© 2020 . D
r. Zhi Gang Sha  & Rulin Xiu . This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons 
Attribution -Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial 
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  Glo
bal Journal of Science Frontier Research : A 
Phy
sics and Space Science  
Vol
ume 20 Issue 14 Version 1.0 Year 2020 
Type  : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal  
Publisher: Global Journals  
Online ISSN: 2249-4 626 & Print ISSN:  0975-5896  
 
Info
rmation Mechanics : The Dynamics of “It from Bit”          
By Dr. Z
hi Gang Sha  & Rulin Xiu  
 
Summary - John W
heeler proposed the idea “It from Bit,” suggesting that infor
mation gives rise to

Vol
 
Info
By Dr. Z
 
mation gives rise to 
physics. However, the process of “It from Bit” remains to be clarified. In this work, we propose Information Mechanics . We suggest that information determines observed phenomena. The 
interaction of the two basic elements making up information creates everything we observe. We 
introduce information space and time to be the basic elements. The interaction of information 
space and time creates everything we observe. Based on these assumptions, we derive an 
action, the information action, and the information function. The information action represents the

action, the information action, and the information function. The information action represents the 
maximum possibilities, i.e ., information, in a system. Information action appears to be similar to 
the string action in string theory and superstring theory but with a different meaning. The 
information function calculates the possible states in a system.   
Keywords : information mechanics, hierarchy problem, cosmological constant problem, dark 
matter, dark energy, black hole, it from bit, grand unification theory. 
GJSFR -A Classification : FOR Code: 
 240201p
 
 Inform ati
onMechanicsThe DynamicsofItfromBit
 
  Strictly as per

 240201p
 
 Inform ati
 
  Strictly as per 
the compliance and regulations of:

Info
rmation Mechanics : The Dynamics of                 
“It f
rom Bit” 
Dr. Z
hi Gang Sha  α & R
ulin Xiu  σ 
  
 Summa
ry-
 Joh
n Wheeler proposed the idea “It from Bit,” 
sugge
sting that information gives rise to physics.
 However, the process of “It from Bit” remains to be 
clarified. In this work, we propose
 Info
rmation Mechanics . We
 su
ggest
 that information determines observed phenomena. 
The interaction of the two basic elements making up 
information creates everything we observe. We introduce
 information space and time to be the basi c elements. The 
interaction of information space and time
 creates everything 
we observe. Based on these assumptions, we derive an action,
 the information action, and the information function. 
The information action represents the maximum possibilities, i.e., information, in a system. Information action appears to be 
similar to the string action in string theory and superstring theory but with a different meaning.

creates everything 
 The information function 
calculates the possible states
 in a system. We demonstrate 
that elemen tary particles and their wave -particle duality, 
fundamental forces, dark matter, and dark energy can emerge from the information function. We show that it is possible to derive a value of the cosmological constant consistent with astrophysical observation.
 We demonstrate that one may 
derive the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale. We point out that one may
 study what is inside a black 
hole and deduce that the entropy of a black hole to an outside observer is proportional to the area of the
 event horizon.

We demonstrate that one may 
 Based on the various problems Information Mechanics
 may 
address, we suggest that it could lead to  the grand unification theory we seek.
 Keyw
ords: 
I.
 Introduction
 information me
chanics, hierarchy problem, 
cosmological constant problem, dark matter, dark 
energy, black hole, it from bit, grand unification theory.   
he principles and laws
 of creation are
 sought in 
many disciplines, including
 sciences, philosophies, 
and ideologies. Current cosmology suggests that 
the creation of our universe is through a “big bang.” 
However, the natural law that has led to the big bang
 waits to be explored further. 
 Joh
n Wheeler proposed [Refs 1, 2, 3] the idea 
“It
 from Bit.” He suggested that

 sought in 
 Joh
“It
 information sits at the 
core of physics and every
 "it," whether a particle or field, 
deri
ves its existence from observations. To show how 
every
thing comes to existence through observation, 
 
   The
 Grand Unification Theory is an attempt to 
use one mathematical formula to explain everything, 
including all elementary particles, fundamental forces, dark matter, dark energy, and the macro structure of the 
universe, and to unify quantum physics with Einstein’s

deri
every
 
   The
universe, and to unify quantum physics with Einstein’s 
general relativity theory about gravity. So far, string theory is the only mathematically consistent theory that can unify everything [Refs 4, 5]. However,
 current string 
theory is still limited in its
 ability to make predictions. 
Something is still missing. 
 In this paper, we propose Information 
Mechanics , in which
 information determines and creates 
everything we observe. We present
 the
 basic
 principles
 and formula about
 how information underlies
 all 
observed phenomena, including giving the emergence

current string 
 the
 basic
 all 
observed phenomena, including giving the emergence 
to elementary particles, fundamental forces, dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and the universe. We proffer two basic laws governing Information Mechanics. The First Law of Information Mechanics comes from 
quantum physics, indicating the information contained in our measurement determines the observed phenomena.
 The Second Law of Information Mechanics comes from the ancient Chinese wisdom about yin yang. It proposes 
that two basic elements, yin and yang, make up 
everything, including information, and that the interaction of these two elements creates all the observed physical phenomena. We will show that the

The Second Law of Information Mechanics comes from the ancient Chinese wisdom about yin yang. It proposes 
everything, including information, and that the interaction of these two elements creates all the observed physical phenomena. We will show that the 
interaction of two pairs of yin yang elements: space -time 
and exclusion-exclusion, create all ele mentary particles, 
forces, dark matter, dark energy, and the universe we observe.  
We
 show that the laws of Information 
Mechanics
 give rise to an information action. Information 
action represents the maximum possibilities, i.e., information, in a system. I nformation action appears to 
be similar to string action. From the information action, one can define information function. Information function calculates the possible states
 in a system.
 Information 
function
 seems to be an extension of wave function in

Mechanics
function
 seems to be an extension of wave function in 
quantum mechanics. With information action and information function, we demonstrate that elementary 
particles and their wave -particle duality emerge from the 
Poincaré
 symmetry, fundamental forces come about 
due to the diffeomorphism symmetry, and classical
 equations of motion come from Weyl symmetry. 
Observation of dark matter and dark energy at the large T
        
                     1 Global Journal ofScience Frontier Research        Volume XX  Issue        ersion I VXIV Year2020
23
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23
   (A)
rα:Tao Academy, 30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27D, Richmond Hill, 
Ontario L4B 1B9, Canada. 
Authorσ:Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, 16 -266 E. 
Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA . e-mail: rulin@htprc.orgJohn Wheeler acknowle
dged [Ref 3] that time played an 
esse nt
ial rol e, but this is not understood well enough. 
scale of universe can be explained in Information 
Mechanics. We find that it is possible to calculate the

cosmol o
gical constant consistent with the curren t 
astrophysical observation. The hierarchy problem 
regarding cosmological constant can be possibly 
explained and derived. We also demonstrate that it is 
plausible to deduce the large hierarchy between the weak symmetry breaking scale and Planck scale. We find that information action and function provide a way 
to
 study what is inside a black hole and also to derive
 the entropy of a black hole as seen by an outside observer to be
 proportional to the area of its event 
horizon. 
 II.
 
Basic
 Principles
 and
 Laws
 of
 Information
 Mechanics
 a)
 First Law of Inform
ation Mechanics
 The observed phenomenon is determined by 
the information of the measurement.
 The First Law of Information Mechanics comes 
from quantum physics, which indicates that the process of making a measurement determines the observed phenomenon. 
 For instance, quantum physics shows us that 
what detector we use and where we place the detecto r

Mechanics
 a)
what detector we use and where we place the detecto r 
determines what phenomenon we observe.
 b)
 Second Law
 of Information Mechanics
 Everything is made of two basic elements. 
These two elements are opposite, relative, co -created, 
inseparable, and co -dependent. The interaction of these 
two elements creates every thing. 
 The
 Second Law of Information Mechanics
 originates from ancient Chinese wisdom about yin yang [Ref 6, 7]. We keep
 the Chinese words here and call 
these two basic elements that make up everything: yin 
and yang. 
 These two basic elements, yin and yang, make 
up the
 “Bit” of information. The
 Second Law of

 The
and yang. 
up the
 Second Law of 
Information Mechanics
 suggests the interaction of yin 
and yang, the essential elements of information, creates 
everything.
 
III.
 
Space and Time as the Fundamen tal 
Yin-Yang
 Pair
 
What ar
e the basic yin yang elements that 
create the observed elementary particles, forces, dark matter, dark energy, and the universe? We suggest that space and time are one of the 
fundamental pairs of yin -yang elements that create 
everything we observe.  We propose another meaning of space -time,

III.
 
Yin-Yang
 Pair
 
What ar
everything we observe.  We propose another meaning of space -time, 
which we call information space and time. Information space and time are related to two basic measurements we conduct. Information time relates to the measurement of movement and change. Information space relates to the measu rement of stillness and 
solidity. For instance, the flow of sand in an hourglass 
and the movements of the sun and the moon have all been used as measurements of time. The duration of a day is based on the measurement of the rotation of the 
earth. The measurements of space, such as the length, 
height, and width of an object, are the measurement of its fixedness and stillness.

height, and width of an object, are the measurement of its fixedness and stillness.  
Information space and time are a yin -yang pair. 
They are opposite and relative. Change and stillness are opposites and relative. Space  and time are  co-created  
because whenever one measures change,  one refers to 
something unchanged. Whenever one measures something as unchanged, one compares it with something one considers changing. Therefore, 
information space and time are inseparable and  co-
dependent. 
According to quantum physics, it takes energy 
and momentum to measure time and space. How 
accurately time and space can be measured depends on the  amount of energy and momentum used in the

accurately time and space can be measured depends on the  amount of energy and momentum used in the 
measurement. More specifically, to measure the time of 
duration ∆τ, it takes an energy of ∆𝐸𝐸 ~ ħ/∆𝜏𝜏. To measure 
a space of size ∆σ, it takes the momentum  ∆𝑝𝑝 ~ ħ/∆𝜎𝜎.   
If one takes gravity into consideration, 
according to general relativity, energy curves space -
time. When one measures time interval ∆τ, the energy 
∆E used  for a time measurement will curve space -time. 
It will create a black hole with the horizon on the order of G∆E/c
4. When ∆σ is smaller  th
an G ∆E/c4, no informati o
n 
can escape. Therefore, the measurable causal region is:  
∆σ ≥ G∆E/c4. 
There fore,

n 
 there exists the uncertainty relation 
between the measurable space ∆σ and measurable 
time ∆τ, 
                                    ∆σ ∆τ ≥ lp tp.  
Here lp 
is the Pla n
ck length and tp is 
the Plan c
k 
time. This uncertainty relation suggests that information 
space and time affect each other. They are not independent. They are a yin -yang pair.  
Next, we propose that inclusion and exclusion 
are the other 
basic yin -yang pair in measurement. T his is 
because, when one makes a measurement, one needs to give the information about what is included and what is excluded.

the Plan c
k 
because, when one makes a measurement, one needs to give the information about what is included and what is excluded.  
We propound, all measurements are based on 
these two basic yin -yang pairs: information space -time 
measurement and inclusive -exclus ive measurement. To 
see this, one can examine all 
possible measurements, 
such as measurement of velocity, acceleration, energy, momentum, temperature, spin, electricity, magnetic field, mass, charge, and force. One can see that these measurements are vario us combinations of space and 
©2 0 20 Global Journals1 Global Journal ofScience Frontier Research        Volume XX  Issue        ersion I VXIV Year2020
24
   (A)Informat i

24
on Mechanics : The Dynamics of “It from Bit”
(1)

time meas u
rement and inclusive and exclusive 
measurement.  
IV. Derivation  of
 Informati on
 Action  
If all m e
asurement is made of two basic 
measurements: space -time measurement and inclusion -
exclusion measurement, according to the firs t and 
second laws of Information Mechanics, the interaction of 
the space and time yin -yang pair and the interaction of 
the inclusion and exclusion yin -yang pair should create 
all observed phenomena.  
The simplest action created by the interaction of 
the information space  time is:  
                                           A1=α∫∆τ∆σ . 
(6) 
Her
e the symbol σ  represents information 
space and the symbol τ represents information time. 
The integral symbol ∫ represents the summation over 
information space and time, and 𝛼𝛼 is a constant. From 
the uncertainty relation between information space and 
time (1),  we get  
α=1/(lptp). 
T o intro
duce the second yin -yang pair into the

(6) 
Her
T o intro
duce the second yin -yang pair into the 
action, we need to include the inclusion  and exclusion 
elements. To do this, we realize that corresponding to 
the inclusion and exclusion yin -yang pair, in nature there 
exist two types of particles, fermions and bosons. 
Fermions  have half (1/2) spin. They repel each other. 
They cannot be in the same state. Bosons have integer 
spin. They tend to clump. The normal time and space 
coordinates τ and σ are of bosonic nature. If we assume 
each information space or time coordinate has both the 
fermion (yang, repulsive) and boson (yin, clumping) 
parts, each information time and space coordinate become two elements:

parts, each information time and space coordinate become two elements:  
                                          τ ->(τ, θ
τ)  (3) 
                              
            σ ->(σ, θσ). (4) 
Here we  u
se θσand θτ to repres e
nt the fermion 
part of information space and time coordinates  σ and τ. 
The θσand θτcan onl y
 take on the value of 0 or 1 
because they are repulsive and refuse to stay at the same place. The four elements of the two yin -yang pairs  
are represented by σ , τ, θ
σ,and θ τ.  
The sim p
lest action created by thes e two yin -
yang pairs is:  
                                  A2=α’∫∆τ∆σ∆  θτ∆θσ. 
(7) 
We will c a
ll the action A1 and A2the info rm
ation action.

σ,and θ τ.  
The sim p
(7) 
We will c a
ation action.  
One can see that the action A1 is basicall y
 the 
action of  bosonic string and the action A2 is the acti o
n of 
the super  string [Ref 4, 5]. It is interesting to see that 
from the basic laws of Information Mechanics  we can 
derive string action [Ref 4, 5].  There is  a fundamental difference in the 
meaning and function between information action and 
string action. For instance, suppose the integration of τ  
and σ is over (0, T) and (0, L). We can see that T and L 
correspond to the time and space scale involved in our 
measurement in Information Mechanics. They are

measurement in Information Mechanics. They are 
different in different measurements. If our measurement and observation is the whole universe, T and L should be the age and horizon length of the universe. This is different from string theory, in which L is se t to be the 
string length and T is set to be infinite.  
The information actions A
1 and A2 in equa t
ions 
(2) and (5) give the amount of the information in a system with the observation scale (0, T) and (0, L). Information action expresses the possible states that 
can be observed in a system.  Seth Lloyd  derived a 
similar result in his paper [Ref 8], viz. that the maximum

ions 
similar result in his paper [Ref 8], viz. that the maximum 
observable information in a system is represented by (2).  
V. 
Two Types of Space-Time 
T o de r
ive the observable phenomena in 
Information Mechanics, it is necessary to realize that 
there exist two types of space time. One is the 
information space time associated with the fundamental 
yin-yang pair ( τ, σ). It is related to the basic elements of 
information. We call it information space and tim e. The 
other is the physical measurement of space distance and time duration or physical location of space time 𝑋𝑋
𝜇𝜇.  
Let’s cal l𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇 physic al
 space and time.  
The physical space and time 𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇is a projec t
ion

𝜇𝜇.  
ion 
from the information space and time (τ, σ), 
𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇: (τ, σ) ->𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇 (τ, σ). 
Suppose
 in this projection, the total information 
is unchanged. The action A1 becomes: 
         
                       𝐴𝐴1′= 𝛼𝛼∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎 (−detℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 1/2.  
Here, ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎  = 𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇. 
In the fo llo
wing, for the sake of the simplicity of 
illustration, we will work with the “bosonic string,”  
A1= α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0. 
One can fol l
ow and extend the same discussion 
to the general case of “superstring,”  
A2=α′∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0dθτdθσ. 
VI. Definition of Information Function 
Now let’s define the

0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0. 
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0dθτdθσ. 
 information function Ψ: 
                                               
  Ψ=exp(i A).   
Here A i s
 the information action. We can see 
that the information function Ψ  is related to the amount 
of information I in a system through the for mula:         
               
25
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©2 0 20 Global JournalsInformat i
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(5)

I = A= -
 ilnΨ. (8)  
Suppose the information function at τ = 0 and   
σ = 0 is Ψ0. The i n
formation Ψ  at τ = T and σ = L is  
                                            Ψ=exp(iA1)Ψ0. (9) 
Here A1= α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 A2=α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0dθτdθσ.  
Using th e
 action 
𝐴𝐴1′ 
in (6), 
the i n
formation 
function at τ 
= T and σ 
= L now becomes 
Ψ=exp(iA1)Ψ0 
= ∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 
exp(i𝐴𝐴1′) Ψ0. 
Here 𝐴𝐴1′= α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0(−detℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)1/2. 
Here ∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 
represents  
summing over all 
possible 𝑋𝑋, 
similar to Feynman’s path integral definition 
[Ref 9].  
Compare  to
 the wave function in quantum physics: 
Ψ(T) =∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 
exp(iS) Ψ0. 
Here S = ∫𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 
ℒ(𝑥𝑥(𝑑𝑑),𝑥𝑥̇𝑇𝑇
0(t)). 
One can see  t
hat the information function is a 
natural extension of the wave function in quantum 
physics. The action in Information 
Mechanics integrates 
over both time and space while the action in quantum 
physics integrates over time. 
Information Mechanics is also different from

the wave function in quantum physics: 
0(t)). 
Information Mechanics is also different from 
quantum field theory. The action of Information Mechanics integr ates over two -dimensional information 
space and time, while in quantum field theory the action integrates over four -dimensional physical space time. 
The main task of quantum field theory is to calculate the correlation function and scattering cross -section s. In 
Information Mechanics, the correlation function and, thus, scattering cross- section can be obtained through 
the information function 
in the equation (9). Note that the

in the equation (9). Note that the 
wavelength and frequency in quantum field theory are now replaced with the measure ment scales T and L in 
Information Mechanics. We will discuss the correspondence between the calculations of Information Mechanics with those of quantum field theory in more detail in future work. 
VII. 
Emergence 
of Elementa r
y Particles  
a
nd Fundament a
l 
Forces 
As 
disco v
ered in particle physics, the basic 
constituents of everything are elementary particles and 
fundamental forces. It is found that elementary particles 
have wave -particle duality, meaning that they behave 
like a wave but each elementary particle has its own

VII. 
Emergence 
a
l 
Forces 
As 
disco v
like a wave but each elementary particle has its own 
specific mass and spin, no matter where and when one makes the measurement. The wave -particle duality of 
elementary particles and fundamental forces was proposed by Einstein and Niels Bohr and indicated by experiments [Ref10, 11]. However, it is nev er derived 
from the first principle in theoretical physics.  
 In the following, we show  how the wave -particle 
duality of elementary particles and fundamental force  se 
merge in Information Mechanics.  
To do this, first notice, as shown in string theory 
[Ref 4,5],it is possible to introduce a metric tensor 𝛾𝛾
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 
and rewrite  th
e action𝐴𝐴1′in (6) in  t
he form:  
𝐴𝐴1′′ 
[X, 
𝛾𝛾]

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 
he form:  
𝐴𝐴1′′ 
[X, 
𝛾𝛾] 
= 𝛼𝛼∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏 
𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎 
(−det𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 1/2𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇.  
In Informatio n M
echanics, the possibility to 
introduce tensor 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 
is due t o
 the relativity between the 
yin yang, the information time and space ( 𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎).  
The action 𝐴𝐴1′′  
is invarian
t under the following 
three transformations: 
1. 
D-dimensional Poincaré 
transformation 
                              𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)= 
Λ𝜈𝜈𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)+ 
𝑎𝑎𝜇𝜇 
 
                              𝛾𝛾′𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)= 
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)  
2. 
Diffeo m
orphism transformation 
                                    𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)=   𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)

1. 
𝑎𝑎𝜇𝜇 
 
2. 
Diffeo m
                                    𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)=   𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎) 
 
                𝜕𝜕𝜎𝜎′𝑐𝑐
𝜕𝜕𝜎𝜎′𝑎𝑎𝜕𝜕𝜎𝜎′𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜎𝜎′𝑎𝑎𝛾𝛾′𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑(𝜏𝜏′,𝜎𝜎′)= 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)  
3. Tw o-dime nsi
onal Weyl transformation 
    𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)=   𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎) 
         
              𝛾𝛾′𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)= exp�2𝜔𝜔(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎)�𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝜏𝜏,𝜎𝜎).  
Informa ti
on action has three symmetries: 
Poincaré symmetry, diffeomorphism symmetry, and Weyl 
symmetry. 
VIII. Emergence a nd Observat i
on of 
Elementar y
 Particles Due to Poincaré 
Symmetr y 
In Infor m
ation Mechanics, the observed world is

Informa ti
symmetry. 
on of 
Symmetr y 
In Infor m
ation Mechanics, the observed world is 
made of a certain amount of information, which represents different possibilities in a system. The observation of the same elementary particles rega rdless 
of physical space and time is due to the Poincare symmetry. The observed elementary constituents should 
be invariants of Poincaré transformation. 
From group 
theory, one knows that mass and spin are the two invariants under Poincaré transformation. Because of this, the basic constituents, elementary particles, are specified by mass and spin.  
The wave aspect of elementary particles is

From group 
The wave aspect of elementary particles is 
represented by the information function. It comes from 
the basic assumption that everything we observe comes from information. Information represents different 
possibilities. In this way, the wave -particle duality of 
26
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)

elementar y
 particles and fundamental forces emerge in 
Information Mechanics . 
IX. Emergence of Gravity and Gauge 
Force Due to Diffeomorphism 
Symmetry 
In Information Mechanics, the emer
gence of 
gravity and gauge interaction is due to diffeomorphism 
symmetry (12). Diffeomorphism invariance(12) suggests  
one can introduce the  physical space -time metric tensor 
𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇)and anti -symm
etric tensor 𝐵𝐵 𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) in the ac ti
on 
(10): 
        
   𝐴𝐴1′′′ [X, 𝛾𝛾,𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈, 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈] = 
𝛼𝛼∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎 (−det𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)1
2(𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈+ 𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈)𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜈𝜈.  
The actio n
 𝐴𝐴1′′′ 
[X, 𝛾𝛾,𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈, 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈] ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 the diffeo -
morp
hism invariance in physical space -time𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇:  
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝛼𝛼
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝛽𝛽
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝜈𝜈𝐺𝐺′𝛼𝛼𝛽𝛽(𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇)= 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) 
 
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝛼𝛼
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝜈𝜈𝐵𝐵′𝛼𝛼𝛽𝛽(𝑋𝑋′𝜇𝜇)= 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇). 
The intr o
duction of physical space -time tensor 
metric 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇)and anti -symm
etric tensor 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇)can 
induc
e gravity and gauge interaction in physical space -
time.

morp
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝛼𝛼
 
𝜕𝜕𝑋𝑋′𝛼𝛼
The intr o
induc
time.  
The fact th a
t 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) and 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) describ e
 the 
gravity and gauge interaction in physical space -time can 
be further confirmed by the equations  of motion 
associated with 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇). In the fo ll
owing, 
we will show that, from the Weyl invariance, one can 
obtain the equations of motion regarding 𝐺𝐺 𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈, 
which shows that 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈 follow t h
e equations of 
motion  associated with gravity and gauge force.  
X. Weyl Invarian ce, Hologra phy,
 and 
Classica l
 Equation s
 of Motion  
The W e
yl invariance (13) is automatically

owing, 
 and 
Classica l
 Equation s
 of Motion  
The W e
yl invariance (13) is automatically 
preserved at the first order in information action. However, higher- order corrections could possibly violate  
it. For instance, in [Refs 4, 5], it is shown that  there are 
the following second -order corrections to the information 
action:  
                      β
Gμν=α Rμν+ α/4 HμλωHνλω+ O(α2)  (15)  
                  
           βBμν= - α/4 ∇ωHμλω+ O(α2). (16)  
The prese
rvation of Weyl Invariance at the 
higher orders requires that:  
βGμν= βBμν= 0. 
Notice  th
at βGμν= 0 lead s
 to the generalized 
Einstein’s equation with the source terms from the anti -symmetric tensor. The equation  βBμν=0 is the an
ti

action:  
                      β
                  
The prese
Notice  th
ti 
symmetric generalization of Maxwell’s equations.  
We can see that requiring Weyl invariance, one 
is able to obtain classical equations of motion including Einstein’s general relativity  and gauge interactions. In 
this way, Information Mechanics includes cla ssical 
physics.  
In Information Mechanics, all the physical 
phenomena are projected from a two -dimensional 
information space  time. The two -dimensional 
information space  time has Weyl invariance. This  
means that  the two -dimensional information space  time 
is a hologram from which all observed phenomena,

physics.  
is a hologram from which all observed phenomena, 
including physical space  time, elementary particles, 
gravity, and gauge interactions  emerge . Classical 
equations of motion come from the holographic nature, the Weyl invariance of information space  time.  
XI. 
Emergence of Dark Energy and  Dark 
Matter 
The o
bserved accelerated expansion and large 
structure of our universe [Refs12, 13, 14, 15, 16]indicates an unknown source of energy, dark energy, and an unknown source of matter, dark matter. There are many proposals about the potential candidates for 
dark matter and dark energy.  
In the following, we will show that Information

XI. 
Matter 
The o
In the following, we will show that Information 
Mechanics may explain the observation of dark energy 
and dark matter. Dark matter and dark energy can emerge from information function.  
Dark energy and dark matter are phenomena 
observed in the large structure of the universe. To see 
what matter and energy emerges in the large structure of universe, we need to study the information function: 
Ψ=exp(i𝐴𝐴1′′ 
)  = ∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 
exp(i 𝐴𝐴1′′ 
). 
Here  
𝐴𝐴1′′ 
=α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
0(−det𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)1
2(𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈+ 
𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈)𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜈𝜈, 
where T is  t
he age of the universe and L is the length of 
the horizon of the universe.

)  = ∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 
). 
Here  
𝐴𝐴1′′ 
=α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇
0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿
where T is  t
the horizon of the universe.  
One may notice that in the information function 
Ψ, there exist vibrations in the energy state (n, m) with 
the frequency νn= n/T an
d wavelength λm 
= L/m. Th
e 
frequency and wavelength of some of these vibrations 
have a frequency and wavelength on the order of 1/T and L. These vibrations are almost impossible to detect at this moment. This is because, to observe them, 
it 
takes a 
detector as large as the universe or it takes time

= L/m. Th
e 
it 
takes a 
detector as large as the universe or it takes time 
as long as the age of the universe. These vibrations are very “dark” due to this innate difficulty to be observed by detectors.  They can only be observed on the large structure of the universe. They are natural possible candidates 
for dark matter and dark energy. 
        
27
   (A)
(14)

XII. Calculati o
n of Cosmologi c
al 
Constant 
The c o
smological constant is the simplest 
possible form of dark energy. The current standard 
model of cosmology, the Lambda -CDM model, 
assumes a non- zero cos mological constant as the 
source of dark energy. It is found that, in terms of the Planck unit, and as a natural dimensionless value, the cosmological constant is calculated to be on the order of 10
−122 [Ref 15, 1
6]. The large discrepancy between 
the natural energy scale, Planck scale, and the observed value of 10
−122 in terms  o
f Planck scale is the so called 
cosmology constant problem.  
In the following, we will estimate the vacuum 
energy of the information function. Surprisingly, we are 
able to obtain a v alue for the cosmological constant 
consistent with the observation.  
To calculate the vacuum energy of the universe, 
we use the fact that the energy at state (n, m) with the 
frequency νn= n/T an
d wavelength λm = L/m is : 
En,m = (n + ½) ħ /T. 
T

T
he lowest energy of the vacuum fluctuation is 
E0n,m = ħ/2T.  
In Inform
ation Mechanics, with the space and 
time measurement scale at T and L, the total number of 
possible states N is: 
N = TL/(lptp). 
If we assu m
e each of the possible states can 
contribute to vacuum fluctuation energy of E0n,m 
= ħ/2T, 
then 
the total vacuum energy is: 
Evac = ħ 
/2T x TL/ lp2 
= ħ 
L/(2 lp2). 
The vacu u
m energy density in three-
dimensional observed space is: 
ρvac= Evac/(4π L3 /3) =  ρp3lp2/(8 πL2). 
Here ρp is the Pl a
nck energy density,  
ρp 
= Ep /lp3, 
and Ep 
is the Pl a
nck energy Ep = ħ/tp 
= 1.956 x 109 
Joule.

= ħ/2T, 
then 
Evac = ħ 
= ħ 
L/(2 lp2). 
The vacu u
ρp 
= Ep /lp3, 
and Ep 
is the Pl a
Joule.  
The
 cosmological constant Λc 
is: 
Λc 
= 8π ρvac. Theref o
re 
Λc 
= 8π ρvac 
= 3ρp 
lp2/L2. 
We know that: 
lp2/L2 =tp2/tu2 =10-122. 
Here tu 
is 
the age o f
 the universe. We use: 
tu 
=13.799 billion years = 4.35 x 1017 
seconds.  
From this, we obtain: 
                      
              Λ 
= 3 x10−122ρp.  
 Accord i
ng to results published by the Planck 
Collabo ra
tion in 2018 [Refs  15,16], the cosmological 
constant i s 2
.888 x 10-122 in Planck  u
nits. The result in 
(17), Λ = 3 x10−122ρp, is consis t
ent with the data from 
the Planc k
 Collaboration in 2018 [Refs 15, 16] .  
Informa t

seconds.  
                      
              Λ 
 Accord i
Collabo ra
the Planc k
Informa t
ion Mechanics seems to be able to 
address the large hierarchy problem regarding the cosmological constant.  
XIII. 
Emergence of th
e Electroweak Scale 
and Planck Scale Hierarchy 
There a re
 two outstanding hierarchy problems 
in physics. One is the cosmological constant problem. 
The other is to derive the large difference between weak force and gravity, or equivalently between Higgs mass and Planck mass [Ref 17, 18, 19, 20]. We have shown above that Information Mechanics may help address the 
cosmological constant problem; next, we will explore how it may help cope with the second hierarchy 
problem.

Here Γνρσ(X) is  t
he Christoffel connection. It is 
related to the gravitational interaction. And Hνρσ(X) is 
the anti -symmetric tensor field strength.
 To see how the hierarchy between Higgs mass 
and Planck mass emerges, we use the
 similarity 
between Higgs mechanism and superconductivity. The 
Higgs mechanism was originally suggested in 1962 by Philip Anderson when he noticed the similarity between 
electroweak symmetry breaking and superconductivity 
[Ref 21, 22]. In the following, we show that in
Mechanics, one may use superconductor theory, BCS theory, to induce the large hierarchy between Planck 
mass and Higgs mass.
 Notice the observable space -time coordinates 
X
μ(𝑍𝑍, 𝑧𝑧̅)consist  o
f a series of  vibrations. Similar to the 
phonons in a superconductor interacting with fermions 
through electromagnetic force, Xμ(𝑍𝑍, 𝑧𝑧̅) vibrati o
ns 
interact with fermions, gravity, and gauge interactions,

X
ns 
interact with fermions, gravity, and gauge interactions, 
as indicated in the information action (18) through the interaction terms:
 
Vint
 = Gμν(X)ψμ
 [ Γνρσ(X) +1
2Hνρσ(X) ]
 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧̅Xρψσ+ Gμν(X) 
ψ�μ[ Γνρσ(X) –12Hνρσ(X) ] ∂zXρ
 ψ�σ
 
                    + ½ Rμνρσ(X)ψμψνψ�ρψ�σ.     (19) 
As d
iscovered in BCS theory, these  interactions  
can add  a negative potential energy  which leads to a 
ground state with  the formation of coherent fermion 
pairs. This ground state energy results in a non- zero 
gauge field, which breaks the gauge symmetry.   
In the interaction terms (19), the gauge 
interaction is proportional to  𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧̅Xρ and ∂zXρ. This 
indicates that the gro
und state with the formation of

und state with the formation of 
fermion pairs will not only break gauge symmetry but 
also space -time translational symmetry. This means that 
it can lead to space -time compactification and also 
super  symmetry breaking. This may be a natural non -
perturbative mechanism for gauge symmetry breaking, space -time compactification, and super symmetry 
breaking.  
According to the BCS mechanism, the non -
perturbative ground state potential energy in the weak interaction limit is on the order of [Ref 21, 22]:  
W = - ncℏ𝜔𝜔exp[-1
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]. 
Here N  i
s the state density and V is the 
interaction potential. The energy term ℏ𝜔𝜔corresponds to

breaking.  
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]. 
Here N  i
interaction potential. The energy term ℏ𝜔𝜔corresponds to 
the energy of space -time vibration. It can be on the 
order of the space -time compactification scale, which 
may be of the same energy scale as the super 
symmetry breaking. One can see that the Higgs mass is exponentially smaller than the space -time compactifi -
cation scale.  Because of the exponential form of the non -
perturbative potential energy in the ground state, the large  hierarchy between Higgs mass and compactifica -
tion scale and thus Planck scale can be easily generated. We will expand the detailed model, 
calculation,  and discussion of this possible scheme in 
future work.

future work.  
XIV.  
Black Holes 
Any fundamental physics th
eory including 
gravity should be able to address  what is happening 
inside a black hole. Let’s take a look at how Information 
Mechanics could help us study what is inside a  black 
hole.  
A black hole is created when the gravity force 
becomes stronger than the fermion ic exclusion force,  
and matter is collapsed by gravity to the point that all matter including light is confined to a limited space and time [Ref 23, 24]. Thus, we propose that a black hole is related to physical space -time compactification in the 
observabl e four -dimensional space -time.

hole.  
observabl e four -dimensional space -time.  
In Information Mechanics, to study black holes, 
we can start with the action (18):  
A
2 = α∫d2z[(Gμv+ Bμv) ∂zXμ𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧̅Xv+ Gμν(X)(ψμ 𝐷𝐷𝑧𝑧̅ψν+ ψ�μDzψ�v) 
+ ½ Rμνρσ(X)ψμψνψ�ρψ�σ]. 
In the case of a b lack hole, Gμv 
and R μνρσ(X) 
become v e
ry large, 
and we assume this leads to 
compactification of space -time in the observable four -
dimensional space -time. This means that: 
X0 ≅ 
X0 + D0
, 
Xi ≅ 
Xi+ Di, i = 1,2,3. 
In
action A2(18), this sp a
ce-time 
compactification will lead to a positive kinetic energy: 
            (Gμv+ Bμv) ∂zXμ𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧̅Xv≅ 
(Gμv+ Bμv) 1
𝐷𝐷𝜇𝜇1
𝐷𝐷𝜈𝜈 
    (19) 
This ad d

become v e
ry large, 
X0 ≅ 
X0 + D0
, 
Xi ≅ 
In
ce-time 
𝐷𝐷𝜇𝜇1
𝐷𝐷𝜈𝜈 
    (19) 
This ad d
itional kinetic energy term will balance 
the negative potential energy from the gravity and gauge interaction term: 
Gμν(X)ψμ 
[ Γνρσ(X) +1
2Hνρσ(X) ] 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧̅Xρ𝜓𝜓𝜎𝜎+ Gμν(X)ψ�μ[ Γνρσ(X) − 
12Hνρσ(X) ] 
∂zXρ 
ψ�σ 
+  ½ Rμνρσ(X)ψμψνψ�ρψ�σ 
                                (20)     
The bala n
ce between the kinetic energy  in (19) 
and the potential energy in (20) could lead  to a new 
stable ground state. It indicates that the internal 
structure of a black hole is similar to a crystal, or liquid crystal, or some other ordered and coherent state. The action A
2 can enable us to study the
 detailed dynamics

                                (20)     
The bala n
 detailed dynamics 
inside a black hole with matter, space -time, gravity, and 
gauge interactions all present in one formula. We will defer the detailed calculation and discussion to future work.         
               
29
   (A)

To study  th
e dynamics outside of the black 
hole, the measurement scale L is larger than the horizon 
of the black hole. For an observer outside a black hole,  
a black hole appears as a particle with specific mass and spin.  
Like everything, a black hole carries information. 
For an outside obs erver, the entropy of a black hole is 
the unknown information or possibilities associated with the black hole. Since the outside observer can’t receive any information beyond the horizon of a black hole, the information space scale, L, for the observation  of a 
black hole is the black hole’s horizon. The information time scale associated with the external observation of a black hole is L/c. According to the equation (2), the maximum amount of unknown information associated 
with the observation of a black hol e for an outside 
observer is:  
It’s interesting that, in Information Mechanics , 
one may  derive the result that the entropy of a black

one may  derive the result that the entropy of a black 
hole is proportional to the area of the event horizon in 
units of Planck scale.  
The holographic principle [ Ref 25, 26, 
27]emerges in Information Mechanics , but in a different 
way. Here the maximum information is proportional to the area covered by the information space -time, not the 
physical space -time. In three -dimensional space, the 
area covered by the physical space could be the same as or proportional to the area of information space -time. 
This coincidence only happens in four -dimensional  
physical space -time.  
XV. 
Discussion and Conclusion 
In this paper we i n

XV. 
troduce  Information 
Mechanics and its two basic principles and laws. We propose that information determines the observed phenomena. The interaction of basic yin yang elements making up information and everything creates the observed phenomena. We derive the information action and information function. We show that the observed phenomena, such as physical space time, elementary 
particles and their wave -particle duality, fundamental 
forces, classical equations of motion, dark matter, and dark energy, may emerge from the information action and information f unction. We show how classical

forces, classical equations of motion, dark matter, and dark energy, may emerge from the information action and information f unction. We show how classical 
physics, quantum physics, quantum field theory, and string theory may emerge in information Mechanics. We discover that it is possible to derive a value of the cosmological constant consistent with astrophysical observation. We suggest a plausible scheme to derive 
the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale using information action. We indicate that one can 
study what is inside a black hole and deduce that the 
entropy of a black hole to an outside observer is proportional to the area of the event horizon.  Information Mechanics appears to be promising 
to address various challenging problems facing theoretical physics.  More detailed calculations and 
further investigation are still needed. We welcome more people to p articipate in this project.

further investigation are still needed. We welcome more people to p articipate in this project.  
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31
   (A)

A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics Based
On a New De¯nition of Consciousness
Zhi Gang Sha *and Rulin Xiu *,†,‡
*Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment
30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27D
Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 1B9, Canada
†Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center
16-266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA
‡rulin@htprc.org
Received 28 July 2017
Accepted 29 January 2018
Published 3 September 2018
Although quantum physics has led to the most accurate predictions to date about the nature of
matter and the universe, a metaphysical interpretation of its non-deterministic and subjective
nature still remains an ongoing debate. In this work, we will review the nature of the debate andpropose a new way to address the controversies about the non-deterministic and subjectivenature of quantum physics. In our previous work, we have shown that everything is made of
information, energy and matter. We propose to de¯ne spirit or soul as the content of infor-

data\A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics Based On a New De┬»nition of Consciousness.pdf

mation, spiritual heart as the receiver of information, and mind as the processor of information.In this paper, we show that the intrinsic uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum
physics can be explained by the insights from these de¯nitions. Information relates to the
possibilities and potentialities of an object. Information is intrinsically uncertain and non-deterministic. Since quantum physics is the fundamental physics theory describing the infor-mation, energy and matter of everything, quantum physics has intrinsic an uncertain and non-

deterministic nature. We further demonstrate that the process of quantum measurement can be
interpreted as the role played by soul, spiritual heart and mind in the manifestation of physicalphenomena. We conclude that our insight that everything is made of information, energy andmatter and the de¯nition of soul, spiritual heart and mind provides a simple metaphysical
interpretation of quantum physics. They can help us understand and resolve the two contro-
versies about quantum physics.
Keywords : Metaphysical interpretation of quantum physics; universal wave function interpre-

tation of string theory; spiritual heart; spirit; soul; mind; consciousness; quantum measurement;information; foundation of quantum physics; subjective and non-deterministic nature ofquantum nature.
This is an Open Access article published by World Scienti¯c Publishing Company. It is distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) License. Further distribution of this work is
permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences
Vol. 2, No. 3 (2018) 1850002 (6 pages)
#.cThe Author(s)
DOI: 10.1142/S2424942418500020
1850002-1
Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 2018.02. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by 98.47.94.11 on 10/10/23. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

1. Introduction
Quantum physics is the most fundamental theory of physics. Quantum physics is the
study of what everything is made of and how it behaves at the atomic and subatomic
levels.1–4Classical physics, including Newtonian mechanics, classical electromagne-
tism and thermodynamics as well as Einstein's relativity theories describe the
macroscopic world. It has been shown that classical physics is an approximation of
quantum physics. Quantum physics yields the most accurate predictions about na-
ture and has led to many great advances in science and technology.
However, the basis of quantum physics is still not well understood, because it
challenges the foundations of physics and natural science at their core. The meta-
physical interpretation of quantum physics is an ongoing debate.
Studies in quantum physics indicate that everything is made of various vibra-
tions, also called waves. Vibrations or waves are periodic oscillations. Because

quantum vibrations are not limited by space and time, everything according to
quantum physics is basically a vibrational ¯eld consisting of di®erent vibrations.
These vibrational ¯elds are described mathematically by a \wave function". A wave
function is the mathematical formula that expresses the properties and quantities of
vibrations or waves of an object.
The ¯rst controversy about quantum physics is related to the question
of whether the world we observe is deterministic or not. In classical physics,
everything is described by equations of motion. They are deterministic, meaning that

theory can predict what happens in the future if you know the current or past state of
an object. Quantum physics is fundamentally non-deterministic. In quantum phys-
ics, everything is described by wave functions, which can only tell the possibilities
and chance for certain things to happen. Because of the probabilistic nature of
quantum physics, some scientists, including Albert Einstein, do not accept quantum
physics as the fundamental theory of physics. The measurement problem in quantum
physics involves the debate about why our world appears to be de¯nite while the

underlying quantum nature is the superposition of many possible vibrational states.
The second controversy about quantum physics is that the concept of
quantum phenomena drastically con°icts with one of the cornerstones ofnatural science and scienti¯c research, which is objectivity. It is generally
accepted in natural science that natural phenomena are objective. Their existence
does not depend on the action of the observer. In quantum physics, however, phe-
nomena are subjective and depend on the action of observers and the measurement
process. For instance, in quantum physics, the measurement of the location of a light

particle depends on where the observer put the detector. The measurement of the
polarization of a light depends on how the observer directs the polarizer.
The above two distinguishing and other qualities such as non-local e®ect existing
in quantum physics have caused many scientists to question whether quantumphysics is a complete or correct theory about reality. Many interpretations have been
proposed to make sense of quantum physics, such as the Copenhagen interpretation,Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850002-2

1850002-2

pilot-wave theories, many-world interpretations, and more. Interpretations of
quantum mechanics deal with two problems: (1) how to relate the mathematical
formalism to the experimental facts, and (2) how to state the physical meaning of the
mathematical formulations and experimental phenomena in terms of ordinary un-derstanding, as well as in philosophical and metaphysical terms.
The generally accepted Copenhagen interpretation
1,4of quantum physics discards
the idea of the objectiveness of physical reality and reduces physics to a subjective
discipline that only deals with our knowledge of physical reality. To maintain the
deterministic and objective nature of reality, the pilot-wave theory, also called de
Broglie –Bohm theory and the causal interpretation,5postulates an actual con¯gu-
ration that exists even when unobserved, in addition to a wave function. The many-
worlds interpretation6,7asserts the objective reality of the universal wave function by

suggesting that wave function describes the actual existing parallel universes, themultiverse. Wolfgang Pauli, John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner suggest that
the subjective nature of quantum reality is due to the fact that quantum theory was
about mind –matter interaction.
8
In this paper, we are going to present a new way to address the controversies
about quantum physics based on our understanding about the constituents of the
existence. In our previous work,9we have shown that everything is made of infor-
mation, energy and matter. We show that this understanding can lead to a scienti¯c

8
de¯nition of spirit or soul, spiritual heart and mind. We demonstrate that with this
de¯nition, one can use quantum physics to explain spiritual phenomena such as
intuition, telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, distant healing and more. It can
help one to understand the function of spiritual heart in determining the observedphenomena.
10In the following section, we will ¯rst review this work, then we will
discuss how it yields a new and simple metaphysical interpretation of quantum
physics.
2. Matter, Energy and Information
To truly understand both our existence and quantum physics, we suggest that we

physics.
should ¯rst understand what everything is made of. In our previous paper, we
demonstrate that everyone is made of matter, energy and information.
Here, we consider matter as everything we can measure and observe. For example,
length, width, height, distance, weight, mass, charge, electric ¯eld, spin, force and
many more are all di®erent properties and phenomena of matter.
Energy is the ability to move and change matter, such as lifting a weight or
heating up a pot of water.
Information is that which informs. It gives form to the phenomenon we observe.
For instance, information in our bank determines how much money we have. The

blueprint of a house determines the shape and dimensions of the house. Information
theory tells us that information describes the possibilities and potentialities of
something.A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics Based on a New De¯nition
1850002-3

A wave function describes the possible states, i.e., waves, as well as the energy
and other physical quality of the waves. It is the mathematic description of the
information, energy and matter of an object.
Information has three aspects: the content of information, receiver of information
and processor of information. We show that we can de¯ne soul, spiritual heart and
mind as representing these three elements of information, respectively. Soul is the
content of information carried in everything. Spiritual heart is the receiver of in-
formation. Mind is the processor of information. From the wave function, we can
calculate soul, spiritual heart and mind of an object.
In our previous paper,9we show that with this de¯nition, we can use quantum
entanglement phenomenon to explain spiritual phenomena such as telepathy,
clairvoyance, distant healing, intuition, direct knowing and psychokinesis. In another
paper,10we show that quantum physics can help us understand why spiritual heart

helps determine the physical phenomena one observes.
3. A New Way to Interpret the Controversies in Quantum Physics
We suggest that the insight that everything is made of information, energy and
matter and the de¯nitions of soul, heart and mind as three components of infor-mation inside something yield a new way to address the controversies in quantum
physics in simple terms.
Let us ¯rst address the controversy about the intrinsic uncertainty and non-
deterministic nature of quantum physics. We propose that the reason quantum
physics is intrinsically uncertain and non-deterministic is due to the fact that ev-

erything is made of information, energy and matter. Here by matter, we mean what
we see, hear and observe. Energy is what moves and changes the matter. Matter and
energy are discussed in all physics theories. According to Claude Shannon's discovery
of Information Theory,
11information describes and measures the possibilities and
potentialities within an object. Information is intrinsically probabilistic. If infor-
mation is one of the basic constituents of everything, everything has fundamentally
an uncertain and non-deterministic nature. The information aspect is addressed in
quantum physics and thermodynamics. This is why quantum physics, as the fun-

damental theory about how everything works at the microscopic level, is funda-
mentally uncertain and non-deterministic. We conclude the insight that everything
is made of information, energy and matter can explain why the fundamental nature
of quantum physics is uncertain and non-deterministic.
Regarding the controversy about the subjective nature of quantum physics, we
suggest that our de¯nitions of soul, spiritual heart and mind may explain why
quantum phenomena are intrinsically subjective. This is related to how the quantumphenomena are determined by soul, spiritual heart and mind.

