfying $[I_\\a, I_\\b]+I_\\a I_\\b = 0$ if $[\\a]\\neq [\\b]$. Under\n", + " certain conditions, in the case of $A$ being of maximal length, the simplicity\n", + " of the algebra is characterized.,\n", + " An updated version is presented of the Fortran code FeynHiggs for the\n", + " evaluation of the neutral CP-even Higgs sector masses and mixing angles. It\n", + " differs from the previous version by a modification of the renormalization\n", + " scheme concerning the treatment of subleading terms at the one-loop level; the\n", + " two-loop corrections, for which the leading contributions of O(alpha_t alphas)\n", + " and O(alpha_t^2) are implemented, are not affected by the modified\n", + " renormalization prescription. Besides stabilizing the Higgs mass calculations\n", + " and avoiding unphysically large threshold effects, the mass of the lightest\n", + " MSSM Higgs boson, m_h, is increased by 1-2 GeV for most parts of the MSSM\n", + " parameter space.,\n", + " X-ray emission from quasars has been detected up to redshift $z=7.5$,\n", + " although only limited to a few objects at $z>6.5$. In this work, we present new\n", + " Chandra observations of five $z>6.5$ quasars. By combining with archival\n", + " Chandra observations of six additional $z>6.5$ quasars, we perform a systematic\n", + " analysis on the X-ray properties of these earliest accreting supermassive black\n", + " holes (SMBHs). We measure the black hole masses, bolometric luminosities\n", + " ($L_{\\rm bol}$), Eddington ratios ($\\lambda_{\\rm Edd}$), emission line\n", + " properties, and infrared luminosities ($L_{\\rm IR}$) of these quasars using\n", + " infrared and sub-millimeter observations. Correlation analysis indicates that\n", + " the X-ray bolometric correction (the factor that converts from X-ray luminosity\n", + " to bolometric luminosity) decreases with increasing $L_{\\rm bol}$, and that the\n", + " UV/optical-to-X-ray ratio, $\\alpha_{\\rm ox}$, strongly correlates with $L_{\\rm\n", + " 2500}$, and moderately correlates with $\\lambda_{\\rm Edd}$ and blueshift of CIV\n", + " emission lines. These correlations are consistent with those found in lower-$z$\n", + " quasars, indicating quasar accretion physics does not evolve with redshift. We\n", + " also find that $L_{\\rm IR}$ does not correlate with $L_{\\rm 2-10 keV}$ in these\n", + " luminous distant quasars, suggesting that the ratio of the SMBH growth rate and\n", + " their host galaxy growth rate in these early luminous quasars are different\n", + " from those of local galaxies. A joint spectral analysis of the X-ray detected\n", + " $z>6.5$ quasars yields an average X-ray photon index of $\n", + " \\Gamma=2.32^{+0.31}_{-0.30}$, steeper than that of low-$z$ quasars. By\n", + " comparing it with the $\\Gamma-\\lambda_{\\rm Edd}$ relation, we conclude that the\n", + " steepening of $\\Gamma$ for quasars at $z>6.5$ is mainly driven by their higher\n", + " Eddington ratios.,\n", + " We study the congruence lattice of the poset of regions of a hyperplane\n", + " arrangement, with particular emphasis on the weak order on a finite Coxeter\n", + " group. Our starting point is a theorem from a previous paper which gives a\n", + " geometric description of the poset of join-irreducibles of the congruence\n", + " lattice of the poset of regions in terms of certain polyhedral decompositions\n", + " of the hyperplanes. For a finite Coxeter system (W,S) and a subset K of S, let\n", + " \\eta_K:w \\mapsto w_K be the projection onto the parabolic subgroup W_K. We show\n", + " that the fibers of \\eta_K constitute the smallest lattice congruence with\n", + " 1\\equiv s for every s\\in(S-K). We give an algorithm for determining the\n", + " congruence lattice of the weak order for any finite Coxeter group and for a\n", + " finite Coxeter group of type A or B we define a directed graph on subsets or\n", + " signed subsets such that the transitive closure of the directed graph is the\n", + " poset of join-irreducibles of the congruence lattice of the weak order.,\n", + " F. Bracci, M.D. Contreras, S. D\\'iaz Madrigal proved that any evolution\n", + " family of order d is described by a generalized Loewner chain. G. Ivanov and A.\n", + " Vasil'ev considered randomized version of the chain and found a substitution\n", + " which transforms it to an It\\^o diffusion.We generalize their result to vector\n", + " randomized Loewner chain and prove there are no other possibilities to\n", + " transform such Loewner chains to It\\^o diffusions.,\n", + " The hydrodynamics of bubble columns in the heterogeneous regime is\n", + " investigated from experiments with bubbles at large particle Reynolds numbers\n", + " and without coalescence. The void fraction field $\\varepsilon$ at small scales,\n", + " analyzed with Vorono\\\"i tessellations, corresponds to a Random Poisson Process\n", + " (RPP) in homogeneous conditions but it significantly differs from a RPP in the\n", + " heterogeneous regime. The distance to a RPP allows identifying meso-scale\n", + " structures, namely clusters, void regions and intermediate regions. A series of\n", + " arguments demonstrate that the bubble motion is driven by the dynamics of these\n", + " structures. Notably, bubbles in clusters (respectively in intermediate regions)\n", + " are moving up faster, up to 3.5 (respectively 2) times the terminal velocity,\n", + " than bubbles in void regions those absolute velocity equals the mean liquid\n", + " velocity. Besides, the mean unconditional relative velocity of bubbles is\n", + " recovered from mean relative velocities conditional to meso-scale structures,\n", + " weighted by the proportion of bubbles in each structure. Assuming\n", + " buoyancy-inertia equilibrium for each structure, the relative velocity is\n", + " related with the characteristic size and concentration of meso-scale\n", + " structures. By taking the latter quantities values at large gas superficial\n", + " velocities, a cartoon of the internal flow structure is proposed. Arguments are\n", + " put forward to help understanding why the relative velocity scales as\n", + " $(gD\\varepsilon)^{1/2}$ (with $D$ the column's diameter and $g$ gravity's\n", + " acceleration). The proposed cartoon seems consistent with a fast-track\n", + " mechanism that, for the moderate Rouse numbers studied, leads to liquid\n", + " velocity fluctuations proportional to the relative velocity. The potential\n", + " impact of coalescence on the above analysis is also commented.,\n", + " In this paper, we consider continuous-time quantum walks (CTQWs) on finite\n", + " graphs determined by the Laplacian matrices. By introducing fully\n", + " interconnected graph decomposition of given graphs, we show a decomposition\n", + " method for the Laplacian matrices. Using the decomposition method, we show\n", + " several conditions for graph structure which return probability of CTQW tends\n", + " to 1 while the number of vertices tends to infinity.,\n", + " In this paper, we first construct thermofield double states for bosonic\n", + " string theory in the light-cone gauge. We then obtain a coherent-thermal string\n", + " state and use it to calculate the circuit complexity in string theory. This is\n", + " done using the covariance matrix approach to calculate the circuit complexity.\n", + " In this approach, we will generate the optimal geodesics by a horizontal string\n", + " generator and, then, obtain the circuit complexity using the length of the\n", + " minimal geodesics in the group manifold.,\n", + " We present the first Learning-Augmented Binary Search Tree(BST) that attains\n", + " Static Optimality and Working-Set Bound given rough predictions. Following the\n", + " recent studies in algorithms with predictions and learned index structures,\n", + " Lin, Luo, and Woodruff (ICML 2022) introduced the concept of Learning-Augmented\n", + " BSTs, which aim to improve BSTs with learned advice. Unfortunately, their\n", + " construction gives only static optimality under strong assumptions on the\n", + " input.\n", + " In this paper, we present a simple BST maintenance scheme that benefits from\n", + " learned advice. With proper predictions, the scheme achieves Static Optimality\n", + " and Working-Set Bound, respectively, which are important performance measures\n", + " for BSTs. Moreover, the scheme is robust to prediction errors and makes no\n", + " assumption on the input.,\n", + " The transition quadrupole moments, $Q_{t}$, of rotational bands in the\n", + " neutron-rich, even-mass $^{102-108}$Mo and $^{108-112}$Ru nuclei were measured\n", + " in the 8 to 16 $\\hbar $ spin range with the Doppler-shift attenuation method.\n", + " The nuclei were populated as fission fragments from $^{252}$Cf fission. The\n", + " detector setup consisted of the Gammasphere spectrometer and the HERCULES\n", + " fast-plastic array. At moderate spin, the $Q_{t}$ moments are found to be\n", + " reduced with respect to the values near the ground states. Attempts to describe\n", + " the observations in mean-field-based models, specifically cranked relativistic\n", + " Hartree-Bogoliubov theory, illustrate the challenge theory faces and the\n", + " difficulty to infer information on $\\gamma $ softness and triaxiality from the\n", + " data.,\n", + " We develop a general framework for spatial discretisations of parabolic\n", + " stochastic PDEs whose solutions are provided in the framework of the theory of\n", + " regularity structures and which are functions in time. As an application, we\n", + " show that the dynamical $\\Phi^4_3$ model on the dyadic grid converges after\n", + " renormalisation to its continuous counterpart. This result in particular\n", + " implies that, as expected, the $\\Phi^4_3$ measure with a sufficiently small\n", + " coupling constant is invariant for this equation and that the lifetime of its\n", + " solutions is almost surely infinite for almost every initial condition.,\n", + " Pretrained language models have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in\n", + " language generation. However, real-world tasks often require controlling the\n", + " distribution of generated text in order to mitigate bias, promote fairness, and\n", + " achieve personalization. Existing techniques for controlling the distribution\n", + " of generated text only work with quantified distributions, which require\n", + " pre-defined categories, proportions of the distribution, or an existing corpus\n", + " following the desired distributions. However, many important distributions,\n", + " such as personal preferences, are unquantified. In this work, we tackle the\n", + " problem of generating text following arbitrary distributions (quantified and\n", + " unquantified) by proposing Nano, a few-shot human-in-the-loop training\n", + " algorithm that continuously learns from human feedback. Nano achieves\n", + " state-of-the-art results on single topic/attribute as well as quantified\n", + " distribution control compared to previous works. We also show that Nano is able\n", + " to learn unquantified distributions, achieves personalization, and captures\n", + " differences between different individuals' personal preferences with high\n", + " sample efficiency.,\n", + " The present Letter describes the magnetocaloric effect of a diamagnetic\n", + " material with a magnetic field $B_\\parallel$ along the $z$ axis and a\n", + " transversal and oscillating field $B_\\perp (\\ll B_\\parallel)$ parallel to the\n", + " $x-y$ plane. We show that the magnetocaloric potentials due to a change in\n", + " $B_\\parallel$ is the same as those due to a change in the frequency of\n", + " $B_\\perp$. These results raise the possibility of building magnetocaloric\n", + " devices without moving parts, since changing frequency is a simple electronic\n", + " issue, while changing the field from permanent magnets depends on mechanical\n", + " aspects.,\n", + " We construct supersymmetric unified models which automatically lead to a\n", + " period of inflation. The models all involve a U(1) symmetry which does not\n", + " belong to the MSSM. We consider three different types of models depending on\n", + " whether this extra U(1) is the subgroup of a non abelian gauge group, is a U(1)\n", + " factor belonging to the visible sector or is a U(1) factor belonging to the\n", + " hidden sector. Depending on the structure of the unified theory, on the\n", + " spontaneous symmetry breaking pattern and on whether we have global or local\n", + " supersymmetry, inflation may be driven by the non-vanishing vacuum expectation\n", + " value of a F-term or by that of a D-term. In both scenarios cosmic strings form\n", + " at the end of inflation, and they have different properties in each model. Both\n", + " inflation and cosmic strings contribute to the CMBR temperature anisotropies.\n", + " We show that the strings contribute to the $C_l$'s up to the level of 75 %.\n", + " Hence the contribution from strings to the CMBR and to the density\n", + " perturbations in the early Universe which lead to structure formation cannot be\n", + " neglected. We also discuss a very interesting class of models which involve a\n", + " $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge symmetry.,\n", + " Modular networks are a promising paradigm for increasingly complex quantum\n", + " devices based on the ability to transfer qubits and generate entanglement\n", + " between modules. These tasks require a low-loss, high-speed intermodule link\n", + " that enables extensible network connectivity. Satisfying these demands\n", + " simultaneously remains an outstanding goal for long-range optical quantum\n", + " networks as well as modular superconducting processors within a single\n", + " cryostat. We demonstrate communication and entanglement in a superconducting\n", + " network with a microwave-actuated beamsplitter transformation between two\n", + " bosonic qubits, which are housed in separate modules and joined by a\n", + " demountable coaxial bus resonator. We transfer a qubit in a multi-photon\n", + " encoding and track photon loss events to improve the fidelity, making it as\n", + " high as in a single-photon encoding. Furthermore, generating entanglement with\n", + " two-photon interference and postselection against loss errors produces a Bell\n", + " state with success probability 79% and fidelity 0.94, halving the error\n", + " obtained with a single photon. These capabilities demonstrate several promising\n", + " methods for faithful operations between modules, including novel possibilities\n", + " for resource-efficient direct gates.,\n", + " The advancement of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector technology offers us\n", + " different kinds of detectors with good spatial resolution and high rate\n", + " capability and the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector is one of them.\n", + " Typically GEM is made up of a thin polyimide foil having a thickness of 50\n", + " micrometers with 5 micrometers copper cladding on top and bottom sides. The\n", + " presence of polyimide changes the gain of the detector under the influence of\n", + " external radiation and the phenomenon is referred to as the charging up effect.\n", + " The charging up effect is investigated with a double mask triple GEM detector\n", + " prototype with Ar/CO$_2$ gas mixture in 70/30 ratio under continuous\n", + " irradiation from a strong Fe$^{55}$ X-ray source. The detailed method of\n", + " measurements and the test results are presented in this article.,\n", + " Empirical methods for connecting galaxies to their dark matter halos have\n", + " become essential for interpreting measurements of the spatial statistics of\n", + " galaxies. In this work, we present a novel approach for parameterizing the\n", + " degree of concentration dependence in the abundance matching method. This new\n", + " parameterization provides a smooth interpolation between two commonly used\n", + " matching proxies: the peak halo mass and the peak halo maximal circular\n", + " velocity. This parameterization controls the amount of dependence of galaxy\n", + " luminosity on halo concentration at a fixed halo mass. Effectively this\n", + " interpolation scheme enables abundance matching models to have adjustable\n", + " assembly bias in the resulting galaxy catalogs. With the new 400 Mpc/h DarkSky\n", + " Simulation, whose larger volume provides lower sample variance, we further show\n", + " that low-redshift two-point clustering and satellite fraction measurements from\n", + " SDSS can already provide a joint constraint on this concentration dependence\n", + " and the scatter within the abundance matching framework.,\n", + " In the first of these two lectures I will discuss the rich constitution of\n", + " neutron stars as a consequence of the Pauli principle which is engaged by the\n", + " dominance of gravity over the nuclear force. Three especially interesting\n", + " phenomena are discussed in this contect--(1) a mechanism for the formation of\n", + " low-mass black holes distinct in their mass-range from the black holes formed\n", + " in the prompt collapse of an entire star, (2) a multilayered crystalline\n", + " structure consisting of confined hadronic matter embedded in a background of\n", + " deconfined quark matter (or vice versa) which occupies a many kilometer thick\n", + " inner region, and (3) a clean and pronounced signal of the formation of quark\n", + " matter in the interior of neutron stars. In the second lecture I will discuss\n", + " the strange matter hypothesis, its viability as well as its consequences for\n", + " compact stars and a new family of white dwarfs with dense nuclear matter\n", + " central regions some orders of magnuitude greater than in ordinary white\n", + " dwarfs.,\n", + " Through an ongoing MUSE program dedicated to study gas removal processes in\n", + " galaxies (GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE, GASP), we have\n", + " obtained deep and wide integral field spectroscopy of the galaxy JO171. This\n", + " galaxy resembles the Hoag's galaxy, one of the most spectacular examples of\n", + " ring galaxies, characterized by a completely detached ring of young stars\n", + " surrounding a central old spheroid. At odds with the isolated Hoag's galaxy,\n", + " JO171 is part of a dense environment, the cluster Abell 3667, which is causing\n", + " gas stripping along tentacles. Moreover, its ring counter-rotates with respect\n", + " to the central spheroid. The joint analysis of the stellar populations and the\n", + " gas/stellar kinematics shows that the origin of the ring was not due to an\n", + " internal mechanism, but was related to a gas accretion event that happened in\n", + " the distant past, prior to accretion onto Abell 3667, most probably within a\n", + " filament. More recently, since infall in the cluster, the gas in the ring has\n", + " been stripped by ram- pressure, causing the quenching of star formation in the\n", + " stripped half of the ring. This is the first observed case of ram pressure\n", + " stripping in action in a ring galaxy, and MUSE observations are able to reveal\n", + " both of the events (accretion and stripping) that caused dramatic\n", + " transformations in this galaxy.,\n", + " Adiabatic quantum control protocols have been of wide interest to quantum\n", + " computation due to their robustness and insensitivity to their actual duration\n", + " of execution. As an extension of previous quantum learning algorithms, this\n", + " work proposes to execute some quantum learning protocols based entirely on\n", + " adiabatic quantum evolution, hence dubbed as ``adiabatic quantum learning\". In\n", + " a conventional quantum machine learning protocol, the output is usually the\n", + " expectation value of a pre-selected observable and the projective measurement\n", + " of which forces a quantum circuit to run many times to obtain the output with a\n", + " reasonable precision. By contrast, the proposed adiabatic quantum learning here\n", + " may be integrated with future adiabatic weak measurement protocols, where a\n", + " single measurement of the system allows to extract the expectation value of\n", + " observables of interest without disrupting the concerned quantum states. Our\n", + " main idea is illustrated with simple examples.,\n", + " On the basis of solutions of the Bragg-Hawthorne equations we discuss the\n", + " helicity of thin toroidal vortices with the swirl - the orbital motion along\n", + " the torus diretrix. It is shown that relationship of the helicity with\n", + " circulations along the small and large linked circles - directrix and\n", + " generatrix of the torus - depends on distribution of the azimuthal velocity in\n", + " the core of the swirling vortex ring. In the case of non-homogeneous swirl this\n", + " relationship differs from the well-known Moffat relationship - the doubled\n", + " product of such circulations multiplied by the number of links. The results can\n", + " be applied to vortices in planetary atmospheres and to vortex movements in the\n", + " vicinity of active galactic nuclei.,\n", + " An active area of investigation in the search for quantum advantage is\n", + " Quantum Machine Learning. Quantum Machine Learning, and Parameterized Quantum\n", + " Circuits in a hybrid quantum-classical setup in particular, could bring\n", + " advancements in accuracy by utilizing the high dimensionality of the Hilbert\n", + " space as feature space. But is the ability of a quantum circuit to uniformly\n", + " address the Hilbert space a good indicator of classification accuracy? In our\n", + " work, we use methods and quantifications from prior art to perform a numerical\n", + " study in order to evaluate the level of correlation. We find a strong\n", + " correlation between the ability of the circuit to uniformly address the Hilbert\n", + " space and the achieved classification accuracy for circuits that entail a\n", + " single embedding layer followed by 1 or 2 circuit designs. This is based on our\n", + " study encompassing 19 circuits in both 1 and 2 layer configuration, evaluated\n", + " on 9 datasets of increasing difficulty. Future work will evaluate if this holds\n", + " for different circuit designs.,\n", + " We report the observation of layer breathing mode (LBM) vibrations in\n", + " few-layer graphene (FLG) samples of thickness from 2 to 6 layers, exhibiting\n", + " both Bernal (AB) and rhombohedral (ABC) stacking order. The LBM vibrations are\n", + " identified using a Raman combination band lying around 1720 cm-1. From double\n", + " resonance theory, we identify the feature as the LOZO' combination mode of the\n", + " out-of-plane LBM (ZO') and the in-plane longitudinal optical mode (LO). The\n", + " LOZO' Raman band is found to exhibit multiple peaks, with a unique line shape\n", + " for each layer thickness and stacking order. These complex line shapes of the\n", + " LOZO'-mode arise both from the material-dependent selection of different\n", + " phonons in the double-resonance Raman process and from the detailed structure\n", + " of the different branches of LBM in FLG.,\n", + " We consider vacuum polarization from massless scalar electrodynamics in de\n", + " Sitter inflation. The theory exhibits a 3+1 dimensional analogue of the\n", + " Schwinger mechanism in which a photon mass is dynamically generated. The\n", + " mechanism is generic for light scalar fields that couple minimally to gravity.\n", + " The non-vanishing of the photon mass during inflation may result in magnetic\n", + " fields on cosmological scales.,\n", + " Neural speech synthesis models have recently demonstrated the ability to\n", + " synthesize high quality speech for text-to-speech and compression applications.\n", + " These new models often require powerful GPUs to achieve real-time operation, so\n", + " being able to reduce their complexity would open the way for many new\n", + " applications. We propose LPCNet, a WaveRNN variant that combines linear\n", + " prediction with recurrent neural networks to significantly improve the\n", + " efficiency of speech synthesis. We demonstrate that LPCNet can achieve\n", + " significantly higher quality than WaveRNN for the same network size and that\n", + " high quality LPCNet speech synthesis is achievable with a complexity under 3\n", + " GFLOPS. This makes it easier to deploy neural synthesis applications on\n", + " lower-power devices, such as embedded systems and mobile phones.,\n", + " Pre-trained language models (PTLMs) have achieved great success and\n", + " remarkable performance over a wide range of natural language processing (NLP)\n", + " tasks. However, there are also growing concerns regarding the potential\n", + " security issues in the adoption of PTLMs. In this survey, we comprehensively\n", + " systematize recently discovered threats to PTLM systems and applications. We\n", + " perform our attack characterization from three interesting perspectives. (1) We\n", + " show threats can occur at different stages of the PTLM pipeline raised by\n", + " different malicious entities. (2) We identify two types of model\n", + " transferability (landscape, portrait) that facilitate attacks. (3) Based on the\n", + " attack goals, we summarize four categories of attacks (backdoor, evasion, data\n", + " privacy and model privacy). We also discuss some open problems and research\n", + " directions. We believe our survey and taxonomy will inspire future studies\n", + " towards secure and privacy-preserving PTLMs.,\n", + " Duplicated code has a negative impact on the quality of software systems and\n", + " should be detected at least. In this paper, we discuss an approach that\n", + " improves source code retrieval using the structural information about the\n", + " programs. We developed a lexical parser to extract control statements and\n", + " method identifiers from Java programs. We propose a similarity measure that is\n", + " defined by the ratio of the number of sequentially full matching statements to\n", + " the number of sequentially partial matching ones. The similarity measure is\n", + " considered to be an extension of a set based similarity index, e.g.,\n", + " Sorensen-Dice index. Our key contribution of this research is the development\n", + " of a similarity retrieval algorithm that derives meaningful search conditions\n", + " from a given sequence, and then performs retrieval using all of the derived\n", + " conditions. Experiments show that our retrieval model outperforms the other\n", + " retrieval models up to 90.9% in the number of retrieved methods.,\n", + " We summarize the properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplace\n", + " operator in bounded Euclidean domains with Dirichlet, Neumann or Robin boundary\n", + " condition. We keep the presentation at a level accessible to scientists from\n", + " various disciplines ranging from mathematics to physics and computer sciences.\n", + " The main focus is put onto multiple intricate relations between the shape of a\n", + " domain and the geometrical structure of eigenfunctions.,\n", + " We obtain the most general explicit (anti)self-dual solution of the Einstein\n", + " equations. We find that any (anti)self-dual solution can be characterised by\n", + " three free functions of which one is harmonic. Any stationary (anti)self-dual\n", + " solution can be characterised by a harmonic function. It turns out that the\n", + " form of the Gibbons and Hawking multi-center metrics is the most general\n", + " stationary (anti)self-dual solution. We further note that the stationary\n", + " (anti)self-dual Einstein equations can be reinterpreted as the (anti)self-dual\n", + " Maxwell equations on the Euclidean background metric.,\n", + " We report on the detection of individual spin quantum transitions of a single\n", + " trapped antiproton in a Penning trap. The spin-state determination, which is\n", + " based on the unambiguous detection of axial frequency shifts in presence of a\n", + " strong magnetic bottle, reaches a fidelity of 92.1$\\%$. Spin-state\n", + " initialization with $>99.9\\%$ fidelity and an average initialization time of 24\n", + " min are demonstrated. This is a major step towards an antiproton magnetic\n", + " moment measurement with a relative uncertainty on the part-per-billion level.,\n", + " We study the design parameters for an orbital angular momentum (OAM)\n", + " multiplexed free-space data link. Power loss, channel crosstalk and power\n", + " penalty of the link are analyzed in the case of misalignment between the\n", + " transmitter and receiver (lateral displacement, receiver angular error, or\n", + " transmitter pointing error). The relationship among the system power loss and\n", + " link distance, transmitted beam size and receiver aperture size are discussed\n", + " based on the beam divergence due to free space propagation. We also describe\n", + " the trade-offs for different receiver aperture sizes and mode spacing of the\n", + " transmitted OAM beams under given lateral displacements or receiver angular\n", + " errors. Through simulations and some experiments, we show that (1) a system\n", + " with a larger transmitted beam size and a larger receiver aperture is more\n", + " tolerant to the lateral displacement but less tolerant to the receiver angular\n", + " error; (2) a system with a larger mode spacing, which uses larger OAM charges,\n", + " suffers more system power loss but less channel crosstalk; thus, a system with\n", + " a small mode spacing shows lower system power penalty when system power loss\n", + " dominates (e.g., small lateral displacement or receiver angular error) while\n", + " that with a larger mode spacing shows lower power penalty when channel\n", + " crosstalk dominates (e.g., larger lateral displacement or receiver angular\n", + " error); (3) the effects of lateral displacement and receiver angular error are\n", + " not necessarily independent; as an example of them combined, the effects of the\n", + " transmitter pointing error on the system are also investigated.,\n", + " If the weak equivalence principle (WEP) is broken, the measured values of the\n", + " parametrized post-Newtonian parameter $\\gamma$ from photons with left- and\n", + " right-handed circular polarizations should differ slightly, leading to the\n", + " arrival-time difference of these two circular components. Thus, the\n", + " polarization vector of a linearly polarized light may rotate during the\n", + " propagation. The rotation angle of the polarization vector depends on both the\n", + " photon energy and the distance of the source. It is believed that if the\n", + " rotation angle differs by more than $\\pi/2$ over an energy range, then the net\n", + " polarization of the signal would be significantly suppressed and could not be\n", + " as high as the observed level. Thus, the detection of highly polarized photons\n", + " implies that the relative rotation angle ($\\Delta\\Theta$) should not be too\n", + " large. In this paper, we give a detailed calculation on the evolution of\n", + " gamma-ray burst (GRB) polarization arising from a possible violation of the\n", + " WEP, and we find that more than $60\\%$ of the initial polarization degree can\n", + " be conserved even if $\\Delta\\Theta$ is larger than $\\pi/2$. In addition, to\n", + " tightly constrain the WEP violation, GRBs with harder spectra and polarization\n", + " observations in a wider energy range seem to be favored. Applying our formulas\n", + " to the measurements of linear polarization from GRB 110721A and GRB 061122, we\n", + " obtain strict limits on the differences of the $\\gamma$ values as low as\n", + " $\\Delta\\gamma<1.3\\times10^{-33}$ and $\\Delta\\gamma<0.8\\times10^{-33}$. These\n", + " provide the most stringent limits to date on a deviation from the WEP,\n", + " improving at least 6 orders of magnitude over previous bounds.,\n", + " One of the main science goals of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)\n", + " is to uncover the nature of cosmic acceleration. In the base analysis, possible\n", + " deviations from the Lambda-Cold-Dark-Matter ($\\Lambda$CDM) background evolution\n", + " will be probed by fitting a $w(z)$CDM model, which allows for a\n", + " redshift-dependent dark energy equation of state with $w(z)$, within general\n", + " relativity (GR). A rich array of other phenomena can arise due to deviations\n", + " from the standard $\\Lambda$CDM+GR model though, including modifications to the\n", + " growth rate of structure and lensing, and novel screening effects on non-linear\n", + " scales. Concrete physical models are needed to provide consistent predictions\n", + " for these (potentially small) effects, to give us the best chance of detecting\n", + " them and separating them from astrophysical systematics. A complex plethora of\n", + " possible models has been constructed over the past few decades, with none\n", + " emerging as a particular favorite. This document prioritizes a subset of these\n", + " models along with rationales for further study and inclusion into the LSST Dark\n", + " Energy Science Collaboration (DESC) data analysis pipelines, based on their\n", + " observational viability, theoretical plausibility, and level of theoretical\n", + " development. We provide references and theoretical expressions to aid the\n", + " integration of these models into DESC software and simulations, and give\n", + " justifications for why other models were not prioritized. While DESC efforts\n", + " are free to pursue other models, we provide here guidelines on which theories\n", + " appear to have higher priority for collaboration efforts due to their perceived\n", + " promise and greater instructional value.,\n", + " Motivated by the recent observation of periodic filter characteristics of an\n", + " oval-shaped micro-cavity, we study the possible interference of multiple beams\n", + " in the far field of a laser-illuminated quadrupolar glass fiber. From numerical\n", + " ray-tracing simulations of the experimental situation we obtain the\n", + " interference-relevant length-difference spectrum and compare it with data\n", + " extracted from the experimental filter results. Our analysis reveals that\n", + " different polygonal cavity modes being refractively output-coupled in the\n", + " high-curvature region of the fiber contribute to the observed far-field\n", + " interference.,\n", + " Research in presentation attack detection (PAD) for iris recognition has\n", + " largely moved beyond evaluation in \"closed-set\" scenarios, to emphasize ability\n", + " to generalize to presentation attack types not present in the training data.\n", + " This paper offers several contributions to understand and extend the\n", + " state-of-the-art in open-set iris PAD. First, it describes the most\n", + " authoritative evaluation to date of iris PAD. We have curated the largest\n", + " publicly-available image dataset for this problem, drawing from 26 benchmarks\n", + " previously released by various groups, and adding 150,000 images being released\n", + " with the journal version of this paper, to create a set of 450,000 images\n", + " representing authentic iris and seven types of presentation attack instrument\n", + " (PAI). We formulate a leave-one-PAI-out evaluation protocol, and show that even\n", + " the best algorithms in the closed-set evaluations exhibit catastrophic failures\n", + " on multiple attack types in the open-set scenario. This includes algorithms\n", + " performing well in the most recent LivDet-Iris 2020 competition, which may come\n", + " from the fact that the LivDet-Iris protocol emphasizes sequestered images\n", + " rather than unseen attack types. Second, we evaluate the accuracy of five\n", + " open-source iris presentation attack algorithms available today, one of which\n", + " is newly-proposed in this paper, and build an ensemble method that beats the\n", + " winner of the LivDet-Iris 2020 by a substantial margin. This paper demonstrates\n", + " that closed-set iris PAD, when all PAIs are known during training, is a solved\n", + " problem, with multiple algorithms showing very high accuracy, while open-set\n", + " iris PAD, when evaluated correctly, is far from being solved. The newly-created\n", + " dataset, new open-source algorithms, and evaluation protocol, made publicly\n", + " available with the journal version of this paper, provide the experimental\n", + " artifacts that researchers can use to measure progress on this important\n", + " problem.,\n", + " Many computer vision and medical imaging problems are faced with learning\n", + " from large-scale datasets, with millions of observations and features. In this\n", + " paper we propose a novel efficient learning scheme that tightens a sparsity\n", + " constraint by gradually removing variables based on a criterion and a schedule.\n", + " The attractive fact that the problem size keeps dropping throughout the\n", + " iterations makes it particularly suitable for big data learning. Our approach\n", + " applies generically to the optimization of any differentiable loss function,\n", + " and finds applications in regression, classification and ranking. The resultant\n", + " algorithms build variable screening into estimation and are extremely simple to\n", + " implement. We provide theoretical guarantees of convergence and selection\n", + " consistency. In addition, one dimensional piecewise linear response functions\n", + " are used to account for nonlinearity and a second order prior is imposed on\n", + " these functions to avoid overfitting. Experiments on real and synthetic data\n", + " show that the proposed method compares very well with other state of the art\n", + " methods in regression, classification and ranking while being computationally\n", + " very efficient and scalable.,\n", + " The technological and scientific challenges involved in the development of\n", + " autonomous vehicles (AVs) are currently of primary interest for many automobile\n", + " companies and research labs. However, human-controlled vehicles are likely to\n", + " remain on the roads for several decades to come and may share with AVs the\n", + " traffic environments of the future. In such mixed environments, AVs should\n", + " deploy human-like driving policies and negotiation skills to enable smooth\n", + " traffic flow. To generate automated human-like driving policies, we introduce a\n", + " model-free, deep reinforcement learning approach to imitate an experienced\n", + " human driver's behavior. We study a static obstacle avoidance task on a\n", + " two-lane highway road in simulation (Unity). Our control algorithm receives a\n", + " stochastic feedback signal from two sources: a model-driven part, encoding\n", + " simple driving rules, such as lane-keeping and speed control, and a stochastic,\n", + " data-driven part, incorporating human expert knowledge from driving data. To\n", + " assess the similarity between machine and human driving, we model distributions\n", + " of track position and speed as Gaussian processes. We demonstrate that our\n", + " approach leads to human-like driving policies.,\n", + " An inequality is deduced from Einstein's locality and a supplementary\n", + " assumption. This inequality defines an experiment which can actually be\n", + " performed with present technology to test local realism. Quantum mechanics\n", + " violate this inequality a factor of 1.5. In contrast, quantum mechanics\n", + " violates previous inequalities (for example, Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt\n", + " inequality of 1969, Freedman-Clauser inequality of 1972, Clauser-Horne\n", + " inequality of 1974) by a factor of $\\sqrt 2$. Thus the magnitude of violation\n", + " of the inequality derived in this paper is approximately $20.7%$ larger than\n", + " the magnitude of violation of previous inequalities. This result can be\n", + " particularly important for the experimental test of locality.,\n", + " Universal sensing the motion of mechanical resonators with high precision and\n", + " low back-action is of paramount importance in ultra-weak signal detection which\n", + " plays a fundamental role in modern physics. Here we present a universal scheme\n", + " that transfer mechanically the motion of the resonator not directly measurable\n", + " to the one can be precisely measured using mechanical frequency conversion.\n", + " Demonstration of the scheme at room temperature shows that both the motion\n", + " imprecision and the back-action force are below the intrinsic level of the\n", + " objective resonator, which agree well with our theoretical prediction. The\n", + " scheme developed here provides an effective interface between an arbitrary\n", + " mechanical resonator and a high quantum efficient displacement sensor, and is\n", + " expected to find extensive applications in high-demanding mechanical-based\n", + " force measurements.,\n", + " We study indecomposable involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter\n", + " equation with cyclic permutation groups (cocyclic solutions). In particular, we\n", + " show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between indecomposable cocyclic\n", + " solutions and cocyclic braces which contradicts recent results in\n", + " \\cite{Rump21}.,\n", + " Rejoinder of \"Bayesian Models and Methods in Public Policy and Government\n", + " Settings\" by S. E. Fienberg [arXiv:1108.2177],\n", + " This paper discusses three basic blocks for the inference of convolutional\n", + " neural networks (CNNs). Pyramid Vector Quantization (PVQ) is discussed as an\n", + " effective quantizer for CNNs weights resulting in highly sparse and\n", + " compressible networks. Properties of PVQ are exploited for the elimination of\n", + " multipliers during inference while maintaining high performance. The result is\n", + " then extended to any other quantized weights. The Tiny Yolo v3 CNN is used to\n", + " compare such basic blocks.,\n", + " We use techniques from time-frequency analysis to show that the space\n", + " $\\mathcal S_\\omega$ of rapidly decreasing $\\omega$-ultradifferentiable\n", + " functions is nuclear for every weight function $\\omega(t)=o(t)$ as $t$ tends to\n", + " infinity. Moreover, we prove that, for a sequence $(M_p)_p$ satisfying the\n", + " classical condition $(M1)$ of Komatsu, the space of Beurling type $\\mathcal\n", + " S_{(M_p)}$ when defined with $L^{2}\\,$norms is nuclear exactly when condition\n", + " $(M2)'$ of Komatsu holds.,\n", + " Understanding functional associations among genes discovered in sequencing\n", + " projects is a key issue in post-genomic biology. However, reliable\n", + " interpretation of the protein interaction data has been difficult. In this\n", + " work, we show that if two proteins share significantly larger number of common\n", + " interaction partners than random, they have close functional associations.\n", + " Analysis of publicly available data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals more\n", + " than 2800 reliable functional associations, 29% of which involve at least one\n", + " unannotated protein. By further analyzing these associations, we derive\n", + " tentative functions for 81 unannotated proteins with high certainty.,\n", + " We investigate the generalized involution models of the projective reflection\n", + " groups $G(r,p,q,n)$. This family of groups parametrizes all quotients of the\n", + " complex reflection groups $G(r,p,n)$ by scalar subgroups. Our classification is\n", + " ultimately incomplete, but we provide several necessary and sufficient\n", + " conditions for generalized involution models to exist in various cases. In the\n", + " process we solve several intermediate problems concerning the structure of\n", + " projective reflection groups. We derive a simple criterion for determining\n", + " whether two groups $G(r,p,q,n)$ and $G(r,p',q',n)$ are isomorphic. We also\n", + " describe explicitly the form of all automorphisms of $G(r,p,q,n)$, outside a\n", + " finite list of exceptional cases. Building on prior work, this allows us to\n", + " prove that $G(r,p,1,n)$ has a generalized involution model if and only if\n", + " $G(r,p,1,n) \\cong G(r,1,p,n)$. We also classify which groups $G(r,p,q,n)$ have\n", + " generalized involution models when $n=2$, or $q$ is odd, or $n$ is odd.,\n", + " In a variety of contexts, we prove that singular continuous spectrum is\n", + " generic in the sense that for certain natural complete metric spaces of\n", + " operators, those with singular spectrum are a dense $G_\\delta$.,\n", + " The trade off between risks and returns gives rise to multi-criteria\n", + " optimisation problems that are well understood in finance, efficient frontiers\n", + " being the tool to navigate their set of optimal solutions. Motivated by the\n", + " recent advances in the use of deep neural networks in the context of hedging\n", + " vanilla options when markets have frictions, we introduce the Efficient Hedging\n", + " Frontier (EHF) by enriching the pipeline with a filtering step that allows to\n", + " trade off costs and risks. This way, a trader's risk preference is matched with\n", + " an expected hedging cost on the frontier, and the corresponding hedging\n", + " strategy can be computed with a deep neural network.\n", + " We further develop our framework to improve the EHF and find better hedging\n", + " strategies. By adding a random forest classifier to the pipeline to forecast\n", + " market movements, we show how the frontier shifts towards lower costs and\n", + " reduced risks, which indicates that the overall hedging performances have\n", + " improved. In addition, by designing a new recurrent neural network, we also\n", + " find strategies on the frontier where hedging costs are even lower.,\n", + " We discuss the role of instantons in the spectroscopy of ordinary and exotic\n", + " hadrons as well as in high energy reactions. We argue that the instanton\n", + " induced flavor- and spin-dependent quark-quark and quark-gluon interactions can\n", + " explain many features of the hadron spectrum. The observed anomalous spin and\n", + " flavor effects in various reactions with hadrons can also be understood within\n", + " the instanton model for QCD vacuum.,\n", + " Radiative corrections in leading logarithmic approximation are calculated for\n", + " the differential cross section of $e^- \\mu ^+$ radiative scattering. In\n", + " particular the interference term due to photon emission from electron and muon\n", + " blocks are calculated in helicity independent and dependent parts. The\n", + " calculation is applied to the kinematical conditions of existing DVCS data in\n", + " electron-proton collisions. Both helicity odd and helicity even differential\n", + " cross sections are considered.,\n", + " We study the complexity of optimizing highly smooth convex functions. For a\n", + " positive integer $p$, we want to find an $\\epsilon$-approximate minimum of a\n", + " convex function $f$, given oracle access to the function and its first $p$\n", + " derivatives, assuming that the $p$th derivative of $f$ is Lipschitz.\n", + " Recently, three independent research groups (Jiang et al., PLMR 2019;\n", + " Gasnikov et al., PLMR 2019; Bubeck et al., PLMR 2019) developed a new algorithm\n", + " that solves this problem with $\\tilde{O}(1/\\epsilon^{\\frac{2}{3p+1}})$ oracle\n", + " calls for constant $p$. This is known to be optimal (up to log factors) for\n", + " deterministic algorithms, but known lower bounds for randomized algorithms do\n", + " not match this bound. We prove a new lower bound that matches this bound (up to\n", + " log factors), and holds not only for randomized algorithms, but also for\n", + " quantum algorithms.,\n", + " A hypersurface is said to be quasihomogeneous if in suitable coordinates with\n", + " assigned weights, its equation becomes weighted homogeneous in its variables.\n", + " For an irreducible quasihomogeneous plane curve, the equation necessarily\n", + " becomes a two term equation of the form $aY^n+bX^m$ where $n,m$ are necessarily\n", + " coprime. Zariski, in a short paper, established a criterion for an algebroid\n", + " curve to be quasihomogeneous and a celebrated theorem of Lin and Zaidenberg\n", + " gives a global criterion for quasihomogeneity. The Lin-Zaidenberg theorem does\n", + " not have a simple proof, despite having three different proofs using function\n", + " theory, topology and algebraic surface theory respectively. We give here a\n", + " global version of the Zariski result. As a consequence we give a proof of a\n", + " slightly weaker version of the Lin-Zaidenberg Theorem, namely that a rational\n", + " curve with one place at infinity is unibranch and locally quasihomogeneous if\n", + " and only if it is globally quasihomogeneous, provided the ground field is\n", + " algebraically closed of characteristic zero. Our method of proof leads to some\n", + " interesting questions about the change in the module of differentials when we\n", + " go to the integral closure.,\n", + " Second order recurrence relations of real numbers arise form various\n", + " applications in discrete time dynamical systems as well as in the context on\n", + " Markov chains. Solutions to the recurrence relations are fully defined by the\n", + " first two initial values as well as the recurrence formula. We calculate in\n", + " this work explicitly as a function of $a_1$ the minimal positive solution\n", + " $(a_i)_{i\\in\\mathbb{N}}$ to non-homogeneous second order recurrence relation\n", + " with affine coefficients when the non-homogeneity is constant and negative, and\n", + " the first initial value equals $a_0=0$. We show that rational coefficients lead\n", + " to a sequence of transcendental numbers. Additionally, we prove that this\n", + " sequence is the only bounded solution when varying $a_1$, converges to $0$ and\n", + " obtain the convergence speed in $O(i^{-1})$. We comment in the last section\n", + " further on the choice of rational parameters in the recurrence relation and we\n", + " make a link to the impossibility of obtaining computer based visualizations of\n", + " the minimal positive solution $(a_i)_{i\\in\\mathbb{N}}$.,\n", + " Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) have been\n", + " regarded as promising semiconductor materials for hard X-ray and Gamma-ray\n", + " detection. The high atomic number of the materials (Z_{Cd} =48, Z_{Te} =52)\n", + " gives a high quantum efficiency in comparison with Si. The large band-gap\n", + " energy (Eg ~ 1.5 eV) allows us to operate the detector at room temperature.\n", + " However, a considerable amount of charge loss in these detectors produces a\n", + " reduced energy resolution. This problem arises due to the low mobility and\n", + " short lifetime of holes. Recently, significant improvements have been achieved\n", + " to improve the spectral properties based on the advances in the production of\n", + " crystals and in the design of electrodes. In this overview talk, we summarize\n", + " (1) advantages and disadvantages of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor detectors and\n", + " (2) technique for improving energy resolution and photopeak efficiencies.\n", + " Applications of these imaging detectors in future hard X-ray and Gamma-ray\n", + " astronomy missions are briefly discussed.,\n", + " We consider the three-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schr\\\"odinger system\n", + " \\begin{equation*} \\begin{cases} i\\partial_tu+\\Delta u+(|u|^2+\\beta\n", + " |v|^2)u=0,\\\\ i\\partial_tv+\\Delta v+(|v|^2+\\beta |u|^2)v=0. \\end{cases}\n", + " \\end{equation*} Let $(P,Q)$ be any ground state solution of the above\n", + " Schr\\\"odinger system. We show that for any initial data $(u_0,v_0)$ in\n", + " $H^1(\\mathbb{R}^3)\\times H^1(\\mathbb{R}^3)$ satisfying\n", + " $M(u_0,v_0)A(u_0,v_0) 1$ and a rational\n", + " function $a\\in k(z)$ of degree $>0$ over a product formula field $k$ of\n", + " characteristic $0$, applying this quantitative adelic equidistribution result\n", + " to adelic dynamics of $f$.,\n", + " Let R be a non-negatively graded Cohen-Macaulay ring with R_0 a\n", + " Cohen-Macaulay factor ring of a local Gorenstein ring. Let d be the dimension\n", + " of R, m be the maximal homogeneous ideal of R, and M be a finitely generated\n", + " graded R-module. It has long been known how to read information about the socle\n", + " degrees of the local cohomology module H_m^0(M) from the twists in position d\n", + " in a resolution of M by free R-modules. It has also long been known how to use\n", + " local cohomology to read valuable information from complexes which approximate\n", + " resolutions in the sense that they have positive homology of small Krull\n", + " dimension. The present paper reads information about the maximal generator\n", + " degree (rather than the socle degree) of H_m^0M from the twists in position d-1\n", + " (rather than position d) in an approximate resolution of M. We apply the local\n", + " cohomology results to draw conclusions about the maximum generator degree of\n", + " the second symbolic power of the prime ideal defining a monomial curve and the\n", + " second symbolic power of the ideal defining a finite set of points in\n", + " projective space. There is an application to general hyperplane sections of\n", + " subschemes of projective space over an infinite field. There is an application\n", + " of the local cohomology techniques to partial Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity.\n", + " An application to the ideals generated by the lower order Pfaffians of an\n", + " alternating matrix will appear in a future paper. One additional application to\n", + " the study of blow-up algebras appears in a separate paper.,\n", + " In this thesis we present a new algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem\n", + " called the Enhanced Bees Algorithm. It is adapted from a fairly recent\n", + " algorithm, the Bees Algorithm, which was developed for continuous optimisation\n", + " problems. We show that the results obtained by the Enhanced Bees Algorithm are\n", + " competitive with the best meta-heuristics available for the Vehicle Routing\n", + " Problem (within 0.5% of the optimal solution for common benchmark problems). We\n", + " show that the algorithm has good runtime performance, producing results within\n", + " 2% of the optimal solution within 60 seconds, making it suitable for use within\n", + " real world dispatch scenarios.,\n", + " Understanding the operation of biological and artificial networks remains a\n", + " difficult and important challenge. To identify general principles, researchers\n", + " are increasingly interested in surveying large collections of networks that are\n", + " trained on, or biologically adapted to, similar tasks. A standardized set of\n", + " analysis tools is now needed to identify how network-level covariates -- such\n", + " as architecture, anatomical brain region, and model organism -- impact neural\n", + " representations (hidden layer activations). Here, we provide a rigorous\n", + " foundation for these analyses by defining a broad family of metric spaces that\n", + " quantify representational dissimilarity. Using this framework we modify\n", + " existing representational similarity measures based on canonical correlation\n", + " analysis to satisfy the triangle inequality, formulate a novel metric that\n", + " respects the inductive biases in convolutional layers, and identify approximate\n", + " Euclidean embeddings that enable network representations to be incorporated\n", + " into essentially any off-the-shelf machine learning method. We demonstrate\n", + " these methods on large-scale datasets from biology (Allen Institute Brain\n", + " Observatory) and deep learning (NAS-Bench-101). In doing so, we identify\n", + " relationships between neural representations that are interpretable in terms of\n", + " anatomical features and model performance.,\n", + " We consider stochastic convex optimization for heavy-tailed data with the\n", + " guarantee of being differentially private (DP). Prior work on this problem is\n", + " restricted to the gradient descent (GD) method, which is inefficient for\n", + " large-scale problems. In this paper, we resolve this issue and derive the first\n", + " high-probability bounds for the private stochastic method with clipping. For\n", + " general convex problems, we derive excess population risks\n", + " $\\Tilde{O}\\left(\\frac{d^{1/7}\\sqrt{\\ln\\frac{(n \\epsilon)^2}{\\beta\n", + " d}}}{(n\\epsilon)^{2/7}}\\right)$ and\n", + " $\\Tilde{O}\\left(\\frac{d^{1/7}\\ln\\frac{(n\\epsilon)^2}{\\beta\n", + " d}}{(n\\epsilon)^{2/7}}\\right)$ under bounded or unbounded domain assumption,\n", + " respectively (here $n$ is the sample size, $d$ is the dimension of the data,\n", + " $\\beta$ is the confidence level and $\\epsilon$ is the private level). Then, we\n", + " extend our analysis to the strongly convex case and non-smooth case (which\n", + " works for generalized smooth objectives with H$\\ddot{\\text{o}}$lder-continuous\n", + " gradients). We establish new excess risk bounds without bounded domain\n", + " assumption. The results above achieve lower excess risks and gradient\n", + " complexities than existing methods in their corresponding cases. Numerical\n", + " experiments are conducted to justify the theoretical improvement.,\n", + " We present an iterative algorithm to count Feynman diagrams via many-body\n", + " relations. The algorithm allows us to count the number of diagrams of the exact\n", + " solution for the general fermionic many-body problem at each order in the\n", + " interaction. Further, we apply it to different parquet-type approximations and\n", + " consider spin-resolved diagrams in the Hubbard model. Low-order results and\n", + " asymptotics are explicitly discussed for various vertex functions and different\n", + " two-particle channels. The algorithm can easily be implemented and generalized\n", + " to many-body relations of different forms and levels of approximation.,\n", + " We introduce and study $\\ell^2$ spaces of homeomorphisms of the circle (up to\n", + " M\\\"obius transformations) with respect to two modular coordinates, namely\n", + " shears and diamond shears along the edges of the Farey tessellation. Shears and\n", + " diamond shears are related combinatorially, and the latter is closely related\n", + " to the $\\log \\Lambda$-lengths of decorated universal Teichm\\\"uller space\n", + " introduced by R.~Penner. We obtain sharp results comparing these new classes to\n", + " the Weil-Petersson class and H\\\"older classes of circle homeomorphisms. We also\n", + " express the Weil-Petersson metric tensor and symplectic form in terms of\n", + " infinitesimal shears and diamond shears.,\n", + " Stochastic field equations for linearized gravity are presented. The theory\n", + " is compared with the usual quantum field theory and questions of Lorentz\n", + " covariance are discussed. The classical radiation approximation is also\n", + " presented.,\n", + " Soft-matter systems when driven out-of-equilibrium often give rise to\n", + " structures that usually lie in-between the macroscopic scale of the material\n", + " and microscopic scale of its constituents. In this paper we review three such\n", + " systems, the two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model, the Kuramoto model and\n", + " the Rayleigh-B\\'enard convection system which when driven out-of-equilibrium\n", + " give rise to emergent spatio-temporal order through self-organization. A common\n", + " feature of these systems is that the entities that self-organize are coupled to\n", + " one another in some way, either through local interactions or through a\n", + " continuous media. Therefore, the general nature of non-equilibrium fluctuations\n", + " of the intrinsic variables in these systems are found to follow similar trends\n", + " as order emerges. Through this paper, we attempt to find connections between\n", + " these systems, and systems in general which give rise to emergent order when\n", + " driven out-of-equilibrium.,\n", + " It is a well known result that the scalar field is composed of two chiral\n", + " particles (Floreanini-Jackiw particles) of opposite chiralities. Also, that a\n", + " Siegel particle spectrum is formed by a nonmover field (a Hull's noton) and a\n", + " FJ particle. In this work we show that in a scalar field spectrum, in a curved\n", + " expanding universe scenario, we can find two dynamical chiral fields.,\n", + " The highly efficient, easy-to-implement, long-ranged and non-destructive way\n", + " to realize active pumping has been still a great challenge. Here, using\n", + " molecular dynamics simulations, terahertz electromagnetic wave (TEW) is firstly\n", + " employed to stimulate an active pump for water transportation by biasedly\n", + " irradiated in a (6,6) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) under no external\n", + " pressure gradient. It is found that an ultrafast conductivity (up to 9.5 /ns)\n", + " through the pump around a characteristic frequency of 14 THz. The excellent\n", + " pumping ability is attributed to the resonance coupling between the TEW and\n", + " water molecules, in which water molecules can gain considerable energy\n", + " continuously to break the binding of hydrogen bonds and the spatial symmetry.\n", + " This proposed TEW-driven pump concept will offer a guide in polar molecule\n", + " transport through artificial or biological nanochannels, particularly in a\n", + " controllable, non-contact and large-scale process.,\n", + " Classical dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) is one of the\n", + " cornerstones of modern statistical mechanics. It is an extension of the highly\n", + " successful method of classical density functional theory (DFT) to\n", + " nonequilibrium systems. Originally developed for the treatment of simple and\n", + " complex fluids, DDFT is now applied in fields as diverse as hydrodynamics,\n", + " materials science, chemistry, biology, and plasma physics. In this review, we\n", + " give a broad overview over classical DDFT. We explain its theoretical\n", + " foundations and the ways in which it can be derived. The relations between the\n", + " different forms of deterministic and stochastic DDFT as well as between DDFT\n", + " and related theories, such as quantum-mechanical time-dependent DFT, mode\n", + " coupling theory, and phase field crystal models, are clarified. Moreover, we\n", + " discuss the wide spectrum of extensions of DDFT, which covers methods with\n", + " additional order parameters (like extended DDFT), exact approaches (like power\n", + " functional theory), and systems with more complex dynamics (like active\n", + " matter). Finally, the large variety of applications, ranging from fluid\n", + " mechanics and polymer physics to solidification, pattern formation, biophysics,\n", + " and electrochemistry, is presented.,\n", + " The ongoing exploration of the ambiguous boundary between the quantum and the\n", + " classical worlds has spurred substantial developments in quantum science and\n", + " technology. Recently, the nonclassicality of dynamical processes has been\n", + " proposed from a quantum-information-theoretic perspective, in terms of\n", + " witnessing nonclassical correlations with Hamiltonian ensemble simulations. To\n", + " acquire insights into the quantum-dynamical mechanism of the process\n", + " nonclassicality, here we propose to investigate the nonclassicality of the\n", + " electron spin free-induction-decay process associated with an NV$^-$ center. By\n", + " controlling the nuclear spin precession dynamics via an external magnetic field\n", + " and nuclear spin polarization, it is possible to manipulate the dynamical\n", + " behavior of the electron spin, showing a transition between classicality and\n", + " nonclassicality. We propose an explanation of the classicality-nonclassicality\n", + " transition in terms of the nuclear spin precession axis orientation and\n", + " dynamics. We have also performed a series of numerical simulations supporting\n", + " our findings. Consequently, we can attribute the nonclassical trait of the\n", + " electron spin dynamics to the behavior of nuclear spin precession dynamics.,\n", + " We study the behaviour of Laplace-type operators H on a complex vector bundle\n", + " E $\\rightarrow$ M in the adiabatic limit of the base space. This space is a\n", + " fibre bundle M $\\rightarrow$ B with compact fibres and the limit corresponds to\n", + " blowing up directions perpendicular to the fibres by a factor 1/$\\epsilon$.\n", + " Under a gap condition on the fibre-wise eigenvalues we prove existence of\n", + " effective operators that provide asymptotics to any order in $\\epsilon$ for H\n", + " (with Dirichlet boundary conditions), on an appropriate almost-invariant\n", + " subspace of L${}^2$(E).,\n", + " We report Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) , Very Large Telescope (VLT)\n", + " and Spitzer Space Telescope observations of ESO 184$-$G82, the host galaxy of\n", + " GRB 980425/SN 1998bw, that yield evidence of a companion dwarf galaxy at a\n", + " projected distance of 13 kpc. The companion, hereafter GALJ193510-524947, is a\n", + " gas-rich, star-forming galaxy with a star formation rate of\n", + " $\\rm0.004\\,M_{\\odot}\\, yr^{-1}$, a gas mass of $10^{7.1\\pm0.1} M_{\\odot}$, and\n", + " a stellar mass of $10^{7.0\\pm0.3} M_{\\odot}$. The interaction between ESO\n", + " 184$-$G82 and GALJ193510-524947 is evident from the extended gaseous structure\n", + " between the two galaxies in the GMRT HI 21 cm map. We find a ring of high\n", + " column density HI gas, passing through the actively star forming regions of ESO\n", + " 184$-$G82 and the GRB location. This ring lends support to the picture in which\n", + " ESO 184$-$G82 is interacting with GALJ193510-524947. The massive stars in\n", + " GALJ193510-524947 have similar ages to those in star-forming regions in ESO\n", + " 184$-$G82, also suggesting that the interaction may have triggered star\n", + " formation in both galaxies. The gas and star formation properties of ESO\n", + " 184$-$G82 favour a head-on collision with GALJ193510-524947 rather than a\n", + " classical tidal interaction. We perform state-of-the art simulations of\n", + " dwarf--dwarf mergers and confirm that the observed properties of ESO 184$-$G82\n", + " can be reproduced by collision with a small companion galaxy. This is a very\n", + " clear case of interaction in a gamma ray burst host galaxy, and of\n", + " interaction-driven star formation giving rise to a gamma ray burst in a dense\n", + " environment.,\n", + " The inverted band structure discovered in InAs/GaSb quantum well (QW) is\n", + " found to host the topological quantum spin Hall (QSH) states. A QSH insulator\n", + " hosts counterpropagating spin-polarized edge states that are protected by the\n", + " time-reversal symmetry. The latest experiment reported a robust quantized Hall\n", + " conductance arising from these QSH states that persists in an in-plane magnetic\n", + " field as strong as $12$ Tesla. Based on the result of this experiment, we\n", + " present here a precise calculation of the effective in-plane Lande-\\textit{g}\n", + " factor. We based our calculations on the tight-binding Hamiltonian projected on\n", + " a square lattice that reproduces a slightly modified Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang\n", + " (BHZ) Hamiltonian. We also study the topological phase transitions\n", + " \\textit{w.r.t.} a magnetic doping. At suitable doping, one type of spin states\n", + " penetrate to the bulk of the QW and the system also enters the Quantum\n", + " Anomalous Hall (QAH) state. We further confirm this through the calculations of\n", + " quantum Hall conductance which shows a plateau at $e^2/h$ rather than $2e^2/h$\n", + " at such a doping state. The paper predicts a certain range of controllable\n", + " parameters in an inverted QW for enabling a dissipationless charge transport\n", + " needed for spintronics application.,\n", + " The AMANDA (Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array) detector, located at\n", + " the South Pole station, Antarctica, was recently expanded with the addition of\n", + " six new strings, completing the phase referred to as AMANDA-II. This detector\n", + " has been calibrated and in operation since January 2000. The first data\n", + " analyses are currently underway. In this report we present an update on the\n", + " results from the AMANDA-B10 detector, which operated during the austral winter\n", + " 1997.,\n", + " Proteins and nucleic acids can spontaneously self-assemble into membraneless\n", + " droplet-like compartments, both in vitro and in vivo. A key component of these\n", + " droplets are multi-valent proteins that possess several adhesive domains with\n", + " specific interaction partners (whose number determines total valency of the\n", + " protein) separated by disordered regions. Here, using multi-scale simulations\n", + " we show that such proteins self-organize into micro-phase separated droplets of\n", + " various sizes as opposed to the Flory-like macro-phase separated equilibrium\n", + " state of homopolymers or equilibrium physical gels. We show that the\n", + " micro-phase separated state is a dynamic outcome of the interplay between two\n", + " competing processes: a diffusion-limited encounter between proteins, and the\n", + " dynamics within small clusters that results in exhaustion of available\n", + " valencies whereby all specifically interacting domains find their interacting\n", + " partners within smaller clusters, leading to arrested phase separation. We\n", + " first model these multi-valent chains as bead-spring polymers with multiple\n", + " adhesive domains separated by semi-flexible linkers and use Langevin Dynamics\n", + " (LD) to assess how key timescales depend on the molecular properties of\n", + " associating polymers. Using the time-scales from LD simulations, we develop a\n", + " coarse-grained kinetic model to study this phenomenon at longer times.\n", + " Consistent with LD simulations, the macro-phase separated state was only\n", + " observed at high concentrations and large interaction valencies. Further, in\n", + " the regime where cluster sizes approach macro-phase separation, the condensed\n", + " phase becomes dynamically solid-like, suggesting that it might no longer be\n", + " biologically functional. Therefore, the micro-phase separated state could be a\n", + " hallmark of functional droplets formed by proteins with the sticker-spacer\n", + " architecture.,\n", + " Let $\\Phi$ be a correspondence from a normed vector space $X$ into itself,\n", + " let $u: X\\to \\mathbf{R}$ be a function, and $\\mathcal{I}$ be an ideal on\n", + " $\\mathbf{N}$. Also, assume that the restriction of $u$ on the fixed points of\n", + " $\\Phi$ has a unique maximizer $\\eta^\\star$. Then, we consider feasible paths\n", + " $(x_0,x_1,\\ldots)$ with values in $X$ such that $x_{n+1} \\in \\Phi(x_n)$ for all\n", + " $n\\ge 0$. Under certain additional conditions, we prove the following turnpike\n", + " result: every feasible path $(x_0,x_1,\\ldots)$ which maximizes the smallest\n", + " $\\mathcal{I}$-cluster point of the sequence $(u(x_0),u(x_1),\\ldots)$ is\n", + " necessarily $\\mathcal{I}$-convergent to $\\eta^\\star$.\n", + " We provide examples that, on the one hand, justify the hypotheses of our\n", + " result and, on the other hand, prove that we are including new cases which were\n", + " previously not considered in the related literature.,\n", + " It is often the case that a covering map of the open annulus is semiconjugate\n", + " to a map of the circle of the same degree. We investigate this possibility and\n", + " its consequences on the dynamics. In particular, we address the problem of the\n", + " classification up to conjugacy. However, there are examples which are not\n", + " semiconjugate to a map of the circle, and this opens new questions.,\n", + " Vibration-based quality monitoring of manufactured components often employs\n", + " pattern recognition methods. Albeit developing several classification methods,\n", + " they usually provide high accuracy for specific types of datasets, but not for\n", + " general cases. In this paper, this issue has been addressed by developing a\n", + " novel ensemble classifier based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. To\n", + " deal with conflicting evidences, three remedies are proposed prior to\n", + " combination: (i) selection of proper classifiers by evaluating the relevancy\n", + " between the predicted and target outputs, (ii) devising an optimization method\n", + " to minimize the distance between the predicted and target outputs, (iii)\n", + " utilizing five different weighting factors, including a new one, to enhance the\n", + " fusion performance. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated by\n", + " its application to 15 UCI and KEEL machine learning datasets. It is then\n", + " applied to two vibration-based datasets to detect defected samples: one\n", + " synthetic dataset generated from the finite element model of a dogbone\n", + " cylinder, and one real experimental dataset generated by collecting broadband\n", + " vibrational response of polycrystalline Nickel alloy first-stage turbine\n", + " blades. The investigation is made through statistical analysis in presence of\n", + " different levels of noise-to-signal ratio. Comparing the results with those of\n", + " four state-of-the-art fusion techniques reveals the good performance of the\n", + " proposed ensemble method.,\n", + " \"What are the consequences ... that Fermi particles cannot get into the same\n", + " state ... \" R. P. Feynman wrote of the Pauli exclusion principle, \"In fact,\n", + " almost all the peculiarities of the material world hinge on this wonderful\n", + " fact.\" In 1972 Borland and Dennis showed that there exist powerful constraints\n", + " beyond the Pauli exclusion principle on the orbital occupations of Fermi\n", + " particles, providing important restrictions on quantum correlation and\n", + " entanglement. Here we use computations on quantum computers to experimentally\n", + " verify the existence of these additional constraints. Quantum many-fermion\n", + " states are randomly prepared on the quantum computer and tested for constraint\n", + " violations. Measurements show no violation and confirm the generalized Pauli\n", + " exclusion principle with an error of one part in one quintillion.,\n", + " In this paper we work in the context of Teleparallelism Equivalent to General\n", + " Relativity (TEGR) in order to construct the energy-momentum flux for\n", + " G\\\"odel-type solutions of Einstein's equations. We use an stationary observer,\n", + " which is settled by the tetrad choice, to obtain the gravitational pressure for\n", + " each direction of space in cartesian coordinates. Then we write down the total\n", + " pressure for each direction in terms of the pressure of the fluid, thus we are\n", + " able to identify role of the gravitational pressure.,\n", + " Reinforcement Learning (RL) can model complex behavior policies for\n", + " goal-directed sequential decision making tasks. A hallmark of RL algorithms is\n", + " Temporal Difference (TD) learning: value function for the current state is\n", + " moved towards a bootstrapped target that is estimated using next state's value\n", + " function. $\\lambda$-returns generalize beyond 1-step returns and strike a\n", + " balance between Monte Carlo and TD learning methods. While lambda-returns have\n", + " been extensively studied in RL, they haven't been explored a lot in Deep RL.\n", + " This paper's first contribution is an exhaustive benchmarking of\n", + " lambda-returns. Although mathematically tractable, the use of exponentially\n", + " decaying weighting of n-step returns based targets in lambda-returns is a\n", + " rather ad-hoc design choice. Our second major contribution is that we propose a\n", + " generalization of lambda-returns called Confidence-based Autodidactic Returns\n", + " (CAR), wherein the RL agent learns the weighting of the n-step returns in an\n", + " end-to-end manner. This allows the agent to learn to decide how much it wants\n", + " to weigh the n-step returns based targets. In contrast, lambda-returns restrict\n", + " RL agents to use an exponentially decaying weighting scheme. Autodidactic\n", + " returns can be used for improving any RL algorithm which uses TD learning. We\n", + " empirically demonstrate that using sophisticated weighted mixtures of\n", + " multi-step returns (like CAR and lambda-returns) considerably outperforms the\n", + " use of n-step returns. We perform our experiments on the Asynchronous Advantage\n", + " Actor Critic (A3C) algorithm in the Atari 2600 domain.,\n", + " In this paper, we propose a generalized framework that combines the cognitive\n", + " radio (CR) techniques for spectrum sharing and the simultaneous wireless\n", + " information and power transfer (SWIPT) for energy harvesting (EH) in the\n", + " conventional multi-user MIMO (MuMIMO) channels, which leads to an\n", + " MuMIMO-CR-SWIPT network. In this system, we have one secondary base-station\n", + " (S-BS) that supports multiple secondary information decoding (S-ID) and\n", + " secondary EH (S-EH) users simultaneously under the condition that interference\n", + " power that affects the primary ID (P-ID) receivers should stay below a certain\n", + " threshold. The goal of the paper is to develop a generalized precoder design\n", + " that maximizes the sum-utility cost function under the transmit power\n", + " constraint at the S-BS, and the EH constraint at each S-EH user, and the\n", + " interference power constraint at each P-ID user. Therefore, the previous\n", + " studies for the CR and SWIPT systems are casted as particular solutions of the\n", + " proposed framework. The problem is inherently non-convex and even the weighted\n", + " minimum mean squared error (WMMSE) transformation does not resolve the\n", + " non-convexity of the original problem. To tackle the problem, we find a\n", + " solution from the dual optimization via sub-gradient ellipsoid method based on\n", + " the observation that the WMMSE transformation raises zero-duality gap between\n", + " the primal and the dual problems. We also propose a simplified algorithm for\n", + " the case of a single S-ID user, which is shown to achieve the global optimum.\n", + " Finally, we demonstrate the optimality and efficiency of the proposed\n", + " algorithms through numerical simulation results.,\n", + " We present a new proof of an algebraic characterization of circle graphs due\n", + " to W. Naji. For bipartite graphs, Naji's theorem is equivalent to an algebraic\n", + " characterization of planar matroids due to J. Geelen and B. Gerards. Naji's\n", + " theorem also yields an algebraic characterization of permutation graphs.,\n", + " We show that inflation can naturally occur at a finite temperature T>H that\n", + " is sustained by dissipative effects, when the inflaton field corresponds to a\n", + " pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson of a broken gauge symmetry. Similarly to \"Little\n", + " Higgs\" scenarios for electroweak symmetry breaking, the flatness of the\n", + " inflaton potential is protected against both quadratic divergences and the\n", + " leading thermal corrections. We show that, nevertheless, nonlocal dissipative\n", + " effects are naturally present and are able to sustain a nearly thermal bath of\n", + " light particles despite the accelerated expansion of the Universe. As an\n", + " example, we discuss the dynamics of chaotic warm inflation with a quartic\n", + " potential and show that the associated observational predictions are in very\n", + " good agreement with the latest Planck results. This model constitutes the first\n", + " realization of warm inflation requiring only a small number of fields; in\n", + " particular, the inflaton is directly coupled to just two light fields.,\n", + " Deep Learning (DL) acceleration support in CPUs has recently gained a lot of\n", + " traction, with several companies (Arm, Intel, IBM) announcing products with\n", + " specialized matrix engines accessible via GEMM instructions. CPUs are pervasive\n", + " and need to handle diverse requirements across DL workloads running in\n", + " edge/HPC/cloud platforms. Therefore, as DL workloads embrace sparsity to reduce\n", + " the computations and memory size of models, it is also imperative for CPUs to\n", + " add support for sparsity to avoid under-utilization of the dense matrix engine\n", + " and inefficient usage of the caches and registers. This work presents VEGETA, a\n", + " set of ISA and microarchitecture extensions over dense matrix engines to\n", + " support flexible structured sparsity for CPUs, enabling programmable support\n", + " for diverse DL models with varying degrees of sparsity. Compared to the\n", + " state-of-the-art (SOTA) dense matrix engine in CPUs, a VEGETA engine provides\n", + " 1.09x, 2.20x, 3.74x, and 3.28x speed-ups when running 4:4 (dense), 2:4, 1:4,\n", + " and unstructured (95%) sparse DNN layers.,\n", + " The acute disparity between increasing bandwidth demand and available\n", + " spectrum, has brought millimeter wave (mmW) bands to the forefront of candidate\n", + " solutions for the next-generation cellular networks. Highly directional\n", + " transmissions are essential for cellular communication in these frequencies to\n", + " compensate for high isotropic path loss. This reliance on directional\n", + " beamforming, however, complicates initial cell search since the mobile and base\n", + " station must jointly search over a potentially large angular directional space\n", + " to locate a suitable path to initiate communication. To address this problem,\n", + " this paper proposes a directional cell discovery procedure where base stations\n", + " periodically transmit synchronization signals, potentially in time-varying\n", + " random directions, to scan the angular space. Detectors for these signals are\n", + " derived based on a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) under various\n", + " signal and receiver assumptions. The detectors are then simulated under\n", + " realistic design parameters and channels based on actual experimental\n", + " measurements at 28~GHz in New York City. The study reveals two key findings:\n", + " (i) digital beamforming can significantly outperform analog beamforming even\n", + " when the digital beamforming uses very low quantization to compensate for the\n", + " additional power requirements; and (ii) omni-directional transmissions of the\n", + " synchronization signals from the base station generally outperforms random\n", + " directional scanning.,\n", + " It was shown in [A. Azimifard, E. Samei, N. Spronk, JFA 2009; arxiv\n", + " 0805.3685] that the ZL-amenability constant of a finite group is always at\n", + " least 1, with equality if and only if the group is abelian. It was also shown\n", + " in the same paper that for any finite non-abelian group this invariant is at\n", + " least 301/300, but the proof relies crucially on a deep result of D. A. Rider\n", + " on norms of central idempotents in group algebras.\n", + " Here we show that if G is finite and non-abelian then its ZL-amenability\n", + " constant is at least 7/4, which is known to be best possible. We avoid use of\n", + " Rider's result, by analyzing the cases where G is just non-abelian, using\n", + " calculations from [M. Alaghmandan, Y. Choi, E. Samei, CMB 2014; arxiv\n", + " 1302.1929], and establishing a new estimate for groups with trivial centre.,\n", + " We present a novel method for sampling iso-likelihood contours in nested\n", + " sampling using a type of machine learning algorithm known as normalising flows\n", + " and incorporate it into our sampler nessai. Nessai is designed for problems\n", + " where computing the likelihood is computationally expensive and therefore the\n", + " cost of training a normalising flow is offset by the overall reduction in the\n", + " number of likelihood evaluations. We validate our sampler on 128 simulated\n", + " gravitational wave signals from compact binary coalescence and show that it\n", + " produces unbiased estimates of the system parameters. Subsequently, we compare\n", + " our results to those obtained with dynesty and find good agreement between the\n", + " computed log-evidences whilst requiring 2.07 times fewer likelihood\n", + " evaluations. We also highlight how the likelihood evaluation can be\n", + " parallelised in nessai without any modifications to the algorithm. Finally, we\n", + " outline diagnostics included in nessai and how these can be used to tune the\n", + " sampler's settings.,\n", + " MagAO-X is an extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) instrument for the Magellan Clay\n", + " 6.5-meter telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Its high spatial and\n", + " temporal resolution can produce data rates of 1 TB/hr or more, including all AO\n", + " system telemetry and science images. We describe the tools and architecture we\n", + " use for commanding, telemetry, and science data transmission and storage. The\n", + " high data volumes require a distributed approach to data processing, and we\n", + " have developed a pipeline that can scale from a single laptop to dozens of HPC\n", + " nodes. The same codebase can then be used for both quick-look functionality at\n", + " the telescope and for post-processing. We present the software and\n", + " infrastructure we have developed for ExAO data post-processing, and illustrate\n", + " their use with recently acquired direct-imaging data.,\n", + " Understanding alloy phase transformations during continuous cooling is\n", + " important for post-processing design and optimization. In this work,\n", + " continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams of Inconel 718 alloys\n", + " manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and suction casting are\n", + " developed under different homogenization conditions. Unlike the available CCT\n", + " diagrams in the reported studies, no gamma double prime and gamma prime\n", + " precipitates can be observed. NbC and delta are determined to be the\n", + " precipitates after cooling from the gamma matrix. Importantly, homogenization\n", + " time and manufacturing methods are found to affect the Nb homogeneity in the\n", + " matrix near NbC particles and thus significantly influence the precipitation\n", + " process of the delta phase, which has a high content in Nb. In the alloys with\n", + " high Nb homogeneity, the nucleation process mainly contributes to the\n", + " precipitation, whereas in the alloys with low Nb homogeneity, the precipitation\n", + " is primarily associated with the growth process. Subgrains are found to form\n", + " after cooling at 0.1 K/s and can cause the highest hardness in samples. This\n", + " work provides a new viewpoint on the study of processing-structure-property\n", + " relationships during cooling in Inconel 718 and is beneficial to the\n", + " development of alloy post-processing strategies.,\n", + " Piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMPs) are a type of\n", + " continuous-time Markov process that combine deterministic flows with jumps.\n", + " Recently, PDMPs have garnered attention within the Monte Carlo community as a\n", + " potential alternative to traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.\n", + " The Zig-Zag sampler and the Bouncy particle sampler are commonly used examples\n", + " of the PDMP methodology which have also yielded impressive theoretical\n", + " properties, but little is known about their robustness to extreme dependence or\n", + " isotropy of the target density. It turns out that PDMPs may suffer from poor\n", + " mixing due to anisotropy and this paper investigates this effect in detail in\n", + " the stylised but important Gaussian case. To this end, we employ a multi-scale\n", + " analysis framework in this paper. Our results show that when the Gaussian\n", + " target distribution has two scales, of order $1$ and $\\epsilon$, the\n", + " computational cost of the Bouncy particle sampler is of order $\\epsilon^{-1}$,\n", + " and the computational cost of the Zig-Zag sampler is either $\\epsilon^{-1}$ or\n", + " $\\epsilon^{-2}$, depending on the target distribution. In comparison, the cost\n", + " of the traditional MCMC methods such as RWM or MALA is of order\n", + " $\\epsilon^{-2}$, at least when the dimensionality of the small component is\n", + " more than $1$. Therefore, there is a robustness advantage to using PDMPs in\n", + " this context.,\n", + " $K^*(892)^0\\bar K^*(892)^0$ signals from $\\chi_{cJ} (J=0,1,2)$ decays are\n", + " observed for the first time using a data sample of 14 million $\\psi(2S)$ events\n", + " accumulated at the BES II detector. The branching fractions ${\\cal\n", + " B}(\\chi_{cJ}\\to K^*(892)^0\\bar K^*(892)^0)$ $(J = 0,1,2)$ are determined to be\n", + " $(1.55 \\pm 0.35 \\pm 0.30)\\times 10^{-3}$, $(1.58 \\pm 0.32 \\pm 0.29)\\times\n", + " 10^{-3}$, and $(4.67 \\pm 0.55 \\pm 0.85)\\times 10^{-3}$ for the $\\chi_{c0}$,\n", + " $\\chi_{c1}$ and $\\chi_{c2}$ decays, respectively, where the first errors are\n", + " statistical and the second are systematic. The significances of these signals\n", + " are about 4.2$\\sigma$, 4.3$\\sigma$, and 7.5$\\sigma$, respectively.,\n", + " The light field camera is useful for computer graphics and vision\n", + " applications. Calibration is an essential step for these applications. After\n", + " calibration, we can rectify the captured image by using the calibrated camera\n", + " parameters. However, the large camera array calibration method, which assumes\n", + " that all cameras are on the same plane, ignores the orientation and intrinsic\n", + " parameters. The multi-camera calibration technique usually assumes that the\n", + " working volume and viewpoints are fixed. In this paper, we describe a\n", + " calibration algorithm suitable for a mobile camera array based light field\n", + " acquisition system. The algorithm performs in Zhang's style by moving a\n", + " checkerboard, and computes the initial parameters in closed form. Global\n", + " optimization is then applied to refine all the parameters simultaneously. Our\n", + " implementation is rather flexible in that users can assign the number of\n", + " viewpoints and refinement of intrinsic parameters is optional. Experiments on\n", + " both simulated data and real data acquired by a commercial product show that\n", + " our method yields good results. Digital refocusing application shows the\n", + " calibrated light field can well focus to the target object we desired.,\n", + " For distributed learning among collaborative users, this paper develops and\n", + " analyzes a communication-efficient scheme for federated learning (FL) over the\n", + " air, which incorporates 1-bit compressive sensing (CS) into analog aggregation\n", + " transmissions. To facilitate design parameter optimization, we theoretically\n", + " analyze the efficacy of the proposed scheme by deriving a closed-form\n", + " expression for the expected convergence rate of the FL over the air. Our\n", + " theoretical results reveal the tradeoff between convergence performance and\n", + " communication efficiency as a result of the aggregation errors caused by\n", + " sparsification, dimension reduction, quantization, signal reconstruction and\n", + " noise. Then, we formulate 1-bit CS based FL over the air as a joint\n", + " optimization problem to mitigate the impact of these aggregation errors through\n", + " joint optimal design of worker scheduling and power scaling policy. An\n", + " enumeration-based method is proposed to solve this non-convex problem, which is\n", + " optimal but becomes computationally infeasible as the number of devices\n", + " increases. For scalable computing, we resort to the alternating direction\n", + " method of multipliers (ADMM) technique to develop an efficient implementation\n", + " that is suitable for large-scale networks. Simulation results show that our\n", + " proposed 1-bit CS based FL over the air achieves comparable performance to the\n", + " ideal case where conventional FL without compression and quantification is\n", + " applied over error-free aggregation, at much reduced communication overhead and\n", + " transmission latency.,\n", + " We study the structure of CP violating phases in the seesaw model. We find\n", + " that the $3\\times 6$ MNS matrix contains six independent phases, three of which\n", + " are identified as a Dirac phase and two Majorana phases in the light neutrino\n", + " sector while the remaining three arise from the mixing of the light neutrinos\n", + " and heavy neutrinos. We show how to determine these phases from physical\n", + " observables.,\n", + " We present an alternative model of coronal-loop oscillations which considers\n", + " that the waves are trapped in a 2D waveguide formed by the entire arcade of\n", + " field lines. This differs from the standard 1D model which treats the waves as\n", + " the resonant oscillations of just the visible bundle of field lines. Within the\n", + " framework of our 2D model, the two types of oscillations that have been\n", + " observationally identified, flare-induced waves and \"decayless\" oscillations,\n", + " can both be attributed to MHD fast waves. The two components of the signal\n", + " differ only because of the duration and spatial extent of the source that\n", + " creates them. The flare-induced waves are generated by strong localized sources\n", + " of short duration, while the decayless background can be excited by a\n", + " continuous, stochastic source. Further, the oscillatory signal arising from a\n", + " localized, short-duration source can be interpreted as a pattern of\n", + " interference fringes produced by waves that have traveled diverse routes of\n", + " various pathlengths through the waveguide. The resulting amplitude of the\n", + " fringes slowly decays in time with an inverse square root dependence. The\n", + " details of the interference pattern depend on the shape of the arcade and the\n", + " spatial variation of the Alfv\\'en speed. The rapid decay of this wave\n", + " component, which has previously been attributed to physical damping mechanisms\n", + " that remove energy from resonant oscillations, occurs as a natural consequence\n", + " of the interference process without the need for local dissipation.,\n", + " We discuss generalizations of the Langlands program, from reductive groups to\n", + " the local and automorphic spectra of spherical varieties, and to more general\n", + " representations arising as \"quantizations\" of suitable Hamiltonian spaces. To a\n", + " spherical $G$-variety $X$, one associates a dual group ${^LG_X}$ and an\n", + " $L$-value (encoded in a representation of ${^LG_X}$), which conjecturally\n", + " describe the local and automorphic spectra of the variety. This sets up a\n", + " problem of functoriality, for any morphism ${^LG_X}\\to {^LG_Y}$ of dual groups.\n", + " We review, and generalize, Langlands' \"beyond endoscopy\" approach to this\n", + " problem. Then, we describe the cotangent bundles of quotient stacks of the\n", + " relative trace formula, and show that transfer operators of functoriality\n", + " between relative trace formulas in rank 1 can be interpreted as a change of\n", + " \"geometric quantization\" for these cotangent stacks.,\n", + " Due to its applications in many different places in machine learning and\n", + " other connected engineering applications, the problem of minimization of a\n", + " smooth function that satisfies the Polyak-{\\L}ojasiewicz condition receives\n", + " much attention from researchers. Recently, for this problem, the authors of\n", + " recent work proposed an adaptive gradient-type method using an inexact\n", + " gradient. The adaptivity took place only with respect to the Lipschitz constant\n", + " of the gradient. In this paper, for problems with the Polyak-{\\L}ojasiewicz\n", + " condition, we propose a full adaptive algorithm, which means that the\n", + " adaptivity takes place with respect to the Lipschitz constant of the gradient\n", + " and the level of the noise in the gradient. We provide a detailed analysis of\n", + " the convergence of the proposed algorithm and an estimation of the distance\n", + " from the starting point to the output point of the algorithm. Numerical\n", + " experiments and comparisons are presented to illustrate the advantages of the\n", + " proposed algorithm in some examples.,\n", + " The investigation of solar cells degradation and the prediction of its\n", + " end-of-life performance is of primary importance in the preparation of a space\n", + " mission. In the present work, we investigate the reduction of solar-cells'\n", + " maximum power resulting from irradiations with electrons and protons. Both GaAs\n", + " single junction and GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cells were studied. The\n", + " results obtained indicate how i) the dominant radiation damaging mechanism is\n", + " due to atomic displacements, ii) the relative maximum power degradation is\n", + " almost independent of the type of incoming particle, i.e., iii) to a first\n", + " approximation, the fitted semi-empirical function expressing the decrease of\n", + " maximum power depends only on the absorbed NIEL dose, and iv) the actual\n", + " displacement threshold energy value (Ed=21 eV) accounts for annealing\n", + " treatments, mostly due to self-annealing induced effects. Thus, for a given\n", + " type of solar cell, a unique maximum power degradation curve can be determined\n", + " as a function of the absorbed NIEL dose. The latter expression allows one to\n", + " predict the performance of those solar cells in space radiation environment.,\n", + " There is an interpretation of open string field theory in algebraic topology.\n", + " An interpretation of closed string field theory can be deduced from this open\n", + " string theory to obtain as well the interpretation of open and closed string\n", + " field theory combined.,\n", + " Saturation is (mu,kappa)-transferable in T if and only if there is an\n", + " expansion T_1 of T with |T_1| = |T| such that if M is a mu-saturated model of\n", + " T_1 and |M| \\geq kappa then the reduct M|L(T) is kappa-saturated. We\n", + " characterize theories which are superstable without the finite cover property\n", + " (f.c.p.), or without f.c.p. as, respectively those where saturation is\n", + " (aleph_0,lambda)-transferable or (kappa(T),lambda)-transferable for all lambda.\n", + " Further if for some mu \\geq |T|, 2^mu > mu^+, stability is equivalent to: or\n", + " all mu \\geq |T|, saturation is (\\mu,2^mu)-transferable.,\n", + " A relational structure is called reversible iff every bijective endomorphism\n", + " of that structure is an automorphism. We give several equivalents of that\n", + " property in the class of disconnected binary structures and some its\n", + " subclasses. For example, roughly speaking and denoting the set of integers by\n", + " ${\\mathbb Z}$, a structure having reversible components is reversible iff its\n", + " components can not be \"merged\" by condensations (bijective homomorphisms) and\n", + " each ${\\mathbb Z}$-sequence of condensations between different components must\n", + " be, in fact, a sequence of isomorphisms. We also give equivalents of\n", + " reversibility in some special classes of structures. For example, we\n", + " characterize CSB linear orders of a limit type and show that a disjoint union\n", + " of such linear orders is a reversible poset iff the corresponding sequence of\n", + " order types is finite-to-one.,\n", + " Instead of the invariant theory approach employed by Beloshaoka and Mamai for\n", + " constructing the moduli spaces of Beloshapka's universal CR-models, we consider\n", + " two alternative approaches borrowed from the theories of equivalence problem\n", + " and Lie symmetries, each of them having its own advantages. Also the moduli\n", + " space M(1,4) associated to the class of universal CR-models of CR-dimension 1\n", + " and codimension 4 is computed by means of the presented methods.,\n", + " We report experimental evidence of a Gardner-like transition from variable to\n", + " persistent force contacts in a two-dimensional, bidisperse granular crystal by\n", + " analyzing the variability of both particle positions and force networks formed\n", + " under uniaxial compression. Starting from densities just above the freezing\n", + " transition, and for variable amounts of additional compression, we compare\n", + " configurations to both their own initial state, and to an ensemble of\n", + " equivalent, reinitialized states. This protocol shows that force contacts are\n", + " largely undetermined when the density is below a Gardner-like transition, after\n", + " which they gradually transition to being persistent, being fully so only above\n", + " the jamming point. We associate the disorder that underlies this effect to the\n", + " size of the microscopic asperities of the photoelastic disks used, by analogy\n", + " to other mechanisms that have been previously predicted theoretically.,\n", + " We establish versions of the Positive Mass and Penrose inequalities for a\n", + " class of asymptotically hyperbolic hypersurfaces. In particular, under the\n", + " usual dominant energy condition, we prove in all dimensions $n\\geq 3$ an\n", + " optimal Penrose inequality for certain graphs in hyperbolic space $\\mathbb\n", + " H^{n+1}$ whose boundary has constant mean curvature $n-1$.,\n", + " We discuss the known results and methods for determining root multiplicities\n", + " for hyperbolic Kac--Moody algebras.,\n", + " This article investigates classes of bounded sequences of complex numbers\n", + " that are universally good for the ergodic Hilbert transform in L_p-spaces,\n", + " 2\\leq p\\leq \\infty : The class of bounded Besicovitch sequences satisfying a\n", + " rate condition is among such sequence classes.,\n", + " We develop a microscopic transport theory in a randomly driven fermionic\n", + " model with and without linear potential. The operator dynamics arise from the\n", + " competition between noisy and static couplings, leading to diffusion regardless\n", + " of ballistic transport or Stark localization in the clean limit. The universal\n", + " diffusive behavior is attributed to a noise-induced bound state arising in the\n", + " operator equations of motion at small momentum. By mapping the noise-averaged\n", + " operator equation of motion to a one-dimensional non-hermitian hopping model,\n", + " we analytically solve for the diffusion constant, which scales\n", + " non-monotonically with noise strength, revealing regions of enhanced and\n", + " suppressed diffusion from the interplay between onsite and bond dephasing\n", + " noise, and a linear potential. For large onsite dephasing, the diffusion\n", + " constant vanishes, indicating an emergent localization. On the other hand, the\n", + " operator equation becomes the diffusion equation for strong bond dephasing and\n", + " is unaffected by additional arbitrarily strong static terms that commute with\n", + " the local charge, including density-density interactions. The bound state\n", + " enters a continuum of scattering states at finite noise and vanishes. However,\n", + " the bound state reemerges at an exceptional-like point in the spectrum after\n", + " the bound-to-scattering state transition. We then characterize the fate of\n", + " Stark localization in the presence of noise.,\n", + " Using infrared data from the Herschel Space Observatory and Karl G. Jansky\n", + " Very Large Array (VLA) 3 GHz observations in the COSMOS field, we investigate\n", + " the redshift evolution of the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC) for\n", + " star-forming galaxies (SFGs) we classify as either spheroid- or disc-dominated\n", + " based on their morphology. The sample predominantly consists of disc galaxies\n", + " with stellar mass ${\\gtrsim}10^{10}\\,M_{\\odot}$, and residing on the\n", + " star-forming main sequence (MS). After the removal of AGN using standard\n", + " approaches, we observe a significant difference between the redshift-evolution\n", + " of the median IR/radio ratio $\\overline{q}_{\\mathrm{TIR}}$ of (i) a sample of\n", + " ellipticals, plus discs with a substantial bulge component\n", + " (`spheroid-dominated' SFGs) and, (ii) virtually pure discs and irregular\n", + " systems (`disc-dominated' SFGs). The spheroid-dominated population follows a\n", + " declining $\\overline{q}_{\\mathrm{TIR}}$ vs. $z$ trend similar to that measured\n", + " in recent evolutionary studies of the IRRC. However, for disc-dominated\n", + " galaxies, where radio and IR emission should be linked to star formation in the\n", + " most straightforward way, we measure very little change in\n", + " $\\overline{q}_{\\mathrm{TIR}}$. This suggests that low-redshift calibrations of\n", + " radio emission as an SFR-tracer may remain valid out to at least\n", + " $z\\,{\\simeq}\\,1\\,{-}\\,1.5$ for pure star-forming systems. We find that the\n", + " different redshift-evolution of $q_{\\rm TIR}$ for the spheroid- and\n", + " disc-dominated sample is mainly due to an increasing radio excess for\n", + " spheroid-dominated galaxies at $z\\,{\\gtrsim}\\,$0.8, hinting at some residual\n", + " AGN activity in these systems. This finding demonstrates that in the absence of\n", + " AGN the IRRC is independent of redshift, and that radio observations can\n", + " therefore be used to estimate SFRs at all redshifts for genuinely star-forming\n", + " galaxies.,\n", + " We study the high-energy limit of tree-level string production amplitudes\n", + " from decaying D-branes in bosonic string theory, interpreting the vertex\n", + " operators as external charges interacting with a Coulomb gas corresponding to\n", + " the rolling tachyon background, and performing an electrostatic analysis. In\n", + " particular, we consider two open string - one closed string amplitudes and four\n", + " open string amplitudes, and calculate explicit formulas for the leading\n", + " exponential behavior.,\n", + " The AMS-02 detector is operating on the International Space Station since May\n", + " 2011. More than 30 billion events have been collected by the instrument in the\n", + " first two years of data taking. A precision measurement of the positron\n", + " fraction and of the positron flux in primary cosmic rays up to 350 GeV, of the\n", + " electron flux up to 500 GeV and of the combined electron plus positron flux up\n", + " to 700 GeV are presented. The separate and combined electron and positron\n", + " fluxes are preliminary and represent work in progress. Systematic uncertainties\n", + " must still be investigated further.,\n", + " We report deep Keck narrow-band Lya images of the luminous z > 3 radio\n", + " galaxies 4C 41.17, 4C 60.07, and B2 0902+34. The images show giant, 100-200 kpc\n", + " scale emission line nebulae, centered on these galaxies, which exhibit a wealth\n", + " of morphological structure, including extended low surface brightness emission\n", + " in the outer regions, radially directed filaments, cone-shaped structures and\n", + " (indirect) evidence for extended Lya absorption. We discuss these features\n", + " within a general scenario where the nebular gas cools gravitationally in large\n", + " Cold Dark Matter (CDM) halos, forming stars and multiple stellar systems.\n", + " Merging of these ``building'' blocks triggers large scale starbursts, forming\n", + " the stellar bulges of massive radio galaxy hosts, and feeds super-massive black\n", + " holes which produce the powerful radio jets and lobes. The radio sources,\n", + " starburst superwinds and AGN radiation then disrupt the accretion process\n", + " limiting galaxy and black hole growth, and imprint the observed filamentary and\n", + " cone-shaped structures of the Lya nebulae.,\n", + " We present an analysis of bulk and surface electronic structures of thallium\n", + " based ternary III-V-VI$_2$ series of compounds TlMQ$_2$, where M=Bi or Sb and\n", + " Q=S, Se or Te, using the ab initio density functional theory framework. Based\n", + " on parity analysis and (111) surface electronic structure, we predict\n", + " TlSbSe$_2$, TlSbTe$_2$, TlBiSe$_2$ and TlBiTe$_2$ to be non-trivial topological\n", + " insulators with a single Dirac cone at the $\\Gamma$-point, and TlSbS$_2$ and\n", + " TlBiS$_2$ to be trivial band insulators. Our predicted topological phases agree\n", + " well with available angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)\n", + " measurements, in particular the topological phase changes between TlBiSe$_2$\n", + " and TlBiS$_2$. Moreover, we propose that Weyl semimetal can be realized at the\n", + " topological critical point in TlBi(S$_{1-x}$Se$_x$)$_2$ and\n", + " TlBi(S$_{1-x}$Te$_x$)$_2$ alloys by breaking the inversion symmetry in the\n", + " layer by layer growth in the order of Tl-Se(Te)-Bi-S, yielding six Dirac cones\n", + " centered along the $\\Gamma-L$ directions in the bulk band structure.,\n", + " This article deals with nonwandering (e.g. area-preserving) homeomorphisms of\n", + " the torus $\\mathbb{T}^2$ which are homotopic to the identity and strictly\n", + " toral, in the sense that they exhibit dynamical properties that are not present\n", + " in homeomorphisms of the annulus or the plane. This includes all homeomorphisms\n", + " which have a rotation set with nonempty interior. We define two types of\n", + " points: inessential and essential. The set of inessential points $ine(f)$ is\n", + " shown to be a disjoint union of periodic topological disks (\"elliptic\n", + " islands\"), while the set of essential points $ess(f)$ is an essential\n", + " continuum, with typically rich dynamics (the \"chaotic region\"). This\n", + " generalizes and improves a similar description by J\\\"ager. The key result is\n", + " boundedness of these \"elliptic islands\", which allows, among other things, to\n", + " obtain sharp (uniform) bounds of the diffusion rates. We also show that the\n", + " dynamics in $ess(f)$ is as rich as in $\\mathbb{T}^2$ from the rotational\n", + " viewpoint, and we obtain results relating the existence of large invariant\n", + " topological disks to the abundance of fixed points.,\n", + " We construct a nonlocal gauge invariant Lagrangian to model the\n", + " electromagnetic interaction of proton. The Lagrangian includes all allowed\n", + " operators with dimension up to five. We compute the two photon exchange\n", + " contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering using this effective\n", + " nonlocal Lagrangian. The one loop calculation in this model includes the\n", + " standard box and cross box diagram with the standard on-shell form of the\n", + " hadron electromagnetic vertices. Besides this we find an extra contribution\n", + " which depends on an unknown constant. We use experimentally extracted form\n", + " factors for our calculation. We find that the correction to the reduced cross\n", + " section is slightly nonlinear as a function of the photon longitudinal\n", + " polarization $\\epsilon$. The non-linearity seen is within the experimental\n", + " error bars of the Rosenbluth data. The final result completely explains the\n", + " difference between the form factor ratio $G_E/G_M$ extracted by Rosenbluth\n", + " separation technique at SLAC and polarization transfer technique at JLAB.,\n", + " Driven by massive amounts of data and important advances in computational\n", + " resources, new deep learning systems have achieved outstanding results in a\n", + " large spectrum of applications. Nevertheless, our current theoretical\n", + " understanding on the mathematical foundations of deep learning lags far behind\n", + " its empirical success. Towards solving the vulnerability of neural networks,\n", + " however, the field of adversarial robustness has recently become one of the\n", + " main sources of explanations of our deep models. In this article, we provide an\n", + " in-depth review of the field of adversarial robustness in deep learning, and\n", + " give a self-contained introduction to its main notions. But, in contrast to the\n", + " mainstream pessimistic perspective of adversarial robustness, we focus on the\n", + " main positive aspects that it entails. We highlight the intuitive connection\n", + " between adversarial examples and the geometry of deep neural networks, and\n", + " eventually explore how the geometric study of adversarial examples can serve as\n", + " a powerful tool to understand deep learning. Furthermore, we demonstrate the\n", + " broad applicability of adversarial robustness, providing an overview of the\n", + " main emerging applications of adversarial robustness beyond security. The goal\n", + " of this article is to provide readers with a set of new perspectives to\n", + " understand deep learning, and to supply them with intuitive tools and insights\n", + " on how to use adversarial robustness to improve it.,\n", + " We report a possible detection of an ~4.6-hour quasi-periodic oscillation\n", + " (QPO) in the 0.3-10 keV emission of the high-energy peaked blazar PKS 2155-304\n", + " from a 64 ks observation by the XMM-Newton EPIC/pn detector. We identify a\n", + " total modulation of ~5% in the light curve and confirm that nominal period by\n", + " periodogram, structure function and wavelet analyses. The limited light curve\n", + " duration allows the capture of only 3.8 cycles of this oscillation and thus\n", + " precludes a very strong claim for this QPO, despite a nominally high (>3 sigma)\n", + " statistical significance. We briefly discuss models capable of producing an\n", + " X-ray QPO of such a period in a blazar.,\n", + " In this paper we address the problem of automatically discovering atomic\n", + " actions in unsupervised manner from instructional videos, which are rarely\n", + " annotated with atomic actions. We present an unsupervised approach to learn\n", + " atomic actions of structured human tasks from a variety of instructional videos\n", + " based on a sequential stochastic autoregressive model for temporal segmentation\n", + " of videos. This learns to represent and discover the sequential relationship\n", + " between different atomic actions of the task, and which provides automatic and\n", + " unsupervised self-labeling.,\n", + " We have searched for possible sites in Argentina for the installation of\n", + " large air Cherenkov telescope arrays and water Cherenkov systems. At present\n", + " seven candidates are identified at altitudes from 2500 to 4500 m. The highest\n", + " sites are located at the Northwest of the country, in La Puna. Sites at 2500\n", + " and 3100 m are located in the West at El Leoncito Observatory, with excellent\n", + " infrastructure. A description of these candidate sites is presented with\n", + " emphasis on infrastructure and climatology.,\n", + " The observed iron K-alpha fluorescence lines in Seyfert-1 galaxies provide\n", + " strong evidence for an accretion disk near a supermassive black hole as a\n", + " source of the emission. Here we present an analysis of the geometrical and\n", + " kinematic properties of the disk based on the extreme frequency shifts of a\n", + " line profile as determined by measurable flux in both the red and blue wings.\n", + " The edges of the line are insensitive to the distribution of the X-ray flux\n", + " over the disk, and hence provide a robust alternative to profile fitting of\n", + " disk parameters. Our approach yields new, strong bounds on the inclination\n", + " angle of the disk and the location of the emitting region. We apply our method\n", + " to interpret observational data from MCG-6-30-15 and find that the commonly\n", + " assumed inclination 30 deg for the accretion disk in MCG-6-30-15 is\n", + " inconsistent with the position of the blue edge of the line at a 3 sigma level.\n", + " A thick turbulent disk model or the presence of highly ionized iron may\n", + " reconcile the bounds on inclination from the line edges with the full line\n", + " profile fits based on simple, geometrically thin disk models. The bounds on the\n", + " innermost radius of disk emission indicate that the black hole in MCG-6-30-15\n", + " is rotating faster than 30 % of theoretical maximum. When applied to data from\n", + " NGC 4151, our method gives bounds on the inclination angle of the X-ray\n", + " emitting inner disk of 50\\pm 10 deg, consistent with the presence of an\n", + " ionization cone grazing the disk as proposed by Pedlar et al. (1993). The\n", + " frequency extrema analysis also provides limits to the innermost disk radius in\n", + " another Seyfert-1 galaxy, NGC 3516.,\n", + " We investigate the cosmological observational test of the extended\n", + " quintessence model, i.e. a scalar-tensor gravity model with a scalar field\n", + " potential serving as dark energy, by using the Planck 2018 cosmic microwave\n", + " background (CMB) data, together with the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and\n", + " redshift-space distortion (RSD) data. As an example, we consider the model with\n", + " a Brans-Dicke kinetic term $\\frac{\\omega(\\phi)}{\\phi} \\phi_{;\\mu} \\phi^{;\\mu} $\n", + " and a quadratic scalar potential $V (\\phi) = A + B (\\phi - \\phi_0) +\n", + " \\frac{C}{2} (\\phi - \\phi_0)^2$, which reduces to general relativity (GR) in the\n", + " limit $\\omega(\\phi) \\to \\infty$, and the cosmological constant in the limit\n", + " $B=C=0$. In such a model the scalar field typically rolls down the potential\n", + " and oscillates around the minimum of $V (\\phi)$. We find that the model\n", + " parameter estimate for the CMB+BAO+RSD data set is given by $\\lg \\alpha = -3.6\n", + " _{-0.54}^{+0.66}~ (68\\%)$, corresponding to $ 3.8 \\times 10^5 < \\omega_0 < 9.5\n", + " \\times 10^7~ (68\\%)$, and $\\lg C = 4.9 \\pm 1.4~ (68\\%) $. However, the GR\n", + " $\\Lambda$CDM model can fit the data almost as good as this extended\n", + " quintessence model, and is favored by the Akaike information criterion (AIC).\n", + " The variation of the gravitational constant since the epoch of Recombination is\n", + " constrained to be $0.97 < G_{\\rm rec}/G_0 < 1.03~ (1 \\sigma)$. In light of\n", + " recent report that the CMB data favors a closed universe, we consider the case\n", + " with non-flat geometry in our fit, and find that the mean value of $\\Omega_k$\n", + " shifts a little bit from $-0.049$ to $-0.036$, and the parameters in our model\n", + " are not degenerate with $\\Omega_k$.,\n", + " We study a general class of two-dimensional theories of the dilaton-gravity\n", + " type inspired by string theory and show that they admit charged\n", + " multiple-horizon black holes. These solutions are proved to satisfy scalar\n", + " no-hair theorems.,\n", + " We establish error bounds of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods\n", + " for the long time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE) with a\n", + " cubic nonlinearity, while the nonlinearity strength is characterized by\n", + " $\\varepsilon^2$ with $0 <\\varepsilon \\leq 1$ a dimensionless parameter. When $0\n", + " < \\varepsilon \\ll 1$, it is in the weak nonlinearity regime and the problem is\n", + " equivalent to the NKGE with small initial data, while the amplitude of the\n", + " initial data (and the solution) is at $O(\\varepsilon)$. Four different FDTD\n", + " methods are adapted to discretize the problem and rigorous error bounds of the\n", + " FDTD methods are established for the long time dynamics, i.e. error bounds are\n", + " valid up to the time at $O(1/\\varepsilon^{\\beta})$ with $0 \\le \\beta \\leq 2$,\n", + " by using the energy method and the techniques of either the cut-off of the\n", + " nonlinearity or the mathematical induction to bound the numerical approximate\n", + " solutions. In the error bounds, we pay particular attention to how error bounds\n", + " depend explicitly on the mesh size $h$ and time step $\\tau$ as well as the\n", + " small parameter $\\varepsilon\\in (0,1]$, especially in the weak nonlinearity\n", + " regime when $0 < \\varepsilon \\ll 1$. Our error bounds indicate that, in order\n", + " to get ``correct'' numerical solutions up to the time at\n", + " $O(1/\\varepsilon^{\\beta})$, the $\\varepsilon$-scalability (or meshing strategy)\n", + " of the FDTD methods should be taken as: $h = O(\\varepsilon^{\\beta/2})$ and\n", + " $\\tau = O(\\varepsilon^{\\beta/2})$. Extensive numerical results are reported to\n", + " confirm our error bounds and to demonstrate that they are sharp.,\n", + " We study the heavy-heavy-light quark ($QQq$) system in a non-relativistic\n", + " potential model, and investigate the quark motional effect on the\n", + " inter-two-quark potential in baryons. We adopt the Hamiltonian with the static\n", + " three-quark potential which is obtained by the first-principle calculation of\n", + " lattice QCD, rather than the two-body force in ordinary quark models. Using the\n", + " renormalization-group inspired variational method in discretized space, we\n", + " calculate the ground-state energy of $QQq$ systems and the light-quark spatial\n", + " distribution. We find that the effective string tension between the two heavy\n", + " quarks is reduced compared to the static three-quark case. This reduction of\n", + " the effective string tension originates from the geometrical difference between\n", + " the inter-quark distance and the flux-tube length, and is conjectured to be a\n", + " general property for baryons.,\n", + " In my book \"Algorithmic Information Theory\" I explain how I constructed a\n", + " million-character equation that proves that there is randomness in arithmetic.\n", + " My book only includes a few pages from the monster equation, and omits the\n", + " software used to construct it. This software has now been rewritten in\n", + " Mathematica. The Mathematica software for my book, and its input, are here in\n", + " their entirety. The Mathematica code is remarkably compact, but it sometimes is\n", + " slow. So one C program plus equipment for automatically generating another is\n", + " also included in this software package.,\n", + " We present a practical framework for ideal hyperelasticity in numerical\n", + " relativity. For this purpose, we recast the formalism of Carter and Quintana as\n", + " a set of Eulerian conservation laws in an arbitrary 3+1 split of spacetime. The\n", + " resulting equations are presented as an extension of the standard Valencia\n", + " formalism for a perfect fluid, with additional terms in the stress-energy\n", + " tensor, plus a set of kinematic conservation laws that evolve a configuration\n", + " gradient. We prove that the equations can be made symmetric hyperbolic by\n", + " suitable constraint additions, at least in a neighbourhood of the unsheared\n", + " state. We discuss the Newtonian limit of our formalism and its relation to a\n", + " second formalism also used in Newtonian elasticity. We validate our framework\n", + " by numerically solving a set of Riemann problems in Minkowski spacetime, as\n", + " well as Newtonian ones from the literature.,\n", + " Many physical systems can be studied as collections of particles embedded in\n", + " space, evolving through deterministic evolution equations. Natural questions\n", + " arise concerning how to characterize these arrangements - are they ordered or\n", + " disordered? If they are ordered, how are they ordered and what kinds of defects\n", + " do they possess? Originally introduced to study problems in pure mathematics,\n", + " Voronoi tessellations have become a powerful and versatile tool for analyzing\n", + " countless problems in pure and applied physics. In this paper we explain the\n", + " basics of Voronoi tessellations and the shapes they produce, and describe how\n", + " they can be used to study many physical systems.,\n", + " We report on a scale determination with gradient-flow techniques on the\n", + " $N_f=2+1+1$ highly improved staggered quark ensembles generated by the MILC\n", + " Collaboration. The ensembles include four lattice spacings, ranging from\n", + " approximately 0.15 to 0.06 fm, and both physical and unphysical values of the\n", + " quark masses. The scales $\\sqrt{t_0}/a$ and $w_0/a$ and their tree-level\n", + " improvements, $\\sqrt{t_{0,{\\rm imp}}}$ and $w_{0,{\\rm imp}}$, are computed on\n", + " each ensemble using Symanzik flow and the cloverleaf definition of the energy\n", + " density $E$. Using a combination of continuum chiral-perturbation theory and a\n", + " Taylor-series ansatz for the lattice-spacing and strong-coupling dependence,\n", + " the results are simultaneously extrapolated to the continuum and interpolated\n", + " to physical quark masses. We determine the scales $\\sqrt{t_0} =\n", + " 0.1416({}_{-5}^{+8})$ fm and $w_0 = 0.1714({}_{-12}^{+15})$ fm, where the\n", + " errors are sums, in quadrature, of statistical and all systematic errors. The\n", + " precision of $w_0$ and $\\sqrt{t_0}$ is comparable to or more precise than the\n", + " best previous estimates, respectively. We then find the continuum mass\n", + " dependence of $\\sqrt{t_0}$ and $w_0$, which will be useful for estimating the\n", + " scales of new ensembles. We also estimate the integrated autocorrelation length\n", + " of $\\langle E(t) \\rangle$. For long flow times, the autocorrelation length of\n", + " $\\langle E \\rangle$ appears to be comparable to that of the topological charge.,\n", + " CMB photons redshift and blueshift as they move through gravitational\n", + " potentials $\\Phi$ while propagating across the Universe. If the potential is\n", + " not constant in time, the photons will pick up a net redshift or blueshift,\n", + " known as the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. In the $z \\ll 1000$ universe,\n", + " $\\dot{\\Phi}$ is nonzero on large scales when the Universe transitions from\n", + " matter to dark energy domination. This effect is only detectable in\n", + " cross-correlation with large-scale structure at $z \\sim 1$. In this paper we\n", + " present a 3.2$\\sigma$ detection of the ISW effect using cross-correlations\n", + " between unWISE infrared galaxies and Planck CMB temperature maps. We use 3\n", + " tomographic galaxy samples spanning $0 < z < 2$, allowing us to fully probe the\n", + " dark energy domination era and the transition into matter domination. This\n", + " measurement is consistent with $\\Lambda$CDM ($A_{\\rm ISW} = 0.96 \\pm 0.30$). We\n", + " study constraints on a particular class of dynamical dark energy models (where\n", + " the dark energy equation of state is different in matter and dark energy\n", + " domination), finding that unWISE-ISW improves constraints from type Ia\n", + " supernovae due to improved constraints on the time evolution of dark energy.\n", + " When combining with BAO measurements, we obtain the tightest constraints on\n", + " specific dynamical dark energy models. In the context of a phenomenological\n", + " model for freezing quintessence, the Mocker model, we constrain the dark energy\n", + " density within 10% at $z < 2$ using ISW, BAO and supernovae. Moreover, the ISW\n", + " measurement itself provides an important independent check when relaxing\n", + " assumptions about the theory of gravity, as it is sensitive to the\n", + " gravitational potential rather than the expansion history.,\n", + " When new objects are detected in the sky, an orbit determination needs to be\n", + " performed immediately to find out their origin, to determine the probability of\n", + " an Earth impact and possibly also to estimate the impact region on Earth. ESA's\n", + " Flyeye telescope is expected to revolutionize the effort of predicting\n", + " potential asteroid or deep space debris impact hazards due to the expected\n", + " increase of near-Earth object discoveries. As the observed orbit arc for such\n", + " an object is very short, classical Gaussian orbit determination cannot be used.\n", + " We adopt the systematic ranging technique to overcome the lack of information\n", + " and predict a region of the sky where the body can most likely be found. We\n", + " also provide a detection probability for follow-up observations and investigate\n", + " potential follow-up telescopes for the Flyeye telescope.,\n", + " This is a survey on reverse Carleson measures for various Hilbert spaces of\n", + " analytic functions. These spaces include Hardy, Bergman, certain harmonically\n", + " weighted Dirichlet, Paley-Wiener, Fock, model, and de Branges-Rovnyak spaces.,\n", + " I present recent results from jets and jet-like correlation measurements from\n", + " STAR. The pp data are compared to those from Au-Au collisions to attempt to\n", + " infer information on the medium produced and how hard scattered partons\n", + " interact with this matter. Results from d-Au events are utilized to investigate\n", + " the magnitude of cold nuclear matter effects on hard scatterings. The evolution\n", + " of the underlying event from pp to d-Au collisions is studied. In heavy-ion\n", + " collisions, background fluctuations are the major source of systematic\n", + " uncertainties in jet measurements. Detailed studies are therefore being made of\n", + " these fluctuations and recent progress in our understanding is reported. Jet\n", + " and jet-hadron correlations results are presented and give clear indications\n", + " that partonic fragmentation at RHIC is highly modified in the presence of a\n", + " strongly coupled coloured medium, resulting in a significant broadening and\n", + " softening of the jet fragments correlation. Finally di-hadron correlations\n", + " utilizing identified particles as triggers indicate that the \"ridge\" is\n", + " stronger for p+K than for pi but that the near-side peak per-trigger yield\n", + " remains unaltered from d-Au to Au-Au collisions.,\n", + " The present paper is devoted to studying local derivations on the Lie algebra\n", + " $W(2,2)$ which has some outer derivations. Using some linear algebra methods in\n", + " \\cite{CZZ} and a key construction for $W(2,2)$ we prove that every local\n", + " derivation on $W(2, 2)$ is a derivation. As an application, we determine all\n", + " local derivations on the deformed $\\mathfrak{bms}_3$ algebra.,\n", + " Physically based rendering is a discipline in computer graphics which aims at\n", + " reproducing certain light and material appearances that occur in the real\n", + " world. Complex scenes can be difficult to compute for rendering algorithms.\n", + " This paper introduces a new comprehensive test database of scenes that treat\n", + " different light setups in conjunction with diverse materials and discusses its\n", + " design principles. A lot of research is focused on the development of new\n", + " algorithms that can deal with difficult light conditions and materials\n", + " efficiently. This database delivers a comprehensive foundation for evaluating\n", + " existing and newly developed rendering techniques. A final evaluation compares\n", + " different results of different rendering algorithms for all scenes.,\n", + " The contribution presents a brief summary of the Gauge/Gravity approach to\n", + " the study of hydrodynamic flow of the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy-ion\n", + " collisions, in a boost-invariant setting (Bjorken flow). Considering the ideal\n", + " case of a supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory for which the AdS/CFT correspondence\n", + " gives a precise form of the Gauge/Gravity duality, the properties of the\n", + " strongly coupled expanding plasma are put in one-to-one correspondence with the\n", + " metric of a 5-dimensional black hole with the horizon moving away in the 5th\n", + " dimension and its deformations consistent with the relevant Einstein equations.\n", + " Several recently studied aspects of this framework are recalled and put in\n", + " perspective. New results in collaboration with G.Beuf and M.Heller on the early\n", + " time expansion towards the hydrodynamical regime are provided giving a new\n", + " insight on the far-from-equilibrium behavior of the fluid at strong coupling\n", + " and the thermalization and isotropization problems.,\n", + " The Sunyaev-Zel'dolvich (SZ) effect is expected to be instrumental in\n", + " measuring velocities of distant clusters in near future telescope surveys. We\n", + " simplify the calculation of peculiar velocities of galaxy clusters using deep\n", + " learning frameworks trained on numerical simulations to avoid the estimation of\n", + " the optical depth. The image of distorted photon backgrounds are generated for\n", + " idealized observations using one of the largest cosmological hydrodynamical\n", + " simulations, the Magneticum simulations. The model is tested to be capable\n", + " peculiar velocities from future kinetic SZ observations under different noise\n", + " conditions. The deep learning algorithm displays robustness in estimating\n", + " peculiar velocities from kinetic SZ effect by an improvement in accuracy of\n", + " about 17% compared to the analytical approach.,\n", + " Microscopies have become pillars of our characterization tools to observe\n", + " biological systems and assemblies. Correlative and synchronous use of different\n", + " microscopies relies on the fundamental assumption of non-interference during\n", + " images acquisitions. In this work, by exploring the correlative use of Atomic\n", + " Force Microscopy and confocal-Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging Microscopy\n", + " (AFM-FLIM), we quantify cross-talk effects occurring during synchronous\n", + " acquisition. We characterize and minimize optomechanical forces on different\n", + " AFM cantilevers interfering with normal AFM operation as well as spurious\n", + " luminescence from the tip and cantilever affecting time-resolved fluorescence\n", + " detection. By defining non-interfering experimental imaging parameters, we show\n", + " accurate real-time acquisition and two-dimensional mapping of interaction\n", + " force, fluorescence lifetime and intensity characterizing morphology (AFM) and\n", + " local viscosity (FLIM) of gel and fluid phases separation of supported lipid\n", + " model membranes. Finally, as proof of principle by means of synchronous force\n", + " and fluorescence spectroscopies, we precisely tune the lifetime of a\n", + " fluorescent nanodiamond positioned on the AFM tip by controlling its distance\n", + " from a metallic surface. This opens up a novel pathway of quench sensing to\n", + " image soft biological samples such as membranes since it does not require\n", + " tip-sample mechanical contact in contrast with conventional AFM in liquid.,\n", + " In the paper we consider the theory of elliptic operators acting in subspaces\n", + " defined by pseudodifferential projections. This theory on closed manifolds is\n", + " connected with the theory of boundary value problems for operators violating\n", + " Atiyah-Bott condition. We prove an index formula for elliptic operators in\n", + " subspaces defined by even projections on odd-dimensional manifolds and for\n", + " boundary value problems, generalizing the classical result of Atiyah-Bott.\n", + " Besides a topological contribution of Atiyah-Singer type, the index formulas\n", + " contain an invariant of subspaces defined by even projections. This homotopy\n", + " invariant can be expressed in terms of the eta-invariant. The results also shed\n", + " new light on P.Gilkey's work on eta-invariants of even-order operators.,\n", + " Spectral CT is an emerging modality that uses a data acquisition scheme with\n", + " varied spectral responses to provide enhanced material discrimination in\n", + " addition to the structural information of conventional CT. Existing clinical\n", + " and preclinical designs with this capability include kV-switching,\n", + " split-filtration, and dual-layer detector systems to provide two spectral\n", + " channels of projection data. In this work, we examine an alternate design based\n", + " on a spatial-spectral filter. This source-side filter is made up a linear array\n", + " of materials that divide the incident x-ray beam into spectrally varied\n", + " beamlets. This design allows for any number of spectral channels; however, each\n", + " individual channel is sparse in the projection domain. Model-based iterative\n", + " reconstruction methods can accommodate such sparse spatial-spectral sampling\n", + " patterns and allow for the incorporation of advanced regularization. With the\n", + " goal of an optimized physical design, we characterize the effects of design\n", + " parameters including filter tile order and filter tile width and their impact\n", + " on material decomposition performance. We present results of numerical\n", + " simulations that characterize the impact of each design parameter using a\n", + " realistic CT geometry and noise model to demonstrate feasibility. Results for\n", + " filter tile order show little change indicating that filter order is a\n", + " low-priority design consideration. We observe improved performance for narrower\n", + " filter widths; however, the performance drop-off is relatively flat indicating\n", + " that wider filter widths are also feasible designs.,\n", + " In this paper we consider the analogue of the Sato's functional equation for\n", + " the prehomogeneous vector spaces over finite fields. The corresponding\n", + " character sums depend on a relative invariant on such a space and an\n", + " irreducible representation of the group of components of the stabilizer of a\n", + " generic point. The proof is based on the Picard-Lefschetz formula in $l$-adique\n", + " cohomology.,\n", + " Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML), a popular gradient-based meta-learning\n", + " framework, assumes that the contribution of each task or instance to the\n", + " meta-learner is equal. Hence, it fails to address the domain shift between base\n", + " and novel classes in few-shot learning. In this work, we propose a novel robust\n", + " meta-learning algorithm, NestedMAML, which learns to assign weights to training\n", + " tasks or instances. We consider weights as hyper-parameters and iteratively\n", + " optimize them using a small set of validation tasks set in a nested bi-level\n", + " optimization approach (in contrast to the standard bi-level optimization in\n", + " MAML). We then apply NestedMAML in the meta-training stage, which involves (1)\n", + " several tasks sampled from a distribution different from the meta-test task\n", + " distribution, or (2) some data samples with noisy labels. Extensive experiments\n", + " on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that NestedMAML efficiently\n", + " mitigates the effects of \"unwanted\" tasks or instances, leading to significant\n", + " improvement over the state-of-the-art robust meta-learning methods.,\n", + " We show that, in the presence of a $\\pi/2$ artificial gauge field per\n", + " plaquette, Mott insulating phases of ultra-cold fermions with $SU(N)$ symmetry\n", + " and one particle per site generically possess an extended chiral phase with\n", + " intrinsic topological order characterized by a multiplet of $N$ low-lying\n", + " singlet excitations for periodic boundary conditions, and by chiral edge states\n", + " described by the $SU(N)_1$ Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten conformal field theory\n", + " for open boundary conditions. This has been achieved by extensive exact\n", + " diagonalizations for $N$ between $3$ and $9$, and by a parton construction\n", + " based on a set of $N$ Gutzwiller projected fermionic wave-functions with flux\n", + " $\\pi/N$ per triangular plaquette. Experimental implications are briefly\n", + " discussed.,\n", + " Non-Markovian effects in an open-system dynamics are usually associated to\n", + " information backflows from the environment to the system. However, the way\n", + " these backflows manifest and how to detect them is unclear. A natural approach\n", + " is to study the backflow in terms of the correlations the evolving system\n", + " displays with another unperturbed system during the dynamics. In this work, we\n", + " study the power of this approach to witness non-Markovian dynamics using\n", + " different correlation measures. We identify simple dynamics where the failure\n", + " of completely-positive divisibility is in one-to-one correspondence with a\n", + " correlation backflow. We then focus on specific correlation measures, such as\n", + " those based on entanglement and the mutual information, and identify their\n", + " strengths and limitations. We conclude with a study of a recently introduced\n", + " correlation measures based on state distinguishability and see how, for these\n", + " measures, adding an extra auxiliary system enlarges the set of detectable\n", + " non-Markovian dynamics.,\n", + " Gravitational lensing allows us to probe the structure of matter on a broad\n", + " range of astronomical scales, and as light from a distant source traverses an\n", + " intervening galaxy, compact matter such as planets, stars, and black holes act\n", + " as individual lenses. The magnification from such microlensing results in rapid\n", + " brightness fluctuations which reveal not only the properties of the lensing\n", + " masses, but also the surface brightness distribution in the source. However,\n", + " while the combination of deflections due to individual stars is linear, the\n", + " resulting magnifications are highly non-linear, leading to significant\n", + " computational challenges which currently limit the range of problems which can\n", + " be tackled. This paper presents a new and novel implementation of a numerical\n", + " approach to gravitational microlensing, increasing the scale of the problems\n", + " that can be tackled by more than two orders of magnitude, opening up a new\n", + " regime of astrophysically interesting problems.,\n", + " The electronic structure of electron-doped polycrystalline\n", + " Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_{x}$(B$_{1-y}$C$_{y}$)$_2$ was examined by electron energy-loss\n", + " spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and\n", + " first-principle electronic structure calculations. We found significant changes\n", + " in the boron $K$ edge fine structure, suggesting the two bands of the B $K$\n", + " edge, the $\\sigma$ and the $\\pi$ band are being simultaneously filled as the\n", + " electron doping concentration of Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_{x}$(B$_{1-y}$C$_{y}$)$_2$ was\n", + " increased. Our density-functional theory calculations confirm the filling of\n", + " the $\\sigma$ band states close to the Fermi level, which is believed to cause\n", + " the loss of superconductivity in highly doped MgB$_2$, since the\n", + " electron-phonon coupling of these states is thought to be responsible for the\n", + " high superconducting transition temperature. Our results do not show\n", + " significant differences in the electronic structure for electron doping on\n", + " either the Mg or the B site, although many superconducting properties, such as\n", + " $T_c$ or H$_{c_2}$ differ considerably for C- and Al- doped \\MB. This behavior\n", + " can not be satisfactorily explained by band filling alone, and effects such as\n", + " interband scattering are considered.,\n", + " In this paper, we prove several results on the finiteness of local cohomology\n", + " of polynomial and formal power series rings. In particular, we give a partial\n", + " affirmative answer for a question of L. N\\'{u}\\~{n}ez-Betancourt in [J. Algebra\n", + " 399 (2014), 770--781].,\n", + " In this paper we provide a practical demonstration of how the modularity in a\n", + " Behavior Tree (BT) decreases the effort in programming a robot task when\n", + " compared to a Finite State Machine (FSM). In recent years the way to represent\n", + " a task plan to control an autonomous agent has been shifting from the standard\n", + " FSM towards BTs. Many works in the literature have highlighted and proven the\n", + " benefits of such design compared to standard approaches, especially in terms of\n", + " modularity, reactivity and human readability. However, these works have often\n", + " failed in providing a tangible comparison in the implementation of those\n", + " policies and the programming effort required to modify them. This is a relevant\n", + " aspect in many robotic applications, where the design choice is dictated both\n", + " by the robustness of the policy and by the time required to program it. In this\n", + " work, we compare backward chained BTs with a fault-tolerant design of FSMs by\n", + " evaluating the cost to modify them. We validate the analysis with a set of\n", + " experiments in a simulation environment where a mobile manipulator solves an\n", + " item fetching task.,\n", + " I give a brief introduction to lattice QCD for non-specialists.,\n", + " The rotational spectra of thioisocyanic acid (HNCS), and its three energetic\n", + " isomers (HSCN, HCNS, and HSNC) have been observed at high spectral resolution\n", + " by a combination of chirped-pulse and Fabry-P\\'{e}rot Fourier-transform\n", + " microwave spectroscopy between 6 and 40~GHz in a pulsed-jet discharge\n", + " expansion. Two isomers, thiofulminic acid (HCNS) and isothiofulminic acid\n", + " (HSNC), calculated here to be 35-37~kcal/mol less stable than the ground state\n", + " isomer HNCS, have been detected for the first time. Precise rotational,\n", + " centrifugal distortion, and nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants have been\n", + " determined for the normal and rare isotopic species of both molecules; all are\n", + " in good agreement with theoretical predictions obtained at the coupled cluster\n", + " level of theory. On the basis of isotopic spectroscopy, precise molecular\n", + " structures have been derived for all four isomers by correcting experimental\n", + " rotational constants for the effects of rotation-vibration calculated\n", + " theoretically. Formation and isomerization pathways have also been\n", + " investigated; the high abundance of HSCN relative to ground state HNCS, and the\n", + " detection of strong lines of SH using CH$_3$CN and H$_2$S, suggest that HSCN is\n", + " preferentially produced by the radical-radical reaction HS + CN. A radio\n", + " astronomical search for HSCN and its isomers has been undertaken toward the\n", + " high-mass star-forming region Sgr B2(N) in the Galactic Center with the 100 m\n", + " Green Bank Telescope. While we find clear evidence for HSCN, only a tentative\n", + " detection of HNCS is proposed, and there is no indication of HCNS or HSNC at\n", + " the same rms noise level. HSCN, and tentatively HNCS, displays clear deviations\n", + " from a single-excitation temperature model, suggesting weak masing may be\n", + " occurring in some transitions in this source.,\n", + " We discuss the integer sequence transform $a \\mapsto b$ where $b_n$ is the\n", + " number of real roots of the polynomial $a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \\cdots + a_nx^n$.