In quantum physics, one needs to use detector or detectors to observe a quantum
phenomenon. A detector is an instrument specially designed to absorb vibrations and
show visible and measurable changes as a result. For instance, a camera is a detector.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850002-4

The kinds of detectors one uses and where one places the detectors determine what
we observe. To observe a quantum phenomenon, one must receive vibrations from
what is being observed. In quantum physics, detectors are used to receive vibrations.
According to our de¯nition of spiritual heart and mind, the detectors used in the
measurement correspond to the hearts and minds. Therefore, the subjective nature of
quantum physics is basically the fact that our hearts and minds play a crucial role in
determining quantum phenomenon we observe.
Everything is a vibrational ¯eld, which contains information, energy and matter.
Within the vibrational ¯eld, there are many possibilities, which correspond to the
informational aspect of a thing. Which possibility or possibilities are manifested
depends on what our spiritual heart receives and how the mind processes what has
been received. Heart and mind determine the phenomena we observe. Because

of this, quantum phenomena and in fact everything we observe is fundamentallysubjective.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, we show that the intrinsic uncertain and non-deterministic nature of
quantum physics can be explained by the insight that everything consists of informa-
tion, energy and matter. Information relates to the possibilities and potentialities of an
object. Quantum physics is the fundamental theory of physics that describes the in-
formation, energy and matter of everything. Because of this, quantum physics has an
intrinsic uncertain and non-deterministic nature. We demonstrate that with the de¯-

nition of soul, spiritual heart and mind as the content, receiver and processor of infor-
mation, the measuring process of quantum phenomenon can be interpreted as the rolethat soul, spiritual heart and mind play in the manifestation of physical phenomena.
We conclude that our insight that everything is made of information, energy and
matter and the de¯nitions of soul, spiritual heart and mind provide a simple meta-
physical interpretation of quantum physics. This can help us understand and resolve
the two controversies of quantum physics.
References
1. N. Bohr, Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Wiley, New York, 1958).

2. E. Schr €odinger, An undulatory theory of the mechanics of atoms and molecules, Phys.
Rev.28(6) (1926) 1049 –1070.
3. M. Born, Physical aspects of quantum mechanics, Nature 119 (1927) 354 –357.
4. N. Bohr, The Quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic theory, Nature
121 (1928) 580 –590.
5. D. Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Routledge, London, 2002).
6. H. Everett, Theory of the universal wavefunction, thesis, Princeton University (1956,
1973), pp. 1 –140.
7. H. Everett, Relative state formulation of quantum mechanics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29(1957)

454–462.A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics Based on a New De¯nition
1850002-5

8. J. von Neumann, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1955).
9. Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, Composition of existence and the de¯nition of spirit, heart, and
mind according to quantum physics, Int. J. Inf. Res. Rev. 5(1) (2018) 5072 –5075.
10. Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, Spiritual heart and the manifestation of physical reality, Int. J.
Curr. Res. 10(7) (2018).
11. C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27(1948)
379–423 and 623 –656.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850002-6

Psychology Research, September 2018, Vol. 8, No. 9, 478-481 
doi:10.17265/2159-5542/2018.09.004 
 A New Scientific Definition of Sickness and Healing 
Zhi Gang Sha 
Institute of Soul Healing and En lightenment, Richmond Hill, Canada 
Rulin Xiu 
Hawaii Theoretical Physics Re search Center, Hawaii, USA 
 
Modern medicine has made great progr ess in treating diseases and prolongi ng life. However, modern medicine 
often only treats the symptoms of a disease and does not address the root cause. Based on our previous work on a 
mathematical definition of life, we propose a new scientif ic definition for sickness as the drastic increase of 
negative information and decrease of positive information in a certain aspect, a certain part, and a certain area of a 
living system. The healing process increases positive info rmation and decreases negative information. We show

living system. The healing process increases positive info rmation and decreases negative information. We show 
that this new insight about sickness and healing can help to heal more sicknesse s at the root cause , and can facilitate 
the development of a new science of healing.  
Keywords: definition of sickness, definition of healing, positive information, definition of life, purpose of life, 
negative information, science of healing, science of life 
Introduction 
Modern medicine has made many breakthroughs that have significantly prolonged life. However, modern 
medicine mostly addresses and controls symptoms, and does  not cure a sickness at the root cause. Furthermore,

medicine mostly addresses and controls symptoms, and does  not cure a sickness at the root cause. Furthermore, 
modern natural science has not been able to provide a proper conceptual framework to study the effect of consciousness on health and well-being. 
In our previous work (Sha & Xiu,  2018-1), we show that, from the quantum physics point of view, 
everyone and everything is the vibrational field which carries three elements: matter, energy, and information. 
Here, we regard matter as what we observe in the physical reality, such  as our body and its cells, organs, 
molecules, and atoms. Energy is what moves and chan ges matter. Information gives shape and form to matter 
and energy. Information has three aspects: content of in formation, receiver of information, and processor of

and energy. Information has three aspects: content of in formation, receiver of information, and processor of 
information. We suggest the content of information relates to our soul and spirit, the receiver of information relates to the spiritual heart, and the processor of information relates to our mind. We discovered that this insight can explain spiritual phenomena and wisdom in a scientific way within the framework of quantum physics. For instance, we find that these concepts can ex plain why and how our physical reality is manifested 
by our soul, spiritual heart, and mind. It explains why and how clairvoyance, telepathy, and spiritual healing work and how to develop these abilities.

by our soul, spiritual heart, and mind. It explains why and how clairvoyance, telepathy, and spiritual healing work and how to develop these abilities.  
                                                       
Zhi Gang Sha, Dr., Institute of Soul Hea ling and Enlightenment, Richmond Hill, Canada. 
Rulin Xiu, Ph.D., Research Director,  Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, Ha waii, USA; Institute of Soul Healing and 
Enlightenment, Richmond Hill, Canada. DAVID  PUBLISHING  D

A NEW SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION OF SICKNESS AND HEALING 
 479
To study and describe life in a quantitative way, in our recent work (Sha & Xiu, 2018-2) we introduce the 
concept of positive information and negative information into physics. We define positive information as the

order a system has within itself and the degree of connection that a system has with other systems. In contrast to positive information, negative information is the disorder and degree of disconnection of a system. Negative information corresponds to the concept of entropy already defined and studied in current science. In Sha and Xiu (2018-2), we present a method to calculate positive information and the mathematical formula for positive information. In Sha and Xiu (2018-3), we explore how to use positive information to study a living system. We suggest that positive information provides a way to give life a quantitative definition. We propose that life is a system that can maintain, enhance, and develop positive information. This leads to the natural conclusion that the purpose of life is to enhance and develop more positive information. We suggest that positive information may play a significant role in studying living systems and phenomena.

In this paper, we show that the concept and understanding of positive information and negative 
information can give us a deeper understanding and definition of sickness. We propose that we can scientifically define sickness as the state having a dr astic increase of negative information and decrease of 
positive information. This insight explains how consciou sness and environment affect  our health and how some 
types of spiritual healing work. It also expands the concept of sickness beyond physical sickness to emotional, mental, and spiritual sickness as well as sickness in relationships, finances, career, and more. It can also help us discover more advanced healing methods that can remove all sickness at the root cause.  
Scientific Definition of  Sickness and Healing 
In our previous work, we define life as a system that can maintain, develop, and enhance positive

In our previous work, we define life as a system that can maintain, develop, and enhance positive 
information. Positive information is the order and connection within a system. It is easy to see that order and connection is what gives rise to good health, good relationships, and success in business, career, and every aspect of our lives. Negative information, or disorder and disconnection, manifest as sickness, difficulties, and challenges in our lives. We can thus define sickness in the following scientific way: “Sickness in a living system is the drastic increase of negative informatio n and decrease of positive information within a certain 
aspect, a certain area, or a certain part of the body of the living system”.  
This scientific definition for sickness is significant in  three ways. First, this definition for sickness includes

This scientific definition for sickness is significant in  three ways. First, this definition for sickness includes 
not only physical sickness, but also emotional, ment al, and spiritual sickness, as well as difficulties and 
challenges in relationships, finances, career, and more. S econd, this definition of sickness tells us directly the 
root cause of all sickness, difficulties, and challenges. They are due to the lack of positive information and increase of negative information. Third, this new definition of sickness can explain why and how our consciousness can manifest sickness. For instance, suppose one thinks one is loved by everyone and everything. This state of consciousness will lead one to connect at deeper levels with everyone and everything, and an

increase in one’s positive information. This in turn will make one healthier and have better relationships, finances, and more success in one’s life. On the other hand, if one thinks and feels that one is not loved by others and the world, this will reduce one’s connection with others and the world. This will increase one’s negative information and lead to sickness in health and difficulties in relationships, finances, career, and other aspects of life.  
Based on the above scientific definition of sickness, we can easily give the following scientific definition 
for healing: “To heal is to change the negative information in a system into positive information”.

 480 
From this insight about sickness and healing, we can understand and explain why and how different kinds 
of healing modalities work. For instance, current western medicine treats the physical body to enhance positive 
information. Traditional Chinese medicine mostly ba lances energy to increase positive information.  
One can also heal all sickness including improvements in health, relationships, finances, and intelligence 
by enhancing positive information and reducing negative information through directly changing one’s soul, spiritual heart, and mind. Let us call them soul healing, heart healing, and mind healing, respectively.  
Soul is the content of information. Everyone and ev erything is the vibrational field according to quantum 
physics. Our vibrational field contains a lot of info rmation not in our conscious awareness, including

physics. Our vibrational field contains a lot of info rmation not in our conscious awareness, including 
information about what we have done and what our parents and ancestors have done. This hidden information secretly controls our life. To change  our life, we need to transform the hidden negative information within us 
into positive information. We can thus define soul healing as: “Soul healing is the enhancement of positive information by changing the content of information in one’s vibrational field”.  
The placebo effect is one of the most basic forms of soul healing. Tests of the efficacy of a new medical 
treatment compare the use of a given treatment to a fake  treatment. The fake treatment is called a “placebo”.

treatment compare the use of a given treatment to a fake  treatment. The fake treatment is called a “placebo”. 
Many research studies have found the placebo to be a valuable treatment for many sicknesses. The placebo effect is the most basic kind of soul healing. In the pl acebo treatment, patients receive the positive message that 
they have received medical treatment. The efficacy of th e placebo for healing demonstrates that giving positive 
information for soul healing is a valuable treatment.  
More advanced soul healing techniques include chanting, evocation, praying, downloads, transmissions, 
forgiveness practice, an d distant healing.  
Spiritual heart is the receiver of information from the soul. We can thus define heart healing as the 
enhancement of positive information by receiving positive  information. Feeling and receiving love is a good

enhancement of positive information by receiving positive  information. Feeling and receiving love is a good 
way to heal all sickness. Offering and receiving forgiveness, compassion, light, humility, harmony, gratitude, and service are also powerful ways of heart healing.  
Mind is the processor of information. Mind healing enhances positive information by effectively 
processing information. Understanding and applying wisdom is proven an effective way to heal all sickness, including health, relationships, finances, intelligence, and more. 
Soul, heart, and mind healing is different from current medical treatment in the three ways: First, soul,

Soul, heart, and mind healing is different from current medical treatment in the three ways: First, soul, 
heart, and mind healing each  address the root cause of all sickness  and challenges, basically transforming 
negative information into positive information. Physical and energetic healing methods, such as current medicine and normal traditional Chinese medicine can only address the symptoms of sickness at the physical and energetic levels.  
Second, current medical treatments usually require direct  physical touch, input, or interaction. Soul, heart, 
and mind healing can take place over distance without direct  physical intervention. Third, soul, heart, and mind

and mind healing can take place over distance without direct  physical intervention. Third, soul, heart, and mind 
healing can be applied to every aspect of one’s life, including the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of our existence, as well as our relationships, fi nances, and more. Current medical treatments are mostly 
on the physical level. Their effect on other aspects of our lives is rather limited.  
Developing Advanced Healing Techniques 
Our scientific definitions of sickness and healing offer not only deeper insight and a broader view about 
sickness and healing, but can also bring us better and more advanced healing modalities.

 481
For example, an advanced healing technique, Tao Calli graphy, is a special and unique Chinese calligraphy 
written with one stroke. Additionally, the vibrational field carrying high level positive information is 
downloaded into each Tao Calligraphy. When people connect with it or even better trace it, the calligraphy helps transform their negative information into positive information. Through this, Tao Calligraphy has helped people heal their own or other’s physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual sickness as well as difficulties and challenges in relationships, finances, career, and every aspect of life in profound ways.  
Here, we share two cases.  The first case regards phy sical sickness. Gayle is a publisher and film-maker.

Here, we share two cases.  The first case regards phy sical sickness. Gayle is a publisher and film-maker. 
One day, her daughter phoned her and told her the heartbreaking news that she was diagnosed with stage four cancers. Luckily, Gayle knew about Tao Calligraphy. She immediately got a Tao Calligraphy with special blessings for her daughter. With the help of Tao Calligraphy, her daughter became cancer free within two weeks.  
David Meltzer, the president of Sports 1 Marketing Company, traced a Tao Calligraphy for 15 minutes 
each day before going to work with the intention of expanding his business. His business experienced 
exponential growth, from five employees to 55 employees within a short time.  
Conclusion 
In this paper, we show that sickness can be given a sc ientific definition as the drastic increase of negative 
information and decrease of positive information in a certai n aspect, a certain part, or a certain area of a living

information and decrease of positive information in a certai n aspect, a certain part, or a certain area of a living 
system. This new definition of sickness can describe and explain not only physical sickness, emotional sickness, mental sickness, and spiritual sickness, but also the sickness in relationships, finances, career, intelligence, and every aspect of life. It also gives us deeper insight ab out the root cause of all sickness and difficulties in our

system. This new definition of sickness can describe and explain not only physical sickness, emotional sickness, mental sickness, and spiritual sickness, but also the sickness in relationships, finances, career, intelligence, and every aspect of life. It also gives us deeper insight ab out the root cause of all sickness and difficulties in our 
lives. It also brings a broader and deeper insight and definition of healing as increasing positive information and decreasing negative information. This new scientific definition and insight about healing can explain why the placebo effect and spiritual healing practices, such as chanting, reciting positive messages, and praying work. It also helps us develop better healing approaches that can heal all sickness at the root cause. We show case studies of one such healing technique, Tao Calligraphy. We will present further studies and research on this in our future work.  

References 
Sha, Z. G., & Xiu, R. L. (2018-1). Compos ition of existence and the definition of spir it, heart, and mind according to quantum 
physics. International Journal of Info rmation Research and Review,  5(1), 5072-5075.  
Sha, Z. G., & Xiu, R. L. (2018-2). Definition and calculation of positive information.  International Journal of Information 
Research and Review, accepted to be published.  
Sha, Z. G., & Xiu, R. L. (2018-3). Positive information and definition of life. International Journal of Cu rrent Research in Life 
Sciences,  accepted to be published.

Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000141J Astrophys Aerospace Technol, an open access journal
ISSN: 2329-6542  Open Access Theory Journal of Astrophysics & 
Aerospace Technology
ISSN: 2329-6542
Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace TechnologyXiu, J Astrophys Aerospace Technol  2017, 5:1
DOI: 10.4172/2329-6542.1000141Keywords : Cosmology; Dark energy; String theory; Universe
Introduction
In cosmology, cosmological constant is the value of vacuum energy 
density of space. It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein as an

data\Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory.pdf

density of space. It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein as an 
addition to his theory of general relativity to "hold back gravity" and achieve a static universe. The Hubble’s 1929 discovery that galaxies are moving away from each other implies an overall expanding universe. Studies and observation data in physics, astrophysics, and cosmology indicates that our universe starts from a big bang, followed almost instantaneously by cosmic inflation, an expansion of space from which the universe is thought to have emerged 13.799 billion years ago [1-3]. From 1929 until the early 1990s, most cosmology researchers assumed the cosmological constant to be zero.

Since the 1990s, several new discoveries in observational cosmology, 
especially the discovery of the accelerating universe from distant supernovae in 1998 in addition to independent evidence from the cosmic microwave background and large galaxy redshift surveys have shown that around 68.3% of the mass-energy density of the universe is due to dark energy [4-9] and around 26.8% is due to dark matter. Dark energy is an unknown energy source that is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Dark matter is an unknown matter source that is necessary to account for the observed large-scale structure in our universe. The cosmological constant is the simplest possible form of dark energy. Current standard model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM model, assumes non-zero cosmological constant as the source of dark energy. It provides a good fit to many cosmological observations as of 2016 with the cosmological constant to be on the order of 10

−52 m−2 in metric units. In terms of Planck unit, and as a 
natural dimensionless value, the cosmological constant is calculated to be on the order of 10
−121 [9].
The cosmological constant problem is the disagreement between 
the observed small value of cosmological constant and the theoretical non-zero vacuum energy as suggested by the quantum field theory. Depending on the assumptions, the discrepancy ranges from 40 to more than 100 orders of magnitude. Hobson and Efstathiou [10] describe this as "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics". 
Some theorists resort to supersymmetric theories to solve the

Some theorists resort to supersymmetric theories to solve the 
cosmological constant problem. Supersymmetry is the symmetry between the particles with integer spin (bosonic particles) and the particles with half spin (fermionic particles). Supersymmetric theories require a cosmological constant to be exactly zero. This does not solve the non-zero cosmological constant problem [11-13].Another theoretical approach that attempts to solve the cosmological 
constant problem is multiverse theories [14,15]. Multiverse theory

constant problem is multiverse theories [14,15]. Multiverse theory 
postulates a large number of "parallel" universes with different laws of physics and/or values of fundamental constants. One uses anthropic principle and prior probability distribution for cosmological constant over the multiverse to find the most probable value that allows galaxies to form. The anthropic principle is the philosophical consideration that observation of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it [16-18]. The argument is that only universes whose properties are such as to allow observers to exist are observed, while a possibly much larger set of universes lacking such properties go unnoticed. 
In this paper, we will study dark energy, dark matter, and

In this paper, we will study dark energy, dark matter, and 
cosmological constant in the framework of universal wave function interpretation of string theory. As previously said string theory is a mathematically consistent theory that can incorporate both quantum theory and general relativity [11-13]. Quantum physics has been proven to be the fundamental physics for all elementary particles and three fundamental forces, electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. General Relativity is the proven theory for gravity. Many ways are proposed to incorporate gravity and general relativity into quantum physics. The grand unification theory, also called the theory of everything, is the attempt to use one mathematic formula to explain all the fundamental forces and matters discovered so far and to integrate quantum physics and general relativity together. String theory is a promising candidate for the grand unification theory [11-13].

How to understand and apply string theory has been a long debated 
subject. The currently accepted interpretation is that string theory studies the quantum dynamics of a string. The vibration of string creates particles and interactions. The scale of the string is set to be Planck Scale 
*Corresponding author: Rulin Xiu, Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research
Center, 16-266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA, Tel: (415) 926-3196;E-mail: rulin@htprc.org
Received
 March 17, 2017; 
Accepted March 28, 2017; Published March 31, 2017
Citation: Xiu R (2017) Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant 
from String Theory. J Astrophys Aerospace Technol 5: 141. doi:10.4172/2329-6542.1000141
Copyright: © 2017 Xiu R. This is an open-access article distributed under the 
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted 
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Abstract

The observation that expansion of our universe is accelerating suggests the existence of an unknown energy 
source, dark energy. The observed large-scale structure of our universe indicates the existence of an unknown

source, dark energy. The observed large-scale structure of our universe indicates the existence of an unknown 
matter source, dark matter. Cosmological constant, a constant term related to the vacuum energy appearing in the equation of gravitational field, is the simplest possible form of dark energy. String theory is one of the few mathematically consistent theories that can unify quantum physics and general relativity. In this work, we present a new way to derive and interpret string theory. We show that this new interpretation of string theory can explain the source of dark energy and dark matter. It may provide a way to calculate cosmological constant consistent with the current data. Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory
Rulin Xiu*

Rulin Xiu*
Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, 16-266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA

Citation: Xiu R (2017) Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory. J Astrophys Aerospace Technol 5: 141. 
doi:10.4172/2329-6542.1000141Page 2 of 4
ISSN: 2329-6542  
(approximately 1.6 × 10-35 meters). The finite size of the string length 
helps result in a consistent theory for all forces, including gravity. The 
achievement of string theory cannot be overestimated. This theory has the potential to predict the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. However, with all these great potentials and promises, string theory has not yet made many testable predictions. Something is still missing in our understanding of string theory. 
In this work, using both quantum physics and general relativity,

we obtain an uncertainty relationship (also called duality relationship) between space and time. From this relationship, we derive a new way to understand and apply string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST). In quantum physics, everything is made of various waves and described by wave function. Wave function reveals the quality and quantities of the waves inside a system. We will show that our universal wave function interpretation of string theory provides a way to calculate the wave function of our universe. From the wave function of our universe, we can calculate the vacuum energy of our universe. We will demonstrate that using the age of our universe and fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, Planck constant ħ, and speed of light, UWFIST provides a new way to understand the dark energy. It may yield the estimate of cosmological constant consistent with the current experimental observation.

A New Way to Derive and Interpret String Theory
Quantum physics has completely changed our views about space-
time in a way even more dramatic than the way Einstein has changed our view about space-time. According to quantum physics, how accurate we can measure time and space depends on the amount of energy and momentum we use. It takes energy and momentum to measure time and space. More specifically, according to quantum physics, to measure the time of duration ∆τ, it takes the energy ∆E ~ ħ/∆τ. Similarly, to measure space of size ∆σ, it takes the momentum ∆P ~ ħ/∆σ. Here ħ is the reduced Planck Constant, ħ = h/2π. And h is the Planck Constant. It is equal to 6.626 × 10
−34 joul-second.
If one takes gravity into consideration, when one measures time 
interval ∆τ, the energy ∆E used for time measurement will curve the space-time according to general relativity. It will create a black hole with the horizon on the order of G∆E/c
4. Here G is the gravitational

4. Here G is the gravitational 
constant with the value approximately 6.674×10−11 N-m2/kg2 and c is 
the speed of light with the value approximately 3 × 108 meter/second. 
When ∆σ is smaller than G∆E/c4, no information can come out. 
Therefore, the measurable causal region is: 
∆σ ≥ G∆E/c4
From this, we find the condition for the causal region when we take 
both quantum effect and gravity into consideration is: 
 ∆σ ∆τ ≥ lp tp                                                                                                                            (1)
Here lp is the Planck length, lp = (ħG/c3)1/2 = 1.616 × 10-35 meter. And 
tp is the Planck time, tp = (ħG/c5)1/2 = 5.39 × 10-44 second. This condition

tp is the Planck time, tp = (ħG/c5)1/2 = 5.39 × 10-44 second. This condition 
indicates an uncertainty relation between space ∆σ and time ∆τ in causal region. This relation is sometimes called duality relation. We suggest that this relation indicates that space and time are quantized 
and the non-commutation relation between space and time:
 [σ, τ] = i l
ptp                                                                     (2)
Using the quantization procedure in quantum physics [19], we propose that the space time uncertainty relation (1) and non-
commutation relation (2) indicates an action As in the form:

 [σ, τ] = i l
ptp                                                                     (2)
 As = ʃdτdσ/lptp                                                                                                                                              (3)
Action As evolves the wave function from ψ (0,0) at the space 0 and 
time 0 to ψ (L,T) at the space L and time T in the following way:
ψ (L,T) = Σ sum over all possible paths  exp (i ʃ0T dτ ʃ0Ldσ/lptp) ψ 
(0,0)                                                                                        (4)
It is interesting to note that action (3) is a string action [11-13].

(0,0)                                                                                        (4)
It is interesting to note that action (3) is a string action [11-13]. 
This demonstrates from another angle that when we take gravity into consideration, it is necessary to use a “string” action (3) instead of “particle” action 
A = ʃ dτ to obtain a consistent theory. We introduced the universal 
wave function ψ (L,T) in equation (4). We call equation (4) the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST). 
UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of string theory in 
two ways. Firstly, the world-sheet space σ and time τ integration of the action (3) is over the causal region. i.e.,
A
s = ʃ0T dτ ʃ0Ldσ/lp2

A
s = ʃ0T dτ ʃ0Ldσ/lp2 
Here T and L are the age and length of the causal horizon. In the 
normal interpretation of string theory, σ is the string coordinate. L is taken to be the length of the string. It is set to be Planck length l
p. In the

p. In the 
formula (4), σ and τ represent proper space and time. T and L are now variables. They change as universe evolves or as space and time pass by. The second difference between the usual string theory and UWFIST is that the universal wave function Ψ (L,T) are introduced. Here Ψ (0,0) and Ψ (L,T) represents the universal wave function at the initial space and time and at the space L and time T. We propose that the universal wave function could be the wave function of our universe. This is because if we extend the string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string with background fields, the universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles; all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. It also includes the large structures of our universe up to the scale of horizon. In other words, UWFIST could be the wave function of our universe. Except for these two major conceptual differences, the usual string theory calculation can still be applied in UWFIST.

In the string theory, there are two sets of space-time: the 
2-dimensional world-sheet (σ, τ) and the observed space-time X
μ (σ, τ). 
The observed space-time Xμ (σ,τ) is a projection from the world sheet 
to possibly a higher dimensional space-time. In terms of Xμ (σ,τ), the 
action As in (3) becomes:
As = (1/lptp) ʃdτdσ g1/2gab ∂aXμ∂bXμ                   (5)
Here gαβ is the metric tensor on the world-sheet formed by proper 
space and time (τ, ) and g = -det gαβ. As shown in string theory (Ref 1,2), 
the general form of action (5) in the presence of massless background field is in the form:
A
s = [iα ʃ0T dτ ʃ0L dσ g1/2 (gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4α Φ 
R)]                                                                                                (6)
Here Gμν (τ, σ), Bμν (τ, σ), Φ (τ, σ) are metric tensor, anti-symmetric 
tensor, and scalar background fields of the observed space. And R is the scalar curvature related to g
αβ. The universal wave function in the

A
R)]                                                                                                (6)
αβ. The universal wave function in the 
presence of background fields is:
Ψ (Xμ (L,T), Gμν (L,T), Bμν (L,T), Φ (L,T)) = ∫DXμ Dgμν DBμν DΦ exp[iα ʃ0T 
dτ ʃ0L dσ g1/2 (gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4α Φ R)]                            (7)

doi:10.4172/2329-6542.1000141Page 3 of 4
We can extend Ψ (Xμ (L,T), Gμν (L,T), Bμν (L,T), Φ (L,T) to include 
other massive vibrations. We can also extend the above string action to 
the cases of superstring and heterotic string to include all fundamental particles, all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. This universal wave function tells us the probability for our universe to be at space-time coordinate X
μ (L,T) and background fields Gμν (L,T), Bμν (L,T), 
Φ (L,T). We can do a Fourier transformation to transform the wave function Ψ (X
μ (L,T), Gμν (L,T), Bμν (L,T), Φ (L,T) to be expressed in 
the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations (ωμ,κμν,…). 
The wave function Ψ (ωμ (L,T),κμν (L,T),…) expresses what kind of

The wave function Ψ (ωμ (L,T),κμν (L,T),…) expresses what kind of 
vibrations in our universe and how much they exist at proper time T and horizon length L in our universe. 
Existence of Dark Energy and Dark Matter
A natural indication and consequence of UWFIST is the existence 
of dark energy and dark matter. The space-time coordinate Xμ (τ, σ) is 
composed of vibrations in the form exp [iπn (σ+cτ)/L] and exp [iπn 
(σ-cτ)/L]. Here n is an integer. Unlike the normal string theory, in 
which L is the Planck length, now L is causal horizon distance. The largest wavelength is on the order of the length of the causal horizon. 
These vibrations are very fine. They are very dark in the sense that it

These vibrations are very fine. They are very dark in the sense that it 
is very difficult to detect them. In fact, to detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c. If L is the horizon distance, 
this means that it takes the time of the age of the visible universe or a 
detector as large as the whole visible universe to detect these vibrations. The existence of these vibrations may explain the existence of dark energy.
There also exist vibrations with small masses, which can be as small 
as h/(Lc). These are extremely small masses. The existence of these

as h/(Lc). These are extremely small masses. The existence of these 
vibrations with extremely small masses may explain the existence of dark matter. Similar to the vibrations that cause dark energy, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to directly detect these massive vibrations. 
An Estimate of Vacuum Energy and Cosmological Constant
Now we are going to calculate the vacuum energy density in our 
observed space-time in the framework of UWFIST. Here we define 
the vacuum energy to be the lowest energy state of the universal wave 
function. Because our observed universe is the projection from the world-sheet, the world sheet contains all the information, energy, and

function. Because our observed universe is the projection from the world-sheet, the world sheet contains all the information, energy, and 
matter about our universe. All the vibrations in the observed space time 
come from the vibrations in the world-sheet. Therefore, we simply need to calculate the vacuum energy in the two-dimensional world sheet. 
To calculate the vacuum energy of the world-sheet, let’s assume that 
on the world-sheet, the energy is in the form of harmonic oscillator. The 
energy at the state (n,m) with the frequency ν
n = n/T and wavelength 
λm = L/m is:
En,m = (n + ½) h/T.
The lowest energy of this vacuum fluctuation is E0n,m = h/2T. 
The number of possible vibrations on the world sheet is TL/

λm = L/m is:
(tplp). We can get this from the uncertainty relation (1). To make the 
space measurement ∆σ, we should at least use the vibration with the 
wavelength λm = L/m ~ ∆σ. To measure the time measurement ∆τ, we 
should at least use the vibration with the frequency νn = n/T ~ ∆τ. Since 
∆σ ∆τ ≥ lp tp, we get nm < TL/(tplp). 
The total lowest vacuum energy is:
Evac = h/2T × TL/lp2 = hL/(2 lp2).                 (8)It is proportional to the length of the causal horizon. The lowest 
vacuum energy density in the three dimensional space is:
ρvac = Evac/(4π L3/3) = ρp lp2/(2L2)                                       (9)

Here ρp is the Planck energy density, 
ρp = Ep/(4π lp3/3) and Ep is the Planck energy Ep = ħ/tp = 1.956 × 109 
Joul, tp and lp are the Planck time and Planck length lp = c tp = (ħG/c3)1/2. 
The equation (5) tells us that the vacuum energy density observed 
in three-dimensional space is inversely proportional to the square of 
the length of horizon L. 
The cosmological constant is defined as: Λc = 8π ρvac. 
Therefore,
Λc = 8π ρvac = 4π ρp lp2/L2
We know that:l
p2/L2 ~ tp2/tu2 ~ 10-122,
Here tu is the age of the universe. We use:
tu =13.799 billion years = 4.35 × 1017 second. 
From this, we obtain:Λ
c = 4π ρp tp2/tu2 ~ 10-121 ρp

Therefore within the UWFIST framework, using the age of the 
universe and the fundamental constants ħ, G, and c (speed of light), 
we are able to estimate the value of cosmological constant to the same 
order of magnitude as the observed value.
Discussion 
In this paper, we propose a new way to derive and understand 
string theory, the universal wave function formulation of string theory 
(UWFIST). From the space-time uncertainty relation, we show that 
string theory can be interpreted as calculating the evolution of universal wave function by the string action. We demonstrate that this new

string theory can be interpreted as calculating the evolution of universal wave function by the string action. We demonstrate that this new 
development of string theory can explain the source and existence of 
dark energy and dark matter. It can lead to the estimate of cosmological constant, possibly consistent with the experimental result using the age 
of the universe and the fundamental constants ħ, G, and c. 
Conclusion
This work gives a new scheme for cosmology. It provides a new

This work gives a new scheme for cosmology. It provides a new 
way to understand and calculate dark energy and dark matter and to solve the cosmological constant problem from the fundamental physics theory. The detailed calculation of dark energy, dark matter, and cosmological constant is necessary to make the final conclusion about whether it can yield a plausible model for our universe. Further study and detailed calculations is needed to corroborate the result presented here. 
Acknowledgements
This work is inspired by Dr. Zhigang Sha. I also want to thank Dr. Zhigang Sha,

This work is inspired by Dr. Zhigang Sha. I also want to thank Dr. Zhigang Sha, 
professor Mary K Gaillard, Dr. Ervin Laszlo, and many others for their help, support and encouragement with this project. I want to thank Rasha Blais, Alan Chuck, Marsha Valutis, and Christine Falcon for editing this paper. 
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Nolta MR, Odegard N, et al. (2003) First-Year

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Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP1) Observations: Temperatureanalysis. Astrophysical Journal Supplement 170: 288–334. 
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Efstathiou GP, Lasenby AN (2006) General Relativity: An

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Journal of Physical Science and Application 7 (6) (2017) 1-5 
doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/2017.06.001 
 Derivation of Multiverse from Universal Wave Function 
Interpretation of String Theory 
Dr. Zhi Gang Sha1 and Rulin Xiu2 
1. Institute of Soul Healing and Enli ghtenment, 30 Wertheim Cour t, Unit 27D, Richmond Hill , Ontario L4B 1B9, Canada 
2. Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Ce nter, 16-266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA 
 
Abstract: The multiverse is a hypothesis created to solve certain problems in cosmology. Currently, this scheme is still largely ad 
hoc, rather than derived from fundamental laws and principles. Because of this, the predictive power of this theory is rather l imited. 
Furthermore, there are concerns that this theory will make it im possible to calculate some measured quantities, such as the mas ses of 
quarks and the electron. In this paper, we will show that a new development in string theory, the universal wave function

data\Derivation of Multiverse from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory .pdf

quarks and the electron. In this paper, we will show that a new development in string theory, the universal wave function 
interpretation of string theory, provides a way to derive the ma thematical expression of the multiverse. We will demonstrate th at the 
Weyl invariance existing in string theory indicates that our obser ved universe is a projection fro m a hologram. We will present  how 
the laws of physics can be derived from this  fact. Furthermore, we sugge st it may also provide a way to calculate the masses of  
fundamental particles such as  quarks and the electron.  
 Key words: String theory, multiverse, grand unification theory, cosmology, holographic universe, universal wave function

 Key words: String theory, multiverse, grand unification theory, cosmology, holographic universe, universal wave function 
interpretation of string theory.  
 
1. Introduction 
The multiverse, also called meta-universe, parallel

The multiverse, also called meta-universe, parallel 
universes, and alternative universes, is a hypothetical set of possible universes, including the universe in which we live [1-4]. They determine the space, time, matter, energy, physical laws, and constants that describe them. The multiverse has been hypothesized in modern theoretical physics to solve many problems in cosmology, such as the cosmological constant problem. The solution to the cosmological constant problem would calculate and explain why the vacuum energy detected in our universe is much smaller than the normal theoretical calculation in quantum field theory. 
Currently, the mathematical expression of the

Currently, the mathematical expression of the 
multiverse is usually obtained in an arbitrary way. The structure of the multiverse, th e nature of each universe, 
and the relationships among the various constituent universes all depend on the specific multiverse 
                                                           
Corresponding author:  Rulin Xiu, Ph.D., research field: 
theoretical physics.  hypothesis considered. It is ad  hoc, so to speak. This 
makes it impossible to experimentally test the validity of this theory [5, 6, 7].  
Another concern about the hypothesis of a

Another concern about the hypothesis of a 
multiverse is how a definite observation comes about and whether it is still possible to explain and calculate measured quantities such as the masses of quarks and the electron [8]. As Nobel laureate Steve Weinberg pointed out [8], if the multiverse existed, “the hope of finding a rational explanation for the precise values of quark masses and other constants of the standard model that we observe in our Big Bang is doomed, for their values would be an accident of the particular part of the multiverse in which we live”. 
In this paper, we explore how a new development in

In this paper, we explore how a new development in 
string theory, the UWFIST (universal wave function interpretation of string theory) can provide a solution to the above issues related to the multiverse hypothesis. We will demonstrate that within UWFIST, it is possible to derive the formula expressing the multiverses from fundamental principles. We will also show how the laws of physics, the equations of D 
DAVID  PUBLISHING

Derivation of Multiverse from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory 
 2
motion, and possibly the masses of fundamental 
particles can be derived in UWFIST. 
String theory is a promising candidate for the grand 
unification theory [9-12]. How to understand and derive testable re sults from string th eory has been a 
long debated subject. The currently accepted interpretation is that string theory is the study of the quantum dynamics of a string. The vibration of a string creates particles and interactions. When the scale of the string is set to the Planck Scale 
(approximately 1.6  10
-35 meters), string theory has 
the potential to predict the dimensions of space-time, 
the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. However, with all of this great potential and promise, current string theory has not yet made many testable predictions.  
In our previous work [11], by combining quantum

In our previous work [11], by combining quantum 
physics and general relativity, we derive a space-time uncertainty relationship, which suggests that the wave function of the universe is created from a string like action. We call this the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. UWFIST indicates the existence of long-range quantum vibrations in our universe. These long-range vibrations could be the source of dark energy and the inflaton field. From the wave function of the universe, we can calculate or estimate the vacuum energy of our universe. In Ref.

[11] we have demonstrated that using the age of our universe and fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, Planck constant ħ, and speed 
of light, UWFIST may yield the estimate of vacuum energy consistent with the current experimental observation. We find that these large-scale quantum vibrations can cause and explain the observed large-scale anisotropies [ 12], anomalous alignments, 
and non-Gaussian distributions in the cosmic microwave background radiation as well as other background matter and radiation. It can also explain inflation and provide a -possible theoretical derivation for the inflaton and in flation scheme [13].  In this paper, we will briefly review the derivation 
of the UWFIST. We will show how to derive the 
mathematical expression of the multiverse and how to determine the observed physical laws, equations of motion, and potentially the mass and charge of fundamental particles from the UWFIST. 
2. Derivation of UWFIST and the

2. Derivation of UWFIST and the 
Mathematical Expression of Multiverse  
In our previous work [11], we showed that when we 
took both the effects of quantum physics and gravity into consideration, we obtain an uncertainty relation between space measurement ∆σ and time 
measurement ∆τ in the causal region: 
∆σ∆τ  ≥ l
ptp              ( 1 )  
Here l p is the Planck length, l p = (ħG/c3)1/2 = 1.616  
10-35 meters, and t p is the Planck time, t p = (ħG/c5)1/2 = 
5.39  10-44 seconds. 
We suggest that this relation indicates that space 
and time are quantized and the non-commutation relation between space and time: 
[σ, τ] = il
ptp              ( 2 )  
Using the quantization procedure in quantum

∆σ∆τ  ≥ l
ptp              ( 1 )  
[σ, τ] = il
ptp              ( 2 )  
Using the quantization procedure in quantum 
physics [14], we propose that the space time of uncertainty Eq. (1) and non-commutation Eq. (2) indicates a string action A
s in the form: 
As = ʃdτdσ/lptp             ( 3 )  
Action A s evolves the wave function from ψ(0,0) at 
the space 0 and time 0 to ψ(L,T) at the space L and 
time T in the following way: 
ψ(L,T) = Σsum over all possible paths 
exp(iʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lptp)ψ(0,0)  (4) 
The Eq. (4) is the universal wave function 
interpretation of  string theory. 
UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of

UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of 
string theory in two ways. First, the world-sheet space σ and time τ integration of the Eq. (3) is over the 
causal region i.e. 
A
s = ʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lp2          ( 5 )  
Here T and L are the age and length of the causal 
horizon. They relate to the age and length of the

 3
horizon of our universe. In the normal interpretation 
of string theory, σ is the string coordinate. L is taken 
to be the length of the string. It is set to be Planck length l
p. In the Eq. (4), T and L are variables. They 
change as universe evolves or as space and time pass by. The second difference between the usual string theory and UWFIST is that the universal wave function Ψ(L, T) is introduced. Here Ψ(0, 0) and Ψ(L, 
T) represent the universal wave function at the initial space and time and at the space L and time T.  
We propose that the universal wave function could 
be the wave function of our universe. If we extend the string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string with background fields [9, 10], the universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles,

be the wave function of our universe. If we extend the string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string with background fields [9, 10], the universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles, 
all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. It also includes the large structures of our universe up to the scale of the horizon. In other words, UWFIST could be the wave function of our universe.  
The wave function of our universe as derived in Eq. 
(4) shows the different possible universes. It is the mathematic expression of multiverse. UWFIST yields natural prediction, derivation, and mathematic formula of multiverse.  
According to quantum physics, our observed 
universe is manifested by our measurement. Different measurements may yield di fferent results. In the

universe is manifested by our measurement. Different measurements may yield di fferent results. In the 
following, we will show that the Weyl invariance, generalized scale invariance may lead to the fixed universal constants and laws of physics, such as equations of motion and specific masses of fundamental particles. It can explain how the laws of physics and universal constants such as masses of quarks and the electron can come about in the world of the multiverse. 
3. The Universe Is a Projection from a 
Hologram 
In string theory, there ar e two sets of space-time: 
the two-dimensional world-sheet ( σ, τ) and the 
observed space-time Xμ(σ, τ). The observed space-time Xμ(σ, τ) is a projection from the world

Hologram 
observed space-time Xμ(σ, τ). The observed space-time Xμ(σ, τ) is a projection from the world 
sheet to possibly a higher dimensional space-time. In 
terms of Xμ(, ), the action A s in Eq. (3) becomes: 
As = (1/l ptp)ʃdτdσg1/2gab∂aXμ∂bXμ     ( 6 )  
Here gαβ is the metric tensor on the world-sheet and 
g = -detgαβ. As shown in string theory [7, 8], the 
general form of Eq. (6) in the presence of a massless background field is in the form: 
A
s = [iʃ0Tdʃ0Ldg1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν 
+ εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4ΦR)]      (7) 
Here Gμν(, ), Bμν(, ), Φ(, ) are metric tensor, 
anti-symmetric tensor, and scalar background fields 
on the observed space. And R is the scalar curvature 
related to gαβ. The universal wave function in the 
presence of the background fields is: 
Ψ(L, T, Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) =

A
Ψ(L, T, Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) = 
DXμDgμνDBμνDΦ exp[iʃ0Tdʃ0Ld 
g1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν+ 1/4ΦR)] (8) 
We can extend Ψ(Xμ(L, T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), 
Φ(L, T)) to include other massive vibrations. We can 
also extend the above string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string to include all fundamental particles; all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. This universal wave function tells us the probability for our universe to be at space-time (L, T) and background fields G
μν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T). 
We can do a Fourier transformation to transform the wave function Ψ(L, T), G
μν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T))

μν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) 
into the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations ( ω
μ, κμν,…). The wave function Ψ(ωμ(L, T), 
κμν(L, T),…) expresses what kind of vibrations exist in 
our universe and how much they exist at proper time T and horizon length L.  
The proper space σ and time τ form the world-sheet. 
The world-sheet has the Weyl symmetry, the local rescaling invariance of the world-sheet metric. The Eq. (7) is invariant under the local rescaling of the world-sheet metric: 
g’
αβ(τ, σ) = exp(2ω(τ, σ))gαβ(τ, σ), 
X’μ(τ, σ) = Xμ(τ, σ), 
G’μν(, ) = Gμν(, ),

 4
B’μν(, ) = Bμν(, ), 
Φ’(, ) = Φ(, ), 
for an arbitrary ω(τ, σ). 
The Weyl invariance of the world-sheet indicates 
that if we expand, contract, or rotate the world-sheet, the world-sheet will look the same. In other words, the world-sheet is a hologram. Our observed space-time 
X
μ(, ), particles, gauge and gravity interactions are 
the projection from this hologram. In other words, the 
observed universe is a projection from the world-sheet hologram. 
4. Derivation of the Laws of Physics and 
Equations of Motion 
The fact that our observed space-time is a 
projection from a hologram has great consequences. One of the results is the classical equation of motion regarding the background field G
μν, Bμν, Φ, and more 
expanded as the functions of Xμ [1, 2]. The detailed

expanded as the functions of Xμ [1, 2]. The detailed 
derivation is presented in Refs. [1, 2]. We will just summarize this derivation. In a nutshell, it is obtained by calculating the higher or der corrections to the Eq. 
(7). The Weyl invariance is automatically preserved at the first order. However, the higher order corrections threaten to violate it. For example, at the second order, the following corrections occur: 
β
G
μν = αRμν + 2α׏μ׏νΦ + α/4HμλωHνλω+ O(α2)  (9) 
βB
μν = -α/4׏ωHμλω+ α׏ωΦHωμν+ O(α2)   (10) 
βΦ = (D-26)/4 - α/2׏2Φ + α׏ωΦ׏ωΦ - 
α/24HμνλHμνλ+ O(α2)           ( 1 1 )  
The preservation of Weyl invariance at the higher

β
G
βB
The preservation of Weyl invariance at the higher 
orders requires that: 
βG
μν = βB
μν = βΦ = 0. 
Notice that βG
μν = 0 leads to the generalized 
Einstein’s equation with the source terms from the anti-symmetric tensor and dilaton. The equation β
B
μν = 
0 is the antisymmetric generalization of Maxwell equation. We can see that by requiring Weyl invariance, we are able to derive the equation of motion for the background fields G
μν, Bμν, and Φ. In 
other words, the classical equations of motion including Einstein’s general relativity, 
electromagnetism, and other gauge interactions,

B
μν = 
electromagnetism, and other gauge interactions, 
fundamental particles, and other background fields and matter come from the fact that our universe is a projection from a hologram. This can explain how fundamental laws such as Einstein’s general relativity, electromagnetism, and other gauge interaction, fundamental particles, and other background fields and matter come about in the multiverse.  
5. Derivation of the Masses of Fundamental 
Particles from UWFIST 
Particle physics studies the fundamental particles

Particle physics studies the fundamental particles 
that make up matter in the physical realm. Electrons, muons, quarks, and photons are some of these elementary particles. One of the fascinating phenomena discovered in particle physics is that particles also have “generations”. Physicists have discovered three generations of elementary particles so far. The different generations have similar sets of elementary particles, except that th eir masses are different.  
The Higgs boson is the current scheme to give mass 
to elementary particles in the standard model. We suggest that by requiring the Weyl invariance at higher order, we may obtain further restrictions or equations to gravity, electromagnetism, and other gauge interaction, fundamental particles, and other background fields and forms of matter. This may lead to the determination of the mass of some particles. The masses are the possibl e solutions to these

equations. This may provide a way for us to derive the masses of fundamental particles, and may possibly explain the existence of generations of elementary particles. 
6. Conclusion 
In this paper, we show that the multiverse is a 
natural result of UWFIST. UWFIST not only supports the multiverse hypothesis, it also provides the scheme to mathematically derive the expression of the multiverse from fundamental principles by providing

 5
a way to calculate the wave function of our universe. 
The wave function of our universe exposes 
mathematically countless possible universes existing simultaneously. Our universe actually contains many possibilities. It exists simultaneously in all these possibilities. In this sense, we exist in multiple universes.  
In the myriad of the multiverse, our world changes 
constantly and quickly depending on our observations and measurements. However,  certain things do not 
change due to the fact that our universe is a projection 
from a hologram. The unchanging quantities make up the laws and specific matter we observe. The existence of classical equatio ns as well as definite

from a hologram. The unchanging quantities make up the laws and specific matter we observe. The existence of classical equatio ns as well as definite 
masses and possibly other properties are due to the fact that our universe is a projection from a hologram. It has already been shown in string theory that Weyl invariance in string theory leads to the observed laws of physics and the equations of motion. We suggest that it may also determine the specific masses of the observed fundamental particles.  
We suggest one should calculate higher order 
corrections of Weyl invariance to determine the masses of the observed fundamental particles. We will present our work on this in the future.  
[1] Kragh, H. 2009. “Contemporary History of Cosmology

[1] Kragh, H. 2009. “Contemporary History of Cosmology 
and the Controversy over the Multiverse.” Annals of 
Science  66 (4): 529-51. 
[2] Steinhardt, Paul. 2014. “Big Bang Blunder Bursts the 
Multiverse Bubble.” Nature  510: 9. 
[3] Max Tegmark, and Alexander Vilenkin. 2011. “The Case 
for Parallel Universes.” Retrieved 12 October 2013. [4] Feeney, Stephen M., et al. 2011. “First Observational 
Tests of Eternal Inflation: Analysis Methods and WMAP 
7-Year Results.” Physical Review D 84 (4): 43507.  
[5] Ellis, George, and Silk, Joe. 2014. “Scientific Method: 
Defend the Integrity of Physics.” Nature  516: 321-3  
[6] Ellis George, F. R. 2011. “Does the Multiverse Really 
Exist?” Scientific American . Nature Publishing Group. 
305 (2): 38-43. ISSN 0036-8733.