\n", + " It is shown that several sequences $a$ give the trivial sequence $b = (0,1,0,1,\n", + " 0,1,\\ldots)$, i.e., ${b_n = n \\bmod 2}$, among them the Catalan numbers,\n", + " central binomial coefficients, $n!$ and $\\binom{n+k}{n}$ for a fixed $k$. We\n", + " also look at some sequences $a$ for which $b$ is more interesting such as $a_n\n", + " = (n+1)^k$ for $k \\geq 3$. Further, general procedures are given for\n", + " constructing real sequences $a_n$ for which $b_n$ is either always maximal or\n", + " minimal.,\n", + " Various aspects of low energy M theory compactified to four dimensions are\n", + " considered. If the supersymmetry parameter is parallel in the unwarped metric,\n", + " then supersymmetry requires that the warp factor is trivial, the background\n", + " four-form field strength is zero and that the internal 7-manifold has $G_2$\n", + " holonomy (we assume the absence of boundaries and other impurities). A proposal\n", + " of Gukov - extended here to include M2-brane domain walls - for the\n", + " superpotential of the compactified theory is shown to yield the same result.\n", + " Finally, we make some speculative remarks concerning higher derivative\n", + " corrections and supersymmetry breaking.,\n", + " This note contains some asymptotic formulas for the sums of various residue\n", + " classes of Euler's phi-function.,\n", + " COMPLETE is a flagship mission concept combining broadband spectroscopic\n", + " imaging and comprehensive magnetography from multiple viewpoints around the Sun\n", + " to enable tomographic reconstruction of 3D coronal magnetic fields and\n", + " associated dynamic plasma properties, which provide direct diagnostics of\n", + " energy release. COMPLETE re-imagines the paradigm for solar remote-sensing\n", + " observations through purposefully co-optimized detectors distributed on\n", + " multiple spacecraft that operate as a single observatory, linked by a\n", + " comprehensive data/model assimilation strategy to unify individual observations\n", + " into a single physical framework. We describe COMPLETE's science goals,\n", + " instruments, and mission implementation. With targeted investment by NASA,\n", + " COMPLETE is feasible for launch in 2032 to observe around the maximum of Solar\n", + " Cycle 26.,\n", + " A crucial missing ingredient in previous theoretical studies of fragmentation\n", + " is the inclusion of dynamically important levels of magnetic fields. As a\n", + " minimal model for a candidate presursor to the formation of binary and multiple\n", + " stars, we therefore consider the equilibrium configuration of isopedically\n", + " magnetized, scale-free, singular isothermal disks, without the assumption of\n", + " axial symmetry. We find that lopsided (M=1) configurations exist at any\n", + " dimensionless rotation rate, including zero. Multiple-lobed (M = 2, 3, 4, ...)\n", + " configurations bifurcate from an underlying axisymmetric sequence at\n", + " progressively higher dimensionless rates of rotation, but such nonaxisymmetric\n", + " sequences always terminate in shockwaves before they have a chance to fission\n", + " into separate bodies. We advance the hypothesis that binary and multiple\n", + " star-formation from smooth (i.e., not highly turbulent) starting states that\n", + " are supercritical but in unstable mechanical balance requires the rapid (i.e.,\n", + " dynamical) loss of magnetic flux at some stage of the ensuing gravitational\n", + " collapse.,\n", + " Standard interpretations of Goedel's \"undecidable\" proposition, [(Ax)R(x)],\n", + " argue that, although [~(Ax)R(x)] is PA-provable if [(Ax)R(x)] is PA-provable,\n", + " we may not conclude from this that [~(Ax)R(x)] is PA-provable. We show that\n", + " such interpretations are inconsistent with a standard Deduction Theorem of\n", + " first order theories.,\n", + " This paper presents a novel hierarchical deep reinforcement learning (DRL)\n", + " based design for the voltage control of power grids. DRL agents are trained for\n", + " fast, and adaptive selection of control actions such that the voltage recovery\n", + " criterion can be met following disturbances. Existing voltage control\n", + " techniques suffer from the issues of speed of operation, optimal coordination\n", + " between different locations, and scalability. We exploit the area-wise division\n", + " structure of the power system to propose a hierarchical DRL design that can be\n", + " scaled to the larger grid models. We employ an enhanced augmented random search\n", + " algorithm that is tailored for the voltage control problem in a two-level\n", + " architecture. We train area-wise decentralized RL agents to compute lower-level\n", + " policies for the individual areas, and concurrently train a higher-level DRL\n", + " agent that uses the updates of the lower-level policies to efficiently\n", + " coordinate the control actions taken by the lower-level agents. Numerical\n", + " experiments on the IEEE benchmark 39-bus model with 3 areas demonstrate the\n", + " advantages and various intricacies of the proposed hierarchical approach.,\n", + " A superfluid in the absence of the viscous normal component should be the\n", + " best realization of an ideal inviscid Euler fluid. As expressed by d'Alembert's\n", + " famous paradox, an ideal fluid does not exert drag on bodies past which it\n", + " flows, or in other words, it does not exchange momentum with them. Also, the\n", + " flow of an ideal fluid does not dissipate kinetic energy. We study\n", + " experimentally whether these properties apply to the flow of superfluid 3He-B\n", + " in a rotating cylinder at low temperatures. It is found that ideal behavior is\n", + " broken by quantum turbulence, which leads to substantial energy dissipation, as\n", + " observed also earlier. Here we show that remarkably, nearly ideal behavior is\n", + " preserved with respect to the angular-momentum exchange between the superfluid\n", + " and its container, i.e., the drag almost disappears in the zero-temperature\n", + " limit. This mismatch between energy and angular-momentum transfer results in a\n", + " new physical situation where the proper description of wall-bounded quantum\n", + " turbulence requires two effective friction parameters, one for energy\n", + " dissipation and another for momentum coupling, which become substantially\n", + " different at very low temperatures.,\n", + " We propose a redefinition of the principal component analysis (PCA) of\n", + " anisotropic flow that makes it more directly connected to fluctuations of the\n", + " initial geometry of the system. Then, using state-of-the-art hydrodynamic\n", + " simulations, we make an explicit connection between flow fluctuations and a\n", + " cumulant expansion of the initial transverse geometry. In particular, we show\n", + " that the second principal component of elliptic flow is generated by\n", + " higher-order cumulants, and therefore probes smaller length scales of the\n", + " initial state. With this information, it will be possible to put new\n", + " constraints on properties of the early-time dynamics of a heavy-ion collision,\n", + " including small-scale structure, as well as properties of the quark-gluon\n", + " plasma.,\n", + " We propose a curvature-based approach for choosing good values for the\n", + " time-delay parameter $\\tau$ in delay reconstructions. The idea is based on the\n", + " effects of the delay on the geometry of the reconstructions. If the delay is\n", + " chosen too small, the reconstructed dynamics are flattened along the main\n", + " diagonal of the embedding space; too-large delays, on the other hand, can\n", + " overfold the dynamics. Calculating the curvature of a two-dimensional delay\n", + " reconstruction is an effective way to identify these extremes and to find a\n", + " middle ground between them: both the sharp reversals at the ends of an\n", + " insufficiently unfolded reconstruction and the folds in an overfolded one\n", + " create spikes in the curvature. We operationalize this observation by computing\n", + " the mean over the Menger curvature of 2D reconstructions for different time\n", + " delays. We show that the mean of these values gives an effective heuristic for\n", + " choosing the time delay. In addition, we show that this curvature-based\n", + " heuristic is useful even in cases where the customary approach, which uses\n", + " average mutual information, fails --- e.g., noisy or filtered data.,\n", + " After the stars of a new, embedded star cluster have formed they blow the\n", + " remaining gas out of the cluster. Especially winds of massive stars and\n", + " definitely the on-set of the first supernovae can remove the residual gas from\n", + " a cluster. This leads to a very violent mass-loss and leaves the cluster out of\n", + " dynamical equilibrium. Standard models predict that within the cluster volume\n", + " the star formation efficiency (SFE) has to be about 33 per cent for sudden\n", + " (within one crossing-time of the cluster) gas expulsion to retain some of the\n", + " stars in a bound cluster. If the efficiency is lower the stars of the cluster\n", + " disperse mostly. Recent observations reveal that in strong star bursts star\n", + " clusters do not form in isolation but in complexes containing dozens and up to\n", + " several hundred star clusters, i.e. in super-clusters. By carrying out\n", + " numerical experiments for such objects placed at distances >= 10 kpc from the\n", + " centre of the galaxy we demonstrate that under these conditions (i.e. the\n", + " deeper potential of the star cluster complex and the merging process of the\n", + " star clusters within these super-clusters) the SFEs can be as low as 20 per\n", + " cent and still leave a gravitationally bound stellar population. Such an object\n", + " resembles the outer Milky Way globular clusters and the faint fuzzy star\n", + " clusters recently discovered in NGC 1023.,\n", + " Several proposals for quantum computation utilize a lattice type architecture\n", + " with qubits trapped by a periodic potential. For systems undergoing many body\n", + " interactions described by the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, the ground state of the\n", + " system carries number fluctuations that scale with the number of qubits. This\n", + " process degrades the initialization of the quantum computer register and can\n", + " introduce errors during error correction. In an earlier manuscript we proposed\n", + " a solution to this problem tailored to the loading of cold atoms into an\n", + " optical lattice via the Mott Insulator phase transition. It was shown that by\n", + " adding an inhomogeneity to the lattice and performing a continuous measurement,\n", + " the unit filled state suitable for a quantum computer register can be\n", + " maintained. Here, we give a more rigorous derivation of the register fidelity\n", + " in homogeneous and inhomogeneous lattices and provide evidence that the\n", + " protocol is effective in the finite temperature regime.,\n", + " Spectro-astrometry is used to investigate the low velocity component (LVC) of\n", + " the optical forbidden emission from the T Tauri stars RU Lupi and AS 205 N.\n", + " Both stars also have high velocity forbidden emission (HVC) which is tracing a\n", + " jet. For AS 205 N, analysis reveals a complicated outflow system. For RU Lupi,\n", + " the [O I] 6300 and [S II] 6716, 6731 LV narrow component (NC) is offset along\n", + " the same position angle (PA) as the HVC but with a different velocity gradient\n", + " than the jet, in that displacement from the stellar position along the rotation\n", + " axis is decreasing with increasing velocity. From the LVC NC PA and velocity\n", + " gradient, it is inferred that the NC is tracing a wide angled MHD disk wind. A\n", + " photoevaporative wind is ruled out. This is supported by a comparison with a\n", + " previous spectro-astrometric study of the CO fundamental line. The decrease in\n", + " offset with increasing velocity is interpreted as tracing an increase in the\n", + " height of the wind with increasing disk radius. This is one of the first\n", + " measurements of the spatial extent of the forbidden emission line LVC NC (~ 40\n", + " au, 8 au for RU~Lupi in the [S II] 6731 and [O I] 6300 lines) and the first\n", + " direct confirmation that the LVC narrow component can trace an MHD disk wind.,\n", + " We report on a photodetector in which colloidal quantum-dots directly bridge\n", + " nanometer-spaced electrodes. Unlike in conventional quantum-dot thin film\n", + " photodetectors, charge mobility no longer plays a role in our quantum-dot\n", + " junctions as charge extraction requires only two individual tunnel events. We\n", + " find an efficient photoconductive gain mechanism with external\n", + " quantum-efficiencies of 38 electrons-per-photon in combination with response\n", + " times faster than 300 ns. This compact device-architecture may open up new\n", + " routes for improved photodetector performance in which efficiency and bandwidth\n", + " do not go at the cost of one another.,\n", + " In the path integral formulation of the partition function of quantum spin\n", + " models, most current treatments employ the so-called static approximation to\n", + " simplify the process of summing over all possible paths. Although sufficient\n", + " for studying the thermodynamic aspects of the system, static approximation\n", + " ignores the contributions made by time-dependent, or non-static, fluctuations\n", + " in the paths of the path integral. This non-static component is very small\n", + " relative to the static part, and its careful treatment is necessary for the\n", + " calculation of small non-extensive quantities such as the energy gap within the\n", + " path integral framework. We propose a formalism for incorporating non-static\n", + " effects into the path integral calculation of a class of spin models whose\n", + " partition functions are reducible to the trace of a single spin (often known as\n", + " the effective Hamiltonian). We first show that the time-dependent behavior of\n", + " the single spin trace is governed by the Pauli equation. Time-dependent\n", + " perturbation theory is used to obtain a perturbative expansion of the solution\n", + " of the Pauli equation, and then for the single spin trace. This gives us a\n", + " perturbative expansion of the path integral which can be integrated\n", + " systematically using standard techniques. In this paper, we develop the\n", + " theoretical framework outlined above in detail and apply it to a simple ordered\n", + " spin model, the infinite-range ferromagnetic Ising model in a transverse field.\n", + " We calculated two non-extensive quantites with this non-static approach: the\n", + " $N^0$ and $N^{-1}$ terms of the ground-state energy ($N$=number of spins) and\n", + " the energy gap between the ground and first-excited states. We checked our\n", + " results by comparing with those of Holstein-Primakoff transform and numerical\n", + " diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. The application of the method to quantum\n", + " spin-glasses is briefly discussed.,\n", + " In \\citep{Yangnips13}, the author presented distributed stochastic dual\n", + " coordinate ascent (DisDCA) algorithms for solving large-scale regularized loss\n", + " minimization. Extraordinary performances have been observed and reported for\n", + " the well-motivated updates, as referred to the practical updates, compared to\n", + " the naive updates. However, no serious analysis has been provided to understand\n", + " the updates and therefore the convergence rates. In the paper, we bridge the\n", + " gap by providing a theoretical analysis of the convergence rates of the\n", + " practical DisDCA algorithm. Our analysis helped by empirical studies has shown\n", + " that it could yield an exponential speed-up in the convergence by increasing\n", + " the number of dual updates at each iteration. This result justifies the\n", + " superior performances of the practical DisDCA as compared to the naive variant.\n", + " As a byproduct, our analysis also reveals the convergence behavior of the\n", + " one-communication DisDCA.,\n", + " This paper proves a probabilistic Weyl-law for the spectrum of randomly\n", + " perturbed Berezin-Toeplitz operators, generalizing a result proven by Martin\n", + " Vogel in 2020. This is done following Vogel's strategy using an exotic symbol\n", + " calculus developed by the author in a recent paper.,\n", + " The distribution of galaxies on a colour-magnitude diagram reveals a\n", + " bimodality, featuring a passively evolving red sequence and a star-forming blue\n", + " cloud. The region between these two, the Green Valley (GV), represents a\n", + " fundamental transition where quenching processes operate. We exploit an\n", + " alternative definition of the GV using the 4,000 Angstrom break strength, an\n", + " indicator that is more resilient than colour to dust attenuation. We compare\n", + " and contrast our GV definition with the traditional one, based on\n", + " dust-corrected colour, making use of data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.\n", + " Our GV selection - that does not need a dust correction and thus does not carry\n", + " the inherent systematics - reveals very similar trends regarding nebular\n", + " activity (star formation, AGN, quiescence) to the standard dust-corrected\n", + " $^{0.1}(g-r)$. By use of high SNR stacked spectra of the quiescent GV\n", + " subsample, we derive the simple stellar population (SSP) age difference across\n", + " the GV, a rough proxy of the quenching timescale ($\\Delta$t). We obtain an\n", + " increasing trend with velocity dispersion ($\\sigma$), from\n", + " $\\Delta$t$\\sim$1.5Gyr at $\\sigma$=100km/s, up to 3.5Gyr at $\\sigma$=200km/s,\n", + " followed by a rapid decrease in the most massive GV galaxies\n", + " ($\\Delta$t$\\sim$1Gyr at $\\sigma$=250km/s), suggesting two different modes of\n", + " quenching, or the presence of an additional channel (rejuvenation).,\n", + " I will briefly review various analytic approaches to understanding the\n", + " contents and properties of the hot X-ray emitting gas contained in clusters and\n", + " groups. Special emphases are given to the following three issues:\n", + " (1)Reconstruction of the gas distribution in groups and clusters from a (joint)\n", + " analysis of X-ray, SZ and gravitational lensing observations; (2)Test of the\n", + " analytic density profiles of dark halos suggested by numerical simulations and\n", + " empirical models with current X-ray data; And (3)the effects of preheating and\n", + " radiative cooling on the X-ray properties of groups and clusters.,\n", + " Large-scale eigenvalue computations on sparse matrices are a key component of\n", + " graph analytics techniques based on spectral methods. In such applications, an\n", + " exhaustive computation of all eigenvalues and eigenvectors is impractical and\n", + " unnecessary, as spectral methods can retrieve the relevant properties of\n", + " enormous graphs using just the eigenvectors associated with the Top-K largest\n", + " eigenvalues.\n", + " In this work, we propose a hardware-optimized algorithm to approximate a\n", + " solution to the Top-K eigenproblem on sparse matrices representing large graph\n", + " topologies. We prototype our algorithm through a custom FPGA hardware design\n", + " that exploits HBM, Systolic Architectures, and mixed-precision arithmetic. We\n", + " achieve a speedup of 6.22x compared to the highly optimized ARPACK library\n", + " running on an 80-thread CPU, while keeping high accuracy and 49x better power\n", + " efficiency.,\n", + " We present a neural network architecture, Bispectral Neural Networks (BNNs)\n", + " for learning representations that are invariant to the actions of compact\n", + " commutative groups on the space over which a signal is defined. The model\n", + " incorporates the ansatz of the bispectrum, an analytically defined group\n", + " invariant that is complete -- that is, it preserves all signal structure while\n", + " removing only the variation due to group actions. Here, we demonstrate that\n", + " BNNs are able to simultaneously learn groups, their irreducible\n", + " representations, and corresponding equivariant and complete-invariant maps\n", + " purely from the symmetries implicit in data. Further, we demonstrate that the\n", + " completeness property endows these networks with strong invariance-based\n", + " adversarial robustness. This work establishes Bispectral Neural Networks as a\n", + " powerful computational primitive for robust invariant representation learning,\n", + " We show that geometrical scaling exhibited by the $p_{\\rm T}$ spectra\n", + " measured by the CMS collaboration at the LHC is substantially improved if the\n", + " exponent $\\lambda$ of the saturation scale depends on $p_{\\rm T}$. This\n", + " dependence is shown to be the same as the dependence of small $x$ exponent of\n", + " $F_2$ structure function in deep inelastic scattering taken at the scale\n", + " $Q=p_{\\rm T}/2$,\n", + " The imaginary part of the effective heavy-quark potential is related to the\n", + " total in-medium decay width of heavy quark-antiquark bound states. We extract\n", + " the static limit of this quantity using classical-statistical simulations of\n", + " real-time Yang-Mills dynamics by measuring the temporal decay of Wilson loops.\n", + " By performing the simulations on finer and larger lattices, we are able to show\n", + " that the nonperturbative results follow the same form as the perturbative ones.\n", + " For large quark-antiquark separations, we quantify the magnitude of the\n", + " non-perturbative long-range corrections to the imaginary part of the\n", + " heavy-quark potential. We present our results for a wide range of temperatures,\n", + " lattice spacings, and lattice volumes. We also extract approximations for the\n", + " short-distance behavior of the classical potential.,\n", + " The emission and absorption of single photons by single atomic particles is a\n", + " fundamental limit of matter-light interaction, manifesting its quantum\n", + " mechanical nature. At the same time, as a controlled process it is a key\n", + " enabling tool for quantum technologies, such as quantum optical information\n", + " technology [1, 2] and quantum metrology [3, 4, 5, 6]. Controlling both emission\n", + " and absorption will allow implementing quantum networking scenarios [1, 7, 8,\n", + " 9], where photonic communication of quantum information is interfaced with its\n", + " local processing in atoms. In studies of single-photon emission, recent\n", + " progress includes control of the shape, bandwidth, frequency, and polarization\n", + " of single-photon sources [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], and the\n", + " demonstration of atom-photon entanglement [18, 19, 20]. Controlled absorption\n", + " of a single photon by a single atom is much less investigated; proposals exist\n", + " but only very preliminary steps have been taken experimentally such as\n", + " detecting the attenuation and phase shift of a weak laser beam by a single atom\n", + " [21, 22], and designing an optical system that covers a large fraction of the\n", + " full solid angle [23, 24, 25]. Here we report the interaction of single\n", + " heralded photons with a single trapped atom. We find strong correlations of the\n", + " detection of a heralding photon with a change in the quantum state of the atom\n", + " marking absorption of the quantum-correlated heralded photon. In coupling a\n", + " single absorber with a quantum light source, our experiment demonstrates\n", + " previously unexplored matter-light interaction, while opening up new avenues\n", + " towards photon-atom entanglement conversion in quantum technology.,\n", + " We study charge and energy transfer in two-site molecular electronic\n", + " junctions in which electron transport is assisted by a vibrational mode. To\n", + " understand the role of mode harmonicity/anharmonicity on transport behavior, we\n", + " consider two limiting situations: (i) the mode is assumed harmonic, (ii) we\n", + " truncate the mode spectrum to include only two vibrational levels, to represent\n", + " an anharmonic molecular mode. Based on the models' cumulant generating\n", + " functions, we analyze the linear-response and nonlinear performance of these\n", + " junctions and demonstrate that while the electrical and thermal conductances\n", + " are sensitive to whether the mode is harmonic/anharmonic, the Seebeck\n", + " coefficient, the thermoelectric figure-of-merit, and the thermoelectric\n", + " efficiency beyond linear response, conceal this information.,\n", + " We investigate how different magnetohydrodynamic models of propagation of a\n", + " weak (Mach number ~1.2) shock in the core of a galaxy cluster affect its\n", + " observational appearance, using the Perseus cluster as our fiducial model. In\n", + " particular, we study how thermal conduction, both isotropic and anisotropic,\n", + " and ion-electron temperature equilibration modify a weak shock. Strong thermal\n", + " conduction is expected to produce an electron temperature precursor. Less\n", + " prominent pressure and density precursors are formed as well. A longer\n", + " equilibration time largely reduces the density precursor, but does not change\n", + " the electron temperature precursor much. When thermal conduction becomes\n", + " anisotropic, the intracluster magnetic field imprints its characteristic\n", + " spatial scale on the distortions of the shock induced by heat fluxes.,\n", + " We point out that the potential of Goldberger and Wise for stabilizing the\n", + " distance between two 3-branes, separated from each other along an extra\n", + " dimension with a warp factor, has a metastable minimum when the branes are\n", + " infinitely separated. The classical evolution of the radion (brane separation)\n", + " will place it in this false minimum for generic initial conditions. In\n", + " particular, inflation could do this if the expansion rate is sufficiently\n", + " large. We present a simplified version of the Goldberger-Wise mechanism in\n", + " which the radion potential can be computed exactly, and we calculate the rate\n", + " of thermal transitions to the true minimum, showing that model parameters can\n", + " be chosen to ensure that the universe reaches the desired final state.\n", + " Finiteness of bulk scalar field brane potentials can have an important impact\n", + " on the nucleation rate, and it can also significantly increase the predicted\n", + " mass of the radion.,\n", + " We prove that weak solutions obtained as limits of certain numerical\n", + " space-time discretizations are suitable in the sense of Scheffer and\n", + " Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg. More precisely, in the space-periodic setting, we\n", + " consider a full discretization in which the theta-method is used to discretize\n", + " the time variable, while in the space variables we consider appropriate\n", + " families of finite elements. The main result is the validity of the so-called\n", + " local energy inequality.,\n", + " We show that a locally Ahlfors 2-regular and locally linearly locally\n", + " contractible metric surface is locally quasisymmetrically equivalent to the\n", + " disk. We also discuss an application of this result to the problem of\n", + " characterizing surfaces in some Euclidean space that are locally bi-Lipschitz\n", + " equivalent to an open subset of the plane.,\n", + " In nonadditive systems, like small systems or like long-range interacting\n", + " systems even in the thermodynamic limit, ensemble inequivalence can be related\n", + " to the occurrence of negative response functions, this in turn being connected\n", + " with anomalous concavity properties of the thermodynamic potentials associated\n", + " to the various ensembles. We show how the type and number of negative response\n", + " functions depend on which of the quantities E, V and N (energy, volume and\n", + " number of particles) are constrained in the ensemble. In particular, we\n", + " consider the unconstrained ensemble in which E, V and N fluctuate, physically\n", + " meaningful only for nonadditive systems. In fact, its partition function is\n", + " associated to the replica energy, a thermodynamic function that identically\n", + " vanishes when additivity holds, but that contains relevant information in\n", + " nonadditive systems.,\n", + " Pairing is the fundamental requirement for fermionic superfluidity and\n", + " superconductivity. To understand the mechanism behind pair formation is an\n", + " ongoing challenge in the study of many strongly correlated fermionic systems.\n", + " Cooper pairs are the key ingredient to BCS theory as the microscopic\n", + " explanation of conventional superconductivity. They form between particles of\n", + " opposite spin and momentum at the Fermi surface of the system. Here, we\n", + " directly observe Cooper pairs in a mesoscopic two-dimensional Fermi gas. We\n", + " apply an imaging scheme that enables us to extract the full in-situ momentum\n", + " distribution of a strongly interacting Fermi gas with single particle and spin\n", + " resolution. Our ultracold gas allows us to freely tune between a completely\n", + " non-interacting, unpaired system and weak attractions, where we find Cooper\n", + " pair correlations at the Fermi surface. When increasing the attractive\n", + " interactions even further, the pairs gradually turn into deeply bound molecules\n", + " breaking up the Fermi surface. Our mesoscopic system is closely related to the\n", + " physics of nuclei, superconducting grains or quantum dots. With the precise\n", + " control over interactions, particle number and potential landscape in our\n", + " experiment, the observables we establish in this work provide a new approach to\n", + " longstanding questions concerning not only such mesoscopic systems but also\n", + " their connection to the macroscopic world.,\n", + " It is shown that the alpha^2-dynamo of Magnetohydrodynamics, the hydrodynamic\n", + " Squire equation as well as an interpolation model of PT-symmetric Quantum\n", + " Mechanics are closely related as spectral problems in Krein spaces. For the\n", + " alpha^2-dynamo and the PT-symmetric model the strong similarities are\n", + " demonstrated with the help of a 2x2 operator matrix representation, whereas the\n", + " Squire equation is re-interpreted as a rescaled and Wick-rotated PT-symmetric\n", + " problem. Based on recent results on the Squire equation the spectrum of the\n", + " PT-symmetric interpolation model is analyzed in detail and the Herbst limit is\n", + " described as spectral singularity.,\n", + " A class of translation bounded complex measures, which have the form of\n", + " weighted Dirac combs, on locally compact Abelian groups is investigated. Given\n", + " such a Dirac comb, we are interested in its diffraction spectrum which emerges\n", + " as the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation measure. We present a\n", + " sufficient set of conditions to ensure that the diffraction measure is a pure\n", + " point measure. Simultaneously, we establish a natural link to the theory of the\n", + " cut and project formalism and to the theory of almost periodic measures. Our\n", + " conditions are general enough to cover the known theory of model sets, but also\n", + " to include examples such as the visible lattice points.,\n", + " We describe the asymptotic behavior of Palais-Smale sequences associated to\n", + " certain Yamabe-type equations on manifolds with boundary. We prove that each of\n", + " those sequences converges to a solution of the limit equation plus a finite\n", + " number of \"bubbles\" which are obtained by rescaling fundamental solutions of\n", + " the corresponding Euclidean equations.,\n", + " Many state-of-art neural models designed for monotonicity reasoning perform\n", + " poorly on downward inference. To address this shortcoming, we developed an\n", + " attentive tree-structured neural network. It consists of a tree-based\n", + " long-short-term-memory network (Tree-LSTM) with soft attention. It is designed\n", + " to model the syntactic parse tree information from the sentence pair of a\n", + " reasoning task. A self-attentive aggregator is used for aligning the\n", + " representations of the premise and the hypothesis. We present our model and\n", + " evaluate it using the Monotonicity Entailment Dataset (MED). We show and\n", + " attempt to explain that our model outperforms existing models on MED.,\n", + " Anomaly detection in network science is the method to determine aberrant\n", + " edges, nodes, subgraphs or other network events. Heterogeneous networks\n", + " typically contain information going beyond the observed network itself. Value\n", + " Added Tax (VAT, a tax on goods and services) networks, defined from pairwise\n", + " interactions of VAT registered taxpayers, are analysed at a population-scale\n", + " requiring scalable algorithms. By adopting a quantitative understanding of the\n", + " nature of VAT-anomalies, we define a method that identifies them utilising\n", + " information from micro-scale, meso-scale and global-scale patterns that can be\n", + " interpreted, and efficiently implemented, as population-scale network analysis.\n", + " The proposed method is automatable, and implementable in real time, enabling\n", + " revenue authorities to prevent large losses of tax revenues through performing\n", + " early identification of fraud within the VAT system.,\n", + " The paper presents two results. The first one provides separate conditions\n", + " for the upper and lower estimate of the distribution of the exit time from\n", + " balls of a random walk on a weighted graph. The main result of the paper is\n", + " that the lower estimate follows from the elliptic Harnack inequality. The\n", + " second result is an off-diagonal lower bound for the transition probability of\n", + " the random walk.,\n", + " Heterogeneous Network (HetNet), where Small cell Base Stations (SBSs) are\n", + " densely deployed to offload traffic from macro Base Stations (BSs), is\n", + " identified as a key solution to meet the unprecedented mobile traffic demand.\n", + " The high density of SBSs are designed for peak traffic hours and consume an\n", + " unnecessarily large amount of energy during off-peak time. In this paper, we\n", + " propose a deep reinforcement-learning based SBS activation strategy that\n", + " activates the optimal subset of SBSs to significantly lower the energy\n", + " consumption without compromising the quality of service. In particular, we\n", + " formulate the SBS on/off switching problem into a Markov Decision Process that\n", + " can be solved by Actor Critic (AC) reinforcement learning methods. To avoid\n", + " prohibitively high computational and storage costs of conventional\n", + " tabular-based approaches, we propose to use deep neural networks to approximate\n", + " the policy and value functions in the AC approach. Moreover, to expedite the\n", + " training process, we adopt a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) approach\n", + " together with a novel action refinement scheme. Through extensive numerical\n", + " simulations, we show that the proposed scheme greatly outperforms the existing\n", + " methods in terms of both energy efficiency and computational efficiency. We\n", + " also show that the proposed scheme can scale to large system with polynomial\n", + " complexities in both storage and computation.,\n", + " In the Home Service Assignment, Routing, and Appointment scheduling (H-SARA)\n", + " problem, a set of homogeneous service teams must visit a set of customers. The\n", + " home service provider needs to decide how many teams to hire (i.e., sizing\n", + " problem), how to assign service teams to customers (i.e., assignment problem),\n", + " how to route service teams (i.e., vehicle routing problem),and how to schedule\n", + " the appointment times for the customers (i.e., appointment scheduling problem)\n", + " such that the total cost is minimized. To tackle the H-SARA problem, we propose\n", + " an efficient solution method that comprises two stages. In the first stage, we\n", + " present a column generation algorithm to solve the sizing, assignment, and\n", + " routing problem. The algorithm is enhanced by a high-quality initial solution\n", + " which is found using the route-first cluster-second principle and a\n", + " polynomial-time 2-approximation algorithm. In the second stage, due to the\n", + " stochastic nature of travel time, service time, and cancellation, we propose a\n", + " simulation-driven approach to decide the appointment times such that a desired\n", + " on-time arrival probability is achieved. To ensure the suitability of the\n", + " simulation model, we discuss the characterization of the stochastic parameters.\n", + " The proposed ideas can be embedded in different solution schemes, including a\n", + " fast heuristic method that finds good solutions within seconds or a more\n", + " elaborate algorithm to find near-optimal solutions at the expense of longer\n", + " computational time. At last, we provide a high-level flexible decision support\n", + " tool implemented in AIMMS.,\n", + " It is shown that an alternative to the standard scalar QED is possible. In\n", + " this new version there is only global gauge invariance as far as the charged\n", + " scalar fields are concerned although local gauge invariance is kept for the\n", + " electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic coupling has the form\n", + " $j_\\mu (A^{\\mu} +\\partial^{\\mu}B)$ where $B$ is an auxiliary field and the\n", + " current $j_\\mu$ is $A_{\\mu}$ independent so that no \"sea gull terms\" are\n", + " introduced. In a model of this kind spontaneous breaking of symmetry does not\n", + " lead to photon mass generation, instead the Goldstone boson becomes a massless\n", + " source for the electromagnetic field. Infrared questions concerning the theory\n", + " when spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place and generalizations to global\n", + " vector QED are discussed. In this framework Q-Balls and other non topological\n", + " solitons that owe their existence to a global U(1) symmetry can be coupled to\n", + " electromagnetism and could represent multiply charged particles now in search\n", + " in the LHC. Furthermore, we give an example where an \"Emergent\" Global Scalar\n", + " QED can appear from an axion photon system in an external magnetic field.\n", + " Finally, formulations of Global scalar QED that allow perturbative expansions\n", + " without sea gulls are developed.,\n", + " We discuss the results of cross-correlating catalogs of bright X-ray binaries\n", + " with the Yale Southern Proper Motion catalog (version 4.0). Several objects\n", + " already known to have large proper motions from Hipparcos are recovered. Two\n", + " additional objects are found which show substantial proper motions, both of\n", + " which are unusual in their X-ray properties. One is IGR J17544-2619, one of the\n", + " supergiant fast X-ray transients. Assuming the quoted distances in the\n", + " literature for this source of about 3 kpc are correct, this system has a\n", + " peculiar velocity of about 275 km/sec -- greater than the velocity of a\n", + " Keplerian orbit at its location of the Galaxy, and in line with the\n", + " expectations formed from suggestions that the supergiant fast X-ray transients\n", + " should be highly eccentric. We discuss the possibility that these objects may\n", + " help explain the existence of short gamma-ray bursts outside the central\n", + " regions of galaxies. The other is the source 2A~1822-371, which is a member of\n", + " the small class of objects which are low mass X-ray binaries and long (i.e. $>$\n", + " 100 millisecond) X-ray pulsars. This system also shows both an anomalously high\n", + " X-ray luminosity and a large orbital period derivative for a system with its\n", + " orbital period, and some possible indications of an eccentric orbit. A coherent\n", + " picture can be developed by adding in the proper motion information in which\n", + " this system formed in the Perseus spiral arm of the Galaxy about 3 Myr ago, and\n", + " retains a slightly eccentric orbit which leads to enhanced mass transfer.,\n", + " We propose here a new idea for quantum teleportation of superposed coherent\n", + " state which is not only almost perfect, in principle, but also feasible\n", + " experimentally. We use entangled resource $\\sim\n", + " |\\alpha,\\frac{\\alpha}{\\sqrt{2}}\\rangle-|-\\alpha,-\\frac{\\alpha}{\\sqrt{2}}\\rangle$\n", + " in contrast with the usual $\\sim |\\alpha,\\alpha\\rangle-|-\\alpha,-\\alpha\n", + " \\rangle$ (both states unnormalized). Bob receives state which is then\n", + " superposition of the states $|\\pm \\frac{\\alpha}{\\sqrt{2}}\\rangle$ . Bob mixes\n", + " these with even or odd coherent states involving superposition of states $|\\pm\n", + " \\frac{\\alpha}{\\sqrt{2}}\\rangle$ to obtain a two-mode state which is one of\n", + " $\\sim |I,0\\rangle \\pm |0,I\\rangle$, $|I\\rangle$ being the information state.\n", + " Bob then obtains the teleported information by using interaction of one of\n", + " these modes in two cavities with resonant two-level atoms. This scheme results\n", + " in average fidelity of $\\simeq 0.95$ for $|\\alpha|^2 \\simeq 10$, which\n", + " increases with $|\\alpha|^2$ and tends to 1 asymptotically, varying as\n", + " $1-\\frac{\\pi^2}{16|\\alpha|^2}+\\frac{\\pi^2(\\pi^2+8)}{256|\\alpha|^4}$ for large\n", + " values of $|\\alpha|^2$.,\n", + " A class of translation-invariant Banach spaces of quasianalytic\n", + " ultradistributions is introduced and studied. They are Banach modules over a\n", + " Beurling algebra. Based on this class of Banach spaces, we define corresponding\n", + " test function spaces $\\mathcal{D}^*_E$ and their strong duals\n", + " $\\mathcal{D}'^*_{E'_{\\ast}}$ of quasianalytic type, and study convolution and\n", + " multiplicative products on $\\mathcal{D}'^*_{E'_{\\ast}}$. These new spaces\n", + " generalize previous works about translation-invariant spaces of tempered\n", + " (non-quasianalytic ultra-) distributions; in particular, our new considerations\n", + " apply to the settings of Fourier hyperfunctions and ultrahyperfunctions. New\n", + " weighted $\\mathcal{D}'^{\\ast}_{L^{p}_{\\eta}}$ spaces of quasianalytic\n", + " ultradistributions are analyzed.,\n", + " We study the the high spin expansion of the anomalous dimension for long\n", + " operators belonging to the $sl(2)$ sector of ${\\cal N}=4$ SYM. Keeping the\n", + " ratio $j$ between the twist and the logarithm of the spin fixed, the anomalous\n", + " dimensions expand as $\\gamma= f(g,j)\\ln s + f^{(0)}(g,j)+O(1/\\ln s)$. This\n", + " particular double scaling limit is efficiently described, up to the desired\n", + " accuracy $O(\\ln s ^0)$, in terms of linear integral equations. By using them,\n", + " we are able to evaluate both at weak and strong coupling the sub-leading\n", + " scaling function $f^{(0)}(g,j)$ as series in $j$, up to the order $j^5$. Thanks\n", + " to these results, the possible extension of the liaison with the O(6)\n", + " non-linear sigma model may be tackled on a solid ground.,\n", + " Quantum systems that undergo quantum phase transitions exhibit divergent\n", + " susceptibility and can be exploited as probes to estimate physical parameters.\n", + " We generalize the dynamic framework for criticality-enhanced quantum sensing by\n", + " the quantum Rabi model (QRM) to its anisotropic counterpart and derive the\n", + " correspondingly analytical expressions for the quantum Fisher information\n", + " (QFI). We find that the contributions of the rotating-wave and\n", + " counterrotating-wave interaction terms are symmetric at the limit of the\n", + " infinite ratio of qubit frequency to field frequency, with the QFI reaching a\n", + " maximum for the isotropic quantum Rabi model. At finite frequency scaling, we\n", + " analytically derive the inverted variance of higher-order correction and find\n", + " that it is more affected by the rotating-wave coupling than by the\n", + " counterrotating-wave coupling.,\n", + " Non-cubic crystals exhibit anisotropic physical and functional properties.\n", + " Microscopic crystallites as constituents of polycrystalline materials are\n", + " randomly oriented, thus polycrystalline ceramics lack the anisotropic\n", + " properties of their monocrystalline counterparts. We propose a technology that\n", + " exploits the synergy between magnetic alignment and colloidal ceramics\n", + " processing, and enables to independently tune the orientation of grains in\n", + " different sample regions by infinitesimal magnetic fields (<10 millitesla). The\n", + " grain pivot mechanism enables the emulation of single crystals, as well as the\n", + " creation of large complex-shaped ceramic elements with designed\n", + " crystallographic landscapes and spatially and directionally tuned properties.\n", + " Ultra-high magnetic response arises from magnetic shape anisotropy of\n", + " platelet-shaped seed crystallites coated with small amounts of iron oxide\n", + " nanoparticles. To control crystallographic growth directions during subsequent\n", + " annealing procedures, the seeds are dispersed and aligned in a matrix of\n", + " chemically identical, but much finer spherical particles. The degree of\n", + " crystalline orientation in accordingly prepared aluminum oxide exceeds 99%.\n", + " This technology opens an avenue to remarkably improve structural and functional\n", + " properties of ceramic elements employed in numerous industrial applications.,\n", + " In this paper, we describe a computational implementation of the Synthetic\n", + " difference-in-differences (SDID) estimator of Arkhangelsky et al. (2021) for\n", + " Stata. Synthetic difference-in-differences can be used in a wide class of\n", + " circumstances where treatment effects on some particular policy or event are\n", + " desired, and repeated observations on treated and untreated units are available\n", + " over time. We lay out the theory underlying SDID, both when there is a single\n", + " treatment adoption date and when adoption is staggered over time, and discuss\n", + " estimation and inference in each of these cases. We introduce the sdid command\n", + " which implements these methods in Stata, and provide a number of examples of\n", + " use, discussing estimation, inference, and visualization of results.,\n", + " Nuclear spin-dependent parity violation (NSD-PV) effects in atoms and\n", + " molecules arise from $Z^0$ boson exchange between electrons and the nucleus,\n", + " and from the magnetic interaction between electrons and the parity-violating\n", + " nuclear anapole moment. It has been proposed to study NSD-PV effects using an\n", + " enhancement of the observable effect in diatomic molecules [D. DeMille\n", + " $\\textit{et al.}$, Phys. Rev. Lett. $\\textbf{100}$, 023003 (2008)]. Here, we\n", + " demonstrate measurements of this type with sensitivity surpassing that of any\n", + " previous atomic PV measurement, using the test system\n", + " ${^{138}\\mathrm{Ba^{19}F}}$. We show that systematic errors associated with our\n", + " technique can be suppressed to at least the level of the present statistical\n", + " sensitivity. With $\\sim\\!170$ hours of data, we measure the matrix element,\n", + " $W$, of the NSD-PV interaction with uncertainty $\\delta W/(2\\pi)<0.7$ Hz, for\n", + " each of two configurations where $W$ must have different signs. This\n", + " sensitivity would be sufficient to measure NSD-PV effects of the size\n", + " anticipated across a wide range of nuclei.,\n", + " With a simple graph $G$ on $[n]$, we associate a binomial ideal $P_G$\n", + " generated by diagonal minors of an $n \\times n$ matrix $X=(x_{ij})$ of\n", + " variables. We show that for any graph $G$, $P_G$ is a prime complete\n", + " intersection ideal and determine the divisor class group of $K[X]/ P_G$. By\n", + " using these ideals, one may find a normal domain with free divisor class group\n", + " of any given rank.,\n", + " Manufacturing companies typically use sophisticated production planning\n", + " systems optimizing production steps, often delivering near-optimal solutions.\n", + " As a downside for delivering a near-optimal schedule, planning systems have\n", + " high computational demands resulting in hours of computation. Under normal\n", + " circumstances this is not issue if there is enough buffer time before\n", + " implementation of the schedule (e.g. at night for the next day). However, in\n", + " case of unexpected disruptions such as delayed part deliveries or defectively\n", + " manufactured goods, the planned schedule may become invalid and swift\n", + " replanning becomes necessary. Such immediate replanning is unsuited for\n", + " existing optimal planners due to the computational requirements. This paper\n", + " proposes a novel solution that can effectively and efficiently perform\n", + " replanning in case of different types of disruptions using an existing plan.\n", + " The approach is based on the idea to adhere to the existing schedule as much as\n", + " possible, adapting it based on limited local changes. For that purpose an\n", + " agent-based scheduling mechanism has been devised, in which agents represent\n", + " materials and production sites and use local optimization techniques and\n", + " negotiations to generate an adapted (sufficient, but non-optimal) schedule. The\n", + " approach has been evaluated using real production data from Huawei, showing\n", + " that efficient schedules are produced in short time. The system has been\n", + " implemented as proof of concept and is currently reimplemented and transferred\n", + " to a production system based on the Jadex agent platform.,\n", + " We present an efficient frequency-based neural representation termed PREF: a\n", + " shallow MLP augmented with a phasor volume that covers significant border\n", + " spectra than previous Fourier feature mapping or Positional Encoding. At the\n", + " core is our compact 3D phasor volume where frequencies distribute uniformly\n", + " along a 2D plane and dilate along a 1D axis. To this end, we develop a tailored\n", + " and efficient Fourier transform that combines both Fast Fourier transform and\n", + " local interpolation to accelerate na\\\"ive Fourier mapping. We also introduce a\n", + " Parsvel regularizer that stables frequency-based learning. In these ways, Our\n", + " PREF reduces the costly MLP in the frequency-based representation, thereby\n", + " significantly closing the efficiency gap between it and other hybrid\n", + " representations, and improving its interpretability. Comprehensive experiments\n", + " demonstrate that our PREF is able to capture high-frequency details while\n", + " remaining compact and robust, including 2D image generalization, 3D signed\n", + " distance function regression and 5D neural radiance field reconstruction.,\n", + " Compactness, robustness and autonomy of optical frequency references are\n", + " prerequisites for reliable operation in mobile systems, on ground as well as in\n", + " space. We present a standalone plug and play optical frequency reference device\n", + " based on frequency modulation spectroscopy of the D2-transition in rubidium at\n", + " 780 nm. After a single button press the hand-sized laser module, based on the\n", + " micro-integrated laser-optical bench described in [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38,\n", + " 1885-1891 (2021)], works fully autonomous and generates 6 mW of frequency\n", + " stabilized light with a relative frequency instability of 1.4e-12 at 1 s and\n", + " below 1e-11 at 1e5 s averaging time. We describe the design of the device,\n", + " investigate the thermal characteristics affecting the output frequency and\n", + " demonstrate short-term frequency stability improvement by a Bayesian optimizer\n", + " varying the modulation parameters.,\n", + " We present a scheme for a self-testing quantum random number generator.\n", + " Compared to the fully device-independent model, our scheme requires an extra\n", + " natural assumption, namely that the mean energy per signal is bounded. The\n", + " scheme is self-testing, as it allows the user to verify in real-time the\n", + " correct functioning of the setup, hence guaranteeing the continuous generation\n", + " of certified random bits. Based on a prepare-and-measure setup, our scheme is\n", + " practical, and we implement it using only off-the-shelf optical components. The\n", + " randomness generation rate is 1.25 Mbits/s, comparable to commercial solutions.\n", + " Overall, we believe that this scheme achieves a promising trade-off between the\n", + " required assumptions, ease-of-implementation and performance.,\n", + " An effective force induced by spatially depending decoherence is predicted.\n", + " The phenomenon is illustrated by a simple model of a 1/2-spin particle\n", + " subjected to distributed unselective measurement of noncommuting spin\n", + " components.,\n", + " Many big-data clusters store data in large partitions that support access at\n", + " a coarse, partition-level granularity. As a result, approximate query\n", + " processing via row-level sampling is inefficient, often requiring reads of many\n", + " partitions. In this work, we seek to answer queries quickly and approximately\n", + " by reading a subset of the data partitions and combining partial answers in a\n", + " weighted manner without modifying the data layout. We illustrate how to\n", + " efficiently perform this query processing using a set of pre-computed summary\n", + " statistics, which inform the choice of partitions and weights. We develop novel\n", + " means of using the statistics to assess the similarity and importance of\n", + " partitions. Our experiments on several datasets and data layouts demonstrate\n", + " that to achieve the same relative error compared to uniform partition sampling,\n", + " our techniques offer from 2.7$\\times$ to $70\\times$ reduction in the number of\n", + " partitions read, and the statistics stored per partition require fewer than\n", + " 100KB.,\n", + " Experimental data have provided stringent constraints on neutrino mixing\n", + " parameters. In the standard parameterization the mixing angle $\\theta_{23}$ is\n", + " close to $\\pi/4$. There are also evidences show that the CP violating phase is\n", + " close to $-\\pi/2$. We study neutrino mass matrix reconstructed using this\n", + " information and find several interesting properties. We show that a theoretical\n", + " model based on the $A_4$ symmetry naturally predicts $\\delta = -\\pi/2$ and\n", + " $\\theta_{23} = \\pi/4$ when the Yukawa couplings and scalar vacuum expectation\n", + " values are real reaching a $\\mu-\\tau$ exchange and CP conjugate symmetry limit.\n", + " In this case CP violation solely comes from the complex group theoretical\n", + " Clebsh-Gordan coefficients. The model also predicts $|V_{e2}|=1/\\sqrt{3}$\n", + " consistent with data. With complex Yukawa couplings the values for $\\delta$ and\n", + " $\\theta_{23}$ can be significantly deviate away from the symmetry values\n", + " $-\\pi/2$ and $\\pi/4$, respectively. But $|V_{e2}|= 1/\\sqrt{3}$ is not altered.\n", + " This matrix is an excellent lowest order approximation for theoretical model\n", + " buildings of neutrino mass matrix.,\n", + " Models of bacterial growth tend to be `irreversible', allowing for the number\n", + " of bacteria in a colony to increase but not to decrease. By contrast, models of\n", + " molecular self-assembly are usually `reversible', allowing for addition and\n", + " removal of particles to a structure. Such processes differ in a fundamental way\n", + " because only reversible processes possess an equilibrium. Here we show at\n", + " mean-field level that dynamic trajectories of reversible and irreversible\n", + " growth processes are similar in that both feel the influence of attractors, at\n", + " which growth proceeds without limit but the intensive properties of the system\n", + " are invariant. Attractors of both processes undergo nonequilibrium phase\n", + " transitions as model parameters are varied, suggesting a unified way of\n", + " describing reversible and irreversible growth. We also establish a connection\n", + " at mean-field level between an irreversible model of growth (the magnetic Eden\n", + " model) and the equilibrium Ising model, supporting the findings made by other\n", + " authors using numerical simulations.,\n", + " Synoptic searches for the optical counterpart to a binary neutron star (BNS)\n", + " or neutron star-black hole (NSBH) merger can pose significant challenges\n", + " towards the discovery of kilonovae and performing multi-messenger science. In\n", + " this work, we describe the advantage of a global multi-telescope network\n", + " towards this end, with a particular focus on the key and complementary role the\n", + " Dark Energy Camera (DECam) plays in multi-facility follow-up. We describe the\n", + " Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH)\n", + " Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) Marshal, a common web application we built to\n", + " ingest events, plan observations, search for transient candidates, and retrieve\n", + " performance summary statistics for all of the telescopes in our network. Our\n", + " infrastructure enabled us to conduct observations of two events during O3a,\n", + " S190426c and S190510g. Furthermore, our analysis of deep DECam observations of\n", + " S190814bv conducted by the DESGW team, and access to a variety of global\n", + " follow-up facilities allowed us to place meaningful constraints on the\n", + " parameters of the kilonova and the merging binary. We emphasize the importance\n", + " of a global telescope network in conjunction with a power telescope like DECam\n", + " in performing searches for the counterparts to gravitational-wave sources.,\n", + " We calculate the collective mode spectrum in models of superconductors with\n", + " attractive interactions in s-and d channels as a function of their relative\n", + " strength, across a phase diagram that includes transition between s, s+id, and\n", + " d-wave ground states. For one-band systems, we recover the largely known\n", + " results for the phase, amplitude, and Bardasis-Schrieffer modes of pure s or\n", + " d-states, and show how the well-defined Bardasis-Schrieffer mode softens near\n", + " the s + id phase boundary and evolves in a characteristic manner through the s\n", + " + id phase as a mixed symmetry mode. For two-band systems, we consider a model\n", + " of hole-doped Fe-based superconductors, and find in the case of an s-wave\n", + " ground state a well-defined Bardasis-Schrieffer mode below the lowest gap edge,\n", + " as well as a second, damped mode of this type between the two gap energies.\n", + " Both modes soften as the s + id phase is approached, and only a single\n", + " \"mixed-symmetry Bardasis-Schrieffer mode\" below the pairbreaking continuum\n", + " propagates in the s + id phase itself. These modes coexist with a damped\n", + " Leggett mode with collective frequency between the two gap scales. In the pure\n", + " d-state, no Bardasis-Schrieffer type s excitonic mode exists at low T. We\n", + " briefly discuss Raman scattering experiments and how they can be used to\n", + " identify an s + id state, and to track the evolution of competing s- and d-\n", + " interactions in these systems.,\n", + " Context: Classical nova progenitors are cataclysmic variables and very old\n", + " novae are observed to match high mass transfer rate and (relatively) long\n", + " orbital period systems. However, the aftermath of a classical nova has never\n", + " been studied in detail. Aims: To probe the aftermath of a classical nova\n", + " explosion in cataclysmic variables and observe as the binary system relaxes to\n", + " quiescence. Methods: We used multi-wavelength time resolved optical and\n", + " near-infrared spectroscopy for a bright, well studied classical nova five years\n", + " after outburst. We were able to disentangle the contribution of the ejecta at\n", + " this late epoch using its previous characterization, separating the ejecta\n", + " emission from that of the binary system. Results: We determined the binary\n", + " orbital period (P=3.76 hr), the system separation and mass ratio (q>=0.17 for\n", + " an assumed white dwarf mass of 1.2 solar masses). We find evidence of an\n", + " irradiated secondary star and no unambiguous signature of an accretion disk,\n", + " although we identify a second emission line source tied to the white dwarf with\n", + " an impact point. The data are consistent with a bloated white dwarf envelope\n", + " and the presence of unsettled gas within the white dwarf Roche lobe.\n", + " Conclusions: At more than 5 years after eruption, it appears that this\n", + " classical nova has not yet relaxed.,\n", + " We study the conductivity of graphene with a smooth but\n", + " particle-hole-asymmetric disorder potential. Using perturbation theory for the\n", + " weak-disorder regime and numerical calculations we investigate how the\n", + " particle-hole asymmetry shifts the position of the minimal conductivity away\n", + " from the Dirac point $\\varepsilon = 0$. We find that the conductivity minimum\n", + " is shifted in opposite directions for weak and strong disorder. For large\n", + " disorder strengths the conductivity minimum appears close to the doping level\n", + " for which electron and hole doped regions (\"puddles\") are equal in size.,\n", + " Exclusive nonleptonic decays of bottom baryons to charm baryons and\n", + " pseudoscalar light mesons are analyzed within a relativistic three-quark model.\n", + " We include factorizing as well as nonfactorizing contributions to the decay\n", + " amplitudes. The total contribution of the nonfactorizing diagrams amount up to\n", + " 30% of the factorizing contributions in amplitude. We present detailed\n", + " predictions for rates and asymmetry parameters.,\n", + " Despite important breakthroughs in the last decade, the calculation of\n", + " temperature dependent properties of solids still remains a challenging task,\n", + " especially in the vicinity of structural phase transitions. We show that the\n", + " combination of machine-learning interatomic potentials with quantum\n", + " self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics allows to calculate efficiently the\n", + " temperature dependence of dielectric properties of the quantum paraelectric\n", + " perovskite KTaO$_3$, with a precision beyond what could be reasonably achieved\n", + " using plain density functional theory. We first follow the strong anharmonic\n", + " softening of the polar mode in this incipient ferroelectric material, and the\n", + " resulting divergence of the dielectric constant that eventually saturates due\n", + " to the interplay between temperature and quantum fluctuations. Further, we\n", + " predict the stability range of the quantum paraelectric state under the\n", + " application of epitaxial strain at 0 K and 300 K. Finally, we calculate the\n", + " temperature dependence of electrostrictive tensors for this material and show\n", + " that giant electrostriction in KTaO$_3$ is to be expected also at room\n", + " temperature under the condition of strain engineering.,\n", + " What is the value of an individual model in an ensemble of binary\n", + " classifiers? We answer this question by introducing a class of transferable\n", + " utility cooperative games called \\textit{ensemble games}. In machine learning\n", + " ensembles, pre-trained models cooperate to make classification decisions. To\n", + " quantify the importance of models in these ensemble games, we define\n", + " \\textit{Troupe} -- an efficient algorithm which allocates payoffs based on\n", + " approximate Shapley values of the classifiers. We argue that the Shapley value\n", + " of models in these games is an effective decision metric for choosing a high\n", + " performing subset of models from the ensemble. Our analytical findings prove\n", + " that our Shapley value estimation scheme is precise and scalable; its\n", + " performance increases with size of the dataset and ensemble. Empirical results\n", + " on real world graph classification tasks demonstrate that our algorithm\n", + " produces high quality estimates of the Shapley value. We find that Shapley\n", + " values can be utilized for ensemble pruning, and that adversarial models\n", + " receive a low valuation. Complex classifiers are frequently found to be\n", + " responsible for both correct and incorrect classification decisions.,\n", + " We report a study of the process $e^{+} e^{-} \\to (D^{*} \\bar{D}^{*})^{0}\n", + " \\pi^0$ using $e^+e^-$ collision data samples with integrated luminosities of\n", + " $1092 \\rm{pb}^{-1}$ at $\\sqrt{s}=4.23 \\rm{GeV}$ and $826 \\rm{pb}^{-1}$ at\n", + " $\\sqrt{s}=4.26 \\rm{GeV}$ collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII\n", + " storage ring. We observe a new neutral structure near the $(D^{*}\n", + " \\bar{D}^{*})^{0}$ mass threshold in the $\\pi^0$ recoil mass spectrum, which we\n", + " denote as $Z_{c}(4025)^{0}$. Assuming a Breit-Wigner line shape, its pole mass\n", + " and pole width are determined to be $(4025.5^{+2.0}_{-4.7}\\pm3.1) \\rm{MeV}/c^2$\n", + " and $(23.0\\pm 6.0\\pm 1.0) \\rm{MeV}$, respectively. The Born cross sections of\n", + " $e^{+}e^{-}\\to Z_{c}(4025)^{0} \\pi^0\\to (D^{*} \\bar{D}^{*})^{0}\\pi^0$ are\n", + " measured to be $(61.6\\pm8.2\\pm9.0) \\rm{pb}$ at $\\sqrt{s}=4.23 \\rm{GeV}$ and\n", + " $(43.4\\pm8.0\\pm5.4) \\rm{pb}$ at $\\sqrt{s}=4.26 \\rm{GeV}$. The first\n", + " uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.,\n", + " We propose a realization of two remarkable effects of Dicke physics in\n", + " quantum simulation of light-matter many-body interactions with artificial\n", + " quantum systems. These effects are a superradiant decay of an ensemble of\n", + " qubits and the opposite radiation trapping effect. We show that both phenomena\n", + " coexist in the crossover regime of a \"moderately bad\" single-mode cavity\n", + " coupled to the qubit subsystem. Depending on the type of the initial state and\n", + " on the presence of multipartite entanglement in it, the dynamical features can\n", + " be opposite resulting either in the superradiance or in the radiation trapping\n", + " despite of the fact that the initial state contains the same number of excited\n", + " qubits. The difference originates from the symmetrical or nonsymmetrical\n", + " character of the initial wave function of the ensemble, which corresponds to\n", + " indistinguishable or distinguishable emitters. We argue that a coexistence of\n", + " both effects can be used in dynamical quantum simulators to demonstrate\n", + " realization of Dicke physics, effects of multipartite quantum entanglement, as\n", + " well as quantum interference and thus to deeply probe quantum nature of these\n", + " artificial quantum systems.,\n", + " We studied the temperature and the angular dependences of the upper critical\n", + " field ($H_{c2}(T,\\theta$)) of Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_x$B$_2$ single crystals ($x = 0.12$\n", + " and 0.21) and compared with the dirty-limit two-gap theory. We found that\n", + " $H_{c2}(T,\\theta)$'s were well described in a unified way by this theory. The\n", + " obtained values of the parameters indicated that as the Al concentration was\n", + " increased, anisotropic impurity scattering increased, making the $\\sigma$ bands\n", + " less anisotropic. Accordingly, the temperature dependence of the anisotropy\n", + " ratio of $H_{c2}$ ($\\gamma_H$) systematically decreased, and for $x=0.21$,\n", + " $\\gamma_H$ was nearly constant. Our results imply that Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_x$B$_2$\n", + " single crystals are in dirty-limit and that two-gap nature survives until $x =\n", + " 0.21$.,\n", + " We use neutron scattering to study the lattice and magnetic structure of the\n", + " layered half-doped manganite Pr$_{0.5}$Ca$_{1.5}$MnO$_4$. On cooling from high\n", + " temperature, the system first becomes charge- and orbital- ordered (CO/OO) near\n", + " $T_{CO}=300$ K and then develops checkerboard-like antiferromagnetic (AF) order\n", + " below $T_{N}=130$ K. At temperatures above $T_{N}$ but below $T_{CO}$\n", + " ($T_N 4$ they are not. The standard proof is based on the analysis of the\n", + " Bessel SDE of dimension $d=1+4/\\kappa$. We propose a different approach which\n", + " is based on the analysis of the Bessel SDE with $d=1-4/\\kappa$. This not only\n", + " gives a new perspective, but also allows to describe the formation of the SLE\n", + " `bubbles' for $\\kappa>4$.,\n", + " By selectively probing the center of a trapped gas, we measure the local, or\n", + " homogeneous, contact of a unitary Fermi gas as a function of temperature. Tan's\n", + " contact, C, is proportional to the derivative of the energy with respect to the\n", + " interaction strength, and is thus an essential thermodynamic quantity for a gas\n", + " with short-range correlations. Theoretical predictions for the temperature\n", + " dependence of C differ substantially, especially near the superfluid\n", + " transition, Tc, where C is predicted to either sharply decrease, sharply\n", + " increase, or change very little. For T/T_F>0.4, our measurements of the\n", + " homogeneous gas contact show a gradual decrease of C with increasing\n", + " temperature, as predicted by theory. We observe a sharp decrease in C at\n", + " T/T_F=0.16, which may be due to the superfluid phase transition. While a sharp\n", + " decrease in C below Tc is predicted by some many-body theories, we find that\n", + " none of the predictions fully accounts for the data.,\n", + " A finite-size scaling theory for the $\\phi^4_4$ model is derived using\n", + " renormalization group methods. Particular attention is paid to the partition\n", + " function zeroes, in terms of which all thermodynamic observables can be\n", + " expressed. While the leading scaling behaviour is identical to that of mean\n", + " field theory, there exist multiplicative logarithmic corrections too. A\n", + " non-perturbative test of these formulae in the form of a high precision Monte\n", + " Carlo analysis reveals good quantitative agreement with the analytical\n", + " predictions.,\n", + " These lecture notes provide a brief overview of methods of entanglement\n", + " theory applied to the study of quantum many-body systems, as well as of tensor\n", + " network states capturing quantum states naturally appearing in condensed-matter\n", + " systems.,\n", + " In this note, stimulated by the existence result of Futaki-Ono-Wang for toric\n", + " Sasaki-Einstein metrics, we obtain new examples of Sasaki-Einstein metrics on\n", + " S^1-bundles associated to canonical line bundles of P^1-bundles over\n", + " K\\\"ahler-Einstein Fano manifolds, even though the Futaki's obstruction does not\n", + " vanish.\n", + " Here the method of Sakane and Koiso is used, and our examples include\n", + " non-toric Sasaki-Einstein manifolds.,\n", + " The high-level contribution of this paper is a simulation-based analysis to\n", + " evaluate the tradeoffs between lifetime and hop count of link-disjoint,\n", + " node-disjoint and zone-disjoint multi-path routes vis-\\`a-vis single-path\n", + " minimum hop routes for mobile ad hoc networks. The link-disjoint, node-disjoint\n", + " and zone-disjoint algorithms proposed in this paper can be used to arrive at\n", + " benchmarks for the time between successive multi-path route discoveries, the\n", + " number of disjoint paths per multi-path set and the hop count per multi-path\n", + " set. We assume a multi-path set exists as long as at least one path in the set\n", + " exists. Simulation results indicate that the number of zone-disjoint paths per\n", + " multi-path set can be at most 2, which is far lower than the number of node and\n", + " link-disjoint paths available per multi-path set. Also, the time between\n", + " zone-disjoint multi-path discoveries would be far lower than the time between\n", + " node and link-disjoint multi-path route discoveries and can be at most 45% more\n", + " than the time between single minimum-hop path route discoveries. However, there\n", + " is no appreciable difference in the average hop counts per zone-disjoint,\n", + " node-disjoint and link-disjoint multi-path sets and it can be only at most 15%\n", + " more than the average minimum hop count determined using single-path routing.\n", + " We also observe that even though the number of link-disjoint paths per\n", + " multi-path set can be as large as 35-78% more than the number of node-disjoint\n", + " paths per multi-path set, the time between two successive link-disjoint\n", + " multi-path discoveries can be at most 15-25% more than the time between two\n", + " successive node-disjoint multi-path discoveries, without any significant\n", + " difference in the hop count per multi-path set.,\n", + " The Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) has now days gained\n", + " tremendous attentions for solving large-scale machine learning and signal\n", + " processing problems due to the relative simplicity. However, the two-block\n", + " structure of the classical ADMM still limits the size of the real problems\n", + " being solved. When one forces a more-than-two-block structure by\n", + " variable-splitting, the convergence speed slows down greatly as observed in\n", + " practice. Recently, a randomly assembled cyclic multi-block ADMM (RAC-MBADMM)\n", + " was developed by the authors for solving general convex and nonconvex quadratic\n", + " optimization problems where the number of blocks can go greater than two so\n", + " that each sub-problem has a smaller size and can be solved much more\n", + " efficiently. In this paper, we apply this method to solving few selected\n", + " machine learning problems related to convex quadratic optimization, such as\n", + " Linear Regression, LASSO, Elastic-Net, and SVM. We prove that the algorithm\n", + " would converge in expectation linearly under the standard statistical data\n", + " assumptions. We use our general-purpose solver to conduct multiple numerical\n", + " tests, solving both synthetic and large-scale bench-mark problems. Our results\n", + " show that RAC-MBADMM could significantly outperform, in both solution time and\n", + " quality, other optimization algorithms/codes for solving these machine learning\n", + " problems, and match up the performance of the best tailored methods such as\n", + " Glmnet or LIBSVM. In certain problem regions RAC-MBADMM even achieves a\n", + " superior performance than that of the tailored methods.,\n", + " Objects grasping, also known as the bin-picking, is one of the most common\n", + " tasks faced by industrial robots. While much work has been done in related\n", + " topics, grasping randomly piled objects still remains a challenge because much\n", + " of the existing work either lack robustness or costs too much resource. In this\n", + " paper, we develop a fast and robust bin-picking system for grasping densely\n", + " piled objects adaptively and safely. The proposed system starts with point\n", + " cloud segmentation using improved density-based spatial clustering of\n", + " application with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, which is improved by combining the\n", + " region growing algorithm and using Octree to speed up the calculation. The\n", + " system then uses principle component analysis (PCA) for coarse registration and\n", + " iterative closest point (ICP) for fine registration. We propose a grasp risk\n", + " score (GRS) to evaluate each object by the collision probability, the stability\n", + " of the object, and the whole pile's stability. Through real tests with the Anno\n", + " robot, our method is verified to be advanced in speed and robustness.,\n", + " Vertical stacking of monolayers via van der Waals assembly is an emerging\n", + " field that opens promising routes toward engineering physical properties of\n", + " two-dimensional (2D) materials. Industrial exploitation of these engineering\n", + " heterostructures as robust functional materials still requires bounding their\n", + " measured properties so to enhance theoretical tractability and assist in\n", + " experimental designs. Specifically, the short-range attractive van der Waals\n", + " forces are responsible for the adhesion of chemically inert components and are\n", + " recognized to play a dominant role in the functionality of these structures.\n", + " Here we reliably quantify the the strength of van der Waals forces in terms of\n", + " an effective Hamaker parameter for CVD-grown graphene and show how it scales by\n", + " a factor of two or three from single to multiple layers on standard supporting\n", + " surfaces such as copper or silicon oxide. Furthermore, direct measurements on\n", + " freestanding graphene provide the means to discern the interplay between the\n", + " van der Waals potential of graphene and its supporting substrate. Our results\n", + " demonstrated that the underlying substrates could enhance or reduce the van der\n", + " Waals force of graphene surfaces, and its consequences are explained in terms\n", + " of a Lifshitz theory-based analytical model.,\n", + " We study the optical $gri$ photometric variability of a sample of 190 quasars\n", + " within the SDSS Stripe 82 region that have long-term photometric coverage\n", + " during $\\sim 1998-2020$ with SDSS, PanSTARRS-1, the Dark Energy Survey, and\n", + " dedicated follow-up monitoring with Blanco 4m/DECam. With on average $\\sim 200$\n", + " nightly epochs per quasar per filter band, we improve the parameter constraints\n", + " from a Damped Random Walk (DRW) model fit to the light curves over previous\n", + " studies with 10-15 yr baselines and $\\lesssim 100$ epochs. We find that the\n", + " average damping timescale $\\tau_{\\rm DRW}$ continues to rise with increased\n", + " baseline, reaching a median value of $\\sim 750$ days ($g$ band) in the\n", + " rest-frame of these quasars using the 20-yr light curves. Some quasars may have\n", + " gradual, long-term trends in their light curves, suggesting that either the DRW\n", + " fit requires very long baselines to converge, or that the underlying\n", + " variability is more complex than a single DRW process for these quasars. Using\n", + " a subset of quasars with better-constrained $\\tau_{\\rm DRW}$ (less than 20\\% of\n", + " the baseline), we confirm a weak wavelength dependence of $\\tau_{\\rm\n", + " DRW}\\propto \\lambda^{0.51\\pm0.20}$. We further quantify optical variability of\n", + " these quasars over days to decades timescales using structure function (SF) and\n", + " power spectrum density (PSD) analyses. The SF and PSD measurements\n", + " qualitatively confirm the measured (hundreds of days) damping timescales from\n", + " the DRW fits. However, the ensemble PSD is steeper than that of a DRW on\n", + " timescales less than $\\sim$ a month for these luminous quasars, and this second\n", + " break point correlates with the longer DRW damping timescale.,\n", + " This paper investigates a cellular edge caching problem under a very large\n", + " number of small base stations (SBSs) and users. In this ultra-dense edge\n", + " caching network (UDCN), conventional caching algorithms are inapplicable as\n", + " their complexity increases with the number of small base stations (SBSs).\n", + " Furthermore, the performance of UDCN is highly sensitive to the dynamics of\n", + " user demand and inter-SBS interference. To overcome such difficulties, we\n", + " propose a distributed caching algorithm under a stochastic geometric network\n", + " model, as well as a spatio-temporal user demand model that characterizes the\n", + " content popularity dynamics. By exploiting mean-field game (MFG) theory, the\n", + " complexity of the proposed UDCN caching algorithm becomes independent of the\n", + " number of SBSs. Numerical evaluations validate that the proposed caching\n", + " algorithm reduces not only the long run average cost of the network but also\n", + " the redundant cached data respectively by 24% and 42%, compared to a baseline\n", + " caching algorithm. The simulation results also show that the proposed caching\n", + " algorithm is robust to imperfect popularity information, while ensuring a low\n", + " computational complexity.,\n", + " It is shown that the yield of relativistic positronium atoms in\n", + " photoproduction on extended targets is much larger than usually accepted.The\n", + " cause of such difference is transparent. At high energies, when the positronium\n", + " atom formation time $\\tau_f$ becomes greater than the target length L, it is\n", + " the free $e^+e^-$ pair that propagates through the target and the formation of\n", + " positronium atoms take place out of the target.In the framework of the\n", + " light-cone technique we consider the interaction of $e^+e^-$ pair with the\n", + " screened Coulomb field of atoms in matter and obtain the analytical expressions\n", + " for relativistic positronium atoms photoproduction cross sections on extended\n", + " targets.The relations to free pair photoproduction on extended targets are\n", + " discussed.,\n", + " It is widely accepted that there is strong persistence in the volatility of\n", + " financial time series. The origin of the observed persistence, or long-range\n", + " memory, is still an open problem as the observed phenomenon could be a spurious\n", + " effect. Earlier we have proposed the consentaneous model of the financial\n", + " markets based on the non-linear stochastic differential equations. The\n", + " consentaneous model successfully reproduces empirical probability and power\n", + " spectral densities of volatility. This approach is qualitatively different from\n", + " models built using fractional Brownian motion. In this contribution we\n", + " investigate burst and inter-burst duration statistics of volatility in the\n", + " financial markets employing the consentaneous model. Our analysis provides an\n", + " evidence that empirical statistical properties of burst and inter-burst\n", + " duration can be explained by non-linear stochastic differential equations\n", + " driving the volatility in the financial markets. This serves as an strong\n", + " argument that long-range memory in finance can have spurious nature.,\n", + " Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are a popular class of deep generative models\n", + " with many variants and a wide range of applications. Improvements upon the\n", + " standard VAE mostly focus on the modelling of the posterior distribution over\n", + " the latent space and the properties of the neural network decoder. In contrast,\n", + " improving the model for the observational distribution is rarely considered and\n", + " typically defaults to a pixel-wise independent categorical or normal\n", + " distribution. In image synthesis, sampling from such distributions produces\n", + " spatially-incoherent results with uncorrelated pixel noise, resulting in only\n", + " the sample mean being somewhat useful as an output prediction. In this paper,\n", + " we aim to stay true to VAE theory by improving the samples from the\n", + " observational distribution. We propose SOS-VAE, an alternative model for the\n", + " observation space, encoding spatial dependencies via a low-rank\n", + " parameterisation. We demonstrate that this new observational distribution has\n", + " the ability to capture relevant covariance between pixels, resulting in\n", + " spatially-coherent samples. In contrast to pixel-wise independent\n", + " distributions, our samples seem to contain semantically-meaningful variations\n", + " from the mean allowing the prediction of multiple plausible outputs with a\n", + " single forward pass.,\n", + " Hundreds of gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical light curves have been measured\n", + " since the discovery of optical afterglows. However, even after nearly 7 years\n", + " of operation of the Swift Observatory, only a handful of measurements have been\n", + " made soon (within a minute) after the gamma ray signal. This lack of early\n", + " observations fails to address burst physics at short time scales associated\n", + " with prompt emissions and progenitors. Because of this lack of sub-minute data,\n", + " the characteristics of the rise phase of optical light curve of short-hard type\n", + " GRB and rapid-rising GRB, which may account for ~30% of all GRB, remain\n", + " practically unknown. We have developed methods for reaching sub-minute and\n", + " sub-second timescales in a small spacecraft observatory. Rather than slewing\n", + " the entire spacecraft to aim the optical instrument at the GRB position, we use\n", + " rapidly moving mirror to redirect our optical beam. As a first step, we employ\n", + " motorized slewing mirror telescope (SMT), which can point to the event within\n", + " 1s, in the UFFO Pathfinder GRB Telescope onboard the Lomonosov satellite to be\n", + " launched in Nov. 2011. UFFO's sub-minute measurements of the optical emission\n", + " of dozens of GRB each year will result in a more rigorous test of current\n", + " internal shock models, probe the extremes of bulk Lorentz factors, provide the\n", + " first early and detailed measurements of fast-rise GRB optical light curves,\n", + " and help verify the prospect of GRB as a new standard candle. We will describe\n", + " the science and the mission of the current UFFO Pathfinder project, and our\n", + " plan of a full-scale UFFO-100 as the next step.,\n", + " We present IR and UV photometry for a sample of brightest cluster galaxies\n", + " (BCGs). The BCGs are from a heterogeneous but uniformly characterized sample,\n", + " the Archive of Chandra Cluster Entropy Profile Tables (ACCEPT), of X-ray galaxy\n", + " clusters from the Chandra X-ray telescope archive with published gas\n", + " temperature, density, and entropy profiles. We use archival GALEX, Spitzer, and\n", + " 2MASS observations to assemble spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and colors\n", + " for BCGs. We find that while the SEDs of some BCGs follow the expectation of\n", + " red, dust-free old stellar populations, many exhibit signatures of recent star\n", + " formation in the form of excess UV or mid-IR emission, or both. We establish a\n", + " mean near-UV to 2MASS K color of 6.59 \\pm 0.34 for quiescent BCGs. We use this\n", + " mean color to quantify the UV excess associated with star formation in the\n", + " active BCGs. We use fits to a template of an evolved stellar population and\n", + " library of starburst models and mid-IR star formation relations to estimate the\n", + " obscured star formation rates. Many of the BCGs in X-ray clusters with low\n", + " central gas entropy exhibit enhanced UV (38%) and mid-IR emission (43%), above\n", + " that expected from an old stellar population. These excesses are consistent\n", + " with on-going star formation activity in the BCG, star formation that appears\n", + " to be enabled by the presence of high density, X-ray emitting gas in the the\n", + " core of the cluster of galaxies. This hot, X-ray emitting gas may provide the\n", + " enhanced ambient pressure and some of the fuel to trigger the star formation.\n", + " This result is consistent with previous works that showed that BCGs in clusters\n", + " with low central gas entropy host H{\\alpha} emission-line nebulae and radio\n", + " sources, while clusters with high central gas entropy exhibit none of these\n", + " features. UV and mid-IR measurements combined provide a complete picture of\n", + " unobscured and obscured star formation occurring in these systems.,\n", + " Learned image compression has recently shown the potential to outperform the\n", + " standard codecs. State-of-the-art rate-distortion (R-D) performance has been\n", + " achieved by context-adaptive entropy coding approaches in which hyperprior and\n", + " autoregressive models are jointly utilized to effectively capture the spatial\n", + " dependencies in the latent representations. However, the latents are feature\n", + " maps of the same spatial resolution in previous works, which contain some\n", + " redundancies that affect the R-D performance. In this paper, we propose the\n", + " first learned multi-frequency image compression and entropy coding approach\n", + " that is based on the recently developed octave convolutions to factorize the\n", + " latents into high and low frequency (resolution) components, where the low\n", + " frequency is represented by a lower resolution. Therefore, its spatial\n", + " redundancy is reduced, which improves the R-D performance. Novel generalized\n", + " octave convolution and octave transposed-convolution architectures with\n", + " internal activation layers are also proposed to preserve more spatial structure\n", + " of the information. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme not only\n", + " outperforms all existing learned methods as well as standard codecs such as the\n", + " next-generation video coding standard VVC (4:2:0) on the Kodak dataset in both\n", + " PSNR and MS-SSIM. We also show that the proposed generalized octave convolution\n", + " can improve the performance of other auto-encoder-based computer vision tasks\n", + " such as semantic segmentation and image denoising.,\n", + " We present a new method for the numerical implementation of generating\n", + " boundary conditions for a one dimensional Boussinesq system. This method is\n", + " based on a reformulation of the equations and a resolution of the dispersive\n", + " boundary layer that is created at the boundary when the boundary conditions are\n", + " non homogeneous. This method is implemented for a simple first order finite\n", + " volume scheme and validated by several numerical simulations. Contrary to the\n", + " other techniques that can be found in the literature, our approach does not\n", + " cause any increase in computational time with respect to periodic boundary\n", + " conditions.,\n", + " The electrical and structural characteristics of SmTiO3/SrTiO3/SmTiO3 and\n", + " GdTiO3/SrTiO3/GdTiO3 heterostructures are compared. Both types of structures\n", + " contain narrow SrTiO3 quantum wells, which accommodate a confined, high-density\n", + " electron gas. As shown previously [Phys. Rev. B 86, 201102(R) (2012)] SrTiO3\n", + " quantum wells embedded in GdTiO3 show a metal-to-insulator transition when\n", + " their thickness is reduced so that they contain only two SrO layers. In\n", + " contrast, quantum wells embedded in SmTiO3 remain metallic down to a single SrO\n", + " layer thickness. Symmetry-lowering structural distortions, measured by\n", + " quantifying the Sr-column displacements, are present in the insulating quantum\n", + " wells, but are either absent or very weak in all metallic quantum wells,\n", + " independent of whether they are embedded in SmTiO3 or in GdTiO3. We discuss the\n", + " role of orthorhombic distortions, orbital ordering, and strong electron\n", + " correlations in the transition to the insulating state.,\n", + " Biosurveillance, a relatively young field, has recently increased in\n", + " importance because of its relevance to national security and global health.\n", + " Databases and tools describing particular subsets of disease are becoming\n", + " increasingly common in the field. However, a common method to describe those\n", + " diseases is lacking. Here, we present the Anthology of Biosurveillance Diseases\n", + " (ABD), an ontology of infectious diseases of biosurveillance relevance.,\n", + " Synchronization among arrays of beating cilia is one of the emergent\n", + " phenomena in biological processes at meso-scopic scales. Strong inter-ciliary\n", + " couplings modify the natural beating frequencies, $\\omega$, of individual cilia\n", + " to produce a collective motion that moves around a group frequency $\\omega_m$.\n", + " Here we study the thermodynamic cost of synchronizing cilia arrays by mapping\n", + " their dynamics onto a generic phase oscillator model. The model suggests that\n", + " upon synchronization the mean heat dissipation rate is decomposed into two\n", + " contributions, dissipation from each cilium's own natural driving force and\n", + " dissipation arising from the interaction with other cilia, the latter of which\n", + " can be interpreted as the one produced by a potential with a time-dependent\n", + " protocol in the framework of our model. The spontaneous phase-synchronization\n", + " of beating dynamics of cilia induced by strong inter-ciliary coupling is always\n", + " accompanied with a significant reduction of dissipation for the cilia\n", + " population, suggesting that organisms as a whole expend less energy by\n", + " attaining a temporal order. At the level of individual cilia, however, a\n", + " population of cilia with $|\\omega|< \\omega_m$ expend more amount of energy upon\n", + " synchronization.,\n", + " We consider wetting models in $1+1$ dimensions on a shrinking strip with a\n", + " general pinning function. We show that under diffusive scaling, the interface\n", + " converges in law to to the reflected Brownian motion, whenever the strip size\n", + " is $o(N^{-1/2})$ and the pinning function is close enough to critical value of\n", + " the so-called $\\delta$-pinning model of Deuschel, Giacomin, and Zambotti\n", + " [DGZ05]. As a corollary, the same result holds for the constant pinning strip\n", + " wetting model at criticality with $o(N^{-1/2})$ strip size.,\n", + " Understanding flavor dependence of the parton energy loss is one of key tasks\n", + " of the jet quenching physics. In these proceedings we provide a summary of\n", + " recent works on a quantification of the flavor dependence of parton energy loss\n", + " along with a summary and discussion of a subset of contributions presented at\n", + " the Hard Probes 2016 conference which are related to the flavor aspects of\n", + " parton energy loss.,\n", + " Combining information from different sources is a common way to improve\n", + " classification accuracy in Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI). For instance, in\n", + " small sample settings it is useful to integrate data from other subjects or\n", + " sessions in order to improve the estimation quality of the spatial filters or\n", + " the classifier. Since data from different subjects may show large variability,\n", + " it is crucial to weight the contributions according to importance. Many\n", + " multi-subject learning algorithms determine the optimal weighting in a separate\n", + " step by using heuristics, however, without ensuring that the selected weights\n", + " are optimal with respect to classification. In this work we apply Multiple\n", + " Kernel Learning (MKL) to this problem. MKL has been widely used for feature\n", + " fusion in computer vision and allows to simultaneously learn the classifier and\n", + " the optimal weighting. We compare the MKL method to two baseline approaches and\n", + " investigate the reasons for performance improvement.,\n", + " The observation of the supernova remnant N132D by the scientific instruments\n", + " on board the XMM-Newton satellite is presented. The X-rays from N132D are\n", + " dispersed into a detailed line-rich spectrum using the Reflection Grating\n", + " Spectrometers. Spectral lines of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe are identified.\n", + " Images of the remnant, in narrow wavelength bands, produced by the European\n", + " Photon Imaging Cameras reveal a complex spatial structure of the ionic\n", + " distribution. While K-shell Fe emission seems to originate near the centre, all\n", + " of the other ions are observed along the shell. A high O VII / O VIII emission\n", + " ratio is detected on the northeastern edge of the remnant. This can be a sign\n", + " of hot ionising conditions, or it can reflect relatively cool gas. Spectral\n", + " fitting of the CCD spectrum suggests high temperatures in this region, but a\n", + " detailed analysis of the atomic processes involved in producing the O VII\n", + " spectral lines leads to the conclusion that the intensities of these lines\n", + " alone cannot provide a conclusive distinction between the two scenarios.,\n", + " The paper studies derivative asset analysis in structural credit risk models\n", + " where the asset value of the firm is not fully observable. It is shown that in\n", + " order to compute the price dynamics of traded securities one needs to solve a\n", + " stochastic filtering problem for the asset value. We transform this problem to\n", + " a filtering problem for a stopped diffusion process and we apply results from\n", + " the filtering literature to this problem. In this way we obtain an\n", + " SPDE-characterization for the filter density. Moreover, we characterize the\n", + " default intensity under incomplete information and we determine the price\n", + " dynamics of traded securities. Armed with these results we study derivative\n", + " asset analysis in our setup: we explain how the model can be applied to the\n", + " pricing of options on traded assets and we discuss dynamic hedging and model\n", + " calibration. The paper closes with a small simulation study.,\n", + " We report the first principle theory-based study of stability, electronic\n", + " structure and optical properties of cluster assembled materials in various 1D,\n", + " 2D and 3D nanostructures using a cage-like Cd9Te9 cluster as the super-atom.\n", + " The bulk 3D self-assemblies form in 2D stacked structures for different cubic\n", + " lattices. The face centered stacking is the most stable as compared to the\n", + " simple cubic, body centered and zinc blende type stackings. The 2D stacks are\n", + " formed as cluster assembled monolayers and the monolayer derived from the face\n", + " centered structure is most stable. Further, the cluster chains (or wires) with\n", + " more number of inter-cluster bonds are also seen to be dynamically stable. The\n", + " electronic structure, bandgap, dielectric constant and absorption spectra along\n", + " with the phonon dispersions are discussed for these self-assembled\n", + " nanostructures.,\n", + " An overview of the ab initio no-core shell model is presented. Recent results\n", + " for light nuclei obtained with the chiral two-nucleon and three-nucleon\n", + " interactions are highlighted. Cross section calculations of capture reactions\n", + " important for astrophysics are discussed. The extension of the ab initio\n", + " no-core shell model to the description of nuclear reactions by the resonating\n", + " group method technique is outlined.,\n", + " We propose a new method for quantitative characterization of spatial\n", + " network-like patterns with loops, such as surface fracture patterns, leaf vein\n", + " networks and patterns of urban streets. Such patterns are not well\n", + " characterized by purely topological estimators: also patterns that both look\n", + " different and result from different morphogenetic processes can have similar\n", + " topology. A local geometric cue -the angles formed by the different branches at\n", + " junctions- can complement topological information and allow to quantify the\n", + " large scale spatial coherence of the pattern. For patterns that grow over time,\n", + " such as fracture lines on the surface of ceramics, the rank assigned by our\n", + " method to each individual segment of the pattern approximates the order of\n", + " appearance of that segment. We apply the method to various network-like\n", + " patterns and we find a continuous but sharp dichotomy between two classes of\n", + " spatial networks: hierarchical and homogeneous. The first class results from a\n", + " sequential growth process and presents large scale organization, the latter\n", + " presents local, but not global organization.,\n", + " Lattice quantum chromodynamics simulations in nuclear physics have benefited\n", + " from a tremendous number of algorithmic advances such as multigrid and\n", + " eigenvector deflation. These improve the time to solution but do not alleviate\n", + " the intrinsic memory-bandwidth constraints of the matrix-vector operation\n", + " dominating iterative solvers. Batching this operation for multiple vectors and\n", + " exploiting cache and register blocking can yield a super-linear speed up.\n", + " Block-Krylov solvers can naturally take advantage of such batched matrix-vector\n", + " operations, further reducing the iterations to solution by sharing the Krylov\n", + " space between solves. However, practical implementations typically suffer from\n", + " the quadratic scaling in the number of vector-vector operations. Using the QUDA\n", + " library, we present an implementation of a block-CG solver on NVIDIA GPUs which\n", + " reduces the memory-bandwidth complexity of vector-vector operations from\n", + " quadratic to linear. We present results for the HISQ discretization, showing a\n", + " 5x speedup compared to highly-optimized independent Krylov solves on NVIDIA's\n", + " SaturnV cluster.,\n", + " Skyrmions are nanoscale magnetic structures with features promising for\n", + " future low-power memory or logic devices. In this work, we demonstrate novel\n", + " scanning techniques based on nitrogen vacancy center magnetometry that\n", + " simultaneously probe both the magnetic dynamics and structure of room\n", + " temperature skyrmion bubbles in a thin film system Ta/CoFeB/MgO. We confirm the\n", + " handedness of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in this material and\n", + " extract the helicity angle of the skyrmion bubbles. Our measurements also show\n", + " that the skyrmion bubbles in this material change size in discrete steps,\n", + " dependent on the local pinning environment, with their average size determined\n", + " dynamically as their domain walls hop between pinning sites. In addition, an\n", + " increase in magnetic field noise is observed near all skyrmion bubble domain\n", + " walls. These measurements highlight the importance of interactions between\n", + " internal degrees of freedom of skyrmion bubble domain walls and pinning sites\n", + " in thin film systems. Our observations have relevance for future devices based\n", + " on skyrmion bubbles where pinning interactions will determine important aspects\n", + " of current-driven motion.,\n", + " Recently the possibility was widely discussed that a large fraction of the\n", + " highest energy cosmic rays may be decay products of Z bosons which were\n", + " produced in the resonant annihilation of ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrinos on\n", + " cosmological relic neutrinos. If one takes this so-called Z-burst scenario\n", + " seriously, one may infer the mass of the heaviest relic neutrino as well as the\n", + " necessary ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrino flux from a comparison of the\n", + " predicted Z-burst spectrum with the observed cosmic ray spectrum.,\n", + " By applying the theory of slowly rotating stars to the Sun, the solar\n", + " quadrupole and octopole moments J2 and J4 were computed using a solar model\n", + " obtained from CESAM stellar evolution code (Morel, 1997) combined with a recent\n", + " model of solar differential rotation deduced from helioseismology (Corbard et\n", + " al., 2002). This model takes into account a near-surface radial gradient of\n", + " rotation which was inferred and quantified from MDI f-mode observations by\n", + " Corbard and Thompson (2002). The effect of this observational near-surface\n", + " gradient on the theoretical values of the surface parameters J2, J4 is\n", + " investigated. The results show that the octopole moment J4 is much more\n", + " sensitive than the quadrupole moment J2 to the subsurface radial gradient of\n", + " rotation.,\n", + " Atom interferometers have been used to measure acceleration with at best a\n", + " $T^2$ scaling in sensitivity as the interferometer time $T$ is increased. This\n", + " limits the sensitivity to acceleration which is theoretically achievable by\n", + " these configurations for a given frequency of acceleration. We predict and\n", + " experimentally measure the acceleration-sensitive phase shift of a\n", + " large-momentum-transfer atom interferometer based upon Bloch oscillations.\n", + " Using this novel interferometric scheme we demonstrate an improved scaling of\n", + " sensitivity which will scale as $T^3$. This enhanced scaling will allow an\n", + " increase in achievable sensitivity for any given frequency of an oscillatory\n", + " acceleration signal, which will be of particular use for inertial and\n", + " navigational sensors, and proposed gravitational wave detectors. A straight\n", + " forward extension should allow a $T^4$ scaling in acceleration sensitivity.,\n", + " Real-world low-light images suffer from two main degradations, namely,\n", + " inevitable noise and poor visibility. Since the noise exhibits different\n", + " levels, its estimation has been implemented in recent works when enhancing\n", + " low-light images from raw Bayer space. When it comes to sRGB color space, the\n", + " noise estimation becomes more complicated due to the effect of the image\n", + " processing pipeline. Nevertheless, most existing enhancing algorithms in sRGB\n", + " space only focus on the low visibility problem or suppress the noise under a\n", + " hypothetical noise level, leading them impractical due to the lack of\n", + " robustness. To address this issue,we propose an adaptive unfolding total\n", + " variation network (UTVNet), which approximates the noise level from the real\n", + " sRGB low-light image by learning the balancing parameter in the model-based\n", + " denoising method with total variation regularization. Meanwhile, we learn the\n", + " noise level map by unrolling the corresponding minimization process for\n", + " providing the inferences of smoothness and fidelity constraints. Guided by the\n", + " noise level map, our UTVNet can recover finer details and is more capable to\n", + " suppress noise in real captured low-light scenes. Extensive experiments on\n", + " real-world low-light images clearly demonstrate the superior performance of\n", + " UTVNet over state-of-the-art methods.,\n", + " We have carried out a search for massive white dwarfs (WDs) in the direction\n", + " of young open star clusters using the Gaia DR2 database. The aim of this survey\n", + " was to provide robust data for new and previously known high-mass WDs regarding\n", + " cluster membership, to highlight WDs previously included in the Initial Final\n", + " Mass Relation (IFMR) that are unlikely members of their respective clusters\n", + " according to Gaia astrometry and to select an unequivocal WD sample that could\n", + " then be compared with the host clusters' turnoff masses.\n", + " All promising WD candidates in each cluster CMD were followed up with\n", + " spectroscopy from Gemini in order to determine whether they were indeed WDs and\n", + " derive their masses, temperatures and ages. In order to be considered cluster\n", + " members, white dwarfs were required to have proper motions and parallaxes\n", + " within 2, 3, or 4-$\\sigma$ of that of their potential parent cluster based on\n", + " how contaminated the field was in their region of the sky, have a cooling age\n", + " that was less than the cluster age and a mass that was broadly consistent with\n", + " the IFMR. A number of WDs included in current versions of the IFMR turned out\n", + " to be non-members and a number of apparent members, based on Gaia's astrometric\n", + " data alone, were rejected as their mass and/or cooling times were incompatible\n", + " with cluster membership. In this way, we developed a highly selected IFMR\n", + " sample for high mass WDs that, surprisingly, contained no precursor masses\n", + " significantly in excess of ${\\sim}$6 $M_{\\odot}$.,\n", + " Let A be a unital separable C*-algebra. We observe that A is type I if and\n", + " only if the CNT-entropy of every inner automorphism of A is zero.,\n", + " We investigate the twist angle dependence of spin-orbit coupling (SOC)\n", + " proximity effects and charge-to-spin conversion (CSC) in graphene/WSe$_2$\n", + " heterostructures from first principles. The CSC is shown to strongly depend on\n", + " the twist angle, with both the spin Hall and standard Rashba-Edelstein\n", + " efficiencies optimized at or near 30{\\deg} twisting. Symmetry breaking due to\n", + " twisting also gives rise to an unconventional Rashba-Edelstein effect, with\n", + " electrically generated non-equilibrium spin densities possessing spins\n", + " collinear to the applied electric field. We further discuss how the carrier\n", + " doping concentration and band broadening control the crossover between the\n", + " Fermi-sea and -surface spin response, which reconciles the seemingly disparate\n", + " experimental observations of different CSC phenomena.,\n", + " Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and high speed solar streams serve as\n", + " perturbations to the background solar wind that have major implications in\n", + " space weather dynamics. Therefore, a robust framework for accurate predictions\n", + " of the background wind properties is a fundamental step towards the development\n", + " of any space weather prediction toolbox. In this pilot study, we focus on the\n", + " implementation and comparison of various models that are critical for a steady\n", + " state, solar wind forecasting framework. Specifically, we perform case studies\n", + " on Carrington rotations 2053, 2082 and 2104, and compare the performance of\n", + " magnetic field extrapolation models in conjunction with velocity empirical\n", + " formulations to predict solar wind properties at Lagrangian point L1. Two\n", + " different models to extrapolate the solar wind from the coronal domain to the\n", + " inner-heliospheric domain are presented, namely, (a) Kinematics based\n", + " (Heliospheric Upwind eXtrapolation [HUX]) model and (b) Physics based model.\n", + " The physics based model solves a set of conservative equations of hydrodynamics\n", + " using the PLUTO code and can additionally predict the thermal properties of\n", + " solar wind. The assessment in predicting solar wind parameters of the different\n", + " models is quantified through statistical measures. We further extend this\n", + " developed framework to also assess the polarity of inter-planetary magnetic\n", + " field at L1. Our best models for the case of CR2053 gives a very high\n", + " correlation coefficient ($\\sim$ 0.73-0.81) and has an root mean square error of\n", + " ($\\sim$ 75-90 kms$^{-1}$). Additionally, the physics based model has a standard\n", + " deviation comparable with that obtained from the hourly OMNI solar wind data\n", + " and also produces a considerable match with observed solar wind proton\n", + " temperatures measured at L1 from the same database.,\n", + " Multi-party computation (MPC) is promising for designing privacy-preserving\n", + " machine learning algorithms at edge networks. An emerging approach is coded-MPC\n", + " (CMPC), which advocates the use of coded computation to improve the performance\n", + " of MPC in terms of the required number of workers involved in computations. The\n", + " current approach for designing CMPC algorithms is to merely combine efficient\n", + " coded computation constructions with MPC. Instead, we propose a new\n", + " construction; Adaptive Gap Entangled polynomial (AGE) codes, where the degrees\n", + " of polynomials used in computations are optimized for MPC. We show that MPC\n", + " with AGE codes (AGE-CMPC) performs better than existing CMPC algorithms in\n", + " terms of the required number of workers as well as storage, communication and\n", + " computation load.,\n", + " We consider BSDEs with two reflecting irregular barriers. We give necessary\n", + " and sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of $\\mathbb{L}^{p}$\n", + " solutions for equations with generators monotone with respect to $y$ and\n", + " Lipschitz continuous with respect to $z$, and with data in $\\mathbb{L}^{p}$\n", + " spaces for $p\\ge 1$. We also prove that the solutions can be approximated via\n", + " penalization method.,\n", + " We prove the full range of estimates for a five-linear singular integral of\n", + " Brascamp-Lieb type. The study is methodology-oriented with the goal to develop\n", + " a sufficiently general technique to estimate singular integral variants of\n", + " Brascamp-Lieb inequalities that do not obey H\\\"older scaling. The invented\n", + " methodology constructs localized analysis on the entire space from local\n", + " information on its subspaces of lower dimensions and combines such tensor-type\n", + " arguments with the generic localized analysis. A direct consequence of the\n", + " boundedness of the five-linear singular integral is a Leibniz rule which\n", + " captures nonlinear interactions of waves from transversal directions.,\n", + " We theoretically investigate the process of coupling cold atoms into the core\n", + " of a hollow-core photonic-crystal optical fiber using a blue-detuned\n", + " Laguerre-Gaussian beam. In contrast to the use of a red-detuned Gaussian beam\n", + " to couple the atoms, the blue-detuned hollow-beam can confine cold atoms to the\n", + " darkest regions of the beam thereby minimizing shifts in the internal states\n", + " and making the guide highly robust to heating effects. This single optical beam\n", + " is used as both a funnel and guide to maximize the number of atoms into the\n", + " fiber. In the proposed experiment, Rb atoms are loaded into a magneto-optical\n", + " trap (MOT) above a vertically-oriented optical fiber. We observe a\n", + " gravito-optical trapping effect for atoms with high orbital momentum around the\n", + " trap axis, which prevents atoms from coupling to the fiber: these atoms lack\n", + " the kinetic energy to escape the potential and are thus trapped in the laser\n", + " funnel indefinitely. We find that by reducing the dipolar force to the point at\n", + " which the trapping effect just vanishes, it is possible to optimize the\n", + " coupling of atoms into the fiber. Our simulations predict that by using a\n", + " low-power (2.5 mW) and far-detuned (300 GHz) Laguerre-Gaussian beam with a\n", + " 20-{\\mu}m radius core hollow-fiber it is possible to couple 11% of the atoms\n", + " from a MOT 9 mm away from the fiber. When MOT is positioned further away,\n", + " coupling efficiencies over 50% can be achieved with larger core fibers.,\n", + " We investigate the statistical evolution of magnetic neutron stars, recycled\n", + " in binary systems, simulating synthetic populations. To bracket uncertainties,\n", + " we consider a soft (FP) and a stiff (PS) equation of state (EoS) for nuclear\n", + " matter and explore the hypothesis that the magnetic field is confined in the\n", + " stellar crust. We follow the magneto-rotational evolution within a simple\n", + " recycling scenario, including the possibility of magnetospheric propeller.\n", + " We find the presence of a tail in the period distribution of the synthetic\n", + " populations at periods shorter than 1.558 ms, the minimum detected so far. For\n", + " the soft EoS the recycling gives rise to a spin distribution which is\n", + " increasing monotonically toward short periods and a clear ``barrier'' forms at\n", + " the minimum period for the onset of mass shedding. For the stiff EoS the\n", + " distribution is flatter displaying a broad maximum about 2-4 ms.\n", + " The estimated fraction of neutron stars spinning close to their shedding\n", + " limit over the millisecond pulsar population is found to be significant.\n", + " Crustal magnetic field decay models predict the existence of massive (M>1.4\n", + " M_sun) rapidly spinning neutron stars with very low magnetic moment.,\n", + " A locating-dominating set is a subset of vertices representing \"detectors\" in\n", + " a graph G; each detector monitors its closed neighborhood and can distinguish\n", + " its own location from its neighbors, and given all sensor input, the system can\n", + " locate an \"intruder\" anywhere in the graph. We explore a fault-tolerant variant\n", + " of locating-dominating sets, error-correcting locating-dominating (ERR:LD)\n", + " sets, which can tolerate an incorrect signal from a single detector. In\n", + " particular, we characterize error-correcting locating-dominating sets, and\n", + " derive its existence criteria. We also prove that the problem of determining\n", + " the minimum cardinality of ERR:LD set in arbitrary graphs is NP-complete.\n", + " Additionally, we establish lower and upper bounds for the minimum density of\n", + " ERR:LD sets in infinite grids and cubic graphs, and prove the lower bound for\n", + " cubic graphs is sharp.,\n", + " The Toda lattice is a model of nonlinear wave equations allowing exact\n", + " soliton solutions. It is realized by an electric circuit made of a transmission\n", + " line with variable capacitance diodes and inductors. It has been generalized to\n", + " the dimerized Toda lattice by introducing alternating bondings specified by a\n", + " certain parameter $\\lambda $, where it is reduced to the Toda lattice at\n", + " $\\lambda =0$. In this work, we investigate the topological dynamics of the\n", + " voltage along the transmission line. It is demonstrated numerically that the\n", + " system is topological for $\\lambda <0$, while it is trivial for $\\lambda >0$\n", + " with the phase transition point given by the original Toda lattice ($\\lambda\n", + " =0$). These topological behaviors are well explained by the chiral index\n", + " familiar in the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. The topological phase transition is\n", + " observable by a significant difference between the dynamics of voltages in the\n", + " two phases, which is explained by the emergence of the topological edge states.\n", + " This is a bulk-edge correspondence in nonlinear systems. The dimerized Toda\n", + " lattice is adiabaticaly connected to a linear system, which would be the reason\n", + " why the topological arguments are valid. Furthermore, we show that the\n", + " topological edge state is robust against randomness.,\n", + " In this paper, we present the exact solution of one dimensional Schr\\\"odinger\n", + " equation for Wood-Saxon plus Rosen-Morse plus symmetrical double well potential\n", + " via Nikiforov-Uvarov mathematical method. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of\n", + " this potential are obtained. The energy equations and the corresponding wave\n", + " function for special cases of this potential are briefly discussed. The\n", + " PT-symmetry and Hermiticity for this potential are also considered.,\n", + " We present a framework for the study of lensing in spherically symmetric\n", + " spacetimes within the context of f(R) gravity. Equations for the propagation of\n", + " null geodesics, together with an expression for the bending angle are derived\n", + " for any f(R) theory and then applied to an exact spherically symmetric solution\n", + " of R^n gravity. We find that for this case more bending is expected for R^n\n", + " gravity theories in comparison to GR and is dependent on the value of n and the\n", + " value of distance of closest approach of the incident null geodesic.,\n", + " Understanding the sticking coefficient $\\sigma$, i.e., the probability of an\n", + " adatom sticking to a surface, is essential for controlling the stoichiometry\n", + " during epitaxial film growth. However, $\\sigma$ on monolayer graphene-covered\n", + " surfaces and its impact on remote epitaxy are not understood. Here, using\n", + " molecular-beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of the magnetic shape memory alloy\n", + " Ni$_2$MnGa, we show that the sticking coefficients for metals on\n", + " graphene-covered MgO (001) are less than one and are temperature and element\n", + " dependent, as revealed by ion backscattering spectrometry (IBS) and energy\n", + " dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This lies in stark contrast with most\n", + " transition metals sticking on semiconductor and oxide substrates, for which\n", + " $\\sigma$ is near unity at typical growth temperatures ($T<800\\degree$C). By\n", + " initiating growth below $400 \\degree$ C, where the sticking coefficients are\n", + " closer to unity and wetting on the graphene surface is improved, we demonstrate\n", + " epitaxy of Ni$_2$MnGa films with controlled stoichiometry that can be\n", + " exfoliated to produce freestanding membranes. Straining these membranes tunes\n", + " the magnetic coercive field. Our results provide a route to synthesize\n", + " membranes with complex stoichiometries whose properties can be manipulated via\n", + " strain.,\n", + " We consider distributed optimization where the objective function is spread\n", + " among different devices, each sending incremental model updates to a central\n", + " server. To alleviate the communication bottleneck, recent work proposed various\n", + " schemes to compress (e.g.\\ quantize or sparsify) the gradients, thereby\n", + " introducing additional variance $\\omega \\geq 1$ that might slow down\n", + " convergence. For strongly convex functions with condition number $\\kappa$\n", + " distributed among $n$ machines, we (i) give a scheme that converges in\n", + " $\\mathcal{O}((\\kappa + \\kappa \\frac{\\omega}{n} + \\omega)$ $\\log (1/\\epsilon))$\n", + " steps to a neighborhood of the optimal solution. For objective functions with a\n", + " finite-sum structure, each worker having less than $m$ components, we (ii)\n", + " present novel variance reduced schemes that converge in $\\mathcal{O}((\\kappa +\n", + " \\kappa \\frac{\\omega}{n} + \\omega + m)\\log(1/\\epsilon))$ steps to arbitrary\n", + " accuracy $\\epsilon > 0$. These are the first methods that achieve linear\n", + " convergence for arbitrary quantized updates. We also (iii) give analysis for\n", + " the weakly convex and non-convex cases and (iv) verify in experiments that our\n", + " novel variance reduced schemes are more efficient than the baselines.,\n", + " Layered van der Waals (vdW) materials grown by physical vapor deposition\n", + " techniques are generally assumed to have a weak interaction with the substrate\n", + " during growth. This leads to films with relatively small domains that are\n", + " usually triangular and a terraced morphology. In this paper, we demonstrate\n", + " that Bi2Se3, a prototypical vdW material, will form a nano-column morphology\n", + " when grown on GaAs(001) substrates. This morphology is explained by a\n", + " relatively strong film/substrate interaction, long adatom diffusion lengths,\n", + " and a high reactive selenium flux. This discovery paves the way toward growth\n", + " of self-assembled vdW structures even in the absence of strain.,\n", + " In this paper, we discuss the impact of neutrino phenomenology and related\n", + " cosmology on an $A_{4}\\otimes Z_{8}$ symmetric $\\nu$2HDM along with an addition\n", + " of a new particle, i.e. a gauge singlet(S). The additional particle is a\n", + " sterile neutrino which is considered to be a probable dark matter candidate in\n", + " our work. With the choice of sterile neutrino mass in keV range we evaluate the\n", + " active-DM mixing angle, decay rate and relic abundance considering various\n", + " cosmological constraints. Simultaneously, a detailed analysis on baryogenesis\n", + " and neutrinoless double beta decay is also carried out for low scale\n", + " right-handed neutrino masses. We have considered various bounds from\n", + " experiments such as Lyman-$\\alpha$, X-ray observation, Planck data and\n", + " KamLAND-Zen limit to validate the model w.r.t the phenomena studied in it.,\n", + " The power-law tail of high-pt pi^\\pm spectra observed in forward d+Au\n", + " collisions at RHIC can be attributed to the power-law decrease of the dipole\n", + " forward scattering amplitude appearing in the color glass condensate (CGC)\n", + " approach. Forward particle production probes the small-x gluon distribution of\n", + " the target nucleus where its anomalous dimension is rather flat (gamma = 0.6\n", + " \\sim 0.8) for moderately high pt (\\lsim 5 GeV), and where the leading-twist\n", + " DGLAP approximation is not valid. In the same framework, we examine p and\n", + " \\bar{p} production using baryon fragmentation functions parameterized in the\n", + " Lund fragmentation scheme. This provides a good description of the forward\n", + " \\bar{p} spectrum while it underestimates the p data by as much as a factor of 2\n", + " \\sim 3 at pt \\lsim 4 GeV. Part of this anomalous baryon excess can be\n", + " attributed to surviving constituent diquarks from the deuteron projectile.\n", + " Thus, the contribution from diquark scattering may play an essential role for\n", + " forward baryon formation.,\n", + " In this paper in which we address the evaluation of measurement process\n", + " quality, we mainly focus on the evaluation procedure, as far as it is based on\n", + " the numerical measurement outcomes. We challenge the approach where the \"exact\"\n", + " value of the observed quantity is compared to the error interval obtained from\n", + " the measurements under test and we propose a procedure where reference\n", + " measurements are used as \"gold standard\". To this purpose, we designed a\n", + " specific t-test procedure for this purpose, explained here. We also describe\n", + " and discuss a numerical simulation experiment demonstrating the behaviour of\n", + " our procedure.,\n", + " We discuss the detectability of high-redshift galaxies via [CII] 158 micron\n", + " line emission by coupling an analytic model with cosmological Smoothed Particle\n", + " Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations that are based on the concordance Lambda cold\n", + " dark matter (CDM) model. Our analytic model describes a multiphase interstellar\n", + " medium irradiated by the far ultra-violet radiation from local star-forming\n", + " regions, and it calculates thermal and ionization equilibrium between cooling\n", + " and heating. The model allows us to predict the mass fraction of a cold neutral\n", + " medium (CNM) embedded in a warm neutral medium (WNM). Our cosmological SPH\n", + " simulations include a treatment of radiative cooling/heating, star formation,\n", + " and feedback effects from supernovae and galactic winds. Using our method, we\n", + " make predictions for the [CII] luminosity from high-redshift galaxies which can\n", + " be directly compared with upcoming observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter\n", + " Array (ALMA) and the Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics\n", + " (SPICA). We find that the number density of high-redshift galaxies detectable\n", + " by ALMA and SPICA via [CII] emission depends significantly on the amount of\n", + " neutral gas which is highly uncertain. Our calculations suggest that, in a CDM\n", + " universe, most [CII] sources at z=3 are faint objects with \\Snu < 0.01 mJy.\n", + " Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) brighter than R_AB=23.5 mag are expected to have\n", + " flux densities \\Snu = 1-3 mJy depending on the strength of galactic wind\n", + " feedback. The recommended observing strategy for ALMA and SPICA is to aim at\n", + " very bright LBGs or star-forming DRG/BzK galaxies.,\n", + " We report a neutron and Raman scattering study of a single-crystal of\n", + " La(2)CuO(4.05) prepared by high temperature electrochemical oxidation. Elastic\n", + " neutron scattering measurements show the presence of two phases, corresponding\n", + " to the two edges of the first miscibility gap, all the way up to 300 K. An\n", + " additional oxygen redistribution, driven by electronic energies, is identified\n", + " at 250 K in Raman scattering (RS) experiments by the simultaneous onset of\n", + " two-phonon and two-magnon scattering, which are fingerprints of the insulating\n", + " phase. Elastic neutron scattering measurements show directly an\n", + " antiferromagnetic ordering below a N\\'eel temperature of T_N =210K. The opening\n", + " of the superconducting gap manifests itself as a redistribution of electronic\n", + " Raman scattering below the superconducting transition temperature, T_c = 24K. A\n", + " pronounced temperature-dependent suppression of the intensity of the (100)\n", + " magnetic Bragg peak has been detected below T_c. We ascribe this phenomenon to\n", + " a change of relative volume fraction of superconducting and antiferromagnetic\n", + " phases with decreasing temperature caused by a form of a superconducting\n", + " proximity effect.,\n", + " Ground-state properties of the spin-1/2 and spin-1 Ising-Heisenberg model on\n", + " doubly decorated planar lattices, are investigated in detail. On the basis of\n", + " the mapping transformation method, we prove an existence of unusual quantum\n", + " phases which occur due to the competition between Ising-type and XXZ\n", + " anizotropic Heisenberg-type interactions. Effect of the crystal field on the\n", + " ground-state phase boundaries has been also examined in detail.,\n", + " We present the first large-scale effort of creating composite spectra of\n", + " high-redshift type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and comparing them to low-redshift\n", + " counterparts. Through the ESSENCE project, we have obtained 107 spectra of 88\n", + " high-redshift SNe Ia with excellent light-curve information. In addition, we\n", + " have obtained 397 spectra of low-redshift SNe through a multiple-decade effort\n", + " at Lick and Keck Observatories, and we have used 45 UV spectra obtained by\n", + " HST/IUE. The low-redshift spectra act as a control sample when comparing to the\n", + " ESSENCE spectra. In all instances, the ESSENCE and Lick composite spectra\n", + " appear very similar. The addition of galaxy light to the Lick composite spectra\n", + " allows a nearly perfect match of the overall spectral-energy distribution with\n", + " the ESSENCE composite spectra, indicating that the high-redshift SNe are more\n", + " contaminated with host-galaxy light than their low-redshift counterparts. This\n", + " is caused by observing objects at all redshifts with the same slit width, which\n", + " corresponds to different projected distances. After correcting for the\n", + " galaxy-light contamination, subtle differences in the spectra remain. We have\n", + " estimated the systematic errors when using current spectral templates for\n", + " K-corrections to be ~0.02 mag. The variance in the composite spectra give an\n", + " estimate of the intrinsic variance in low-redshift maximum-light SN spectra of\n", + " ~3% in the optical and growing toward the UV. The difference between the\n", + " maximum light low and high-redshift spectra constrain SN evolution between our\n", + " samples to be < 10% in the rest-frame optical.,\n", + " We explain the construction of Forcer, a FORM program for the reduction of\n", + " four-loop massless propagator-type integrals to master integrals. The resulting\n", + " program performs parametric IBP reductions similar to the three-loop Mincer\n", + " program. We show how one can solve many systems of IBP identities\n", + " parametrically in a computer-assisted manner. Next, we discuss the structure of\n", + " the Forcer program, which involves recognizing reduction actions for each\n", + " topology, applying symmetries, and transitioning between topologies after edges\n", + " have been removed. This part is entirely precomputed and automatically\n", + " generated. We give examples of recent applications of Forcer, and study the\n", + " performance of the program. Finally we demonstrate how to use the Forcer\n", + " package and sketch how to prepare physical diagrams for evaluation by Forcer.,\n", + " Synthetic data has gained significant momentum thanks to sophisticated\n", + " machine learning tools that enable the synthesis of high-dimensional datasets.\n", + " However, many generation techniques do not give the data controller control\n", + " over what statistical patterns are captured, leading to concerns over privacy\n", + " protection. While synthetic records are not linked to a particular real-world\n", + " individual, they can reveal information about users indirectly which may be\n", + " unacceptable for data owners. There is thus a need to empirically verify the\n", + " privacy of synthetic data -- a particularly challenging task in\n", + " high-dimensional data. In this paper we present a general framework for\n", + " synthetic data generation that gives data controllers full control over which\n", + " statistical properties the synthetic data ought to preserve, what exact\n", + " information loss is acceptable, and how to quantify it. The benefits of the\n", + " approach are that (1) one can generate synthetic data that results in high\n", + " utility for a given task, while (2) empirically validating that only statistics\n", + " considered safe by the data curator are used to generate the data. We thus show\n", + " the potential for synthetic data to be an effective means of releasing\n", + " confidential data safely, while retaining useful information for analysts.,\n", + " In this paper we prove that from large cardinals it is consistent that there\n", + " is a singular strong limit cardinal $\\nu$ such that the singular cardinal\n", + " hypothesis fails at $\\nu$ and every collection of fewer than $\\mathrm{cf}(\\nu)$\n", + " stationary subsets of $\\nu^+$ reflects simultaneously. For uncountable\n", + " cofinality, this situation was not previously known to be consistent. Using\n", + " different methods, we reduce the upper bound on the consistency strength of\n", + " this situation for $\\mathrm{cf}(\\nu) = \\omega$ to below a single partially\n", + " supercompact cardinal. The previous upper bound of infinitely many supercompact\n", + " cardinals was due to Sharon.,\n", + " We study the properties of a D-brane in the presence of $k$ NS5 branes. The\n", + " Dirac-Born-Infeld action describing the dynamics of this D-brane is very\n", + " similar to that of a non-BPS D-brane in ten dimensions. As the D-brane\n", + " approaches the fivebranes, its equation of state approaches that of a\n", + " pressureless fluid. In non-BPS D-brane case this is considered as an evidence\n", + " for the decay of the D-brane into ``tachyon matter''. We show that in our case\n", + " similar behavior is the consequence of the motion of the D-brane. In particular\n", + " in the rest frame of the moving D-brane the equation of state is that of a\n", + " usual D-brane, for which the pressure is equal to the energy density. We also\n", + " compute the total cross-section for the decay of the D-brane into closed string\n", + " modes and show that the emitted energy has a power like divergence for $D0$,\n", + " $D1$ and $D2$ branes, while converges for higher dimensional D-branes. We also\n", + " speculate on the possibility that the infalling D-brane describes a decaying\n", + " defect in six dimensional Little String Theory.,\n", + " For a set of operating conditions and coating color formulations, undesirable\n", + " phenomena like color spitting and coating ribs may be triggered in the\n", + " Micro-nip during the coating process. Therefore, our interest in this work\n", + " focus on another parameter affect on the undesirable phenomena as the vortices\n", + " in the Micro-nip. The problem deals with the flow through the Micro-nip of\n", + " metering size press. The flow enters and exits at a tangential velocity of 20\n", + " m/s between two rollers with diameter 80 cm and 60 -m apart. In the upper and\n", + " bottom part of the domain the angular velocity is 314 rad /s. It has one\n", + " sub-domain. Previous studies focus on the Micro-nip without considering the\n", + " inertia and the viscoelasticity of the material. Roll coating is a technique\n", + " commonly used in the coating industry to meter a thin fluid film on a moving\n", + " substrate. During the film formation, the fluid is subjected to very high shear\n", + " and extensional rates over a very short period of time. The fluid domain\n", + " changes as a function of the hydrodynamic pressure within the nip as a result\n", + " of the deformable cover usually used on one of the rolls. The free surface also\n", + " adds more complexity to the flow due to the force equilibrium in the fluid gas\n", + " interface. Last of all, the rheological behavior of the coating fluid is\n", + " usually non-Newtonian, so the metering flow hydrodynamics is finally very\n", + " difficult to describe. It is concluded that the normal forces of micro-nip\n", + " increases with increasing the inhibitors. Therefore, it affects on the\n", + " smoothness and creates defects. On the other hand, it can be concluded that the\n", + " creation of big vortex in the middle of micro-nip affects on the coating liquid\n", + " behavior.,\n", + " The theoretical formulation of x-ray resonant magnetic scattering from rough\n", + " surfaces and interfaces is given for specular reflectivity. A general\n", + " expression is derived for both structurally and magnetically rough interfaces\n", + " in the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) as the framework of the theory.\n", + " For this purpose, we have defined a ``structural'' and a ``magnetic'' interface\n", + " to represent the actual interfaces. A generalization of the well-known\n", + " Nevot-Croce formula for specular reflectivity is obtained for the case of a\n", + " single rough magnetic interface using the self-consistent method. Finally, the\n", + " results are generalized to the case of multiple interfaces, as in the case of\n", + " thin films or multilayers. Theoretical calculations for each of the cases are\n", + " illustrated with numerical examples and compared with experimental results of\n", + " magnetic reflectivity from a Gd/Fe multilayer.,\n", + " We show a classification theorem for locally compact separable abelain group\n", + " actions on factorsw with the Rohlin property. This is a generalization of\n", + " Masuda and Tomatsu's work.,\n", + " We prove the optimal endpoint Strichartz estimates for Schr\\\"{o}dinger\n", + " equation with charge transfer potentials and a general source term in\n", + " $\\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n\\geq3$. The proof is based on using the projection on the\n", + " scattering states defined implicitly in Rodnianski, Schlag and Soffer\n", + " \\cite{RSS1}, and asymptotic completeness for such systems. The method works as\n", + " well in the matrix non-selfadjoint case.,\n", + " The local structure of Finsler metrics of constant flag curvature have been\n", + " historically mysterious. It is proved that every Matsumoto metric of constant\n", + " flag curvature on a manifold of dimension n \\geq 3 is either Riemannian or\n", + " locally Minkowskian.,\n", + " A discrete-time two-dimensional quasi-birth-and-death process (2d-QBD\n", + " process), $\\{{\\boldsymbol{Y}}_n\\}=\\{(X_{1,n},X_{2,n},J_n)\\}$, is a\n", + " two-dimensional skip-free random walk $\\{(X_{1,n},X_{2,n})\\}$ on\n", + " $\\mathbb{Z}_+^2$ with a supplemental process $\\{J_n\\}$ on a finite set $S_0$.