305 (2): 38-43. ISSN 0036-8733. 
[7] Baggott, Jim. 2013. Farewell to Reality: How Modern 
Physics Has Betrayed the Search for Scientific Truth. 
Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-60598-472-8. 
[8] Weinberg, Steven. 2007. Physics: What We Do and Do 
Not Know.  The New York Review of Books. 
[9] Michael Green, John H. Schw arz, and Edward Witten. 
1987. Superstring Theory . Cambridge University Press. 
Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7. Vol. 2: Loop 
Amplitudes, Anomalies an d Phenomenology. ISBN 
0-521-35753-5. 
[10] Polchinski, Joseph. 1998. String Theory . Cambridge 
University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic

University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic 
String. ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory 
and Beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4. 
[11] Sha, Z. G., and Xiu, R. L. 2017. “Dark Energy and 
Estimate of Cosmological Cons tant from String Theory.” 
Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology 
accepted on Mar 27, 2017 
[12] Sha, Z. G., and Xiu, R. L. 2017. “Derivation of 
Large-Scale Anisotropy a nd Anomalous Alignment from 
Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory.” 
Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology  on May 
06, 2017 
[13] Sha, Z. G., and Xiu, R. L. 2017. “Inflation Scheme

06, 2017 
[13] Sha, Z. G., and Xiu, R. L. 2017. “Inflation Scheme 
Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of 
String Theory.” Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace 
Technology  accepted on June 27, 2017 
[14] Feynman, R. P., and Hibbs, A. 1965. Quantum 
Mechanics and Path Integrals.  McGraw Hill. ISBN 
0-07-020650-3.

38
Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000110 Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys.
ISSN: 2641-886X
International 
Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Research Article Open Access
Dr. Zhi Gang Sha1 and  Rulin Xiu2*
1Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment, 30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27 D, Richmond Hill, Ontario L 4B 1B9, Canada
2Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, 16-266  E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749 , USA
Article Info
*Corresponding author:
Rulin XiuHawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center16-266 E. Kipimana St, KeaauHI 96749, USAE-mail: rulin@htprc.org 
Received: January 19, 2019
Accepted: January 24, 2019Published: January 29, 2019
Citation: Sha ZG, Xiu R. Derivation of the 
Existence of Elementary Particles from the Law of Creation. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys.  
2019; 1(2): 38-41.
doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000110

Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Published by Madridge PublishersAbstract
In this paper, we derive the existence of elementary particles from the law of 
creation. This work confirms and derives from the fundamental principle Xiao Gang

Wen’s result that string-net condensation is a way to generate elementary particles and unify light and electrons. In our previous work, we proposed the law of creation. We derived string theory, M theory, and the wave function of our universe from this fundamental law. We show that one can explain the expanding universe, dark matter, dark energy, the large structure of the universe, inflation, and the laws of physics related to gravity, weak and strong forces, and electromagnetism. In this paper, we show how to derive the existence of elementary particles and how to explain the wave-particle duality of elementary particles from the law of creation. We show that a string-like action creates the vibrational field of our universe. Due to the Poincaré invariance in the string-like action, elementary particles emerge from the vibrational field of our universe. As the different representations of Poincaré symmetry, elementary particles have specific still mass and spin. This explains the

duality of elementary particles from the law of creation. We show that a string-like action creates the vibrational field of our universe. Due to the Poincaré invariance in the string-like action, elementary particles emerge from the vibrational field of our universe. As the different representations of Poincaré symmetry, elementary particles have specific still mass and spin. This explains the wave-particle duality of elementary particles.

Keywords:  Universal Wave function Interpretation of String theory, Elementary particles, 
Grand unification theory, String theory, M theory, Law of creation.
Elementary particles are the most basic constituents of matter discovered since the 
1930s [1]. They are composed of particles with integer spin, elementary bosons and 
particles with half-integer spin, elementary fermions. Currently discovered elementary fermions include electrons, muons, and quarks. Elementary bosons consist of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons. Gauge bosons, such as photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons, mediate electromagnetic, weak and strong interaction. The Higgs boson has been discovered to be responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. 
All of the elementary particles and fundamental forces, except for gravity, are

All of the elementary particles and fundamental forces, except for gravity, are 
currently described by the standard model in particle physics [1]. The standard model is considered the most experimentally successful theory because it gives a consistent description of the elementary particles discovered to date.
There are major reasons to go beyond the standard model. First, one would like not 
only a description but also to know where the elementary particles come from. Second, one would prefer to have a unified theory for all fundamental particles and forces including gravity. Third, one wants to unify Einstein’s relativity theory with quantum physics based on one mathematically consistent formulation derived from one fundamental principle. Derivation of the Existence of Elementary Particles 
from the Law of CreationISSN: 2641-886X

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics39
Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys.
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000110Many are seeking the grand unification theory to accomplish 
these goals. The grand unification theory, also called the theory 
of everything or grand unified theory, is the attempt to use one mathematical formula to explain all the fundamental forces and matter discovered so far and to integrate quantum physics with general relativity. String theory is a promising candidate for the grand unification theory. String theory incorporates gravity and other gauge forces in one mathematically consistent formulation [2,3]. It also has the potential to generate all of the elementary particles and all interactions including gravity, and thus to unify all the forces and fundamental particles. However, with all of this great promise, string theory has not yet made many testable predictions. Something is still missing in current string theory.

There have been other attempts to unify all matter and 
forces. In recent years, Xiao Gang Wen and his colleagues proposed and demonstrated [4-7] that light, electrons, and other fermions may come from the qubits that form a string-net condensed state. Light is basically collective motions of strings, and fermions are ends of open strings in the string-net condensed state. However, it is unknown how to explain this interesting result from a fundamental principle or law. 
In this paper, we derive the existence of elementary 
particles from the law of creation. This work confirms Xiao Gang Wen’s result and deduces it from the fundamental law of creation. 
In our previous work, we proposed the law of creation [8]

In our previous work, we proposed the law of creation [8] 
and showed that it reveals the exact process for how all existence is created through the process “it from bit” as proposed by John Wheeler. We demonstrate that it could be the fundamental principle leading to the grand unification theory. This law states that everything is created from emptiness through yin yang interaction. Yin and yang are the two basic elements that make up everything. Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. We show that two fundamental yin yang pairs, space and time yin yang pair and inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair, create our universe. From this insight, one can derive string theory, superstring or M theory, and the Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory (UWFIST). Our work

demonstrates that UWFIST has the potential to derive dark 
matter, dark energy, inflation, and the large structure of our universe consistent with observation [9-12]. 
In another work [13], we show that UWFIST also indicates 
that the equations of motion regarding electromagnetic force and gravity and other laws of physics are the result of Weyl invariance. In this way, quantum physics and general relativity is integrated in one unified mathematical framework.
In this paper, we explore how the elementary particles

In this paper, we explore how the elementary particles 
come about in UWFIST. First, we will review our previous work. Then we will show that the Poincaré Invariance, inherent in the action that creates our universe, suggests the existence of elementary particles. Elementary particles are simply a Poincaré invariant identity emerging from the 2-dimensional world sheet, corresponding to the “string net” mentioned in Xiao Gang Wen’s work. This explains why one can find elementary particles no matter where one places a detector and why particles can be classified by mass and spin. This also explains the discovery by Xiao Gang Wen and his colleagues that elementary particles can come from string-net condensation in vacuum. Finally, we will explore the possible consequences of this work.
Review of the Law of Creation and 
Derivation of UWFIST
In our paper [8], we proposed the law of creation, which 
states that everything is created from emptiness through yin

states that everything is created from emptiness through yin 
yang interaction. Yin and yang are two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. The two elements in one bit of information is a yin yang pair. The law of creation basically tells us how information creates everything. It specifically describes the process of “it from bit” proposed by John Wheeler [14-16]. 
The universe we observe is determined by our measurement.

The universe we observe is determined by our measurement. 
Based on the law of creation, we propose that all human measurements are made of two basic yin yang pairs: space and time measurement and inclusion and exclusion measurement. Time is related to the measurement of movement and space relates to the measurement of non-movement. Space and time is a yin yang pair. The interaction of these two yin yang pairs, the space and time yin yang pair and the exclusion and inclusion yin yang pair, creates our universe. 
The simplest action created by the interaction of the 
space-time yin yang pair is:
A
1=α∫∆τ∆σ	 (1)
Here	we	use	the	symbol	σ	to	represent	space	and	the	
symbol	τ	to	represent	time.	We	use	∆σ	and	∆τ	to	represent	
the	space	and	time	duration	to	be	measured.	The	symbol	∫	
represents the summation over space and time from the 
beginning	τ=0	and	σ=0	till	now	τ=T	and	σ=L.	Here	T	is	the

A
beginning	τ=0	and	σ=0	till	now	τ=T	and	σ=L.	Here	T	is	the	
age of our universe and L is the horizon of our universe. The term	α	is	a	constant.	In	our	recent	work,	we	have	shown	that	
[9]:
α=1/(l
ptp)
Here tp is the Planck time. It is of the magnitude of 5.4×10-
44 second. Here lp is the Planck length. It is of the magnitude 
of 1.6×10-35 meter. 
The simplest action created by these two yin yang pairs is:A
2=α∫∆τ∆σ∆	θτ∆θσ (2)
Here	we	use	θσand	θτto represent the fermion partner of 
space	and	time	coordinatesσ	 and	τ.	θσ	and	θτ	can only take on 
the value 0 or 1 because they are repulsive and refuse to stay at 
the	same	place	with	another	element.	The	symbol	∫	is	to

the	same	place	with	another	element.	The	symbol	∫	is	to	
represent the summation over space σ and time τand	θτand	θσ.
One can easily see that the actions (1) and (2) are the 
actions for string theory and superstring theory or M theory. In this way, one derives string theory and M-theory or superstring theory from the law of creation.

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics40
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000110To calculate what is inside our universe, we propose to 
calculate the wave function created by the action (2) by 
summing over the range of the horizon of our observation. In Quantum physics, everything is mathematically represented by a wave function. One can calculate the wave function of our universe using Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum physics [17]. According to this method, the wave function created by the action A
2 is of the form:
Ψ=∑sum over all possible statesCexp(iαA2) (3)
Here C is a constant. The	symbol	∑	is	to	sum	over	all	
possible paths and states. The equation (3) is the universal wave function formulation of string theory. We call this the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. 
In our previous work, we show [9-13] that UWFIST has the

In our previous work, we show [9-13] that UWFIST has the 
potential to predict dark matter, dark energy, and inflation. It can also explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes in the microwave background. 
The wave function for our universe derived in UWFIST

The wave function for our universe derived in UWFIST 
suggests that our universe consists of many possibilities and states. In this sense, it is a multiverse. UWFIST gives the mathematical formula of the multiverse. The multiverse nature of our universe suggests that when we make a measurement, there may not be a definite result. If this is the case, how can we explain the equations of motion discovered so far in nature, such as gravity, and electromagnetism? In our paper [13], we demonstrate that the observed laws of nature come about due to the Weyl symmetry inherent in the actions A1 and A2. Requiring the invariance of local Weyl symmetry, one can derive the equations of motion discovered in nature. In this way, quantum physics and classical physics including Einstein’s relativity theory come together in formula (3). In this way, quantum physics and general relativity are unified in the one mathematical formula (3). 
The Emergence of Elementary Particles

The Emergence of Elementary Particles 
as the Invariance of Poincaré Symmetry
The discovery of elementary particles suggests that one 
finds elementary particles no matter where one puts the 
detector. The mass and spin of an elementary particle remains unchanged no matter where you detect it and who detects it.
If our universe is a multiverse and the phenomena we 
observe depends on the measurement, how can we explain the existence of elementary particles? We propose that the appearance of elementary particles is due to Poincaré symmetry intrinsic in the action (1) and (2) that creates our universe.
In string theory, there are two sets of space-time: the 
2-dimensional	 world-sheet	 (σ,	τ,	θ
τ,	θσ) and the observed 
space-time [Xμ(σ,	τ),	ψμ(σ,	τ)].	The	observed	space-time	Xμ(σ,	
τ)	and	fermions	 ψμ(σ,	τ)	are	a	projection	from	the	world	sheet	
(σ,	τ,	θτ,	θσ).	The	introduction	 of	θτ	and	θσ brings fermions into 
the observed space. In terms of [Xμ(σ,	τ),	ψμ(σ,	τ)]	and

the observed space. In terms of [Xμ(σ,	τ),	ψμ(σ,	τ)]	and	
integrating	over	θτ	and	θσ, the action A2 becomes:A2 = (1/lptp)∫∆τ∆σ∆	θτ∆θσg1/2gab[(Gμv + Bμv)	∂aXμ∂bXv+ Gμν(X)
(ψμDψν+	ψ+μDψ+ν) + ½ Rμνρσ(X)ψμψνψ+ρψ+σ] (4)
Here gαβ	is the metric tensor on the world-sheet and g = 
- det gab; Gμv	and Bμv are metric tensors on the observed space. 
The gravity and gauge interactions can be represented by Gμv 
and Bμv. In this way, all elementary particles, including 
fermions, gravity, and gauge bosons, can appear in the action (4). 
To see how the elementary particles can appear through the

To see how the elementary particles can appear through the 
quantum measurement in the multiverse represented by the equation (3), one can see that the action (4) is invariant under the Poincaré transformation :
X’
μ(τ,	σ)	=	ΛμνXν(τ,	σ)	+	aμ
Ψ’μ(τ,	σ)	=	Λμνψν(τ,	σ)	+	aμ
g’ab(τ,	σ)	=	gab(τ,	σ)	
G’μv(τ,	σ)	=	Gμv(τ,	σ)	
B’μv(τ,	σ)	=	Bμv(τ,	σ)	
From group theory, one knows that mass and spin are 
two invariants under Poincaré transformation. Elementary particles are different representations of Poincaré symmetry.
From this, one finds that the repeatable experiment of

X’
From this, one finds that the repeatable experiment of 
finding elementary particles with definite mass and spin no matter where and when one makes the measurement is due to the Poincaré symmetry. One can therefore confirm the emergence and observation of vibrations with definite mass and spin is due to the Poincarè invariance intrinsic to the string-like action that creates our universe (2). From this, we can conclude the existence of elementary particles and also the wave-particle duality of the elementary particles.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this paper, we derive the existence of elementary

particles from the law of creation. We review our previous work, which shows that the interaction of space and time and inclusion and exclusion action creates our universe. We review our derivation of the wave function of the universe. We show that the wave function of our universe is created by two-dimensional string action. We demonstrate that elementary particles are the emergence from the vibrational field created by the two-dimensional string action due to Poincaré invariance. Our work can explain the discovery by Xian Gang Wen and his colleagues that elementary particles emerge from string-net condensation from a fundamental principle. It also explains the wave-particle duality of elementary particles. 
This work provides a way to explain and derive from a

This work provides a way to explain and derive from a 
fundamental principle where all the elementary particles come from. In our previous work, we show that this approach, also called UWFIST, has the potential to derive dark matter, dark energy, inflation, and the large structure of our universe consistent with observation. In UWFIST, the equations of motion regarding electromagnetic force and gravity and other laws of physics can be derived from the requirement of Weyl invariance. In this way, quantum physics and general

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics41
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000110relativity are integrated in one unified mathematical 
framework. This paper provides further evidence that UWFIST may indeed be the grand unified theory we are searching for. 
In our previous work [13] we suggest that combining the 
requirement of Weyl invariance with Poincaré invariance, one may derive and calculate the masses of elementary particles in UWFIST. We will explore this further in our future work.
1. Braiban S, Giacomelli G, Spurio M. Particles and Fundamental Interactions: 
An Introduction to Particle Physics. 2nd edition. Springer; 2012.
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nuclphysb.2012.05.0107. Levin MA, Wen XG. Photons and electrons as emergent phenomena. Rev. 
Mod. Phys. 2005; 77: 871-879. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.77.871
8. Sha ZG, Rulin Xiu. Law of Creation and Grand Unification Theory. Sci Fed. 
2018.
9. Xiu R. Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory. J Astrophys Aerospace Technol. 2017; 5(1): 141. doi: 10.4172/2329- 
6542.1000141
10. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory. J Phy. Scie. App. 2017; 7(4): 33-37. doi: 
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2018.
11. Sha ZG, Xiu R. String Theory Explanation of Large-Scale Anisotropy and Anomalous Alignment. Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences. 2017; 
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18
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107 Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys.
Derivation of the Existence of Two Kinds of Space 
and Time from the Law of Creation
1Tao Academy, 30  Wertheim Court, Unit 27 D, Richmond Hill, Ontario L 4B 1B9, Canada
2Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, 16-266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749 , USA
Rulin XiuHawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center16-266 E. Kipimana St, KeaauHI 96749, USAE-mail: rulin@htprc.org
Received: December 13, 2018
Accepted: December 20, 2018Published: January 21, 2019
Existence of Two Kinds of Space and Time from the Law of Creation. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2019; 1(1): 18-21.
doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000107

In his development of a metaphysical theory of quantum physics, David Bohm 
proposed the theory of implicate and explicate order. He suggested that what we take

for reality is an explicate order which emerges from an implicate order. However, the derivation and mathematical formulation of such a theory remained unclear. In this work, we show that from the Law of Creation we can derive the existence of two kinds of space and time. One is the usual observable spacetime, described by spacetime coordinates. It corresponds to explicate order. The other is the space and time that is related to the measurement of non-movement and movement. We call this internal spacetime. Internal space and time form the two-dimensional world-sheet in string theory and they correspond to the implicate order. The Observable spacetime is the projection from Internal spacetime. We show the mathematical formula expressing the relationship between these two spacetimes. This work leads to a deeper understanding about spacetime and the discovery of a new property of observed spacetime. We find that each of the observable spacetime coordinates consists of an infinite number

correspond to the implicate order. The Observable spacetime is the projection from Internal spacetime. We show the mathematical formula expressing the relationship between these two spacetimes. This work leads to a deeper understanding about spacetime and the discovery of a new property of observed spacetime. We find that each of the observable spacetime coordinates consists of an infinite number of vibrations and is a vibrational field. This vibrational field is made of two independent sets of vibrations, oscillating or spinning in opposite directions. The movement or change of each coordinate in observable spacetime can interact with gravity and gauge interactions and result in the creation of information, energy, and matter.

Keywords: Law of Creation; Observable Spacetime; Internal Spacetime; Implicate order; 
Explicate order; Relationship between Observable Spacetime and Internal Spacetime
Quantum physics is the most fundamental theory of physics. Quantum physics 
studies what everything is made of and how it behaves at the atomic and subatomic

studies what everything is made of and how it behaves at the atomic and subatomic 
levels [1-4]. Although quantum physics has led to the most accurate predictions to date about the nature of matter and the universe, a metaphysical foundation of quantum physics has still not been fully established. To understand the intrinsic non-deterministic and subjective nature of quantum physics as well as the non-local phenomena such as quantum entanglement existing in quantum physics, David Bohm proposed the concepts of implicate and explicate orders [5]. Bohm suggests that what we take for reality is “surface phenomena, explicate forms that have temporarily unfolded out of an underlying implicate order”. This means that the implicate order is the ground from which reality emerges.

To develop a mathematic formulation for explicate and implicate order, David Bohm 
and other physicists suggest that the implicate order is represented in the form of an 
appropriate algebra or pregeometry [6-10]. Spacetime is part of an explicate order that ISSN: 2641-886X

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics19
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107is connected to an implicate order that they call pre-space. 
The locality and non locality observed in quantum physics all arise from an order in pre-space. A. M. Frescura and Hiley suggested that an implicate order could be carried by an algebra, with the explicate order being contained in the various representations of this algebra. 
In our previous work, we used the Law of Creation to

In our previous work, we used the Law of Creation to 
derive string theory, M theory, and the wave function of our universe [11-17]. We show that this new progress in string theory can lead to derivation and prediction of the expanding universe, dark matter, dark energy, the large structure of the universe, the derivation of the observed physics laws about fundamental interactions, and the existence of the elementary particles. The Law of Creation states that everything is created from emptiness through yin yang interaction. Yin and yang are the two basic elements that make up everything. Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent.

In this paper, we propose that the Law of Creation 
indicates the existence of two types of spacetime, the internal spacetime and the observed spacetime. They correspond to the implicate order and explicate order. We derive the relationship between these two spacetimes. We find that it reveals some interesting properties about the observable spacetime. It indicates that each coordinate in observable spacetime is a vibrational field. It is made of infinite oscillators spinning in the Minkowski spacetime in two different directions. Each point in observable spacetime contains the information of the whole universe. The changes in the observable spacetime coordinates can interact with gravity and other gauge interactions and create information, energy, and matter. 
In the following, we will first review the Law of Creation

In the following, we will first review the Law of Creation 
and our previous work about how the Law of Creation gives us a new deeper insight about space and time. We suggest that there exists a deeper internal space and time, which relates to our consciousness and measurement of non-movement and movement. The interaction of the internal space and internal time contributes to the action that creates 
the information, energy, and matter of our universe. This 
internal spacetime forms the two-dimension world sheet in string theory. We propose that it corresponds to the implicate order that determines our observed physical world. The observable spacetime is a projection from this implicate order. We show mathematically that the internal spacetime is a hologram. The observed spacetime, or the physical world, is a projection from this hologram. It can be of higher dimensional spacetime. 
Review of Law of Creation and Derivation of UWFIST

In our paper [11], we propose the Law of creation, which 
states that everything is created from the emptiness through 
the yin yang interaction. Yin and yang are two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. For instance, change and unchanged are a yin yang pair.In quantum physics, all phenomena are determined by

the yin yang interaction. Yin and yang are two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. For instance, change and unchanged are a yin yang pair.In quantum physics, all phenomena are determined by 
measurement. Like everything else, measurement is made of yin yang elements. We suggest [11] at a deeper level, space is related to the consciousness and measurement of unchangeness or non-movement and time is related to the consciousness and measurement of changeness or movement. This space and time is a yin yang pair. Let’s call it internal spacetime. All human measurement and consciousness are based on two yin yang pairs. One is the internal space and time yin yang pair. The other is the inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair. The interaction of these two yin yang pairs: space and time yin yang pair and exclusion and inclusion yin yang pair, creates our universe.
The simplest action created by the interaction of the

A1=α∫∆τ∆ σ (1)
Here we use the symbol σ to represent space and the 
symbol τ to represent time. We use ∆σ and ∆τ to represent the space and time duration to be measured. The symbol ∫ represents the summation over space and time from the beginning τ=0 and σ=0 till now τ=T and σ=L. Here T is the age of our universe and L is the horizon of our universe. And α is a constant. In our work [12], we show that:
α=1/(lptp)
The simplest action created by the space and time yin 
yang pair and the exclusion and inclusion yin yang pair is:
A2=α∫∆τ∆σ∆ θτ∆θσ (2)
Here we use θσand θτ to represent the fermion partner of 
space and time coordinates σ and τ. The θσ and θτ can only take

space and time coordinates σ and τ. The θσ and θτ can only take 
on the value 0 or 1 because they are repulsive and refuse to stay at the same place with another element. The symbol ∫ represents the summation over space σ and time τ and θ
τ and θσ.
actions for string theory and superstring theory or M theory [18]. In this way, one derives string theory and M-theory or superstring theory from the Law of Creation. 
To calculate what is inside our universe, we propose to

τ and θσ.
To calculate what is inside our universe, we propose to 
calculate the wave function created by the action (2) by summing over the range of the horizon of our observation. In Quantum physics, everything is mathematically represented by wave function. As we suggested in our previous work [19], a wave function describes the information, energy, and matter contained in an object. One can calculate the wave function of our universe using Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum physics [20]. According to this method, the wave function created by the action A
2 is in the form:
Ψ=∑sum over all possible states C exp(iαA2) (3)
where C is a constant . The symbol ∑ is the summation

where C is a constant . The symbol ∑ is the summation 
over all possible paths and states. Equation (3) is the universal wave function formulation of string theory. We call this the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST).

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics20
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107Notice in UWFIST, the derived string action is due to the 
interaction of the internal space-time. This internal space and 
time are related to the measurement of changing or unchanging. It forms the world sheet in string theory. 
In our previous work, we show that the interaction of this 
space and time yin yang pair and the interaction of inclusive and exclusive yin yang pair create all the information, energy, and matter of our universe, including dark matter, dark energy, inflation, large structure of our universe, fundamental laws of physics such as gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces, and elementary particles [11-17]. 
Internal spacetime is represented by the world sheet

Internal spacetime is represented by the world sheet 
space-time (σ,τ). In addition to the internal space and time, there is the observable space-time, normally related to and expressed by the space-time coordinate X
μ. In string theory, 
they are a projection from the internal spacetime and expressed as X
μ(σ,τ).Xμ(σ,τ) defines a projection from the 
internal spacetime. We can see that the world sheet spacetime (σ,τ) corresponds to the implicate world and the observable spacetime X
μ(σ,τ)belongs to the explicate order. 
More accurately, the observable space-time Xμ(σ, τ) and 
fermions ψμ(σ, τ) relating to elementary particles are a 
projection from the world sheet (σ, τ, θτ, θσ). The two-
dimensional super world-sheet (σ, τ, θτ, θσ) is projected to the 
observable spacetime and particles [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)]. The 
observable spacetime and particles [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)]
correspond to explicate order. In terms of [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)]

correspond to explicate order. In terms of [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)] 
and integrating over θτ and θσ, the action A2becomes [18]:
A2 = (1/lptp)∫∆τ∆σ∆ θτ∆θσg1/2gab[(Gμv + Bμv) ∂aXμ∂bXv+ 
Gμν(X)(ψμDψν+ ψ+μDψ+ν) + ½ Rμνρσ(X)ψμψνψ+ρψ+σ] (4)
Here gαβ is the metric tensor on the world-sheet and g = 
- det gab; Gμv and Bμv are metric tensors on the observed space. 
and Bμv. 
The world-sheet has Weyl symmetry, the local rescaling 
invariance of the world-sheet metric. The action (4) is invariant under the local rescaling of the world-sheet metric:
g´
αβ(τ, σ)=exp(2ω(τ, σ))gαβ(τ, σ) 
X´μ(τ, σ)=Xμ(τ, σ)
G’μν(τ, σ) = Gμν(τ, σ)

and Bμv. 
g´
B’μν(τ, σ) = Bμν(τ, σ)
ψμ’(τ, σ) = ψμ(τ, σ)
for arbitrary ω(τ, σ) .
The Weyl invariance of the world-sheet indicates that if 
we expand or contract or rotate internal spacetime, the implicate order, the action, and therefore all phenomena, will remain the same. In other words, the internal spacetime is a hologram. The observable space-time X
μ(τ,σ), elementary 
particles, gauge and gravity interactions, and everything such as dark matter and dark energy in the observable world are projections from this hologram. Derivation of the Relationship between

particles, gauge and gravity interactions, and everything such as dark matter and dark energy in the observable world are projections from this hologram. Derivation of the Relationship between 
the Observable Spacetime and Internal Spacetime and its Implications
To find the relationship between the internal spacetime 
(τ,σ), the implicate order, and the observable spacetime Xμ(τ, 
σ),the explicate order, one can obtain the solution for the action (2) [18]. Such a solution is in the form of:
X
i(τ, σ) = xi+ piτ/p + i (á'
2)1/2
exp[-2π inσ + cτ)/L]+
  
i
nexp[2σ-cτ)/L]}.  (5)
Here xi and pi are center of mass coordinates and momentum. 
ai
n and ai
n are two independent sets of oscillators, corresponding 
to left-moving and right-moving waves in internal spacetime. This equation tells us the relationship between observed spacetime and the internal spacetime, which is the relationship between the explicate order and implicate order.

i
ai
n and ai
to left-moving and right-moving waves in internal spacetime. This equation tells us the relationship between observed spacetime and the internal spacetime, which is the relationship between the explicate order and implicate order. 
Equation (5) is expressed in Euclidean spacetime. To 
express the relation in Minkowski spacetime (σ, σ
0), we 
introduce σ0= i cτ (here i is the imaginary number). The 
relationship (5) becomes:
Xi(τ, σ) = xi+ piτ /p + i (á'
2)1/2 
exp[-2π in(σ - iσ0)/L]+
exp[2σ + iσ0)/L]}.  (6)
We can see in Minkowski spacetime, the observed 
spacetime is made of two independent sets of oscillators spinning in opposite directions in the internal spacetime.
From equation (6), we can see that each coordinate in

0), we 
2)1/2 
From equation (6), we can see that each coordinate in 
observable spacetime is a vibrational field. It is made of infinite vibrations. The vibrational field associated with each coordinate is made of two sets of independent “spinors” and oscillators spinning in two different directions in internal spacetime. From equation (4), we can see that the changes in the observable spacetime coordinates can interact with gravity and other gauge interactions and change the wave function, and thus create information, energy, and matter. 
In this work, from the Law of Creation we derive the

existence of two different kinds of spacetime. One is internal spacetime related to the measurement of non-movement and movement. It corresponds to the implicate order. The other is the observable spacetime expressed by the usual spacetime coordinates. It corresponds to the explicate order. We show that observable spacetime is a projection from internal spacetime. We present the mathematical relationship between observable spacetime and internal spacetime, which is part of the relationship between explicate order and implicate order. From this relationship, we find that each observable spacetime location consists of an infinite number of vibrations and is a vibrational field. This vibrational field is made of two independent sets of vibrations, corresponding to two opposite oscillating or spinning directions. The movement or change of each coordinate in observable spacetime can interact with gravity and gauge interactions and result in the creation of information, energy, and matter.

International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics21
ISSN: 2641-886XVolume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107This research confirms David Bohm’s theory about implicate 
order and explicate order. It gives a way to derive implicate 
order and explicate order and their relationship from fundamental principles. This work gives a deeper understanding of spacetime and its properties. It yields some interesting results that deserve further exploration. 
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2. Schrödinger E. An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and 
Molecules. Phys. Rev. 28(6): 1049-1070. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.28.1049
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4. Bohr N. The Quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic 
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5. Bohm D. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London, Routledge, 1st 
edition. ISBN 0-7100-0971-2; 1983 Ark paperback, ISBN 0-7448-0000-5; 2002 paperback, ISBN 0-415-28979-3.
6. Pylkkanen P, Hiley BJ, Pattiniemi I. Bohm’s approach and individuality. 
quant ph. 2014.
7. Peat DF. Non-locality in nature and cognition. 297–311. In: M.E. Carvallo. 
Nature, Cognition and System II: Current Systems-Scientific Research on Natural and Cognitive Systems: On Complementarity and Beyond, Springer Science & Business Media,ISBN 978-94-011-2779-0, 2013; 2: 304.

8. Frescura FAM, Hiley BJ. Algebras, quantum theory and pre-space. Bra. J. Phy. 1984; 70: 49-86.
9. Whitehead AN, Griffin D, Sherburne D. Process and Reality: An essay in cosmology. New York: Macmillan, 1978.10. Bohm D, Griffin DR. Time, the implicate order, and pre-space. Physics and 
the Ultimate Significance of Time. State University of New York Press. 1986; 172-208.
11. Sha ZG, Rulin Xiu. Law of Creation and Grand Unification Theory. Sci Fed. 
2018.
12. Xiu R. Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory. J Astrophys Aerospace Technol. 2017; 5(1): 141. doi: 10.4172/2329- 

2018.
13. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory. J Phy. Scie. App. 2017; 7(4): 33-37. doi: 
14. Sha ZG, Xiu R. String Theory Explanation of Large-Scale Anisotropy and Anomalous Alignment. Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences. 2017; 
15. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Derivation of Galaxy Rotation Curve from the Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory. American Based Research 

16. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Derivation of Multiverse from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory. J Phy. Scie. App. 2017; 7(6): 1-5. doi: 
17. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Derivation of the Existence of Elementary Particles from the Law of Creation.
18. Polchinski J. String theory. An Introduction to the Bosonic String. Cambridge University press. 1998; 2: 402.
19. Sha ZG, Xiu R. Composition of existence and the definition of spirit, heart, and mind according to quantum physics. International Journal of 
Information Research and Review. 2018; 5(1): 5072-5075.

20. Feynman RP, Albert H. Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals. 1
st edition: 
McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-020650-3. 1965.

Journal of Physical Science and Application 7 (4) (2017) 33-37 
doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/2017.04.004  
Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function 
 
Abstract: Inflation is the most commonly accepted theory in  cosmology to explain why the universe appears  flat, homogeneous, and 
isotropic, as well as the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and wh y no magnetic monopoles have been detected.  
However, so far, the origin of the inflation epoch and what is the hypothetical field, the inflation, giving rise to inflation,  remains 
unknown. String theory is one of the promising candidates for the gr and unification theory. Grand unifi cation theory is to use one

data\Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory .pdf

unknown. String theory is one of the promising candidates for the gr and unification theory. Grand unifi cation theory is to use one 
mathematic formula to describe everything. In this work, we st udy the inflation scheme in a new development in string theory, 
UWFIST (universal wave function interpretation of string theory). We show th at from UWFIST we can de rive from the fundamental 
theory that the long-range vibration is the possible candidate of inflation. We estima te the vacuum energy created by the long- range 
vibration and show that it can indeed drive the inflation.  Key words: Inflation, string theory, universal wave function interpretation of string theory, grand unification theory.  
 
In physical cosmology, inflation is a theory of

In physical cosmology, inflation is a theory of 
exponential expansion of space in the early universe. Inflation theory proposes a rapid exponential expansion of the early universe  by a factor of at least 
10
78 in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum 
energy density [1, 2] . The inflationary epoch lasted 
from 10-36 seconds to 10-33 and 10-32 seconds after the 
big bang. Following the inflationary period, the universe continues to expand, but at a less rapid rate [1, 2]. 
Developed in the early 1980s, inflation is so far the

10
Developed in the early 1980s, inflation is so far the 
mostly accepted way to solve the fine-tuning problems with the initial conditions of the universe. Inflation hypothesis can show why our universe appears flat, homogeneous, and isotropic. It can account for the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and why no magnetic monopoles have been detected.  
The hypothetical particle or field thought to be 
responsible for inflation is called inflation. However, 
                                                           
theoretical physics.  the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible

theoretical physics.  the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible 
for inflation or inflation remains unknown. Furthermore, the abundance of “bad inflation” in the quantum theory and the realization that inflation is eternal has been challenging the real predictive power of inflation theory [3-6].  
In this work we will derive the possible inflation 
and the energy created by the inflation for the inflation from a new development in string theory, the UWFIST (universal wave function interpretation of string theory).  
unification theory [7, 8]. How to understand and 
derive testable re sults from string th eory has been a

derive testable re sults from string th eory has been a 
long debated subject. The currently accepted interpretation is that string theory studies the quantum dynamics of a string. The vibration of string creates particles and interactions. The scale of the string is set 
to be Planck Scale (approximately 1.6  10
-35 meters). 
String theory has the potential to predict the 
dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. However, with all these great D 

Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory 34
potentials and promises, current string theory has not 
yet made many testable predictions.  
In our previous work [9, 10] by combining quantum 
physics and general relativity, we derive a space-time uncertainty relationship, which suggests that the wave function of universe and everything is created from a string like action. We call this the UWFIST. UWFIST indicates the existence of long-range quantum vibrations in our universe. These long-range vibrations could be the source of dark energy. From 
the wave function of universe, we can calculate or estimate the vacuum energy of our universe. In Ref. [9] 
we have demonstrated that using the age of our universe and fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, Planck constant ħ, and speed

we have demonstrated that using the age of our universe and fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, Planck constant ħ, and speed 
of light, UWFIST may yield the estimate of vacuum energy consistent with the current experimental observation. We find Ref. [10] that these large-scale quantum vibrations can cause and explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, anomalous 
alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions in the cosmic microwave background radiation as well as in other background matter and radiation.  
In this paper, we will briefly review the derivation 
of the UWFIST. We will show that there exist the long-range vibrations in UWFIST. We will show that these long-range vibrational fields can generate the vacuum energy density, which can drive the inflation in the early age of the universe. They are the possible candidates for inflation.

of the UWFIST. We will show that there exist the long-range vibrations in UWFIST. We will show that these long-range vibrational fields can generate the vacuum energy density, which can drive the inflation in the early age of the universe. They are the possible candidates for inflation.  
2. A New Way to Derive and Interpret 
String Theory 
In our previous work, we show that when we take 
both the effect of quantum physics and gravity into consideration, we obtain an uncertainty relation between space measurement ∆σ and time 
measurement ∆τ in causal region: 
∆σ∆τ  ≥ l
ptp           ( 1 )  
Here l p is the Planck length, l p = (ħG/c3)1/2 = 1.616 
 10-35 meter. And t p is the Planck time, t p = (ħG/c5)1/2 = 5.39  10-44 second. 
and time are quantized and the non-commutation relation between space and time:  
[σ, τ] = il
ptp            ( 2 )

∆σ∆τ  ≥ l
ptp           ( 1 )  
[σ, τ] = il
ptp            ( 2 )  
physics [11], we propose that the space time uncertainty relation (1) and non-commutation relation (2) indicates a st ring action A
As = ʃdτdσ/lptp           ( 3 )  
ψ(L, T) = Σsum over all possible paths exp(iʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lptp) 
ψ(0,0)    (4) 
The Eq. (4) is the UWFIST.  

ψ(0,0)    (4) 
string theory in two ways. Firstly, the world-sheet space σ and time τ integration of the Eq. (3) is over 
the causal region i.e. 
A
s = ʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lp2 
horizon. They relate to the age and length of the horizon of our universe. In the normal interpretation of string theory, σ is the string coordinate. L is taken 
p. In Eq. (4), T and L are variables. They

A
p. In Eq. (4), T and L are variables. They 
change as universe evolves or as space and time pass by. The second difference between the usual string theory and UWFIST is that the universal wave function Ψ(L, T) are introduced. Here Ψ(0, 0) and Ψ(L, 
T) represents the universal wave function at the initial space and time and at the space L and time T. We propose that the universal wave function could be the wave function of our universe. This is because if we extend the string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string with background fields, the universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles,

T) represents the universal wave function at the initial space and time and at the space L and time T. We propose that the universal wave function could be the wave function of our universe. This is because if we extend the string action to the cases of superstring and heterotic string with background fields, the universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles, 
all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. It also includes the large structures of our universe up to the scale of horizon. In other words, UWFIST could be

Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory 35
the wave function of our universe. Except for these 
two major conceptual differences, the usual string 
theory calculation can still be applied in UWFIST.  
In the string theory, there are two sets of space-time: 
the 2-dimensional world-sheet ( σ, τ) and the observed 
space-time Xμ (σ, τ). The observed space-time Xμ (σ, τ) 
is a projection from the world sheet to possibly a 
higher dimensional space-time. In terms of Xμ(, ), 
the action As in Eq. (3) becomes: 
As = (1/l ptp)ʃdτdσg1/2gab∂aXμ∂bXμ    ( 5 )  
g = -det gαβ. As shown in string theory [7, 8], the 
general form of Eq. (5) in the presence of massless background field is in the form: 
A
s = [iʃ0Tdʃ0Ld g1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 
εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4ΦR)]        ( 6 )  
anti-symmetric tensor, and scalar background fields

A
presence of background fields is: 
Ψ(Xμ(L, T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) = 
DXμDgμνDBμνDΦexp[iʃ0Tdʃ0Ld 
g1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4ΦR)] (7) 
also extend the above string action to the cases of 
superstring and heterotic string to include all 
fundamental particles, all gauge interactions, gravity, 
and more. This universal wave function tells us the

and more. This universal wave function tells us the 
probability for our universe to be at space-time coordinate X
μ(L, T) and background fields Gμν(L, T), 
Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T). We can do a Fourier 
transformation to transform the wave function Ψ(Xμ(L, 
T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) to be expressed in 
the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations ( ω
κμν(L, T),…) expresses what kind of vibrations in our 
universe and how much they exist at proper time T 
and horizon length L in our universe.  3. Inflation and the Energy Driving Inflation 
A natural indication and consequence of UWFIST

A natural indication and consequence of UWFIST 
is the existence of long-range vibrations. The 
space-time coordinate Xμ(, ) is composed of 
vibrations in the form exp[i πn(+c)/L] and 
exp[iπn(-c)/L]. Here n is an integer. Unlike the 
normal string theory, in which L is the Planck length,

normal string theory, in which L is the Planck length, 
now L is causal horizon distance. The largest wavelength is on the order of the length of the causal horizon. These vibrations are very fine. They are very dark in the sense that it is very difficult to detect them. In fact, to detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c. If L is the horizon distance, this means that it takes the time of the age of the visible universe or a detector as large as the whole visible universe to detect these vibrations.  
We propose that these long-range vibrations can be

We propose that these long-range vibrations can be 
the possible candidates of inflation. To demonstrate this, we calculate the vac uum energy density created 
by them. Here we define the vacuum energy to be the lowest energy state of the universal wave function.  
Because our observed universe is the projection 
from the world-sheet, the world sheet contains all the information, energy, and matter about our universe. All the vibrations in the observed space-time come from the vibrations in the world-sheet. Therefore, we simply need to calculate the vacuum energy in the 
two-dimensional world sheet.  
To calculate the vacuum energy of the world-sheet, 
let’s assume that on the world-sheet, the energy is in the form of harmonic oscillator. The energy at the state (n, m) with the frequency ν
n = n/T and 
wavelength λm = L/m is: 
En,m = (n + ½)h/T. 
The lowest energy of this vacuum fluctuation is 
E0n,m = h/2T.  
The number of possible vibrations on the world

n = n/T and 
The number of possible vibrations on the world 
sheet is TL/(t plp). We can get this from the uncertainty 
relation in Eq. (1). To make the space measurement ∆σ, we should at least use the vibration with the 
wavelength λ
m = L/m ~ ∆σ. To measure the time

Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory 36
measurement ∆τ, we should at least use the vibration 
with the frequency νn = n/T ~ ∆τ. Since ∆σ∆τ  ≥ lptp, 
we get nm < TL/(t plp).  
The total lowest vacuum energy is: 
Evac = h/2T  cTL/l p2 = hLc/(2l p2)   (8) 
It is proportional to the length of the causal horizon. 
The lowest vacuum energy density in the three dimensional space is: 
ρ
vac = E vac/(4πL3/3) = ρplp2/(2L2)    (9) 
Here ρp is the Planck energy density,  
ρp = E p /(4πlp3 /3), 
and E p is the Planck energy E p = ħ/tp = 1.956  109 
Joul, t p and l p are the Planck time and Planck length l p 
= ct p = (ħG/c3)1/2.  
The Eq. (9) tells us that the vacuum energy density 
observed in three space dimensions is inversely proportional to the square of the length of horizon L. At the beginning stage of universe, the vacuum energy density is very large. For example, when our universe is of the size of the Planck scale l
p, the vacuum energy

p, the vacuum energy 
density is half of the Planck energy density ρvac = ρp /2. 
This large vacuum energy density provides the energy source for inflation, the rapid initial expansion. Therefore, the result of Eq. (9) indicates the vacuum energy can be the energy source for inflation. As the universe expands to larger scale, the vacuum energy decreases, but is non-zero. Our universe will continue its accelerated expansion at much slower rate. 
Now let us assume that L is the Hubble radius with

Now let us assume that L is the Hubble radius with 
L = c/H. Here c is the speed of light and H is the Hubble constant. Hubble constant is the unit of measurement used to describe the expansion of the universe. It has also been used to estimate the age of our universe. With this assumption, we get: 
ρ
vac = E vac/(4πL3 /3) = 3h/(8 πcL2lp2) = 3c2/(8πGL2) = 
3H02/(8πG) = ρc               (10) 
Since the relation (8) is general for all L and T, it 
shows that the lowest vacuum energy density is equal to the critical energy density for 4-dimensional 
space-time and remains to be  so as universe expands. 
This may provide further theoretical explanation why our universe is flat, with its energy density is so close 
to critical energy density.  
4. Discussion and Conclusion 
In this paper, we propose a possible scheme of 
inflation derived from the UWFIST. We demonstrate

inflation derived from the UWFIST. We demonstrate 
that this new development of string theory indicates the existence of long-range vibrations. These long-range vibrations could be the inflation. We estimate the vacuum energy created by them and find 
that they can propel the exponential expansion, the inflation, at the early stage of the universe. At the later 
time, the vacuum energy generated by them decreases significantly and the acceleration of the expansion gets much less.  
We conclude that UWFIST provides a simple

We conclude that UWFIST provides a simple 
explanation and calculable prediction from the first principle about why our universe experiences fast inflation at the early stage, continue to expand, and at the same time remains very flat. It predicts that the inflation is the long-range vibrations. UWFIST gives a new possible scheme for inflation.  
In our previous work, we show that the vacuum 
energy created by the inflation, the long-range vibrations, propels the current accelerated expansion of the universe. They ar e the dark energy. Our

energy created by the inflation, the long-range vibrations, propels the current accelerated expansion of the universe. They ar e the dark energy. Our 
calculation agrees with the current observation about dark energy [9]. It can also explain the large-scale correlation observed in the large-scale anisotropies and non-Gaussian distributions of the cosmic microwave background and other background field as well as the anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes [10].  
We suggest UWFIST, as the new development in 
string theory, has shown the promise to yield testable theoretical predictions in astrophysics and cosmology. It is worth furthe r investigation.  
[1] Guth, Alan. 1998. The Inflationary Universe . Basic 
Books.  
[2] Steinhardt, Paul J., and Neil Turok. 2007. Endless

Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory 37
Universe: Beyond the Big Bang.  Doubleday.  
[3] Penrose, Roger. 2004. The Road to Reality: A Complete 
Guide to the Laws of the Universe . London: Vintage 
Books, 755.  
[4] Penrose, Roger. 1989. “Difficulties with Inflationary 
Cosmology”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 
271: 249-64. Bibcode: 1989NYASA.571. 249P. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb50513. 
[5] Dicke, R. H. 1961. “Dirac’s Cosmology and Mach’s 
Principle”. Nature 192 (4801): 440-1. 
Bibcode1961Natur.192.440D. doi: 10.1038/192440a0. 
[6] Steinhardt, Paul J. 2011. “The Inflation Debate:        
Is the Theory at the Heart of Modern Cosmology   Deeply Flawed?” ( Scientific American ,  A p r i l ;          
pp. 18-25).  
[7] Michael Green, John H. Schwarz and Edward Witten 
1987. Superstring Theory . Cambridge University Press.