\n", + " The supplemental process $\\{J_n\\}$ is called a phase process. The 2d-QBD\n", + " process $\\{{\\boldsymbol{Y}}_n\\}$ is a Markov chain in which the transition\n", + " probabilities of the two-dimensional process $\\{(X_{1,n},X_{2,n})\\}$ vary\n", + " according to the state of the phase process $\\{J_n\\}$. This modulation is\n", + " assumed to be space homogeneous except for the boundaries of $\\mathbb{Z}_+^2$.\n", + " Under certain conditions, the directional exact asymptotic formulae of the\n", + " stationary distribution of the 2d-QBD process have been obtained in \"T. Ozawa\n", + " and M. Kobayashi, Exact asymptotic formulae of the stationary distribution of a\n", + " discrete-time two-dimensional QBD process, Queueing Systems (2018)\n", + " DOI:10.1007/s11134-018-9586-x.\" In this paper, we give an example of 2d-QBD\n", + " process and proofs of some lemmas and propositions appeared in that paper.,\n", + " Masking quantum information, which is impossible without randomness as a\n", + " resource, is a task that encodes quantum information into bipartite quantum\n", + " state while forbidding local parties from accessing to that information. In\n", + " this work, we disprove the geometric conjecture about unitarily maskable states\n", + " [K. Modi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 230501 (2018)], and make an algebraic\n", + " analysis of quantum masking. First, we show a general result on quantum channel\n", + " mixing that a subchannel's mixing probability should be suppressed if its\n", + " classical capacity is larger than the mixed channel's capacity. This constraint\n", + " combined with the well-known information conservation law, a law that does not\n", + " exist in classical information theory, gives a lower bound of randomness cost\n", + " of masking quantum information as a monotone decreasing function of evenness of\n", + " information distribution. This result provides a consistency test for various\n", + " scenarios of fast scrambling conjecture on the black hole evaporation process.\n", + " The results given here are robust to incompleteness of quantum masking.,\n", + " In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate\n", + " elementary dislocation properties in a Co-free high entropy (HEA) model alloy\n", + " ($Cr_{15}Fe_{46}Mn_{17}Ni_{22}$ at. %) in comparison with a model alloy\n", + " representative of Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) ($Cr_{20}Fe_{70}Ni_{10}$ at.\n", + " %). Recently developed embedded-atom method (EAM) potentials were used to\n", + " describe the atomic interactions in the alloys. Molecular Statics (MS)\n", + " calculations were used to study the dislocation properties in terms of local\n", + " stacking fault energy (SFE), dissociation distance while MD was used to\n", + " investigate the dissociation distance under applied shear stress as a function\n", + " of temperature and strain rate. It was shown that higher critical stress is\n", + " required to move dislocations in the HEA alloy compared with the ASS model\n", + " alloy. The theoretical investigation of simulation results of the dislocation\n", + " mobility shows that a simple constitutive mobility law allows to predict\n", + " dislocation velocity in both alloys over three orders of magnitude, covering\n", + " the phonon drag regime and the thermally activated regime induced by\n", + " dislocation unpinning from local hard configurations.,\n", + " As established in previous papers of this series, observables in highly\n", + " distorted and magnified multiple images caused by the strong gravitational\n", + " lensing effect can be used to constrain the distorting properties of the\n", + " gravitational lens at the image positions. If the background source is extended\n", + " and contains substructure, like star forming regions, which is resolved in\n", + " multiple images, all substructure that can be matched across a minimum of three\n", + " multiple images can be used to infer the local distorting properties of the\n", + " lens. In this work, we replace the manual feature selection by an automated\n", + " feature extraction based on SExtractor for Python and show its superior\n", + " performance. Despite its aimed development to improve our lens reconstruction,\n", + " it can be employed in any other approach, as well. Valuable insights on the\n", + " definition of an `image position' in the presence of noise are gained from our\n", + " calibration tests. Applying it to observations of a five-image configuration in\n", + " galaxy cluster CL0024 and the triple-image configuration containing Hamilton's\n", + " object, we determine local lens properties for multiple wavebands separately.\n", + " Within current confidence bounds, all of them are consistent with each other,\n", + " corroborating the wavelength-independence of strong lensing and offering a tool\n", + " to detect deviations caused by micro-lensing and dust in further examples.,\n", + " Utilising optical and near-infrared broadband photometry covering $> 5\\,{\\rm\n", + " deg}^2$ in two of the most well-studied extragalactic legacy fields (COSMOS and\n", + " XMM-LSS), we measure the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) between $0.1 < z <\n", + " 2.0$. We explore in detail the effect of two source extraction methods\n", + " (SExtractor and ProFound) in addition to the inclusion/exclusion of Spitzer\n", + " IRAC 3.6 and 4.5$\\mu$m photometry when measuring the GSMF. We find that\n", + " including IRAC data reduces the number of massive ($\\log_{10}(M/M_\\odot) >\n", + " 11.25$) galaxies found due to improved photometric redshift accuracy, but has\n", + " little effect on the more numerous lower-mass galaxies. We fit the resultant\n", + " GSMFs with double Schechter functions down to $\\log_{10}(M/M_\\odot)$ = 7.75\n", + " (9.75) at z = 0.1 (2.0) and find that the choice of source extraction software\n", + " has no significant effect on the derived best-fit parameters. However, the\n", + " choice of methodology used to correct for the Eddington bias has a larger\n", + " impact on the high-mass end of the GSMF, which can partly explain the spread in\n", + " derived $M^*$ values from previous studies. Using an empirical correction to\n", + " model the intrinsic GSMF, we find evidence for an evolving characteristic\n", + " stellar mass with $\\delta \\log_{10}(M^*/M_\\odot)/\\delta z$ = $-0.16\\pm0.05 \\,\n", + " (-0.11\\pm0.05)$, when using SExtractor (ProFound). We argue that with widely\n", + " quenched star formation rates in massive galaxies at low redshift ($z<0.5$),\n", + " additional growth via mergers is required in order to sustain such an evolution\n", + " to a higher characteristic mass.,\n", + " We show a perturbation result for the boundedness of the Riesz transform : if\n", + " $M$ and $M_0$ are complete Riemannian manifolds satisfying a Sobolev inequality\n", + " of dimension $n$, which are isometric outside a compact set, and if the Riesz\n", + " transform on $M_0$ is bounded on $L^q$, then for all $\\frac{n}{n-2}, the Riesz\n", + " transform on $M$ is bounded on $L^p$ provided that $M$ is p-hyperbolic OR $M$\n", + " has only one end.,\n", + " In this study, we investigate learning rate adaption at different levels\n", + " based on the hyper-gradient descent framework and propose a method that\n", + " adaptively learns the optimizer parameters by combining multiple levels of\n", + " learning rates with hierarchical structures. Meanwhile, we show the\n", + " relationship between regularizing over-parameterized learning rates and\n", + " building combinations of adaptive learning rates at different levels. The\n", + " experiments on several network architectures, including feed-forward networks,\n", + " LeNet-5 and ResNet-18/34, show that the proposed multi-level adaptive approach\n", + " can outperform baseline adaptive methods in a variety of circumstances.,\n", + " Numeric model of the bremsstrahlung response of homogeneous magnetoactive\n", + " plasma on a gravitational wave with $e_+$ polarization was constructed.\n", + " Electromagnetic response dependencies on the plasma and gravitational wave\n", + " parameters were determined.,\n", + " The process of photon splitting $\\gamma \\to \\gamma \\gamma$ in a strong\n", + " magnetic field is investigated both below and above the pair creation\n", + " threshold. Contrary to the statement by Baier et al., the ``allowed'' channel\n", + " $\\alw$ is shown not to be a comprehensive description of splitting in the\n", + " strong field because the ``forbidden'' channel $\\frb$ is also essential. The\n", + " partial amplitudes and the splitting probabilities are calculated taking\n", + " account of the photon dispersion and large radiative corrections near the\n", + " resonance.,\n", + " The Zeeman splitting of the donor spectra in cubic- and hexagonal-GaN are\n", + " studied using an effective mass theory approach. Soft-core pseudopotentials\n", + " were used to describe the chemical shift of the different substitutional\n", + " dopants. The donor ground states calculated range from 29.5 to 33.7 meV, with\n", + " typically 1 meV higher binding in the hexagonal phase. Carbon is found to\n", + " produce the largest donor binding energy. The ionization levels and excited\n", + " states are in excellent agreement with Hall and optical measurements, and\n", + " suggest the presence of residual C in recent experiments.,\n", + " Studies of collective human behavior in the social sciences, often grounded\n", + " in details of actions by individuals, have much to offer `social' models from\n", + " the physical sciences concerning elegant statistical regularities. Drawing on\n", + " behavioral studies of social influence, we present a parsimonious, stochastic\n", + " model, which generates an entire family of real-world right-skew socio-economic\n", + " distributions, including exponential, winner-take-all, power law tails of\n", + " varying exponents and power laws across the whole data. The widely used\n", + " Albert-Barabasi model of preferential attachment is simply a special case of\n", + " this much more general model. In addition, the model produces the continuous\n", + " turnover observed empirically within those distributions. Previous preferential\n", + " attachment models have generated specific distributions with turnover using\n", + " arbitrary add-on rules, but turnover is an inherent feature of our model. The\n", + " model also replicates an intriguing new relationship, observed across a range\n", + " of empirical studies, between the power law exponent and the proportion of data\n", + " represented.,\n", + " The difference-in-differences (DID) design is one of the most popular methods\n", + " used in empirical economics research. However, there is almost no work\n", + " examining what the DID method identifies in the presence of a misclassified\n", + " treatment variable. This paper studies the identification of treatment effects\n", + " in DID designs when the treatment is misclassified. Misclassification arises in\n", + " various ways, including when the timing of a policy intervention is ambiguous\n", + " or when researchers need to infer treatment from auxiliary data. We show that\n", + " the DID estimand is biased and recovers a weighted average of the average\n", + " treatment effects on the treated (ATT) in two subpopulations -- the correctly\n", + " classified and misclassified groups. In some cases, the DID estimand may yield\n", + " the wrong sign and is otherwise attenuated. We provide bounds on the ATT when\n", + " the researcher has access to information on the extent of misclassification in\n", + " the data. We demonstrate our theoretical results using simulations and provide\n", + " two empirical applications to guide researchers in performing sensitivity\n", + " analysis using our proposed methods.,\n", + " The Poisson process is one of the simplest stochastic processes defined in\n", + " continuous time, having interesting mathematical properties, leading, in many\n", + " situations, to applications mathematically treatable. One of the limitations of\n", + " the Poisson process is the rare events hypothesis; which is the hypothesis of\n", + " unitary jumps within an infinitesimal window of time. Although that restriction\n", + " may be avoided by the compound Poisson process, in most situations, we don't\n", + " have a closed expression for the probability distribution of the increments of\n", + " such processes, leaving us options such as working with probability generating\n", + " functions, numerical analysis and simulations. It is with this motivation in\n", + " mind, inspired by the recent developments of discrete distributions, that we\n", + " propose a new counting process based on the Bell-Touchard probability\n", + " distribution, naming it the Bell-Touchard process. We verify that the process\n", + " is a compound Poisson process, a multiple Poisson process and that it is closed\n", + " for convolution plus decomposition operations. Besides, we show that the\n", + " Bell-Touchard process arises naturally from the composition of two Poisson\n", + " processes. Moreover, we propose two generalizations; namely, the compound\n", + " Bell-Touchard process and the non-homogeneous Bell-Touchard process, showing\n", + " that the last one arises from the composition of a non-homogeneous Poisson\n", + " process along with a homogeneous Poisson process. We emphasize that since\n", + " previous works have been shown that the Bell-Touchard probability distribution\n", + " can be used quite effectively for modelling count data, the Bell-Touchard\n", + " process and its generalizations may contribute to the formulation of\n", + " mathematical treatable models where the rare events hypothesis is not suitable.,\n", + " This pair of CAS lectures gives an introduction for accelerator physics\n", + " students to the framework and terminology of machine learning (ML). We start by\n", + " introducing the language of ML through a simple example of linear regression,\n", + " including a probabilistic perspective to introduce the concepts of maximum\n", + " likelihood estimation (MLE) and maximum a priori (MAP) estimation. We then\n", + " apply the concepts to examples of neural networks and logistic regression. Next\n", + " we introduce non-parametric models and the kernel method and give a brief\n", + " introduction to two other machine learning paradigms, unsupervised and\n", + " reinforcement learning. Finally we close with example applications of ML at a\n", + " free-electron laser.,\n", + " A new end-plugging method for rotating plasmas is identified and analyzed. It\n", + " uses the ponderomotive potential associated with an azimuthal magnetostatic\n", + " wiggler. Studied both analytically and numerically, this process compares\n", + " favorably to other end-plugging methods in open field line magnetized plasma\n", + " devices.,\n", + " We present an analysis of a double Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which an\n", + " ensemble of identical pre- and postselected particles leave a weak trace. A\n", + " knowledge of the weak value partially destroys the quantum interference. The\n", + " results, contrary to some recent claims, are in accordance with the usual\n", + " quantum mechanical expectations.,\n", + " The algebra and calculus of generalized differential forms are reviewed and\n", + " employed to construct a class of generalized connections and to investigate\n", + " their properties. The class includes generalized connections which are flat\n", + " when Einstein's vacuum field equations are satisfied. Generalized Chern-Simons\n", + " action principles are formulated and it is shown that certain of these have\n", + " Einstein's vacuum field equations as Euler-Lagrange equations.,\n", + " We define and study odd analogues of classical geometric and combinatorial\n", + " objects associated to permutations, namely odd Schubert varieties, odd\n", + " diagrams, and odd inversion sets. We show that there is a bijection between odd\n", + " inversion sets of permutations and acyclic orientations of the Tur\\'{a}n graph,\n", + " that the dimension of the odd Schubert variety associated to a permutation is\n", + " the odd length of the permutation, and give several necessary conditions for a\n", + " subset of $[n] \\times [n]$ to be the odd diagram of a permutation. We also\n", + " study the sign-twisted generating function of the odd length over descent\n", + " classes of the symmetric groups.,\n", + " In this article, we prove the existence of weak solutions as well as the\n", + " existence and uniqueness of strong solutions for McKean-Vlasov multivalued\n", + " stochastic differential equations with oblique subgradients (MVMSDEswOS, for\n", + " short) by means of the equations of Euler type and Skorohod's representation\n", + " theorem. For this type of equation, compared with the method in [19,13], since\n", + " we can't use the maximal monotony property of its constituent subdifferential\n", + " operator, some different specific techniques are applied to solve our problems.\n", + " Afterwards, we give an example for MVMSDEswOS with time-dependent convex\n", + " constraints, which can be reduced to MVMSDEswOS. Finally, we consider an\n", + " optimal control problem and establish the dynamic programming principle for the\n", + " value function.,\n", + " We study the noncommutative corrections on the time-dependent Aharonov-Bohm\n", + " effect when both the coordinate-coordinate and momentum-momentum\n", + " noncommutativities are considered. This study is motivated by the recent\n", + " observation that there is no net phase shift in the time-dependent AB effect on\n", + " the ordinary space, and therefore tiny derivation from zero can indicate new\n", + " physics. The vanishing of the time-dependent AB phase shift on the ordinary\n", + " space is preserved by the gauge and Lorentz symmetries. However, on the\n", + " noncomutative phase space, while the ordinary gauge symmetry can be kept by the\n", + " Seiberg-Witten map, but the Lorentz symmetry is broken. Therefore nontrivial\n", + " noncommutative corrections are expected. We find there are three kinds of\n", + " noncommutative corrections in general: 1) $\\xi$-dependent correction which\n", + " comes from the noncommutativity among momentum operators; 2) momentum-dependent\n", + " correction which is rooted in the nonlocal interactions in the noncommutative\n", + " extended model; 3) momentum-independent correction which emerges become of the\n", + " gauge invariant condition on the nonlocal interactions in the noncommutative\n", + " model. We proposed two dimensionless quantities, which are based on the\n", + " distributions of the measured phase shift with respect to the external magnetic\n", + " field and to the cross section enclosed by the particle trajectory, to extract\n", + " the noncommutative parameters. We find that stronger (weaker) magnetic field\n", + " strength can give better bounds on the coordinate-coordinate\n", + " (momentum-momentum) noncommutative parameter, and large parameter space region\n", + " can be explored by the time-dependent AB effect.,\n", + " We consider an asymmetric left-invariant norm $||\\cdot ||_K$ in the first\n", + " Heisenberg group $\\mathbb{H}^1$ induced by a convex body $K\\subset\\mathbb{R}^2$\n", + " containing the origin in its interior. Associated to $\\|\\cdot\\|_K$ there is a\n", + " perimeter functional, that coincides with the classical sub-Riemannian\n", + " perimeter in case $K$ is the closed unit disk centered at the origin of\n", + " $\\mathbb{R}^2$. Under the assumption that $K$ has $C^2$ boundary with strictly\n", + " positive geodesic curvature we compute the first variation formula of perimeter\n", + " for sets with $C^2$ boundary. The localization of the variational formula in\n", + " the non-singular part of the boundary, composed of the points where the tangent\n", + " plane is not horizontal, allows us to define a mean curvature function $H_K$\n", + " out of the singular set. In the case of non-vanishing mean curvature, the\n", + " condition that $H_K$ be constant implies that the non-singular portion of the\n", + " boundary is foliated by horizontal liftings of translations of $\\partial K$\n", + " dilated by a factor of $1/H_K$. Based on this we can defined a sphere\n", + " $\\mathbb{S}_K$ with constant mean curvature $1$ by considering the union of all\n", + " horizontal liftings of $\\partial K$ starting from $(0,0,0)$ until they meet\n", + " again in a point of the vertical axis. We give some geometric properties of\n", + " this sphere and, moreover, we prove that, up to non-homogeneous dilations and\n", + " left-translations, they are the only solutions of the sub-Finsler isoperimetric\n", + " problem in a restricted class of sets.,\n", + " Dynamical compactness with respect to a family as a new concept of chaoticity\n", + " of a dynamical system was introduced and discussed in [22]. In this paper we\n", + " continue to investigate this notion. In particular, we prove that all dynamical\n", + " systems are dynamically compact with respect to a Furstenberg family if and\n", + " only if this family has the finite intersection property. We investigate weak\n", + " mixing and weak disjointness by using the concept of dynamical compactness. We\n", + " also explore further difference between transitive compactness and weak mixing.\n", + " As a byproduct, we show that the $\\omega_{\\mathcal{F}}$-limit and the\n", + " $\\omega$-limit sets of a point may have quite different topological structure.\n", + " Moreover, the equivalence between multi-sensitivity, sensitive compactness and\n", + " transitive sensitivity is established for a minimal system. Finally, these\n", + " notions are also explored in the context of linear dynamics.,\n", + " Video-to-video synthesis (vid2vid) aims for converting high-level semantic\n", + " inputs to photorealistic videos. While existing vid2vid methods can achieve\n", + " short-term temporal consistency, they fail to ensure the long-term one. This is\n", + " because they lack knowledge of the 3D world being rendered and generate each\n", + " frame only based on the past few frames. To address the limitation, we\n", + " introduce a novel vid2vid framework that efficiently and effectively utilizes\n", + " all past generated frames during rendering. This is achieved by condensing the\n", + " 3D world rendered so far into a physically-grounded estimate of the current\n", + " frame, which we call the guidance image. We further propose a novel neural\n", + " network architecture to take advantage of the information stored in the\n", + " guidance images. Extensive experimental results on several challenging datasets\n", + " verify the effectiveness of our approach in achieving world consistency - the\n", + " output video is consistent within the entire rendered 3D world.\n", + " https://nvlabs.github.io/wc-vid2vid/,\n", + " Gas-poor galaxies can be modelled as composite collisionless stellar systems,\n", + " with a dark matter halo and one or more stellar components, representing\n", + " different stellar populations. The dynamical evolution of such composite\n", + " systems is often studied with numerical N-body simulations, whose initial\n", + " conditions typically require realizations with particles of stationary galaxy\n", + " models. We present a novel method to conceive these N-body realizations, which\n", + " allows one to exploit at best a collisionless N-body simulation that follows\n", + " their evolution. The method is based on the use of an effective N-body model of\n", + " a composite system, which is in fact realized as a one-component system of\n", + " particles that is interpreted a posteriori as a multi-component system, by\n", + " assigning in post-processing fractions of each particle's mass to different\n", + " components. Examples of astrophysical applications are N-body simulations that\n", + " aim to reproduce the observed properties of interacting galaxies, satellite\n", + " galaxies and stellar streams. As a case study we apply our method to an N-body\n", + " simulation of tidal stripping of a two-component (dark matter and stars)\n", + " satellite dwarf galaxy orbiting in the gravitational potential of the Milky\n", + " Way.,\n", + " A scheme is developed for estimating state-dependent drift and diffusion\n", + " coefficients in a stochastic differential equation from time-series data. The\n", + " scheme does not require to specify parametric forms for the drift and diffusion\n", + " coefficients in advance. In order to perform the nonparametric estimation, a\n", + " maximum likelihood method is combined with a concept based on a kernel density\n", + " estimation. In order to deal with discrete observation or sparsity of the\n", + " time-series data, a local linearization method is employed, which enables a\n", + " fast estimation.,\n", + " As the vacuum state of a quantum field is not an eigenstate of the\n", + " Hamiltonian density, the vacuum energy density can be represented as a random\n", + " variable. We present an analytical calculation of the probability distribution\n", + " of the vacuum energy density for real and complex massless scalar fields in\n", + " Minkowski space. The obtained probability distributions are broad and the\n", + " vacuum expectation value of the Hamiltonian density is not fully representative\n", + " of the vacuum energy density.,\n", + " We present a statistical learning framework for robust identification of\n", + " partial differential equations from noisy spatiotemporal data. Extending\n", + " previous sparse regression approaches for inferring PDE models from simulated\n", + " data, we address key issues that have thus far limited the application of these\n", + " methods to noisy experimental data, namely their robustness against noise and\n", + " the need for manual parameter tuning. We address both points by proposing a\n", + " stability-based model selection scheme to determine the level of regularization\n", + " required for reproducible recovery of the underlying PDE. This avoids manual\n", + " parameter tuning and provides a principled way to improve the method's\n", + " robustness against noise in the data. Our stability selection approach, termed\n", + " PDE-STRIDE, can be combined with any sparsity-promoting penalized regression\n", + " model and provides an interpretable criterion for model component importance.\n", + " We show that in particular the combination of stability selection with the\n", + " iterative hard-thresholding algorithm from compressed sensing provides a fast,\n", + " parameter-free, and robust computational framework for PDE inference that\n", + " outperforms previous algorithmic approaches with respect to recovery accuracy,\n", + " amount of data required, and robustness to noise. We illustrate the performance\n", + " of our approach on a wide range of noise-corrupted simulated benchmark\n", + " problems, including 1D Burgers, 2D vorticity-transport, and 3D\n", + " reaction-diffusion problems. We demonstrate the practical applicability of our\n", + " method on real-world data by considering a purely data-driven re-evaluation of\n", + " the advective triggering hypothesis for an embryonic polarization system in\n", + " C.~elegans. Using fluorescence microscopy images of C.~elegans zygotes as input\n", + " data, our framework is able to recover the PDE model for the regulatory\n", + " reaction-diffusion-flow network of the associated proteins.,\n", + " In this paper, new exact and approximate moment generating functions (MGF)\n", + " expression for generalized fading models are derived. Specifically, we consider\n", + " the ${\\eta}-{\\lambda}-{\\mu}$, ${\\alpha}-{\\mu}$, ${\\alpha}-{\\eta}-{\\mu}$,\n", + " ${\\alpha}-{\\lambda}-{\\mu}$, ${\\alpha}-{\\kappa}-{\\mu}$, and\n", + " ${\\alpha}-{\\lambda}-{\\eta}-{\\mu}$ generalized fading distributions to derive\n", + " approximate MGF expressions. The new expressions are very accurate and, in\n", + " contrast to earlier results in the literature, avoid any complicated special\n", + " functions, e.g. the Meijer-$G$ and Fox $H$-functions. As such, the new MGF\n", + " expressions allow easier and more efficient analytical manipulations, which\n", + " also apply for their special cases such as the Rayleigh, Rice, and Nakagami-m\n", + " fading. As an illustrative application, the average bit error rates for each of\n", + " the fading models are evaluated using the new derived MGF expressions. The\n", + " accuracy of the analytical results by using the numerically computed results as\n", + " a basis of comparison as well as published results from the literature.,\n", + " The final goal of all industrial machine learning (ML) projects is to develop\n", + " ML products and rapidly bring them into production. However, it is highly\n", + " challenging to automate and operationalize ML products and thus many ML\n", + " endeavors fail to deliver on their expectations. The paradigm of Machine\n", + " Learning Operations (MLOps) addresses this issue. MLOps includes several\n", + " aspects, such as best practices, sets of concepts, and development culture.\n", + " However, MLOps is still a vague term and its consequences for researchers and\n", + " professionals are ambiguous. To address this gap, we conduct mixed-method\n", + " research, including a literature review, a tool review, and expert interviews.\n", + " As a result of these investigations, we provide an aggregated overview of the\n", + " necessary principles, components, and roles, as well as the associated\n", + " architecture and workflows. Furthermore, we furnish a definition of MLOps and\n", + " highlight open challenges in the field. Finally, this work provides guidance\n", + " for ML researchers and practitioners who want to automate and operate their ML\n", + " products with a designated set of technologies.,\n", + " Intense ultrafast laser excitation can produce transient states of condensed\n", + " matter that would otherwise be inaccessible. At high excitation level, the\n", + " interatomic forces can be altered resulting in an unusual lattice dynamics.\n", + " Here we report the study of coherent lattice dynamics in Bi made for various\n", + " excitation levels at helium temperature. We demonstrate that under certain\n", + " conditions the fully symmetric phonons of large amplitude exhibit anomalous\n", + " decay and phase rigidity, both of which possibly signaling the attainment of\n", + " transient supersolid state.,\n", + " Several important processes and analyses at the LHC are sensitive to\n", + " higher-order perturbative corrections beyond what can currently be calculated\n", + " at fixed order. The formalism of High Energy Jets (HEJ) calculates the\n", + " corrections systematically enhanced for a large ratio of the centre-of-mass\n", + " energy to the transverse momentum of the observed jets. These effects are\n", + " relevant in the analysis of e.g. Higgs-boson production in association with\n", + " dijets within the cuts devised to enhance the contribution from Vector Boson\n", + " Fusion (VBF).\n", + " HEJ obtains an all-order approximation, based on logarithmic corrections\n", + " which are matched to fixed-order results in the cases where these can be\n", + " readily evaluated. In this paper we present an improved framework for the\n", + " matching utilised in HEJ, which for merging of tree-level results is\n", + " mathematically equivalent to the one used so far. However, by starting from\n", + " events generated at fixed order and supplementing these with the all-order\n", + " summation, it is computationally simpler to obtain matching to calculations of\n", + " high multiplicity.\n", + " We demonstrate that the impact of the higher-multiplicity matching on\n", + " predictions is small for the gluon-fusion (GF) contribution of Higgs-boson\n", + " production in association with dijets in the VBF-region, so perturbative\n", + " stability against high-multiplicity matching has been achieved within HEJ. We\n", + " match the improved HEJ prediction to the inclusive next-to-leading order (NLO)\n", + " cross section and compare to pure NLO in the h->photon photon channel with\n", + " standard VBF cuts.,\n", + " We study the conditions imposed on matter to produce a regular (non-singular)\n", + " interior of a class of spherically symmetric black holes in the $f(T)$\n", + " extension of teleparallel gravity. The class of black holes studied is\n", + " necessarily singular in general relativity. We derive a tetrad which is\n", + " compatible with the black hole interior and utilize this tetrad in the\n", + " gravitational equations of motion to study the black hole interior. It is shown\n", + " that in the case where the gravitational Lagrangian is expandable in a power\n", + " series $f(T)=T+\\underset{n\\neq 1}{\\sum} b_{n}T^{n}$ that black holes can be\n", + " non-singular while respecting certain energy conditions in the matter fields.\n", + " Thus the black hole singularity may be removed and the gravitational equations\n", + " of motion can remain valid throughout the manifold. This is true as long as $n$\n", + " is positive, but is not true in the negative sector of the theory. Hence,\n", + " gravitational $f(T)$ Lagrangians which are Taylor expandable in powers of $T$\n", + " may yield regular black holes of this type. Although it is found that these\n", + " black holes can be rendered non-singular in $f(T)$ theory, we conjecture that a\n", + " mild singularity theorem holds in that the dominant energy condition is\n", + " violated in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the general relativity\n", + " singular point if the corresponding $f(T)$ black hole is regular. The analytic\n", + " techniques here can also be applied to gravitational Lagrangians which are not\n", + " Laurent or Taylor expandable.,\n", + " The use of metamaterial as a way to mitigate the negative effects of\n", + " absorption in metals on the Purcell effect in metal-dielectric structures is\n", + " investigated. A layered metal-dielectric structure is considered as an\n", + " anisotropic medium in the long-wavelength limit. The dispersion of the surface\n", + " plasmon appearing at the boundary between such a structure and a different\n", + " dielectric material, as well as the position of the peak in the local density\n", + " of states are studied for various combinations of materials and filling factors\n", + " of the periodic structure. The calculated frequency dependence of the Purcell\n", + " factor demonstrates an increase in peak value compared to the conventional\n", + " plasmonic structure.,\n", + " We prove forward and backward parabolic boundary Harnack principles for\n", + " nonnegative solutions of the heat equation in the complements of thin parabolic\n", + " Lipschitz sets given as subgraphs $E=\\{(x,t): x_{n-1}\\leq\n", + " f(x'',t),x_n=0\\}\\subset \\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\\times\\mathbb{R} $ for parabolically\n", + " Lipschitz functions $f$ on $\\mathbb{R}^{n-2}\\times\\mathbb{R}$. We are motivated\n", + " by applications to parabolic free boundary problems with thin (i.e co-dimension\n", + " two) free boundaries. In particular, at the end of the paper we show how to\n", + " prove the spatial $C^{1,\\alpha}$ regularity of the free boundary in the\n", + " parabolic Signorini problem.,\n", + " We compute the fixed point action for the Schwinger model through an\n", + " expansion in the gauge field. The calculation allows a check of the locality of\n", + " the action. We test its perfection by computing the 1-loop mass gap at finite\n", + " spatial volume.,\n", + " Among many physical processes involved in star formation, radiation transfer\n", + " is one of the key processes since it dominantly controls the thermodynamics.\n", + " Because metallicities control opacities, they are one of the important\n", + " environmental parameters which affect star formation processes. In this work, I\n", + " investigate protostellar collapse in solar-metallicity and low-metallicity ($Z\n", + " = 0.1 Z_\\odot$) environments using 3D radiation hydrodynamic and\n", + " magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Because radiation cooling is more effective in\n", + " the low-metallicity environments, first cores are colder and have lower\n", + " entropies. As a result, first cores are smaller, less massive and have shorter\n", + " lifetimes in the low-metallicity clouds. Therefore, first cores would be less\n", + " likely to be found in low-metallicity star forming clouds. This also implies\n", + " that first cores tend to be more gravitationally unstable and susceptible to\n", + " fragmentation. The evolution and structure of protostellar cores formed after\n", + " the second collapse weakly depend on metallicities in the spherical and\n", + " magnetized models despite the large difference in the metallicities. Because\n", + " this is due to the change of the heat capacity by dissociation and ionization\n", + " of hydrogen, it is a general consequence of the second collapse as long as the\n", + " effects of radiation cooling are not very large during the second collapse. On\n", + " the other hand, the effects of different metallicities are more significant in\n", + " the rotating models without magnetic fields, because they evolve slower than\n", + " other models and therefore more affected by radiation cooling.,\n", + " The decays $\\rho^0\\to 2\\pi^+2\\pi^-$ and $\\rho^0\\to 2\\pi^0\\pi^+\\pi^-$ are\n", + " studied using various effective Lagrangians for $\\pi$ and $\\rho$ (and in some\n", + " cases $a_1$) mesons, all of which respect the approximate chiral symmetry of\n", + " the strong interaction. Partial widths of the order of 1 keV or less are found\n", + " in all cases. These are an order of magnitude smaller than recent predictions\n", + " based on non-chiral models.,\n", + " This paper addresses the dynamic difficulty adjustment on MOBA games as a way\n", + " to improve the player's entertainment. Although MOBA is currently one of the\n", + " most played genres around the world, it is known as a game that offer less\n", + " autonomy, more challenges and consequently more frustration. Due to these\n", + " characteristics, the use of a mechanism that performs the difficulty balance\n", + " dynamically seems to be an interesting alternative to minimize and/or avoid\n", + " that players experience such frustrations. In this sense, this paper presents a\n", + " dynamic difficulty adjustment mechanism for MOBA games. The main idea is to\n", + " create a computer controlled opponent that adapts dynamically to the player\n", + " performance, trying to offer to the player a better game experience. This is\n", + " done by evaluating the performance of the player using a metric based on some\n", + " game features and switching the difficulty of the opponent's artificial\n", + " intelligence behavior accordingly. Quantitative and qualitative experiments\n", + " were performed and the results showed that the system is capable of adapting\n", + " dynamically to the opponent's skills. In spite of that, the qualitative\n", + " experiments with users showed that the player's expertise has a greater\n", + " influence on the perception of the difficulty level and dynamic adaptation.,\n", + " We study the asymptotic behavior of kernel estimators of asymptotic variances\n", + " (or long-run variances) for a class of adaptive Markov chains. The convergence\n", + " is studied both in $L^p$ and almost surely. The results also apply to Markov\n", + " chains and improve on the existing literature by imposing weaker conditions. We\n", + " illustrate the results with applications to the $\\operatorname {GARCH}(1,1)$\n", + " Markov model and to an adaptive MCMC algorithm for Bayesian logistic\n", + " regression.,\n", + " We report a high statistics simulation of Ising spins coupled to 2D quantum\n", + " gravity in the Regge calculus approach using triangulated tori with up to\n", + " $512^2$ vertices. For the constant area ensemble and the $dl/l$ functional\n", + " measure we definitively can exclude the critical exponents of the Ising phase\n", + " transition as predicted for dynamically triangulated surfaces. We rather find\n", + " clear evidence that the critical exponents agree with the Onsager values for\n", + " static regular lattices, independent of the coupling strength of an $R^2$\n", + " interaction term. For exploratory simulations using the lattice version of the\n", + " Misner measure the situation is less clear.,\n", + " We investigate the dynamics of spatially discordant alternans (SDA) driven by\n", + " an instability of intracellular calcium cycling using both amplitude equations\n", + " [P. S. Skardal, A. Karma, and J. G. Restrepo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 108103\n", + " (2012)] and ionic model simulations. We find that, close to the alternans\n", + " bifurcation, SDA is manifested as a smooth wavy modulation of the amplitudes of\n", + " both repolarization and calcium transient (CaT) alternans, similarly to the\n", + " well-studied case of voltage-driven alternans. In contrast, further away from\n", + " the bifurcation, the amplitude of CaT alternans jumps discontinuously at the\n", + " nodes separating out-of-phase regions, while the amplitude of repolarization\n", + " alternans remains smooth. We show that node motion of discontinuous SDA\n", + " patterns is strongly hysteretic even in homogeneous tissue due to the novel\n", + " phenomenon of \"unidirectional pinning\": node movement can only be induced\n", + " towards, but not away from, the pacing site in response to a change of pacing\n", + " rate or physiological parameter. In addition, we show that the wavelength of\n", + " discontinuous SDA patterns scales linearly with the conduction velocity\n", + " restitution length scale, in contrast to the wavelength of smooth patterns that\n", + " scales sub-linearly with this length scale. Those results are also shown to be\n", + " robust against cell-to-cell fluctuations owing to the property that\n", + " unidirectional node motion collapses multiple jumps accumulating in nodal\n", + " regions into a single jump. Amplitude equation predictions are in good overall\n", + " agreement with ionic model simulations. Finally, we briefly discuss\n", + " physiological implications of our findings. In particular, we suggest that due\n", + " to the tendency of conduction blocks to form near nodes, the presence of\n", + " unidirectional pinning makes calcium-driven alternans potentially more\n", + " arrhythmogenic than voltage-driven alternans.,\n", + " How to control collectively ordered electronic states is a core interest of\n", + " condensed matter physics. We report an electric field controlled reversible\n", + " transition from superconductor to ferromagnetic insulator in (Li,Fe)OHFeSe thin\n", + " flake using solid ion conductor as the gate dielectric. By driving Li ions into\n", + " and out of the (Li,Fe)OHFeSe thin flake with electric field, we obtained a\n", + " dome-shaped superconducting region with optimal Tc ~ 43 K, which is separated\n", + " by a quantum critical point from ferromagnetically insulating phase. The\n", + " ferromagnetism arises from the long range order of the interstitial Fe ions\n", + " expelled from the (Li,Fe)OH layers by Li injection. The device can reversibly\n", + " manipulate collectively ordered electronic states and stabilize new metastable\n", + " structures by electric field.,\n", + " The Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and\n", + " Evolution (ESCAPE) mission is an astrophysics Small Explorer employing\n", + " ultraviolet spectroscopy (EUV: 80 - 825 \\AA\\ and FUV: 1280 - 1650 \\AA) to\n", + " explore the high-energy radiation environment in the habitable zones around\n", + " nearby stars. ESCAPE provides the first comprehensive study of the stellar EUV\n", + " and coronal mass ejection environments which directly impact the habitability\n", + " of rocky exoplanets. In a 20 month science mission, ESCAPE will provide the\n", + " essential stellar characterization to identify exoplanetary systems most\n", + " conducive to habitability and provide a roadmap for NASA's future life-finder\n", + " missions. ESCAPE accomplishes this goal with roughly two-order-of-magnitude\n", + " gains in EUV efficiency over previous missions. ESCAPE employs a grazing\n", + " incidence telescope that feeds an EUV and FUV spectrograph. The ESCAPE science\n", + " instrument builds on previous ultraviolet and X-ray instrumentation, grazing\n", + " incidence optical systems, and photon-counting ultraviolet detectors used on\n", + " NASA astrophysics, heliophysics, and planetary science missions. The ESCAPE\n", + " spacecraft bus is the versatile and high-heritage Ball Aerospace BCP Small\n", + " spacecraft. Data archives will be housed at the Mikulski Archive for Space\n", + " Telescopes (MAST).,\n", + " Soft-argmax operation is commonly adopted in detection-based methods to\n", + " localize the target position in a differentiable manner. However, training the\n", + " neural network with soft-argmax makes the shape of the probability map\n", + " unconstrained. Consequently, the model lacks pixel-wise supervision through the\n", + " map during training, leading to performance degradation. In this work, we\n", + " propose sampling-argmax, a differentiable training method that imposes implicit\n", + " constraints to the shape of the probability map by minimizing the expectation\n", + " of the localization error. To approximate the expectation, we introduce a\n", + " continuous formulation of the output distribution and develop a differentiable\n", + " sampling process. The expectation can be approximated by calculating the\n", + " average error of all samples drawn from the output distribution. We show that\n", + " sampling-argmax can seamlessly replace the conventional soft-argmax operation\n", + " on various localization tasks. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the\n", + " effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method. Code is available at\n", + " https://github.com/Jeff-sjtu/sampling-argmax,\n", + " We study ultrahigh energy astrophysical neutrinos and their interactions\n", + " within the Standard Model and beyond. We consider propagation of muon\n", + " neutrinos, tau neutrinos that originate in $\\nu_\\mu \\to \\nu_\\tau$ oscillations,\n", + " and tau leptons produced in charged-current neutrino interactions. We show that\n", + " high energy taus lose their energy through bremsstrahlung, pair production and\n", + " photonuclear processes until they reach energy of $\\sim 10^8$ GeV, bellow which\n", + " they are more likely to decay. Neutrino interactions at energies above\n", + " $10^8$GeV could lead to the production of microscopic black holes predicted in\n", + " theories of extra dimensions, or they can undergo instanton-induced processes.\n", + " We discuss potential signals for these processes in detectors such as IceCube\n", + " and ANITA.,\n", + " We consider dynamically generated spin squeezing in interacting bimodal\n", + " condensates. We show that particle losses and non-zero temperature effects in a\n", + " multimode theory completely change the scaling of the best squeezing for large\n", + " atom numbers. We present the new scalings and we give approximate analytical\n", + " expressions for the squeezing in the thermodynamic limit. Besides reviewing our\n", + " recent theoretical results, we give here a simple physical picture of how\n", + " decoherence acts to limit the squeezing. We show in particular that under\n", + " certain conditions the decoherence due to losses and non-zero temperatureacts\n", + " as a simple dephasing.,\n", + " Whereas boson coherent states with complex parametrization provide an\n", + " elegant, and intuitive representation, there is no counterpart for fermions\n", + " using complex parametrization. However, a complex parametrization provides a\n", + " valuable way to describe amplitude and phase of a coherent beam. Thus we pose\n", + " the question of whether a fermionic beam can be described, even approximately,\n", + " by a complex-parametrized coherent state and define, in a natural way,\n", + " approximate complex-parametrized fermion coherent states. Then we identify four\n", + " appealing properties of boson coherent states (eigenstate of annihilation\n", + " operator, displaced vacuum state, preservation of product states under linear\n", + " coupling, and factorization of correlators) and show that these approximate\n", + " complex fermion coherent states fail all four criteria. The inapplicability of\n", + " complex parametrization supports the use of Grassman algebras as an appropriate\n", + " alternative.,\n", + " We consider the electron-positron pair production in relativistic heavy ion\n", + " collisions, in which the produced electron is captured by one of the nuclei\n", + " resulting, thus, in the formation of a hydrogen--like ion. These ions emerge\n", + " from the collision point and hit the vacuum chamber wall inside superconducting\n", + " magnets. Therefore, this process may be important for the problems of beam life\n", + " time and for the quenching the irradiated magnet. A theoretical investigation\n", + " for such a bound-free pair production (BFPP) at the colliders from NICA to HE\n", + " LHC is presented. We obtain an approximate universal formula for the total\n", + " cross section of the process. We compare it with the results of available\n", + " numerical calculations and estimate that an accuracy of our calculations is\n", + " better than $30$ % at the energies of the NICA collider and becomes of the\n", + " order of a few percent for the RHIC and HE LHC colliders. Based on the obtained\n", + " results, the detailed calculations are performed for future experiments at the\n", + " NICA collider. We find that the expected BFPP cross sections for the\n", + " Au$^{79+}$-Au$^{79+}$ and Bi$^{83+}$-Bi$^{83+}$ collisions are in the range\n", + " from $10$ to $70$ barn, while for the p-Au$^{79+}$ and p-Bi$^{83+}$ collisions\n", + " they are in the range of a few mbarn.,\n", + " We are conducting COLD GASS, a legacy survey for molecular gas in nearby\n", + " galaxies. Using the IRAM 30m telescope, we measure the CO(1-0) line in a sample\n", + " of ~350 nearby (D=100-200 Mpc), massive galaxies (log(M*/Msun)>10.0). The\n", + " sample is selected purely according to stellar mass, and therefore provides an\n", + " unbiased view of molecular gas in these systems. By combining the IRAM data\n", + " with SDSS photometry and spectroscopy, GALEX imaging and high-quality Arecibo\n", + " HI data, we investigate the partition of condensed baryons between stars,\n", + " atomic gas and molecular gas in 0.1-10L* galaxies. In this paper, we present CO\n", + " luminosities and molecular hydrogen masses for the first 222 galaxies. The\n", + " overall CO detection rate is 54%, but our survey also uncovers the existence of\n", + " sharp thresholds in galaxy structural parameters such as stellar mass surface\n", + " density and concentration index, below which all galaxies have a measurable\n", + " cold gas component but above which the detection rate of the CO line drops\n", + " suddenly. The mean molecular gas fraction MH2/M* of the CO detections is\n", + " 0.066+/-0.039, and this fraction does not depend on stellar mass, but is a\n", + " strong function of NUV-r colour. Through stacking, we set a firm upper limit of\n", + " MH2/M*=0.0016+/-0.0005 for red galaxies with NUV-r>5.0. The average\n", + " molecular-to-atomic hydrogen ratio in present-day galaxies is 0.3, with\n", + " significant scatter from one galaxy to the next. The existence of strong\n", + " detection thresholds in both the HI and CO lines suggests that \"quenching\"\n", + " processes have occurred in these systems. Intriguingly, atomic gas strongly\n", + " dominates in the minority of galaxies with significant cold gas that lie above\n", + " these thresholds. This suggests that some re-accretion of gas may still be\n", + " possible following the quenching event.,\n", + " The Galactic disk is expected to be spatially, kinematically, and chemically\n", + " clustered on many scales due to both star formation and non-axisymmetries in\n", + " the Galactic potential. In this work we calculate the spatial and kinematic\n", + " two-point correlation functions using a sample of $1.7 \\times 10^6$ stars\n", + " within 1 kpc of the Sun with 6D phase space information available from\n", + " \\textit{Gaia} DR2. Clustering is detected on spatial scales of 1-300 pc and\n", + " velocity scales of at least 15 km s$^{-1}$. With bound structures included, the\n", + " data have a power-law index ($\\xi(\\Delta r) \\propto \\Delta r^{\\gamma}$) of\n", + " $\\gamma\\approx-2$ at most spatial scales, which is in line with theoretical\n", + " predictions. After removing bound structures, the data have a power-law index\n", + " of $\\gamma\\approx-1$ for $<100$ pc and $\\gamma \\lesssim -1.5$ for $>100$ pc. We\n", + " interpret these results with the aid of a novel star-by-star simulation of the\n", + " Galaxy in which stars are born in clusters orbiting in a realistic potential\n", + " that includes spiral arms, a bar, and GMCs. We find that the simulation largely\n", + " agrees with the observations (within a factor of 2-3) at all spatial and\n", + " kinematic scales. In detail, the correlation function in the simulation is\n", + " shallower than the data at $< 20$ pc scales, and steeper than the data at $>\n", + " 30$ pc scales. We also find a persistent clustering signal in the kinematic\n", + " correlation function for the data at large $\\Delta v$ ($>5$ km s$^{-1}$) not\n", + " present in the simulations. We speculate that this mismatch between\n", + " observations and simulations may be due to two processes not included in the\n", + " simulation: hierarchical star formation and transient spiral arms. We also use\n", + " the simulations to predict the clustering signal as a function of pair-wise\n", + " metallicity and age separations. Ages and metallicities measured with a\n", + " precision of $50\\%$ and $0.05$ dex are required in order to enhance the\n", + " clustering signal.,\n", + " Heusler alloys are promising for several applications, including magnetic\n", + " refrigeration, due to high magnetocaloric and magnetovolume effects. One way to\n", + " optimize this potential is by increasing the magnetovolume effect. Using\n", + " density functional theory with the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method, we calculate\n", + " the effective exchange interaction energies and corresponding mean field Curie\n", + " temperature as a function of the volume (hydrostatic pressure) in several L2 1\n", + " -type Co 2 YZ Heusler alloys. Different qualitative trends and signs of the\n", + " pressure derivatives of the Curie temperature and moments are found among these\n", + " compounds, discussed and compared with previous calculations and experiments.,\n", + " Modified neutrino dispersion relations, which still obey the relativity\n", + " principle, can have both a superluminal (muon-type) neutrino and a luminal\n", + " (electron-type) neutrino, as long as neutrino-mass effects can be neglected.\n", + " The idea is to allow for flavor-dependent deformed Lorentz transformations and\n", + " an appropriate hierarchy of energy scales. If OPERA's result on a superluminal\n", + " velocity of the muon-neutrino is confirmed, the model has a matching\n", + " superluminal velocity of the corresponding charged lepton, the muon, at equal\n", + " particle energy. Assuming that this model is not already ruled out, new\n", + " TeV-scale effects in the muon sector are predicted. Also discussed is a\n", + " different model with a superluminal sterile neutrino propagating in the usual 4\n", + " spacetime dimensions.,\n", + " The free energy principle, and its corollary active inference, constitute a\n", + " bio-inspired theory that assumes biological agents act to remain in a\n", + " restricted set of preferred states of the world, i.e., they minimize their free\n", + " energy. Under this principle, biological agents learn a generative model of the\n", + " world and plan actions in the future that will maintain the agent in an\n", + " homeostatic state that satisfies its preferences. This framework lends itself\n", + " to being realized in silico, as it comprehends important aspects that make it\n", + " computationally affordable, such as variational inference and amortized\n", + " planning. In this work, we investigate the tool of deep learning to design and\n", + " realize artificial agents based on active inference, presenting a deep-learning\n", + " oriented presentation of the free energy principle, surveying works that are\n", + " relevant in both machine learning and active inference areas, and discussing\n", + " the design choices that are involved in the implementation process. This\n", + " manuscript probes newer perspectives for the active inference framework,\n", + " grounding its theoretical aspects into more pragmatic affairs, offering a\n", + " practical guide to active inference newcomers and a starting point for deep\n", + " learning practitioners that would like to investigate implementations of the\n", + " free energy principle.,\n", + " In this paper, we study cooperative scattering of low intensity light by a\n", + " cloud of N two-level systems. We include the incident laser field driving these\n", + " two-level systems and compute the radiation pressure force on the center of\n", + " mass of the cloud. This signature is of particular interest for experiments\n", + " with laser cooled atoms. Including the complex coupling between dipoles in a\n", + " scalar model for dilute clouds of two-level systems, we obtain expression for\n", + " cooperative scattering forces taking into account the collective Lamb shift. We\n", + " also derive the expression of the radiation pressure force on a large cloud of\n", + " two-level systems from an heuristic approach and show that at lowest driving\n", + " intensities this force is identical for a product and an entangled state.,\n", + " While the methods exploiting the tensor low-rank prior are booming in\n", + " high-dimensional data processing and have obtained satisfying performance,\n", + " their applications in dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) image reconstruction are\n", + " limited. In this paper, we concentrate on the tensor singular value\n", + " decomposition (t-SVD), which is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and\n", + " only provides the definite and limited tensor low-rank prior in the FFT domain,\n", + " heavily reliant upon how closely the data and the FFT domain match up. By\n", + " generalizing the FFT into an arbitrary unitary transformation of the\n", + " transformed t-SVD and proposing the transformed tensor nuclear norm (TTNN), we\n", + " introduce a flexible model based on TTNN with the ability to exploit the tensor\n", + " low-rank prior of a transformed domain in a larger transformation space and\n", + " elaborately design an iterative optimization algorithm based on the alternating\n", + " direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which is further unrolled into a\n", + " model-based deep unrolling reconstruction network to learn the transformed\n", + " tensor low-rank prior (T$^2$LR-Net). The convolutional neural network (CNN) is\n", + " incorporated within the T$^2$LR-Net to learn the best-matched transform from\n", + " the dynamic MR image dataset. The unrolling reconstruction network also\n", + " provides a new perspective on the low-rank prior utilization by exploiting the\n", + " low-rank prior in the CNN-extracted feature domain. Experimental results on two\n", + " cardiac cine MR datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide\n", + " improved recovery results compared with the state-of-the-art optimization-based\n", + " and unrolling network-based methods.,\n", + " We present spatially localized nonrotating and rotating (azimuthon)\n", + " multisolitons in the two-dimensional (2D) (\"pancake-shaped configuration\")\n", + " Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with attractive interaction. By means of a\n", + " linear stability analysis, we investigate the stability of these structures and\n", + " show that rotating dipole solitons are stable provided that the number of atoms\n", + " is small enough. The results were confirmed by direct numerical simulations of\n", + " the 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation.,\n", + " We have measured the specific heat of the coupled spin-dimer antiferromagnet\n", + " Ba$_3$Mn$_2$O$_8$ to 50 mK in temperature and to 29 T in the magnetic field.\n", + " The experiment extends to the midpoint of the field region (25.9 T $\\leq H\n", + " \\leq$ 32.3 T) of the magnetization plateau at 1/2 of the saturation\n", + " magnetization, and reveals the presence of three ordered phases in the field\n", + " region between that of the magnetization plateau and the low-field spin-liquid\n", + " region. The exponent of the phase boundary with the thermally disordered region\n", + " is smaller than the theoretical value based on the Bose-Einstein condensation\n", + " of spin triplets. At zero field and 29 T, the specific-heat data show gapped\n", + " behaviors characteristic of spin liquids. The zero-field data indicate that the\n", + " gapped triplet excitations form two levels whose energies differ by nearly a\n", + " factor of two. At least the lower level is well localized. The data at 29 T\n", + " reveal that the low-lying excitations at the magnetization plateau are weakly\n", + " delocalized.,\n", + " We introduce L-hydra (landmarked hyperbolic distance recovery and\n", + " approximation), a method for embedding network- or distance-based data into\n", + " hyperbolic space, which requires only the distance measurements to a few\n", + " 'landmark nodes'. This landmark heuristic makes L-hydra applicable to\n", + " large-scale graphs and improves upon previously introduced methods. As a\n", + " mathematical justification, we show that a point configuration in d-dimensional\n", + " hyperbolic space can be perfectly recovered (up to isometry) from distance\n", + " measurements to just d+1 landmarks. We also show that L-hydra solves a\n", + " two-stage strain-minimization problem, similar to our previous (unlandmarked)\n", + " method 'hydra'. Testing on real network data, we show that L-hydra is an order\n", + " of magnitude faster than existing hyperbolic embedding methods and scales\n", + " linearly in the number of nodes. While the embedding error of L-hydra is higher\n", + " than the error of existing methods, we introduce an extension, L-hydra+, which\n", + " outperforms existing methods in both runtime and embedding quality.,\n", + " The discovery of topological states of matter has profoundly augmented our\n", + " understanding of phase transitions in physical systems. Instead of local order\n", + " parameters, topological phases are described by global topological invariants\n", + " and are therefore robust against perturbations. A prominent example thereof is\n", + " the two-dimensional integer quantum Hall effect. It is characterized by the\n", + " first Chern number which manifests in the quantized Hall response induced by an\n", + " external electric field. Generalizing the quantum Hall effect to\n", + " four-dimensional systems leads to the appearance of a novel non-linear Hall\n", + " response that is quantized as well, but described by a 4D topological invariant\n", + " - the second Chern number. Here, we report on the first observation of a bulk\n", + " response with intrinsic 4D topology and the measurement of the associated\n", + " second Chern number. By implementing a 2D topological charge pump with\n", + " ultracold bosonic atoms in an angled optical superlattice, we realize a\n", + " dynamical version of the 4D integer quantum Hall effect. Using a small atom\n", + " cloud as a local probe, we fully characterize the non-linear response of the\n", + " system by in-situ imaging and site-resolved band mapping. Our findings pave the\n", + " way to experimentally probe higher-dimensional quantum Hall systems, where new\n", + " topological phases with exotic excitations are predicted.,\n", + " We study numerically two-dimensional creeping viscoelastic flow past a\n", + " biperiodic square array of cylinders within the Oldroyd B, FENE-CR and FENE-P\n", + " constitutive models of dilute polymer solutions. Our results capture the\n", + " initial mild decrease then dramatic upturn ('thickening') seen experimentally\n", + " in the drag coefficient as a function of increasing Weissenberg number. By\n", + " systematically varying the porosity of the flow geometry, we demonstrate two\n", + " qualitatively different mechanisms underpinning this thickening effect: one\n", + " that operates in the highly porous case of widely spaced obstacles, and another\n", + " for more densely packed obstacles, with a crossover between these two\n", + " mechanisms at intermediate porosities. We also briefly consider 2D creeping\n", + " viscoelastic flow past a linear array of cylinders confined to a channel, where\n", + " we find that the flow is steady for all Weissenberg numbers explored.,\n", + " SparseChem provides fast and accurate machine learning models for biochemical\n", + " applications. Especially, the package supports very high-dimensional sparse\n", + " inputs, e.g., millions of features and millions of compounds. It is possible to\n", + " train classification, regression and censored regression models, or combination\n", + " of them from command line. Additionally, the library can be accessed directly\n", + " from Python. Source code and documentation is freely available under MIT\n", + " License on GitHub.,\n", + " The model is based on a vector representation of each agent. The components\n", + " of the vector are the key continuous attributes that determine the social\n", + " behavior of the agent. A simple mathematical force vector model is used to\n", + " predict the effect of each agent on all other agents. The force law used is\n", + " motivated by gravitational force laws and electrical force laws for dipoles. It\n", + " assumes that the force between two agents is proportional to the similarity of\n", + " attributes, which is implemented mathematically as the dot product of the\n", + " vectors representing the attributes of the agents, and the force goes as the\n", + " inverse square of the difference in attributes, which is expressed as the\n", + " Euclidean distance in attribute space between the two vectors. The force\n", + " between the agents may be positive (attractive), zero, or negative (repulsive)\n", + " depending on whether the angle between the corresponding vectors is less than,\n", + " equal to, or greater than 90 degrees. A positive force causes the attributes of\n", + " the agents to become more similar and the corresponding vectors to become more\n", + " nearly parallel. Interaction between all agents is allowed unless the distance\n", + " between the attributes representing the agents exceeds a confidence limit (the\n", + " Attribute Influence Bound) set in the simulation. Agents with similar\n", + " attributes tend to form groups. For small values of the Attribute Influence\n", + " Bound, numerous groups remain scattered throughout attribute space at the end\n", + " of a simulation. As the Attribute Influence Bound is increased, and agents with\n", + " increasingly different attributes can communicate, fewer groups remain at the\n", + " end, and the remaining groups have increasingly different characteristic\n", + " attributes and approximately equal sizes. With a large Attribute Influence\n", + " Bound all agents are connected and extreme bi- or tri-polarization results.,\n", + " In this paper we describe a procedure to reduce the size of the input feature\n", + " vector. A complex pattern recognition problem like face recognition involves\n", + " huge dimension of input feature vector. To reduce that dimension here we have\n", + " used eigenspace projection (also called as Principal Component Analysis), which\n", + " is basically transformation of space. To reduce further we have applied feature\n", + " selection method to select indispensable features, which will remain in the\n", + " final feature vectors. Features those are not selected are removed from the\n", + " final feature vector considering them as redundant or superfluous. For\n", + " selection of features we have used the concept of reduct and core from rough\n", + " set theory. This method has shown very good performance. It is worth to mention\n", + " that in some cases the recognition rate increases with the decrease in the\n", + " feature vector dimension.,\n", + " This is my Habilitation a Diriger des Recherches (French thing). In this\n", + " paper I summarize the work I have done to realize the program of Witten called\n", + " -non abelian localization-. This work deals first with problems of localization\n", + " in equivariant cohomology. The second part of this paper concerns the\n", + " Guillemin-Sternberg problem -Quantization commutes with reduction- in the\n", + " geometric quantization procedure.,\n", + " We propose an experiment to measure the slow log(N) convergence to mean-field\n", + " theory (MFT) around a dynamical instability. Using a density matrix formalism,\n", + " we derive equations of motion which go beyond MFT and provide accurate\n", + " predictions for the quantum break-time. The leading quantum corrections appear\n", + " as decoherence of the reduced single-particle quantum state.,\n", + " This paper formulates a variational approach for treating observational\n", + " uncertainty and/or computational model errors as stochastic transport in\n", + " dynamical systems governed by action principles under nonholonomic constraints.\n", + " For this purpose, we derive, analyze and numerically study the example of an\n", + " unbalanced spherical ball rolling under gravity along a stochastic path. Our\n", + " approach uses the Hamilton-Pontryagin variational principle, constrained by a\n", + " stochastic rolling condition, which we show is equivalent to the corresponding\n", + " stochastic Lagrange-d'Alembert principle. In the example of the rolling ball,\n", + " the stochasticity represents uncertainty in the observation and/or error in the\n", + " computational simulation of the angular velocity of rolling. The influence of\n", + " the stochasticity on the deterministically conserved quantities is investigated\n", + " both analytically and numerically. Our approach applies to a wide variety of\n", + " stochastic, nonholonomically constrained systems, because it preserves the\n", + " mathematical properties inherited from the variational principle.\n", + " Keywords: Nonholonomic constraints, Stochastic dynamics, Transport noise.,\n", + " We introduce an analogue in hyperkahler geometry of the symplectic implosion,\n", + " in the case of SU(n) actions. Our space is a stratified hyperkahler space which\n", + " can be defined in terms of quiver diagrams. It also has a description as a\n", + " non-reductive geometric invariant theory quotient.,\n", + " Identifying the optimal basic feasible solutions of linear programming\n", + " problems is critical for mixed integer programming, and the crossover is the\n", + " procedure to recover an optimal corner/extreme point from a suboptimal solution\n", + " (the output of first-order methods) or the relative interior of the optimal\n", + " face (the output of interior point methods). Unfortunately, this procedure in\n", + " linear programming, compared with the previous stage of obtaining nearly\n", + " optimal solutions, frequently turns out to be the actual computation bottleneck\n", + " in practical applications. Our work shows that this bottleneck can be resolved\n", + " if smartly taking advantage of problem characteristics and implementing\n", + " customized strategies. Among the important linear programming problems, many of\n", + " them arise from network applications and exhibit network structure. We look to\n", + " the tree structure of the optimal solutions and propose a tree-based crossover\n", + " algorithm, aimed at recovering basic solutions via identifying nearby spanning\n", + " tree structures. For other general linear programming problems, we propose an\n", + " approach to recover the optimal basic solution via moving from the relative\n", + " interior of the optimal face to an extreme point. Computational experiments\n", + " show the significant speed-ups of our methods over state-of-art commercial\n", + " solvers on classical linear programming problem benchmarks, network flow\n", + " problem benchmarks, and MINST datasets.,\n", + " We explore the possibility of performing nuclear structure studies using low\n", + " energy neutrino beams. In particular, low energy beta-beams and conventional\n", + " sources (muon decay-at-rest) are considered. We present results on the total\n", + " charged-current as well as flux-averaged cross sections associated to electron\n", + " (anti)-neutrino scattering on oxygen, iron, molybdenum and lead, as typical\n", + " examples. It is shown that by using neutrinos from low energy beta-beams,\n", + " information on forbidden states, in particular the spin-dipole, could be\n", + " extracted.,\n", + " In a sample of 58 million $J/\\psi$ events collected with the BES II detector,\n", + " the process J/$\\psi\\to\\gamma\\eta_c$ is observed in five different decay\n", + " channels: $\\gamma K^+K^-\\pi^+\\pi^-$, $\\gamma\\pi^+\\pi^-\\pi^+\\pi^-$, $\\gamma\n", + " K^\\pm K^0_S \\pi^\\mp$ (with $K^0_S\\to\\pi^+\\pi^-$), $\\gamma \\phi\\phi$ (with\n", + " $\\phi\\to K^+K^-$) and $\\gamma p\\bar{p}$. From a combined fit of all five\n", + " channels, we determine the mass and full-width of $\\eta_c$ to be\n", + " $m_{\\eta_c}=2977.5\\pm1.0 ({stat.})\\pm1.2 ({syst.})$ MeV/$c^2$ and\n", + " $\\Gamma_{\\eta_c} = 17.0\\pm3.7 ({stat.})\\pm7.4 ({syst.})$ MeV/$c^2$.,\n", + " A large number of observables can be constructed from differential decay rate\n", + " based on the polarization of final state while considering decay of a neutral\n", + " meson $(P^0 \\text{ or } \\bar P^0)$ to two vector particles. But all of these\n", + " observables are not independent to each other since there are only a few\n", + " independent theoretical parameters controlling the whole dynamics and therefore\n", + " various relations among observables emerge. In this paper, we have studied the\n", + " behaviour of observables for neutral meson decaying to two vectors in presence\n", + " of T and CPT violations in mixing accompanied by both direct and indirect CP\n", + " violations. We have expressed all of the fourteen unknown theoretical\n", + " parameters for this scenario in terms observables only and constructed the\n", + " complete set of thirty four relations among observables whose violation would\n", + " signify the existence of some new Physics involving direct violation of CPT. In\n", + " addition, using this formalism we have studied three special cases too: a) SM\n", + " scenario, b) SM plus direct CP violation c) SM plus T and CPT violation in\n", + " mixing.,\n", + " The current best approximation algorithms for $k$-median rely on first\n", + " obtaining a structured fractional solution known as a bi-point solution, and\n", + " then rounding it to an integer solution. We improve this second step by\n", + " unifying and refining previous approaches. We describe a hierarchy of\n", + " increasingly-complex partitioning schemes for the facilities, along with\n", + " corresponding sets of algorithms and factor-revealing non-linear programs. We\n", + " prove that the third layer of this hierarchy is a $2.613$-approximation,\n", + " improving upon the current best ratio of $2.675$, while no layer can be proved\n", + " better than $2.588$ under the proposed analysis.\n", + " On the negative side, we give a family of bi-point solutions which cannot be\n", + " approximated better than the square root of the golden ratio, even if allowed\n", + " to open $k+o(k)$ facilities. This gives a barrier to current approaches for\n", + " obtaining an approximation better than $2 \\sqrt{\\phi} \\approx 2.544$.\n", + " Altogether we reduce the approximation gap of bi-point solutions by two thirds.,\n", + " A critical challenge for modern system design is meeting the overwhelming\n", + " performance, storage, and communication bandwidth demand of emerging\n", + " applications within a tightly bound power budget. As both the time and power,\n", + " hence the energy, spent in data communication by far exceeds the energy spent\n", + " in actual data generation (i.e., computation), (re)computing data can easily\n", + " become cheaper than storing and retrieving (pre)computed data. Therefore,\n", + " trading computation for communication can improve energy efficiency by\n", + " minimizing the energy overhead incurred by data storage, retrieval, and\n", + " communication. This paper hence provides a taxonomy for the computation vs.\n", + " communication trade-off along with quantitative characterization.,\n", + " These are the proceedings of the Data For Good Exchange 2017, which was held\n", + " in New York, NY, on September 24th 2017.,\n", + " An analytic formula is proposed to characterize the variance propagation from\n", + " correlated input variables to the model response, by using multi-variate Taylor\n", + " series. With the formula, partial variance contributions to the model response\n", + " are then straightforwardly evaluated in the presence of input correlations.\n", + " Additionally, an arbitrary variable is represented as the sum of independent\n", + " and correlated parts. Universal expressions of the coefficients that specify\n", + " the correlated and independent sections of a single variable are derived by\n", + " employing linear correlation model. Based on the coefficients, it is nature to\n", + " quantify the independent, correlated and coupling contributions to the total\n", + " variance of model response. Numerical examples suggest the effectiveness and\n", + " validation of our analytic framework for general models. A practical\n", + " application of the analytic framework is also proposed to the sensitivity\n", + " analysis of a deterministic HIV model.,\n", + " JWST/MIRI imaging of the nearby galaxies IC 5332, NGC 628, NGC 1365 and NGC\n", + " 7496 from PHANGS reveals a richness of gas structures that in each case form a\n", + " quasi-regular network of interconnected filaments, shells and voids. We examine\n", + " whether this multi-scale network of structure is consistent with the\n", + " fragmentation of the gas disk through gravitational instability. We use\n", + " FilFinder to detect the web of filamentary features in each galaxy and\n", + " determine their characteristic radial and azimuthal spacings. These spacings\n", + " are then compared to estimates of the most Toomre-unstable length (a few kpc),\n", + " the turbulent Jeans length (a few hundred pc) and the disk scale height (tens\n", + " of pc) reconstructed using PHANGS-ALMA observations of the molecular gas as a\n", + " dynamical tracer. Our analysis of the four galaxies targeted in this work\n", + " indicates that Jeans-scale structure is pervasive. Future work will be\n", + " essential for determining how the structure observed in gas disks impacts not\n", + " only the rate and location of star formation but also how stellar feedback\n", + " interacts positively or negatively with the surrounding multi-phase gas\n", + " reservoir.,\n", + " We construct firstly the complete list of five quantum deformations of $D=4$\n", + " complex homogeneous orthogonal Lie algebra $\\mathfrak{o}(4;\\mathbb{C})\\cong\n", + " \\mathfrak{o}(3;\\mathbb{C})\\oplus \\mathfrak{o}(3;\\mathbb{C})$, describing\n", + " quantum rotational symmetry of four-dimensional complex space-time, in\n", + " particular we provide the corresponding universal quantum $R$-matrices. Further\n", + " applying four possible reality conditions we obtain all sixteen Hopf-algebraic\n", + " quantum deformations for the real forms of $\\mathfrak{o}(4;\\mathbb{C})$:\n", + " Euclidean $\\mathfrak{o}(4)$, Lorentz $\\mathfrak{o}(3,1)$, Kleinian\n", + " $\\mathfrak{o}(2,2)$ and quaternionic $\\mathfrak{o}^{\\star}(4)$. For\n", + " $\\mathfrak{o}(3,1)$ we only recall well-known results obtained previously by\n", + " the authors, but for other real Lie algebras (Euclidean, Kleinian,\n", + " quaternionic) as well as for the complex Lie algebra\n", + " $\\mathfrak{o}(4;\\mathbb{C})$ we present new results.,\n", + " Making use of 36 pb^-1 of proton-proton collision data at sqrt{s} = 7 TeV,\n", + " the ATLAS Collaboration has performed a search for diphoton events with large\n", + " missing transverse energy. Observing no excess of events above the Standard\n", + " Model prediction, a 95% Confidence Level (CL) upper limit is set on the cross\n", + " section for new physics of sigma < 0.38 - 0.65 pb in the context of a\n", + " generalised model of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking (GGM) with a\n", + " bino-like lightest neutralino, and of sigma < 0.18 - 0.23 pb in the context of\n", + " a specific model with one universal extra dimension (UED). A 95 % CL lower\n", + " limit of 560 GeV, for bino masses above 50 GeV, is set on the GGM gluino mass,\n", + " while a lower limit of 1/R > 961 GeV is set on the UED compactification radius\n", + " R. These limits provide the most stringent tests of these models to date.,\n", + " The status of the present precision measurements of electroweak observables\n", + " is reviewed with specific reference to the radiative parameters $S,T,U$ or\n", + " equivalently $\\epsilon_1,\\epsilon_2,\\epsilon_3$. The significance of the\n", + " obliqueness hypothesis is underlined and the importance of the ``local fit''\n", + " method of extracting these parameters from the data is emphasized. Possible new\n", + " physics implications are briefly touched upon.,\n", + " Shock-wave profiles of sapphire (single-crystal Al2O3) with seven\n", + " crystallographic orientations were measured with time-resolved VISAR\n", + " interferometry at shock stresses in the range 16 to 86 GPa. Shock propagation\n", + " was normal to the surface of each cut. The angle between the c-axis of the\n", + " hexagonal crystal structure and the direction of shock propagation varied from\n", + " 0 for c-cut up to 90 degrees for m-cut in the basal plane. Based on published\n", + " shock-induced transparencies, shock-induced optical transparency correlates\n", + " with the smoothness of the shock-wave profile. The ultimate goal was to find\n", + " the direction of shock propagation in sapphire that is most transparent as a\n", + " window. Particle velocity histories were recorded at the interface between a\n", + " sapphire crystal and a LiF window. In most cases measured wave profiles are\n", + " noisy as a result of heterogeneity of deformation. Measured values of Hugoniot\n", + " Elastic Limits (HELs) depend on direction of shock compression and peak shock\n", + " stress. The largest HEL values were recorded for shock loading along the c-axis\n", + " and perpendicular to c along the m-direction. Shock compression along the m-\n", + " and s-directions is accompanied by the smallest heterogeneity of deformation\n", + " and the smallest rise time of the plastic shock wave. m- and s-cut sapphire\n", + " most closely approach ideal elastic-plastic flow, which suggests that m- and\n", + " s-cut sapphire are probably the orientations that remains most transparent to\n", + " highest shock pressures. Under purely elastic deformation sapphire has very\n", + " high spall strength, which depends on load duration and peak stress. Plastic\n", + " deformation of sapphire causes loss of its tensile strength.,\n", + " We explore the thermodynamics and phase structure of the Polyakov\n", + " loop-extended two flavor chiral quark--meson (PQM) model beyond the mean-field\n", + " approximation at imaginary chemical potential. Our approach is based on the\n", + " functional renormalization group (FRG) method. At finite temperature and\n", + " imaginary chemical potential, we solve the renormalization group flow equation\n", + " for a scale-dependent thermodynamic potential in the presence of the gluonic\n", + " background field. We determine behavior of order parameters of the PQM model in\n", + " the FRG approach and compute the phase diagram. We compare our FRG results with\n", + " that obtained in the mean-field approximation at imaginary chemical potential.,\n", + " Let $G=(V,E)$ be a complete $n$-vertex graph with distinct positive edge\n", + " weights. We prove that for $k\\in\\{1,2,...,n-1\\}$, the set consisting of the\n", + " edges of all minimum spanning trees (MSTs) over induced subgraphs of $G$ with\n", + " $n-k+1$ vertices has at most $nk-\\binom{k+1}{2}$ elements. This proves a\n", + " conjecture of Goemans and Vondrak \\cite{GV2005}. We also show that the result\n", + " is a generalization of Mader's Theorem, which bounds the number of edges in any\n", + " edge-minimal $k$-connected graph.,\n", + " In the first paper of this two part communication, we solved in a unified\n", + " framework a variety of two terminal source coding problems with noncooperative\n", + " encoders, thereby consolidating works of Shannon, Slepian-Wolf, Wyner,\n", + " Ahlswede-K\\\"{o}rner, Wyner-Ziv, Berger {\\em et al.} and Berger-Yeung. To\n", + " achieve such unification we made use of a fundamental principle that\n", + " dissociates bulk of the analysis from the distortion criterion at hand (if any)\n", + " and extends the typicality arguments of Shannon and Wyner-Ziv. In this second\n", + " paper, we generalize the fundamental principle for any number of sources and on\n", + " its basis exhaustively solve all multiterminal source coding problems with\n", + " noncooperative encoders and one decoder. The distortion criteria, when\n", + " applicable, are required to apply to single letters and be bounded. Our\n", + " analysis includes cases where side information is, respectively, partially\n", + " available, completely available and altogether unavailable at the decoder. As\n", + " seen in our first paper, the achievable regions permit infinite order\n", + " information-theoretic descriptions. We also show that the entropy-constrained\n", + " multiterminal estimation problem can be solved as a special case of our theory.,\n", + " Ultra-diffuse galaxies have generated significant interest due to their large\n", + " optical extents and low optical surface brightnesses, which challenge galaxy\n", + " formation models. Here we present resolved synthesis observations of 12\n", + " HI-bearing ultra-diffuse galaxies (HUDs) from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large\n", + " Array (VLA), as well as deep optical imaging from the WIYN 3.5-meter telescope\n", + " at Kitt Peak National Observatory. We present the data processing and images,\n", + " including total intensity HI maps and HI velocity fields. The HUDs show ordered\n", + " gas distributions and evidence of rotation, important prerequisites for the\n", + " detailed kinematic models in Mancera Pi\\~na et al. (2019b). We compare the HI\n", + " and stellar alignment and extent, and find the HI extends beyond the already\n", + " extended stellar component and that the HI disk is often misaligned with\n", + " respect to the stellar one, emphasizing the importance of caution when\n", + " approaching inclination measurements for these extreme sources. We explore the\n", + " HI mass-diameter scaling relation, and find that although the HUDs have diffuse\n", + " stellar populations, they fall along the relation, with typical global HI\n", + " surface densities. This resolved sample forms an important basis for more\n", + " detailed study of the HI distribution in this extreme extragalactic population.,\n", + " It is shown that at least 50% of the probability mass of a sum of independent\n", + " Rademacher random variables is within one standard deviation from its mean.\n", + " This lower bound is sharp, it is much better than for instance the bound that\n", + " can be obtained from application of the Chebishev inequality and the bound will\n", + " have nice applications in finite sampling theory and in random walk theory.\n", + " This old conjecture is of interest in itself, but has also an appealing\n", + " reformulation in probability theory and in geometry.,\n", + " In this paper, we present a GNN-based Line Segment Parser (GLSP), which uses\n", + " a junction heatmap to predict line segments' endpoints, and graph neural\n", + " networks to extract line segments and their categories. Different from previous\n", + " floor plan recognition methods, which rely on semantic segmentation, our\n", + " proposed method is able to output vectorized line segment and requires less\n", + " post-processing steps to be put into practical use. Our experiments show that\n", + " the methods outperform state-of-the-art line segment detection models on\n", + " multi-class line segment detection tasks with floor plan images. In the paper,\n", + " we use our floor plan dataset named Large-scale Residential Floor Plan data\n", + " (LRFP). The dataset contains a total of 271,035 floor plan images. The label\n", + " corresponding to each picture contains the scale information, the categories\n", + " and outlines of rooms, and the endpoint positions of line segments such as\n", + " doors, windows, and walls. Our augmentation method makes the dataset adaptable\n", + " to the drawing styles of as many countries and regions as possible.,\n", + " The capacity regions of multiple-input multiple-output Gaussian\n", + " Z-interference channels are established for the very strong interference and\n", + " aligned strong interference cases. The sum-rate capacity of such channels is\n", + " established under noisy interference. These results generalize known results\n", + " for scalar Gaussian Z-interference channels.,\n", + " We present a new efficient method for approximate search in electronic\n", + " lexica. Given an input string (the pattern) and a similarity threshold, the\n", + " algorithm retrieves all entries of the lexicon that are sufficiently similar to\n", + " the pattern. Search is organized in subsearches that always start with an exact\n", + " partial match where a substring of the input pattern is aligned with a\n", + " substring of a lexicon word. Afterwards this partial match is extended stepwise\n", + " to larger substrings. For aligning further parts of the pattern with\n", + " corresponding parts of lexicon entries, more errors are tolerated at each\n", + " subsequent step. For supporting this alignment order, which may start at any\n", + " part of the pattern, the lexicon is represented as a structure that enables\n", + " immediate access to any substring of a lexicon word and permits the extension\n", + " of such substrings in both directions. Experimental evaluations of the\n", + " approximate search procedure are given that show significant efficiency\n", + " improvements compared to existing techniques. Since the technique can be used\n", + " for large error bounds it offers interesting possibilities for approximate\n", + " search in special collections of \"long\" strings, such as phrases, sentences, or\n", + " book ti,\n", + " The anomalous dimension of the lattice London superconductor is determined\n", + " from finite size scaling of the susceptibility to be \\eta_\\phi = -0.79(1).\n", + " Indirect determinations of \\eta_\\phi from properties of the vortex loops in the\n", + " 3D XY model are also attempted, but it is found that the results are sensitive\n", + " to details in the simulations related to vortex loop intersections. It is\n", + " suggested that the same value of \\eta_\\phi can at most be obtained from vortex\n", + " loop properties in the limit of low vortex density.,\n", + " We investigate the interplay between properties of Ext modules and ascent of\n", + " module structures along local ring homomorphisms. Specifically, let f: (R,m,k)\n", + " -> (S,mS,k) be a flat local ring homomorphism. We show that if M is a finitely\n", + " generated R-module such that Ext^i(S,M) satisfies NAK (e.g. if Ext^i(S,M) is\n", + " finitely generated over S) for i=1,...,dim_R(M), then Ext^i(S,M)=0 for all\n", + " i\\neq 0 and M has an S-module structure that is compatible with its R-module\n", + " structure via f. We provide explicit computations of Ext^1(S,M) to indicate how\n", + " large it can be when M does not have a compatible S-module structure.,\n", + " ThFeAsN$_{1-x}$O$_x$ ($0\\leq x\\leq0.6$) system with heavy electron doping has\n", + " been studied by the measurements of X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity,\n", + " magnetic susceptibility and specific heat. The non-doped compound exhibits\n", + " superconductivity at $T_\\mathrm{c}^\\mathrm{onset}=30$ K, which is possibly due\n", + " to an internal uniaxial chemical pressure that is manifested by the extremely\n", + " small value of As height with respect to the Fe plane. With the oxygen\n", + " substitution, the $T_\\mathrm{c}$ value decreases rapidly to below 2 K for\n", + " $0.1\\leq x\\leq0.2$, and surprisingly, superconductivity re-appears in the range\n", + " of $0.25\\leq x\\leq0.5$ with a maximum $T_\\mathrm{c}^\\mathrm{onset}$ of 17.5 K\n", + " at $x=0.3$. For the normal-state resistivity, while the samples in intermediate\n", + " non-superconducting interval exhibit Fermi liquid behavior, those in other\n", + " regions show a non-Fermi-liquid behavior. The specific heat jump for the\n", + " superconducting sample of $x=0.4$ is $\\Delta C/(\\gamma T_\\mathrm{c})=0.89$,\n", + " which is discussed in terms of anisotropic superconducting gap. The peculiar\n", + " phase diagram in ThFeAsN$_{1-x}$O$_x$ presents additional ingredients for\n", + " understanding the superconducting mechanism in iron-based superconductors.,\n", + " We introduce the notion of a quadri-bialgebra, which gives a bialgebra theory\n", + " for the quadri-algebra introduced by Aguiar and Loday. We show that a\n", + " quadri-bialgebra is equivalent to a Manin triple of dendriform algebras\n", + " associated to a nondegenerate 2-cocycle, and to a Manin triple of\n", + " quadri-algebras associated to a nondegenerate invariant bilinear form.\n", + " Quadri-bialgebras also come from a variation of the classical Yang-Baxter\n", + " equation, called the $Q$-equations. Moreover, quadri-bialgebras fit into the\n", + " framework of construction of Rota-Baxter operators and Nijenhuis operators on\n", + " the double spaces of quadri-algebras.,\n", + " We introduce and analyze a system of two coupled partial differential\n", + " equations with external noise. The equations are constructed to model\n", + " transitions of monovalent metallic nanowires with non-axisymmetric intermediate\n", + " or end states, but also have more general applicability. They provide a rare\n", + " example of a system for which an exact solution of nonuniform stationary states\n", + " can be found. We find a transition in activation behavior as the interval\n", + " length on which the fields are defined is varied. We discuss several\n", + " applications to physical problems.,\n", + " We establish a link between quantum mechanical molecular simulations and the\n", + " transfer matrix of a molecule. The transfer matrix (T-matrix) of an object\n", + " provides a complete description of its electromagnetic response. Once the\n", + " T-matrices of the individual components of an ensemble are known, the\n", + " electromagnetic response of the ensemble can be efficiently computed. This\n", + " holds for arbitrary arrangements of large number of molecules, as well as for\n", + " periodic arrays. We provide T-matrix based formulas for computing traditional\n", + " chiro-optical properties like Circular Dichroism and Oriented Circular\n", + " Dichroism, and also for quantifying electromagnetic duality and electromagnetic\n", + " chirality, two properties that are fundamentally related to chiral\n", + " interactions, and also technologically relevant. The formulas are valid for\n", + " light-matter interactions of arbitrary high multipolar orders. We exemplify our\n", + " approach by first computing the T-matrix of a cross-like arrangement of four\n", + " copies of a chiral molecule from the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory\n", + " simulation data of the individual molecule, and then computing the\n", + " aforementioned electromagnetic properties of both the cross and the individual\n", + " molecule. The link that we establish is a necessary step towards obtaining\n", + " T-matrix based constitutive relations of general bulk molecular materials from\n", + " quantum mechanical simulations of their molecular constituents.,\n", + " In this note we compare the randomized extended Kaczmarz (EK) algorithm and\n", + " randomized coordinate descent (CD) for solving the full-rank overdetermined\n", + " linear least-squares problem and prove that CD needs less operations for\n", + " satisfying the same residual-related termination criteria. For the general\n", + " least-squares problems, we show that running first CD to compute the residual\n", + " and then standard Kaczmarz on the resulting consistent system is more efficient\n", + " than EK.,\n", + " Based on a discussion of the concepts of temperature, passivity and\n", + " efficiency in the framework of quantum field theory, the physical\n", + " interpretation of the Unruh effect is reviewed PACS: 03.70.+k, 04.70.Dy,\n", + " In this paper we characterise univariate rational functions over a number\n", + " field $\\K$ having infinitely many points in the cyclotomic closure $\\K^c$ for\n", + " which the orbit contains a root of unity. Our results are similar to previous\n", + " results of Dvornicich and Zannier describing all polynomials having infinitely\n", + " many preperiodic points in $\\K^c$.,\n", + " In this Letter, we present the first non-contact atomic force microscopy\n", + " (nc-AFM) of a silicene on silver (Ag) surface, obtained by combining\n", + " non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy\n", + " (STM). STM images over large areas of silicene grown on Ag(111) surface show\n", + " both (sqrt13xsqrt13)R13.9{\\deg} and (4x4) superstructures. For the widely\n", + " observed (4x4) structure, the nc-AFM topography shows an atomic-scale contrast\n", + " inversion as the tip-surface distance is decreased. At the shortest tip-surface\n", + " distance, the nc-AFM topography is very similar to the STM one. The observed\n", + " structure in the nc-AFM topography is compatible with only one out of two\n", + " silicon atoms being visible. This indicates unambiguously a strong buckling of\n", + " the silicene honeycomb layer.,\n", + " We elucidate the multi-particle transport of pair- and spin-tunnelings in\n", + " strongly correlated interfaces. Not only usual single-particle tunneling but\n", + " also interaction-induced multi-particle tunneling processes naturally arise\n", + " from a conventional microscopic model without any empirical parameters, through\n", + " the overlap of the many-body wave functions around the interface. We\n", + " demonstrate how anomalous tunneling currents occur in a strongly interacting\n", + " system due to the pair-tunneling process which we derived microscopically. Our\n", + " formulation is useful for junction systems in various disciplines, including\n", + " atomtronics, spintronics, and nuclear reactions.,\n", + " Carrier thermalization in a superlattice solar cell made of polar\n", + " semiconductors is studied theoretically by considering a minimal model where\n", + " electron-phonon scattering is the principal channel of carrier energy loss.\n", + " Importantly, the effect of an intrinsic quantum mechanical property; the phonon\n", + " coherence, on carrier thermalization is investigated, within semiclassical\n", + " picture in terms of phonon wave packet. It turns out that coherent longitudinal\n", + " optical (LO) phonons weaken the effective electron-phonon coupling, thus\n", + " supposedly lowering the carrier energy loss rate in solar cell. The resulting\n", + " thermalization power is indeed significantly reduced by the coherent phonons,\n", + " resulting in enhanced hot carrier effect, particularly for thin enough well\n", + " layer where carrier confinement is also strong. A recent experiment on\n", + " superlattice solar cell prototype is shown to manifest the coherent\n", + " phonons-driven phenomenon. Our results demonstrate the practical implications\n", + " of the fundamental quantum coherence property of phonons in semiconductors for\n", + " improving superlattice solar cell performance, via hot carrier effect.,\n", + " Autonomous computations that rely on automated reaction network elucidation\n", + " algorithms may pave the way to make computational catalysis on a par with\n", + " experimental research in the field. Several advantages of this approach are key\n", + " to catalysis: (i) Automation allows one to consider orders of magnitude more\n", + " structures in a systematic and open-ended fashion than what would be accessible\n", + " by manual inspection. Eventually, full resolution in terms of structural\n", + " varieties and conformations as well as with respect to the type and number of\n", + " potentially important elementary reaction steps (including decomposition\n", + " reactions that determine turnover numbers) may be achieved. (ii) Fast\n", + " electronic structure methods with uncertainty quantification warrant high\n", + " efficiency and reliability in order to not only deliver results quickly, but\n", + " also to allow for predictive work. (iii) A high degree of autonomy reduces the\n", + " amount of manual human work, processing errors, and human bias. Although being\n", + " inherently unbiased, it is still steerable with respect to specific regions of\n", + " an emerging network and with respect to the addition of new reactant species.\n", + " This allows for a high fidelity of the formalization of some catalytic process\n", + " and for surprising in silico discoveries. In this work, we first review the\n", + " state of the art in computational catalysis to embed autonomous explorations\n", + " into the general field from which it draws its ingredients. We then elaborate\n", + " on the specific conceptual issues that arise in the context of autonomous\n", + " computational procedures, some of which we discuss at an example catalytic\n", + " system.,\n", + " We use HST/ACS to study the resolved stellar populations of the nearby,\n", + " nearly edge-on galaxy NGC4244 across its outer disk surface density break. The\n", + " stellar photometry allows us to study the distribution of different stellar\n", + " populations and reach very low equivalent surface brightnesses. We find that\n", + " the break occurs at the same radius for young, intermediate age, and old stars.\n", + " The stellar density beyond the break drops sharply by a factor of at least 600\n", + " in 5 kpc. The break occurs at the same radius independent of height above the\n", + " disk, but is sharpest in the midplane and nearly disappears at large heights.\n", + " These results make it unlikely that truncations are caused by a star formation\n", + " threshold alone: the threshold would have to keep the same radial position from\n", + " less than 100 Myr to 10 Gyr ago, in spite of potential disturbances such as\n", + " infall and redistribution of gas by internal processes. A dynamical\n", + " interpretation of truncation formation is more likely such as due to angular\n", + " momentum redistribution by bars or density waves, or heating and stripping of\n", + " stars caused by the bombardment of dark matter sub-halos. The latter\n", + " explanation is also in quantitative agreement with the small diffuse component\n", + " we see around the galaxy.,\n", + " We reformulate the Hamilton-Jacobi tunneling method for calculating Hawking\n", + " radiation in static, spherically-symmetric spacetimes by explicitly\n", + " incorporating a preferred family of frames. These frames correspond to a family\n", + " of observers tied to a locally static timelike Killing vector of the spacetime.\n", + " This formulation separates the role of the coordinates from the choice of\n", + " vacuum and thus provides a coordinate-independent formulation of the tunneling\n", + " method. In addition, it clarifies the nature of certain constants and their\n", + " relation to these preferred observers in the calculation of horizon\n", + " temperatures. We first use this formalism to obtain the expected temperature\n", + " for a static observer at finite radius in the Schwarzschild spacetime. We then\n", + " apply this formalism to the Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime, where there is\n", + " no static observer with 4-velocity equal to the static timelike Killing vector.\n", + " It is shown that a preferred static observer, one whose trajectory is geodesic,\n", + " measures the lowest temperature from each horizon. Furthermore, this observer\n", + " measures horizon temperatures corresponding to the well-known Bousso-Hawking\n", + " normalization.,\n", + " Recent work has shown that the z~2.5 Lyman-alpha forest on large scales\n", + " encodes information about the galaxy and quasar populations that keep the\n", + " intergalactic medium photoionized. We present the first forecasts for\n", + " constraining the populations with data from current and next-generation\n", + " surveys. At a minimum the forest should tell us whether galaxies or,\n", + " conversely, quasars dominate the photon production. The number density and\n", + " clustering strength of the ionising sources might be estimated to sub-10%\n", + " precision with a DESI-like survey if degeneracies (e.g., with the photon\n", + " mean-free-path, small-scale clustering power normalization and potentially\n", + " other astrophysical effects) can be broken by prior information. We demonstrate\n", + " that, when inhomogeneous ionisation is correctly handled, constraints on dark\n", + " energy do not degrade.,\n", + " Unveiling numerical trends among either atomic or equivalent weights that\n", + " somehow preserved resemblances among elements was frequent in the 1860s.\n", + " Standing out from the crowd, Meyer and Mendeleev went beyond numerical\n", + " relationships, certainly motivated by a pedagogical aim. Both were after a\n", + " system synthesizing the chemical knowledge of their times in an appealing way\n", + " to be presented to chemistry students. Is it still the periodic system aiming\n", + " at that? Is it really a map of the current chemistry landscape? Solving these\n", + " questions entails addressing others such as: what is the periodic system? If it\n", + " is about chemical elements, do we really know what a chemical element is? Is\n", + " the system unique? How was and how is currently built up? Is it actually used\n", + " to conduct chemical research? A suitable tool for chemical predictions? Or is\n", + " it just a mnemotechnic for fancy trends? Does it have a limit, or multiple\n", + " ones, instead? Let us try to address these questions and let us begin by\n", + " analysing the concept of chemical element.,\n", + " We study the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation on the infinite line with initial\n", + " conditions having arbitrarily large limits $\\pm Y$ at $x=\\pm\\infty$. We show\n", + " that the solutions have the same limits for all positive times. This implies\n", + " that an attractor for this equation cannot be defined in $L^\\infty$. To prove\n", + " this, we consider profiles with limits at $x=\\pm\\infty$, and show that initial\n", + " conditions $L^2$-close to such profiles lead to solutions which remain\n", + " $L^2$-close to the profile for all times. Furthermore, the difference between\n", + " these solutions and the initial profile tends to 0 as $x\\to\\pm\\infty$, for any\n", + " fixed time $t>0$. Analogous results hold for $L^2$-neighborhoods of periodic\n", + " stationary solutions. This implies that profiles and periodic stationary\n", + " solutions partition the phase space into mutually unattainable regions.,\n", + " Thermal fluctuations for a massive scalar field in the Rindler wedge are\n", + " obtained by applying the point-splitting procedure to the zero temperature\n", + " Feynman propagator in a conical spacetime. Renormalization is implemented by\n", + " removing the zero temperature contribution. It is shown that for a field of non\n", + " vanishing mass the thermal fluctuations, when expressed in terms of the local\n", + " temperature, do not have Minkowski form. As a by product, Minkowski vacuum\n", + " fluctuations seen by an uniformly accelerated observer are determined and\n", + " confronted with the literature.,\n", + " Machine Learning (ML) models are often complex and difficult to interpret due\n", + " to their 'black-box' characteristics. Interpretability of a ML model is usually\n", + " defined as the degree to which a human can understand the cause of decisions\n", + " reached by a ML model. Interpretability is of extremely high importance in many\n", + " fields of healthcare due to high levels of risk related to decisions based on\n", + " ML models. Calibration of the ML model outputs is another issue often\n", + " overlooked in the application of ML models in practice. This paper represents\n", + " an early work in examination of prediction model calibration impact on the\n", + " interpretability of the results. We present a use case of a patient in diabetes\n", + " screening prediction scenario and visualize results using three different\n", + " techniques to demonstrate the differences between calibrated and uncalibrated\n", + " regularized regression model.,\n", + " Large-scale machine learning and data mining applications require computer\n", + " systems to perform massive matrix-vector and matrix-matrix multiplication\n", + " operations that need to be parallelized across multiple nodes. The presence of\n", + " straggling nodes -- computing nodes that unpredictably slowdown or fail -- is a\n", + " major bottleneck in such distributed computations. Ideal load balancing\n", + " strategies that dynamically allocate more tasks to faster nodes require\n", + " knowledge or monitoring of node speeds as well as the ability to quickly move\n", + " data. Recently proposed fixed-rate erasure coding strategies can handle\n", + " unpredictable node slowdown, but they ignore partial work done by straggling\n", + " nodes thus resulting in a lot of redundant computation. We propose a\n", + " \\emph{rateless fountain coding} strategy that achieves the best of both worlds\n", + " -- we prove that its latency is asymptotically equal to ideal load balancing,\n", + " and it performs asymptotically zero redundant computations. Our idea is to\n", + " create linear combinations of the $m$ rows of the matrix and assign these\n", + " encoded rows to different worker nodes. The original matrix-vector product can\n", + " be decoded as soon as slightly more than $m$ row-vector products are\n", + " collectively finished by the nodes. We conduct experiments in three computing\n", + " environments: local parallel computing, Amazon EC2, and Amazon Lambda, which\n", + " show that rateless coding gives as much as $3\\times$ speed-up over uncoded\n", + " schemes.,\n", + " Using a Correlation-OTDR, we characterized the temperature-induced group\n", + " delay variations of two nested antiresonant nodeless hollow core fibers. The\n", + " temperature sensitivity of both is substantially less than for SSMF with some\n", + " dependency on coating type.,\n", + " Despite the abundance of Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR), its\n", + " heterogeneity restricts the utilization of medical data in building predictive\n", + " models. To address this challenge, we propose Universal Healthcare Predictive\n", + " Framework (UniHPF), which requires no medical domain knowledge and minimal\n", + " pre-processing for multiple prediction tasks. Experimental results demonstrate\n", + " that UniHPF is capable of building large-scale EHR models that can process any\n", + " form of medical data from distinct EHR systems. We believe that our findings\n", + " can provide helpful insights for further research on the multi-source learning\n", + " of EHRs.,\n", + " Testbeds are essential for experimental evaluation as well as for product\n", + " development. In the context of LTE networks, existing testbed platforms are\n", + " limited either in functionality and/or extensibility or are too complex to\n", + " modify and customise. In this work we present srsLTE, an open-source platform\n", + " for LTE experimentation designed for maximum modularity and code reuse and\n", + " fully compliant with LTE Release 8. We show the potential of the srsLTE library\n", + " by extending the baseline code to allow LTE transmissions in the unlicensed\n", + " bands and coexistence with WiFi. We also expand previous results on this\n", + " emerging research area by showing how different vendor-specific mechanisms in\n", + " WiFi cards might affect coexistence.,\n", + " Convolutional neural networks have made significant progresses in edge\n", + " detection by progressively exploring the context and semantic features.\n", + " However, local details are gradually suppressed with the enlarging of receptive\n", + " fields. Recently, vision transformer has shown excellent capability in\n", + " capturing long-range dependencies. Inspired by this, we propose a novel\n", + " transformer-based edge detector, \\emph{Edge Detection TransformER (EDTER)}, to\n", + " extract clear and crisp object boundaries and meaningful edges by exploiting\n", + " the full image context information and detailed local cues simultaneously.\n", + " EDTER works in two stages. In Stage I, a global transformer encoder is used to\n", + " capture long-range global context on coarse-grained image patches. Then in\n", + " Stage II, a local transformer encoder works on fine-grained patches to excavate\n", + " the short-range local cues. Each transformer encoder is followed by an\n", + " elaborately designed Bi-directional Multi-Level Aggregation decoder to achieve\n", + " high-resolution features. Finally, the global context and local cues are\n", + " combined by a Feature Fusion Module and fed into a decision head for edge\n", + " prediction. Extensive experiments on BSDS500, NYUDv2, and Multicue demonstrate\n", + " the superiority of EDTER in comparison with state-of-the-arts.,\n", + " In a recent paper we studied the behavior of the pairing gaps $\\Delta_F$ as a\n", + " function of the Fermi momentum $k_F$ for neutron and nuclear matter in all\n", + " relevant angular momentum channels where superfluidity is believed to naturally\n", + " emerge. The calculations employed realistic chiral nucleon-nucleon potentials\n", + " with the inclusion of three-body forces and self-energy effects. In this\n", + " contribution, after a detailed description of the numerical method we employed\n", + " in the solution of the BCS equations, we will show a preliminary analysis of\n", + " the Cooper pair wavefunctions.,\n", + " Motivated by the recent experiment [R. Lopes et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119,\n", + " 190404 (2017)] with a homogeneous Bose gas, we investigate a homogeneous dilute\n", + " Bose gas to calculate the quantum depletion density. By means of the\n", + " Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis effective action approach within an improved\n", + " Hartree-Fock approximation, the condensed fraction is recovered in a simpler\n", + " manner and compared with corresponding findings in experimental data.\n", + " Additionally, higher-order terms are taken into account for several physical\n", + " quantities, in particular for the chemical potential and free energy density.,\n", + " A finite or infinite matrix $A$ is image partition regular provided that\n", + " whenever $\\mathbb N$ is finitely colored, there must be some $\\vec{x}$ with\n", + " entries from $\\mathbb N$ such that all entries of $A\\vec{x}$ are in some color\n", + " class. In [6] and [8], the notion of centrally image partition regular matrices\n", + " were introduced to extend the results of finite image partition regular\n", + " matrices to infinite image partition regular matrices. It was shown that\n", + " centrally image partition regular matrices are closed under diagonal sum. In\n", + " the present paper, we show that the diagonal sum of two matrices, one of which\n", + " comes from the class of all Milliken-Taylor matrices and the other from a\n", + " suitable subclass of the class of all centrally image partition regular\n", + " matrices is also image partition regular. This will produce more image\n", + " partition regular matrices. We also study the multiple structures within one\n", + " cell of a finite partition of $\\mathbb N$ $\\cdot$,\n", + " Recently, several research groups have reported on the observation of\n", + " super-large more than 5% magneto-strain effect in some non-stoichiometric\n", + " Ni-Mn-Ga alloys close to 5.78% value expected from the tetragonality aspect\n", + " ratio of the martensite crystal lattice. New Ni-Mn-Ga alloys showing giant\n", + " magneto-strain effect display simultaneously few interesting physical effects\n", + " and new behavior for some magnetic and mechanical properties which is very\n", + " different from that earlier observed in Ni-Mn-Ga showing lower magneto-strain\n", + " effect. This report represents some new experimental results and the\n", + " quantitative model describing large magneto-strain effect and main mechanical\n", + " and magnetic properties observed in several ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys.\n", + " The model application to giant magneto-strain effect recently found in some\n", + " non-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga alloys is discussed.,\n", + " Anions of the molecules ZnO, O2 and atomic Zn and O constitute mass spectra\n", + " of the species sputtered from pellets of molecular solid of ZnO under Cs+\n", + " irradiation. Their normalized yields are independent of energy of the\n", + " irradiating Cs+. Collision cascades cannot explain the simultaneous sputtering\n", + " of atoms and molecules. We propose that the origin of the molecular\n", + " sublimation, dissociation and subsequent emission is the result of localized\n", + " thermal spikes induced by individual Cs+ ions. The fractal dimension of binary\n", + " collision cascades of atomic recoils in the irradiated ZnO solid increases with\n", + " reduction in the energy of recoils. Upon reaching the collision diameters of\n", + " atomic dimensions, the space-filling fractal-like transition occurs where\n", + " cascades transform into thermal spikes. These localized thermal spikes induce\n", + " sublimation, dissociation and sputtering from the region. The calculated rates\n", + " of the subliming and dissociating species due to localized thermal spikes agree\n", + " well with the experimental results.,\n", + " The scaling of plasmoid instability maximum linear growth rate with respect\n", + " to Lundquist number $S$ in a Sweet-Parker current sheet, $\\gamma_{max}\\sim\n", + " S^{1/4}$, indicates that at high $S$, the current sheet will break apart before\n", + " it approaches the Sweet-Parker width. Therefore, a proper description for the\n", + " onset of the plasmoid instability must incorporate the evolving process of the\n", + " current sheet. We carry out a series of two-dimensional simulations and develop\n", + " diagnostics to separate fluctuations from an evolving background. It is found\n", + " that the fluctuation amplitude starts to grow only when the linear growth rate\n", + " is sufficiently large ($\\gamma_{max}\\tau_{A}>O(1)$) to overcome convective\n", + " losses. The linear growth rate continues to rise until the sizes of plasmoids\n", + " become comparable to the inner layer width of the tearing mode. At this point\n", + " the current sheet is disrupted and the instability enters the early nonlinear\n", + " regime. The growth rate suddenly decreases, but the fluctuation amplitude\n", + " continues to grow until it reaches nonlinear saturation. We identify important\n", + " time scales of the instability development, as well as scalings for the linear\n", + " growth rate, current sheet width, and dominant wavenumber at current sheet\n", + " disruption. These scalings depend on not only the Lundquist number, but also\n", + " the initial noise amplitude. A phenomenological model that reproduces scalings\n", + " from simulation results is proposed. The model incorporates the effect of\n", + " reconnection outflow, which is crucial for yielding a critical Lundquist number\n", + " $S_{c}$ below which disruption does not occur. The critical Lundquist number\n", + " $S_{c}$ is not a constant value but has a weak dependence on the noise\n", + " amplitude.,\n", + " We study the Schr\\\"odinger operators $H_{\\gamma \\lambda \\mu}(K)$, $K\\in\\T$\n", + " being a fixed (quasi)momentum of the particles pair, associated with a system\n", + " of two identical bosons on the one-dimensional lattice $\\mathbb{Z}$, where the\n", + " real quantities $\\gamma$, $\\lambda$ and $\\mu$ describe the interactions between\n", + " pairs of particles on one site, two nearest neighboring sites and next two\n", + " neighboring sites, respectively. We found a partition of the three-dimensional\n", + " space $(\\gamma, \\lambda,\\mu)$ of interaction parameters into connected\n", + " components and the exact number of eigenvalues of this operator that lie below\n", + " and above the essential spectrum, in each component. Moreover, we show that for\n", + " any $K\\in\\T^d$ the number of eigenvalues of $H_{\\gamma\\lambda\\mu}(K)$ is not\n", + " less than the corresponding number of eigenvalues of $H_{\\gamma\\lambda\\mu}(0)$.,\n", + " We study the algebras underlying solvable lattice models of the type fusion\n", + " interaction round the face (IRF). We propose that the algebras are universal,\n", + " depending only on the number of blocks, which is the degree of polynomial\n", + " equation obeyed by the Boltzmann weights. Using the Yang--Baxter equation and\n", + " the ansatz for the Baxterization of the models, we show that the three blocks\n", + " models obey a version of Birman--Murakami--Wenzl (BMW) algebra. For four\n", + " blocks, we conjecture that the algebra is the BMW algebra with a different\n", + " skein relation, along with one additional relation, and we provide evidence for\n", + " this conjecture. We connect these algebras to knot theory by conjecturing new\n", + " link invariants. The link invariants, in the case of four blocks, depend on\n", + " three arbitrary parameters. We check our result for $G_2$ model with the seven\n", + " dimensional representation and for $SU(2)$ with the isospin $3/2$\n", + " representation, which are both four blocks theories.,\n", + " In the era of artificial intelligence, convolutional neural networks (CNNs)\n", + " are emerging as a powerful technique for computational imaging. They have shown\n", + " superior quality for reconstructing fine textures from badly-distorted images\n", + " and have potential to bring next-generation cameras and displays to our daily\n", + " life. However, CNNs demand intensive computing power for generating\n", + " high-resolution videos and defy conventional sparsity techniques when rendering\n", + " dense details. Therefore, finding new possibilities in regular sparsity is\n", + " crucial to enable large-scale deployment of CNN-based computational imaging.\n", + " In this paper, we consider a fundamental but yet well-explored approach --\n", + " algebraic sparsity -- for energy-efficient CNN acceleration. We propose to\n", + " build CNN models based on ring algebra that defines multiplication, addition,\n", + " and non-linearity for n-tuples properly. Then the essential sparsity will\n", + " immediately follow, e.g. n-times reduction for the number of real-valued\n", + " weights. We define and unify several variants of ring algebras into a modeling\n", + " framework, RingCNN, and make comparisons in terms of image quality and hardware\n", + " complexity. On top of that, we further devise a novel ring algebra which\n", + " minimizes complexity with component-wise product and achieves the best quality\n", + " using directional ReLU. Finally, we implement an accelerator, eRingCNN, in two\n", + " settings, n=2 and 4 (50% and 75% sparsity), with 40 nm technology to support\n", + " advanced denoising and super-resolution at up to 4K UHD 30 fps. Layout results\n", + " show that they can deliver equivalent 41 TOPS using 3.76 W and 2.22 W,\n", + " respectively. Compared to the real-valued counterpart, our ring convolution\n", + " engines for n=2 achieve 2.00x energy efficiency and 2.08x area efficiency with\n", + " similar or even better image quality. With n=4, the efficiency gains of energy\n", + " and area are further increased to 3.84x and 3.77x with 0.11 dB drop of PSNR.,\n", + " In this paper, we determine all conformal minimal immersions of 2-spheres in\n", + " complex Grassmann manifold $G(2,N; \\mathbb{C})$ with parallel second\n", + " fundamental form.,\n", + " A forward electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter (FoCal) was proposed as an\n", + " upgrade to the ALICE experiment, to be installed during LS3 for data-taking in\n", + " 2027--2029 at the LHC. The FoCal extends the scope of ALICE, which was designed\n", + " for the comprehensive study of hot and dense partonic matter, by adding new\n", + " capabilities to explore the small-$x$ parton structure of nucleons and nuclei.\n", + " The primary objective of the FoCal is high-precision inclusive measurement of\n", + " direct photons and jets, as well as coincident gamma-jet and jet-jet\n", + " measurements, in pp and p--Pb collisions. These measurements by FoCal\n", + " constitute an essential part of a comprehensive small-$x$ program at the LHC\n", + " down to $x\\sim10^{-6}$ and over a large range of $Q^2$ with a broad array of\n", + " complementary probes, comprising -- in addition to the photon measurements by\n", + " FoCal and LHCb -- Drell-Yan and open charm measurements planned by LHCb, as\n", + " well as photon-induced reactions performed by all LHC experiments.,\n", + " Labeling objects at a subordinate level typically requires expert knowledge,\n", + " which is not always available when using random annotators. As such, learning\n", + " directly from web images for fine-grained recognition has attracted broad\n", + " attention. However, the presence of label noise and hard examples in web images\n", + " are two obstacles for training robust fine-grained recognition models.\n", + " Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel approach for removing irrelevant\n", + " samples from real-world web images during training, while employing useful hard\n", + " examples to update the network. Thus, our approach can alleviate the harmful\n", + " effects of irrelevant noisy web images and hard examples to achieve better\n", + " performance. Extensive experiments on three commonly used fine-grained datasets\n", + " demonstrate that our approach is far superior to current state-of-the-art\n", + " web-supervised methods.,\n", + " A natural process is defined as an act, by which a system organizes itself\n", + " with time. Any natural process drives a system to a state of greater\n", + " organization. Organization is a progressive change, while evolution is\n", + " expressed in the effects of accumulating marks acquired from contingent\n", + " encounters. Co-existence of the system in states of maximum organization as\n", + " well as maximum action forms the core idea of the paper. Major influences have\n", + " been drawn from the Principle of Least Action. This allows us to see how this\n", + " most basic law of physics determines the development of the system towards\n", + " states with less action i.e. organized states. Based on this, it has been\n", + " proposed, that the development of a system towards states of greater\n", + " organization is cyclic in nature and thus evolution is a cyclic process.,\n", + " We construct a new class of positive indecomposable maps in the algebra of 'd\n", + " x d' complex matrices. Each map is uniquely characterized by a cyclic\n", + " bistochastic matrix. This class generalizes a Choi map for d=3. It provides a\n", + " new reach family of indecomposable entanglement witnesses which define\n", + " important tool for investigating quantum entanglement.,\n", + " For La_(1 2/3)Sr_(1/3)NiO_4 -- a commensurately doped Mott-Hubbard system --\n", + " charge- and spin-ordering in a stripe phase has been investigated by phononic\n", + " and magnetic Raman scattering. Formation of a superlattice and an opening of a\n", + " pseudo-gap in the electron-hole excitation spectra as well as two types of\n", + " double-spin excitations -- within the antiferromagnetic domain and across the\n", + " domain wall -- are observed below the charge-ordering transition. The\n", + " temperature dependence suggests that the spin ordering is driven by charge\n", + " ordering and that fluctuating stripes persist above the ordering transition.,\n", + " In this paper, the author constructs a family of algebraic cycles in Bloch's\n", + " cubical cycle complex over the projective line minus three points which are\n", + " expected to correspond to multiple polylogarithms in one variable. Elements in\n", + " this family are in particular equidimensional over the projective line minus\n", + " three points. In weight greater or equal to $2$, they are naturaly extended as\n", + " equidimensional cycle over the affine line. This allows to consider their\n", + " fibers at the point 1 and this is one of the main differences with Gangl,\n", + " Goncharov and Levin work where generic arguments are imposed for cycles\n", + " corresponding to multiple polylogarithms in many variables. Considering the\n", + " fiber at 1 make it possible to think of these cycles as corresponding multiple\n", + " zeta values. After the introduction, the author recalls some properties of\n", + " Bloch's cycle complex, presents the strategy and enlightens the difficulties on\n", + " a few examples. Then a large section is devoted to the combinatorial situation\n", + " which is related to the combinatoric of trivalent trees and to a differential\n", + " on trees already introduced by Gangl Goncharov and Levin. In the last section,\n", + " two families of cycles are constructed as solution to a \"differential system\"\n", + " in Bloch cycle complex. One of this families contains only cycles with empty\n", + " fiber at 0 and should correspond to multiple polylogarithms while the other\n", + " contains only cycles empty at 1. The use of two such families is required in\n", + " order to work with equidimimensional cycles and to insure the admissibility\n", + " condition.,\n", + " This work considers methods for imposing sparsity in Bayesian regression with\n", + " applications in nonlinear system identification. We first review automatic\n", + " relevance determination (ARD) and analytically demonstrate the need to\n", + " additional regularization or thresholding to achieve sparse models. We then\n", + " discuss two classes of methods, regularization based and thresholding based,\n", + " which build on ARD to learn parsimonious solutions to linear problems. In the\n", + " case of orthogonal covariates, we analytically demonstrate favorable\n", + " performance with regards to learning a small set of active terms in a linear\n", + " system with a sparse solution. Several example problems are presented to\n", + " compare the set of proposed methods in terms of advantages and limitations to\n", + " ARD in bases with hundreds of elements. The aim of this paper is to analyze and\n", + " understand the assumptions that lead to several algorithms and to provide\n", + " theoretical and empirical results so that the reader may gain insight and make\n", + " more informed choices regarding sparse Bayesian regression.,\n", + " Collaborative training of neural networks leverages distributed data by\n", + " exchanging gradient information between different clients. Although training\n", + " data entirely resides with the clients, recent work shows that training data\n", + " can be reconstructed from such exchanged gradient information. To enhance\n", + " privacy, gradient perturbation techniques have been proposed. However, they\n", + " come at the cost of reduced model performance, increased convergence time, or\n", + " increased data demand. In this paper, we introduce PRECODE, a PRivacy EnhanCing\n", + " mODulE that can be used as generic extension for arbitrary model architectures.\n", + " We propose a simple yet effective realization of PRECODE using variational\n", + " modeling. The stochastic sampling induced by variational modeling effectively\n", + " prevents privacy leakage from gradients and in turn preserves privacy of data\n", + " owners. We evaluate PRECODE using state of the art gradient inversion attacks\n", + " on two different model architectures trained on three datasets. In contrast to\n", + " commonly used defense mechanisms, we find that our proposed modification\n", + " consistently reduces the attack success rate to 0% while having almost no\n", + " negative impact on model training and final performance. As a result, PRECODE\n", + " reveals a promising path towards privacy enhancing model extensions.,\n", + " Molecular fluids show rich and complicated dynamics close to the glass\n", + " transition. Some of these observations are related to the fact that\n", + " translational and orientational degrees of freedom couple in nontrivial ways. A\n", + " model system which can serve as a paradigm to understand these couplings is a\n", + " system of hard ellipsoids of revolution. To test this we compare at the ideal\n", + " glass transition the static molecular correlators of a linear A-B Lennard-Jones\n", + " molecule obtained from a molecular dynamics simulation with a selected fluid of\n", + " hard ellipsoids for which the static correlators have been obtained using\n", + " Percus-Yevick theory. We also demonstrate that the critical non-ergodicity\n", + " parameters obtained from molecular mode coupling theory for both systems show a\n", + " remarkable similarity at the glass transition, provided the aspect ratio is\n", + " chosen properly. Therefore we conclude that a system of hard ellipsoids can\n", + " indeed be used to understand part of the essential behaviour of such a simple\n", + " molecular system like the A-B Lennard-Jones molecules in the vicinity of the\n", + " ideal glass transition.,\n", + " A group $G$ is called mixed identity-free if for every $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ and\n", + " every $w \\in G \\ast F_n$ there exists a homomorphism $\\varphi: G \\ast F_n\n", + " \\rightarrow G$ such that $\\varphi$ is the identity on $G$ and $\\varphi(w)$ is\n", + " nontrivial. In this paper, we make a modification to the construction of\n", + " elementary amenable lacunary hyperbolic groups given by Ol'shanskii, Osin, and\n", + " Sapir to produce finitely generated elementary amenable groups which are mixed\n", + " identity-free. As a byproduct of this construction, we also obtain locally\n", + " finite $p$-groups which are mixed identity-free.,\n", + " In this work we present kiwiPy, a Python library designed to support robust\n", + " message based communication for high-throughput, big-data, applications while\n", + " being general enough to be useful wherever high-volumes of messages need to be\n", + " communicated in a predictable manner. KiwiPy relies on the RabbitMQ protocol,\n", + " an industry standard message broker, while providing a simple and intuitive\n", + " interface that can be used in both multithreaded and coroutine based\n", + " applications. To demonstrate some of kiwiPy's functionality we give examples\n", + " from AiiDA, a high-throughput simulation platform, where kiwiPy is used as a\n", + " key component of the workflow engine.,\n", + " Inter and intra-cellular signaling are essential for individual cells to\n", + " execute various physiological tasks and accurately respond to changes in their\n", + " environment. Signaling is carried out via diffusible molecules, the transport\n", + " of which is often aided by active processes that provide directional advection.\n", + " How diffusion and advection together impact the accuracy of information\n", + " transmission during cell signaling remains less studied. To this end, we study\n", + " a one-dimensional model of cell signaling and compute the mutual information\n", + " (MI) as a measure of information transmission. We find that the efficacy of the\n", + " information transmission improves with advection only when the system\n", + " parameters result in Peclet number greater than one. Intriguingly, MI exhibits\n", + " nontrivial scaling with the Peclet number, characterized by three distinct\n", + " regimes. We demonstrate that the observed dependence of MI on the transport\n", + " properties of signaling molecules has important consequences on cellular\n", + " communication.,\n", + " For an integer $k \\geq 2$, an ordered $k$-uniform hypergraph\n", + " $\\mathcal{H}=(H,<)$ is a $k$-uniform hypergraph $H$ together with a fixed\n", + " linear ordering $<$ of its vertex set. The ordered Ramsey number\n", + " $\\overline{R}(\\mathcal{H},\\mathcal{G})$ of two ordered $k$-uniform hypergraphs\n", + " $\\mathcal{H}$ and $\\mathcal{G}$ is the smallest $N \\in \\mathbb{N}$ such that\n", + " every red-blue coloring of the hyperedges of the ordered complete $k$-uniform\n", + " hypergraph $\\mathcal{K}^{(k)}_N$ on $N$ vertices contains a blue copy of\n", + " $\\mathcal{H}$ or a red copy of $\\mathcal{G}$.\n", + " The ordered Ramsey numbers are quite extensively studied for ordered graphs,\n", + " but little is known about ordered hypergraphs of higher uniformity. We provide\n", + " some of the first nontrivial estimates on ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered\n", + " 3-uniform hypergraphs. In particular, we prove that for all $d,n \\in\n", + " \\mathbb{N}$ and for every ordered $3$-uniform hypergraph $\\mathcal{H}$ on $n$\n", + " vertices with maximum degree $d$ and with interval chromatic number $3$ there\n", + " is an $\\varepsilon=\\varepsilon(d)>0$ such that\n", + " $$\\overline{R}(\\mathcal{H},\\mathcal{H}) \\leq 2^{O(n^{2-\\varepsilon})}.$$ In\n", + " fact, we prove this upper bound for the number\n", + " $\\overline{R}(\\mathcal{G},\\mathcal{K}^{(3)}_3(n))$, where $\\mathcal{G}$ is an\n", + " ordered 3-uniform hypergraph with $n$ vertices and maximum degree $d$ and\n", + " $\\mathcal{K}^{(3)}_3(n)$ is the ordered complete tripartite hypergraph with\n", + " consecutive color classes of size $n$. We show that this bound is not far from\n", + " the truth by proving $\\overline{R}(\\mathcal{H},\\mathcal{K}^{(3)}_3(n)) \\geq\n", + " 2^{\\Omega(n\\log{n})}$ for some fixed ordered $3$-uniform hypergraph\n", + " $\\mathcal{H}$.,\n", + " Reconstructing system-level behavior from silicon traces is a critical\n", + " problem in post-silicon validation of System-on-Chip designs. Current\n", + " industrial practice in this area is primarily manual, depending on\n", + " collaborative insights of the architects, designers, and validators. This paper\n", + " presents a trace analysis approach that exploits architectural models of the\n", + " system-level protocols to reconstruct design behavior from partially observed\n", + " silicon traces in the presence of ambiguous and noisy data. The output of the\n", + " approach is a set of all potential interpretations of a system's internal\n", + " executions abstracted to the system-level protocols. To support the trace\n", + " analysis approach, a companion trace signal selection framework guided by\n", + " system-level protocols is also presented, and its impacts on the complexity and\n", + " accuracy of the analysis approach are discussed. That approach and the\n", + " framework have been evaluated on a multi-core system-on-chip prototype that\n", + " implements a set of common industrial system-level protocols.,\n", + " The explicit formulas for the sums of positive powers of the integers $s_i$\n", + " unrepresentable by the triple of integers $d_1,d_2,d_3\\in {\\mathbb N},\n", + " \\gcd(d_1,d_2,d_3)=1$, are derived.,\n", + " We present a novel approach to compute the force between a static quark and a\n", + " static antiquark from lattice gauge theory directly, rather than extracting it\n", + " from the static energy. We explore this approach for SU(3) pure gauge theory\n", + " using the multilevel algorithm and smeared operators.,\n", + " An efficient first principles method was developed to calculate spin transfer\n", + " torques in layered system with noncollinear magnetization. The complete\n", + " scattering wave function is determined by matching the wave function in the\n", + " scattering region with the Bloch states in the leads. The spin transfer torques\n", + " are obtained with aid of the scattering wave function. We applied our method to\n", + " the ferromagnetic spin valve and found that the material (Co, Ni and Ni80Fe20)\n", + " dependence of the spin transfer torques could be well understood by the Fermi\n", + " surface. Ni has much longer spin injection penetration length than Co.\n", + " Interfacial disorder is also considered. It is found that the spin transfer\n", + " torques could be enhanced by the interfacial disorder in some system.,\n", + " Let $K$ be a locally compact non-discrete field of characteristic $p>2$ and\n", + " $Q$ be a non-degenerate isotropic binary quadratic form with coefficients in\n", + " $K$. We obtain asymptotic estimates for the number of solutions in the two-fold\n", + " product of a discrete subring inside $K$, of the inequalities of the form\n", + " $|Q(x,y)|<\\delta$ for some $\\delta>0$, where $| \\cdot |$ is an ultrametric\n", + " absolute value on $K$. The estimates are obtained in terms of continued\n", + " fraction expansions of the coefficients of the quadratic form $Q$.,\n", + " Multi-controlled unitary gates have been a subject of interest in quantum\n", + " computing since its inception, and are widely used in quantum algorithms. The\n", + " current state-of-the-art approach to implementing n-qubit multi-controlled\n", + " gates involves the use of a quadratic number of single-qubit and CNOT gates.