Vol. 1: Introduction . ISBN 0-521-35752-7. Vol. 2: Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology . ISBN 
[8] Polchinski, Joseph. 1998. String Theory . Cambridge 
String . ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory 
and Beyond . ISBN 0-521-63304-4. 
[9] Sha, Zhigang, and Xiu, Rulin. 2017. “Dark Energy and 
Journal of Astrophysics  & Aerospace Technology , 
[10] Sha, Zhigang, and Xiu, Rulin 2017. “Derivation of

[10] Sha, Zhigang, and Xiu, Rulin 2017. “Derivation of 
Large-Scale Anisotropy and Anomalous Alignment From 
Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String 
Theory.” Submitted to Journal of Astrophysics & 
Aerospace Technology . 
[11] Feynman, Richard P., and Hibbs, Albert. 1965. Quantum 
Mechanics and Path Integrals . McGraw Hill. ISBN 

Law of Creation and Grand Uni¯cation Theory
30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27D, Richmond Hill
Ontario L4B 1B9, Canada
Received 10 October 2018
Accepted 11 December 2018
Published 18 January 2019
The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural
sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions and many other disciplines. Currently, natural science
cannot answer this question at the most fundamental level. In this work, based on the ancientChinese Tao wisdom about creation, we propose the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation. This law
states that everything is created from emptiness through yin –yang interaction. Yin and yang
are the two basic elements that make up everything. Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-

created, inseparable and co-dependent. The Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation gives us a deeper
insight about space and time. We propose that space and time are two basic measurements weconduct. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. Space relates to the
measurement of stillness and solidity. Space and time are a yin –yang pair. Interaction of two
fundamental yin –yang pairs, the space and time yin –yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion
duality pair, create our universe. We demonstrate that from this insight, one can derive string

theory, superstring or M-theory and the universal wave function interpretation of string theory.
We suggest that the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation presents the exact process how \it from
bit" and it could be the fundamental principle leading to the grand uni¯cation theory and thetheory of everything.
Keywords : Space; time; law of creation; Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation; creation of universe;
string theory; Tao wisdom; quantum physics; measurement theory; yin –yang; manifestation;
grand uni¯cation theory; theory of everything.
A law of creation is sought in many disciplines including sciences, philosophies,

ideologies and religions. Current cosmology suggests that the creation of our universe
‡Corresponding author.
Vol. 2, No. 4 (2018) 1850010 (7 pages)
DOI: 10.1142/S242494241850010X
1850010-1

1850010-1

is through a \big bang". However, the natural law that has led to the big bang
remains unknown until now.
Wheeler proposed1–3the idea \It from Bit". He suggested that information sits at
the core of physics, and every \it", whether a particle or ¯eld, derives its existencefrom observations. To show how everything comes to existence through observation,
Wheeler acknowledged
3that time played an essential role, but this is not understood
well enough.
The Grand Uni¯cation Theory is an attempt to use one mathematical formula to
explain everything, including all elementary particles, fundamental forces, dark
matter, dark energy, the large structure of the universe and to unify quantum physics
with Einstein's general relativity theory about gravity. So far, string theory is the
only mathematically consistent theory that can unify everything.4,5However, string
theory is limited in its ability to make predictions. Something is still missing incurrent string theory.

Tao Wisdom is ancient Chinese wisdom with more than 5000 years of written
history. In the authority book of Tao wisdom, Tao De Jing, Lao Tze revealed the
natural law of creation: Tao Sheng Yi, Yi Sheng Er, Er Sheng San, San Sheng Wan
Wu. As used here, Tao means the source of everything. Sheng means create. Yi, Er and
San mean one, two and three, respectively. Wan Wu means everything. This state-
ment literally means that Tao creates one, one creates two, two creates three and three
creates everything. This is the ancient Tao wisdom about the process of creation.
In our previous work,

6we derived the space –time uncertainty relation. From this
relation, we proposed a universal wave function interpretation of string theory
(UWFIST), which indicates that string theory can be interpreted as calculating theevolution of the universal wave function driven by string action. With this insight,
we are able to calculate dark energy and the cosmological constant using the age of
the universe and the fundamental constants },Gand c. Our result agrees with
observations obtained in cosmology and astrophysics. We further showed
7that from
this new interpretation of string theory, UWFIST, one can derive the energy source

7that from
that can explain the in°ation and the current accelerated expansion of our universe.
In another work,8we showed that UWFIST can explain the observed large-scale
anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions and anomalous alignments of the quadru-
pole and octupole modes in the microwave background. We also showed9that
UWFIST provides a way to derive a mathematical expression of the multiverse. It
can explain why our observed universe is a projection from a hologram and how the
observed laws of physics are the result of the fact that our universe is a hologram. In a
recent paper,10we demonstrated that it is possible to derive the rotation curve, and

therefore dark matter, from UWFIST.
In this paper, we propose a law of creation, the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation,
based on ancient Tao wisdom. This law of creation tells us that emptiness is the
source of everything. Everything is created from emptiness through the interaction of
two fundamental elements, yin and yang. Yin and yang are two core elements within
everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable and co-dependent.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850010-2

We show that space and time are a yin –yang pair. Their interaction creates our
universe. We will show that with this understanding, we can use the Law of Tao Yin –
Yang Creation to derive string theory, M-theory, and the UWFIST.
2. The Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation
Based on ancient Tao wisdom, we propose the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation as
follows.
Tao, the emptiness, is source of everything. Yin –Yang are the two basic elements
of everything. Yin and yang elements are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable
and co-dependent. The interaction of yin and yang creates everything. It is the cause
of all change.
The Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation includes the following three important
points:
(1) Tao, the source of everything, is emptiness
This is a profound spiritual wisdom known in many spiritual traditions. It is
interesting that quantum physics can help us understand it scienti¯cally. In
quantum physics, everything is described by a wave function. If we try to cal-

points:
culate the wave function of emptiness, we ¯nd that wave function of emptiness is
in¯nite. This basically means that Tao, the emptiness, contains in¯nite possi-bilities (information), energy and matter. Tao consists of everything.
(2) Everything, including every measurement, consists of two basic elements: Yin
and yang
The relation between yin and yang consists of four aspects:
.Yin and yang are opposite;
.Yin and yang are relative;
.Yin and yang are co-created;
.Yin and yang are inseparable and co-dependent.
The wisdom about yin and yang is based on the observation of a basic natural

and yang
law that everything has two sides, or two aspects, or two elements. For example,
the up and the down parts are two aspects or elements within everything. They
are opposite. They are relative because the up part for someone could be the
down part for others. They are co-created because when we say some part is up,
we are comparing it with the part we think is down. They are inseparable and co-
dependent because there cannot be the up part without the down part and there
cannot be the down part without the up part.
(3) The interaction of yin and yang creates everything and is the cause of all change

This is the core of the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation. We give one example in
physics that illustrates this. For instance, in quantum mechanics, everything is
described by a wave function, /C9. The Hamiltonian H and time tare a pair of yinLaw of Creation and Grand Uni¯cation Theory
1850010-3

and yang. The interaction of Hamiltonian H and time tbrings change to a
system, which can be calculated through the formula:
/C9ðtÞ¼eiHt=h/C9ð0Þ:
It is interesting to note that one bit of information consists of two elements. They are
a pair of yin –yang. Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation basically tells us how the \bit"
creates \it". In the following, we will explore how our universe is created according to
this law.
3. The Creation of the Universe
We propose that space and time are one of the fundamental yin –yang elements and
that their interaction creates our universe.
From the quantum physics point of view, the universe we observe is determined
by our measurement. We propose that space and time are two basic measurements
we conduct. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. Space relates
to the measurement of stillness and solidity. For instance, the measurement of the
movement of sand in an hourglass and the movements of the sun and the moon have

all been used as a measurement of time. The duration of a day is based on the
measurement of the rotation of the earth around its axis. The measurements of space,
such as the length, height and width of an object, are the measurement of its
unchangedness and stillness.
Space and time are a yin –yang pair. Space and time are opposite and relative.
Change and stillness are opposites. They are relative because something may appear
to be a change to you but to be still to others. Albert Einstein's relativity theory
proves to us that space and time are relative. Space and time are co-created because

whenever we measure change, we are referring to something unchanged. Whenever
we measure something as unchanged, we are comparing with something you consider
changing. Therefore, space and time are inseparable and co-dependent.
We propose that inclusion and exclusion are another yin –yang pair that is our
basic measurement. All measurements are based on these two basic yin –yang pairs:
Space –time measurement and inclusive –exclusive measurement. For instance, the
measurement of velocity, acceleration, energy, momentum, temperature, spin, elec-

tricity, magnetic, mass, charge, force, mass and more are all variations of space andtime measurement and of inclusive and exclusive measurement. Since quantum
physics tells us that our measurement determines our observation, which in this case
is the observed universe, we can therefore conclude and propose that these two yin –
yang pairs are the two fundamental yin –yang pairs whose interaction creates all of
the phenomena in our universe.
4. The Derivation of the Wave Function of the Universe
According to the Law of Tao Yin Yang Creation, the interaction of yin –yang ele-

ments creates everything. To see how the interaction of these two yin –yang pairsZ. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850010-4

creates our universe, we need to write down the action created by the interaction of
these two yin –yang pairs. In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a
physical system from which the equations of motion and wave function of a system
can be derived.
The simplest action created by the interaction of the space –time yin –yang pair is
A1¼/C11Z
/C1/C28/C1/C27: ð1Þ
Here, the symbol /C27represents space and the symbol /C28represents time. /C1/C27and/C1/C28
represent the space and time duration to be measured. The symbolR
represents the
summation over space and time from the beginning /C28¼0and /C27¼0till now /C28¼T
and /C27¼L, with Tbeing the age of our universe and Lthe length of horizon of the
universe. And /C11is a constant. In,6we ¯nd that
/C11¼1=ðlptpÞ: ð2Þ
Here, tpis the Planck time and lpis the Planck length.
To introduce the second yin –yang pair into action, it is important to realize that

corresponding to the inclusion and exclusion yin –yang pair, in nature, there exist two
types of particles: Fermions and bosons. Fermions have half (1/2) spin. They repel
each other. They refuse to be in the same state. Bosons have integer spin. They tend
to clump. The normal time and space coordinates /C28and /C27are of bosonic nature. If we
assume that each space or time coordinate has both the fermion (yang, repulsive) and
boson (yin, clumping) parts, each time and space coordinate become two elements:
/C28!ð/C28;/C18 /C28Þ; ð3Þ
/C27!ð/C27; /C18 /C27Þ: ð4Þ

Here, we use /C18/C27and /C18/C28to represent the fermion partner of space and time coordinates
/C27and /C28./C18/C27and /C18/C28can only take on the value of 0 or 1 because they are repulsive and
refuse to stay at the same place with another element. The terms /C27,/C28,/C18/C27and /C18/C28
represent the four elements of the two yin –yang pairs, the space –time yin –yang pair
and the inclusion –exclusion yin –yang pair.
The simplest action created by these two yin –yang pairs is
A2¼/C11Z
/C1/C28/C1/C27/C1/C18/C28/C1/C18/C27: ð5Þ
The symbolR

A2¼/C11Z
represents the summation over space /C27and time /C28and /C18/C28and /C18/C27.
It is interesting to see that action A1is basically the action that creates string
theory and action A2is the action that basically creates the superstring theory or
M-theory. It is interesting to see that from the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation, we
can derive string theory and M-theory.
There is one di®erence between the string action derived here and the usual string
action. Actions A1andA2sum over the life span and horizon of our universe whileLaw of Creation and Grand Uni¯cation Theory
1850010-5

1850010-5

the current string theory and superstring theory set the length of the string at the
Planck scale lpand they set the time to the in¯nity.
In quantum physics, everything is mathematically represented by a wave func-
tion. One can calculate the wave function of our universe using Feynman's pathintegral formulation of quantum physics.
11According to this method, the wave
function created by action A2is of the form
/C9¼X
sum over all possible pathsCexpði/C11A2Þ: ð6Þ
Here, Cis a constant. The symbolPis to sum over all possible paths. We call Eq. ( 6)
the universal wave function formulation of string theory.
In our previous work,6–10we have also shown that UWFIST has the potential
to derive the dark matter, dark energy, in°ation and the large structure of
our universe consistent with observation. In another work,9we show that from
UWFIST, one can derive the equations of motion regarding electromagnetic force,
other gauge interactions, and gravity by requiring Weyl invariance. In this way,

quantum physics and general relativity are integrated into one uni¯ed mathematical
framework.
We therefore conclude that the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation can show us how
our universe, basic laws of physics, and everything in the universe, are created. It hasthe potential to lead to the grand uni¯cation theory we seek.
5. Conclusion
In this work, we propose the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation, which states that
everything is created through yin –yang interaction from emptiness. Yin and yang are
two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created,

inseparable and co-dependent. One bit of information is a pair of yin –yang. This law
of creation basically tells us how information creates everything. It describes spe-
ci¯cally how \it from bit". We propose that space and time are a yin –yang pair.
Space and time are two basic measurements we conduct. Time relates to the mea-
surement of movement and change. Space relates to the measurement of stillness and
solidity. We suggest and demonstrate mathematically that our universe is mani-
fested from the emptiness through the interaction of two yin –yang pairs: The space
and time yin –yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion yin –yang pair.
The Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation proposed here gives us a new and deeper

insight about space and time. Space and time are the basic actions and codes that
manifest our universe. We ¯nd that the Law of Tao Yin –Yang Creation is not only
the fundamental law and principle from which other physics theories, laws, ele-
mentary particles, fundamental forces and phenomena are created, it can also ad-
dress how every aspect of our lives is created. We will explore this further in our
future work.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1850010-6

1850010-6

1. J. A. Wheeler and K. Ford, Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics ,
(W. W. Norton & Company, 1998).
2. J. A. Wheeler, Information, physics, quantum: The search for links, in Complexity,
Entropy, and the Physics of Information , ed. W. H. Zurek (Addison-Wesley, 1990).
3. J. A. Wheeler, Hermann Weyl and the unity of knowledge, Am. Sci. 74(1986) 366 –375.
4. M. Green, J. H. Schwarz and E. Witten, Superstring Theory, Vol. 1: Introduction; Vol. 2:
Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1987).
5. J. Polchinski, String Theory, Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String; Vol. 2:
Superstring Theory and Beyond (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998).
6. R. Xiu, Dark energy and estimate of cosmological constant from string theory,
J. Astrophys. Aerospace Technol. 5(1) (2017) 141.
7. Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, In°ation scheme derived from universal wave function interpre-

tation of string theory, J. Phys. Sci. Appl. 7(4) (2017) 33 –37, doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/
2017.04.004.
8. Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, String theory explanation of large-scale anisotropy and anomalous
alignment, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 1(3) (2017) 1750012.
9. Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, Derivation of multiverse from universal wave function interpre-
tation of string theory, J. Phys. Sci. Appl. 7(6) (2017) 1 –5.
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function interpretation of string theory, Am.-Based Res. J. 7(01) (2018) 01 –05.

11. R. P. Feynman and A. Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals (McGraw Hill,
1965).Law of Creation and Grand Uni¯cation Theory
1850010-7

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics , 2023, 11, 2652- 2670 
https://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp  
ISSN Online: 2327- 4379 
ISSN Print: 2327 -4352 
 
DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174  S ep. 27 , 2023 2652 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 
Quantum Theory of Consciousness 
Gangsha Zhi1, Rulin Xiu1,2 
1Tao Academy, Richmond Hill, Canada 
2Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center,  Keaau, HI, USA  
 
Abstract  
Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterm i-
nistic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A 
quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new inte r-
pretation of quantum physics. We show that this QTOC can address the 
mind and body problem, the hard problem of consciousness. It also provides 
a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to study consciousness 
and neural network.  We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend

and neural network.  We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend 
various models of consciousness. We show the predictions from this theory 
about the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the large -scale,  
nearly instantaneous synchrony of brainwaves a mong different parts of brain, 
body, people, and objects. The correlation between Schumann Resonances 
and some brainwaves is explained. Recent progress in quantum information 
theory, especially regarding quantum entanglement and quantum error co r-
rection co de, is applied to study memory and shed new light in neuroscience.  
 
Keywords  
Quantum Theory of Consciousness, Hard Problem of Consciousness,

Keywords  
Quantum Theory of Consciousness, Hard Problem of Consciousness,  
Measurement Problem of Quantum Physics, Schumann Resonances and 
Brainwaves, Quantum Information Theory, Quantum Entanglement, Large 
Scale Synchrony of Brainwaves  
 
1. Introduction  
Consciousness relates to awareness. It is subjective, nonpredictable, nondete r-
ministic phenomenal experience of internal and external worlds. Consciousness 
is associated with a sense of se lf, feelings, choice, free will, control of voluntary 
behavior, memory, thought, language, and imagination [1] [2]. 
What consciousness really is and how it com es about remain ing a mystery.

What consciousness really is and how it com es about remain ing a mystery. 
According to David Chalmers, the hard problem of consciousness explains why 
How to cite this paper: Zhi, G.S. and Xiu, 
R.L. (2023 ) Quantum Theory of Co nsciou s-
ness. Journal of Applied Mathematics and 
Physics , 11, 2652- 2670.  
https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119174  
 
Received:  July 31, 2023 
Accepted: September 24, 2023  
Published: September 27 , 2023  
 
Copyright © 20 23 by author (s) and  
Scientific  Research Publishing Inc.  
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Open Access

G. S. Zhi, R. L. Xiu 
 
DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2653 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 and how a physical objective process generates a specific subjective experience 
[3] [4]. The easy problem addresses the various mechanisms that the brain uses 
to integrate information, categorize and discriminate environmental stimuli and memories, focus attention, and perform other tasks associated with conscious 
experience [5] [6]. Currently, although much progress has been made, neuro s-
cience continues to have difficulty in addressing the hard problem of consciou s-
ness.  
Most research in neuroscience is based on classical physics. In this paper, we 
propose that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. Based on a new inte r-
pretation of quantum physics, we propose a quantum theory of consciousness

ness.  
pretation of quantum physics, we propose a quantum theory of consciousness 
(QTOC). We show that this quantum theory of consciousness can address both the hard and easy problem of consciousness and other challenging and unsolved problem in the science consciousness and neuroscience.  
Physics studies what everything is made of and how it works. Physics uses 
mathematical formulas to describe experimental data and make predictions, which can lead to new discoveries and technologies. Physics is the foundation of the natural sciences. Quant um physics is the most fundamental physics theory 
so far [7] -[12]. It studies what everything is made of and how it works at the

so far [7] -[12]. It studies what everything is made of and how it works at the 
deepest level right now. Quantum physics makes the most precise predictions 
and has enabled breakthrough progress in science and technology. For instance, development  in quantum physics has led to the discovery of the structure of 
DNA, which reveals how life is reproduced [13].  
Quantum phenomena are the elementary, basic, and fundamental phenomena 
underlying all observed phenomena. For instance, quantum phenomena are what make the sun shine [14], due to the quantum effect, uncertainty o f location 
and momentum, wavefunction overlap, and quantum tunneling. Classical phy s-

ics—such as Newtonian  mechanics and electromagnetics —is shown to be the 
accumulative average of quantum phenomena and derivable from quantum physics [11].  
1.1. Four Reasons That Consciousness Should Be Studied with  
Quantum Physics  
Due to the current prevalent misunderstanding about quantum physics and tendency of ignoring it among researcher s in neuroscience and biology, here we 
want to list four major reasons about the importance to apply quantum physics 
in the research and studies of consciousness and life science in general.  
Both quantum phenomena and consciousness are subjective and non -deter-

Both quantum phenomena and consciousness are subjective and non -deter-  
ministic [7]. Indeed, it should not be considered coincidence that two of the 
most f undamental aspects of existence —
i.e., consciousness and quantum phe-
nomen a—share the same subjective and probabilistic nature. Classical physics 
does not have such nature. This is the first reason to use quantum physics to 
study consciousness.  
Quantum physics uses wave function to studies the physical, energetic, and

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2654 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 informativ e aspects of an object. The informative aspect of an object —i.e., the 
informati on contained inside an object —is closely related to its consciousness. 
Classical physics averages out the different possibilities represented by the i n-
formation [11]. As a result, it cannot address the informative/conscious nature 
of our existence. This is the second reason why quantum physics is needed to 
study consciousne ss. 
Thermodynamics and statistical physics study the relation between entropy, 
energy, pressure, and other physical aspects of an object. Entropy measures di s-
order, which is associated with the informative aspect of an object, as shown by 
Claude Shannon’s information theory [15] . Max Tegmark [16]  estimates dec o-
herence time sc ales for ions involved in the propagation of action potentials to

herence time sc ales for ions involved in the propagation of action potentials to 
be 10 to 20 orders of magnitude smaller than the relevant time scales of neural 
dynamics. He argues that the degrees of freedom of the human brain that relate to cognitive processes should b e thought of as a classic al rather than a quantum 
system —
i.e., that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the current classi c-
al approach to neural network simulations.  
We disagree with Tegmark’s proposal because it ignores the order, correla-
tion, and coherence that exist and in fact dominate in the brain and life in ge n-
eral. We propose and will show that —although decoherence as indicated by

system —
eral. We propose and will show that —although decoherence as indicated by 
Tegmark exists in the brain and everything observed in nature —what leads to 
consciousness and life in general is the stable structure, order, connection, co r-
relation, and coherence [17]  [18]. The connection, correlation, and coherence 
that underlie conscious experience are due to the established stable atomic, m o-
lecular, cellular, and other internal structures within the brain an d the whole 
body. These structures are obviously much stronger than the decoherence effects calculated by Tegmark; otherwise, there would be no stable atoms, molecules, 
cells, brains, bodies, or life.

cells, brains, bodies, or life.  
To study the consequence of structure, order, connecti on, and coherence, 
quantum physics is needed. For instance, to study the simplest atomic stru c-
ture— the hydrogen atom —Niels Bohr realized that it was necessary to use a new 
physics based on a set of new rules, 
i.e. quantum physics. He helped found and 
develop quantum physics, which led to the prediction of the relationship b e-
tween the hydrogen atom’s structure and spectrum [7] . The spectrum of a hy-
drogen atom consists  of the vibrations that the hydrogen atom can resonate with 
and emit. Life and consciousness are based on structure, order, connection, co r-

relation, and coherence. Neural systems, membranes, microtubules, DNA, and 
the structures of living systems have grea ter similarity with crystals, semico n-
ductor materials, superconductors, lasers, and superfluids. In classical mecha n-
ics, the existence of such phenomena is impossible; they need to be studied with quantum physics. This is the third reason that quantum physics must be i n-
volved in the study of consciousness.  
Quantum physics reveals that everything has both particle and wave nature 
[7] [8] [9]. Quantum physics studies the relation between the wave and particle

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2655 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 nature of an object. For instance, quantum physics is needed to understand even 
some of the simplest vibrational fields, su ch as black -body radiation and the 
radiation spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Copious brainwaves are observed [19]. To study the relationship between brainwaves, brai n structure and fun c-
tion, and the information carried, received, and processed by the brain, quantum physics is needed. This is the fourth reason that the study of consciousness must necessarily involve quantum physics.  
1.2. Current Status on Using Quantu m Physics to Study  
Consciousness  
The hesitation in applying quantum physics to study consciousness or life is due to the lack of true understanding about the metaphysical meaning of quantum 
physics. Currently, most physicists use quantum physics as a mathematical tool

physics. Currently, most physicists use quantum physics as a mathematical tool 
to perform calculations related to the microscopic world, without fully appr e-
hending the overarching significance and implication of quantum physics.  
In quantum physics, everything is described by a wavefunction, which po r-
trays the proba bilities of an object existing in certain states. The observed qua n-
tum phenomena depend on the observer. The much -debated quantum me a-
surement problem concerns how observed, subjective quantum phenomena 
arise from an objective and indeterministic quantum fi eld described by the 
probabilistic wavefunction. Various interpretations of quantum physics are proposed to address these paradoxes, including the Copenhagen interpretation

probabilistic wavefunction. Various interpretations of quantum physics are proposed to address these paradoxes, including the Copenhagen interpretation 
[8] [9], pilot -wave theories [20] , and many -world interpretations [21]  [22]. 
Wolfgang Pauli, John von Neumann, and Eugene Wigner, and more recently 
Henry Stapp and philosopher David Chalmers, have expressed the view that 
conscious observation 
causes  quantum state reduction —i.e., consciousness “ col-
lapses the wavefunction” [23] [24] [25]. However, this dualistic view leaves both 
consciousness and quantum superposition scientifically unexplained.  
The application of quantum physics in neuroscience has been explored in a 
number  of books and papers [26] -[35]. A prominent theory among these pu b-

lished works has been developed by Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff, who 
propose self -collapse or “objective reduction” (“OR”) of quantum superposition 
states —a “collapse of the quantum wavefunction” —as the possible non -com- 
putable source for consciousness [36]  [37] [38]. Penrose [26]  [27] contends that 
collapse occurs naturally due to an objective threshold in the fine -scale structure 
of the universe, such that events produce  the rudiments of phenomenal co n-

scious experience. Yet quantum state reduction is yet another mystery. In the 1960s, Luigi M. Ricciardi and Hiroomi Umezawa [33]  suggested using the fo r-
malism of qu antum field theory to describe brain states, with particular empha-
sis on memory. This proposal has been further refined [39]  [40] [41] and deve l-
oped by including effects of dissipation, chaos, fractals, and quantum noise [42]  
[43] [44] [45] [46]. Walter Jackson Freeman and Giuseppe Vitiello envision a 
way in which mental activity can be explicitly explained in the context of qua n-
tum field theory [47]  [48] [49] [50].

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2656 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 In our previous work [51]  [52] [53], we suggest a new interpretation of qua n-
tum physics, which can help explain the subjectivity and uncertainty inherent to 
quantum ph ysics. In this paper, we build a quantum theory of consciousness 
(QTOC) based on this work. In the following, we will first reveal the principles 
of QTOC, then we will explore how QTOC can address the hard problem of 
consciousness, its application and pred ictions.  
2. Principles of Quantum  Theory of Consciousness (QTOC)  
We propose a quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) based on two pri n-
ciples derived from our new interpretation of quantum physics [51] [52] [53].  
Principle  One  
The basic  constituent  of everything  is the quantum  vibrational  field,  
which  carries  matter,  energy,  and information.  
This principle derived from quantum physics suggests that everything is a v i-

brational field [7]  [8] [9] [10] [11]. Vibration —also called “wave” —is periodic 
oscillation extending over space and time, characterized by wavelength, fre-
quency, and amplitude. Quantum vibration also behaves like a particle in some ways, having specific mass, charge, spin, energy, and momentum. The exchange 
of energy, momentum, spin, charge, and  mass can only take place wholly in 
quanta instead of partially. The quantum vibrational field is mathematically d e-
scribed by a wavefunction, which shows the types and quantities of waves exist-

ing in the field. Quantum physics has developed various techniques to calculate 
wavefunction, such as the Schrödinger equation, Feynman path integral, and 
matrix method. In the Feynman path integral formulation of quantum physics, 
the wavefunction is obtained by summing over possible trajectories [11].  
In our previous work, we propose that the quantum vibrational field of an o b-
ject has three basic aspects: a physical aspect, an energetic aspect, and an info r-
mational aspect [51] [52]: 
1) The physical element —which we will call “matter” —is what we  see, hear,

1) The physical element —which we will call “matter” —is what we  see, hear, 
touch, observe, measure, and experience. It is the physical existence. It consists of what one can observe and measure, such as frequency, mass, spin, charge, re-lationship, finance, career, body, electrons, gravity, electromagnetic field, etc.  
2) The energetic aspect —which we simply call “energy” —is what moves and 
changes matter, such as energy and momentum.  
3) The informational aspect —which we simply call “information” —is what 
informs; it is what gives form and shape to the matter and energy.  It relates to 
entropy, the possible states, and the probability to be in a particular state. Info r-

mation can be expressed as answers to questions. Since all answers to questions 
can be framed to be “yes” or “no,” the mathematical measure and expression of  
information— known as “bit” —consists of two numbers, such as (0,  1). 
This proposal of everything being a quantum field carrying matter, energy, 
and information is related to ancient Chinese wisdom known in traditional 
Chinese medicine and Tao wisdom as Jing Qi Shen, also referred as San Bao

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2657 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 which means three treasures or th ree jewels [54] . It is also a natural deduction 
from quantum physics. In quantum physics, wavefunction describes the vibr a-
tions and the vibrational field associate d with an object [7]  [8] [9] [10] [11]. 
From the wavefunction, one can calculate the matter, energy, and information of 
an object ca rried in the quantum vibrational field.  
According to the information theory founded by Claude Shannon [15] , in-
formation describes the possible states within an ob ject. Information is intrins i-
cally probabilistic. The probabilities of wave function describe the information 
in an object. The nondeterministic nature of quantum physics is due to the fact that quantum physics includes and can describe the information asp ect of an

in an object. The nondeterministic nature of quantum physics is due to the fact that quantum physics includes and can describe the information asp ect of an 
object, while classical physics, except for thermodynamics, cannot describe the information aspect; the latter instead provides an average of different possibil i-
ties [11]. The insight that everything is made of information, energy, and matter 
can explain why quantum physics is fundamentally uncertain and nondeterm i-
nistic. This insight is also the key for bringing consciousness into natural science 
and expla ining the subjective and uncertain nature of consciousness. As e x-
plained further below, consciousness is closely related to the quantum field and

plained further below, consciousness is closely related to the quantum field and 
information aspect of everything.  
Principle  Two  
An object  absorbs  quantum  vibrations  through  resonance.  The reception  
and processing  of vibrations —including  information,  energy,  and mat-
ter—lead to subjective  conscious  experience.  
The absorption of a quantum wave happens through resonance. The wavefunc-
tion reveals the possible energy states of an object and the p robabilities to be in 
the states. The object can absorb or emit vibrations that have the energy equal to 
the energy difference between these possible states [7] [12]. This process is called 
“resonance.” If one knows the wavefunction of an object, it is possible to calc u-

late specifically what kinds of vibrations it can reson ate with and thus receive or 
emit [53]. From this calculation, one can obtain the spectrum of an object.  
Quantum phenomena occur through the measurement process, i n which de-
tectors are used to initiate, create, and exhibit quantum phenomena [51]  [52] 
[53]. A detector is an instrument that can absorb vibrations and exhibit certain 
changes. For instance, a camera is a detector, which can absorb light and create a 
photo. A radio’s antenna is a detector that receives radio waves so that the radio

photo. A radio’s antenna is a detector that receives radio waves so that the radio 
broadcast can happen. Our eyes, ears, nose, and skin are all detectors. Detectors receive the vibrations, information, energy, and matter related to a phe nomenon 
or an object, consequently bringing in matter, energy, and information, which 
consequently induce certain observable or measurable changes or experiences. 
Detectors are what “collapse the wavefunction” through receiving vibrations, information, ene rgy, and matter from what is being observed in QTOC. Qua n-
tum measurement occurs due to the detectors [51] [52] [53].  
One can only observe the quantum vibrations and the associated phenomena

One can only observe the quantum vibrations and the associated phenomena 
when the detectors can resonate with the v ibrations. For example, we can see

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2658 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 visible light because our body has developed a system to resonate with visible 
light, receive these vibrations, and process the information, energy, and matter 
carried by the visible light. Specifically, the photoreceptor s in retina can absorb 
the visible light through resonance and then turn them into electrical signals, 
which travel to the brain. Then the brain turns the signals into the images we 
see. We can’t see ultraviolet light because we don’t have the detector, ph otore-
ceptors, to receive it.  
An object or phenomenon can appear to be a classical object as a point rather 
than a vibrational field when the spatial and temporal scale of the vibrations as-
sociated with it are much smaller than the observation scale. For i nstance, a 
beam of visible light may appear as a particle, following a straight path, rather

beam of visible light may appear as a particle, following a straight path, rather 
than a wave, because it vibrates at a frequency too fast and at a wavelength too 
small for its wave nature to be observed. Classical physics provides an appropr i-
ate description of quantum phenomena when the observation scale is much 
greater than the time scale of the quantum vibrations associated with the phe-
nomena. For instance, electrons, visible light, and protons may appear as par-
ticles, when their quantum vibra tional time scales (10−20 seconds for an electron, 
10−15 seconds for visible light, 10−23 seconds for a proton) are much smaller than

10−15 seconds for visible light, 10−23 seconds for a proton) are much smaller than 
the observation scale. In this case, our observation of them is the average over their possible quantum states, the classi cal mechanism description is sufficient.  
Similar to quantum phenomena, consciousness occurs when one applies one’s 
internal detectors to receive the vibrations, information, energy, and matter re-lated to an object or phenomenon. Each object has its unique  detectors deter-
mined by the possible vibrations it can absorb or emit, its spectrum. One can calculate an object’s detectors, 
i.e. its spectrum, using quantum physics. For i n-

stance, it is possible to calculate the hydrogen atom’s wavefunction. The stru c-
ture of a hydrogen atom determines the possible quantum energy states. When a 
vibration’s energy is the same as the energy difference between the two possible states of a hydrogen atom, the vibration can be absorbed by a hydrogen atom. 
This process is called “resonance” in quantum physics. From the wavefunction, 
one can calculate all possible vibrations with which a hydrogen atom can res o-

nate. It yields the atomic spectrum and detector of a hydrogen atom. When an atom has more structure than hydrogen, its spe ctrum includes more possible v i-
brations [55]. It can thus resonate with and absorb more vibrations. When 
atoms form molecules, when molecules form cells, when cells form organs, and when other internal structures form, the spectra and d etectors expand to include 
a greater range of frequencies that can be absorbed and emitted. As each add i-
tional structure is formed, the spectrum and detectors of the original structure

tional structure is formed, the spectrum and detectors of the original structure 
remain roughly the same, and new spectrum and detectors are added to fo rm 
richer overall spectra and detectors.  
Quantum vibrations extend over spacetime. They are the basic constituents of 
everything. They exist by themselves and are not carried by anything. For exa m-
ple, a photon is a quantum field. It is an elementary particle and wave. There are

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2659 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 also “classical” vibrations that are carried by matter. For example, sound is a 
classical vibration carried by air. An ocean wave is a classical vibration carried by water. The nature of classical vibrations depends on the specific matter through 
which they are traveling. From the wavefunction, one can calculate both the 
quantum and classical vibrations that an object can resonate with and receive.  
A moment of conscious experience starts when one’s detectors receive vibra-
tions, info rmation, energy, and matter related to a phenomenon or an object, 
thus inducing certain noticeable changes or experiences within. One’s detectors 
determine what kind of conscious experiences one can have. The type of dete c-
tor determines what can be observed and experienced. If one turns on different detectors, one’s experience will be different. This is the basis of the subjective

tor determines what can be observed and experienced. If one turns on different detectors, one’s experience will be different. This is the basis of the subjective 
nature of consciousness. This is why the same thing can be experienced diffe-
rently by different observers. One can also have dif ferent experience about the 
same thing if one applies different detectors. For example, with normal camera 
that can capture the visible light, we can obtain a photo showing the image of 
visible light. With a camera that can capture infrared light, we obtai n a photo 
showing the image of infrared light. With our eyes, we see visible light images. With our ears, we hear sound. They are different phenomena and experience because we use different detectors.  
In 
Figure 1 , it shows that everythi ng is a vibrational field, which is mathe-

In 
matically expressed by wave function:  
()
1ennNiEt px
n
naψ−
==∑ 
The wave function informs the possible energetic states ( ,nnEp ) and the 
probabilities  na at these states, which relate to the energy and information of 
an object. The matter is what is being observed and experienced by the observer. 
It is determined by what detectors the observer applies and utilizes.  
 
Figure 1.  Mathematic description of quantum vibrational field and its rel a-
tionship to conscious experience .

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2660 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 3. Address the Hard Problem of Consciousness  
The hard problem of consciousness —also called the “mind/body problem” —is 
to understand how matter such as the human brain is capable of hav ing subje c-
tive experience [3]  [4] [56]. David Chalmers points out that the solution of hard 
problem of consciousness requires “psychophysical laws” governing the rel a-
tionship between mind and matter. To solve the hard problem of consciousness, 
David Chalmers proposes three speculative principles [4] : 
1) The  principle  of structur al coherence  
This is a principle of the isomorphism between the structures of consciousness 
and awareness.  
In QTOC, consciousness depends on the detectors. Awareness is due to the 
activation and use of detectors. Both consciousness and awareness are due to the reception of detectors; thus, they are correlated.

activation and use of detectors. Both consciousness and awareness are due to the reception of detectors; thus, they are correlated.  
2) The  principle  of organizational  invariance  
This principle states that any two systems with the same fine -grained func-
tional  organization will have qualitatively identical experiences.  
In QTOC, one’s vibrational field —which is mathematically described by the 
wavefunction —determines all of one’s qualities and behaviors, including its de-
tectors and processors of information, energy, and matter. If two systems have a 
similar wavefunction— i.e., have the same fine -grained function organiz a-
tion—they will have qualitatively identical experiences.  
3) The  double -aspect  theory  of information

3) The  double -aspect  theory  of information  
Information (or at least some information) has two basic aspects: a physical 
aspect and a phenomenal aspect.  
In QTOC, information is carried by vibrational fields, which is the physical 
aspect of information. One can ex perience the information through one’s detec-
tors and processors of information. Therefore, information has both physical 
and experiential aspects.  
One can thus conclude that the three principles suggested by David Chalmers 
can all be derived from QTOC. In  this QTOC, mind is closely related to the i n-
formation. In previous work [51]  [52], we point out that information has three 
aspects:

aspects:  
1) Content of information  
2) Receiver/detector of information  
3) Processor of information  
One can calculate one’s receiver and processor of information from one’s 
wave function. Conscious experience occurs through the following process: 
1) Some information in the vibrational field or environment receivable to the 
observer shows up and draws the observer's attention  
2) The observer or experiencer’s receiver/detector receives the information.  
3) The processor processes the received information and directs where energy 
goes. 
4) Energ y moves and changes the matter.

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2661 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 5) Matter is what one observes and experiences.  
In QTOC, the mind and consciousness are related to the matter via the 5 -step 
manife station process mentioned above. The two principles specify the quantum 
mechanism about how the body can have conscious experience and how co n-
sciousness can change the body.  
Through laying down how the subjective and indeterministic quantum phe-
nomena occu r through quantum measurement, QTOC can address the hard 
problem of consciousness.  
4. Applications and Predictions of QTOC  
4.1. Application in Developing Various Models of Consciousness  
QTOC supports panpsychism [57] . It indicates that everything —including ele c-
trons, atoms, molecules, cells, organs, trees, rivers, mountains, Earth, moon, sun, 
stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole —can each have cons ciousness to a

stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole —can each have cons ciousness to a 
certain extent because they all contain information, can receive and process in-formation, and experience resultant change accordingly. One can use quantum 
physics to calculate the level, quality, and quantity of the consciousness of an 
objec t. To do so, one needs to calculate the object’s wavefunction. From the w a-
vefunction, one can derive the content, receiver, and processor of information, 
energy, and matter.  
QTOC provides the physics foundation and mathematical formulation to 
study panpsy chism and other theories and models of consciousness, such as i n-

tegrated information theory [58] , general resonance theory [59]  [60], field mo d-
els [61] [62] [63], global workspace theory of consciousness [64] [65], theory of 
consciousness as memory and attention [66] [67], and other models and theories 
of consciousness [5] . For instance, with QTOC, one can calculate the integrated 
information proposed in integrated information theory, the coherence and syn-chrony suggested in general resonance theory, the field indicated in field theory, 
the cognitive global workspace proposed in the cognitive global workspace 
theory, and the memory and attention indicated in the theory of consciousness

theory, and the memory and attention indicated in the theory of consciousness 
as memory and attention.  
Take the global workspace theory of consciousness as an example. The global 
workspace theory of consciousness proposes that there is a “global workspace” system underlying con scious experience. The global workspace is the publicity 
organ of the nerve system, and its content —which corresponds roughly to co n-
scious experience— is distributed widely throughout the system. The brain is 
considered as a vast collection of specialized a utomatic processors, some nested 
and organized within other processors. Processors can compete or cooperate to

and organized within other processors. Processors can compete or cooperate to 
gain access to the global workspace, enabling them to send global messages to 
any other system. Any conscious experience emerges from cooperation  and 
competition between different input processors.  
According to QTOC, everything is essentially a quantum vibrational field e x-
tending over space and time and carrying information, energy, and matter. B e-

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2662 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 cause of this, there exists a universal vibrational  field which everything is part of 
and can access to [51]. This quantum vibrational field plays the role of the global 
workspace. The assumption of a global workspace and global messaging in glo b-
al workspace theory can be a natural result of QTOC. H owever, there is a crucial 
difference between the universal vibrational field suggested by QTOC and that 
discussed in the global workspace theory of consciousness. The universal vibr a-
tional field suggested by QTOC is much larger than the localized global w ork-
space in global workspace theory. It exists not only within the brain, but also encompasses the whole body and indeed the entire universe. It can be accessed 
by everything.  
4.2. The Prediction of a Universal Vibrational Field and  
Synchrony

Synchrony  
The nature of quantum vibrations is its possible existence in all space and time. 
Because of this, a natural prediction from QTOC is the existence of a universal 
vibrational field, of which everything is part, to which everything can access i.e. 
receive or send vibra tions, information, energy, matter from or to it.  
Different parts of the brain and body can receive vibrations from the universal 
vibrational field depending on the range of vibrations with which they are able to resonate. The types of vibrations that a p articular part of the body can res o-

nate with and absorb depend upon its atomic, molecular, cellular, neuronal, and other internal structures. If different parts of the body or brain resonate with and 
receive the same group of vibrations from the universal vibrational field, their 
states or vibrations can become synchronized or coherent with each other. This 
is similar to the process that if everyone tunes one’s clock with a universal clock, 
everyone can become synchronized with each other quickly. This is a lso similar 
to the mechanism of how a laser is created. Laser is coherent light. It is created 
by the light emitted from a crystal bouncing back and forth between two mirrors

by the light emitted from a crystal bouncing back and forth between two mirrors 
to stimulate the generation of the coherent light.  
There are experiments indicati ng the correlation between cognitive perfo r-
mance and heart rhythm [68] . Social and global coherence has been discovered, 
for instance, through heart rhythm synchron ization between pairs of people and 
in groups, as well as with the resonant frequencies in Earth’s magnetic field [69]  
[70]. It has been discovered that the heart rhythm of humanity can be synchr o-
nized interpersonally across the planet with the resonant frequency of the 
Earth’s magnetic field. The impact of solar activity on Earth weather and human

Earth’s magnetic field. The impact of solar activity on Earth weather and human 
history, including mental life and activity, has been observed [71]  [72] [73] [74] 
[75]. All of these findings suggest that the effect of the u niversal vibrational field 
extends far beyond the brain and body, encompassing the whole of humanity, Earth, and the solar system.  
4.3. Schumann Resonance and Brainwaves  
Schumann resonance (SR) is a set of frequencies generated by Earth- ionospheric

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2663 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 cavity  resonance. The similarity between brainwaves such as alpha (8 -  12 Hz), 
beta (12 -  30 Hz), and gamma (30 -  100 Hz) with SRs and the tendency of ele c-
troencephalogram (EEG) rhythms to become synchronous with SR activity was 
first reported by Koenig [72] . Pobachenko et al.  [73] found that variations in 
EEG were correlated with changes in the SR across the daily cycle. Persinger et 
al. have also studied EEG activity and SR, finding that the power within the EEG 
spectral profiles had repeated periods of coherence with the first three SR re-
sonance frequencies (7 - 8 Hz, 13 - 14 Hz, and 19 - 20 Hz) in real time [74].  
This repeat ed re- synchronization within the alpha, beta, and gamma ranges of 
brainwaves happens within very short time lags covering very long distances. 
The dominant mechanism within classical physics for neural interactions by

The dominant mechanism within classical physics for neural interactions by 
axodendritic synaptic transmission or gap junction coupling cannot fully ac-
count for the precise coherence of global brainwave synchrony [75]  [76]. Free-
man and Vitiello apply many -body quantum field theory developed in co n-
densed matter physics to describe these long -range coherent brainwaves [76] . 
Hunt and Schooler propose general resonance theory to explain how resonating 
structures communicate and achieve shared resonance [59]. However, the sp e-
cific mechanism remains unknown in these theories.  
According to QTOC, the similarity between SR and theta, alpha, beta, gamma,

According to QTOC, the similarity between SR and theta, alpha, beta, gamma, 
and other brainwaves is not a coincidence. Alpha, beta, gamma, and other brainwaves come from the ability of the brain to resonate with SR, which is part 
of the universal quantum vibrational field. These resonances bring the SR inside 
the brain. If different parts of the brain can resonate with SR, then they can re-ceive and emit brainwaves in the range of SR. Through this process, they can e s-

tablish coherence with SR. This can lead to synchrony among different parts of the brain. The SRs going back and forth inside our brain can stimulate different parts of the brain simultaneousl y. This is why instantaneous synchrony and c o-
herence of different parts of the brain occurs in alpha (8 - 12 Hz), beta (12 -  30 
Hz), gamma (30 - 100 Hz), and possibly other brainwave frequency bands. This 
type of coherence and synchronicity can also happen  between different parts of 
the body, people, and different objects on Earth, as have been shown in exper i-
ments [68]-[75].  
It is necessary to point out that theta, alpha, beta, gamma, and other brain-

waves are just one groups of brainwaves. There are lot of other brainwaves which come from the resonances with other vibrations  in the universal vibr a-
tional field.  
One may be curious about why the body developed the ability to resonate with 
SR. The reason could be that developing the ability to resonate with these vibr a-
tions enables the body to receive and send information, energ y, and matter from 
and to the Earth as well as all other entities situated on this planet. For example, humans and other life forms such as plants and animals develop the ability to resonate with and receive visible light, which carries information, energy , and

and to the Earth as well as all other entities situated on this planet. For example, humans and other life forms such as plants and animals develop the ability to resonate with and receive visible light, which carries information, energy , and 
matter from the sun through these vibrations. Living systems develop critical a b-
ilities to resonate with and receive various vibrations from and to each other as

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2664 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 well as the Earth, sun, galaxies, and the universe. This information, energy, and 
matter  can be vital for survival, vitality, health, well -being, immunity, commu-
nication, inspiration, purpose and meaning of life, and for physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health and development. Being able to resonate with these vibrations can also he lp one to connect with each other, the Earth, sun, g a-
laxy, and universe. This can enable life and consciousness to advance to higher 
levels, which involve ever- greater degrees of connection, order, synchrony, and 
complexity. This could be an important rese arch direction to further probe the 
mysteries of the brain, consciousness, and life in general. 
 
4.4. Study Brain’s Neural Network as a Quantum Information  
System  
According to QTOC, we need to study the brain’s neural network as a quantum

System  
According to QTOC, we need to study the brain’s neural network as a quantum 
information syst em. Recent years have seen great progress in the research of 
quantum information theory [77] , which is not only at the heart of modern i n-
formation technology, but a lso provides new angles, tools, and methods in many 
areas. Here we apply it to study neural networks.  
Quantum information science provides an information- theoretic under-
standing of correlation, especially the new concepts called “quantum entangl e-
ment” and  “entanglement entropy.” Normal entropy measures the degree of 
disorder and uncertainty existing within an object. Entanglement entropy mea s-

ures the connection, correlation, and coherence existing within an object or b e-
tween objects. Thousands of research papers studying the properties of quantum 
entanglement have been published in the past two decades. The main result is 
that the interaction and connection among neighboring units (e.g., spins, ele c-
trons, protons, atoms, molecules, neurons, cells, synapses)  can lead to entangl e-
ment and bring about long- range order and various phase transitions. Some of 
the new phase states are nothing but the patterns of many -body entanglement. 
The nontrivial patterns of entanglement are the root of many highly novel ph e-

nome na in condensed matter [77] .  
Any quantum system inevitably interacts with the environment and leads to 
decoherence. To protect a system against noise, quantum error -correcting codes 
are developed. The main idea of the error- correcting codes is to spread  the one 
qubit quantum information onto a highly entangled state of several qubits. In 
this way, errors caused by decoherence from the environment can be corrected or reduced.  
Research in the formation of memory in the brain indicates that memory is

Research in the formation of memory in the brain indicates that memory is 
the reactivation of a specific group of neurons, formed from persistent firings that lead to changes in the strength of connections between neurons. Since Karl 
Lashley’s experimental work in the 1940s, it has been known that many fun c-
tional activities of the brain cannot be directly related to specific neural cells; r a-
ther, they involve extended regions of the brain [78]  [79]. The description of 
nonlocality of brain functions, especially of memory storing and recalling, was 
the main goal of the quantum brain model proposed in 1967 by Ricciardi and

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2665 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 Umezawa [33], which is based on the quantum field theory (QFT) of many -body 
systems. The extension of the model to dissipative dynamics has been recently 
investigated [9] in relation to the possibility of modeling neural networks exhi-
biting collective dynamics and long- range correlations among the net units.  
From the quantum information theory point of view, the rich structures i n-
side proteins, DNA, microtubules, membranes, neurons, and neural network 
give rise to entanglement, coherence, and correlation. Instantaneous and coh e-
rent firings in the brain’s neural network are critical for forming the connections 
and interaction among neurons. These interactions can establish new entangl e-
ment and coherence, which can lead to special states or phase transition. From the quant um information theory point of view, memory corresponds to the

ment and coherence, which can lead to special states or phase transition. From the quant um information theory point of view, memory corresponds to the 
unique new entangled states and the phase transition to a new coherent state.  
It is interesting to notice that our brain has developed and is naturally using 
quantum error correction codes to protect memory. Each neuron contains thousands or tens of thousands of synapses, which are connected through the 
same cell body thus is quantum entangled. Each of synapse can take on the same 
quantum info. All the synapses in each neuron can hold copies of the same 
quantum information. In this way, quantum information is spread onto a highly

quantum information. In this way, quantum information is spread onto a highly 
entangled state of several pieces. In this way, errors caused by decoherence from 
the environment can be corrected or reduced. The neural system uses er-
ror-correcting c ode to protect the entanglement and the memory.  
Quantum entanglement exists not only on the neuronal level; it is also preva-
lent at the vibrational level. It is critical for understanding brainwaves and their relationship with consciousness, brain structu res and functions, as well as DNA 
structure, functions, and expression. Studying the brain’s neural network, DNA,

structure, functions, and expression. Studying the brain’s neural network, DNA, 
and life system as a quantum information system may lead to deeper and greater 
breakthrough in studying consciousness and life in general.  
5. Discussion and Conclusion  
In this paper, we suggest that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. The so-
lution of quantum measurement problem can lead to the solution of hard pro b-
lem of consciousness. We propose a quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) 
based on a new interpretation of quantum physics. In this QTOC, everything 
arises from a vibrational field carrying matter, energy, and information, which

arises from a vibrational field carrying matter, energy, and information, which 
can be mathematically described in terms of wavefunction. Conscious exp e-
rience occurs through the act ivation and application of body that can receive vi-
brations via resonance or information, energy, and matter. This QTOC provides the physics foundation and mathematical formulation to:  
1) Address the hard problem of consciousness.  
2) Develop various models of consciousness and extend existing theories.  
3) It predicts the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field, which 
everything can access, receive, and send information, energy, and matter.

everything can access, receive, and send information, energy, and matter.  
4) Explain the large -scale and almost instantaneous sy nchrony of brainwaves 
such as gamma, beta, and alpha brainwaves and why and how these brainwaves

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174 2666 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  
 are correlated with Schumann Resonances, as well as why and how such cohe-
rence can happen not only between different parts of brain and body, but also 
external objects, earth, sun, and even galaxies and the universe.  
5) Apply current progress on quantum information theory— especially the i n-
sight about quantum entanglement and quantum error correction codes —to 
study the brain’s neural network and shed new light o n neuroscience, for exa m-
ple on the mechanism of memory.  
We conclude that this quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) warrants 
further discussion and development. We refer more detailed application and testing of this QTOC to future work. We welcome comment s, discussion, and 
collaboration.  
Acknowledgements  
We want to thank Rollin McCraty for sharing his research, Jonathan Schooler

We want to thank Rollin McCraty for sharing his research, Jonathan Schooler 
for advice and suggestions, and Nikki Johnson for helping with valuable insight, 
suggestions, references, and editing . We want t o thank Dr. Rugina for the dis-
cussion, comments, advice, and assistance with publication, and Daniela Ra m-
baldini for illustration .  
Fund  
This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under 
Grant No. NSF PHY -1748958.  
Conflicts of Interest  
The author s declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential co n-
flict of interest.  

Fund  
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Philosophy Study, February 2017, Vol. 7, No. 2, 66-74 doi: 10.17265/2159-5313/2017.02.002

Space, Time, and the Creation of Universe Zhi Gang Sha Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment   Rulin Xiu Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment   The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions, and disciplines. Current natural science cannot answer this question at the fundamental level. In this work, we combine the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about the creation with quantum physics. We propose that everything comes from the emptiness. Our universe is manifested from the emptiness through two pairs of duality measurements: space and time duality pair and inclusion and exclusion duality pair. From this understanding, we are able to derive one mathematic formula describing our universe. It also yields a new metaphysical approach to derive and interpret string theory as well as produce more testable predictions from string theory. This work gives a new way to understand and

through two pairs of duality measurements: space and time duality pair and inclusion and exclusion duality pair. From this understanding, we are able to derive one mathematic formula describing our universe. It also yields a new metaphysical approach to derive and interpret string theory as well as produce more testable predictions from string theory. This work gives a new way to understand and mathematically describe how our universe is created and evolved. It provides another way to comprehend the meaning and function of space and time. It indicates that our universe is manifested from the emptiness through human actions. Space and time is a pair of duality action and codes that help manifest our universe. It provides answer to an important philosophical question about whether and why we can understand and mathematically describe our universe.  Keywords: space, time, creation of universe, string theory, Tao wisdom, quantum physics, measurement theory, duality, manifestation, grand

emptiness through human actions. Space and time is a pair of duality action and codes that help manifest our universe. It provides answer to an important philosophical question about whether and why we can understand and mathematically describe our universe.  Keywords: space, time, creation of universe, string theory, Tao wisdom, quantum physics, measurement theory, duality, manifestation, grand unification theory  Understanding the secret about creation is one of the highest wisdom, knowledge, and enlightenment a human being can dream about. This wisdom and knowledge will not only empower us to become a powerful manifest or, more importantly, it is essential for liberating humanity from illusions, sufferings, limitations, lacking, ignorance, and bondage. This wisdom is the doorway to a higher level of consciousness and enlightenment.  More than 300 years ago, Issac Newton, together with other pioneers, enlightened humanity with the profound truth that planets, stars, mother earth,

us to become a powerful manifest or, more importantly, it is essential for liberating humanity from illusions, sufferings, limitations, lacking, ignorance, and bondage. This wisdom is the doorway to a higher level of consciousness and enlightenment.  More than 300 years ago, Issac Newton, together with other pioneers, enlightened humanity with the profound truth that planets, stars, mother earth, humane, and all things follow the same physics law. With the language of our mind, the mathematics, we can understand and grasp the natural laws that govern everyone and everything. This sets up the foundation for what we now call scientific study, which is to use mathematic formula to express repeatable experiment to seek deeper understanding of nature. The founding of scientific study has deep and powerful impact on humanity. The whole history of humanity has changed because of it.                                                         Zhi Gang Sha, Dr., Institute of Soul Healing and

the foundation for what we now call scientific study, which is to use mathematic formula to express repeatable experiment to seek deeper understanding of nature. The founding of scientific study has deep and powerful impact on humanity. The whole history of humanity has changed because of it.                                                         Zhi Gang Sha, Dr., Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment, Canada; main research fields: Tao Wisdom and Practice, Tao Healing, and Tao Calligraphy, Soul Mind Body Science System, and Tao Science. Rulin Xiu, Ph.D., Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment and Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, USA; main research field: Theoretical Physics, String Theory, Grand Unification Theory, Soul Mind Body Science System, and Tao Science. Acknowledgements: We want to thank Dr. Ervin Laszlo and many others for their help, support, and encouragement with this project. I want to thank Marsha Vaulutis, Alan Chuck, and Christine Falcon for

Enlightenment and Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, USA; main research field: Theoretical Physics, String Theory, Grand Unification Theory, Soul Mind Body Science System, and Tao Science. Acknowledgements: We want to thank Dr. Ervin Laszlo and many others for their help, support, and encouragement with this project. I want to thank Marsha Vaulutis, Alan Chuck, and Christine Falcon for editing this paper.

67 Since then, physics and natural science has been playing more and more important role in our lives, societies, and world. Humanity’s power to impact nature started to grow exponentially. Quantum physics is the most fundamental physics theory so far. It has been shown that classical physics can be derived from quantum physics mathematically as an approximation. Quantum physics yields the most accurate predictions about nature. It has expanded our knowledge about nature tremendously, in areas such as chemistry, material science, atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics, as well as astrophysics, cosmology, and more. It has also led to an immense number of new inventions and technologies.  Quantum physics studies what everything is made of and how it behaves at the microscopic level. Studies in quantum physics indicate that everything is made of various vibrations, also called waves. Vibration or wave is the same as periodic oscillation. Because quantum vibrations are not

as astrophysics, cosmology, and more. It has also led to an immense number of new inventions and technologies.  Quantum physics studies what everything is made of and how it behaves at the microscopic level. Studies in quantum physics indicate that everything is made of various vibrations, also called waves. Vibration or wave is the same as periodic oscillation. Because quantum vibrations are not limited by space and time, everything is basically a vibrational field consisting of different vibrations. It is described by wave function mathematically. Wave function is the mathematical formula that expresses the types and quantity of vibrations or waves inside a system.  Quantum physics drastically challenges the foundation of natural science in three ways: predictability, objectivity, and locality of natural phenomena. Understanding quantum physics metaphysically is still an active pursuit in physics and philosophy. Many scientists question whether quantum physics is a complete or

that expresses the types and quantity of vibrations or waves inside a system.  Quantum physics drastically challenges the foundation of natural science in three ways: predictability, objectivity, and locality of natural phenomena. Understanding quantum physics metaphysically is still an active pursuit in physics and philosophy. Many scientists question whether quantum physics is a complete or correct theory about reality. Many interpretations have been proposed to make sense of quantum physics.  Astrophysics and cosmology attempt to explore our universe with insight, mathematic formula and experimental data. Astrophysics is a branch of physics that studies what is made of the heavenly bodies, such as sun, stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, interstellar medium, and the cosmic microwave background. Cosmology studies the origin, evolution, large-scale structures, dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe, as well as the scientific laws that govern the universe.  Much observation data

data. Astrophysics is a branch of physics that studies what is made of the heavenly bodies, such as sun, stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, interstellar medium, and the cosmic microwave background. Cosmology studies the origin, evolution, large-scale structures, dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe, as well as the scientific laws that govern the universe.  Much observation data indicate that our universe starts from a big bang, followed almost instantaneously by cosmic inflation, an expansion of space from which the universe is thought to have emerged 13.799 billion years ago. The existence of dark energy is proposed to describe the unknown energy source for the observed accelerated expansion of our universe. Dark matter is suggested to account for the unknown matter necessary for the appearance of the large-scale structure detected in our universe.  The grand unification theory, also called the theory of everything, is the attempt to use one mathematic formula to explain all

of dark energy is proposed to describe the unknown energy source for the observed accelerated expansion of our universe. Dark matter is suggested to account for the unknown matter necessary for the appearance of the large-scale structure detected in our universe.  The grand unification theory, also called the theory of everything, is the attempt to use one mathematic formula to explain all the fundamental forces and matters discovered so far. String theory is a promising candidate for the grand unification theory. String theory studies the quantum dynamics of a string. The vibration of string creates particles and forces. String theory has the potential to predict the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. However, with all these great potentials and promises, string theory has not yet made many testable predictions. Something is still missing if string theory will ever become the grand unification

creates particles and forces. String theory has the potential to predict the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. However, with all these great potentials and promises, string theory has not yet made many testable predictions. Something is still missing if string theory will ever become the grand unification theory.  Even with all its achievement, current physics, astrophysics, cosmology, string theory, as well as all the candidates of grand unification theory, cannot answer the question about where our universe comes from and how it is created at the fundamental level. In this paper, we explore to apply Tao wisdom about the creation to the theoretical physics. We will mathematically formulate Tao wisdom and derive the one formula about our universe. We will first give a summary of Tao wisdom about creation. Then we will explore the meaning and function of space-time at a fundamental level. We

universe comes from and how it is created at the fundamental level. In this paper, we explore to apply Tao wisdom about the creation to the theoretical physics. We will mathematically formulate Tao wisdom and derive the one formula about our universe. We will first give a summary of Tao wisdom about creation. Then we will explore the meaning and function of space-time at a fundamental level. We propose that at the deeper level, space-time is one of the two yin-yang pairs that manifest our universe from the emptiness. In the end, we will discuss the significance of this

68 finding for philosophy, physics, and development of humanity in general. 1. Ancient Tao Wisdom Tao is an ancient Chinese natural philosophy, tradition, ethic, spiritual practice, and wisdom with a written history of about 5000 years. It has greatly influenced Chinese culture in every aspect. It starts to impact more and more people worldwide. According to Tao wisdom, Tao is the emptiness. It is the origin and creator of everyone, everything, and our whole universe. Everything comes in existence through yin yang interaction. Yin yang is the basic universal code and driving force behind all creation and change in the universe.  Yin yang is one of the most ancient Chinese wisdom and concept. This wisdom and concept is the origin and foundation for all Chinese wisdom, culture, logic, ideology, and philosophy. Yin and yang represent two opposite elements existing in everyone and everything. Usually, yin represents the part that is passive, dark, contracting, feminine, down. Yang

all creation and change in the universe.  Yin yang is one of the most ancient Chinese wisdom and concept. This wisdom and concept is the origin and foundation for all Chinese wisdom, culture, logic, ideology, and philosophy. Yin and yang represent two opposite elements existing in everyone and everything. Usually, yin represents the part that is passive, dark, contracting, feminine, down. Yang represents the part that is active, light, expanding, masculine, and up.  The wisdom of yin yang tells us that everyone and everything consist of both yin and yang elements. The relation between yin and yang includes four aspects: (1) Yin and yang are opposite and relative  (2) Yin and yang are co-created (3) Yin and yang are inseparable and co-dependent (4) The interaction of yin and yang creates everyone and everything. It is the cause of all changes.  In ancient Chinese book, Yellow Emperor’s Cannon, it is said: “Yin yang is the universal principle. It is the fundamental law followed by

and yang includes four aspects: (1) Yin and yang are opposite and relative  (2) Yin and yang are co-created (3) Yin and yang are inseparable and co-dependent (4) The interaction of yin and yang creates everyone and everything. It is the cause of all changes.  In ancient Chinese book, Yellow Emperor’s Cannon, it is said: “Yin yang is the universal principle. It is the fundamental law followed by everyone and everything. It is the origin of all changes. It is the cause of birth and death. It is the reason of all creation.” According to Tao wisdom, Tao is the emptiness. Tao creates everyone and everything through the Tao normal creation process: “Tao Sheng Yi. Yi Sheng Er. Er Sheng San. San Sheng Wan Wu.”  Here Sheng means create. Yi means one. Er means two. San means three. Wang wu means all things. The literal translation of the above phrase is: Tao creates One. One creates Two. Two creates Three. Three creates All Things. This ancient text tells us that Tao creates a oneness state.

everything through the Tao normal creation process: “Tao Sheng Yi. Yi Sheng Er. Er Sheng San. San Sheng Wan Wu.”  Here Sheng means create. Yi means one. Er means two. San means three. Wang wu means all things. The literal translation of the above phrase is: Tao creates One. One creates Two. Two creates Three. Three creates All Things. This ancient text tells us that Tao creates a oneness state. This oneness state can split into a yin yang pair. Yin, Yang, and Tao, these three elements, create all things.  2. The Quantum Physics about Tao  What is Tao according to physics? Can science help us understand Tao?  In physics, emptiness is sometimes called vacuum. In classical physics, emptiness is nothingness. There is nothing in the emptiness. In quantum physics, the emptiness is not nothingness any longer. Vibrations can pop out of as well as go back to the emptiness. This phenomenon is the so called the vacuum fluctuation. Since there is no blockage in the emptiness, all sorts of

us understand Tao?  In physics, emptiness is sometimes called vacuum. In classical physics, emptiness is nothingness. There is nothing in the emptiness. In quantum physics, the emptiness is not nothingness any longer. Vibrations can pop out of as well as go back to the emptiness. This phenomenon is the so called the vacuum fluctuation. Since there is no blockage in the emptiness, all sorts of vibrations can show up in the emptiness through the quantum fluctuation.  In fact, when quantum physicists attempt to calculate the information, energy, and matter in the emptiness, they encounter the infinity. Infinity is something so huge or so small it cannot be counted. It is bigger than the biggest. It is smaller than the smallest. Within emptiness, there are countless information, energy, and matter.   Infinity is one of the most challenging problems physicists have ever run into. In fact, encountering

69 infinity is quite a scaring experience. At the beginning, physicists choose to ignore the infinity associated with the emptiness. After all, nothing in this world is emptiness. However, they cannot shun away from the infinity and the emptiness very long. Soon they find that, in quantum physics, matter interacts with the emptiness. This interaction can also create infinity.  To avoid the infinity problems associated with the emptiness, physicists came up with renormalization procedure to calculate how the emptiness affects the measurable quantities, such as charge, mass, energy, and other observable quantities. Renormalization theory reveals one important fact: Natural phenomena may appear different when observed at different space and time scale.  Let’s summarize what quantum physics tells us about Tao, the emptiness: (1) Emptiness contains boundless information, energy, and matter.  (2) Emptiness is within everything.  (3) Emptiness interacts with everything. 3. The Quantum

observable quantities. Renormalization theory reveals one important fact: Natural phenomena may appear different when observed at different space and time scale.  Let’s summarize what quantum physics tells us about Tao, the emptiness: (1) Emptiness contains boundless information, energy, and matter.  (2) Emptiness is within everything.  (3) Emptiness interacts with everything. 3. The Quantum Physics about Creation Quantum phenomena challenge one of the corner stones of natural science: objectivity. It is generally accepted in natural science that natural phenomena are objective. Their existence does not depend on the action of the observer. In quantum physics, however, phenomena are subjective and depend on the action of observers.  In quantum physics, the world we observed is determined by our action of the observer. Quantum measurement is the action of observation. The measurement process is a determining factor for what is being observed. It is in fact part of the process that

does not depend on the action of the observer. In quantum physics, however, phenomena are subjective and depend on the action of observers.  In quantum physics, the world we observed is determined by our action of the observer. Quantum measurement is the action of observation. The measurement process is a determining factor for what is being observed. It is in fact part of the process that creates the quantum phenomena. The world we observed is manifested by our measurement in quantum physics.  This is a revolutionary revelation. The implication of this revelation has not been paid enough attention by most physicists and scientists. In the following we will show, the combination of the full grasp of this revelation with the Tao wisdom can help us understand the creation of our universe and come up with the grand unification theory.  4. Meaning and Function of Space and Time How does the yin yang interaction manifest the universe from the emptiness? To answer this question, we first

by most physicists and scientists. In the following we will show, the combination of the full grasp of this revelation with the Tao wisdom can help us understand the creation of our universe and come up with the grand unification theory.  4. Meaning and Function of Space and Time How does the yin yang interaction manifest the universe from the emptiness? To answer this question, we first need to find out the yin yang pairs that create our universe. To do this, we need to understand what space and time is, as the creation of our universe relates to space and time.  Space and time are two mysteries that have been explored by all people in all cultures, traditions, ideologies, philosophies, and sciences in history. Space and time have many layers of meaning and applications. For instance, some people think time is life. Some people consider time and space is money.  In the 17th century, understanding about space and time emerged as a central issue in founding science. Gottfried Leibniz

that have been explored by all people in all cultures, traditions, ideologies, philosophies, and sciences in history. Space and time have many layers of meaning and applications. For instance, some people think time is life. Some people consider time and space is money.  In the 17th century, understanding about space and time emerged as a central issue in founding science. Gottfried Leibniz and Issac Newton led two opposing theories about space and time. Gottfried Leibniz, a German philosopher-mathematician, believes that space and time does not exist. They are no more than the collection of and an idealized abstraction from the relations between objects and events.  Issac Newton, the founder of classical mechanics, views space and time as absolute in the sense that it exists permanently and independently of whether there was any matter or observer.  George Berkeley, an Anglo-Irish philosopher, proposed “immaterialism.” His theory denies the existence of material substance. It

of and an idealized abstraction from the relations between objects and events.  Issac Newton, the founder of classical mechanics, views space and time as absolute in the sense that it exists permanently and independently of whether there was any matter or observer.  George Berkeley, an Anglo-Irish philosopher, proposed “immaterialism.” His theory denies the existence of material substance. It suggests that the objects such as tables, chairs, space, and time are only ideas in the

70 minds of perceivers, as a result cannot exist without being perceived.  In the 18th century, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant developed a theory of knowledge. Kant came to the realization that space and time is not the objective feature of the world. Space and time is a framework used by us to organize our experience. Under the influence of Austrian physicist and philosopher, Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach, Einstein founded relativity theory. Einstein finds that space and time is relative. They are connected and can transform into each other. Space and time are two different aspects of one entity, spacetime.  Quantum physics challenges both Newton’s and Einstein’s concept about space and time in the most dramatic way. Quantum phenomena challenge Einstein’s assumption that the transfer of information cannot exceed the speed of light. Quantum entanglement phenomena provide a way to transfer information instantly. Quantum entanglement means that the states of two or more

of one entity, spacetime.  Quantum physics challenges both Newton’s and Einstein’s concept about space and time in the most dramatic way. Quantum phenomena challenge Einstein’s assumption that the transfer of information cannot exceed the speed of light. Quantum entanglement phenomena provide a way to transfer information instantly. Quantum entanglement means that the states of two or more vibrations are connected. When one or more vibrations are observed as certain states, the other vibrations with which it is quantum entangled will instantly turn into the state that is determined by the quantum entanglement no matter how far they are from each other.  Quantum physics also defies our normal ideas about space and time in a profound way. For instance, quantum phenomena reveal that we cannot measure time and energy simultaneously with the complete accuracy. We also cannot measure space and momentum simultaneously with the complete accuracy. This is the uncertainty principle in quantum

entanglement no matter how far they are from each other.  Quantum physics also defies our normal ideas about space and time in a profound way. For instance, quantum phenomena reveal that we cannot measure time and energy simultaneously with the complete accuracy. We also cannot measure space and momentum simultaneously with the complete accuracy. This is the uncertainty principle in quantum physics. The measurement of space and time is not trivial action in quantum physics. It is not simply assigning a number to a ruler, clock, or event. The observation and measurement of space and time is a creation process for the phenomena we observe.  5. The Deeper Meaning and Function of Space and Time We suggest space and time is one of the fundamental yin-yang codes that manifest our universe from the emptiness. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. It is the yang aspect of the yin-yang code. Space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity. It is the yin aspect of

creation process for the phenomena we observe.  5. The Deeper Meaning and Function of Space and Time We suggest space and time is one of the fundamental yin-yang codes that manifest our universe from the emptiness. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. It is the yang aspect of the yin-yang code. Space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity. It is the yin aspect of the yin-yang code.  As we have mentioned before, quantum physics tells us that the world we observed is manifested by our measurement. Space and time relate to a pair of basic human duality actions. Fundamentally, time and space are two types of duality measurement. Time is the measurement of change. For instance, the measurement of the movement of sand in a container, the burning of incense, and the movement of sun and moon, has all been used as a measurement of time. The duration of a day is based on the measurement of rotation of the earth around itself. The length of lunar month is related

time and space are two types of duality measurement. Time is the measurement of change. For instance, the measurement of the movement of sand in a container, the burning of incense, and the movement of sun and moon, has all been used as a measurement of time. The duration of a day is based on the measurement of rotation of the earth around itself. The length of lunar month is related to the movement of the moon around the earth. A year is the measurement of the evolution of earth around the sun. Space is the measurement of unchangeness and stillness. The length, height, and width of an object are the measurement of its unchangeness and stillness. We suggest that space and time is a yin-yang pair. Space and time is opposite and relative. Change and stillness are opposite. They are relative because something may appear to change to you but to be still to others. Space and time is co-created because whenever we measure change we are referring to something unchanged. Whenever we measure

are the measurement of its unchangeness and stillness. We suggest that space and time is a yin-yang pair. Space and time is opposite and relative. Change and stillness are opposite. They are relative because something may appear to change to you but to be still to others. Space and time is co-created because whenever we measure change we are referring to something unchanged. Whenever we measure unchanged, we are comparing to something changing. Therefore, space and time is inseparable and co-dependent. We propose that the interaction of space and time creates the universe. We will demonstrate this point below. There is another yin yang pair also involved in the creation of our universe. This other yin yang pair is inclusion and exclusion. The inclusion and exclusion is a fundamental action we are doing all the time. We

71 either include or exclude something in our actions.  Let’s examine our action more closely. We find that all measurement is based on these two basic yin yang pairs, space-time measurement, and inclusive-exclusive measurement. For instance, the measurement of velocity, acceleration, energy, momentum, temperature, spin, electricity, magnetic, mass, charge, force, and more are all variations of space and time measurement and inclusive and exclusive measurement. Some people may think the measurement of mass or temperature is unique. However, if you examine the different ways to measure mass or temperature, you will see that they are all different variations of the space and time measurement and inclusive and exclusive measurement. For instance, to measure mass with a balance, we put the matter to be measured on one side of the balance and the matter with known mass on the other side. When both sides of the balance are completely balanced, we obtain the completely equal mass on the

or temperature, you will see that they are all different variations of the space and time measurement and inclusive and exclusive measurement. For instance, to measure mass with a balance, we put the matter to be measured on one side of the balance and the matter with known mass on the other side. When both sides of the balance are completely balanced, we obtain the completely equal mass on the both sides. In this way, the unknown mass is measured. In this measuring process, the space and time measurement is used to make sure that the two arms of the balance are equal and still. The inclusion and exclusion measurement is applied when one adds known mass to the balance.  In one word, all the measurements are different variation and combination of space and time measurement and inclusive and exclusive measurement. With the assumption that our action manifests the universe, these two yin yang pairs are the two fundamental yin yang pairs that manifest all of the phenomena in our universe.

and exclusion measurement is applied when one adds known mass to the balance.  In one word, all the measurements are different variation and combination of space and time measurement and inclusive and exclusive measurement. With the assumption that our action manifests the universe, these two yin yang pairs are the two fundamental yin yang pairs that manifest all of the phenomena in our universe.  6. The Derivation of Wave Function of the Universe To see how the interaction of these two yin-yang pairs manifests our universe, we need to write down the action created by the interaction of these two yin yang pairs. In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived. It depends on the trajectory, the path or history of the system.  The simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair is: A1=αòDtDs          (1) Here we use the symbol s to represent space and the symbol t to

these two yin yang pairs. In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived. It depends on the trajectory, the path or history of the system.  The simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair is: A1=αòDtDs          (1) Here we use the symbol s to represent space and the symbol t to represent time. We use Ds and Dt to represent the space and time duration to be measured. The symbol ò represents the summation over space and time from the beginning t=0 and s=0 till now t=T and s=L. Here T is the age of our universe and L is the horizon of our universe. And α is a constant. In our recent work, we have shown that: α=1/(lptp)           (2) Here tp is the Planck time. It is of the magnitude of 5.4×10-44 second. It is the smallest time scale that naturally comes out of mathematic formula about nature so far. Here lp is the Planck length. It is of the magnitude of 1.6×10-35

s=L. Here T is the age of our universe and L is the horizon of our universe. And α is a constant. In our recent work, we have shown that: α=1/(lptp)           (2) Here tp is the Planck time. It is of the magnitude of 5.4×10-44 second. It is the smallest time scale that naturally comes out of mathematic formula about nature so far. Here lp is the Planck length. It is of the magnitude of 1.6×10-35 meter. It is the smallest length that naturally comes out of mathematics formula about nature so far.  To introduce the second yin yang pair into the action, it is important to realize that corresponding to the inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair, in nature there exist two types of particles, fermions, and bosons. Fermions have half (1/2) spin. They repel each other. They refuse to be in the same state. Particles such as electrons, muons, neutrinos, and quarks are fermions. Bosons have integer spin. They tend to clump. They love to stay at the same state together. Particles such as photons,

to the inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair, in nature there exist two types of particles, fermions, and bosons. Fermions have half (1/2) spin. They repel each other. They refuse to be in the same state. Particles such as electrons, muons, neutrinos, and quarks are fermions. Bosons have integer spin. They tend to clump. They love to stay at the same state together. Particles such as photons, gravitons, and gluons are bosons. Supersymmetry (SUSY) is the symmetry originally proposed to connect fermions and bosons. The normal time and space coordinates t and s are of bosonic nature. If we assume each space or time coordinate has both the fermion (yang, repulsive) and boson (yin, clumping) parts, each time and space coordinate become two elements:

72 t ->(t, θt)           (3) s ->(s, θs)          (4) Here we use θs and θt to represent the fermion partner of space and time coordinate s and t. The θs and θt can only take on the value 0 or 1 because they are repulsive and refuse to stay at the same place with another element. The s, t, θs, and θt represent the four elements of the two yin yang pairs, space time yin yang pair and inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair.   The simplest action created by these two yin yang pairs is: A2=αòDtDsD θtD θs         (5) The symbol ò is to represent the summation over space s and time t and θt and θs. It is amazing to see that the action A1 is similar to the action that creates string theory and the action A2 is similar to the action that creates the superstring theory except for one difference. The action A1 and A2 sum over the life span and horizon of our universe while the string theory and superstring theory set the length of the string at the Planck scale lp and they set the time to the

It is amazing to see that the action A1 is similar to the action that creates string theory and the action A2 is similar to the action that creates the superstring theory except for one difference. The action A1 and A2 sum over the life span and horizon of our universe while the string theory and superstring theory set the length of the string at the Planck scale lp and they set the time to the infinity.  In Quantum physics, everything is mathematically represented by wave function. Using Feynman’s path integral formulation, we can calculate the wave function Ψ created by the action A1 and A2. The Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum physics is a way to calculate a quantum amplitude or wave function by summing over the all possible trajectories. It generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics and replaces the classical notion of a single definite trajectory with a summation over all possible trajectories. According to this method, the wave function created by the

The Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum physics is a way to calculate a quantum amplitude or wave function by summing over the all possible trajectories. It generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics and replaces the classical notion of a single definite trajectory with a summation over all possible trajectories. According to this method, the wave function created by the action A2 is in the form: Ψ=åsum over all possible states C exp(ia A2)       (6) Here C is a constant. The symbol å is to sum over all possible paths and states. The equation (6) is the universal wave function formulation of superstring theory. In our previous work, we have shown that this difference and the universal wave function formulation of string theory enable us to derive the existence of dark matter and dark energy as well as estimate vacuum energy possibly consistent with the current experimental data. According to superstring theory, also called M theory by people, all fundamental

function formulation of superstring theory. In our previous work, we have shown that this difference and the universal wave function formulation of string theory enable us to derive the existence of dark matter and dark energy as well as estimate vacuum energy possibly consistent with the current experimental data. According to superstring theory, also called M theory by people, all fundamental particles, interactions, and our observed space-time can be created from the combination of superstring action (5) and string action (6). Using the result obtained in string theory and M theory, it is not difficult to see that the universal wave function (6) also contains all the fundamental particles, interactions, and the observed space-time. In addition, the wave function tells a lot more about our universe than the current string theory. In our recent work, we have demonstrated that the wave function (6) tells us that our universe is a hologram. The observed space-time, particles, forces,

not difficult to see that the universal wave function (6) also contains all the fundamental particles, interactions, and the observed space-time. In addition, the wave function tells a lot more about our universe than the current string theory. In our recent work, we have demonstrated that the wave function (6) tells us that our universe is a hologram. The observed space-time, particles, forces, and everything we observe is a projection from this hologram. From the universal wave function, we can show the existence of dark matter and dark energy in our universe. We can calculate the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant. We find that our estimate of vacuum energy from equation (6) is consistent with the experimental data. The universal wave function also tells us that our observed space-time is made of different cycles. The large space and time cycles makes up the macroscopic phenomena such as planets, stars, galaxies, and large scale-structure in our

of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant. We find that our estimate of vacuum energy from equation (6) is consistent with the experimental data. The universal wave function also tells us that our observed space-time is made of different cycles. The large space and time cycles makes up the macroscopic phenomena such as planets, stars, galaxies, and large scale-structure in our universe. The small space and time cycles make up microscopic phenomena, such as quarks, electrons, photons, atoms, molecules and more. It also indicates and provides the mathematic description about the multiverse structure of our universe.  7. Discussion

73 In this work, we combine the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about the creation with quantum physics. We propose and demonstrate mathematically that our universe is manifested from the emptiness through two basic human actions: measurement of space and time and measurement of inclusion and exclusion.  This work has great significance for the development of science. It provides a way to derive the grand unification theory, the one mathematic formula about our universe. It gives metaphysical understanding about string theory and makes it possible to bring out more testable results from string theory.  Philosophically, this work suggests and substantiates mathematically and scientifically that human action has manifested our universe from the emptiness. Our yin-yang action of space and time as well as inclusion and exclusion manifest our universe from Tao, the emptiness. Tao creates and includes all possibilities. Our action determines which possibility or possibilities are manifested

theory.  Philosophically, this work suggests and substantiates mathematically and scientifically that human action has manifested our universe from the emptiness. Our yin-yang action of space and time as well as inclusion and exclusion manifest our universe from Tao, the emptiness. Tao creates and includes all possibilities. Our action determines which possibility or possibilities are manifested from Tao.  This study expounds a deeper meaning and function of space and time. Space and time is a duality pair of the fundamental actions and codes that manifest our universe.  This work also provides insights to two important philosophical questions: Whether we can understand our world and why we can express the natural law mathematically. Mathematics is the human logic and derivation based on numbers and symbols. How can the universe follow human logic? The result of this study indicates that we can understand the universe because our own actions manifest the world we observe. Since

provides insights to two important philosophical questions: Whether we can understand our world and why we can express the natural law mathematically. Mathematics is the human logic and derivation based on numbers and symbols. How can the universe follow human logic? The result of this study indicates that we can understand the universe because our own actions manifest the world we observe. Since mathematics is the universal language and logic of our actions and our mind, we can use mathematics to describe the universe and everything in our lives and the world. Tao is beyond our comprehension and description. But we can comprehend the universe and the world we experience because we create it. More than 2500 years ago, Buddha reached the enlightenment when he gained the deep insight about how everyone and everything is created. Buddha realized that the physical reality is created from the emptiness through people’s discrimination and attachment. Buddha’s teaching has helped million

and description. But we can comprehend the universe and the world we experience because we create it. More than 2500 years ago, Buddha reached the enlightenment when he gained the deep insight about how everyone and everything is created. Buddha realized that the physical reality is created from the emptiness through people’s discrimination and attachment. Buddha’s teaching has helped million people release their suffering and reach Nirvana. Our work demonstrates Buddha’s profound wisdom and other similar spiritual wisdom about the creation mathematically and scientifically.  To understand scientifically and mathematically how we create the universe and the world we experience is one of the most empowering and enlightening knowledge. This understanding, wisdom, and knowledge can enlighten and liberate more people from the illusion and ignorance. It can relieve our suffering and bondage. It can uplift us to a higher level of existence. When we understand how we create our own reality,

and mathematically how we create the universe and the world we experience is one of the most empowering and enlightening knowledge. This understanding, wisdom, and knowledge can enlighten and liberate more people from the illusion and ignorance. It can relieve our suffering and bondage. It can uplift us to a higher level of existence. When we understand how we create our own reality, we will have the power to transcend our limitations and live a life with greater freedom and potential. We can manifest a better world with more love, peace, and harmony. We encourage more people to explore and contribute to the study of this subject and area.  Works Cited Adler, Joseph A. Introduction to the Study of the Classic of Change (I-hsüehch'i-meng). Provo, Utah: Global Scholarly Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-59267-334-1. Bennett, C., et al. “The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) Mission.” Astrophysical Journal 583 (1): 1-23. arXiv: astro-ph/0301158. Bibcode 2003ApJ...583....1B. doi: 10.1086/345346

contribute to the study of this subject and area.  Works Cited Adler, Joseph A. Introduction to the Study of the Classic of Change (I-hsüehch'i-meng). Provo, Utah: Global Scholarly Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-59267-334-1. Bennett, C., et al. “The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) Mission.” Astrophysical Journal 583 (1): 1-23. arXiv: astro-ph/0301158. Bibcode 2003ApJ...583....1B. doi: 10.1086/345346 (2003a). ---. “First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Foreground Emission.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement 148 (1): 97-117. arXiv: astro-ph/0302208. Bibcode 2003ApJS..148...97B. doi: 10.1086/377252 (2003b). Becker, Katrin, Becker, Melanie, and Schwarz, John. String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86069-5 (2007).

74 Dine, Michael. Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85841-0 (2007). Feynman, Richard Phillips, Hibbs, Albert R., and Styer, Daniel F. Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals. Mineola, N.Y .: Dover Publications, 2010. 29-31. ISBN 0486477223. Feynman, R. P. “The Space-Time Formulation of Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics.” Reviews of Modern Physics 20.2 (1948): 367-87. Guth, Alan. “The Inflationary Universe.” Basic Books (1998). Hinshaw, G., et al. “Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP1) Observations: Temperature Analysis.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement 170 (2): 288-334. arXiv: astro-ph/0603451. Bibcode 2007ApJS..170..288H. doi: 10.1086/513698 (2007). ---. (WMAP Collaboration). “Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results.” The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 180 (2): 225-45. arXiv: astro-ph/id=0803.0732. Bibcode 2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:

Analysis.” Astrophysical Journal Supplement 170 (2): 288-334. arXiv: astro-ph/0603451. Bibcode 2007ApJS..170..288H. doi: 10.1086/513698 (2007). ---. (WMAP Collaboration). “Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results.” The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 180 (2): 225-45. arXiv: astro-ph/id=0803.0732. Bibcode 2009ApJS..180..225H. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. <http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html>. Feb. 2009. Kaltenmark, Max. Lao Tzu and Taoism. Trans. Roger Greaves. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1969. Michael Green, John H. Schwarz, and Edward Witten. Superstring Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7. Vol. 2: Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology. ISBN 0-521-35753-5 (1987). Polchinski, Joseph. String Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String. ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond. ISBN

Michael Green, John H. Schwarz, and Edward Witten. Superstring Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7. Vol. 2: Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology. ISBN 0-521-35753-5 (1987). Polchinski, Joseph. String Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String. ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4 (1998). Sha, Zhi Gang. Tao I: The Way of All Life. Heaven’s Library/Atria, 2010. ---. Tao II: The Way of Healing, Rejuvenation, Longevity, and Immortality. Heaven’s Library/Atria, 2010.  Sha, Zhi Gang and Xiu, Rulin. Soul Mind Body Science System. Benbella Books. ISBN 978-194036399-8 (2014). ---. “The Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory.” EPJ Web of Conferences. ---. “Tao Source Science.” EPJ Web of Conferences. S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, R. A. Knop, P. Nugent, P . G. Castro, S. Deustua, S. Fabbro, A. Goobar, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M.

Zhi Gang and Xiu, Rulin. Soul Mind Body Science System. Benbella Books. ISBN 978-194036399-8 (2014). ---. “The Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory.” EPJ Web of Conferences. ---. “Tao Source Science.” EPJ Web of Conferences. S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, R. A. Knop, P. Nugent, P . G. Castro, S. Deustua, S. Fabbro, A. Goobar, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M. Y.  K i m ,  J . C. Lee, N. J. Nunes, R. Pain, C. R. Pennypacker, R. Quimby, C. Lidman, R. S. Ellis, M. Irwin, R. G. McMahon, P. Ruiz-Lapuente, N. Walton, B. Schaefer, B. J. Boyle, A. V . Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. S. Fruchter, N. Panagia, H. J. M. Newberg, W. J. Couch (The Supernova Cosmology Project). “Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae.” The Astrophysical Journal 517 (2): 565-86. arXiv: astro-ph/9812133. Bibcode 1999ApJ...517..565P. doi: 10.1086/307221 (June 1999). Unschuld, Paul U. Huang Di neijingsu wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese

T. Matheson, A. S. Fruchter, N. Panagia, H. J. M. Newberg, W. J. Couch (The Supernova Cosmology Project). “Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae.” The Astrophysical Journal 517 (2): 565-86. arXiv: astro-ph/9812133. Bibcode 1999ApJ...517..565P. doi: 10.1086/307221 (June 1999). Unschuld, Paul U. Huang Di neijingsu wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23322-0.

SPIRITUAL HEART AND THE MANIFESTATION OF PHYSICAL REALITY
*
1
1
Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment, 30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27D, Richmond Hill, 
2
Hawaii Theoretical Physics Research Center, 16
ARTICLE
 
INFO
                                         
ABSTRACT
 
Heart 
is mentioned in many spiritual wisdom traditions. It is said that the heart plays a crucial role in determining 
our physical reality. In this work, we refer to the heart mentioned in a spiritual context
explore the use of quantum phy
our previous work, we demonstrated that everyone and everything is made of matter, energy, and information. We 
propose to define spirit as the content of information, spiri
processor of information, respectively. We show that these definitions make it possible to use quantum physics to 
explain spiritual phenomena such as intuition, telepathy, clairvoyance, distant hea
We

data\SPIRITUAL HEART AND THE MANIFESTATION OF PHYSICAL REALITY.pdf

We 
can use quantum measurement phenomena to explain the role of spiritual heart plays in determining physical 
reality
, 
of spir
itual heart and mind in determining the physical reality and it reveals the process of manifestation. It shows 
how our physical reality is determined by our soul, spiritual heart, and mind. This insight suggests again that it is 
possible to integrate natur
framework. This work has great significance in the natural sciences, in social sciences such as politics, economics, 
philosophy, psychology, consciousness studies, and in 
 
Copyright
 
©
 
201
8
,
 
Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu
.
 
This

Copyright
 
©
 
201
8
,
 
.
 
This
unrestricted
 
use,
 
distribution,
 
and
 
reproduction
 
in
 
any
 
medium,
 
INTRODUCTIO
N
 
Heart is mentioned in many spiritual wisdom traditions. For 
example, according to Buddha’s teaching, everything that 
happens in the physical reality comes from the heart. As it is 
stated in the Buddhist
 
Anityata sutra: 
 
Xiang You Xin Sheng
 
This statement literally means that all the images we see and 
the phenomena we observe come from our heart.
similar wisdom. In the Bible, Proverbs 4:23, it said that:
 
Above all else, guard your heart, f
or everything you do flows 
from it.

from it. 
 
Many other spiritual wisdom traditions offer similar wisdom 
and guidance.
 
Let’s call the heart mentioned in spiritual 
wisdom traditions, spiritual heart. In this work, we are going to 
explore the spiritual heart scient
ifically and how it creates our 
reality. We propose that quantum physics may provide an 
answer to this question. 
 
Dr. Zhi Gang
,
 
Institute of Soul Healing and Enlightenment, 30 Wertheim Court, 
Unit 27D, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 1,
 
B9, Canada
DOI:
 
https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.30889.07.2018
ISSN
: 0975
-
833X
 
Article History:
 
Received 
17
th

,
 
B9, Canada
DOI:
 
ISSN
: 0975
-
833X
 
Received 
17
th
 
April
, 2018
 
Received in revised form 
 
23
rd
 
May
, 2018
 
Accepted 
20
th
 
June
, 2018
 
Published online 
31
st
 
July
, 2018
 
Citation: 
Dr. Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu
,
 
201
8
.
 
“
Spiritual Heart and the Manifestation of Physical Reality
(
07
), 
71742
-
71744
.
 
Key Words:
 
Spiritual 
Heart
, 
Quantum Physics
, 
Quantum 
Measurement
, 
Soul
, 
Mind
, 
Manifestation
, 
Integration 
of 
Science 
and 
Spirituality
.
 
REVIEW
 
ARTICLE
 
1
Dr. Zhi Gang Sha and 
2
Rulin Xiu

201
8
.
 
“
(
07
), 
71742
-
71744
.
 
Key Words:
 
Spiritual 
Heart
, 
, 
Quantum 
, 
Soul
, 
Mind
, 
, 
of 
Science 
and 
.
 
REVIEW
 
ARTICLE
 
1
2
Rulin Xiu
 
Ontario L4B 1, B9, Canada
 
-
266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, HI 96749, USA
 
ABSTRACT
 
sics to explain how and why the spiritual heart determines our

-
 
ABSTRACT
 
tual heart as the receiver of information, and mind as the 
,

, 
we examine the process of quantum measurement. We show that quantum measurement indicates the role 
al science and spirituality together scientifically in one scientific and mathematic 
re

re
ligion and in the healing arts
This
 
is
 
an
 
open
 
access
 
article
 
distributed
 
under
 
the
 
Creative
 
Commons
medium,
 
provided
 
the
 
original
 
work
 
is
 
properly
 
cited.
 
The Bible has 
 
Many other spiritual wisdom traditions offer similar wisdom

B9, Canada
.
 
Physics is the foundation of natural science. Quantum physics 
is the most fundamental physics theory to date. Quantum 
physics is the study of
 
what everything is made of and how it 
behaves at t
he atomic and subatomic levels. Quantum physics

B9, Canada
.
 
he atomic and subatomic levels. Quantum physics 
indicates that everything is made of various vibrations, also 
called waves. Vibrations or waves are periodic oscillations. 
Because quantum vibrations are not limited by space and time, 
everything according to
 
quantum physics is basically a 
vibrational field consisting of different vibrations. These 
vibrational fields are described mathematically by a “wave 
function”. A wave function is the mathematical formula that 
expresses the properties and quantity of vibr
an object [
Bohr
, 1958; 
Schrödinger
1928
].  In our previous work [
2008
], we have demonstrated that everything is made of

an object [
Bohr
, 1958; 
1928
2008
], we have demonstrated that everything is made of 
information, energy, and matter. We define
content of information, spiritual heart as the receiver of 
information, and mind as the processor of information. We 
show that this definition and understanding makes it possible 
to use quantum physics to explain spiritual phenomena such as 
intuition, tel
epathy, clairvoyance, psycho
healing and more. In this paper, we will use quantum physics 
and our definition of spiritual heart to explain how the spiritual 
heart determines our physical reality. In the following 
discussion
 
we will review 
our previous work first. 
International
 
Journal
 
of

Journal
 
of
 
Current
 
Research
 
Vol. 10, Issue, 07, 
pp.71742
-
71744, July, 2018
 
”
, 
International Journal of Current Research
 
Available
 
online
 
at
 
http://www.journal
cra.
com
 
z
 
is mentioned in many spiritual wisdom traditions. It is said that the heart plays a crucial role in determining

Available
 
online
 
at
 
cra.
com
 
z
 
as spiritual heart. We 
 
physical reality. In 
ling, psychokinesis, and more.

ling, psychokinesis, and more. 
. 
 
Commons
 
Att
ribution

. 
 
Commons
 
Att
ribution
 
License,
 
which
 
permits
 
vibrational fields are described mathematically by a “wave

ations or waves of 
, 1956; 
Born
, 1927; 
Bohr
, 
, 
 
spirit or soul as the
 
to use quantum physics to explain spiritual phenomena such as

, 
 
kinesis, distant 
 
INTERNATIONAL
 
J
OURNAL
 
OF
 
CURRENT
 
RESEARCH
 
, 
10
,

Then we will show that quantum physics reveals scientifically 
how the spiritual heart determines the physical phenomena we 
observe.
 
This work appears to provide a way to further 
integrate science with spirituality.
 
Constituents 
of Everything and the Definition of Soul, 
Spiritual Heart, and Mind
: 
To truly understand our 
existence, we suggest that we should first understand what all 
things are made of. In our previous paper [
Zhi Gang Sha and 
Rulin Xiu
2018
], we demonstrate that
 
ever
yone and everything 
is made of matter, energy, and information. Here we define 
matter as everything we measure and observe. For example, 
length, width, height, distance, weight, mass, charge, electric 
field, spin, force, and many more are all different pro
perties 
and phenomena of matter.
 
Energy is the ability to move and 
change matter, such as lifting a weight and heating up a pot of 
water. 
 
Information is that which
 
informs. It is what gives form to the

perties 
 
water. 
 
informs. It is what gives form to the 
phenomenon we observe. For instance, the information
 
in our
 
bank account determines how much money we have in the 
bank. The blueprint of a house determines what the house 
looks like. Information theory tells us that information 
describes the possibilities and potentialities of something. 
Information has thr
ee components: the content of the 
information, the receiver of the information, and processor of 
the information.
 
Based on this understanding about the 
fundamental constituents of everything, we propose to define 
spirit or soul as the content of informatio
n. Here we don’t

n. Here we don’t 
differentiate between spirit and soul. We suggest defining the 
spiritual heart as the receiver of information and the mind as 
the processor of information, respectively. According to 
quantum physics, a
 
vibrational field carries information
, 
energy, and matter. Some of the vibrations can be quantum 
entangled, also called quantum correlated, with other 
vibrations. When some of the vibrations are observed to be in a 
certain state, the state of the vibrations with which the 
observed vibrations 
are quantum entangled are instantly turned 
into the state that is determined by the quantum entanglement.

, 
into the state that is determined by the quantum entanglement. 
By turning our soul, the content of the information, into a 
specific state, we can affect the people and things we are 
vibrationally entangled or quan
tum entangled with instantly 
without direct physical contact. In the same way, the people 
and things that are quantum entangled with us can influence us 
instantly without direct physical contact. We suggest that 
quantum entanglement can explain scientifica
lly such spiritual 
phenomena as distant viewing, telepathy, clairvoyance, 
psychokinesis, distant healing and more. According to our 
definition of soul, spiritual heart, and mind, everything has a

definition of soul, spiritual heart, and mind, everything has a 
soul, a spiritual heart, and a mind, including elementary 
pa
rticles, molecules, plants, stones, planets. Soul, spiritual 
heart, and mind as defined above can be calculated and 
measured in quantum physics [
, 
2018
]. The spiritual heart relates to our ability to receive 
information. It descri
bes how much and what kind of 
information we can receive, that
 
in turn determines what kinds 
of vibrations
 
we absorb. In the following discussion, we will 
use quantum physics to explain why and how spiritual heart 
manifests our
 
physical reality.
 
Function 
of the Spiritual Heart
:

, 
2018
 
Function 
: 
According to the above 
definitions of soul, heart, and mind, soul is the content of the 
information contained in something. According to information 
theory, information describes possibilities and potentialities 
within an object. 
 
I
n quantum physics, everything is a vibrational field, which is 
mathematically described by the wave function. The 
vibrational field usually contains various possible vibrations 
and states. However, the observed phenomenon usually 
consists of certain specif
ic outcomes. How does a single 
concrete outcome emerge from the many possibilities?
 
To

I
 
To 
understand how this happens, we need first to know the role of 
a detector in observing quantum phenomena. In quantum 
physics, to observe a quantum phenomenon, one must u
se a 
detector or detectors to receive vibrations from what is being 
observed. A detector is an instrument specially designed to 
absorb vibrations,
 
and show visible and measurable changes as 
a result. For instance, a camera is a detector. Photographic film 
or digital detectors are used to detect visible images, X
-
rays, 
and more. 
 
An observed quantum phenomenon
 
depends on what kinds of

-
rays, 
and more. 
 
depends on what kinds of 
detectors we use and where and how we place the detectors. 
Different detectors exhibit different phenomena because they 
abso
rb different vibrations. For instance, if you use a normal 
camera, you will see images of visible light. If you use a 
special camera that can receive infrared light, you will catch 
images of infrared light. Furthermore, where and how we place 
our camera an
d the angle at which we direct our camera 
greatly affect the resulting photograph. For example, in 
quantum physics experiments, where we place the detector

quantum physics experiments, where we place the detector 
determines where we find the photons. The direction we put 
the polarizer determines the polarization
 
of the detected light. 
In summary, the kinds of detectors we use and where and how 
we place the detectors determine the phenomena we observe. 
Notice that detectors are a receiver of vibrations. The process 
of quantum phenomenon being determined by the det
ector 
indicates how our spiritual heart determines our physical 
reality. We suggest that quantum physics teaches us that our 
spiritual heart determines
 
the reality we observe. 
 
We propose that quantum measurement suggests the 
manifestation process as the 
following

ector 
 
following
. First, our soul gives the 
content of information. This information content determines 
which part of our spiritual heart we are going to apply and 
where and how we are going to place our spiritual heart. Our 
spiritual heart specifies what kind of
 
information and 
vibrations we receive, and this in turn stipulates how our mind 
processes the information. After our mind processes the 
information it
 
then directs how much energy and where the 
energy goes. Energy moves matter. Matter is the physical 
real
ity we observe. This manifestation process suggested by

real
ity we observe. This manifestation process suggested by 
quantum physics teaches us that although physical reality is all 
we observe, it is determined by our soul, heart, and mind. It 
reveals the important role the spiritual heart plays in the 
manifestation
 
process. This is consistent with what spiritual 
wisdom teaches us. 
 
We conclude that our scientific definition 
of soul, heart, and mind makes it possible to use quantum 
physics to explain the significance of spiritual heart in the 
manifestation of our phy
sical reality. It also helps us to 
understand the manifestation process in greater detail 
scientifically. It shows us how the soul, spiritual heart, mind,

scientifically. It shows us how the soul, spiritual heart, mind, 
and energy establish our physical reality.
 
In this paper, we show that if we define spir
itual heart as the 
receiver of information, quantum physics may explain why and 
how spiritual heart plays a crucial role in determining our 
physical reality. This indicates the possibility
 
of
 
explaining 
71
7
43
              
Rulin Xiu
, 
Spiritual 
heart and the manifestation of physical reality

spiritual wisdom scientifically using quantum physics
. We 
conclude that this
 
understanding and the definitions that soul is 
the
 
content of information, spiritual heart is
 
the receiver of 
information, and mind is
 
the processor of information provides 
a way to integrate science with spirituality. In our previo
us 
work, we demonstrate that this understanding makes it possible 
intuition, telepathy, clairvoyance, psycho
 
healing, and more. This work demonstrates further that this 
definiti
on and understanding of soul, spiritual heart, and mind 
lay the groundwork to integrate science with spirituality. We 
believe the integration of science with spirituality can help 
further the development of science and spirituality to the next 
level. It ca
n help us reach a deeper understanding about our 
existence. It can further enlighten humanity and empower

definiti
existence. It can further enlighten humanity and empower 
humanity with greater abilities and potentials. This work has 
great application in the natural sciences, such as physics, 
medicine, biology, environme
ntal science, and geology as well 
as social sciences such as education, psychology, philosophy, 
economics, politics, personal development, and more. 
 
It also has application in the emerging science of healing. We 
will explore these applications in our future work. We 
encourage more people to apply this work to different areas 
and disciplines.
 
REFERENCES
 
Bohr, N.

Bohr, N.
 
1928. The Quantum postulate and the recent 
development of atomic theory, 
Nature
, 
121
: 580
–
590.
 
Bohr, N. 
1958. 
Atomic Physics and Hu
man Knowledge, 
Wiley, New York
 
Born, M.
 
1927. Physical aspects of quantum mechanics, 
Nature
 
119
: 354
–
357
 
Schrö
dinger, Erwin, 1
926. "An Undulatory Theory of the 
Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules". 
Phys. Rev. 28 (6)
28
 
(6): 1049
–
1070. 
 
Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu,
 
2018.
 
“The Composition of 
Existence and The Definition of Spirit, Heart and Mind 
According to Quantum Physics”. 
International Journal Of 
Information Research And Review
 
Vol 5 (1) 5072
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Nature
 
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: 354
–
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Schrö
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(6): 1049
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1070. 
 
2018.
 
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International Journal of Current Research,
 
Vol. 10, Issue, 0
7, pp.
 
71742
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71744
, July
, 2018

String Theory Explanation of Large-Scale
Anisotropy and Anomalous Alignment
Zhi Gang Sha *and Rulin Xiu†,‡
Received 24 June 2017
Accepted 22 November 2017
Published 28 December 2017
The discovery of anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicates large-scale
anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and
octupole modes of the anisotropy with each other and with both the ecliptic and equinoxes.Further analysis indicates that the statistical anisotropy and non-Gaussian temperature°uctuations are mainly due to long-range correlations. However, the source of the large-scale
correlation and the cause of the anomalous alignment in CMB remains unknown. In this work,

we show a new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation ofstring theory (UWFIST) indicates the existence of large-scale quantum vibrations. These large-scale quantum vibrations can cause the large-scale correlation and anomalous alignment
observed in the background ¯eld. They can explain the observed large-scale anisotropies,
non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modesin the microwave background.
Keywords : Dark energy; anomalies in cosmic microwave background; string theory; large-scale

anisotropies; anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes of the anisotropy;universal wave function interpretation of string theory.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the thermal radiation
existing in the whole universe at around the temperature of 2.725 K.1,2Discovered in
1964 by radio telescope, the CMB radiation is found to be nearly isotropic. More
accurate measurement reveals that the CMB is not exactly the same in all directions,

Vol. 2, No. 1 (2018) 1750012 (9 pages)
DOI: 10.1142/S2424942417500128
1750012-1

it is anisotropic. There are small °uctuations in the temperature across the sky at the
level of about 1 part in 100,000.3,4
The CMB provides critical evidence for the big bang cosmology. It indicates
that our universe started from a big bang.5,6According to big bang cosmology, the
CMB is the electromagnetic radiation left behind from the period of recombination.
The recombination epoch is the time period when neutral atoms ¯rst formed. After
the recombination epoch, photons started to travel freely through space. As the
universe continues to expand, the CMB grows fainter and less energetic. The small
anisotropies are generated by quantum °uctuations of matter in earlier time.
Although many di®erent processes might explain CMB's black body spectrum, no
model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the °uctuations.
Hundreds of CMB experiments have been performed to measure and characterize

signatures of the cosmic background radiation. Some of the most famous experimentsare the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite which orbited in
1989 –1996, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) which orbited in
2003 –2010 and the European Space Agency's Planck Surveyor which orbited
in 2009 –2013. They detected anomalies in the CMB, including large-scale aniso-
tropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments.
7–23Current in°a-
tion theory can explain short-range anisotropies in the microwave background
radiation, but it fails to explain large-scale anisotropies.

The most outstanding anomaly is the anomalous alignment of low-l multipole
controversy.24–35In the analysis on the behavior of the temperature anisotropy
power spectrum, the temperature °uctuation is expanded in spherical harmonics.
The ¯rst three lowest multipoles include dipole ( l¼1), quadrupole ( l¼2), and
octupole ( l¼3). It is found that the quadrupole and octupole ( l¼3) modes of
the anisotropy appear to have an unexplained alignment with each other and with
the plane of the earth around the sun, i.e. both ecliptic, the circular course of sun,

and equinox, the moment in which the plane of Earth's equator passes through the
ecliptic.
Some people consider that the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole with
ecliptic and equinox violates the Copernican principle because it implies that the
solar system is special. Land and Magueijo call this alignment the \axis of evil".35
A number of groups have suggested that this could be the signature of new physics at
the greatest observable scales.36
In this work, we propose a possible source and explanation of the large-scale
anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments from a new

development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string
theory (UWFIST).37,38
String theory is a promising candidate for the grand uni¯cation theory.39,40The
grand uni¯cation theory, also called the theory of everything, is the attempt to use
one mathematical formula to explain all the fundamental forces and matter dis-
covered so far and to integrate quantum physics and general relativity together.
Understanding and applying string theory has been a long-debated subject.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1750012-2

1750012-2

The currently accepted interpretation is that string theory studies the quantum
dynamics of a string. The vibration of string creates particles and interactions.
The scale of the string is set at the Planck scale (approximately 1:6/C210/C035meter).
String theory has the potential to predict the dimension of space –time, the particle
and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and
more. However, with all of this great potential and promise, current string theory has
not yet made many testable predictions.
The UWFIST is derived from the space –time uncertainty relationship.37It sug-
gests that the wave function of our universe is created from a string-like action. The
derived wave function of the universe contains all the elementary particles, funda-
mental forces, as well as dark energy, dark matter, and the large structure of our
universe. In our previous work,37we show that there exist long-range quantum

vibrations in our universe. These long-range vibrations could be the source of darkenergy. From the derived wave function of the universe, we can calculate the vacuum
energy of the universe. We demonstrated that using the age of our universe and
fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant },
and the speed of light, UWFIST may yield an estimate of the dark energy consistent
with the current experimental observation.
37We also show38that the long-range
vibration is the candidate for in°aton and provides the energy driving the expansion
of the universe.
In this paper, we will brie°y review the derivation of the UWFIST and the

existence of large-scale quantum vibrations in our universe. We will show that these
large-scale quantum vibrations can cause large-scale anisotropies, anomalous align-
ments, and non-Gaussian distributions in the CMB radiation as well as in otherbackground matter and radiation, thus providing UWFIST an explanation for large-
scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions from
fundamental principles and theory.
2. A New Way to Derive and Interpret String Theory
37we show that when we take both the e®ect of quantum
physics and gravity into consideration, we obtain an uncertainty relation between

space measurement /C1/C27and time measurement /C1/C28in the causal region:
/C1/C27/C1/C28/C21lptp; ð1Þ
where lpis the Planck length, lp¼ð}G/c3Þ1=2¼1:616/C210/C035m, and tpis the Planck
time,
tp¼ð}G=c5Þ1=2¼5:39/C210/C044s:
We suggest that this relation indicates that space and time are quantized and the
non-commutation relation between space and time:
½/C27;/C28/C138¼ilptp: ð2ÞString Theory Explanation of Large-Scale Anisotropy
1750012-3

Using the quantization procedure in quantum physics,41we propose that the space
time uncertainty relation (1) and non-commutation relation (2) indicates a string
action Asin the form:
As¼Z
d/C28d/C27=lptp: ð3Þ
Action Asevolves the wave function from  (0,0) at the space 0 and time 0 to  ðL;TÞ
at the space Land time Tin the following way:
 ðL;TÞ¼/C6sum over all possible paths exp iZT
0d/C28ZL
0d/C27=lptp/C18/C19
 ð0;0Þ: ð4Þ
Equation ( 4) is the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. This
unique interpretation of string theory was proposed ¯rst in our work.37
UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of string theory in two ways.
Firstly, the world-sheet space /C27and time/C28integration of the action (3) is over the
causal region, i.e.,
As¼ZT
0d/C28ZL
0d/C27=l2
p: ð5Þ
Here, TandLare the age and length of the causal horizon, respectively. They relate
to the age of our universe. In the normal interpretation of string theory, /C27is the

As¼ZT
0d/C28ZL
0d/C27=l2
p: ð5Þ
string coordinate. Lis taken to be the length of the string. It is set to be Planck
length lp. In formula (4), TandLare variables. They change as the universe evolves
or as space and time pass by. The second di®erence between the usual string theory
and UWFIST is that the universal wave function /C9ðL;TÞis introduced. Here, /C9(0,0)
and/C9ðL;TÞrepresent the universal wave function at the initial space and time and
at the space Land time T, respectively. We propose that the universal wave function

could be the wave function of our universe. If we extend the string action to the casesof superstring and heterotic string with background ¯elds, the universal wave
function /C9can include all fundamental particles, all gauge interactions, gravity, and
more. It also includes the large structures of our universe up to the scale of horizon. In
other words, the UWFIST could be the wave function of our universe. Except for
these two major conceptual di®erences, the usual string theory calculation can still
be applied in the UWFIST.
In the string theory, there are two sets of space –time: the 2-dimensional world-
sheet (/C27,/C28) and the observed space –time X

/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ. The observed space –time X/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ
is a projection from the world sheet to possibly a higher dimensional space –time. In
terms of X/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ, the action Asin (3) becomes:
As¼ð1=lptpÞZ
d/C28d/C27g1=2gab@aX/C22@bX¹: ð6ÞZ. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1750012-4

Here, g/C11/C12is the metric tensor on the world-sheet and g¼/C0detg/C11/C12. As shown in
string theory,39,40the general form of action (6) in the presence of a massless back-
ground ¯eld is of the form:
As¼i/C11ZT
0d/C28ZL
0d/C27g1=2ðg/C11/C12G/C22/C23@/C11X/C22@/C12X/C23þ"/C11/C12B/C22/C23@/C11X/C22@/C12X/C23þ1=4/C11/C8RÞ/C20/C21
:
ð7Þ
Here, G/C22/C23ð/C28;/C27Þ,B/C22/C23ð/C28;/C27Þ,/C8ð/C28;/C27Þare metric tensor, anti-symmetric tensor, and
scalar background ¯elds on the observed space. And Ris the scalar curvature related
tog/C11/C12. The universal wave function in the presence of background ¯elds is:
/C9ðX¹ðL;TÞ;G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ;B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ;/C8ðL;TÞÞ
¼Z
DX¹Dg/C22/C23DB/C22/C23D/C8 exp i/C11ZT
0d/C28ZL
0d/C27g1=2ðg/C11/C12G/C22/C23@/C11X/C22@/C12X/C23/C20
þ"/C11/C12B/C22/C23@/C11X/C22@/C12X/C23þ1=4/C11/C8RÞ/C21
: ð8Þ
We can extend /C9ðX¹ðL;TÞ,G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,/C8ðL;TÞÞto include other
massive vibrations. We can also extend the above string action to the cases of

¼Z
0d/C28ZL
: ð8Þ
superstring and heterotic string to incl ude all fundamental particles, all gauge
interactions, gravity, and more. This uni versal wave function tells us the proba-
bility for our universe to be at space –time coordinate X¹ðL;TÞand background
¯elds G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,/C8ðL;TÞ. We can do a Fourier transformation to
transform the wave function /C9ðX¹ðL;TÞ,G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,/C8ðL;TÞÞto be
expressed in the vibrational space ex pressed by the various vibrations ( !¹,/C20/C22/C23,
...) .T h ew a v ef u n c t i o n /C9ð!¹ðL;TÞ,/C20/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,...) expresses what kind of vibra-

tions exist in our universe and how much they exist at proper time Tand horizon
length Lin our universe.
3. Long-Range Vibrations, Large-Distance Anisotropies and
Anomalous Alignment
A natural indication and consequence of UWFIST is the existence of long-range
vibrations. The space –time coordinate X¹ð/C28;/C27Þis composed of vibrations in the form
exp½i/C25nð/C27þc/C28Þ/L] and exp½i/C25nð/C27/C0c/C28Þ/L]. Here, nis an integer. Unlike the normal
string theory, in which Lis the Planck length, in UWFIST as we have explained
before, Lis the length of causal horizon. The largest wavelength is on the order of the

length of the causal horizon. These vibrations are very ¯ne in the sense that they vary
in space and time very slowly therefore it is very di±cult to detect them. In fact, to
detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c or it requires the
detector that is at least on the order of L.I fLis the horizon distance, this means thatString Theory Explanation of Large-Scale Anisotropy
1750012-5

it takes the time of the age of the visible universe or a detector as large as the whole
visible universe to detect these vibrations. In our previous work,37,38we showed that
these long-range vibrations can be the source of dark energy and provide the way to
derive and explain why the cosmological constant is so small. They are also potentialcandidates for in°aton and o®er a new in°aton scheme that can be derived and
calculated from string theory.
Here, we are going to show that these large-scale quantum vibrations can
cause large-scale correlation. To demonstrate this, we calculate the correction
function:
h /C3ðx;tÞ ðxþ/C1x;tþ/C1tÞi
that are created by the long-range vibrations exp½i/C25nðxþctÞ=L/C138as an example.
Since the experimental measurement is made over a range of time, let's say /C1T,
we need to calculate
Z
/C1T
0h /C3ðx;tÞ ðxþ/C1x;tþ/C1tÞi /C24ei/C25/C1x=L½ei/C25c/C1T=L/C01/C138:
AsLis on the scale of horizon, c/C1T/Lis close to zero.
Z/C1T

function:
Z
/C1T
Z/C1T
0h /C3ðx;tÞ ðxþ/C1x;tþ/C1tÞi /C24ei/C25/C1x=Lsinð/C25c/C1T=LÞ/C24ð/C25c/C1T=LÞei/C25/C1x=L:ð9Þ
The result (9) indicates that the correlation caused by the long-range vibration
is non-zero. This correlation varies on the order of the length of the horizon L.I ti s
proportional to the measurement time /C1T. Such correlation does not exist for the
normal string theory or particle physics where L is very small. However, in the wave
function interpretation of string theory, this large-distance correlation appears
naturally in UWFIST. It is a direct and obvious derivation from UWFIST.

Some of the consequences of this large-distance correlation derived from UWFIST
are that it can cause large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and large-
scale correlation in the CMB and other radiation or matter background.
It has been found that the statistical anisotropy and Gaussianity of temperature
°uctuations is mainly due to the long-range correlations.41,42There is also
further evidence of correlations between the WMAP data and two all-sky probes of
large-scale structure, the hard X-ray background observed by the HEAO-1 satellite
and the NVSS survey of radio galaxies.41,42This observation agrees with the
UWFIST.

UWFIST.
Because these long-range vibrations are quantum vibrations, their alignment is
determined by the measurement. It is similar to the observation of the polarization of
light. The observed polarization is determined by the direction of the polarizer. In the
same way, the alignment of the quadrupole and octupole modes is determined by themeasurement. Since all of our detectors are placed in the solar system and Earth in
the ecliptic plane, the alignment of both quadrupole and octupole modes should be
done with the ecliptic plane and equinox.Z. G. Sha & R. Xiu
1750012-6

1750012-6

We conclude that UWFIST can explain the large-scale anisotropies, non-Gauss-
ian distribution, and anomalous alignment. They are due to the large-scale quantum
vibrations predicted in UWFIST. In fact, we suggest that the large-scale aniso-
tropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment provide the criticalexperimental evidence for UWFIST. Furthermore, UWFIST suggests that since
the large-scale quantum vibrations are the source for dark energy, the large-scale
anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment can also provide
some detailed information about dark energy.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
In this paper, we show that the universal wave function formulation of string theory
(UWFIST) can explain the large-scale anisotropies and the anomalous alignment of
cosmic background radiation. We show that the long-range quantum vibrations,
predicted in UWFIST, can cause the large-scale anisotropies and anomalous align-

ment in the microwave background and other matter and radiation background. The
anomalous alignment with the solar system is due to that fact that the measurement
is made in the solar system. The anomalous alignment does not violate the Coper-
nican principle.
39we have shown that from UWFIST, we can estimate the
vacuum energy and cosmological constant consistent with the experimental result
using the age of the universe and the fundamental constants },G, and c. We suggest
that the large-scale anisotropies and the anomalous alignment of CMB radiation and

other matter and radiation provide further evidence and con¯rmation for the validity
of UWFIST as a promising grand uni¯ed theory.
The calculation of the correlation function caused by the long-range vibration
in (9) indicates that the correlation function is proportional to the measurement time
/C1T. The experimental proof of this result can be used as a further validation of
UWFIST as the grand uni¯cation theory. We will explore this in the future work.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Ervin Laszlo, and many others for their help, support and encour-
agement with this project. We also would like to thank Edward Wuenschel forediting our research papers.

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1750012-9

RESEARCH
 
ARTICLE
 
T
HE COMPOSITION OF EXISTENCE AND THE DEFINITION OF SPIRIT, HEART AND MIND 
ACCORDING TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
 
1
*, 2
Rulin Xiu
 
1
Tao Academy, 30 Wertheim Court, Unit 27D, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 1B9,
 
Canada
 
2
-
 
ARTICLE INFO
                     
ABSTRACT
 
Due 
The study of the composition of our existence is divided into two schools: natural science and 
social 
or spiritual disciplines. Natural science tells us we are made of matter and energy. Social or 
spiritual disciplines study the spiritual and conscious aspects of our existence. In this paper, we 
demonstrate that everyone and everything is made of matter, e
nergy, and information. Wepropose to 
identify and define spiritas the content of information,
 
spiritual heart as the receiver of information,

data\THE COMPOSITION OF EXISTENCE AND THE DEFINITION OF SPIRIT, HEART AND MIND ACCORDING TO QUANTUM PHYSICS.pdf

spiritual heart as the receiver of information, 
and mind as the processor of information respectively. We will show that these definitions make it 
possible to use
 
quantum physics to explain and study spiritual phenomena, pavingthe way to integrate 
spirituality and natural science at the fundamental level. Furthermore, this framework reveals a great 
deal about the true potential of human beings and how they can acce
ss higher powers.
 
Copyright©
201
8
,
 
.
 
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits 
unrestricted use, distribution
 
and
 
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

201
8
,
 
.
 
and
 
INTRODUCTION
 
What is everything made of at the most fundamental level? 
Natural science observes our physical existence and tells us
 
that we are made of matter.
 
Physics, as the foundation of 
natural science, studies all the material aspects of our 
existence. It uses quantities such as mass, weight, volume, 
energy, velocity, entropy, electric field, spin, and more to 
describe an object.
  
Quantities in physics are the items that can 
be measured physically and calculated mathematically. Physics
 
laws use mathematical formulas to express repeatable

laws use mathematical formulas to express repeatable 
experiments. Because of the repeatability and calculability of 
the physics laws, physics and n
atural science have the great 
ability to create inventions to utilize, transform, and transport 
matter.The resulting inventions and new technologies have 
made it much easier to perform physical work. Physics and 
natural science have helped people live bett
er lives on the 
physical plane.
 
Quantum physics is currently the most 
fundamental physics theory that explains what everything
 
is 
made of and how everything works at the deepest level.

is 
made of and how everything works at the deepest level. 
Quantum physics has changed our lives with advanced 
technology as well 
as profound insight about our existence.
 
The spiritual and conscious aspects of our existence are also 
important for our well
-
being. They are normally explored in 
social sciences, such as philosophy and psychology, as well as 
spiritual and religious studie
s and practice.  
 
*Corresponding author: 
Rulin Xiu
 
-
266 E. Kipimana St, Keaau, 
HI 96749, USA
.
 
Currently, research in cognitive science starts to explore the 
mystery about consciousness scientifically.
 
In 
general, since

Rulin Xiu
 
-
.
 
In 
general, since 
the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century, natural 
science has excluded the study of spirituality and 
consciousness. Given the high impact of technology and 
science in our lives, we argue that this exclusion contributes to 
making 
us more materialistic, causing deep separation and 
disharmony within each person, our societies, our 
environment, and the world. Therefore, it is important to 
incorporate the study of soul, or spirit, and the spiritual heart, 
mind, and consciousness into n
atural science.
 
Thus far, 
parapsychology 
(
Harvey
, 2007; 
Cordón, Luis
, 2005) 
is
 
a

making 
 
Thus far, 
(
Harvey
, 2007; 
, 2005) 
is
 
a 
discipline thathas attempted to use the scientific method to 
investigate the existence of spiritual and conscious abilities and 
phenomena, such as distant viewing, telepathy, psychokinesis, 
distant healing, and more. However, its status as a 
science
 
has 
been vigorously disputed 
(
Daisie Radner
 
and
 
Michael Radner
, 
1982; 
Paul Kurtz
Kendrick Frazier
, 1981; 
Terence Hines
, 2003; 
Michael
, 1998; 
Massimo Pigliucci
 
and
 
Maarten Boudry
, 2013).
 
Mainstream scientists regard the discipl
ine as 
pseudoscience
. 
Currently the controversies about parapsychology as a science

science
 
has 
(
 
and
 
, 
1982; 
Paul Kurtz
, 1981; 
, 2003; 
Michael
, 1998; 
 
and
 
, 2013).
 
ine as 
. 
Currently the controversies about parapsychology as a science 
revolve around three areas: the compatibility of 
parapsychological phenomena with the well
-
established laws 
of natu
ral science, the consistency and repeatability of research 
studies, and the progress and achievement of parapsychology 
over the last hundred years.
 
In this article, we give a brief 
review of quantum physics. Then we 
explore the
 
fundamental 
question about w
hat everyone and everything is made of. We 
propose and show that everyone and everything is made of 
 
International Journal of Information Research and Review
 
Vol. 05, Issue, 01, pp.5072
-
507
5
, January,
 
2018
 
-
507
5
, January,
 
2018
 
Received 1
4
th
 
October, 2017
 
Received in revised form
 
2
9
th
 
November, 2017
 
Accepted 
2
5
th
 
December, 2017
 
Published online 30
th
 
January, 2018
 
International Journal of Information Research and Review, 
January,
 
2018
 
Keywords:
 
Cryptography, Encryption, 
 
Image Encryption, Key Space.

matter, energy, and information. From this insight, we define 
spirit or soul as the content of information, spiritual heart as 
the receiver of information, 
and mind as the processor of 
information.(Wemake no distinction between spirit and soul 
and treat them as the same.)We then show how these 
definitions make it possible to explain and rigorously study 
spiritual phenomena using quantum physics, 
thereby provi
ding
 
a way to integrate natural science with spirituality at a 
fundamental level.
 
The 
indication of quantum physics about the constituents 
of the existence
 
Quantum physics is the most fundamental physics theory to 
date. It has been shown that classical 
physics is an 
approximation of quantum physics. Quantum physics yields 
the most accurate predictions about nature so far.
 
Quantum 
physics studies what everything is made of and how it behaves 
at the microscopic level. Studies in quantum physics indicate 
th

Quantum 
th
at at the deepest level, everything is made of various 
vibrations, also called waves. Vibrations or waves are
 
periodic 
oscillations extending over space and time. Quantum vibration 
also has the character of a particle in the sense that it has 
specific ener
gy and can only be absorbed or emitted as a 
whole.
 
According to quantum physics, everything
 
is basically a 
vibrational field consisting of various vibrations. These 
vibrational fields are described mathematically 
by wave
 
function. Wave function is the math
ematical formula that

whole.
 
by wave
 
ematical formula that 
expresses the properties and quantity of vibrations or waves of 
an object. Quantum physics provides ways to calculate wave 
function. From wave function, one can derive the characters 
and qualities of an object and make predictions.
 
We
 
propose 
that quantum physics suggests that everyone and everything is 
made of information, energy, and matter. 
Here we define 
matter as anything we measure, observe, and experience. For 
example, length, width, height, distance, weight, mass, charge, 
elect
ric field, spin, force, and many more are all different 
properties and aspects of matter.

We
 
propose 
elect
 
Energy is the ability to do work, such as lifting a weight and 
heating up a pot of water. Energy moves matter or changes its 
state. For example, heat, kinetic energy
, and potential energy 
can help do work which results in moving the matter and 
changing its state.
 
Information is what informs. To inform is to 
give an answer to a question. The answer to a question can be 
represented as yes and/or no.  Therefore, informat
ion can be 
represented as a series of yes’s and/or no’s.
 
The founding of 
information theory makes it possible to 
define information as a 
measurable mathematical quantity. Claude Shannon, the

ion can be 
 
measurable mathematical quantity. Claude Shannon, the 
founder of Information Theory, realized that to measure 
informati
on is to count the number of possibilities in an object 
(
Shannon
, 1948).
 
In the general case, Shannon found that the 
measure of information relates to the entropy discovered in the 
field of thermodynamics.
 
We propose that quantum physics 
supports the assum
ption that everything is made of 
information, energy and matter. Quantum physics tells us that 
everything is made of a vibrational field, which can be 
mathematically described by a wave function. A wave function 
describes the possible states, i.e. possibil
ities, of an object.

ities, of an object. 
Therefore, wave function accounts for the informational 
aspects of the object. The matter aspect of each 
vibration/particle or state is described by its frequency and 
wavelength and other quantities such as charge, mass, and 
more,
 
that
 
can be measured. Each vibration or state also carries 
energy. Quantum physics tells us that the energy E of a 
vibration is related to its frequency ν through the formula:
 
E = hν.
 
Here h is Planck constant, a physical constant discovered in 
quantum physic
s.  Planck constant describes the value of basic 
quantum action.
It is found to be of value 
6.62607004 × 10
-
34
 
m
2

that
 
E = hν.
 
-
34
 
m
2
 
kg / s.
 
Not only quantum physics indicates everything is 
made of information, energy, and matter, but classical physics 
also suggests this. 
Thermodynamics studies how pressure and 
temperature affect the movement of matter and energy. It uses 
an equation of state to describe a system. Thermodynamics 
discovers an important quantity to describe a system, which is 
entropy. Thermodynamics and infor
mation theory reveal 
thatentropy measures the information in a system. The basic 
equation of state in thermodynamics is:
 
dE = T dS 
–
 
P dV.

dE = T dS 
–
 
P dV.
 
Here E represents energy and dE is the change of energy. S is 
entropy and dS is the change of entropy. T is tempera
ture. P is 
pressure. V is volume, and dV is the change of volume. This 
equation basically describes the relation among matter, energy, 
and information. Therefore, thermodynamics supports our 
proposal that everything is made of information, energy, and 
matt
er.
 
Since classical physics is an approximation of quantum 
physics, we  conclude 
that physics
 
corroborates our 
assumption that everything is made of information, energy, and 
matter.
 
Definition of Soul, Heart, and Mind

matt
er.
 
matter.
 
Information has three related components: the content 
of 
information
, the receiver of information, and processor of 
information. 
We 
suggest that
 
soul (or spirit), spiritual heart, 
and mind represent these three aspectsof information. To 
clarify, they arede
fined in the following way:
 
Soul is the content of
 
information carried in everything.
 
Spiritual heart is the receiver of
 
information in everything.
 
Mind is the processor of the information in everything.
 
According to the above definition, everyone and 
everything 
has soul, heart, and mind, in addition to energy and matter.

has soul, heart, and mind, in addition to energy and matter. 
Quarks, electrons, atoms, molecules, cells, animals, plants, 
mountains, water, minerals, planets, stars, galaxies, and 
universes all have soul, heart, and mind. This is because 
everyon
e and everything carries, receives, and processes 
information.
 
With the above definition, soul, spiritual heart, 
and mind become measurable and calculable quantities. For 
instance, from the wave function, we can derive what kind of 
quantum information is 
inside something. In this way, we can 
calculate the quality and quantity of its soul. To calculate heart, 
we need to find out what kind of vibrations it can receive.

we need to find out what kind of vibrations it can receive. 
According to quantum physics, everyone and everything 
receives vibrations through resonanc
e. From its wave function, 
we can derive what kinds of vibrations the system can resonate 
with. In this way, we can know what kind of heart it has. 
Spiritual heart can be measured by a spectroscope. 
Spectrometry measures what kind of vibrations a system ca
n 
receive and/or emit. To know about the mind property of an 
object, we can calculate or measure how it behaves or responds 
after receiving a vibration. If we know its wave function, this 
can also be calculated.
 
50
73

n 
 
50
73
          
,
 
The composition of existence and the
 
definition of spirit, heart and mind according to quantum physics

Quantum Entanglement and Miraculous Spiritu
al Power
 
More accurately, quantum physics tells us that everything 
consists of quantum information, energy, and matter. Quantum 
information is the information carried by the object described 
by wave function 
(
Nielsen
 
et al., 
2010).
 
Classical information 
i
s carried by the object described by the equation of motion in 
classical physics. Quantum information has the amazing ability 
to teleport itself through quantum entanglement. To teleport is 
to transport quantum information instantly to another location 
wit
hout physically moving matter and energy.
 
Quantum 
entanglement
 
is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs 
or groups of particles/waves
 
are generated or interact in ways 
such that the quantum state
 
of each particle cannot be 
described independently of 
the others, even when the 
particles/waves are separated by a large distance. 
 
The quantum state must be described for the system as a

Quantum 
 
The quantum state must be described for the system as a 
whole. For the quantum entangled vibrations/particles or 
states, when one experiences a certain state, the other
 
(s) will
 
automatically and instantly experiencea certain corresponding 
state regardless of the distance.
 
Quantum entanglement 
phenomenon indicates that if one has quantum vibrations that 
are quantum entangled with other vibrations, when one’s state 
changes, it aff
ects
 
those
 
others instantly, independent of any
 
separation or distance. In the same way, one can also be 
affected by the ones with whom one’s vibrations are quantum 
entangled. The existence of quantum Entanglement

ects
 
those
 
entangled. The existence of quantum Entanglement 
phenomenon tells us that:
 
1.
 
By changing the
 
information within us, we may be able 
to affect others. This explains spiritual healing, soul 
healing, and 
psycho kinesis
.
 
2.
 
Our thoughts may affect others. Our 
thoughts are
 
vibrations carrying information. By changing our 
thoughts, we change the informatio
n. This may lead to 
changes in the information of those with whom we are 
quantum entangled.
 
3.
 
One may realize the ability 
to access
 
information of 
others with whom one shares quantum entanglements, 
demonstrating abilities such as clairvoyance and 
telepathy.

3.
 
to access
 
In other words, information about others 
may 
be
 
available to you if you are quantum entangled with 
them, even though you are not in direct contact with 
them.
 
4.
 
Our 
soul can
 
teleport: Teleportation is the transfer of 
information, energy, and matter to another location 
instantly without physical movement.
 
The more quantum entanglement one has with others, the 
greater is one’
 
spotential to demonstrate the abilities mentioned 
a
bove. We thus suggest that the parapsychological or spiritual 
abilities can be explained by quantum physics. Quantum 
physics provides a

a
 
theoretical and mathematic framework as 
well as experimental methods to demonstrate proof about the 
possibilities of the
se abilities.
 
Ancient Chinese Tao wisdom 
tells us that everyone and everything is made of Jing, Qi, and 
Shen. In the frame of this work, Jing is matter. Qi is energy. 
Shen is information and includes soul, heart and mind. In 
Chinese, the character “Shen” m
eans miraculous quality. This 
work can explain
 
Shen’smiraculous abilities.
 
Every culture and 
tradition has documented cases of people possessing the 
spiritual abilities mentioned here. 
Our physics
 
definition and

definition and 
insight about soul, heart, and mind provides
 
a way to explain 
these spiritual phenomena using quantum physics. It tells us 
that everyone and everything intrinsically has these miraculous 
spiritual abilities. It shows us that to enhance our spiritual 
power, one should enhance one’s quantum entangleme
nt with 
others.
 
Now it becomes meaningful to study scientifically how 
to enhance quantum entanglement and therefore, these 
abilities. We believe paying attention to, developing, and 
utilizing these abilities through the power of Shen (soul, heart 
and mind)
 
can help take humanity to the next level of

nt with 
others.
 
and mind)
 
can help take humanity to the next level of 
existence.
 
In this paper, we show that everyone and everything is made of 
information, energy, and matter. We propose to define soul as 
the content of quantum information, heart as the receiver of 
q
uantum information and mind as the processor of quantum 
information. We show that with this definition, quantum 
physics can explain spiritual phenomena and abilities. This 
demonstrates that parapsychological phenomena are 
compatible with the well
-
establish
ed laws of natural science. It 
provides a way to integrate the natural science with spiritual 
and conscious studies.

q
-
establish
 
This work has application in the natural 
sciences, such as physics, medicine, biology, environmental 
science, and geology as well as social
 
sciences such as 
education, psychology, philosophy,
 
and more. It also has 
application in the emerging science of healing. This work also 
provides a new metaphysical explanation of quantum physics. 
We will explore these applications in our future work.
 
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*******
 
50
75
          
,
 
Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research paper, what does Information Mechanics propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics proposes a framework to explain the process of "It from Bit." </s>

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Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what problem does the article address regarding the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article addresses the cosmological constant problem and suggests that it is possible to derive a value of the cosmological constant consistent with astrophysical observation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what problem does the article address regarding the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article demonstrates that one may derive the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the article suggest about studying black holes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article points out that one may study what is inside a black hole and deduce that the entropy of a black hole to an outside observer is proportional to the area of the event horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the article suggest about Information Mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Based on the various problems Information Mechanics may address, the article suggests that it could lead to the grand unification theory we seek. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is proposed as the framework where information determines and creates all observed phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are some of the disciplines mentioned that information plays a fundamental role in? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> sciences, philosophies, and ideologies </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the current understanding of the universe's creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the "big bang" </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are some of the attempts mentioned to explain the universe's fundamental aspects? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Grand Unification Theory and string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is highlighted as still missing in current string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Something is still missing. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what gives rise to elementary particles, forces, dark matter, dark energy, and the observed universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of yin yang elements, space-time and exclusion-exclusion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what do the laws of Information Mechanics lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An information action, which represents the maximum possibilities in a system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the information function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An extension of the wave function in quantum mechanics that calculates possible states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what gives rise to elementary particles and their wave-particle duality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is observed at the large scale? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark matter and dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, what is discussed in Volume XX, Issue Version I VXIV Year 2020? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The essential role of time in understanding the scale of the universe and proposing the use of Information Mechanics to calculate it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, what is the proposed method to calculate the scale of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Using Information Mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, who acknowledged the essential role of time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> John Wheeler. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, what is Information Mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A method to calculate the scale of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> time, scale of the universe, Information Mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this section, what are the keywords discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: cosmological constant, hierarchy problem, weak symmetry breaking scale, Planck scale, black hole, entropy, First Law of Information Mechanics, Second Law of Information Mechanics, yin yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this section, what does the First Law of Information Mechanics state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The First Law states that the observed phenomenon is determined by the information of the measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this section, what does the Second Law of Information Mechanics state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Second Law states that everything is made of yin and yang, which are opposite but co-created and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this section, what is the relationship between the weak symmetry breaking scale and the Planck scale? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We find that information action and function provide a way to study what is inside a black hole and also to derive the entropy of a black hole as seen by an outside observer to be proportional to the area of its event horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this section, what is the origin of the Second Law of Information Mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Second Law of Information Mechanics originates from ancient Chinese wisdom about yin yang [Ref 6, 7]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Second Law of Information Mechanics, what are the two basic elements that everything is made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Everything is made up of two basic elements, yin and yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Second Law of Information Mechanics, what are the characteristics of the two basic elements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These two elements are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Second Law of Information Mechanics, what does the interaction of the two basic elements create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of these elements creates everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Second Law of Information Mechanics, what are the two basic elements called in ancient Chinese wisdom? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These two basic elements are called yin and yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the fundamental yin-yang pair, what are proposed as the basic elements that create observed phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are proposed as fundamental yin-yang elements that create elementary particles, forces, dark matter, dark energy, and the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposal, what are information space and time related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> two basic measurements </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposal, what does information time relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> measurement of movement and change </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposal, what does information space relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> measurement of stillness and solidity </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposal, why are information space and time considered a yin-yang pair? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They are opposite and relative </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what determines the accuracy of measuring time and space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> amount of energy and momentum used in the measurement </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it take to measure time and space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to quantum physics, it takes energy and momentum to measure time and space. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring time, what is the relationship between energy and duration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To measure the time of duration ∆τ, it takes an energy of ∆𝐸𝐸 ~ ħ/∆𝜏𝜏. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring space, what is the relationship between momentum and size? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To measure a space of size ∆σ, it takes the momentum ∆𝑝𝑝 ~ ħ/∆𝜎𝜎. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of general relativity, what effect does energy have on space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to general relativity, energy curves space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring time, what happens when energy is used for measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> When one measures time interval ∆τ, the energy ∆E used for a time measurement will curve space-time and create a black hole with the horizon on the order of G∆E/c^4. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the uncertainty relation, what suggests that information space and time affect each other? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This uncertainty relation suggests that information space and time affect each other. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement, why are inclusion and exclusion considered a yin-yang pair? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We propose that inclusion and exclusion are the other basic yin-yang pair in measurement because, when one makes a measurement, one needs to give the information about what is included and what is excluded. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of all measurements, what are the two basic yin-yang pairs proposed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We propound that all measurements are based on these two basic yin-yang pairs: information space-time measurement and inclusive-exclusive measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the possible measurements mentioned, what are they combinations of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These measurements are various combinations of space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information mechanics, what is the dynamics proposed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The proposed dynamics is "It from Bit". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the first and second laws of Information Mechanics, what are the two basic measurements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> space-time measurement and inclusion-exclusion measurement </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the uncertainty relation between information space and time, what is the value of α? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> α=1/(lptp) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the second yin-yang pair, what are the two types of particles that exist in nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> fermions and bosons </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of fermions, what is their spin value? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> half (1/2) spin </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of bosons, how do they tend to behave? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They tend to clump </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of nature, what are the two types of particles corresponding to the inclusion and exclusion yin-yang pair? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Fermions and bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of nature, what is the spin of fermions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Half (1/2) spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of nature, what is the spin of bosons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Integer spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information space and time coordinates, how many elements are created? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Four elements. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the simplest actions in Information Mechanics, what do the four elements correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bosonic and superstring actions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the two types of space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One is the information space and time associated with the fundamental yin-yang pair ( τ, σ). The other is the physical measurement of space distance and time duration or physical location of space time 𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the relationship between information space and time and physical space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The physical space and time 𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇 is a projection from the information space and time (τ, σ), 𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇: (τ, σ) ->𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇 (τ, σ). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the projection from information space and time to physical space and time, what is the action A1? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action A1 becomes: 𝐴𝐴1′= 𝛼𝛼∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎 (−detℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 1/2. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the bosonic string, what is the expression for action A1? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the following, for the sake of the simplicity of illustration, we will work with the “bosonic string,” A1= α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿0. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the superstring, what is the expression for action A2? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One can follow and extend the same discussion to the general case of “superstring,” A2=α′∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information in a projection function and its relation to the information action, what is the information function Ψ? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information function Ψ is defined as Ψ=exp(i A), where A is the information action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the bosonic string and superstring, what are their respective information actions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the case of the bosonic string, the information action is A1=α∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿0. In the case of the superstring, the information action is A2=α′∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝑇𝑇0∫𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎𝐿𝐿0dθτdθσ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information function Ψ, how is it related to the amount of information I in a system? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information function Ψ is related to the amount of information I in a system through the formula Ψ=exp(i A). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the main goal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The main goal is to calculate correlation functions and scattering cross-sections. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the role of the information function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information function, analogous to the wave function in quantum physics, plays a central role in Information Mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, how does it differ from quantum field theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics differs from quantum field theory as it integrates over two-dimensional information space and time, while quantum field theory integrates over four-dimensional physical space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does the action integrate over? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action in Information Mechanics integrates over both time and space. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, how can the correlation function and scattering cross-section be obtained? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In Information Mechanics, the correlation function and scattering cross-section can be obtained through the information function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum field theory and Information Mechanics, what is the main task of quantum field theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The main task of quantum field theory is to calculate the correlation function and scattering cross-sections. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, how can the correlation function and scattering cross-section be obtained? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In Information Mechanics, the correlation function and scattering cross-section can be obtained through the information function in equation (9). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum field theory, what do the wavelength and frequency represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In quantum field theory, the wavelength and frequency are now replaced with the measurement scales T and L in Information Mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of particle physics, what are the basic constituents of everything? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The basic constituents of everything are elementary particles and fundamental forces. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of elementary particles, what is wave-particle duality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Wave-particle duality of elementary particles means that they behave like a wave but each elementary particle has its own specific mass and spin, no matter where and when one makes the measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wave-particle duality and fundamental forces, who proposed the idea and provided evidence through experiments? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Einstein and Niels Bohr </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the action 𝐴𝐴1′′ rewritten as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 𝐴𝐴1′′ [X, 𝛾𝛾] = 𝛼𝛼∫𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜎𝜎 (−det𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 1/2𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the three transformations that the action 𝐴𝐴1′′ is invariant under? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 1. D-dimensional Poincaré transformation
2. Diffeomorphism transformation </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the role of the metric tensor 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The possibility to introduce tensor 𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is due to the relativity between the yin yang, the information time and space (𝜏𝜏, 𝜎𝜎). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wave-particle duality, what is the behavior of elementary particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles have wave-particle duality, meaning that they behave like a wave but each elementary particle has its own specific mass and spin, no matter where and when one makes the measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the three transformations that the action 𝐴𝐴1′′ is invariant under? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> D-dimensional Poincaré transformation, diffeomorphism transformation, and two-dimensional Weyl transformation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what role do these symmetries play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These symmetries play a crucial role in the emergence and observation of elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, how are elementary particles specified? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles are specified by their mass and spin, which are invariants under Poincaré transformation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what represents the wave aspect of particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave aspect of particles is represented by the information function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the three symmetries of the information action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Poincaré symmetry, diffeomorphism symmetry, and Weyl symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Poincare symmetry, what are the two invariants under Poincaré transformation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mass and spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of elementary particles, how are they specified? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles are specified by mass and spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wave-particle duality, what represents the wave aspect of elementary particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information mechanics, what does information represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information represents different possibilities. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Poincare symmetry, what provides the information of physical space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Poincare symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what emerges from diffeomorphism symmetry? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> gravity and gauge forces </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what tensors describe gravity and gauge interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> physical space-time tensors </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what do the equations of motion associated with these forces follow? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the equations of motion </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the relevant concepts related to gravity and gauge forces? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Weyl invariance and holography </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what can induce gravity and gauge interaction in physical space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the introduction of physical space-time tensor metric 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) and anti-symmetric tensor 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the equations of motion associated with 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇) and 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋𝜇𝜇), what do they confirm? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They confirm the gravity and gauge interaction in physical space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance, what does it allow for obtaining? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It allows for obtaining the equations of motion for 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈, demonstrating that they follow the equations of motion associated with gravity and gauge force. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information regarding 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋) and 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋), how can their gravity and gauge interaction be further confirmed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They can be further confirmed by the equations of motion associated with 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋) and 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈(𝑋𝑋). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance, what can be obtained regarding 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From Weyl invariance, one can obtain the equations of motion regarding 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈, which shows that 𝐺𝐺𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝜇𝜇𝜈𝜈 follow the equations of motion associated with gravity and gauge force. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance, what is required for the preservation of Weyl invariance at higher orders? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The preservation of Weyl Invariance at the higher orders requires that βGμν= βBμν= 0. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the theoretical framework that incorporates classical physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics is the theoretical framework that incorporates classical physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does requiring Weyl invariance allow for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Requiring Weyl invariance allows for the emergence of Einstein's general relativity and gauge interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what can potentially be explained within this framework? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark energy and dark matter, which are observed in the universe, can potentially be explained within this framework. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the conditions for the generalized Einstein's equation and the anti-symmetric generalization of Maxwell's equations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The conditions are βGμν = βBμν = 0 for the generalized Einstein's equation and βBμν = 0 for the anti-symmetric generalization of Maxwell's equations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does Weyl invariance of the two-dimensional information space-time imply? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Weyl invariance of the two-dimensional information space-time implies that it is a hologram from which all observed phenomena, including physical space-time, elementary particles, gravity, and gauge interactions, emerge. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of dark energy and dark matter, what does the observed accelerated expansion and large structure of our universe indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observed accelerated expansion and large structure of our universe indicate an unknown source of energy, dark energy, and an unknown source of matter, dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of dark energy and dark matter, what can Information Mechanics explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics may explain the observation of dark energy and dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of dark energy and dark matter, what are dark energy and dark matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark energy and dark matter are phenomena observed in the large structure of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of dark energy and dark matter, what is the information function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information function is Ψ=exp(i𝐴𝐴1′′) = ∫𝒟𝒟𝑋𝑋 exp(i 𝐴𝐴1′′). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of dark energy and dark matter, why are the vibrations in the energy state (n, m) almost impossible to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are almost impossible to detect at this moment because, to observe them, it takes a detector as large as the universe or it takes time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information function Ψ, what are the frequencies and wavelengths of the vibrations in the energy state (n, m)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> There exist vibrations in the energy state (n, m) with the frequency νn= n/T and the wavelength λm = L/m. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information function Ψ, why are the vibrations with frequencies and wavelengths on the order of 1/T and L difficult to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are almost impossible to detect at this moment because it takes a detector as large as the universe or time as long as the age of the universe to observe them. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information function Ψ, why are these vibrations considered "dark"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are considered "dark" because they are very difficult to observe by detectors and can only be observed on the large structure of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information function Ψ, what are the potential candidates for dark matter and dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations in the energy state of the universe are potential candidates for dark matter and dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the calculated value of the cosmological constant in terms of the Planck unit? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The cosmological constant is calculated to be on the order of 10^-122 in terms of the Planck unit. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of estimating the vacuum energy using the information function, what value is obtained for the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A value consistent with observation is obtained. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the observed space, how is the vacuum energy density given? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy density in observed space is given by ρvac= ρp3lp2/(8πL2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the lowest energy of the vacuum fluctuation, what is the energy value? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The lowest energy of the vacuum fluctuation is E0n,m = ħ/2T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the total vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The total vacuum energy is ħL/(2lp2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, how is the total number of possible states N determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> N = TL/(lptp). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the formula for the total vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Evac = ħ L/(2 lp2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the formula for the vacuum energy density in three-dimensional observed space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ρvac= ρp3lp2/(8 πL2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the formula for the cosmological constant Λc? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Λc = 3ρp lp2/L2. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the value of the cosmological constant Λ? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Λ = 3 x10−122ρp. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the value of the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The value of the cosmological constant in Information Mechanics is 2.888 x 10^-122 in Planck units. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what problem does it address regarding the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information Mechanics is able to address the large hierarchy problem regarding the cosmological constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the two outstanding hierarchy problems in physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The two outstanding hierarchy problems in physics are the cosmological constant problem and the derivation of the large difference between weak force and gravity, or equivalently between Higgs mass and Planck mass. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the information action A2 written in terms of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information action A2 is written in terms of complex coordinates, z, 𝑧𝑧̅, θ, and 𝜃𝜃̅. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superspace and supersymmetry in observable spacetime, what do bosonic spacetime coordinates correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Observable spacetime. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superspace and supersymmetry in observable spacetime, what do fermionic spacetime coordinates correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the term Fμ represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The auxiliary field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superspace Xμ(z, 𝑧𝑧̅, θ, θ�), what is the invariance under the transformation between space-time bosonic coordinates and fermion coordinates called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Christoffel connection, what is it related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is related to the gravitational interaction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Hνρσ(X), what is it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Hνρσ(X) is the anti-symmetric tensor field strength. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Higgs mechanism, who originally suggested it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Higgs mechanism was originally suggested in 1962 by Philip Anderson when he noticed the similarity between electroweak symmetry breaking and superconductivity [Ref 21, 22]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does equation (19) describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The equation (19) describes interactions between fermions and gauge fields, which can lead to the formation of coherent fermion pairs and break gauge symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can the ground state energy resulting from the BCS mechanism cause? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The ground state energy can result in space-time compactification and super symmetry breaking. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the order of the non-perturbative ground state potential energy according to the BCS mechanism? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The non-perturbative ground state potential energy, according to the BCS mechanism, is on the order of the state density and interaction potential. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the relationship between the Higgs mass and the space-time compactification scale? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Higgs mass is exponentially smaller than the space-time compactification scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are some keywords related to the topic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> interactions, fermion pairs, gauge symmetry breaking, space-time compactification, super symmetry breaking, ground state potential energy, BCS mechanism, Higgs mass. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the value of W? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> W = - ncℏ𝜔𝜔exp[-1 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the energy term ℏ𝜔𝜔? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The energy term ℏ𝜔𝜔 corresponds to the energy of space-time vibration. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the proposed relationship between a black hole and physical space-time compactification? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A black hole is related to physical space-time compactification in the observable four-dimensional space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what action is used to study black holes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action (18) is used to study black holes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the equation, what does it describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The equation describes the potential energy and kinetic energy balance in a black hole, suggesting that it has an ordered and coherent structure similar to a crystal or liquid crystal. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the action formula, what does it allow for studying? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action formula allows for studying the dynamics inside a black hole with matter, space-time, gravity, and gauge interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the balance between kinetic energy and potential energy, what could it lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The balance between the kinetic energy and potential energy could lead to a new stable ground state. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the internal structure of a black hole, what is it similar to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The internal structure of a black hole is similar to a crystal, or liquid crystal, or some other ordered and coherent state. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the action A2, what can it enable us to study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action A2 can enable us to study the detailed dynamics inside a black hole with matter, space-time, gravity, and gauge interactions all present in one formula. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what determines the observed phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what are the two basic principles and laws proposed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> unknown </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does the holographic principle state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The maximum information is proportional to the area covered by the information space-time, not the physical space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, where does the coincidence between the area covered by physical space and information space-time occur? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> four-dimensional physical space-time </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is derived in terms of information action and information function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> observed phenomena, such as physical space-time, elementary particles and their wave-particle duality, fundamental forces, classical equations of motion, dark matter, and dark energy </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what may emerge from information Mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> classical physics, quantum physics, quantum field theory, and string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is a possible derivation consistent with astrophysical observation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a value of the cosmological constant </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does the theoretical framework propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> particles and their wave-particle duality, fundamental forces, classical equations of motion, dark matter, and dark energy can emerge from the concept of information action and information function </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what can be derived from this framework? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> classical physics, quantum physics, quantum field theory, and string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does it offer the possibility of deriving? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the value of the cosmological constant and explaining the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does it allow the study of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> what is inside a black hole </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what does it suggest about the entropy of a black hole? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the area of its event horizon </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is needed for further research? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> further research is needed </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, who are some notable references? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> John Archibald Wheeler and Hermann Weyl </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are some notable works on various topics in physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Some notable works include "Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam" by John Wheeler, "Superstring Theory" by Michael Green, John Schwarz, and Edward Witten, and "The Secrets In The Book of Changes" by Zeng Shiqiang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what subjects do these references cover? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These references cover a range of subjects in physics, including quantum theory, string theory, and the philosophy of science. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what valuable information do these references provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These references provide valuable information for anyone interested in the field of physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, who is the author of the book "Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> John Wheeler. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, who are the authors of the book "Superstring Theory"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Michael Green, John H. Schwarz, and Edward Witten. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tao Science, what is the full title of the book written by Sha and Xiu? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao Science, Heaven’s Library Publication </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of ISBN, what is the ISBN number of the book "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals" by Feynman and Hibbs? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ISBN 0-07-020650-3 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Microwave Anisotropy Probe, what is the title of the article written by Hinshaw et al.? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the book "The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta", who are the authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Albert Einstein, Leopold Infeld </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Information Mechanics, what is the equation for S? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> S = 𝐿𝐿2 𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑝2 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Detection of cosmic microwave background structure in a second field with the Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope, what was detected? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Detection of cosmic microwave background structure in a second field with the Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 high-redshift supernovae, what was measured? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 high-redshift supernovae. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant, what evidence was observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Implications of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking, what are the implications? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Implications of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Implications of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking: An Addendum, what is the addendum about? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Implications of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking: An Addendum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observational evidence for an accelerating universe and cosmological constant; implications of dynamical symmetry breaking; theory of superconductivity; black holes and time warps; gravitational collapse and space-time singularities; laws of black hole mechanics; holographic principle. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Observational evidence for an accelerating universe and cosmological constant; implications of dynamical symmetry breaking; theory of superconductivity; black holes and time warps; gravitational collapse and space-time singularities; laws of black hole mechanics; holographic principle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of R.A.; Smith, R.C.; Spyromilio, J.; Stubbs, C.; Suntzeff, N.B.; Tonry, J. (1998). "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating
Universe and a Cosmological Constant". The
Astronomical Journal. 116 (3): 1009– 1038. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> R.A.; Smith, R.C.; Spyromilio, J.; Stubbs, C.; Suntzeff, N.B.; Tonry, J. (1998). "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating
Astronomical Journal. 116 (3): 1009– 1038. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of S. Weinberg, “Implic ations of Dynamical Symmetry
Breaking,” Phys. Rev. D13 (1976) 974– 996. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> S. Weinberg, “Implic ations of Dynamical Symmetry
Breaking,” Phys. Rev. D13 (1976) 974– 996. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of S. Weinberg, “Implications of Dynamical Symmetry
Breaking: An Addendum,” Phys. Rev. D19 (1979) 1277– 1280. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> S. Weinberg, “Implications of Dynamical Symmetry
Breaking: An Addendum,” Phys. Rev. D19 (1979) 1277– 1280. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of L. Susskind, “Dynamics of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in the Weinberg -Salam  Theory,” Phys. Rev.
D20 (1979) 2619– 2625. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> L. Susskind, “Dynamics of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in the Weinberg -Salam  Theory,” Phys. Rev.
D20 (1979) 2619– 2625. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of E. Gildener, “Gauge Symmetry Hierarchies,” Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 1667. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> E. Gildener, “Gauge Symmetry Hierarchies,” Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 1667. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (April 1957). "Microscopic Theory of Superconduc -
tivity". Physical Review. 106 (1): 162 -164. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (April 1957). "Microscopic Theory of Superconduc -
tivity". Physical Review. 106 (1): 162 -164. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (December 1957). "Theory of Superconduc -
tivity". Physical Review. 108 (5): 1175– 1204. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (December 1957). "Theory of Superconduc -
tivity". Physical Review. 108 (5): 1175– 1204. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Thorne ,
Kip S.; Hawking, Stephen (1994). Black
Hole
s and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous
Legacy . W. W.
Norton & Company. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Thorne ,
Hole
Norton & Company. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Penrose, R
. (1965).
"Gravitational Collapse and
 Singularities". Physical R
eview
Letters . 14 (3): 57- 59. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Penrose, R
. (1965).
eview
Letters . 14 (3): 57- 59. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B. ; Hawking, S. W. (1973).
"The four laws of black hole mechanics".
Communications in Mathematical Physics . 31 (2):
161– 170. answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B. ; Hawking, S. W. (1973).
161– 170. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of 't Hooft, G. (2001). "The Holographic Principle". In Zichichi, A. (ed.). Basics and Highlights in provide 5 question and answer pairs base on the text above ,
The Question must begin with
"The Holographic Principle". answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 't Hooft, G. (2001). "The Holographic Principle". In Zichichi, A. (ed.). Basics and Highlights in provide 5 question and answer pairs base on the text above ,
"The Holographic Principle". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what are some keywords related to black holes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: black holes, gravitational collapse, space-time singularities, laws of black hole mechanics, holographic principle, Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what does the information discuss about black holes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This information discusses various aspects of black holes, including their formation through gravitational collapse, the laws governing their mechanics, the holographic principle, and the microscopic origin of their entropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the book that contains the information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the paper by Penrose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what are the four laws of black hole mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "The four laws of black hole mechanics". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the paper by 't Hooft? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "The Holographic Principle". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the paper by Strominger and Vafa? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is proposed as a new interpretation of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A new interpretation of quantum physics based on a new definition of consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the content of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Spirit or soul. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the receiver of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Spiritual heart. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the processor of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, how does it explain the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Through the definitions of spirit or soul as the content of information, spiritual heart as the receiver of information, and mind as the processor of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, how does it define spirit or soul? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spirit or soul as information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the spiritual heart represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the receiver of information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the role of the mind? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the processor of information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, how does it explain the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> through the definitions of spirit, spiritual heart, and mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the interpretation of quantum measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the manifestation of physical phenomena through the soul, spiritual heart, and mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are the keywords related to the interpretations of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: metaphysical interpretation, universal wave function interpretation, quantum measurement, mind, consciousness, subjective and non-deterministic nature of quantum nature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what controversies are discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article explores metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations of quantum physics, aiming to understand and resolve controversies surrounding the subjective and non-deterministic nature of quantum measurement, while also discussing the role of the mind, consciousness, and the spiritual aspects of reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the purpose of exploring metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article explores metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations of quantum physics, aiming to understand and resolve controversies surrounding the subjective and non-deterministic nature of quantum measurement, while also discussing the role of the mind, consciousness, and the spiritual aspects of reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the role of the mind and consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article explores metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations of quantum physics, aiming to understand and resolve controversies surrounding the subjective and non-deterministic nature of quantum measurement, while also discussing the role of the mind, consciousness, and the spiritual aspects of reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the focus of the metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article explores metaphysical and universal wave function interpretations of quantum physics, aiming to understand and resolve controversies surrounding the subjective and non-deterministic nature of quantum measurement, while also discussing the role of the mind, consciousness, and the spiritual aspects of reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics is the fundamental theory of physics that studies the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it challenge? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics challenges the foundations of classical physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the basis of the theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The basis of quantum physics is vibrations or waves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what describes the properties and quantities of vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A wave function describes the properties and quantities of vibrations or waves of an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the ongoing debate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The metaphysical interpretation of quantum physics remains a subject of ongoing debate. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are wave functions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A wave function is the mathematical formula that expresses the properties and quantities of vibrations or waves of an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the controversy related to determinism? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In classical physics, everything is described by equations of motion which are deterministic. However, quantum physics is fundamentally non-deterministic. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, why do some scientists, including Albert Einstein, not accept it as the fundamental theory of physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Because of the probabilistic nature of quantum physics, it conflicts with the deterministic nature of classical physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the measurement problem? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The measurement problem involves the debate about why our world appears definite while the underlying quantum nature is the superposition of many possible vibrational states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the second controversy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The second controversy is that the concept of quantum phenomena conflicts with the concept of objectivity in natural science and scientific research. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the physics debate, what is the quantum nature of our world? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The underlying quantum nature of our world consists of multiple possible vibrational states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the controversy in quantum physics, what does the concept of objectivity in natural science state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of objectivity in natural science states that natural phenomena are objective and their existence does not depend on the action of the observer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the role of observers and the measurement process? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In quantum physics, phenomena are subjective and depend on the action of observers and the measurement process. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what has caused scientists to question its completeness or correctness as a theory about reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The distinguishing qualities of quantum physics, such as the superposition of vibrational states and subjective phenomena, have caused scientists to question its completeness or correctness as a theory about reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is one of the interpretations proposed to make sense of it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One of the interpretations proposed to make sense of quantum physics is the Copenhagen interpretation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum mechanics, what are some of the different interpretations discussed in the paper? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper explores the Copenhagen interpretation, the pilot-wave theory, and the many-worlds interpretation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of relating mathematical formalism to experimental facts, what is the challenge discussed in the paper? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper discusses the challenge of relating mathematical formalism to experimental facts. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Copenhagen interpretation, how does it view physical reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Copenhagen interpretation discards the idea of the objectiveness of physical reality and reduces physics to a subjective discipline. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the pilot-wave theory, what does it postulate in addition to a wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The pilot-wave theory postulates an actual configuration that exists even when unobserved, in addition to a wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the many-worlds interpretation, what does it suggest about the wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The many-worlds interpretation suggests that the wave function describes the actual existing parallel universes, the multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does it propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper proposes a new understanding of existence based on information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what can this understanding provide a scientific definition of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This understanding can provide a scientific definition of spirit or soul, spiritual heart, and mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does it emphasize the importance of understanding? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding matter, energy, and information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does it suggest quantum physics can be used to explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics can be used to explain spiritual phenomena such as intuition, telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, distant healing, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is considered as matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Matter is considered as everything we can measure and observe, including properties and phenomena such as length, width, height, distance, weight, mass, charge, electric field, spin, force, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are the fundamental components of our existence? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Matter, energy, and information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of matter, what does it encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Measurable properties and phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of energy, what does it enable? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Movement and change in matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, what does it give shape and form to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Observed phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information theory, what does information describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Possibilities and potentialities of something. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wave functions, what does it describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The possible states, i.e., waves, as well as the energy and other physical quality of the waves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, what are the three aspects mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The content of information, receiver of information, and processor of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena, what can be used to explain telepathy, clairvoyance, distant healing, intuition, direct knowing, and psychokinesis? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum entanglement phenomenon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of controversies in quantum physics, what is suggested as a new way to address them? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The insight that everything is made of information, energy, and matter, and the definitions of soul, heart, and mind as three components of information inside something. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what controversy is addressed regarding intrinsic uncertainty and non-locality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The controversy about the intrinsic uncertainty and non-locality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the passage, what does the insight that everything is made of information, energy, and matter provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The insight that everything is composed of these three components provides a new perspective on quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the passage, why is quantum physics intrinsically uncertain and non-deterministic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The reason quantum physics is intrinsically uncertain and non-deterministic is due to the fact that everything is made of information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the passage, what is the probabilistic nature of information attributed to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The probabilistic nature of information is attributed to the intrinsic uncertainty and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the passage, what does information describe and measure within an object? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information describes and measures the possibilities and potentialities within an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the passage, what theory addresses the information aspect in quantum physics and thermodynamics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Claude Shannon's discovery of Information Theory addresses the information aspect in quantum physics and thermodynamics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the fundamental nature of everything, what is uncertain and non-deterministic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The fundamental nature of everything is uncertain and non-deterministic. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics explores uncertainty. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena, what concepts may explain their subjective nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concepts of soul, spiritual heart, and mind may explain the subjective nature of quantum phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observing quantum phenomena, what is required? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The use of detectors, such as cameras, is required. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, energy, and matter, what explains the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of information, energy, and matter explains the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what determines the observed quantum phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The detectors used and the placement of those detectors determine the quantum phenomena observed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what role do our hearts and minds play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Our hearts and minds, acting as detectors, play a crucial role in determining what is observed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does everything contain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Everything is a vibrational field containing information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, why is it subjective? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics is subjective due to the influence of our hearts and minds on the observed phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how are possibilities manifested? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The manifestation of possibilities depends on what our spiritual heart receives and how the mind processes it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the author propose can explain the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper proposes that the uncertain and non-deterministic nature of quantum physics can be explained by understanding everything as consisting of information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, how are the concepts of soul, spiritual heart, and mind defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of the soul, spiritual heart, and mind are defined as the content, receiver, and processor of information, respectively. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the role of the soul, spiritual heart, and mind in the manifestation of physical phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Their role in the manifestation of physical phenomena is likened to the measuring process of quantum phenomenon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the metaphysical interpretation of quantum physics provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This metaphysical interpretation of quantum physics provides a simple explanation and resolution to the controversies within the field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are the keywords associated with the content? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: quantum physics, information, energy, matter, soul, spiritual heart, mind, interpretation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics controversies, who were involved in the debates on the interpretation of quantum mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics controversies, who had contrasting viewpoints on the nature of reality and the role of consciousness in quantum theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Hugh Everett and David Bohm. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics controversies, what are the keywords associated with this article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: quantum physics, controversies, Bohr, Schrödinger, Born, Bohm, Everett. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics controversies, what does the article discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article discusses two controversies in quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics controversies, where can further details on these controversies be found? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The references provide further details on these controversies. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is one of the books mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> J. von Neumann, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what are two articles related to quantum physics and spirituality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, Composition of existence and the de¯nition of spirit, heart, and mind according to quantum physics and Z. G. Sha and R. Xiu, Spiritual heart and the manifestation of physical reality </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is one paper mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the book on quantum mechanics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information given, what is the title of the paper on the mathematical theory of communication? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A mathematical theory of communication </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the proposed new scientific definition of sickness emphasize? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the increase of negative information and decrease of positive information in a living system </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the proposed new scientific definition of healing emphasize? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the increase of positive information and decrease of negative information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the suggested benefit of addressing the root cause of diseases? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> more effective healing and the development of a new science of healing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the proposed new science related to healing called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> science of healing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the proposed new science related to life called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> science of life </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the content of the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: sickness, healing, root cause, science of healing, quantum physics, matter, energy, information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the summary of this new insight about sickness and healing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This new insight about sickness and healing can potentially lead to the development of a new science of healing by addressing the root cause of illnesses and incorporating the role of consciousness and information in health and well-being. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what breakthroughs has modern medicine made? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Modern medicine has made many breakthroughs that have significantly prolonged life. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the previous work mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our previous work (Sha & Xiu,  2018-1), we show that, from the quantum physics point of view, everyone and everything is the vibrational field which carries three elements: matter, energy, and information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the three aspects of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information has three aspects: content of information, receiver of information, and processor of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what are the three elements carried within the vibrational field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> matter, energy, and information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the content of information, what does it relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the soul and spirit </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the receiver of information, what does it relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the spiritual heart </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the processor of information, what does it relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific framework within quantum physics, what can be explained? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spiritual phenomena and wisdom, such as clairvoyance, telepathy, and spiritual healing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness and healing, what is positive information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Positive information is defined as the order a system has within itself and the degree of connection that a system has with other systems. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness and healing, what is negative information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Negative information is the disorder and degree of disconnection of a system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness and healing, what is the purpose of life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The purpose of life is to enhance and develop more positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness and healing, how can positive information be used to study a living system? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Positive information provides a way to give life a quantitative definition and may play a significant role in studying living systems and phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness and healing, what does negative information correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Negative information corresponds to the concept of entropy already defined and studied in current science. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the proposed scientific definition of sickness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper proposes a scientific definition of sickness as a state with a drastic increase in negative information and decrease in positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what aspects does the concept of sickness expand to include? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of sickness expands to include emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects as well as relationships, finances, and career. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the insight about consciousness and environment explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The insight about consciousness and environment explains how they affect our health and how some types of spiritual healing work. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the previous work define life as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The previous work defines life as a system that can maintain, develop, and enhance positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does negative information manifest as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Negative information manifests as sickness, difficulties, and challenges in our lives. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness, what does it encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects, as well as challenges in various areas of life </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness, what is the root cause of sickness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a lack of positive information and an increase in negative information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness, what can consciousness manifest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> sickness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness, what are the three significant aspects of this definition? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> includes not only physical sickness, but also emotional, mental, and spiritual sickness, as well as difficulties and challenges in relationships, finances, career, and more; tells us directly the root cause of all sickness, difficulties, and challenges; can explain why and how our consciousness can manifest sickness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of sickness, how can a positive state of consciousness affect one's life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> make one healthier and have better relationships, finances, and more success in one’s life </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of healing, what does healing mean? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To heal is to change the negative information in a system into positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of healing, how is healing defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To heal is to change the negative information in a system into positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of healing, how is healing described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To heal is to change the negative information in a system into positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of healing, what is the process of healing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To heal is to change the negative information in a system into positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific definition of healing, what is the goal of healing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To change the negative information in a system into positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of sickness and healing, what is the concept used to understand them? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Enhancing positive information and reducing negative information in one's vibrational field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of healing modalities, what do Western medicine and Traditional Chinese medicine focus on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Treating the physical body or balancing energy to increase positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of healing sickness, how can one achieve it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By directly changing one's soul, spiritual heart, and mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of soul healing, how can it be defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "Soul healing is the enhancement of positive information by changing the content of information in one's vibrational field." </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the placebo effect, what is it an example of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Soul healing. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of soul healing, what are some techniques that enhance positive information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> chanting, praying, forgiveness practice, and distant healing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of soul healing, what is the placebo effect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the fake treatment used in medical studies to compare the efficacy of a given treatment </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of soul healing, what does the efficacy of the placebo demonstrate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> giving positive information for soul healing is a valuable treatment </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of heart healing, what are some powerful ways to enhance positive information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> offering and receiving forgiveness, compassion, light, humility, harmony, gratitude, and service </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of mind healing, how does it enhance positive information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> by effectively processing and providing positive information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of heart healing, what is the role of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Spiritual heart is the receiver of information from the soul. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of heart healing, how can positive information be enhanced? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By receiving positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of heart healing, what are some powerful ways to heal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Feeling and receiving love, offering and receiving forgiveness, compassion, light, humility, harmony, gratitude, and service. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of mind healing, what is the function of the mind? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mind is the processor of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of mind healing, what is an effective way to heal various aspects of life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Understanding and applying wisdom. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of current medical treatments, what can soul, heart, and mind healing address? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of our existence, as well as our relationships and finances. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of current medical treatments, what is their effect mostly limited to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The physical level. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of developing advanced healing techniques, what can scientific definitions of sickness and healing provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Deeper insight and a broader view about sickness and healing. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of soul, heart, and mind healing, how can it take place? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Over distance without direct physical intervention. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of current medical treatments, what levels of sickness can they address? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Physical and energetic levels. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is Tao Calligraphy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao Calligraphy is a unique healing technique using Chinese calligraphy that transforms negative information into positive, leading to physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual healing and profound life improvements. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, how does Tao Calligraphy help in healing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao Calligraphy helps transform negative information into positive information when people connect with it or trace it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what are some examples of sicknesses that Tao Calligraphy has helped heal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao Calligraphy has helped heal physical sickness, emotional sickness, mental sickness, spiritual sickness, as well as difficulties and challenges in relationships, finances, career, and every aspect of life. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, how did Tao Calligraphy help Gayle's daughter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> With the help of Tao Calligraphy, Gayle's daughter became cancer free within two weeks. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, how did tracing Tao Calligraphy help David Meltzer? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tracing Tao Calligraphy for 15 minutes each day helped David Meltzer expand his business exponentially, from five employees to 55 employees within a short time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the scientific definition of sickness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> sickness can be given a scientific definition as the drastic increase of negative information and decrease of positive information in a certain aspect, a certain part, or a certain area of a living system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the new definition of sickness encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The new definition of sickness can describe and explain physical sickness, emotional sickness, mental sickness, spiritual sickness, sickness in relationships, finances, career, intelligence, and every aspect of life. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the new definition of healing entail? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The new definition of healing is increasing positive information and decreasing negative information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are some examples of spiritual healing practices? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Some examples of spiritual healing practices mentioned in the paper include chanting, reciting positive messages, and praying. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the presented case study of a healing technique? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The presented case study is of Tao Calligraphy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided references, what topics do they discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The references provided discuss topics related to quantum physics, the composition of existence, the definition of spirit, heart, and mind, positive information, and the definition of life. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the papers, where are they published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The papers are published in various international journals. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the references, who are the authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Sha, Z. G., & Xiu, R. L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the papers, what is the title of the first paper? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Composition of existence and the definition of spirit, heart, and mind according to quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the papers, what is the title of the second paper? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Definition and calculation of positive information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, what is its role in the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It was originally proposed to achieve a static universe but was later abandoned when the expanding nature of the universe was discovered. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, who initially introduced it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Einstein </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, what is its relationship to the vacuum energy density of space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is the vacuum energy density of space. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, what led to a reevaluation of its role? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Recent discoveries in observational cosmology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, what are some keywords associated with it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> cosmology, dark energy, string theory, universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observational cosmology, what percentage of the universe's mass-energy is dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 68.3% </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observational cosmology, what percentage of the universe's mass-energy is dark matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 26.8% </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Lambda-CDM model, what is the value of the cosmological constant in metric units? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 10^-52 m^-2 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Lambda-CDM model, what is the value of the cosmological constant in Planck units? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 10^-121 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the disagreement related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The disagreement between the value of the cosmological constant calculated theoretically and observed cosmological observations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the disagreement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the observed small value of cosmological constant and the theoretical non-zero vacuum energy </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the range of discrepancy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> from 40 to more than 100 orders of magnitude </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is supersymmetry? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the symmetry between the particles with integer spin (bosonic particles) and the particles with half spin (fermionic particles) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what do supersymmetric theories require of the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> to be exactly zero </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is one other theoretical approach to solve it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> multiverse theories </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is supersymmetry? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry is the symmetry between the particles with integer spin (bosonic particles) and the particles with half spin (fermionic particles). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what does supersymmetry require the cosmological constant to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry requires the cosmological constant to be exactly zero. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the drawback of supersymmetry in solving the non-zero cosmological constant problem? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry does not solve the non-zero cosmological constant problem. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what are multiverse theories? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Multiverse theories postulate a large number of "parallel" universes with different laws of physics and/or values of fundamental constants. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant problem, what is the anthropic principle? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The anthropic principle is the philosophical consideration that observation of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory is a mathematically consistent theory that can incorporate both quantum theory and general relativity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the goal of the grand unification theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The goal of the grand unification theory is to use one mathematical formula to explain all the fundamental forces and matters discovered so far and to integrate quantum physics and general relativity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the accepted interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The accepted interpretation of string theory is that it studies the quantum dynamics of a string, where the vibration of the string creates particles and interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the scale of the string in string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The scale of the string is set to be the Planck Scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the relationship being explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The relationship being explored is between dark energy, dark matter, and the cosmological constant within the framework of string theory's universal wave function interpretation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory studies the quantum dynamics of a vibrating string, creating particles and interactions at the Planck Scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the vibration of the string create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibration of the string creates particles and interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the scale set to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The scale of the string is set to be Planck Scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does dark energy refer to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark energy refers to an unknown energy source suggested by the observation that the expansion of our universe is accelerating. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the large-scale structure of our universe indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The large-scale structure of our universe indicates the existence of an unknown entity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the proposed new interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We present a new way to derive and interpret string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the observation of the accelerating expansion of the universe suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of an unknown energy source, dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the observed large-scale structure of our universe indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of an unknown matter source, dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the cosmological constant related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy appearing in the equation of gravitational field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is string theory able to unify? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics and general relativity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does string theory have the potential to predict? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the role of dark energy in relation to string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the study highlights the role of dark energy and the estimation of the cosmological constant in relation to string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the finite size of the string length? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> approximately 1.6 × 10-35 meters </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is lacking in our understanding of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> testable predictions </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does the achievement of string theory result in? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a consistent theory for all forces, including gravity </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: string theory, achievement, potential, testable predictions, uncertainty relationship, duality relationship, universal wave function interpretation, vacuum energy, dark energy, cosmological constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the achievement and potential of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The achievement and potential of string theory are significant, but it lacks testable predictions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the proposed interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A new interpretation using quantum physics and general relativity, called UWFIST, proposes an uncertainty relationship between space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does UWFIST calculate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST calculates the wave function of the universe, enabling estimation of vacuum and dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does UWFIST potentially align with? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST potentially aligns with current experimental observations of the cosmological constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics revolutionizing our understanding of space-time, what does it reveal about the accuracy of measuring time and space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics reveals that the accuracy of measuring time and space depends on energy and momentum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring time according to quantum physics, what is the relationship between energy and time duration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to quantum physics, to measure the time of duration ∆τ, it takes the energy ∆E ~ ħ/∆τ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring space according to quantum physics, what is the relationship between momentum and space size? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to quantum physics, to measure space of size ∆σ, it takes the momentum ∆P ~ ħ/∆σ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of gravity affecting time measurement, what does it create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> When one measures time interval ∆τ, the energy ∆E used for time measurement will curve the space-time according to general relativity and create a black hole. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the measurable causal region, what determines it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The measurable causal region is determined by the relationship between space and time, as described by equation (1). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the speed of light, what is the approximate value? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The speed of light is approximately 3 × 10^8 meters/second. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the measurable causal region, what condition determines if information can come out? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> When ∆σ is smaller than G∆E/c^4, no information can come out. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of considering both quantum effect and gravity, what is the condition for the causal region? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The condition for the causal region is given by ∆σ ∆τ ≥ lp tp. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the uncertainty relation between space and time, what is the non-commutation relation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The non-commutation relation between space and time is [σ, τ] = i lptp. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed action, how does it evolve the wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Action As evolves the wave function from ψ (0,0) to ψ (L,T) according to the space-time uncertainty relation and non-commutation relation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantization procedure in quantum physics, what does the action As indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action As evolves the wave function from an initial state to a final state. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantization procedure in quantum physics, what does the string action suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The string action suggests the need for a string-based approach when considering gravity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, how does it deviate from the usual interpretation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation integrates over the causal region and incorporates the age and length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of equation (4), what does the sum over all possible paths represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The sum over all possible paths represents the evolution of the wave function from ψ (0,0) at the space 0 and time 0 to ψ (L,T) at the space L and time T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what are T and L? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> T and L are the age and length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what are the two ways it deviates from the usual interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of string theory in two ways. Firstly, the world-sheet space σ and time τ integration of the action (3) is over the causal region. Secondly, the universal wave function Ψ (L,T) is introduced. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does the integration over the causal region involve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The integration over the causal region involves integrating over the world-sheet space σ and time τ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what are the variables T and L in the formula (4)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the formula (4), T and L represent the age and length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the significance of the universal wave function Ψ (L,T)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function Ψ (L,T) represents the wave function of our universe and includes all fundamental particles, gauge interactions, gravity, and large structures of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what can still be applied from the usual string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In UWFIST, the usual string theory calculations can still be applied. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what are the two sets of space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the 2-dimensional world-sheet (σ, τ) and the observed space-time Xμ (σ, τ) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the observed space-time Xμ (σ, τ)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is a projection from the world sheet to possibly a higher dimensional space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the action As in equation (5)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As = (1/lptp) ʃdτdσ g1/2gab ∂aXμ∂bXμ </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the general form of action (6) in the presence of massless background field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As = [iα ʃ0T dτ ʃ0L dσ g1/2 (gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4α Φ R)] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the universal wave function in the presence of background fields? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Ψ (Xμ (L,T), Gμν (L,T), Bμν (L,T), Φ (L,T)) = ∫DXμ Dgμν DBμν DΦ exp[iα ʃ0T dτ ʃ0L dσ g1/2 (gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4α Φ R)] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the universal wave function describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function in string theory describes the probability of our universe existing at specific space-time coordinates and background fields. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, how can the wave function be expressed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function can be expressed in terms of vibrations, indicating the presence of dark energy and dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what do the vibrations contribute to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibrations in the form of exponential functions contribute to the composition of space-time coordinates. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the result of extending the universal wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The result of extending the universal wave function is the inclusion of other massive vibrations and the ability to describe all fundamental particles, gauge interactions, gravity, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the wave function express in the vibrational space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function expresses what kind of vibrations exist in our universe and how much they exist at proper time T and horizon length L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what kind of vibrations exist in our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function Ψ (ωμ (L,T),κμν (L,T),…) expresses what kind of vibrations in our universe and how much they exist at proper time T and horizon length L in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what do the vibrations with wavelengths on the order of the causal horizon explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations, with wavelengths on the order of the causal horizon, may explain the existence of dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what could vibrations with extremely small masses explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Vibrations with extremely small masses could explain the existence of dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, why are these vibrations difficult to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are very fine and dark in the sense that it is very difficult to detect them. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, how long does it take to detect vibrations with the wavelength L? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of vibrations with small masses, what may explain the existence of dark matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of these vibrations with extremely small masses may explain the existence of dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of vibrations with small masses, why is it difficult to directly detect these massive vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Similar to the vibrations that cause dark energy, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to directly detect these massive vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the vacuum energy density, what is defined as the vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy is defined as the lowest energy state of the universal wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the vacuum energy in the world-sheet, what form of energy is assumed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> On the world-sheet, the energy is assumed to be in the form of a harmonic oscillator. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the vacuum energy of the world-sheet, what is the lowest energy of the vacuum fluctuation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The lowest energy of this vacuum fluctuation is E0n,m = h/2T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world-sheet energy, what is the lowest energy of vacuum fluctuation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The lowest energy of vacuum fluctuation is E0n,m = h/2T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world-sheet energy, what is the formula for the energy at the state (n,m) with frequency ν? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> En,m = (n + ½) h/T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the vacuum energy density in three-dimensional space, what is the equation for ρvac? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ρvac = Evac/(4π L3/3) = ρp lp2/(2L2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, how is it defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The cosmological constant is defined as Λc = 8π ρvac. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the vacuum energy density observed in three-dimensional space, how is it related to the length of horizon L? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy density observed in three-dimensional space is inversely proportional to the square of the length of horizon L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed universal wave function formulation of string theory (UWFIST), what does UWFIST explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By considering the evolution of the universal wave function through the string action, UWFIST explains the source and existence of dark energy and dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, how does it estimate the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Using the fundamental constants and the age of the universe, UWFIST provides an estimate for the cosmological constant that is consistent with experimental results. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the equation (5), what does it tell us about the vacuum energy density in three-dimensional space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The equation (5) tells us that the vacuum energy density observed in three-dimensional space is inversely proportional to the square of the length of horizon L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmological constant, how is it defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The cosmological constant is defined as Λc = 8πρvac. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST framework, what does it enable us to estimate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Within the UWFIST framework, using the age of the universe and the fundamental constants ħ, G, and c (speed of light), we are able to estimate the value of cosmological constant to the same order of magnitude as the observed value. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does it provide a new approach to understanding? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory provides a new approach to understanding dark energy, dark matter, and the cosmological constant problem. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does it calculate the evolution of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory calculates the evolution of the universal wave function through the string action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is needed to confirm its plausibility as a model for the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Further study and detailed calculations are needed to confirm its plausibility as a model for the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does it explain the source and existence of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory explains the source and existence of dark energy and dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what can it lead to the estimate of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory can lead to the estimate of the cosmological constant, possibly consistent with the experimental result using the age of the universe and the fundamental constants. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the citation, what does it discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This citation discusses dark energy, the cosmological constant, and provides references to studies on the early universe, observational evidence for an accelerating universe, high-redshift supernovae measurements, and observations from the MAP mission. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the citation, what does it provide information on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This citation provides information on dark energy and the estimate of the cosmological constant from string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the citation, what are some of the references mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The references mentioned include studies on the early universe, observational evidence for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant, measurements of omega and lambda from high-redshift supernovae, and observations from the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) mission. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations, what does the content mention about foreground emission? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This information includes observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) on foreground emission and temperature analysis. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the temperature analysis, what does the content mention about the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This information includes observations from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) on foreground emission and temperature analysis. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superstring theory, what does the content mention about it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Michael G, John HS, Edward W (1987) Superstring theory. Cambridge University Press, UK. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse concept, what does the content mention about it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bousso R, Susskind L (2011) Multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics. Physical Review D. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of general relativity, what does the content mention about it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Hobson MP, Efstathiou GP, Lasenby AN (2006) General Relativity: An introduction for physicists. Cambridge University Press, UK. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of theoretical physics, what is explored in this collection of sources? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This collection of sources explores various aspects of theoretical physics, including an introduction to string theory, the concept of parallel universes, the multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics, the anthropic bound on the cosmological constant, and the value of the cosmological constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the title of the book authored in 1998? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of parallel universes, what is the title of the book authored by Deutsch? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The fabric of reality: The science of parallel universes – and its implications. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics, which publication discusses it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics. Physical Review D. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anthropic bound on the cosmological constant, which publication presents it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Anthropic bound on the cosmological constant. Physical Review Letters 59(22): 2607– 2610. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the multiverse hypothesis aim to solve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The multiverse hypothesis aims to solve certain problems in cosmology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the current status of the multiverse theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Currently, the multiverse theory is largely ad hoc and not derived from fundamental laws and principles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the concern regarding the predictive power of the multiverse theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The predictive power of the multiverse theory is rather limited. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the universal wave function interpretation of string theory provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory provides a way to derive the mathematical expression of the multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the Weyl invariance in string theory indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Weyl invariance in string theory indicates that our observed universe is a projection from a hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the multiverse refer to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The multiverse refers to a hypothetical set of possible universes, including the universe in which we live. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what problems in cosmology does the multiverse aim to solve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The multiverse aims to solve problems in cosmology such as the cosmological constant problem. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, how is the mathematical expression of the multiverse obtained? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Currently, the mathematical expression of the multiverse is usually obtained in an arbitrary way. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse, how is the mathematical expression currently obtained? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The mathematical expression of the multiverse is currently obtained arbitrarily. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse, why is it impossible to experimentally test the validity of the theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The arbitrary nature of obtaining the mathematical expression makes it impossible to experimentally test the validity of this theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse, what is a concern related to definite observation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> There is concern about how a definite observation comes about and whether it is still possible to explain and calculate measured quantities. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse, what would the existence of a multiverse undermine? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of a multiverse would undermine the hope of finding a rational explanation for the precise values of quark masses and other constants. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse, what does this paper explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper explores a new development in understanding the multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST stands for universal wave function interpretation of string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what issues related to the multiverse hypothesis does the UWFIST provide a solution to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST provides a solution to issues related to the multiverse hypothesis. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the UWFIST allow us to derive? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST allows us to derive the formula expressing the multiverses from fundamental principles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what connection does the UWFIST show? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST shows the connection between the derived formula expressing the multiverses and the laws of physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the universal wave function interpretation suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory suggests that the wave function of the universe is created from a string-like action, leading to long-range quantum vibrations that may explain dark energy and the inflaton field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what potential does the approach of universal wave function interpretation have? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This approach has the potential to derive testable results and predict the dimensions of space-time, particle interactions, and fundamental masses in the multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the current status of string theory in terms of testable predictions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> However, current string theory still lacks significant testable predictions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and gravity, what is the uncertainty relation between space measurement and time measurement in the causal region? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ∆σ∆τ ≥ lp </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and gravity, what is the non-commutation relation between space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> [σ, τ] = ilp </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and gravity, what is the proposed string action that quantizes space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As = ʃdτdσ/lptp </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and gravity, how does the wave function evolve according to the universal wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ψ(L,T) = Σsum over all possible paths exp(iʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lptp)ψ(0,0) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and gravity, what is the integration range for the world-sheet space σ and time τ in the string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A s = ʃ0Tdτʃ0Ldσ/lp2 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory, what does the wave function encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function encompasses all fundamental particles, gauge interactions, gravity, and large structures up to the horizon scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory, what is the concept of the multiverse? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The multiverse represents different possible universes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory, what does quantum physics suggest about measurements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics suggests that different measurements can yield varying results in our observed universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function of the universe, what does Eq. 4 represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function of the universe (Eq. 4) represents the multiverse and is derived using the Universal Wave Function In-State Theory (UWFIST). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is our observed universe determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics states that our observed universe is determined by our measurements, which can yield different results. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Weyl invariance and generalized scale invariance, what can they explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Weyl invariance and generalized scale invariance can explain the fixed universal constants and laws of physics, such as equations of motion and specific masses of fundamental particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, how is the universe described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory suggests that the universe is a projection from a hologram, with a two-dimensional world-sheet and an observed space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory and the presence of a massless background field, what is the form of the action described in Eq. 7? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action in string theory (Eq. 6) describes this projection, and in the presence of a massless background field, it takes the form of Eq. 7. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the general form of Eq. (6) in the presence of a massless background field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A
s = [iʃ0Tdʃ0Ldg1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4ΦR)] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what are Gμν(, ), Bμν(, ), Φ(, )? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Gμν(, ), Bμν(, ), Φ(, ) are metric tensor, anti-symmetric tensor, and scalar background fields on the observed space. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of extending Ψ(Xμ(L, T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)), what can be included? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We can extend Ψ(Xμ(L, T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) to include other massive vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what does the Fourier transformation transform Ψ(L, T), Gμν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) into? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We can do a Fourier transformation to transform the wave function Ψ(L, T), Gμν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) into the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations ( ωμ, κμν,…). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what does the wave function Ψ(ωμ(L, T) provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function Ψ(ωμ(L, T), provides the probability for our universe to be at space-time (L, T) and background fields Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Fourier transformation, wave function, vibrations, universe, proper time, horizon length, world-sheet, Weyl symmetry, local rescaling invariance, metric, Xμ, Gμν, what can we do to transform the wave function Ψ(L, T), Gμν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) into the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We can do a Fourier transformation to transform the wave function Ψ(L, T), Gμν(L, T, Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) into the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations ( ωμ, κμν,…). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Fourier transformation, wave function, vibrations, universe, proper time, horizon length, world-sheet, Weyl symmetry, local rescaling invariance, metric, Xμ, Gμν, what does the wave function Ψ(ωμ(L, T), κμν(L, T),…) express? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function Ψ(ωμ(L, T), κμν(L, T),…) expresses what kind of vibrations exist in our universe and how much they exist at proper time T and horizon length L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Fourier transformation, wave function, vibrations, universe, proper time, horizon length, world-sheet, Weyl symmetry, local rescaling invariance, metric, Xμ, Gμν, what forms the world-sheet? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The proper space σ and time τ form the world-sheet. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Fourier transformation, wave function, vibrations, universe, proper time, horizon length, world-sheet, Weyl symmetry, local rescaling invariance, metric, Xμ, Gμν, what symmetry does the world-sheet have? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The world-sheet has the Weyl symmetry, the local rescaling invariance of the world-sheet metric. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Fourier transformation, wave function, vibrations, universe, proper time, horizon length, world-sheet, Weyl symmetry, local rescaling invariance, metric, Xμ, Gμν, what is the invariant equation under the local rescaling of the world-sheet metric? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Eq. (7) is invariant under the local rescaling of the world-sheet metric: g’αβ(τ, σ) = exp(2ω(τ, σ))gαβ(τ, σ), X’μ(τ, σ) = Xμ(τ, σ), G’μν(, ) = Gμν(, ). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what is the concept of the world-sheet? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of the world-sheet is that it is a hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what is projected from the world-sheet hologram? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Our observed space-time and physical interactions are projected from this hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, how are the classical equations of motion derived? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The classical equations of motion, including background fields and their variations, are derived by calculating higher order corrections while preserving Weyl invariance. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what occurs at the second order of the higher order corrections? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> At the second order, the following corrections occur: βGμν = αRμν + 2α׏μ׏νΦ + α/4HμλωHνλω+ O(α2), βBμν = -α/4׏ωHμλω+ α׏ωΦHωμν+ O(α2), βΦ = (D-26)/4 - α/2׏2Φ + α׏ωΦ׏ωΦ - α/24HμνλHμνλ+ O(α2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what is required to preserve Weyl invariance at the higher orders? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The preservation of Weyl invariance at the higher orders requires that βG, βB, and βΦ satisfy certain conditions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance preservation, higher order corrections, generalized Einstein's equation, Maxwell equation, hologram projection, derivation of particle masses, UWFIST, what is automatically preserved at the first order? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Weyl invariance is automatically preserved at the first order. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance preservation, higher order corrections, generalized Einstein's equation, Maxwell equation, hologram projection, derivation of particle masses, UWFIST, what threatens to violate Weyl invariance at the higher order? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The higher order corrections threaten to violate it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance preservation, higher order corrections, generalized Einstein's equation, Maxwell equation, hologram projection, derivation of particle masses, UWFIST, what are the equations representing the second order corrections? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> βGμν = αRμν + 2α׏μ׏νΦ + α/4HμλωHνλω+ O(α2) (9), βBμν = -α/4׏ωHμλω+ α׏ωΦHωμν+ O(α2) (10), βΦ = (D-26)/4 - α/2׏2Φ + α׏ωΦ׏ωΦ - α/24HμνλHμνλ+ O(α2) (11) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance preservation, higher order corrections, generalized Einstein's equation, Maxwell equation, hologram projection, derivation of particle masses, UWFIST, what is required for the preservation of Weyl invariance at the higher orders? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The preservation of Weyl invariance at the higher orders requires that βGμν = βBμν = βΦ = 0. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Weyl invariance preservation, higher order corrections, generalized Einstein's equation, Maxwell equation, hologram projection, derivation of particle masses, UWFIST, what does βGμν = 0 lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> βGμν = 0 leads to the generalized Einstein's equation with the source terms from the anti-symmetric tensor and dilaton. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the holographic projection theory, what explains the origin of fundamental particles and laws in the multiverse? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The holographic projection theory explains the origin of fundamental particles and laws in the multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what can be derived from it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The masses of elementary particles can be derived from the Unified Weyl Field Invariant Scheme (UWFIST) and its requirement of Weyl invariance. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the holographic projection theory, what may provide equations to gravity, electromagnetism, and other gauge interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This approach may provide equations to gravity, electromagnetism, and other gauge interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of particle physics, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Particle physics studies the fundamental particles that make up matter in the physical realm. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of elementary particles, what is one of the fascinating phenomena discovered in particle physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One of the fascinating phenomena discovered in particle physics is that particles also have "generations". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what role does the Higgs boson play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Higgs boson plays a crucial role in giving mass to elementary particles in the standard model. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of higher order Weyl invariance, what can be derived for gravity, electromagnetism, and other fundamental interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By considering Weyl invariance at higher order, further restrictions and equations can be derived for gravity, electromagnetism, and other fundamental interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of particle masses, how can they be determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By requiring Weyl invariance at higher order, further restrictions or equations can be obtained which may lead to the determination of particle masses. The masses are the possible solutions to these equations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of elementary particles, what insight can be provided by the determination of particle masses? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The determination of particle masses may provide insights into the existence of generations of elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the multiverse hypothesis, what is the relationship with the Unified Weyl Field Inflationary Standard Theory (UWFIST)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The multiverse hypothesis is a natural outcome of the Unified Weyl Field Inflationary Standard Theory (UWFIST) and can be mathematically derived from fundamental principles using UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the multiverse from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what does it reveal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of countless possible universes, with our own universe existing simultaneously in multiple states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the projection from a hologram in string theory, what determines the observed physics and potentially the masses of fundamental particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Weyl invariance in string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of determining the masses of fundamental particles, what are further calculations on Weyl invariance suggested for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Determining these masses. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function of our universe, what does it expose mathematically? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Countless possible universes existing simultaneously. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of our universe existing in multiple possibilities, what is it a projection from? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the suggested approach, what should one calculate to determine the masses of fundamental particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> higher order corrections of Weyl invariance </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the future work mentioned, what will be presented? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the work on calculating higher order corrections of Weyl invariance to determine the masses of fundamental particles </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the references, what is the title of the article by Kragh? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Contemporary History of Cosmology and the Controversy over the Multiverse </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the references, what is the title of the article by Steinhardt? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Big Bang Blunder Bursts the Multiverse Bubble </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the references, who are the authors of the article titled "The Case for Parallel Universes"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Max Tegmark, and Alexander Vilenkin </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what books and articles are included? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information includes books and articles on modern physics, string theory, dark energy, cosmological constant, large-scale anisotropy, anomalous alignment, inflation scheme, and quantum mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and author of book [7]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Baggott, Jim. 2013. Farewell to Reality: How Modern Physics Has Betrayed the Search for Scientific Truth. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and author of book [9]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Michael Green, John H. Schw arz, and Edward Witten. 1987. Superstring Theory . Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: Introduction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and author of book [12]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Sha, Z. G., and Xiu, R. L. 2017. “Derivation of Large-Scale Anisotropy a nd Anomalous Alignment from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory.” Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology on May 06, 2017. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and author of book [14]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Feynman, R. P., and Hibbs, A. 1965. Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals. McGraw Hill. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research paper, what is being derived? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of elementary particles from the law of creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research paper, what is the fundamental principle proposed by Xiao Gang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The fundamental principle that confirms and derives the existence of elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research paper, who are the authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dr. Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the law of creation derive? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the existence of elementary particles </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is string-net condensation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a way to generate elementary particles and unify light and electrons </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the law of creation propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> string theory, M theory, and the wave function of our universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the vibrational field of our universe give rise to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> different representations of Poincaré symmetry </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the wave-particle duality of elementary particles explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the specific mass and spin for elementary particles </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what are elementary particles composed of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles are composed of particles with integer spin (bosons) and half-integer spin (fermions). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what are elementary fermions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary fermions include electrons, muons, and quarks. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what are elementary bosons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary bosons consist of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what do gauge bosons mediate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Gauge bosons mediate electromagnetic, weak, and strong interaction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what is the role of the Higgs boson? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Higgs boson is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, what is currently described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> All of the elementary particles and fundamental forces, except for gravity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the standard model, why is it considered the most experimentally successful theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Because it gives a consistent description of the elementary particles discovered to date. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of going beyond the standard model, what are the major reasons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> First, one would like to know where the elementary particles come from. Second, one would prefer to have a unified theory for all fundamental particles and forces including gravity. Third, one wants to unify Einstein’s relativity theory with quantum physics based on one mathematically consistent formulation derived from one fundamental principle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of CreationISSN: 2641-886X, what does it provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Derivation of the Existence of Elementary Particles from the Law of Creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the search for a grand unification theory, what is string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory is a promising candidate for the grand unification theory. String theory incorporates gravity and other gauge forces in one mathematically consistent formulation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is still missing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Something is still missing in current string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of attempts to unify all matter and forces, what did Xiao Gang Wen and his colleagues propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Xiao Gang Wen and his colleagues proposed and demonstrated that light, electrons, and other fermions may come from the qubits that form a string-net condensed state. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed string-net condensed state, what are light and fermions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Light is basically collective motions of strings, and fermions are ends of open strings in the string-net condensed state. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed string-net condensed state, what is still unknown? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> However, it is unknown how to explain this interesting result from a fundamental principle or law. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the proposed origin of light and fermions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> light and fermions may come from the qubits that form a string-net condensed state </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the law of creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the law of creation explains the process of existence and suggests it as a fundamental principle for a grand unification theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the concept of yin yang interaction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> yin yang interaction is the fundamental principle that creates our universe and leads to string theory and its interpretations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the law of creation state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the law of creation states that everything is created from emptiness through yin yang interaction </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are the two fundamental yin yang pairs that create our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the space and time yin yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion yin yang pair create our universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the law of creation, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin and yang are two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the law of creation, what is the process of "it from bit" proposed by John Wheeler? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The process of "it from bit" describes the process of how information creates everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of human measurements, what are the two basic yin yang pairs proposed by the law of creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The two basic yin yang pairs proposed by the law of creation are space and time measurement, and inclusion and exclusion measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the law of creation, what does the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of the space-time yin yang pair creates our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what is represented by equation (1)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Equation (1) represents the simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of space-time yin yang pair, what is the simplest action represented by equations (1) and (2)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair is represented by equations (1) and (2). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the simplest action, how is space and time represented? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the simplest action, space is represented by the symbol σ and time is represented by the symbol τ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the age and horizon of our universe, what do T and L represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of the age and horizon of our universe, T represents the age of our universe and L represents the horizon of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the constant α, what is its value? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our recent work, it has been shown that α has a value of 1/(lptp), where tp is the Planck time and lp is the Planck length. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the actions (1) and (2), what theories do they correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The actions (1) and (2) correspond to string theory and M-theory or superstring theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what does UWFIST propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST proposes using Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum physics to calculate the wave function of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what can UWFIST potentially predict? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST has the potential to predict dark matter, dark energy, and inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, what can UWFIST explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST can explain observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments in the microwave background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the wave function of our universe, how is everything mathematically represented? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Everything is mathematically represented by a wave function in Quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the wave function of our universe, what method can be used? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum physics can be used to calculate the wave function of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it suggest about the nature of our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests that our universe consists of many possibilities and states, making it a multiverse. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it explain about the laws of nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It explains the laws of nature through Weyl symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, how are elementary particles linked to the invariance of Poincaré symmetry? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The emergence of elementary particles is linked to the invariance of Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it predict about dark matter, dark energy, and inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It has the potential to predict dark matter, dark energy, and inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it explain about the large-scale anisotropies and non-Gaussian distributions in the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It explains the observed large-scale anisotropies and non-Gaussian distributions in the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of elementary particles, what remains unchanged regardless of location and detector? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The mass and spin of an elementary particle remains unchanged. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the emergence of elementary particles, what is the proposal for their existence? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The appearance of elementary particles is due to Poincaré symmetry intrinsic in the action that creates our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what are the two sets of space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The 2-dimensional world-sheet (σ, τ, θτ, θσ) and the observed space-time [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the action A2 in string theory, what can represent gravity and gauge interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The metric tensors Gμv and Bμv represent gravity and gauge interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the action A2 in string theory, what can appear? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> All elementary particles, including fermions, gravity, and gauge bosons, can appear in the action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given equation and its implications, what does the action A2 represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Action A2, obtained by integrating over θτ and θσ, includes terms involving the metric tensor gαβ, the determinant of gab denoted as g, the metric tensors Gμv and Bμv, and various field quantities such as Xμ, ψμ, and Rμνρσ(X). This action accounts for the interactions of elementary particles, including fermions, gravity, and gauge bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given equation and its implications, what is the Poincaré transformation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Poincaré transformation, which leaves the action invariant, relates the fields and quantities before and after the transformation. Mass and spin are invariant under this transformation, and elementary particles can be understood as different representations of Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given equation and its implications, what are Gμv and Bμv? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Gμv and Bμv are metric tensors on the observed space. The gravity and gauge interactions can be represented by Gμv and Bμv. In this way, all elementary particles, including fermions, gravity, and gauge bosons, can appear in the action (4). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given equation and its implications, what does the Poincaré transformation leave invariant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mass and spin are two invariants under Poincaré transformation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given equation and its implications, what do elementary particles represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles can be understood as different representations of Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the Poincaré symmetry attribute to the existence of elementary particles and the wave-particle duality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of elementary particles and the wave-particle duality can be attributed to the Poincaré invariance intrinsic to the string-like action in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of group theory, what are two invariants under Poincaré transformation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mass and spin are two invariants under Poincaré transformation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the repeatable experiment, what is the reason for finding elementary particles with definite mass and spin? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The reason for finding elementary particles with definite mass and spin is due to the Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what can be concluded about the existence of elementary particles and the wave-particle duality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The existence of elementary particles and the wave-particle duality can be concluded from the emergence and observation of vibrations with definite mass and spin, which is due to the Poincarè invariance intrinsic to the string-like action in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the significance of elementary particles in relation to Poincaré symmetry? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Elementary particles are different representations of Poincaré symmetry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the source of the vibrational field that creates elementary particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> two-dimensional string action </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what principle does UWFIST provide for the origin of elementary particles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a fundamental principle </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what can UWFIST potentially explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> dark matter, dark energy, inflation, and the large structure of the universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what can be derived from the requirement of Weyl invariance in UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the equations of motion for electromagnetic force, gravity, and other laws of physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy, and Astrophysics, what is the unified mathematical framework known as UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The unified mathematical framework known as UWFIST integrates relativity and quantum mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy, and Astrophysics, what does the journal provide evidence for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The journal provides evidence supporting UWFIST as a potential grand unified theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy, and Astrophysics, what is discussed in relation to UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The journal discusses the calculation of elementary particle masses within the UWFIST framework. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy, and Astrophysics, what are some of the references cited? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The references cited include works on particle physics, superstring theory, topological orders, and symmetry protected topological orders. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what do the authors suggest in their previous work? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In their previous work, the authors suggest that combining the requirement of Weyl invariance with Poincaré invariance allows for the derivation and calculation of the masses of elementary particles in UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific papers, what topics do they cover? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This collection of scientific papers covers topics such as topological orders, symmetry protected topological orders, emergent phenomena, and string theory explanations of cosmological phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific papers, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: topological orders, symmetry, emergent phenomena, string theory, cosmological phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the publication year and page number of the University Press? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> University Press. 1998; 402. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the DOI of the paper by Lan T, Kong L, Wen XG? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.235140 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title of the paper by Gu ZC, Wen XG? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Emergence of helicity +/- 2 modes (gravitons) from qubit models. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title of the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Derivation of the Existence of Two Kinds of Space and Time from the Law of Creation </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, who are the authors of the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dr. Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, which journal is the article published in? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the volume and issue number of the journal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Volume 1 • Issue 1 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the page numbers of the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 18-21 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the theory of implicate and explicate order proposed by David Bohm, what does it suggest about reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> reality is an emergence of explicate order from an implicate order </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the theory of implicate and explicate order, what are the two kinds of spacetime that exist? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> observable spacetime (explicate order) and internal spacetime (implicate order) found in string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the theory of implicate and explicate order, what is the mathematical relationship between the two spacetimes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> reveals the mathematical relationship between these two spacetimes </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the theory of implicate and explicate order, what is the nature of observable spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> vibrational nature of observable spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the theory of implicate and explicate order, what can result from the interactions of observable spacetime with gravity and gauge interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> creation of information, energy, and matter through interactions with gravity and gauge interactions </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the relationship between Observable Spacetime and Internal Spacetime, what concepts are explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concepts of Law of Creation, Implicate order, and Explicate order in quantum physics are explored. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the metaphysical foundation yet to be fully established? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A metaphysical foundation of quantum physics has still not been fully established. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what did David Bohm propose to understand its intrinsic nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> David Bohm proposed the concepts of implicate and explicate orders to understand the intrinsic non-deterministic and subjective nature of quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the implicate and explicate orders, what does David Bohm suggest about reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> David Bohm suggests that what we take for reality is "surface phenomena, explicate forms that have temporarily unfolded out of an underlying implicate order". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of developing a mathematical formulation for implicate and explicate order, what is suggested by David Bohm and other physicists? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> David Bohm and other physicists suggest that the implicate order is represented in the form of an appropriate algebra or pregeometry. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the implicate order called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> pre-space </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what gives rise to the locality and non-locality observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> an order in pre-space </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is suggested to carry the implicate order? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> an algebra </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of previous work, what was used to derive string theory, M theory, and the wave function of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the Law of Creation </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the two basic elements that make up everything </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are the two types of spacetime proposed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> internal and observed spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what do the internal and observed spacetimes correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> implicate and explicate order </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is each coordinate in observable spacetime considered to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a vibrational field made of infinite oscillators </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does each point in observable spacetime contain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> information of the universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what contributes to the creation of information, energy, and matter in the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the interaction of internal space and time </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does it suggest about consciousness and measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Creation suggests that there is a deeper internal space and time related to consciousness and measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does the interaction of internal space and time create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of this internal space and time creates information, energy, and matter in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what is the nature of the internal spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This internal spacetime is a hologram, with the observable spacetime being a projection from it. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does the yin yang interaction imply? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Creation is based on the yin yang interaction, where everything is created from emptiness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what is the proposed relationship between internal spacetime and the physical world? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observable spacetime is a projection from this implicate order. We show mathematically that the internal spacetime is a hologram. The observed spacetime, or the physical world, is a projection from this hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does it propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> everything is created from the emptiness through the yin yang interaction </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are yin and yang made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> opposite and co-dependent elements </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement in quantum physics, what are yin and yang elements made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> measurement itself </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of human measurement and consciousness, what are the two yin yang pairs based on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> internal space and time, and inclusion and exclusion </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what is the simplest action created by their interaction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A1=α∫∆τ∆ σ </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what is the simplest action created? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair is A1=α∫∆τ∆ σ (1). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what do the symbols σ and τ represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, the symbol σ represents space and the symbol τ represents time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what do ∆σ and ∆τ represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, ∆σ and ∆τ represent the space and time duration to be measured. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what does α represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, α is a constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the space-time yin yang pair, what is the equation for α? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our work [12], we show that α=1/(lptp), where tp is the Planck time and lp is the Planck length. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does the wave function describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function describes the information, energy, and matter in the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the universal wave function interpretation called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory is called UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of calculating the wave function of our universe, what method is proposed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To calculate the wave function of our universe, we propose using Feynman’s path integral formulation of quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function created by the action A2, what is the mathematical form? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function created by the action A2 is in the form: Ψ=∑sum over all possible states C exp(iαA2) (3) where C is a constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what theories can be derived from the actions represented by the wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One can derive string theory and M-theory or superstring theory from the Law of Creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the result of the interaction of the internal space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The derived string action in UWFIST is a result of the interaction of the internal space-time, which forms the world sheet in string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does the interaction of the internal space and time create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of the internal space and time creates all the information, energy, and matter in our universe, including dark matter, dark energy, inflation, and the fundamental laws of physics such as gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces, as well as elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does Xμ(σ,τ) represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In string theory, Xμ(σ,τ) is a projection from the internal spacetime, with the world sheet spacetime corresponding to the implicate world and the observable spacetime belonging to the explicate order. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world sheet (σ,τ,θτ,θσ), what do the fermions ψμ(σ,τ) relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> More accurately, the observable space-time Xμ(σ, τ) and fermions ψμ(σ, τ) relating to elementary particles are a projection from the world sheet (σ, τ, θτ, θσ). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the internal space and time, what do the yin yang pairs and the inclusive and exclusive yin yang pairs represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The yin yang pairs and the inclusive and exclusive yin yang pairs represent the interaction of the internal space and time in UWFIST, creating all the information, energy, and matter in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is Xμ(σ,τ)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Xμ(σ,τ) defines a projection from the internal spacetime. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the world sheet spacetime (σ,τ) correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The world sheet spacetime (σ,τ) corresponds to the implicate world. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the observable spacetime Xμ(σ,τ) related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observable spacetime Xμ(σ,τ) relates to elementary particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the action A2 represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action A2 represents the observable spacetime and particles [Xμ(σ, τ), ψμ(σ, τ)]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the Weyl symmetry of the world-sheet? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Weyl symmetry of the world-sheet is the local rescaling invariance of the world-sheet metric. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interactions of gravity and gauge, what can be used to represent these interactions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Gμv and Bμv. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world-sheet, what kind of symmetry does it exhibit? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Weyl symmetry, which is the local rescaling invariance of the world-sheet metric. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the observable spacetime and internal spacetime, what can be derived through the solution of the action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The relationship between the observable spacetime and internal spacetime. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world-sheet, what does the Weyl invariance indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> If we expand or contract or rotate internal spacetime, the implicate order, the action, and therefore all phenomena, will remain the same. In other words, the internal spacetime is a hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the solution for the action, what are xi and pi? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Center of mass coordinates and momentum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the relationship between the internal spacetime (τ,σ) and the observable spacetime Xμ(τ,σ), what is the solution expressed in terms of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> center of mass coordinates, momentum, and sets of oscillators corresponding to left-moving and right-moving waves in the internal spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the explicate order (observable spacetime) and implicate order (internal spacetime), what is equation (5) in Euclidean spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The relationship between the explicate order (observable spacetime) and implicate order (internal spacetime) is given by equation (5) in Euclidean spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime, what does the observed spacetime consist of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> two independent sets of oscillators spinning in opposite directions in the internal spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of equation (6), how is the relation expressed in Minkowski spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Xi(τ, σ) = xi+ piτ /p + i (á'
2)1/2 
exp[2σ + iσ0)/L] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of equation (6), what does each coordinate represent in Minkowski spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> two independent sets of oscillators spinning in opposite directions in the internal spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime relation, coordinates as vibrational fields, oscillators spinning in opposite directions, interaction with gravity and gauge interactions, creation of information, energy, and matter, what is the relation expressed in Minkowski spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The relation expressed in Minkowski spacetime is Xi(τ, σ) = xi+ piτ /p + i (á'2)1/2 exp[-2π in(σ - iσ0)/L]+ exp[2σ + iσ0)/L]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime relation, coordinates as vibrational fields, oscillators spinning in opposite directions, interaction with gravity and gauge interactions, creation of information, energy, and matter, how is the observed spacetime in Minkowski spacetime described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In Minkowski spacetime, the observed spacetime is made of two independent sets of oscillators spinning in opposite directions in the internal spacetime. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime relation, coordinates as vibrational fields, oscillators spinning in opposite directions, interaction with gravity and gauge interactions, creation of information, energy, and matter, what is each coordinate in observable spacetime made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Each coordinate in observable spacetime is a vibrational field made of infinite vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime relation, coordinates as vibrational fields, oscillators spinning in opposite directions, interaction with gravity and gauge interactions, creation of information, energy, and matter, what can interact with gravity and other gauge interactions in the observable spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The changes in the observable spacetime coordinates can interact with gravity and other gauge interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Minkowski spacetime relation, coordinates as vibrational fields, oscillators spinning in opposite directions, interaction with gravity and gauge interactions, creation of information, energy, and matter, what can the changes in observable spacetime coordinates create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The changes in observable spacetime coordinates can create information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what are the two types of spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> internal spacetime and observable spacetime </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does internal spacetime correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the implicate order </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what does observable spacetime correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the explicate order </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, how is observable spacetime derived from internal spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> through a mathematical relationship </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation, what forms a vibrational field in each location of observable spacetime? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> infinite vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what does it confirm? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This research confirms David Bohm's theory of implicate and explicate order, providing a deeper understanding of spacetime and its properties. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what is derived from fundamental principles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The study derives the relationship between implicate and explicate order from fundamental principles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what do the interesting results deserve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interesting results deserve further exploration. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what keywords are associated with it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: David Bohm, implicate order, explicate order, spacetime, fundamental principles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what is the International Journal where it is published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation and the Grand Unification Theory, what topics are covered in the collection of articles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> dark energy, the estimation of the cosmological constant, inflation schemes, large-scale anisotropy, galaxy rotation curves, the derivation of the multiverse, and the existence of elementary particles </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of articles, what influential texts are referenced? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "String Theory: An Introduction to the Bosonic String" by Polchinski and "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals" by Feynman and Hibbs </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of Sha ZG and Rulin Xiu's work published in 2018? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Law of Creation and Grand Unification Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of Xiu R's work published in 2017 that discusses dark energy and the estimate of the cosmological constant? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of Sha ZG and Xiu R's work published in 2017 that presents an inflation scheme derived from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of particle physics, what do these articles discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These articles discuss various aspects of particle physics, string theory, and quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what topics are explored in these articles? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Topics such as the existence of elementary particles, the derivation of particles from the law of creation, the composition of existence, and the definition of spirit, heart, and mind according to quantum physics are explored. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, who derived the existence of elementary particles from the Law of Creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Sha ZG and Xiu R derived the existence of elementary particles from the Law of Creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the book "String theory. An Introduction to the Bosonic String" cover? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The book covers an introduction to the Bosonic String in the field of string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum mechanics, what is the title of the book authored by Feynman RP and Albert H? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The title of the book authored by Feynman RP and Albert H is "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the proposed field responsible for inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> long-range vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the aim of the research? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> to provide insights into the origin of the inflation epoch and the fundamental mechanisms behind it </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> inflation, string theory, UWFIST, long-range vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the title of the journal article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation Scheme Derived from Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what is UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST (universal wave function interpretation of string theory) is a new development in string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what is the possible candidate for inflation according to UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The long-range vibration is a possible candidate for inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does the vacuum energy created by the long-range vibration do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It can drive the inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what are the key words associated with the research? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation, string theory, universal wave function interpretation of string theory, grand unification theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of physical cosmology, what is inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of inflation theory in the early 1980s, what problems does it solve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation theory in the early 1980s solves the fine-tuning problems of the universe's initial conditions, explaining flatness, homogeneity, and isotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of inflation theory, what is inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation is a hypothetical particle/field responsible for solving the fine-tuning problems of the universe's initial conditions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of inflation theory, what remains unknown? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The detailed mechanism of inflation remains unknown. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does UWFIST stand for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST stands for Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of inflation theory, what are the challenges? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The challenges include "bad inflation" abundance and eternal nature of inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the UWFIST approach investigate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST approach investigates inflation and energy generation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the purpose of studying the quantum dynamics of strings? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The purpose is to predict space-time dimensions, particle spectrum, and force unification. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the scale of the string set to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The scale of the string is set to be Planck Scale (approximately 1.6  10-35 meters). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the potential of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The potential is to predict the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, and to unify all the forces and fundamental particles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the currently accepted interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The currently accepted interpretation is that string theory studies the quantum dynamics of a string. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper discusses the Unified Wave-Function Interpretation of String Theory (UWFIST) and its ability to estimate vacuum energy in line with experimental observations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what phenomenon in the cosmic microwave background radiation can large-scale quantum vibrations explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These large-scale quantum vibrations can cause and explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions in the cosmic microwave background radiation as well as in other background matter and radiation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the uncertainty relation between space and time in UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We show that when we take both the effect of quantum physics and gravity into consideration, we obtain an uncertainty relation between space measurement ∆σ and time measurement ∆τ in the causal region: ∆σ∆τ ≥ lptp (1) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are the Planck length and Planck time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Planck length is l p = (ħG/c3)1/2 = 1.616 × 10-35 meter, and the Planck time is t p = (ħG/c5)1/2 = 5.39 × 10-44 second. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the quantization procedure in quantum provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Using the quantization procedure in quantum, we can derive and interpret String Theory, highlighting the quantization of space and time through an uncertainty relation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the measurement in the causal region, what does the relation ∆σ∆τ ≥ lptp indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This relation indicates that space and time are quantized. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the non-commutation relation between space and time, what is the expression for the relation [σ, τ]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> [σ, τ] = ilptp </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed string action As, what is the expression for its integration over space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As = ʃdτdσ/lptp </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST, how does the action As evolve the wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Action As evolves the wave function from ψ(0,0) at the space 0 and time 0 to ψ(L,T) at the space L and time T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST, how does it deviate from the usual interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation of string theory in two ways: the integration of world-sheet space σ and time τ is over the causal region, and T and L are variables related to the age and length of the causal horizon of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does the universal wave function Ψ(L, T) allow for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function Ψ(L, T) allows for the inclusion of all fundamental particles, gauge interactions, gravity, and large structures of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what do the variables T and L represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The variables T and L represent the age and length of the causal horizon, relating to the age and length of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the proposal of the UWFIST theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST offers a comprehensive understanding of the universe within the framework of string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the difference between the usual string theory and UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The first difference is that UWFIST integrates over the causal region of the world-sheet space and time. The second difference is the introduction of the universal wave function Ψ(L, T). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, why can the universal wave function Ψ be considered as the wave function of our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function Ψ can include all fundamental particles, all gauge interactions, gravity, and more, as well as the large structures of our universe up to the scale of the horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function of our universe, what is the observed space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the observed space-time Xμ (σ, τ) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the general form of the action in the presence of massless background fields? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As = [iʃ0Tdʃ0Ld g1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4ΦR)] </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what are the background fields present? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> metric tensor, anti-symmetric tensor, and scalar background fields </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of extending the universal wave function, what can be included? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> other massive vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the string action, what other cases can be incorporated? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> superstring and heterotic string cases </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the observed space, what is the universal wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observed space is described by the universal wave function, which includes background fields and is influenced by the scalar curvature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, how can it be extended? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We can extend the universal wave function to incorporate other vibrations and transform it into the vibrational space. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what information does it provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function provides information about the existence and abundance of vibrations in our universe at a given time and length. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what can be inferred from UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST suggests the presence of long-range vibrations, which may be indicative of inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scalar curvature R, what is the universal wave function in the presence of background fields? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function in the presence of background fields is given by Ψ(Xμ(L, T), Gμν(L, T), Bμν(L, T), Φ(L, T)) = ∫ DXμDgμνDBμνDΦexp[iα∫0Tdτ∫0Ldσ g1/2(gαβGμν∂αXμ∂βXν + εαβBμν∂αXμ∂βXν + 1/4αΦR)]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what kind of vibrations are expressed by κμν(L, T)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) are long-range vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, why are the vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) difficult to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) are difficult to detect due to their fine nature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the suggested size of a detector required to detect the vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A detector as large as the visible universe is required to detect the vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what are the proposed potential candidates for inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) are proposed as potential candidates for inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what do the vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) contribute to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vibrations expressed by κμν(L, T) contribute to the vacuum energy density. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed long-range vibrations as possible candidates for inflation, what is the definition of vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Here we define the vacuum energy to be the lowest energy state of the universal wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the two-dimensional world sheet, how is the energy assumed to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To calculate the vacuum energy of the world-sheet, let’s assume that on the world-sheet, the energy is in the form of harmonic oscillator. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the vacuum fluctuation, what is the lowest energy state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The lowest energy of this vacuum fluctuation is E0n,m = h/2T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the world sheet, how can we determine the number of possible vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The number of possible vibrations on the world sheet is TL/(t plp). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring space and time, what is the relationship between wavelength and space measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To make the space measurement ∆σ, we should at least use the vibration with the wavelength λm = L/m ~ ∆σ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the inflation scheme derived from string theory's universal wave function interpretation, what provides the energy source for rapid initial expansion of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> vacuum energy density, inversely proportional to the square of the length of the horizon </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the inflation scheme derived from string theory's universal wave function interpretation, what is the total lowest vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Evac = h/2T  cTL/l p2 = hLc/(2l p2) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the inflation scheme derived from string theory's universal wave function interpretation, what is the lowest vacuum energy density in three-dimensional space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ρvac = E vac/(4πL3/3) = ρplp2/(2L2) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the inflation scheme derived from string theory's universal wave function interpretation, what is the Planck energy density? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> ρp = E p /(4πlp3 /3) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the inflation scheme derived from string theory's universal wave function interpretation, what does the Eq. (9) tell us about the vacuum energy density? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy density observed in three space