\n", + " However, linear solutions are possible for the case where the controlled gate\n", + " is a special unitary SU(2). The most widely-used decomposition of an n-qubit\n", + " multi-controlled SU(2) gate requires a circuit with a number of CNOT gates\n", + " proportional to 28n. In this work, we present a new decomposition of n-qubit\n", + " multi-controlled SU(2) gates that requires a circuit with a number of CNOT\n", + " gates proportional to 20n, and proportional to 16n if the SU(2) gate has at\n", + " least one real-valued diagonal. This new approach significantly improves the\n", + " existing algorithm by reducing the number of CNOT gates and the overall circuit\n", + " depth. As an application, we show the use of this decomposition for sparse\n", + " quantum state preparation. Our results are further validated by demonstrating a\n", + " proof of principle on a quantum device accessed through quantum cloud services.,\n", + " Present experimental datas have shown a 3.8$\\sigma$ level discrepancy with\n", + " the standard model in $\\overline{B}\\to D^{(*)}\\tau\\bar{\\nu}_{\\tau}$. Some new\n", + " physics models have been considered to explain this discrepancy possibly with\n", + " new source of the CP violation. In this paper, we construct CP violating\n", + " observables by using multi-pion decays in $B\\to D\\tau\\nu_{\\tau}$, and estimate\n", + " sensitivity of these observables to generic CP violating operators. We also\n", + " discuss possibilities of CP violation in leptoquark models and in 2HDM of\n", + " type-III.,\n", + " The magnitude of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background as\n", + " measured by BICEP2 favours models of chaotic inflation with a quadratic $m^2\n", + " \\phi^2/2$ potential, whereas data from the Planck satellite favour a small\n", + " value of the tensor-to-scalar perturbation ratio $r$ that is highly consistent\n", + " with the Starobinsky $R + R^2$ model. Reality may lie somewhere between these\n", + " two scenarios. In this paper we propose a minimal two-field no-scale\n", + " supergravity model that interpolates between quadratic and Starobinsky-like\n", + " inflation as limiting cases, while retaining the successful prediction $n_s\n", + " \\simeq 0.96$.,\n", + " ATLAS and CMS recently show the first results from run 2 of the Large Hadron\n", + " Collider (LHC) at $\\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. A resonant bump at a mass of around 750\n", + " GeV in the diphoton invariant mass spectrum is indicated and the corresponding\n", + " diphoton production cross section is around 3-10 fb. Motivated by the LHC\n", + " diphoton excess, we propose that the possible resonance candidate is a Higgs\n", + " singlet. To produce the Higgs singlet via gluon-gluon fusion process, we embed\n", + " the Higgs singlet in the framework of vector-like triplet quark (VLTQ) model.\n", + " As a result, the Higgs singlet decaying to diphoton final state is via VLTQ\n", + " loops. Using the enhanced number of new quarks and new Yukawa couplings of the\n", + " VLTQs and Higgs singlet, we successfully explain the diphoton production cross\n", + " section. We find that the width of the Higgs singlet is below 1 GeV, its\n", + " production cross section can be of order of 1 pb at $\\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, and the\n", + " branching ratio for it decaying to diphoton is around $0.017$ and is\n", + " insensitive to the masses of VLTQs and new Yukawa couplings. We find a strong\n", + " correlation between the Higgs Yukawa couplings to $s$-$b$ and $c$-$t$; the\n", + " resulted branching ratio for $t \\to c h$ can be $1.1\\times 10^{-4}$ when the\n", + " constraint from $B_s$ oscillation is applied. With the constrained parameter\n", + " values, the signal strength for the SM Higgs decaying to diphoton is\n", + " $\\mu_{\\gamma\\gamma}< 1.18$, which is consistent with the current measurements\n", + " at ATLAS and CMS.,\n", + " We consider a BCS-type model in the spin formalism and argue that the\n", + " structure of the interaction provides a mechanism for control over directions\n", + " of the spin $\\vect S$ other than $S_z$, which is being controlled via the\n", + " conventional chemical potential. We also find the conditions for the appearance\n", + " of a high-$T_c$ superconducting phase.,\n", + " In Linear Algebra over finite fields, a characteristic-dependent linear rank\n", + " inequality is a linear inequality that holds by ranks of subspaces of a vector\n", + " space over a finite field of determined characteristic, and does not in general\n", + " hold over other characteristics. In this paper, we show a method to produce\n", + " these inequalities using binary matrices with suitable ranks over different\n", + " fields. In particular, for each $n\\geq7$, we produce $2\\left\\lfloor\n", + " \\frac{n-1}{2}\\right\\rfloor -4$ characteristic-dependent linear rank\n", + " inequalities over $n$ variables. Many of the inequalities obtained are new but\n", + " some of them imply the inequalities presented in [1,9].,\n", + " Density functional calculations within the weighted density approximation\n", + " (WDA) are presented for YH$_3$ and LaH$_3$. We investigate some commonly used\n", + " pair-distribution functions G. These calculations show that within a consistent\n", + " density functional framework a substantial insulating gap can be obtained while\n", + " at the same time retaining structural properties in accord with experimental\n", + " data. Our WDA band structures agree with those of $GW$ approximation very well,\n", + " but the calculated band gaps are still 1.0-2.0 eV smaller than experimental\n", + " findings.,\n", + " We propose an integrable bootstrap framework for the computation of\n", + " correlation functions for superstrings in $AdS_3\\times S^3\\times T^4$\n", + " backgrounds supported by an arbitrary mixture or Ramond-Ramond and\n", + " Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz fluxes. The framework extends the \"hexagon\n", + " tessellation\" approach which was originally proposed for $AdS_5\\times S^5$ and\n", + " for the first time it demonstrates its applicability to other (less\n", + " supersymmetric) setups. We work out the hexagon form factor for two-particle\n", + " states, including its dressing factors which follow from those of the spectral\n", + " problem, and we show that it satisfies non-trivial consistency conditions. We\n", + " propose a bootstrap principle, slightly different from that of $AdS_5\\times\n", + " S^5$, which allows to extend the form factor to arbitrarily many particles.\n", + " Finally, we compare its predictions with some correlation functions of\n", + " protected operators. Possible applications of this construction include the\n", + " study of wrapping corrections, of higher-point correlation functions, and of\n", + " non-planar corrections.,\n", + " Cooling vibrational degrees of freedom down to ground states is essential to\n", + " observation of quantum properties of systems with mechanical vibration. We\n", + " propose two cooling schemes employing four internal levels of the systems,\n", + " which achieve the ground-state cooling in an efficient fashion by completely\n", + " deleting the carrier and first-order blue-sideband transitions. The schemes,\n", + " based on the quantum interference and Stark-shift gates, are robust to\n", + " fluctuation of laser intensity and frequency. The feasibility of the schemes is\n", + " justified using current laboratory technology. In practice, our proposal\n", + " readily applies to an nano-diamond nitrogen-vacancy center levitated in an\n", + " optic trap or attached to a cantilever.,\n", + " Interferometers are crucial for precision measurements, including\n", + " gravitational waves, laser ranging, radar, and imaging. The phase sensitivity,\n", + " the core parameter, can be quantum-enhanced to break the standard quantum limit\n", + " (SQL) using quantum states. However, quantum states are highly fragile and\n", + " quickly degrade with losses. We design and demonstrate a quantum interferometer\n", + " utilizing a beam splitter with a variable splitting ratio to protect the\n", + " quantum resource against environmental impacts. The optimal phase sensitivity\n", + " can reach the quantum Cram\\'{e}r-Rao bound of the system. This quantum\n", + " interferometer can greatly reduce the quantum source requirements in quantum\n", + " measurements. In theory, with a 66.6% loss rate, the sensitivity can break the\n", + " SQL using only a 6.0 dB squeezed quantum resource with the current\n", + " interferometer rather than a 24 dB squeezed quantum resource with a\n", + " conventional squeezing-vacuum-injected Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In\n", + " experiments, when using a 2.0 dB squeezed vacuum state, the sensitivity\n", + " enhancement remains at ~1.6 dB via optimizing the first splitting ratio when\n", + " the loss rate changes from 0% to 90%, indicating that the quantum resource is\n", + " excellently protected with the existence of losses in practical applications.\n", + " This strategy could open a way to retain quantum advantages for quantum\n", + " information processing and quantum precision measurement in lossy environments.,\n", + " We give a characterization of the Dynkin elements of a simple Lie algebra.\n", + " Namely, we prove that one-half of a Dynkin element is the unique point of\n", + " minimal length in its N-region. In type A_n this translates into a statement\n", + " about the regions determined by the canonical left Kazhdan-Lusztig cells. Some\n", + " possible generalizations are explored in the last section.,\n", + " Following a suggestion that a directed relativistic explosion may have a\n", + " universal intermediate asymptotic, we derive a self-similar solution for an\n", + " ultra-relativistic jetted blast wave. The solution involves three distinct\n", + " regions: an approximately paraboloid head where the Lorentz factor $\\gamma$\n", + " exceeds $\\sim1/2$ of its maximal, nose value; a geometrically self-similar,\n", + " expanding envelope slightly narrower than a paraboloid; and an axial core in\n", + " which the (cylindrically, henceforth) radial flow $u$ converges inward towards\n", + " the axis. Most ($\\sim 80\\%$) of the energy lies well beyond the leading, head\n", + " region. Here, a radial cross section shows a maximal $\\gamma$ (separating the\n", + " core and the envelope), a sign reversal in $u$, and a minimal $\\gamma$, at\n", + " respectively $\\sim 1/6$, $\\sim1/4$, and $\\sim3/4$ of the shock radius. The\n", + " solution is apparently unique, and approximately agrees with previous\n", + " simulations, of different initial conditions, that resolved the head. This\n", + " suggests that unlike a spherical relativistic blast wave, our solution is an\n", + " attractor, and may thus describe directed blast waves such as in the external\n", + " shock phase of a $\\gamma$-ray burst.,\n", + " Isotope production cross sections from the 500 MeV p + 136Xe interactions\n", + " measured recently at GSI in inverse kinematics have been simulated with MCNP6\n", + " using the CEM03.03 event generator. MCNP6 reproduces reasonably well most of\n", + " the measured cross sections. However, the isotopes with a charge number greater\n", + " than the charge number on the target by two units is overestimated\n", + " significantly by CEM03.03. We found also an underestimation for the production\n", + " of isotopes in the deep spallation region, far from the target-nucleus. Further\n", + " investigations and further improvement of CEM03.03 with a possible\n", + " consideration of multifragmentation and fission-like binary decays are needed\n", + " in order to predict well products from intermediate- and high-energy nuclear\n", + " reactions far from the target-nuclei, in the deep spallation and fragmentation\n", + " regions,\n", + " Accounting for double-logarithmic contributions to high-energy (>> 100 GeV)\n", + " e^+ e^- annihilation into a quark or a lepton pair in the kinematics where the\n", + " final particles are colinear to the e^+e^- beams leading to a sizable\n", + " difference between the forward and backward scattering amplitudes, i.e. to the\n", + " forward-backward asymmetry. When the annihilation is accompanied by emission of\n", + " n electroweak bosons in the multi-Regge kinematics, it turns out that the cross\n", + " sections of the photon and Z production have the identical energy dependence\n", + " and asymptotically their ratio depends only on the Weinberg angle (is equal to\n", + " tan^{2n} theta_W) whereas the energy dependence of the cross section of the W\n", + " production is suppressed by factor s^{-0.4} compared to them.,\n", + " A fundamental gap in the current understanding of galaxies concerns the\n", + " thermodynamical evolution of the ordinary, baryonic matter. On one hand,\n", + " radiative emission drastically decreases the thermal energy content of the\n", + " interstellar plasma (ISM), inducing a slow cooling flow toward the centre. On\n", + " the other hand, the active galactic nucleus (AGN) struggles to prevent the\n", + " runaway cooling catastrophe, injecting huge amount of energy in the ISM. The\n", + " present study intends to deeply investigate the role of mechanical AGN feedback\n", + " in (isolated or massive) elliptical galaxies, extending and completing the mass\n", + " range of tested cosmic environments. Our previously successful feedback models,\n", + " in galaxy clusters and groups, demonstrated that AGN outflows, self-regulated\n", + " by cold gas accretion, are able to properly quench the cooling flow, without\n", + " destroying the cool core. Via 3D hydrodynamic simulations (FLASH 3.3),\n", + " including also stellar evolution, we show that massive mechanical AGN outflows\n", + " can indeed solve the cooling flow problem for the entire life of the galaxy, at\n", + " the same time reproducing typical observational features and constraints, such\n", + " as buoyant underdense bubbles, elliptical shock cocoons, sonic ripples,\n", + " dredge-up of metals, subsonic turbulence, and extended filamentary or nuclear\n", + " cold gas. In order to avoid overheating and totally emptying the isolated\n", + " galaxy, the frequent mechanical AGN feedback should be less powerful and\n", + " efficient (~1.e-4), compared to the heating required for more massive and bound\n", + " ellipticals surrounded by the intragroup medium (efficiency ~1.e-3).,\n", + " The rotation period of classical T Tauri stars (CTTS) represents a\n", + " longstanding puzzle. While young low-mass stars show a wide range of rotation\n", + " periods, many CTTS are slow rotators, spinning at a small fraction of break-up,\n", + " and their rotation period does not seem to shorten, despite the fact that they\n", + " are actively accreting and contracting. Matt & Pudritz (2005) proposed that the\n", + " spin-down torque of a stellar wind powered by a fraction of the accretion\n", + " energy would be strong enough to balance the spin-up torque due to accretion.\n", + " Since this model establishes a direct relation between accretion and ejection,\n", + " the observable stellar parameters (mass, radius, rotation period, magnetic\n", + " field) and the accretion diagnostics (accretion shock luminosity), can be used\n", + " to constraint the wind characteristics. In particular, since the accretion\n", + " energy powers both the stellar wind and the shock emission, we show in this\n", + " letter how the accretion shock luminosity L_UV can provide upper limits to the\n", + " spin-down efficiency of the stellar wind. It is found that luminous sources\n", + " with L_UV > 0.1 L_Sun and typical dipolar field components < 1 kG do not allow\n", + " spin equilibrium solutions. Lower luminosity stars (L_UV < 0.1 L_Sun) are\n", + " compatible with a zero-torque condition, but the corresponding stellar winds\n", + " are still very demanding in terms of mass and energy flux. We therefore\n", + " conclude that accretion powered stellar winds are unlikely to be the sole\n", + " mechanism to provide an efficient spin-down torque for accreting classical T\n", + " Tauri stars.,\n", + " Time series data are ubiquitous in real-world applications. However, one of\n", + " the most common problems is that the time series data could have missing values\n", + " by the inherent nature of the data collection process. So imputing missing\n", + " values from multivariate (correlated) time series data is imperative to improve\n", + " a prediction performance while making an accurate data-driven decision.\n", + " Conventional works for imputation simply delete missing values or fill them\n", + " based on mean/zero. Although recent works based on deep neural networks have\n", + " shown remarkable results, they still have a limitation to capture the complex\n", + " generation process of the multivariate time series. In this paper, we propose a\n", + " novel imputation method for multivariate time series data, called STING\n", + " (Self-attention based Time-series Imputation Networks using GAN). We take\n", + " advantage of generative adversarial networks and bidirectional recurrent neural\n", + " networks to learn latent representations of the time series. In addition, we\n", + " introduce a novel attention mechanism to capture the weighted correlations of\n", + " the whole sequence and avoid potential bias brought by unrelated ones.\n", + " Experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate that STING\n", + " outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of imputation\n", + " accuracy as well as downstream tasks with the imputed values therein.,\n", + " We investigate supercurrent-induced magnetization dynamics in a Josephson\n", + " junction with two misaligned ferromagnetic layers, and demonstrate a variety of\n", + " effects by solving numerically the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. In\n", + " particular, we demonstrate the possibility to obtain supercurrent-induced\n", + " magnetization switching for an experimentally feasible set of parameters, and\n", + " clarify the favorable condition for the realization of magnetization reversal.\n", + " These results constitute a superconducting analogue to conventional\n", + " current-induced magnetization dynamics and indicate how spin-triplet\n", + " supercurrents may be utilized for practical purposes in spintronics.,\n", + " Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) accounts for the 80% of leukemias when\n", + " coming down to pediatric ages. Survival of these patients has increased by a\n", + " considerable amount in recent years. However, around 15-20% of treatments are\n", + " unsuccessful. For this reason, it is definitely required to come up with new\n", + " strategies to study and select which patients are at higher risk of relapse.\n", + " Thus the importance to monitor the amount of leukemic cells to predict relapses\n", + " in the first treatment phase. In this work we develop a mathematical model\n", + " describing the behavior of ALL, examining the evolution of a leukemic clone\n", + " when treatment is applied. In the study of this model it can be observed how\n", + " the risk of relapse is connected with the response in the first treatment\n", + " phase. This model is able to simulate cell dynamics without treatment,\n", + " representing a virtual patient bone marrow behavior. Furthermore, several\n", + " parameters are related to treatment dynamics, therefore proposing a basis for\n", + " future works regarding childhood ALL survival improvement.,\n", + " Taking advantage of recent progress in neutron instrumentation and in the\n", + " understanding of magnetic-field-dependent small-angle neutron scattering, here,\n", + " we study the three-dimensional magnetization distribution within an isotropic\n", + " Nd-Fe-B bulk magnet. The magnetic neutron scattering cross section of this\n", + " system features the so-called spike anisotropy, which points towards the\n", + " presence of a strong magnetodipolar interaction. This experimental result\n", + " combined with a damped oscillatory behavior of the corresponding correlation\n", + " function and recent micromagnetic simulation results on spherical nanoparticles\n", + " suggest an interpretation of the neutron data in terms of vortex-like flux\n", + " closure patterns. The field-dependent correlation length is very well\n", + " reproduced by a power-law model used to describe the London penetration depth\n", + " in the vortex state of type-II superconductors and suggests the 'pairing'\n", + " (interaction) of magnetic vortices.,\n", + " We propose a new method for constructing rational spatial Pythagorean\n", + " Hodograph (PH) curves based on determining a suitable rational framing motion.\n", + " While the spherical component of the framing motion is arbitrary, the\n", + " translation part is determined be a modestly sized and nicely structured system\n", + " of linear equations. Rather surprisingly, generic input data will only result\n", + " in polynomial PH curves. We provide a complete characterization of all cases\n", + " that admit truly rational (non-polynomial) solutions. Examples illustrate our\n", + " ideas and relate them to existing literature.,\n", + " Variational wave functions and Green's functions are two important paradigms\n", + " for solving quantum Hamiltonians, each having their own advantages. Here we\n", + " detail the Variational Discrete Action Theory (VDAT), which exploits the\n", + " advantages of both paradigms in order to approximately solve the ground state\n", + " of quantum Hamiltonians. VDAT consists of two central components: the\n", + " sequential product density matrix (SPD) ansatz and a discrete action associated\n", + " with the SPD. The SPD is a variational ansatz inspired by the Trotter\n", + " decomposition and characterized by an integer $\\mathcal{N}$, recovering many\n", + " well known variational wave functions, in addition to the exact solution for\n", + " $\\mathcal{N}=\\infty$. The discrete action describes all dynamical information\n", + " of an effective integer time evolution with respect to the SPD. We generalize\n", + " the path integral to our integer time formalism, which converts a dynamic\n", + " correlation function in integer time to a static correlation function in a\n", + " compound space. We also generalize the usual many-body Green's function\n", + " formalism to integer time, which results in analogous but distinct mathematical\n", + " structures, yielding integer time versions of the generating functional, Dyson\n", + " equation, and Bethe-Salpeter equation. We prove that the SPD can be exactly\n", + " evaluated in the multi-band Anderson impurity model (AIM) by summing a finite\n", + " number of diagrams. For the multi-band Hubbard model, we prove that the\n", + " self-consistent canonical discrete action approximation (SCDA), which is the\n", + " integer time analogue of the dynamical mean-field theory, exactly evaluates the\n", + " SPD for $d=\\infty$. VDAT within the SCDA provides an efficient yet reliable\n", + " method for capturing the local physics of quantum lattice models, which will\n", + " have broad applications for strongly correlated electron materials. More\n", + " generally, VDAT should find applications in various many-body problems in\n", + " physics.,\n", + " We present a review of theoretical investigations into the Kohn-Luttinger\n", + " nonphonon superconductivity mechanism in various 3D and 2D repulsive electron\n", + " systems described by the Fermi-gas, Hubbard, and Shubin-Vonsovsky models. Phase\n", + " diagrams of the superconducting state are considered, including regions of\n", + " anomalous $s$-, $p$-, and $d$-wave pairing. The possibility of a strong\n", + " increase in the superconducting transition temperature $T_c$ even for a low\n", + " electron density is demonstrated by analyzing the spin-polarized case or the\n", + " two-band situation. The Kohn-Luttinger theory explains or predicts\n", + " superconductivity in various materials such as heterostructures and semimetals,\n", + " superlattices and dichalcogenides, high-$T_c$ superconductors and heavy-fermion\n", + " systems, layered organic superconductors, and ultracold Fermi gases in magnetic\n", + " traps. This theory also describes the anomalous electron transport and peculiar\n", + " polaron effects in the normal state of these systems. The theory can be useful\n", + " for explaining the origin of superconductivity and orbital currents (chiral\n", + " anomaly) in systems with the Dirac spectrum of electrons, including superfluid\n", + " $^3$He-A, doped graphene, and topological superconductors.,\n", + " We consider single particle Schrodinger operators with a gap in the en ergy\n", + " spectrum. We construct a complete, orthonormal basis function set for the inv\n", + " ariant space corresponding to the spectrum below the spectral gap, which are\n", + " exponentially localized a round a set of closed surfaces of monotonically\n", + " increasing sizes. Estimates on the exponential dec ay rate and a discussion of\n", + " the geometry of these surfaces is included.,\n", + " In a holographic superfluid disk, when the rotational velocity is large\n", + " enough, we find a giant vortex will form in the center of the system by merging\n", + " several single charge vortices at some specific rotational velocity, with a\n", + " phase stratification phenomenon for the order parameter. The formation of a\n", + " giant vortex can be explained as there is not enough space for a standard\n", + " vortex lattice. Keep increasing the rotational velocity the giant vortex will\n", + " disappear and there will be an appearance of a superfluid ring. In the giant\n", + " vortex region, the number of vortices measured from winding number and\n", + " rotational velocity always satisfies the linear Feynman relation. However, when\n", + " the superfluid ring starts to appear, the number of vortices in the disk will\n", + " decrease though the rotational velocity is increasing, where most of the order\n", + " parameter is suppressed.,\n", + " It is an easy observation that every residuated lattice is in fact a semiring\n", + " because multiplication distributes over join and the other axioms of a semiring\n", + " are satisfied trivially. This semiring is commutative, idempotent and simple.\n", + " The natural question arises if the converse assertion is also true. We show\n", + " that the conversion is possible provided the given semiring is, moreover,\n", + " completely distributive. We characterize semirings associated to complete\n", + " residuated lattices satisfying the double negation law where the assumption of\n", + " complete distributivity can be omitted. A similar result is obtained for\n", + " idempotent residuated lattices.,\n", + " We study the deformations of a smooth curve $C$ on a smooth projective\n", + " threefold $V$, assuming the presence of a smooth surface $S$ satisfying $C\n", + " \\subset S \\subset V$. Generalizing a result of Mukai and Nasu, we give a new\n", + " sufficient condition for a first order infinitesimal deformation of $C$ in $V$\n", + " to be primarily obstructed. In particular, when $V$ is Fano and $S$ is $K3$, we\n", + " give a sufficient condition for $C$ to be (un)obstructed in $V$, in terms of\n", + " $(-2)$-curves and elliptic curves on $S$. Applying this result, we prove that\n", + " the Hilbert scheme $\\operatorname{Hilb}^{sc} V_4$ of smooth connected curves on\n", + " a smooth quartic threefold $V_4$ contains infinitely many generically\n", + " non-reduced irreducible components, which are variations of Mumford's example\n", + " for $\\operatorname{Hilb}^{sc} \\mathbb P^3$.,\n", + " We propose a minority route choice game to investigate the effect of the\n", + " network structure on traffic network performance under the assumption of\n", + " drivers' bounded rationality. We investigate ring-and-hub topologies to capture\n", + " the nature of traffic networks in cities, and employ a minority game-based\n", + " inductive learning process to model the characteristic behavior under the route\n", + " choice scenario. Through numerical experiments, we find that topological\n", + " changes in traffic networks induce a phase transition from an uncongested phase\n", + " to a congested phase. Understanding this phase transition is helpful in\n", + " planning new traffic networks.,\n", + " Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a data-driven and model-free\n", + " decomposition technique. It is suitable for revealing spatio-temporal features\n", + " of both numerically and experimentally acquired data. Conceptually, DMD\n", + " performs a low-dimensional spectral decomposition of the data into the\n", + " following components: The modes, called DMD modes, encode the spatial\n", + " contribution of the decomposition, whereas the DMD amplitudes specify their\n", + " impact. Each associated eigenvalue, referred to as DMD eigenvalue,\n", + " characterizes the frequency and growth rate of the DMD mode. In this paper, we\n", + " demonstrate how the components of DMD can be utilized to obtain temporal and\n", + " spatial information from time-dependent flow fields. We begin with the\n", + " theoretical background of DMD and its application to unsteady flow. Next, we\n", + " examine the conventional process with DMD mathematically and put it in\n", + " relationship to the discrete Fourier transform. Our analysis shows that the\n", + " current use of DMD components has several drawbacks. To resolve these problems\n", + " we adjust the components and provide new and meaningful insights into the\n", + " decomposition: We show that our improved components describe the flow more\n", + " adequately. Moreover, we remove redundancies in the decomposition and clarify\n", + " the interplay between components, allowing users to understand the impact of\n", + " components. These new representations ,which respect the spatio-temporal\n", + " character of DMD, enable two clustering methods that segment the flow into\n", + " physically relevant sections and can therefore be used for the selection of DMD\n", + " components. With a number of typical examples, we demonstrate that the\n", + " combination of these techniques allow new insights with DMD for unsteady flow.,\n", + " Increasingly stringent throughput requirements in the industry necessitate\n", + " the need for lightweight design of high-precision motion systems to allow for\n", + " high accelerations, while still achieving accurate positioning of the\n", + " moving-body. The presence of position dependent dynamics in such motion systems\n", + " severely limits achievable position tracking performance using conventional\n", + " sequential loop closing (SLC) control design strategies. This paper presents a\n", + " novel extension of the conventional SLC design framework towards\n", + " linear-parameter-varying systems, which allows to circumvent limitations that\n", + " are introduced by position dependent effects in high-precision motion systems.\n", + " Advantages of the proposed control design approach are demonstrated in\n", + " simulation using a high-fidelity model of a moving-magnet planar actuator\n", + " system, which exhibits position dependency in both actuation and sensing.,\n", + " We present a dynamical study of $e^+e^-$ and $\\mu^+ \\mu^-$ production in\n", + " proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at CERN-SPS energies on the basis\n", + " of the covariant transport approach HSD employing a momentum-dependent\n", + " $\\rho$-meson spectral function that includes the pion modifications in the\n", + " nuclear medium as well as the polarization of the $\\rho$-meson due to resonant\n", + " $\\rho$$-N$ scattering. We find that the experimental data from the CERES and\n", + " HELIOS-3 Collaborations can be described equally well as within the dropping\n", + " $\\rho$-mass scenario. Whereas corresponding dilepton $q_T$-spectra are found to\n", + " be very similar, the inclusive dilepton yield in the invariant mass range $0.85\n", + " \\leq M \\leq 1.0$ GeV should allow to disentangle the two scenarios\n", + " experimentally.,\n", + " We propose general semiclassical method for computing the probability of\n", + " soliton-antisoliton pair production in particle collisions. The method is\n", + " illustrated by explicit numerical calculations in (1+1)-dimensional scalar\n", + " field model. We find that the probability of the process is suppressed by an\n", + " exponentially small factor which is almost constant at high energies.,\n", + " The daily cycle of heating and cooling of the near-surface ocean may be quite\n", + " different in a shallow lagoon with a few meters deep seafloor that can be\n", + " heated directly by the sun. If important, the solar radiation will affect the\n", + " local benthic communities. To study the physical processes associated with the\n", + " daily cycle of south-Pacific lagoon Bora Bora, a vertical string of five\n", + " high-resolution temperature sensors was moored at a 2-m deep site for 3 weeks.\n", + " Besides the standard ocean warming (approximately during daytime) and cooling\n", + " (approximately nighttime), the sensors show relatively highest temperature near\n", + " the lagoon-floor during the warming phase and a weakly stable stratification\n", + " towards the end of the cooling phase. During the warming phase, highly variable\n", + " stratification is observed extending into the water column under calm weather\n", + " and turbid waters, otherwise not. Under trade wind and clear waters, the lowest\n", + " sensor(s) show(s) consistently higher temperature variability than sensors\n", + " higher-up with spectral slopes indicative of shear- and/or convective\n", + " turbulence. During the cooling phase, the lower sensor shows consistently very\n", + " low variance (non-turbulent), while other sensors show a spectral slope around\n", + " the buoyancy frequency evidencing weakly stratified waters supporting internal\n", + " waves. These observations contrast with open-ocean near-surface observations of\n", + " stable stratification during the warming phase and of turbulent free convection\n", + " during the cooling phase. Thus, lagoons seem to more resemble the atmosphere\n", + " than the ocean in daytime thermodynamics and possibly act as a natural solar\n", + " pond with bottom conductive heating (when salinity compensates for unstable\n", + " temperature variations).,\n", + " Charge and spin orderings are studied on the simplest 1D and the 2D square\n", + " lattice within the generalized Falicov-Kimball model with Hund coupling between\n", + " localized and itinerant electrons. Using the restricted phase diagrams method\n", + " (RPDM) a number of simple rules of formation of various sorts of ground state\n", + " phases have been detected. In particular, relationships between density of\n", + " current carriers (electrons or holes) and type of charge and magnetic\n", + " arrangement has been determined. In 2D in the mixed valence regime only axial\n", + " stripes (vertical or horizontal) have been found for intermediate values of the\n", + " coupling constants. They are composed of ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic\n", + " chains interchanged with non-magnetic ones. For band fillings close to the half\n", + " filling stripe phases oriented along one of the main diagonal direction are\n", + " formed. The results suggest a possibility of tuning modulations of charge and\n", + " magnetic superstructures with a change of doping.,\n", + " In bilateral accounting of resource consumption both the consumer and\n", + " provider independently measure the amount of resources consumed by the\n", + " consumer. The problem here is that potential disparities between the provider's\n", + " and consumer's accountings, might lead to conflicts between the two parties\n", + " that need to be resolved. We argue that with the proper mechanisms available,\n", + " most of these conflicts can be solved online, as opposite to in court\n", + " resolution; the design of such mechanisms is still a research topic; to help\n", + " cover the gap, in this paper we propose a peer--to--peer protocol for online\n", + " dispute resolution over storage consumption. The protocol is peer--to--peer and\n", + " takes into consideration the possible causes (e.g, transmission delays,\n", + " unsynchronized metric collectors, etc.) of the disparity between the provider's\n", + " and consumer's accountings to make, if possible, the two results converge.,\n", + " As the cornerstone of other important technologies, such as speech\n", + " recognition and speech synthesis, speech enhancement is a critical area in\n", + " audio signal processing. In this paper, a new deep learning structure for\n", + " speech enhancement is demonstrated. The model introduces a \"full\" attention\n", + " mechanism to a bidirectional sequence-to-sequence method to make use of latent\n", + " information after each focal frame. This is an extension of the previous\n", + " attention-based RNN method. The proposed bidirectional attention-based\n", + " architecture achieves better performance in terms of speech quality (PESQ),\n", + " compared with OM-LSA, CNN-LSTM, T-GSA and the unidirectional attention-based\n", + " LSTM baseline.,\n", + " We study spectral Galerkin approximations of an Allen--Cahn equation over the\n", + " two-dimensional torus perturbed by weak space-time white noise of strength\n", + " $\\sqrt{\\varepsilon}$. We introduce a Wick renormalisation of the equation in\n", + " order to have a system that is well-defined as the regularisation is removed.\n", + " We show sharp upper and lower bounds on the transition times from a\n", + " neighbourhood of the stable configuration $-1$ to the stable configuration $1$\n", + " in the asymptotic regime $\\varepsilon \\to 0$. These estimates are uniform in\n", + " the discretisation parameter $N$, suggesting an Eyring-Kramers formula for the\n", + " limiting renormalised stochastic PDE. The effect of the \"infinite\n", + " renormalisation\" is to modify the prefactor and to replace the ratio of\n", + " determinants in the finite-dimensional Eyring-Kramers law by a renormalised\n", + " Carleman-Fredholm determinant.,\n", + " Causal inference is essential for data-driven decision making across domains\n", + " such as business engagement, medical treatment and policy making. However,\n", + " research on causal discovery has evolved separately from inference methods,\n", + " preventing straight-forward combination of methods from both fields. In this\n", + " work, we develop Deep End-to-end Causal Inference (DECI), a single flow-based\n", + " non-linear additive noise model that takes in observational data and can\n", + " perform both causal discovery and inference, including conditional average\n", + " treatment effect (CATE) estimation. We provide a theoretical guarantee that\n", + " DECI can recover the ground truth causal graph under standard causal discovery\n", + " assumptions. Motivated by application impact, we extend this model to\n", + " heterogeneous, mixed-type data with missing values, allowing for both\n", + " continuous and discrete treatment decisions. Our results show the competitive\n", + " performance of DECI when compared to relevant baselines for both causal\n", + " discovery and (C)ATE estimation in over a thousand experiments on both\n", + " synthetic datasets and causal machine learning benchmarks across data-types and\n", + " levels of missingness.,\n", + " Collider signatures containing bosons and jets are particularly interesting.\n", + " Recent theoretical effort has been devoted to determining predictions of W/Z +\n", + " multiple parton production; the high statistics sample of W/Z + jets events\n", + " collected at the Tevatron is a valuable testbed for probing the validity of\n", + " these calculations. The final state containing a Z or W boson and one or more\n", + " b-jets is a promising Higgs search channel at the Tevatron and could be a\n", + " window to new physics at the LHC. These searches benefit from a deep\n", + " understanding of the production of W/Z + heavy flavor jets which constitutes a\n", + " significant background to the more exotic sources of this signature. Herein the\n", + " latest Tevatron results on these production mechanisms are reviewed with an\n", + " emphasis on comparison of data results to the latest theoretical models.,\n", + " The correlation-immune functions serve as an important metric for measuring\n", + " resistance of a cryptosystem against correlation attacks. Existing literature\n", + " emphasize on matrices, orthogonal arrays and Walsh-Hadamard spectra to\n", + " characterize the correlation-immune functions over $\\mathbb{F}_p$ ($p \\geq 2$\n", + " is a prime). %with prime $p$. Recently, Wang and Gong investigated the Fourier\n", + " spectral characterization over the complex field for correlation-immune Boolean\n", + " functions. In this paper, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of non-binary\n", + " functions was studied. It was shown that a function $f$ over $\\mathbb{F}_p$ is\n", + " $m$th-order correlation-immune if and only if its Fourier spectrum vanishes at\n", + " a specific location under any permutation of variables. Moreover, if $f$ is a\n", + " symmetric function, $f$ is correlation-immune if and only if its Fourier\n", + " spectrum vanishes at only one location.,\n", + " Let $k, t$ be coprime integers, and let $1 \\leq r \\leq t$. We let\n", + " $D_k^\\times(r,t;n)$ denote the total number of parts among all $k$-indivisible\n", + " partitions (i.e., those partitions where no part is divisible by $k$) of $n$\n", + " which are congruent to $r$ modulo $t$. In previous work of the authors, an\n", + " asymptotic estimate for $D_k^\\times(r,t;n)$ was shown to exhibit unpredictable\n", + " biases between congruence classes. In the present paper, we confirm our earlier\n", + " conjecture that there are no \"ties\" (i.e., equalities) in this asymptotic for\n", + " different congruence classes. To obtain this result, we reframe this question\n", + " in terms of $L$-functions, and we then employ a nonvanishing result due to\n", + " Baker, Birch, and Wirsing to conclude that there is always a bias towards one\n", + " congruence class or another modulo $t$ among all parts in $k$-indivisible\n", + " partitions of $n$ as $n$ becomes large.,\n", + " In several disciplines it is common to find time series measured at irregular\n", + " observational times. In particular, in astronomy there are a large number of\n", + " surveys that gather information over irregular time gaps and in more than one\n", + " passband. Some examples are Pan-STARRS, ZTF and also the LSST. However, current\n", + " commonly used time series models that estimate the time dependency in\n", + " astronomical light curves consider the information of each band separately\n", + " (e.g, CIAR, IAR and CARMA models) disregarding the dependency that might exist\n", + " between different passbands. In this paper we propose a novel bivariate model\n", + " for irregularly sampled time series, called the bivariate irregular\n", + " autoregressive (BIAR) model. The BIAR model assumes an autoregressive structure\n", + " on each time series, it is stationary, and it allows to estimate the\n", + " autocorrelation, the cross-correlation and the contemporary correlation between\n", + " two unequally spaced time series. We implemented the BIAR model on light\n", + " curves, in the g and r bands, obtained from the ZTF alerts processed by the\n", + " ALeRCE broker. We show that if the light curves of the two bands are highly\n", + " correlated, the model has more accurate forecast and prediction using the\n", + " bivariate model than a similar method that uses only univariate information.\n", + " Further, the estimated parameters of the BIAR are useful to characterize\n", + " LongPeriod Variable Stars and to distinguish between classes of stochastic\n", + " objects, providing promising features that can be used for classification\n", + " purposes,\n", + " Sum-over-histories quantization of particle-like theory in curved space is\n", + " discussed. It is reviewed that the propagator satisfies the Schrodinger\n", + " equation respective wave equation with a Laplace-like operator. The exact\n", + " dependence of the operator on the choice of measure is shown.\n", + " Next, modifications needed for a manifold with a boundary are introduced, and\n", + " the exact form of the equation for the propagator is derived. It is shown that\n", + " the Laplace-like operator contains some distributional terms localized on the\n", + " boundary. These terms induce proper boundary conditions for the propagator.\n", + " This choice of boundary conditions is explained as a consequence of a\n", + " measurement of particles on the boundary.\n", + " The interaction with sources inside of the domain and sources on the boundary\n", + " is also discussed.,\n", + " Retrosynthesis, of which the goal is to find a set of reactants for\n", + " synthesizing a target product, is an emerging research area of deep learning.\n", + " While the existing approaches have shown promising results, they currently lack\n", + " the ability to consider availability (e.g., stability or purchasability) of the\n", + " reactants or generalize to unseen reaction templates (i.e., chemical reaction\n", + " rules). In this paper, we propose a new approach that mitigates the issues by\n", + " reformulating retrosynthesis into a selection problem of reactants from a\n", + " candidate set of commercially available molecules. To this end, we design an\n", + " efficient reactant selection framework, named RetCL (retrosynthesis via\n", + " contrastive learning), for enumerating all of the candidate molecules based on\n", + " selection scores computed by graph neural networks. For learning the score\n", + " functions, we also propose a novel contrastive training scheme with hard\n", + " negative mining. Extensive experiments demonstrate the benefits of the proposed\n", + " selection-based approach. For example, when all 671k reactants in the USPTO\n", + " {database} are given as candidates, our RetCL achieves top-1 exact match\n", + " accuracy of $71.3\\%$ for the USPTO-50k benchmark, while a recent\n", + " transformer-based approach achieves $59.6\\%$. We also demonstrate that RetCL\n", + " generalizes well to unseen templates in various settings in contrast to\n", + " template-based approaches.,\n", + " We describe a method for counting the number of extensions of $\\mathbb{Q}_p$\n", + " with a given Galois group $G$, founded upon the description of the absolute\n", + " Galois group of $\\mathbb{Q}_p$ due to Jannsen and Wingberg. Because this\n", + " description is only known for odd $p$, our results do not apply to\n", + " $\\mathbb{Q}_2$. We report on the results of counting such extensions for $G$ of\n", + " order up to $2000$ (except those divisible by $512$), for $p=3,5,7,11,13$. In\n", + " particular, we highlight a relatively short list of minimal $G$ that do not\n", + " arise as Galois groups. Motivated by this list, we prove two theorems about the\n", + " inverse Galois problem for $\\mathbb{Q}_p$: one giving a necessary condition for\n", + " $G$ to be realizable over $\\mathbb{Q}_p$ and the other giving a sufficient\n", + " condition.,\n", + " Starting from an applicative problem related to the modeling of an element of\n", + " a cable-stayed bridge, we compute the elasticity solution for a hollow cylinder\n", + " loaded at the end faces with axial loads. We prove results of symmetry for the\n", + " solution and we expand it in proper Fourier series; computing the Fourier\n", + " coefficients in adapted power series, we provide the explicit solution. We\n", + " consider an engineering case of study, applying the corresponding approximate\n", + " formula and giving some estimates on the error committed with respect to the\n", + " truncation of the series.,\n", + " Cosmological constraints from galaxy clusters rely on accurate measurements\n", + " of the mass and internal structure of clusters. An important source of\n", + " systematic uncertainty in cluster mass and structure measurements is the secure\n", + " selection of background galaxies that are gravitationally lensed by clusters.\n", + " This issue has been shown to be particular severe for faint blue galaxies. We\n", + " therefore explore the selection of faint blue background galaxies, by reference\n", + " to photometric redshift catalogs derived from the COSMOS survey and our own\n", + " observations of massive galaxy clusters at z~0.2. We show that methods relying\n", + " on photometric redshifts of galaxies in/behind clusters based on observations\n", + " through five filters, and on deep 30-band COSMOS photometric redshifts are both\n", + " inadequate to identify safely faint blue background galaxies. This is due to\n", + " the small number of filters used by the former, and absence of massive galaxy\n", + " clusters at redshifts of interest in the latter. We therefore develop a\n", + " pragmatic method to combine both sets of photometric redshifts to select a\n", + " population of blue galaxies based purely on photometric analysis. This sample\n", + " yields stacked weak-lensing results consistent with our previously published\n", + " results based on red galaxies. We also show that the stacked clustercentric\n", + " number density profile of these faint blue galaxies is consistent with\n", + " expectations from consideration of the lens magnification signal of the\n", + " clusters. Indeed, the observed number density of blue background galaxies\n", + " changes by ~10-30 per cent across the radial range over which other surveys\n", + " assume it to be flat.,\n", + " MERLIN and VLBA observations of the 1720 MHz maser emission from the OH\n", + " molecule in the supernova remnant IC443 are presented. Based on MERLIN data\n", + " with a resolution of 160 mas, the deconvolved sizes of the maser sources are in\n", + " the range 90 to 180 mas (135 to 270 AU). The 12 mas resolution VLBA images show\n", + " compact cores with sizes in the range 15 to 55 mas. The maser brightness\n", + " temperatures are (2-34)x10^6 K for the MERLIN sources and (5-19)x10^8 K for the\n", + " VLBA cores, in agreement with theory. Unlike the Zeeman Stokes V profiles\n", + " observed in other OH (1720 MHz) SNR masers, single-handed circular polarization\n", + " line profiles are observed in IC443 on all angular scales from 1000 to 10 mas\n", + " resolution. For one line component, the observed line width is 0.24+/-0.07\n", + " km/s, compared to an estimated Doppler width of 0.49 km/s. This discrepancy in\n", + " line widths can be accounted for if the maser emission arises from an elongated\n", + " ellipsoidal region of masing gas.,\n", + " We prove a general family of congruences for Bernoulli numbers whose index is\n", + " a polynomial function of a prime, modulo a power of that prime. Our family\n", + " generalizes many known results, including the von Staudt--Clausen theorem and\n", + " Kummer's congruence.,\n", + " The observed Fe II(UV+optical)/Mg II lambda lambda 2796,2804 flux ratio from\n", + " a gravitationally lensed quasar B1422+231 at z=3.62 is interpreted in terms of\n", + " detailed modeling of photoionization and chemical enrichment in the broad-line\n", + " region (BLR) of the host galaxy. The delayed iron enrichment by Type Ia\n", + " supernovae is used as a cosmic clock. Our standard model, which matches the Fe\n", + " II/Mg II ratio, requires the age of 1.5 Gyr for B1422+231 with a lower bound of\n", + " 1.3 Gyr, which exceeds the expansion age of the Einstein-de Sitter Omega_0=1\n", + " universe at a redshift of 3.62 for any value of the Hubble constant in the\n", + " currently accepted range, H_0=60-80 km,s^{-1},Mpc^{-1}. This problem of an age\n", + " discrepancy at z=3.62 can be unraveled in a low-density Omega_0<0.2 universe,\n", + " either with or without a cosmological constant, depending on the allowable\n", + " redshift range of galaxy formation. However, whether the cosmological constant\n", + " is a required option in modern cosmology awaits a thorough understanding of\n", + " line transfer processes in the BLRs.,\n", + " We present a study of the spectral properties like the energy spectrum, the\n", + " eigenmodes and density of states of a classical finite system of\n", + " two-dimensional (2D) charged particles which are confined by a quadratic\n", + " potential. Using the method of Newton optimization we obtain the ground state\n", + " and the metastable states. For a given configuration the eigenvectors and\n", + " eigenfrequencies for the normal modes are obtained using the Householder\n", + " diagonalization technique for the dynamical matrix whose elements are the\n", + " second derivative of the potential energy. For small clusters the lowest\n", + " excitation corresponds to an intershell rotation. The energy barrier for such\n", + " rotations is calculated. For large clusters the lowest excitation consists of a\n", + " vortex/anti-vortex pair. The Lindeman melting criterion is used to calculate\n", + " the order-disorder transition temperature for intershell rotation and\n", + " intershell diffusion. The value of the transition temperature at which\n", + " intershell rotation becomes possible depends very much on the configuration of\n", + " the cluster, i.e. the distribution of the particles between the different\n", + " shells. Magic numbers are associated to clusters which are most stable against\n", + " intershell rotation. The specific heat of the cluster is also calculated using,\n", + " We present a two-dimensional analysis of the bright nearby galaxy group NGC\n", + " 5044 using the currently available Chandra and XMM data. In the inner 10 kpc a\n", + " pair of cavities are evident together with a set of bright X-ray filaments. If\n", + " the cavities are interpreted as gas displaced by relativistic plasma inflated\n", + " by an AGN, even in the absence of extended 1.4 GHz emission, this would be\n", + " consistent with a recent outburst as also indicated by the extent of dust and\n", + " H_alpha emission. The soft X-ray filaments coincident with H_alpha and dust\n", + " emission are cooler than the ones which do not correlate with optical and\n", + " infrared emission. We suggest that dust-aided cooling contributes to form warm\n", + " (T =10^4 K) gas, emitting H_alpha radiation. At 31 kpc and 67 kpc a pair of\n", + " cold fronts are present, indicative of sloshing due to a dynamical perturbation\n", + " caused by accretion of a less massive group, also suggested by the peculiar\n", + " velocity of the brightest galaxy NGC 5044 with respect to the mean group\n", + " velocity.,\n", + " We develop theory of multiplicity maps for compact quantum groups, as an\n", + " application, we obtain a complete classification of right coideal\n", + " $C^*$-algebras of $C(SU_q(2))$ for $q\\in [-1,1]\\setminus \\{0\\}$. They are\n", + " labeled with Dynkin diagrams, but classification results for positive and\n", + " negative cases of $q$ are different. Many of the coideals are quantum spheres\n", + " or quotient spaces by quantum subgroups, but we do have other ones in our\n", + " classification list.,\n", + " Collaboration models and tools aim at improving the efficiency and\n", + " effectiveness of human interactions. Although social relations among\n", + " collaborators have been identified as having a strong influence on\n", + " collaboration, they are still insufficiently taken into account in current\n", + " collaboration models and tools. In this paper, the concept of service protocols\n", + " is proposed as a model for human interactions supporting social requirements,\n", + " i.e., sets of constraints on the relations among interacting humans. Service\n", + " protocols have been proposed as an answer to the need for models for human\n", + " interactions in which not only the potential sequences of activities are\n", + " specified-as in process models-but also the constraints on the relations among\n", + " collaborators. Service protocols are based on two main ideas: first, service\n", + " protocols are rooted in the service-oriented architecture (SOA): each service\n", + " protocol contains a service-oriented summary which provides a representation of\n", + " the activities of an associated process model in SOA terms. Second, a\n", + " class-based graph-referred to as a service network schema-restricts the set of\n", + " potential service elements that may participate in the service protocol by\n", + " defining constraints on nodes and constraints on arcs, i.e., social\n", + " requirements. Another major contribution to the modelling of human interactions\n", + " is a unified approach organized around the concept of service, understood in a\n", + " broad sense with services being not only Web services, but also provided by\n", + " humans.,\n", + " NectarCAM is a camera proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of the\n", + " Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) which covers the core energy range of ~100 GeV\n", + " to ~30 TeV. It has a modular design and is based on the NECTAr chip, at the\n", + " heart of which is a GHz sampling Switched Capacitor Array and 12-bit Analog to\n", + " Digital converter. The camera will be equipped with 265 7-photomultiplier\n", + " modules, covering a field of view of 8 degrees. Each module includes\n", + " photomultiplier bases, high voltage supply, pre-amplifier, trigger, readout and\n", + " Ethernet transceiver. The recorded events last between a few nanoseconds and\n", + " tens of nanoseconds. The expected performance of the camera are discussed.\n", + " Prototypes of NectarCAM components have been built to validate the design.\n", + " Preliminary results of a 19-module mini-camera are presented, as well as future\n", + " plans for building and testing a full size camera.,\n", + " We show that the termination of the star formation process by winds from\n", + " massive stars in protocluster forming clumps imposes dual constraints on the\n", + " star formation efficiencies (SFEs) and stellar age spreads ($\\Delta \\tau_{*}$)\n", + " in stellar clusters. We have considered two main classes of clump models. One\n", + " class of models in one in which the core formation efficiency (CFE) per unit\n", + " time and as a consequence the star formation rate (SFR) is constant in time and\n", + " another class of models in which the CFE per unit time, and as a consequence\n", + " the SFR, increases with time. Models with an increasing mode of star formation\n", + " yield shorter age spreads (a few 0.1 Myrs) and typically higher SFEs than\n", + " models in which star formation is uniform in time. We find that the former\n", + " models reproduce remarkably well the SFE$-\\Delta \\tau_{*}$ values of starburst\n", + " clusters such as NGC 3603 YC and Westerlund 1, while the latter describe better\n", + " the star formation process in lower density environments such as in the Orion\n", + " Nebula Cluster. We also show that the SFE and $\\Delta \\tau_{*}$ of massive\n", + " clusters are expected to be higher in low metallicity environments. This could\n", + " be tested with future large extragalactic surveys of stellar clusters. We\n", + " advocate that placing a stellar cluster on the SFE-$\\Delta \\tau_{*}$ diagram is\n", + " a powerful method to distinguish between different stellar clusters formation\n", + " scenarios such as between generic gravitational instability of a gas\n", + " cloud/clump or as the result of cloud-cloud collisions. It is also a very\n", + " useful tool for testing star formation theories and numerical models versus the\n", + " observations.,\n", + " State-of-the-art distributed algorithms for reinforcement learning rely on\n", + " multiple independent agents, which simultaneously learn in parallel\n", + " environments while asynchronously updating a common, shared policy. Moreover,\n", + " decentralized control architectures (e.g., CPGs) can coordinate spatially\n", + " distributed portions of an articulated robot to achieve system-level\n", + " objectives. In this work, we investigate the relationship between distributed\n", + " learning and decentralized control by learning decentralized control policies\n", + " for the locomotion of articulated robots in challenging environments. To this\n", + " end, we present an approach that leverages the structure of the asynchronous\n", + " advantage actor-critic (A3C) algorithm to provide a natural means of learning\n", + " decentralized control policies on a single articulated robot. Our primary\n", + " contribution shows individual agents in the A3C algorithm can be defined by\n", + " independently controlled portions of the robot's body, thus enabling\n", + " distributed learning on a single robot for efficient hardware implementation.\n", + " We present results of closed-loop locomotion in unstructured terrains on a\n", + " snake and a hexapod robot, using decentralized controllers learned offline and\n", + " online respectively.\n", + " Preprint of the paper submitted to the IEEE Transactions in Robotics (T-RO)\n", + " journal in October 2018, and accepted for publication as a regular paper in May\n", + " 2019.,\n", + " We show how the phase profile of a distribution of topological charges (TC)\n", + " of an optical vortex (OV) can be described by a potential analogous to the\n", + " Coulomb's potential for a distribution of electric charges in two-dimensional\n", + " electrostatics. From what we call the Topological Potential (TP), the\n", + " properties of TC multipoles and a 2D radial distribution were analyzed. The TC\n", + " multipoles have a transverse profile that is topologically stable under\n", + " propagation and may be exploited in optical communications; on the other hand,\n", + " the 2D distributions can be used to tune the transverse forces in optical\n", + " tweezers. Considering the analogies with the electrostatics formalism, it is\n", + " also expected that the TP allows the tailoring of OV for specific applications.,\n", + " The search for half-metals and spin-gapless semiconductors has attracted\n", + " extensive attention in material design for spintronics. Existing progress in\n", + " such a search often requires peculiar atomistic lattice configuration and also\n", + " lacks active control of the resulting electronic properties. Here we reveal\n", + " that a boron-nitride nanoribbon with a carbon-doped edge can be made a\n", + " half-metal or a spin-gapless semiconductor in a programmable fashion. The\n", + " mechanical strain serves as the on/off switches for functions of half-metal and\n", + " spin-gapless semiconductor to occur. Our findings shed light on how the edge\n", + " doping combined with strain engineering can affect electronic properties of\n", + " two-dimensional materials,\n", + " We report a deep search for HI 21cm emission from the $z= 0.00632$ sub-DLA\n", + " toward PG1216+069 with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. No emission was\n", + " detected and our $5\\sigma$ upper limit on the mass of any associated galaxy is\n", + " $M_{\\rm HI} \\lesssim 10^7 M_\\odot$, nearly 3 orders of magnitude less than\n", + " M$_{\\rm HI}^\\star$. The $z \\sim 0.006$ absorber is thus the most extreme known\n", + " deviation from the standard paradigm in which high column density quasar\n", + " absorption lines arise in the disks of gas-rich galaxies.,\n", + " We prove that epimorphisms are surjective in certain categories of ordered\n", + " F-algebras. It then turns out that epimorphisms are also surjective in the\n", + " category of all (unordered) algebras of type F.,\n", + " Differential constraints compatible with the linearized equations of partial\n", + " differential equations are examined. Recursion operators are obtained by\n", + " integrating the differential constraints.,\n", + " It is demonstrated by explicit construction that three-dimensional bosonic\n", + " crystalline symmetry protected topological (cSPT) phases are classified by\n", + " $H_{\\phi}^{5}(G;\\mathbb{Z})\\oplus H_{\\phi}^{1}(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ for all 230 space\n", + " groups $G$, where $H^n_\\phi(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ denotes the $n$th twisted group\n", + " cohomology of $G$ with $\\mathbb{Z}$ coefficients, and $\\phi$ indicates that\n", + " $g\\in G$ acts non-trivially on coefficients by sending them to their inverses\n", + " if $g$ reverses spacetime orientation and acts trivially otherwise. The\n", + " previously known summand $H_{\\phi}^{5}(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ corresponds only to\n", + " crystalline phases built without the $E_8$ state or its multiples on 2-cells of\n", + " space. It is the crystalline analogue of the \"group cohomology proposal\" for\n", + " classifying bosonic symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases, which takes\n", + " the form $H_{\\phi}^{d+2}(G;\\mathbb{Z})\\cong H_{\\phi}^{d+1}(G;U(1))$ for finite\n", + " internal symmetry groups in $d$ spatial dimensions. The new summand\n", + " $H_{\\phi}^{1}(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ classifies possible configurations of $E_8$ states\n", + " on 2-cells that can be used to build crystalline phases beyond the group\n", + " cohomology proposal. The completeness of our classification and the physical\n", + " meaning of $H_{\\phi}^{1}(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ are established through a combination\n", + " of dimensional reduction, surface topological order, and explicit cellular\n", + " construction. The value of $H_{\\phi}^{1}(G;\\mathbb{Z})$ can be easily read off\n", + " from the international symbol for $G$. Our classification agrees with the\n", + " prediction of the \"generalized cohomology hypothesis,\" which concerns the\n", + " general structure of the classification of SPT phases, and therefore provides\n", + " strong evidence for the validity of the said hypothesis in the realm of\n", + " crystalline symmetries.,\n", + " Cascade classifiers are one of the most important contributions to real-time\n", + " object detection. Nonetheless, there are many challenging problems arising in\n", + " training cascade detectors. One common issue is that the node classifier is\n", + " trained with a symmetric classifier. Having a low misclassification error rate\n", + " does not guarantee an optimal node learning goal in cascade classifiers, i.e.,\n", + " an extremely high detection rate with a moderate false positive rate. In this\n", + " work, we present a new approach to train an effective node classifier in a\n", + " cascade detector. The algorithm is based on two key observations: 1) Redundant\n", + " weak classifiers can be safely discarded; 2) The final detector should satisfy\n", + " the asymmetric learning objective of the cascade architecture. To achieve this,\n", + " we separate the classifier training into two steps: finding a pool of\n", + " discriminative weak classifiers/features and training the final classifier by\n", + " pruning weak classifiers which contribute little to the asymmetric learning\n", + " criterion (asymmetric classifier construction). Our model reduction approach\n", + " helps accelerate the learning time while achieving the pre-determined learning\n", + " objective. Experimental results on both face and car data sets verify the\n", + " effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. On the FDDB face data sets, our\n", + " approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance, which demonstrates the\n", + " advantage of our approach.,\n", + " Here we report on a \"new\" type of ordering which allows to modify the\n", + " electronic structure of a graphene monolayer (ML). We have intercalated small\n", + " gold clusters between the top monolayer graphene and the buffer layer of\n", + " epitaxial graphene. We show that these clusters perturb the quasiparticles on\n", + " the ML graphene, and act as quantum dots creating a superlattice of resonators\n", + " on the graphene ML, as revealed by a strong pattern of standing waves. A\n", + " detailed analysis of the standing wave patterns using Fourier Transform\n", + " Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy strongly indicates that this phenomenon can\n", + " arise from a strong modification of the band structure of graphene and (or)\n", + " from Charge Density Waves (CDW)where a large extension of Van Hove\n", + " singularities are involved.,\n", + " Bragg diffraction of an atomic wave packet in a retroreflective geometry with\n", + " two counterpropagating optical lattices exhibits a light shift induced phase.\n", + " We show that the temporal shape of the light pulse determines the behavior of\n", + " this phase shift: In contrast to Raman diffraction, Bragg diffraction with\n", + " Gaussian pulses leads to a significant suppression of the intrinsic phase shift\n", + " due to a scaling with the third power of the inverse Doppler frequency.\n", + " However, for box-shaped laser pulses, the corresponding shift is twice as large\n", + " as for Raman diffraction. Our results are based on approximate, but analytical\n", + " expressions as well as a numerical integration of the corresponding\n", + " Schr\\\"odinger equation.,\n", + " An edge colouring of a graph is said to be an $r$-local colouring if the\n", + " edges incident to any vertex are coloured with at most $r$ colours.\n", + " Generalising a result of Bessy and Thomass\\'e, we prove that the vertex set of\n", + " any $2$-locally coloured complete graph may be partitioned into two disjoint\n", + " monochromatic cycles of different colours. Moreover, for any natural number\n", + " $r$, we show that the vertex set of any $r$-locally coloured complete graph may\n", + " be partitioned into $O(r^2 \\log r)$ disjoint monochromatic cycles. This\n", + " generalises a result of Erd\\H{o}s, Gy\\'arf\\'as and Pyber.,\n", + " Bones are always wrapped by soft tissues. As a result, bones in their X-ray\n", + " images are obscured and become unclear. In this paper, we tackle this problem\n", + " and propose a novel task to virtually decompose the soft tissue and bone by\n", + " image processing algorithms. This task is fundamentally different from\n", + " segmentation because the decomposed images share the same imaging domain. Our\n", + " decomposition task is also fundamentally different from the conventional image\n", + " enhancement. We propose a new mathematical model for such decomposition. Our\n", + " model is ill-posed and thus it requires some priors. With proper assumptions,\n", + " our model can be solved by solving a standard Laplace equation. The resulting\n", + " bone image is theoretically guaranteed to have better contrast than the\n", + " original input image. Therefore, the details of bones get enhanced and become\n", + " clearer. Several numerical experiments confirm the effective and efficiency of\n", + " our method. Our approach is important for clinical diagnosis, surgery planning,\n", + " recognition, deep learning, etc.,\n", + " In a recent paper, Lucco Castello et al. [arXiv:2107.03537] provided an\n", + " accurate parametrization of classical one-component plasma bridge functions\n", + " that was embedded in a novel dielectric scheme for strongly coupled electron\n", + " liquids. Here, this approach is rigorously formulated, its set of equations is\n", + " formally derived and its numerical algorithm is scrutinized. Systematic\n", + " comparison with available and new path integral Monte Carlo simulations reveals\n", + " a rather unprecedented agreement especially in terms of the interaction energy\n", + " and the long wavelength limit of the static local field correction.,\n", + " Concrete semi-realistic string/M theory constructions often predict the\n", + " existence of new physics at the TeV scale, which may be different in character\n", + " from the bottom-up ideas that are motivated by specific problems of the\n", + " standard model. I describe two examples, heterotic and open string, of such\n", + " constructions. The latter has a particularly interesting strongly-coupled\n", + " quasi-hidden sector, which may lead to composite states at low energy and\n", + " dynamical supersymmetry breaking. General issues, such as grand unification\n", + " versus direct compactification, additional U(1)' gauge symmetries and other\n", + " exotics, and flat directions are discussed.,\n", + " We have conducted a search for artificial radio emission associated with the\n", + " Kepler-160 system following the report of the discovery of the Earth-like\n", + " planet candidate KOI-456.04 on 2020 June 4 (arXiv:1905.09038v2). Our search\n", + " targeted both narrowband (2.97 Hz) drifting ($\\pm 4$ Hz s$^{-1})$ and wideband\n", + " pulsed (5 ms at all bandwidths) artificially-dispersed technosignatures using\n", + " the turboSETI (arXiv:1709.03491v2) and SPANDAK pipelines, respectively, from\n", + " 1-8 GHz. No candidates were identified above an upper limit Equivalent\n", + " Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of $5.9 \\times 10^{14}$ W for narrowband\n", + " emission and $7.3 \\times 10^{12}$ W for wideband emission. Here we briefly\n", + " describe our observations and data reduction procedure.,\n", + " We analyse parallel overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition methods for the\n", + " Helmholtz equation, where the subdomain problems satisfy first-order absorbing\n", + " (impedance) transmission conditions, and exchange of information between\n", + " subdomains is achieved using a partition of unity. We provide a novel analysis\n", + " of this method at the PDE level (without discretization). First, we formulate\n", + " the method as a fixed point iteration, and show (in dimensions 1,2,3) that it\n", + " is well-defined in a tensor product of appropriate local function spaces, each\n", + " with $L^2$ impedance boundary data. Given this, we then obtain a bound on the\n", + " norm of the fixed point operator in terms of the local norms of certain\n", + " impedance-to-impedance maps arising from local interactions between subdomains.\n", + " These bounds provide conditions under which (some power of) the fixed point\n", + " operator is a contraction. In 2-d, for rectangular domains and strip-wise\n", + " domain decompositions (with each subdomain only overlapping its immediate\n", + " neighbours), we present two techniques for verifying the assumptions on the\n", + " impedance-to-impedance maps which ensure power contractivity of the fixed point\n", + " operator. The first is through semiclassical analysis, which gives rigorous\n", + " estimates valid as the frequency tends to infinity. These results verify the\n", + " required assumptions for sufficiently large overlap. For more realistic domain\n", + " decompositions, we directly compute the norms of the impedance-to-impedance\n", + " maps by solving certain canonical (local) eigenvalue problems. We give\n", + " numerical experiments that illustrate the theory. These also show that the\n", + " iterative method remains convergent and/or provides a good preconditioner in\n", + " cases not covered by the theory, including for general domain decompositions,\n", + " such as those obtained via automatic graph-partitioning software.,\n", + " The Bates Linear Accelerator uses six 4MW 2.856GHz RF transmitters. Phase\n", + " drifts between the transmitters 12 klystrons of greater than 0.5 degree or any\n", + " amplitude drifts compromise beam delivery and are a common occurrence. Machine\n", + " operators in years previous to the Phase and Amplitude Monitoring system \"PAM\"\n", + " were unable to tell which klystron was affecting beam and resorted to shifting\n", + " the phases of each klystron experimentally. The PAM system has proven itself as\n", + " a viable monitor, easing phase re-adjustment. PAM is comprised of off-the-shelf\n", + " RF amplitude and phase detectors, phase shifters, splitters, and VME hardware\n", + " under EPICS . The detected signals are amplified and matrixed to the control\n", + " room via an EPICS driven custom video switch, are sample/held, then digitized\n", + " by a VME 12bit ADC. Each of the 14 channels employ phase shifters and code that\n", + " can auto zero the displayed phase. Phase drift is then apparent. Amplitude\n", + " setpoints can also be auto zeroed with drift displayed as power deviations. To\n", + " ensure repeatability to less than 0.25 degree a continuous calibration\n", + " sequencer is employed that has been shown to measure phase drift independent of\n", + " amplitude shifts. Under investigation is the viability of 60Hz sourced and slow\n", + " phase feedback and correction.,\n", + " We briefly report on zero-temperature photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein\n", + " condensate, focusing on the many-body rate limit for atom-molecule conversion.\n", + " An upgraded model that explicitly includes spontaneous radiative decay leads to\n", + " an unanticipated shift in the position of the photoassociation resonance, which\n", + " affects whether the rate (constant) maximizes or saturates, as well as the\n", + " limiting value itself. A simple analytical model agrees with numerical\n", + " experiments, but only for high density. Finally, an explicit comparison with\n", + " the two-body unitary limit, set by the size of the condensate, finds that the\n", + " many-body rate limit is generally more strict.,\n", + " The principal minors of the Toeplitz matrix $\\left( x_{i-j+1}\\right)_{1\\le\n", + " i,j,\\le n}$, where $x_0=1, x_k=0$ if $k\\le -1$, directly determine an\n", + " involution of the polynomial ring $R[x_1, ... ,x_n]$ over any commutative ring\n", + " $R$.,\n", + " The LHC did not discover new particles beyond the Standard Model Higgs boson\n", + " at 7 and 8 TeV, or in the first data samples at 13 TeV. However, the\n", + " complementary nature of physics with $e^+e^-$ collisions still offers many\n", + " interesting scenarios in which new particles can be discovered at the ILC.\n", + " These scenarios take advantage of the capability of $e^+e^-$ collisions to\n", + " observe particles with missing energy and small mass differences, to observe\n", + " mono-photon events with precisely controlled backgrounds, and to observe the\n", + " full range of exotic decay modes of the Higgs boson. The searches that an\n", + " $e^+e^-$ collider makes possible are particularly important for models of dark\n", + " matter involving a dark sector with particles above the modest energy reach of\n", + " fixed-target experiments. In this talk, we will review the opportunities that\n", + " the ILC offers for new particle discovery.,\n", + " When we elastically impose a homogeneous, affine deformation on amorphous\n", + " solids, they also undergo an inhomogeneous, non-affine deformation, which can\n", + " have a crucial impact on the overall elastic response. To correctly understand\n", + " the elastic modulus $M$, it is therefore necessary to take into account not\n", + " only the affine modulus $M_A$, but also the non-affine modulus $M_N$ that\n", + " arises from the non-affine deformation. In the present work, we study the bulk\n", + " ($M=K$) and shear ($M=G$) moduli in static jammed particulate packings over a\n", + " range of packing fractions $\\varphi$. One novelty of this work is to elucidate\n", + " the contribution of each vibrational mode to the non-affine $M_N$ through a\n", + " modal decomposition of the displacement and force fields. In the vicinity of\n", + " the (un)jamming transition, $\\varphi_{c}$, the vibrational density of states,\n", + " $g(\\omega)$, shows a plateau in the intermediate frequency regime above a\n", + " characteristic frequency $\\omega^\\ast$. We illustrate that this unusual feature\n", + " apparent in $g(\\omega)$ is reflected in the behavior of $M_N$: As $\\varphi\n", + " \\rightarrow \\varphi_c$, where $\\omega^\\ast \\rightarrow 0$, those modes for\n", + " $\\omega < \\omega^\\ast$ contribute less and less, while contributions from those\n", + " for $\\omega > \\omega^\\ast$ approach a constant value which results in $M_N$ to\n", + " approach a critical value $M_{Nc}$, as $M_N-M_{Nc} \\sim \\omega^\\ast$. At\n", + " $\\varphi_c$ itself, the bulk modulus attains a finite value $K_c=K_{Ac}-K_{Nc}\n", + " > 0$, such that $K_{Nc}$ has a value that remains below $K_{Ac}$. In contrast,\n", + " for the critical shear modulus $G_c$, $G_{Nc}$ and $G_{Ac}$ approach the same\n", + " value so that the total value becomes exactly zero, $G_c = G_{Ac}-G_{Nc} =0$.\n", + " We explore what features of the configurational and vibrational properties\n", + " cause such the distinction between $K$ and $G$, allowing us to validate\n", + " analytical expressions for their critical values.,\n", + " Human interaction recognition is very important in many applications. One\n", + " crucial cue in recognizing an interaction is the interactive body parts. In\n", + " this work, we propose a novel Interaction Graph Transformer (IGFormer) network\n", + " for skeleton-based interaction recognition via modeling the interactive body\n", + " parts as graphs. More specifically, the proposed IGFormer constructs\n", + " interaction graphs according to the semantic and distance correlations between\n", + " the interactive body parts, and enhances the representation of each person by\n", + " aggregating the information of the interactive body parts based on the learned\n", + " graphs. Furthermore, we propose a Semantic Partition Module to transform each\n", + " human skeleton sequence into a Body-Part-Time sequence to better capture the\n", + " spatial and temporal information of the skeleton sequence for learning the\n", + " graphs. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our\n", + " model outperforms the state-of-the-art with a significant margin.,\n", + " In this paper, we continue the program initiated by I. Beck's now classical\n", + " paper concerning zero-divisor graphs of commutative rings. After the success of\n", + " much research regarding zero-divisor graphs, many authors have turned their\n", + " attention to studying divisor graphs of non-zero elements in the ring, the so\n", + " called irreducible divisor graph. In this paper, we construct several different\n", + " associated irreducible divisor graphs of a commutative ring with unity using\n", + " various choices for the definition of irreducible and atomic in the literature.\n", + " We continue pursuing the program of exploiting the interaction between\n", + " algebraic structures and associated graphs to further our understanding of both\n", + " objects. Factorization in rings with zero-divisors is considerably more\n", + " complicated than integral domains; however, we find that many of the same\n", + " techniques can be extended to rings with zero-divisors. This allows us to not\n", + " only find graph theoretic characterizations of many of the finite factorization\n", + " properties that commutative rings may possess, but also understand graph\n", + " theoretic properties of graphs associated with certain commutative rings\n", + " satisfying nice factorization properties.,\n", + " The structure from motion (SfM) problem in computer vision is the problem of\n", + " recovering the three-dimensional ($3$D) structure of a stationary scene from a\n", + " set of projective measurements, represented as a collection of two-dimensional\n", + " ($2$D) images, via estimation of motion of the cameras corresponding to these\n", + " images. In essence, SfM involves the three main stages of (1) extraction of\n", + " features in images (e.g., points of interest, lines, etc.) and matching these\n", + " features between images, (2) camera motion estimation (e.g., using relative\n", + " pairwise camera positions estimated from the extracted features), and (3)\n", + " recovery of the $3$D structure using the estimated motion and features (e.g.,\n", + " by minimizing the so-called reprojection error). This survey mainly focuses on\n", + " relatively recent developments in the literature pertaining to stages (2) and\n", + " (3). More specifically, after touching upon the early factorization-based\n", + " techniques for motion and structure estimation, we provide a detailed account\n", + " of some of the recent camera location estimation methods in the literature,\n", + " followed by discussion of notable techniques for $3$D structure recovery. We\n", + " also cover the basics of the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)\n", + " problem, which can be viewed as a specific case of the SfM problem. Further,\n", + " our survey includes a review of the fundamentals of feature extraction and\n", + " matching (i.e., stage (1) above), various recent methods for handling\n", + " ambiguities in $3$D scenes, SfM techniques involving relatively uncommon camera\n", + " models and image features, and popular sources of data and SfM software.,\n", + " We investigate the relative importance of initial and final state effects on\n", + " azimuthal correlations of gluons in low and high multiplicity p+Pb collisions.\n", + " To achieve this, we couple Yang-Mills dynamics of pre-equilibrium gluon fields\n", + " (IP-GLASMA) to a perturbative QCD based parton cascade for the final state\n", + " evolution (BAMPS) on an event-by-event basis. We find that signatures of both\n", + " the initial state correlations and final state interactions are seen in\n", + " azimuthal correlation observables, such as\n", + " $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$, their strength depending on the event\n", + " multiplicity and transverse momentum. Initial state correlations dominate\n", + " $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$ in low multiplicity events for\n", + " transverse momenta $p_T>2~{\\rm GeV}$. While final state interactions are\n", + " dominant in high multiplicity events, initial state correlations affect\n", + " $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace(p_T)$ for $p_T>2~{\\rm GeV}$ as well as the pT\n", + " integrated $v_2\\left\\lbrace2PC\\right\\rbrace$.,\n", + " Cassava a major food crop in many parts of Africa, has majorly been affected\n", + " by Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD). The disease affects tuberous roots and\n", + " presents symptoms that include a yellow/brown, dry, corky necrosis within the\n", + " starch-bearing tissues. Cassava breeders currently depend on visual inspection\n", + " to score necrosis in roots based on a qualitative score which is quite\n", + " subjective. In this paper we present an approach to automate root necrosis\n", + " scoring using deep convolutional neural networks with semantic segmentation.\n", + " Our experiments show that the UNet model performs this task with high accuracy\n", + " achieving a mean Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.90 on the test set. This\n", + " method provides a means to use a quantitative measure for necrosis scoring on\n", + " root cross-sections. This is done by segmentation and classifying the\n", + " necrotized and non-necrotized pixels of cassava root cross-sections without any\n", + " additional feature engineering.,\n", + " A large sample of MgII emitting star-forming galaxies with low metallicity\n", + " [O/H] = log(O/H)-log(O/H)sun between -0.2 and -1.2 dex is constructed from Data\n", + " Release 14 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We selected 4189 galaxies with MgII\n", + " 2797, 2803 emission lines in the redshift range z~0.3-1.0 or 35% of the total\n", + " Sloan Digital Sky Survey star-forming sample with redshift z>0.3. We study the\n", + " dependence of the magnesium-to-oxygen and magnesium-to-neon abundance ratios on\n", + " metallicity. Extrapolating this dependence to [Mg/Ne]=0 and to solar\n", + " metallicity we derive a magnesium depletion of [Mg/Ne]~-0.4 (at solar\n", + " metallicity). We prefer neon instead of oxygen to evaluate the magnesium\n", + " depletion in the interstellar medium because neon is a noble gas and is not\n", + " incorporated into dust, contrary to oxygen. Thus, we find that more massive and\n", + " more metal abundant galaxies have higher magnesium depletion. The global\n", + " parameters of our sample, such as the mass of the stellar population and star\n", + " formation rate, are compared with previously obtained results from the\n", + " literature. These results confirm that MgII emission has a nebular origin. Our\n", + " data for interstellar magnesium-to-oxygen abundance ratios relative to the\n", + " solar value are in good agreement with similar measurements made for Galactic\n", + " stars, for giant stars in the Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxies, and with\n", + " low-metallicity damped Lyman-alpha systems.,\n", + " Federated machine learning (FL) allows to collectively train models on\n", + " sensitive data as only the clients' models and not their training data need to\n", + " be shared. However, despite the attention that research on FL has drawn, the\n", + " concept still lacks broad adoption in practice. One of the key reasons is the\n", + " great challenge to implement FL systems that simultaneously achieve fairness,\n", + " integrity, and privacy preservation for all participating clients. To\n", + " contribute to solving this issue, our paper suggests a FL system that\n", + " incorporates blockchain technology, local differential privacy, and\n", + " zero-knowledge proofs. Our implementation of a proof-of-concept with multiple\n", + " linear regression illustrates that these state-of-the-art technologies can be\n", + " combined to a FL system that aligns economic incentives, trust, and\n", + " confidentiality requirements in a scalable and transparent system.,\n", + " The integration of artificial intelligence into clinical workflows requires\n", + " reliable and robust models. Repeatability is a key attribute of model\n", + " robustness. Repeatable models output predictions with low variation during\n", + " independent tests carried out under similar conditions. During model\n", + " development and evaluation, much attention is given to classification\n", + " performance while model repeatability is rarely assessed, leading to the\n", + " development of models that are unusable in clinical practice. In this work, we\n", + " evaluate the repeatability of four model types (binary classification,\n", + " multi-class classification, ordinal classification, and regression) on images\n", + " that were acquired from the same patient during the same visit. We study the\n", + " performance of binary, multi-class, ordinal, and regression models on four\n", + " medical image classification tasks from public and private datasets: knee\n", + " osteoarthritis, cervical cancer screening, breast density estimation, and\n", + " retinopathy of prematurity. Repeatability is measured and compared on ResNet\n", + " and DenseNet architectures. Moreover, we assess the impact of sampling Monte\n", + " Carlo dropout predictions at test time on classification performance and\n", + " repeatability. Leveraging Monte Carlo predictions significantly increased\n", + " repeatability for all tasks on the binary, multi-class, and ordinal models\n", + " leading to an average reduction of the 95\\% limits of agreement by 16% points\n", + " and of the disagreement rate by 7% points. The classification accuracy improved\n", + " in most settings along with the repeatability. Our results suggest that beyond\n", + " about 20 Monte Carlo iterations, there is no further gain in repeatability. In\n", + " addition to the higher test-retest agreement, Monte Carlo predictions were\n", + " better calibrated which leads to output probabilities reflecting more\n", + " accurately the true likelihood of being correctly classified.,\n", + " NASA's Kepler Mission has revealed two transiting planets orbiting Kepler-68.\n", + " Follow-up Doppler measurements have established the mass of the innermost\n", + " planet and revealed a third jovian-mass planet orbiting beyond the two\n", + " transiting planets. Kepler-68b, in a 5.4 day orbit has mass 8.3 +/- 2.3 Earth,\n", + " radius 2.31 +/- 0.07 Earth radii, and a density of 3.32 +/- 0.92 (cgs), giving\n", + " Kepler-68b a density intermediate between that of the ice giants and Earth.\n", + " Kepler-68c is Earth-sized with a radius of 0.953 Earth and transits on a 9.6\n", + " day orbit; validation of Kepler-68c posed unique challenges. Kepler-68d has an\n", + " orbital period of 580 +/- 15 days and minimum mass of Msin(i) = 0.947 Jupiter.\n", + " Power spectra of the Kepler photometry at 1-minute cadence exhibit a rich and\n", + " strong set of asteroseismic pulsation modes enabling detailed analysis of the\n", + " stellar interior. Spectroscopy of the star coupled with asteroseismic modeling\n", + " of the multiple pulsation modes yield precise measurements of stellar\n", + " properties, notably Teff = 5793 +/- 74 K, M = 1.079 +/- 0.051 Msun, R = 1.243\n", + " +/- 0.019 Rsun, and density 0.7903 +/- 0.0054 (cgs), all measured with\n", + " fractional uncertainties of only a few percent. Models of Kepler-68b suggest it\n", + " is likely composed of rock and water, or has a H and He envelope to yield its\n", + " density of about 3 (cgs).,\n", + " We apply a degenerate version of a result due to Hirschowitz, Ramanan and\n", + " Voisin to verify Green and Green-Lazarsfeld conjectures over explicit open sets\n", + " inside each $d$-gonal stratum of curves $X$ with $d<[g_X/2]+2$. By the same\n", + " method, we verify the Green-Lazarsfeld conjecture for any curve of odd genus\n", + " and maximal gonality. The proof invokes Voisin's solution to the generic Green\n", + " conjecture as a key argument.,\n", + " Brain-inspired hyperdimensional computing (HDC) has been recently considered\n", + " a promising learning approach for resource-constrained devices. However,\n", + " existing approaches use static encoders that are never updated during the\n", + " learning process. Consequently, it requires a very high dimensionality to\n", + " achieve adequate accuracy, severely lowering the encoding and training\n", + " efficiency. In this paper, we propose DistHD, a novel dynamic encoding\n", + " technique for HDC adaptive learning that effectively identifies and regenerates\n", + " dimensions that mislead the classification and compromise the learning quality.\n", + " Our proposed algorithm DistHD successfully accelerates the learning process and\n", + " achieves the desired accuracy with considerably lower dimensionality.,\n", + " We construct a topological space to study contextuality in quantum mechanics.\n", + " The resulting space is a classifying space in the sense of algebraic topology.\n", + " Cohomological invariants of our space correspond to physical quantities\n", + " relevant to the study of contextuality. Within this framework the Wigner\n", + " function of a quantum state can be interpreted as a class in the twisted\n", + " $K$-theory of the classifying space.,\n", + " An exchange energy functional is proposed and tested for obtaining a class of\n", + " excited-state energies using density functional formalism. The functional is\n", + " the excited-state counterpart of the local-density approximation functional for\n", + " the ground state. It takes care of the state dependence of the energy\n", + " functional and leads to highly accurate excitation energies.,\n", + " We consider Arveson's problem on the maximality of subdiagonal algebras. We\n", + " prove that a subdiagonal algebra is maximal if it is invariant under the\n", + " modular group of a faithful normal state which is preserved by the conditional\n", + " expectation associated with the subdiagonal algebra.,\n", + " Deep neural network based question answering (QA) models are neither robust\n", + " nor explainable in many cases. For example, a multiple-choice QA model, tested\n", + " without any input of question, is surprisingly \"capable\" to predict the most of\n", + " correct options. In this paper, we inspect such spurious \"capability\" of QA\n", + " models using causal inference. We find the crux is the shortcut correlation,\n", + " e.g., unrobust word alignment between passage and options learned by the\n", + " models. We propose a novel approach called Counterfactual Variable Control\n", + " (CVC) that explicitly mitigates any shortcut correlation and preserves the\n", + " comprehensive reasoning for robust QA. Specifically, we leverage multi-branch\n", + " architecture that allows us to disentangle robust and shortcut correlations in\n", + " the training process of QA. We then conduct two novel CVC inference methods (on\n", + " trained models) to capture the effect of comprehensive reasoning as the final\n", + " prediction. For evaluation, we conduct extensive experiments using two BERT\n", + " backbones on both multi-choice and span-extraction QA benchmarks. The results\n", + " show that our CVC achieves high robustness against a variety of adversarial\n", + " attacks in QA while maintaining good interpretation ability.,\n", + " We propose multivariate nonstationary Gaussian processes for jointly modeling\n", + " multiple clinical variables, where the key parameters, length-scales, standard\n", + " deviations and the correlations between the observed output, are all time\n", + " dependent. We perform posterior inference via Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC). We\n", + " also provide methods for obtaining computationally efficient gradient-based\n", + " maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates. We validate our model on synthetic data\n", + " as well as on electronic health records (EHR) data from Kaiser Permanente (KP).\n", + " We show that the proposed model provides better predictive performance over a\n", + " stationary model as well as uncovers interesting latent correlation processes\n", + " across vitals which are potentially predictive of patient risk.,\n", + " Turbulence modeling within the RANS equations' framework is essential in\n", + " engineering due to its high efficiency. Field inversion and machine learning\n", + " (FIML) techniques have improved RANS models' predictive capabilities for\n", + " separated flows. However, FIML-generated models often lack interpretability,\n", + " limiting physical understanding and manual improvements based on prior\n", + " knowledge. Additionally, these models may struggle with generalization in flow\n", + " fields distinct from the training set. This study addresses these issues by\n", + " employing symbolic regression (SR) to derive an analytical relationship between\n", + " the correction factor of the baseline turbulence model and local flow\n", + " variables, enhancing the baseline model's ability to predict separated flow\n", + " across diverse test cases. The shear-stress-transport (SST) model undergoes\n", + " field inversion on a curved backward-facing step (CBFS) case to obtain the\n", + " corrective factor field beta, and SR is used to derive a symbolic map between\n", + " local flow features and beata. The SR-derived analytical function is integrated\n", + " into the original SST model, resulting in the SST-SR model. The SST-SR model's\n", + " generalization capabilities are demonstrated by its successful predictions of\n", + " separated flow on various test cases, including 2D-bump cases with varying\n", + " heights, periodic hill case where separation is dominated by geometric\n", + " features, and the three-dimensional Ahmed-body case. In these tests, the model\n", + " accurately predicts flow fields, showing its effectiveness in cases completely\n", + " different from the training set. The Ahmed-body case, in particular, highlights\n", + " the model's ability to predict the three-dimensional massively separated flows.\n", + " When applied to a turbulent boundary layer with Re_L=1.0E7, the SST-SR model\n", + " predicts wall friction coefficient and log layer comparably to the original SST\n", + " model, maintaining the attached boundary layer prediction performance.,\n", + " We present a systematic study of dijet suppression at RHIC using the VNI/BMS\n", + " parton cascade code. We examine the medium modification of the dijet asymmetry\n", + " $A_j$ and the energy distribution within the dijets. Understanding the\n", + " sensitivity of these observables to properties of the deconfined medium and to\n", + " experimental factors is vital if dijets are to be useful for QCD tomography.\n", + " VNI/BMS provides a controllable test-bed with sufficient complexity to model\n", + " jet modification without confounding results with fluctuations from\n", + " hydrodynamics and hadronization. Dijets are examined under the modification of:\n", + " the jet transport coefficient $\\hat{q}$; the path length of leading and\n", + " sub-leading jets; jet cone angle and the jet-medium interaction mechanism. We\n", + " find that $A_j$ is very sensitive to the distance traveled by the secondary\n", + " jet, the jet shape is dominated by $\\hat{q}$ and the nature of the interaction\n", + " mechanism.,\n", + " It has been argued [T. Rudolph and B.C. Sanders, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf 87},\n", + " 077903 (2001)] that continuous-variable quantum teleportation at optical\n", + " frequencies has not been achieved because the source used (a laser) was not\n", + " `truly coherent'. Van Enk, and Fuchs [Phys. Rev. Lett, {\\bf 88}, 027902\n", + " (2002)], while arguing against Rudolph and Sanders, also accept that an\n", + " `absolute phase' is achievable, even if it has not been achieved yet. I will\n", + " argue to the contrary that `true coherence' or `absolute phase' is always\n", + " illusory, as the concept of absolute time (at least for frequencies beyond\n", + " direct human experience) is meaningless. All we can ever do is to use an agreed\n", + " time standard. In this context, a laser beam is fundamentally as good a `clock'\n", + " as any other. I explain in detail why this claim is true, and defend my\n", + " argument against various objections. In the process I discuss super-selection\n", + " rules, quantum channels, and the ultimate limits to the performance of a laser\n", + " as a clock. For this last topic I use some earlier work by myself [Phys. Rev. A\n", + " {\\bf 60}, 4083 (1999)] and Berry and myself [Phys. Rev. A {\\bf 65}, 043803\n", + " (2002)] to show that a Heisenberg-limited laser with a mean photon number $\\mu$\n", + " can synchronize $M$ independent clocks each with a mean-square error of\n", + " $\\sqrt{M}/4\\mu$ radians$^2$.,\n", + " We have studied the hadron spectrum while varying the number of light\n", + " dynamical quarks when the physical lattice spacing and volume are held fixed\n", + " relative to the rho mass. For two and zero flavors of staggered fermions, we\n", + " find the nucleon to rho mass ratios (extrapolated to zero valence quark mass)\n", + " are very similar. However, for four flavors the ratio is 7% (2 standard\n", + " deviations) above the two flavor result.,\n", + " Artin approximation and other related approximation results are used in\n", + " various areas. The traditional formulation of such results is restricted to\n", + " filtrations by powers of ideals, $\\{I^j\\}$, and to Noetherian rings. In this\n", + " paper we extend several approximation results both to rather general\n", + " filtrations and to $C^r$-rings, for $2\\le r\\le\\infty$. As an auxiliary step we\n", + " establish the surjectivity of the completion map for rings of $C^\\infty$\n", + " functions, for a very broad class of filtrations.,\n", + " Small base stations (SBs) of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks are\n", + " envisioned to have storage devices to locally serve requests for reusable and\n", + " popular contents by \\emph{caching} them at the edge of the network, close to\n", + " the end users. The ultimate goal is to shift part of the predictable load on\n", + " the back-haul links, from on-peak to off-peak periods, contributing to a better\n", + " overall network performance and service experience. To enable the SBs with\n", + " efficient \\textit{fetch-cache} decision-making schemes operating in dynamic\n", + " settings, this paper introduces simple but flexible generic time-varying\n", + " fetching and caching costs, which are then used to formulate a constrained\n", + " minimization of the aggregate cost across files and time. Since caching\n", + " decisions per time slot influence the content availability in future slots, the\n", + " novel formulation for optimal fetch-cache decisions falls into the class of\n", + " dynamic programming. Under this generic formulation, first by considering\n", + " stationary distributions for the costs and file popularities, an efficient\n", + " reinforcement learning-based solver known as value iteration algorithm can be\n", + " used to solve the emerging optimization problem. Later, it is shown that\n", + " practical limitations on cache capacity can be handled using a particular\n", + " instance of the generic dynamic pricing formulation. Under this setting, to\n", + " provide a light-weight online solver for the corresponding optimization, the\n", + " well-known reinforcement learning algorithm, $Q$-learning, is employed to find\n", + " optimal fetch-cache decisions. Numerical tests corroborating the merits of the\n", + " proposed approach wrap up the paper.,\n", + " The nucleon-pion-state contribution in the QCD 3-point function of the\n", + " pseudoscalar density is calculated to leading order in chiral perturbation\n", + " theory. It predicts a nucleon-pion-state contamination in lattice estimates for\n", + " the pseudoscalar form factor $G_{\\rm P}(Q^2)$ determined with the plateau\n", + " method. Depending on the momentum transfer $Q^2$ the contamination varies\n", + " between -20% and +50% for a source-sink separation of 2 fm. The\n", + " nucleon-pion-state contamination also causes violations in the generalized\n", + " Goldberger-Treiman relation among the pseudoscalar and the axial nucleon form\n", + " factors, the dominant source being the nucleon-pion-state contamination in the\n", + " induced pseudoscalar form factor $\\tilde{G}_{\\rm P}(Q^2)$. Comparing the chiral\n", + " perturbation theory predictions with lattice results of the PACS collaboration\n", + " we find reasonable agreement even for source-sink separations as small as 1.3\n", + " fm.,\n", + " These are lecture notes that are based on the lectures from a class I taught\n", + " on the topic of Randomized Linear Algebra (RLA) at UC Berkeley during the Fall\n", + " 2013 semester.,\n", + " In this work, we consider the thermal correction to the hyperfine interaction\n", + " in hydrogen, deuterium, and the $^3$He$^+$ ion. This correction is effectively\n", + " described by one-loop Feynman graphs in the framework of the quantum\n", + " electrodynamics theory for bound states at a finite temperature. A simple\n", + " analysis shows the importance of the obtained results for future prospects for\n", + " measuring hyperfine splitting. In addition, the application for testing the\n", + " time variation of fundamental constants is briefly discussed.,\n", + " In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the effect\n", + " of lattice volume and strain on the proton conductivity of the yttrium-doped\n", + " barium cerate proton conductor by applying the hydrostatic pressure up to 1.25\n", + " GPa. An increase from 0.62 eV to 0.73 eV in the activation energy of the bulk\n", + " conductivity was found with increasing pressure during a unit cell volume\n", + " change of 0.7%, confirming a previously suggested correlation between lattice\n", + " volume and proton diffusivity in the crystal lattice. One strategy worth trying\n", + " in the future development of the ceramic proton conductors could be to expand\n", + " the lattice and potentially lower the activation energy under tensile strain.,\n", + " We consider a time discretization of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations\n", + " with spatial periodic boundary conditions in the vorticity-velocity\n", + " formulation. The approximation is based on freezing the velocity on time\n", + " subintervals resulting in linear parabolic equations for vorticity.\n", + " Probabilistic representations for solutions of these linear equations are\n", + " given. At each time step, the velocity is expressed via vorticity using a\n", + " formula corresponding to the Biot--Savart-type law. We show that the\n", + " approximation is divergent free and of first order. The results are extended to\n", + " two-dimensional stochastic Navier-Stokes equations with additive noise, where,\n", + " in particular, we prove the first mean-square convergence order of the\n", + " vorticity approximation.,\n", + " The two-loop renormalization group flow is studied via the induced bracket\n", + " flow on 3D unimodular Lie groups. A number of steady solitons are found. Some\n", + " of these steady solitons come from maximally symmetric metrics that are steady,\n", + " shrinking, or expanding solitons under Ricci flow, while others are not\n", + " obviously related to Ricci flow solitons.,\n", + " Electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the non-invasive and low-risk methods to\n", + " monitor the condition of the human heart. Any abnormal pattern(s) in the ECG\n", + " signal is an indicative measure of malfunctioning of the heart, termed as\n", + " arrhythmia. Due to the lack of human expertise and high probability to\n", + " misdiagnose, computer-aided diagnosis and analysis are preferred. In this work,\n", + " we perform arrhythmia detection with an optimized neural network having\n", + " piecewise linear approximation based activation function to alleviate the\n", + " complex computations in the traditional activation functions. Further, we\n", + " propose a self-learning method for arrhythmia detection by learning and\n", + " analyzing the characteristics (period) of the ECG signal. Self-learning based\n", + " approach achieves 97.28% of arrhythmia detection accuracy, and neural network\n", + " with optimized activation functions achieve an arrhythmia detection accuracy of\n", + " 99.56%.,\n", + " In cores of supernovae and crusts of neutron stars, nuclei can adopt\n", + " interesting shapes, such as rods or slabs, etc., which are referred to as\n", + " nuclear \"pasta.\" Recently, we have been studying the pasta phases focusing on\n", + " their dynamical aspects with quantum molecular dynamic (QMD) approach. We\n", + " review our findings on the following topics: dynamical formation of the pasta\n", + " phases by cooling down the hot uniform nuclear matter; a phase diagram on the\n", + " density versus temperature plane; structural transitions between the pasta\n", + " phases induced by compression and their mechanism. Properties of the nuclear\n", + " interaction used in our works are also discussed.,\n", + " We prove packing stability for any closed symplectic manifold with rational\n", + " cohomology class. This will rely on a general symplectic embedding result for\n", + " ellipsoids which assumes only that there is no volume obstruction and that the\n", + " domain is sufficiently thin relative to the target. We also obtain easily\n", + " computable bounds for the Embedded Contact Homology capacities which are\n", + " sufficient to imply the existence of some volume preserving embeddings in\n", + " dimension 4.,\n", + " We study the resonant tunneling properties of an electron through a few types\n", + " of binary periodic and aperiodic multibarrier systems. Within the framework of\n", + " the effective-mass approximation, we calculate the transmission coefficients to\n", + " investigate the dependence of the transmission resonances on the system\n", + " parameters such as the kind of aperiodicity, the generation number, and the\n", + " widths of the wells and barriers. Similarities and differences of the\n", + " resonances between the binary periodic and aperiodic systems are discussed in\n", + " detail. Transmission resonances in aperiodic systems are found to be\n", + " characterized by complex resonance splitting and a variety of peak-to-valley\n", + " ratios which are not exhibited in the periodic system. For some energy ranges,\n", + " transmission resonances in aperiodic systems are also found to resemble those\n", + " in the periodic system, despite the existence of aperiodicity.,\n", + " The progress of miniaturisation in integrated electronics has led to atomic\n", + " and nanometre-sized dopant devices in silicon. Such structures can be\n", + " fabricated routinely by hydrogen resist lithography, using various dopants such\n", + " as phosphorous and arsenic. However, the ability to non-destructively obtain\n", + " atomic-species-specific images of the final structure, which would be an\n", + " indispensable tool for building more complex nano-scale devices, such as\n", + " quantum co-processors, remains an unresolved challenge. Here we exploit X-ray\n", + " fluorescence to create an element-specific image of As dopants in silicon, with\n", + " dopant densities in absolute units and a resolution limited by the beam focal\n", + " size (here $\\sim1~\\mu$m), without affecting the device's low temperature\n", + " electronic properties. The As densities provided by the X-ray data are compared\n", + " to those derived from Hall effect measurements as well as the standard\n", + " non-repeatable, scanning tunnelling microscopy and secondary ion mass\n", + " spectroscopy, techniques. Before and after the X-ray experiments, we also\n", + " measured the magneto-conductance, dominated by weak localisation, a quantum\n", + " interference effect extremely sensitive to sample dimensions and disorder.\n", + " Notwithstanding the $1.5\\times10^{10}$ Sv ($1.5\\times10^{16}$ Rad/cm$^{-2}$)\n", + " exposure of the device to X-rays, all transport data were unchanged to within\n", + " experimental errors, corresponding to upper bounds of 0.2 Angstroms for the\n", + " radiation-induced motion of the typical As atom and 3$\\%$ for the loss of\n", + " activated, carrier-contributing dopants. With next generation synchrotron\n", + " radiation sources and more advanced optics, we foresee that it will be possible\n", + " to obtain X-ray images of single dopant atoms within resolved radii of 5 nm.,\n", + " Let $m(n,r)$ denote the minimal number of edges in an $n$-uniform hypergraph\n", + " which is not $r$-colorable. It is known that for a fixed $n$ one has \\[ c_n r^n\n", + " < m(n,r) < C_n r^n. \\] We prove that for any fixed $n$ the sequence $a_r :=\n", + " m(n,r)/r^n$ has a limit, which was conjectured by Alon. We also prove the list\n", + " colorings analogue of this statement.,\n", + " We present a study of the piezostrain-tunable gyrotropic dynamics in\n", + " Co$_{40}$Fe$_{40}$B$_{20}$ vortex microstructures fabricated on a 0.7PMN-0.3PT\n", + " single crystalline substrate. Using field-modulated spin rectification\n", + " measurements, we demonstrate large frequency tunability (up to 45 %) in\n", + " individual microdisks accessed locally with low surface voltages, and\n", + " magnetoresistive readout. With increased voltage applied to the PMN-PT, we\n", + " observe a gradual decrease of the vortex core gyrotropic frequency associated\n", + " with the strain-induced magnetoelastic energy contribution. The frequency\n", + " tunability strongly depends on the disk size, with increased frequency\n", + " downshift for the disks with larger diameter. Micromagnetic simulations suggest\n", + " that the observed size effects originate from the joint action of the\n", + " strain-induced magnetoelastic and demagnetizing energies in large magnetic\n", + " disks. These results enable a selective energy-efficient tuning of the vortex\n", + " gyrotropic frequency in individual vortex-based oscillators with all-electrical\n", + " operation.,\n", + " Constructing new and more challenging tasksets is a fruitful methodology to\n", + " analyse and understand few-shot classification methods. Unfortunately, existing\n", + " approaches to building those tasksets are somewhat unsatisfactory: they either\n", + " assume train and test task distributions to be identical -- which leads to\n", + " overly optimistic evaluations -- or take a \"worst-case\" philosophy -- which\n", + " typically requires additional human labor such as obtaining semantic class\n", + " relationships. We propose ATG, a principled clustering method to defining train\n", + " and test tasksets without additional human knowledge. ATG models train and test\n", + " task distributions while requiring them to share a predefined amount of\n", + " information. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of ATG in generating\n", + " tasksets that are easier, in-between, or harder than existing benchmarks,\n", + " including those that rely on semantic information. Finally, we leverage our\n", + " generated tasksets to shed a new light on few-shot classification:\n", + " gradient-based methods -- previously believed to underperform -- can outperform\n", + " metric-based ones when transfer is most challenging.,\n", + " We use effective field theory tools to study non-conservative effects in\n", + " systems of gravitating objects in general spacetime dimension. Using the\n", + " classical version of the Closed Time Path formalism, we treat both the\n", + " radiative gravitational field and its dynamical sources within a single action\n", + " principle. New results include the radiation-reaction effective action in\n", + " arbitrary dimensions to leading and +1PN orders, as well as the generalized\n", + " Quadrupole formula to order +1PN.,\n", + " The motion of superfluid vortices in a neutron star crust is at the heart of\n", + " most theories of pulsar glitches. Pinning of vortices to ions can decouple the\n", + " superfluid from the crust and create a reservoir of angular momentum. Sudden\n", + " large scale unpinning can lead to an observable glitch. In this paper we\n", + " investigate the scattering of a free vortex off a pinning potential and\n", + " calculate its mean free path, in order to assess whether unpinned vortices can\n", + " skip multiple pinning sites and come close enough to their neighbours to\n", + " trigger avalanches, or whether they simply hop from one pinning site to another\n", + " giving rise to a more gradual creep. We find that there is a significant range\n", + " of parameter space in which avalanches can be triggered, thus supporting the\n", + " hypothesis that they may lie at the origin of pulsar glitches. For realistic\n", + " values of the pinning force and superfluid drag parameters we find that\n", + " avalanches are more likely in the higher density regions of the crust where\n", + " pinning is stronger. Physical differences in stellar parameters, such as mass\n", + " and temperature, may lead to a switch between creep-like motion and avalanches,\n", + " explaining the different characteristics of glitching pulsars.,\n", + " A current-current correlator with the quantum numbers of the omega meson is\n", + " studied in a nuclear medium. Using weighted finite energy sum rules and\n", + " dispersion relations for the current-nucleon forward scattering amplitude it is\n", + " shown that strict vector meson dominance and QCD sum rules are incompatible\n", + " with each other. This implies that at least one of these concepts -- which are\n", + " both very powerful in the vacuum -- has to fade in the nuclear environment.,\n", + " We obtain, for $T^\\epsilon \\le U=U(T)\\le T^{1/2-\\epsilon}$, asymptotic\n", + " formulas for $$ \\int_T^{2T}(E(t+U) - E(t))^2 dt,\\quad \\int_T^{2T}(\\Delta(t+U) -\n", + " \\Delta(t))^2 dt, $$ where $\\Delta(x)$ is the error term in the classical\n", + " divisor problem, and $E(T)$ is the error term in the mean square formula for\n", + " $|\\zeta(1/2+it)|$. Upper bounds of the form $O_\\epsilon(T^{1+\\epsilon}U^2)$ for\n", + " the above integrals with biquadrates instead of square are shown to hold for\n", + " $T^{3/8} \\le U =U(T) \\ll T^{1/2}$. The connection between the moments of\n", + " $E(t+U) - E(t)$ and $|\\zeta(1/2+it)|$ is also given. Generalizations to some\n", + " other number-theoretic error terms are discussed.,\n", + " Gesture awareness plays a crucial role in promoting human-computer interface.\n", + " Previous works either depend on customized hardware or need a priori learning\n", + " of wireless signal patterns, facing downsides in terms of the privacy concern,\n", + " availability and reliability. In this paper, we propose CentiTrack, the first\n", + " centimeter-level passive gesture tracking system that works with only three\n", + " commodityWiFi devices, without any extra hardware modifications or wearable\n", + " sensors. To this end, we first identify the Channel State Information (CSI)\n", + " measurement error sources in the physical layer process, and then denoise CSI\n", + " by the complex ratio between adjacent antennas. Principal Component Analysis\n", + " (PCA) is further adopted to separate the reflected signals from noises.\n", + " Benchmark experiments are conducted to verify that the phase changes of\n", + " denoised CSI are proportional to the length changes of dynamic path reflected\n", + " off the hand. In addition, we adopt the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC)\n", + " algorithm to estimate the Angle-of-Arrivals (AoAs) of dynamic paths, and then\n", + " locate the initial position of hands with triangulation. We also propose a\n", + " novel static componnets elimination algorithm for tracking correction by\n", + " eliminating the components unrelated to motion. A prototype of CentiTrack is\n", + " fully realized and evaluated in various real scenarios. Extensive experiments\n", + " show that CentiTrack is superior in terms of tracking accuracy, sensing range\n", + " and device cost, compared with the state-of-the-arts.,\n", + " It is shown that \"photon+Jet\" events, being collected at LHC, would provide\n", + " us with the data sufficient for an extraction of gluon distribution function in\n", + " a proton using valence and s quark distributions measured in the same\n", + " experiment with another physical proces A new region of 10^{-4}< x < 10^{-1}\n", + " with 1.6x10^3< Q^2<10^5 ~(GeV/c)^2 can be covered. The rates of g c-> photon\n", + " +Jet events are also given.,\n", + " In the article \"Stochastic evolution equations for large portfolios of\n", + " Stochastic Volatility models\" (Arxiv:1701.05640) there is a mistake in the\n", + " proof of Theorem 3.1. In this erratum we establish a weaker version of this\n", + " Theorem and then we redevelop the regularity theory for our problem\n", + " accordingly. This means that most of our regularity results are replaced by\n", + " slightly weaker ones. We also clarify a point in the proof of a correct result.,\n", + " We report the discovery of relatively massive, M32-like ultra compact dwarf\n", + " (UCD) and compact elliptical (CE) galaxy candidates in $0.2 x_{a+1} > ... > x_b < x_{b+1} < ... where a, b, ... are\n", + " positive integers. We investigate rowmotion on antichains and ideals of F. In\n", + " particular, we show that orbits of antichains can be visualized using tilings.\n", + " This permits us to prove various homomesy results for the number of elements of\n", + " an antichain or ideal in an orbit. Rowmotion on fences also exhibits a new\n", + " phenomenon, which we call orbomesy, where the value of a statistic is constant\n", + " on orbits of the same size. Along the way, we prove a homomesy result for all\n", + " self-dual posets and show that any two Coxeter elements in certain toggle\n", + " groups behave similarly with respect to homomesies which are linear\n", + " combinations of ideal indicator functions. We end with some conjectures and\n", + " avenues for future research.,\n", + " Due to longer dynamical timescales, the outskirts of early-type galaxies\n", + " retain the footprint of their formation and assembly. Under the popular\n", + " two-phase galaxy formation scenario, an initial in-situ phase of star formation\n", + " is followed by minor merging and accretion of ex-situ stars leading to the\n", + " expectation of observable transitions in the kinematics and stellar populations\n", + " on large scales. However, observing the faint galactic outskirts is\n", + " challenging, often leaving the transition unexplored. The large scale,\n", + " spatially-resolved stellar kinematic data from the SAGES Legacy Unifying\n", + " Galaxies and GlobularS (SLUGGS) survey are ideal for detecting kinematic\n", + " transitions. We present kinematic maps out to 2.6 effective radii on average,\n", + " kinemetry profiles, measurement of kinematic twists and misalignments, and the\n", + " average outer intrinsic shape of 25 SLUGGS galaxies. We find good overall\n", + " agreement in the kinematic maps and kinemetry radial profiles with literature.\n", + " We are able to confirm significant radial modulations in rotational versus\n", + " pressure support of galaxies with radius so that the central and outer\n", + " rotational properties may be quite different. We also test the suggestion that\n", + " galaxies may be more triaxial in their outskirts and find that while fast\n", + " rotating galaxies were already shown to be axisymmetric in their inner regions,\n", + " we are unable to rule out triaxiality in their outskirts. We compare our\n", + " derived outer kinematic information to model predictions from a two-phase\n", + " galaxy formation scenario. We find that the theoretical range of local outer\n", + " angular momentum agrees well with our observations, but that radial modulations\n", + " are much smaller than predicted.,\n", + " In this paper we make a novel use of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma. The\n", + " Lemma has an existential form saying that there exists a JL transformation $f$\n", + " of the data points into lower dimensional space such that all of them fall into\n", + " predefined error range $\\delta$.\n", + " We formulate in this paper a theorem stating that we can choose the target\n", + " dimensionality in a random projection type JL linear transformation in such a\n", + " way that with probability $1-\\epsilon$ all of them fall into predefined error\n", + " range $\\delta$ for any user-predefined failure probability $\\epsilon$.\n", + " This result is important for applications such a data clustering where we\n", + " want to have a priori dimensionality reducing transformation instead of trying\n", + " out a (large) number of them, as with traditional Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma.\n", + " In particular, we take a closer look at the $k$-means algorithm and prove that\n", + " a good solution in the projected space is also a good solution in the original\n", + " space. Furthermore, under proper assumptions local optima in the original space\n", + " are also ones in the projected space. We define also conditions for which\n", + " clusterability property of the original space is transmitted to the projected\n", + " space, so that special case algorithms for the original space are also\n", + " applicable in the projected space.,\n", + " A colored heavy particle with sufficiently small width may form\n", + " non-relativistic bound states when they are produced at the large hadron\n", + " collider\\,(LHC), and they can annihilate into a diphoton final state. The\n", + " invariant mass of the diphoton would be around twice of the colored particle\n", + " mass. In this paper, we study if such bound state can be responsible for the\n", + " 750 GeV diphoton excess reported by ATLAS and CMS. We found that the best-fit\n", + " signal cross section is obtained for the SU(2)$_L$ singlet colored fermion $X$\n", + " with $Y_X=4/3$. Having such an exotic hypercharge, the particle is expected to\n", + " decay through some higher dimensional operators, consistent with the small\n", + " width assumption. The decay of $X$ may involve a stable particle $\\chi$, if\n", + " both $X$ and $\\chi$ are odd under some conserved $Z_2$ symmetry. In that case,\n", + " the particle $X$ suffers from the constraints of jets + missing $E_T$ searches\n", + " by ATLAS and CMS at 8 TeV and 13 TeV. We found that such a scenario still\n", + " survives if the mass difference between $X$ and $\\chi$ is above $\\sim$ 30 GeV\n", + " for $m_X \\sim 375$ GeV. Even assuming pair annihilation of $\\chi$ is small, the\n", + " relic density of $\\chi$ is small enough if the mass difference between $X$ and\n", + " $\\chi$ is smaller than $\\sim$ 40 GeV.,\n", + " A realization of representations of the Lie algebra $\\mathfrak{o}_5$ in the\n", + " space of functions on a group $Spin_5\\simeq Sp_4$ is considered. In a\n", + " representation we take a Gelfand-Tsetlin type base associated with a\n", + " restriction $\\mathfrak{o}_5\\downarrow\\mathfrak{o}_3$. Such a base is useful is\n", + " problems appearing in quantum mechanics. We construct explicitely functions on\n", + " the group that correspond to base vectors. As in the cases of Lie algebras\n", + " $\\mathfrak{gl}_3$, $\\mathfrak{sp}_4$ these functions can be expressed through\n", + " $A$-hypergeometric functions (this does not hold for algebras of these series\n", + " in higher dimentions). Using this realization formulas for the action of\n", + " generators are obtained.,\n", + " Black hole binaries show equatorial disc winds at high luminosities, which\n", + " apparently disappear during the spectral transition to the low/hard state. This\n", + " is also where the radio jet appears, motivating speculation that both wind and\n", + " jet are driven by different configurations of the same magnetic field. However,\n", + " these systems must also have thermal winds, as the outer disc is clearly\n", + " irradiated.We develop a predictive model of the absorption features from\n", + " thermal winds, based on pioneering work of Begelman et al 1983. We couple this\n", + " to a realistic model of the irradiating spectrum as a function of luminosity to\n", + " predict the entire wind evolution during outbursts. We show that the column\n", + " density of the thermal wind scales roughly with luminosity, and does not shut\n", + " off at the spectral transition, though its visibility will be affected by the\n", + " abrupt change in ionising spectrum. We re-analyse the data from H1743-322 which\n", + " most constrains the difference in wind across the spectral transition and show\n", + " that these are consistent with the thermal wind models.We include simple\n", + " corrections for radiation pressure, which allows stronger winds to be launched\n", + " from smaller radii. These winds become optically thick around Eddington, which\n", + " may even explain the exceptional wind seen in one observation of GRO J1655-40.\n", + " These data can instead be fit by magnetic wind models, but similar winds are\n", + " not seen in this or other systems at similar luminosities. Hence we conclude\n", + " that the majority (perhaps all) current data can be explained by thermal or\n", + " thermal-radiative winds.,\n", + " In this paper we will prove that for a compact, symplectic manifold $(M,\n", + " \\omega)$ and for $\\omega$-compatible almost-complex structure J any properly\n", + " perturbed J-holomorphic curve has a non-negative symplectic area. This\n", + " non-negative property provides us with a new obstruction to the bubbling off\n", + " phenomenon and thus allows us to redefine the Floer symplectic homology. In\n", + " particular, in subsequent papers, we will prove the Arnold conjecture in both\n", + " degenerate and non-degenerate cases with integer coefficients for general,\n", + " symplectic manifolds.,\n", + " We respond to Comment on our recent letter (Phys.Rev.Lett.99:092501,2007) by\n", + " Dean et al (arXiv:0709.0449).,\n", + " We propose a time domain approach to define dynamic principal components\n", + " (DPC) using a reconstruction of the original series criterion. This approach to\n", + " define DPC was introduced by Brillinger, who gave a very elegant theoretical\n", + " solution in the stationary case using the cross spectrum. Our procedure can be\n", + " applied under more general conditions including the case ofnon stationary\n", + " series and relatively short series. We also present a robust version of our\n", + " procedure that allows to estimate the DPC when the series have outlier\n", + " contamination. Our non robust and robust procedures are illustrated with real\n", + " datasets.,\n", + " By calculating the symmetric subgroups $\\Aut(\\fru_0)^{\\theta}$ and their\n", + " involution classes, we classify the Klein four subgroups $\\Gamma$ of\n", + " $\\Aut(\\fru_0)$ for each compact simple Lie algebra $\\fru_0$ up to conjugation.\n", + " This leads to a new approach of classification of semisimple symmetric pairs\n", + " and $\\bbZ_2\\times \\bbZ_2$-symmetric spaces. We also determine the fixed point\n", + " subgroup $\\Aut(\\fru_0)^\\Gamma$.,\n", + " We show that a critical vulnerability in adversarial imitation is the\n", + " tendency of discriminator networks to learn spurious associations between\n", + " visual features and expert labels. When the discriminator focuses on\n", + " task-irrelevant features, it does not provide an informative reward signal,\n", + " leading to poor task performance. We analyze this problem in detail and propose\n", + " a solution that outperforms standard Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning\n", + " (GAIL). Our proposed method, Task-Relevant Adversarial Imitation Learning\n", + " (TRAIL), uses constrained discriminator optimization to learn informative\n", + " rewards. In comprehensive experiments, we show that TRAIL can solve challenging\n", + " robotic manipulation tasks from pixels by imitating human operators without\n", + " access to any task rewards, and clearly outperforms comparable baseline\n", + " imitation agents, including those trained via behaviour cloning and\n", + " conventional GAIL.,\n", + " We unify two approaches that have been taken to explain the non-Gaussian\n", + " probability distribution functions (PDFs) obtained in measurements of\n", + " longitudinal velocity differences in turbulence, and we apply our approach to\n", + " Couette-Taylor turbulence data. The first approach we consider was developed by\n", + " Castaing and coworkers, who obtained the non-Gaussian velocity difference PDF\n", + " from a superposition of Gaussian distributions for subsystems that have a\n", + " particular energy dissipation rate at a fixed length scale [Castaing et al.,\n", + " {\\it Physica D} {\\bf 46}, 177 (1990)]. Another approach was proposed by Beck\n", + " and Cohen, who showed that the observed PDFs can be obtained from a\n", + " superposition of Gaussian velocity difference PDFs in subsystems conditioned on\n", + " the value of an intensive variable (inverse ``effective temperature'') in each\n", + " subsystem [Beck and Cohen, {\\it Physica A} {\\bf 322}, 267 (2003)]. The\n", + " intensive variable was defined for subsystems assuming local thermodynamic\n", + " equilibrium, but no method was proposed for determining the size of a\n", + " subsystem. We show that the Castaing and Beck-Cohen methods are related, and we\n", + " present a way to determine subsystem size in the Beck-Cohen method. The\n", + " application of our approach to Couette-Taylor turbulence (Reynolds number\n", + " $540~000$) yields a log-normal distribution of the intensive parameter, and the\n", + " resultant velocity difference PDF agrees well the observed non-Gaussian\n", + " velocity difference PDFs.,\n", + " We discuss the computation of automorphism groups and normal forms of cones\n", + " and polyhedra in Normaliz, and indicate its implementation via nauty. The types\n", + " of automorphisms include integral, rational, Euclidean and combinatorial, as\n", + " well as algebraic for polytopes defined over real algebraic number fields.\n", + " Examples treated in detail are the icosahedron and linear ordering polytopes\n", + " whose Euclidean automorphism groups are determined.,\n", + " In this paper we consider the problem of graph-based transductive\n", + " classification, and we are particularly interested in the directed graph\n", + " scenario which is a natural form for many real world applications. Different\n", + " from existing research efforts that either only deal with undirected graphs or\n", + " circumvent directionality by means of symmetrization, we propose a novel random\n", + " walk approach on directed graphs using absorbing Markov chains, which can be\n", + " regarded as maximizing the accumulated expected number of visits from the\n", + " unlabeled transient states. Our algorithm is simple, easy to implement, and\n", + " works with large-scale graphs. In particular, it is capable of preserving the\n", + " graph structure even when the input graph is sparse and changes over time, as\n", + " well as retaining weak signals presented in the directed edges. We present its\n", + " intimate connections to a number of existing methods, including graph kernels,\n", + " graph Laplacian based methods, and interestingly, spanning forest of graphs.\n", + " Its computational complexity and the generalization error are also studied.\n", + " Empirically our algorithm is systematically evaluated on a wide range of\n", + " applications, where it has shown to perform competitively comparing to a suite\n", + " of state-of-the-art methods.,\n", + " The equation of state and composition of matter are calculated for conditions\n", + " typical for pre-collapse and early collapse stages in core collapse supernovae.\n", + " The composition is evaluated under the assumption of nuclear statistical\n", + " equilibrium, when the matter is considered as an `almost' ideal gas with\n", + " corrections due to thermal excitations of nuclei, to free nucleon degeneracy,\n", + " and to Coulomb and surface energy corrections. The account of these corrections\n", + " allows us to obtain the composition for densities a bit below the nuclear\n", + " matter density. Through comparisons with the equation of state (EOS) developed\n", + " by Shen et al. we examine the approximation of one representative nucleus used\n", + " in most of recent supernova EOS's. We find that widely distributed compositions\n", + " in the nuclear chart are different, depending on the mass formula, while the\n", + " thermodynamical quantities are quite close to those in the Shen's EOS.,\n", + " Higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) which go beyond the description\n", + " of conventional bulk-boundary correspondence, broaden the understanding of\n", + " topological insulating phases. Being mainly focused on electronic materials,\n", + " HOTIs have not been found in photonic systems yet. In this article, we propose\n", + " a type of two-dimensional second-order photonic crystals with zero-dimensional\n", + " corner states and one-dimensional boundary states for optical frequencies. All\n", + " of these states are topologically non-trivial and can be understood based on\n", + " the theory of topological polarization. Moreover, by tuning the\n", + " easily-fabricated structure of the photonic crystals, we can realize different\n", + " topological phases with unique topological boundary states straightforwardly.\n", + " Our result can be generalized to higher dimensions and provides unprecedented\n", + " venues for higher-order photonic topological insulators and semimetals.,\n", + " Most of the face hallucination methods are designed for complete inputs. They\n", + " will not work well if the inputs are very tiny or contaminated by large\n", + " occlusion. Inspired by this fact, we propose an obscured face hallucination\n", + " network(OFHNet). The OFHNet consists of four parts: an inpainting network, an\n", + " upsampling network, a discriminative network, and a fixed facial landmark\n", + " detection network. The inpainting network restores the low-resolution(LR)\n", + " obscured face images. The following upsampling network is to upsample the\n", + " output of inpainting network. In order to ensure the generated\n", + " high-resolution(HR) face images more photo-realistic, we utilize the\n", + " discriminative network and the facial landmark detection network to better the\n", + " result of upsampling network. In addition, we present a semantic structure\n", + " loss, which makes the generated HR face images more pleasing. Extensive\n", + " experiments show that our framework can restore the appealing HR face images\n", + " from 1/4 missing area LR face images with a challenging scaling factor of 8x.,\n", + " A numerical method is proposed for solving the two layer shallow water\n", + " equations with variable bathymetry in one dimension based on high-resolution\n", + " f-wave-propagation finite volume methods. The method splits the jump in the\n", + " fluxes and source terms into waves propagating away from each grid cell\n", + " interface. It addresses the required determination of the system's\n", + " eigenstructure and a scheme for evaluating the flux and source terms. It also\n", + " handles dry states in the system where the bottom layer depth becomes zero,\n", + " utilizing existing methods for the single layer solution and handling single\n", + " layer dry states that can exist independently. Sample results are shown\n", + " illustrating the method and its handling of dry states including an idealized\n", + " ocean setting.,\n", + " Virtual reality(VR) is a hot research topic, and it has been effectively\n", + " applied in military, education and other fields. The application prospect of\n", + " virtual reality in education is very broad. It can effectively reduce labor\n", + " cost, resource consumption, stimulate students' interest in learning, and\n", + " improve students' knowledge level. New energy vehicles have also been widely\n", + " promoted in recent years, and the production of new energy vehicles has played\n", + " a key role in it. However, the teaching of car engine disassembly and assembly\n", + " still retains a more traditional way. That's why applying VR technology has\n", + " high significance. This project uses the Unity 3D engine to develop a VR-based\n", + " engine teaching software, which aims to allow users to use VR headsets, handles\n", + " and other accessories to simulate the disassembly and assembly of car engines\n", + " in a virtual environment. We design a modular system framework and divided the\n", + " software into two layers, the system layer and the function layer. The system\n", + " layer includes a message system and a data configuration system. The functional\n", + " layer includes the user interface system, disassembly and assembly function,\n", + " and data module. In addition to fulfilling functional requirements , we used\n", + " the Unity UPR tool to check out performance issues, and optimized product\n", + " performance by turning off vertical sync and turning on static switches for\n", + " some scene objects.,\n", + " ...]" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "corpus_nlp = list(nlp.pipe(nlp_corpus))\n", + "corpus_nlp" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "def generate_ngrams(df, column_name, n):\n", + " ngrams = []\n", + " for text in df[column_name]:\n", + " doc = nlp(text)\n", + " for i in range(len(doc) - n + 1):\n", + " ngram = doc[i:i + n]\n", + " ngrams.append(' '.join(token.text for token in ngram))\n", + " return ngrams" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "one_grams = generate_ngrams(nlp_df, 'abstract', 1)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "def generate_ngrams(text, n):\n", + " doc = nlp(text)\n", + " ngrams = []\n", + " for i in range(len(doc) - n + 1):\n", + " ngram = doc[i:i + n]\n", + " ngrams.append(' '.join(token.text for token in ngram))\n", + " return ngrams\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### SDJB" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 3.11.3 ('arxiv-env': venv)", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.11.4" + }, + "orig_nbformat": 4, + "vscode": { + "interpreter": { + "hash": "aae17c2ae2f38cc6f211be9b71a2aa280701d8462782cbc1f67caa83a1603363" + } + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +}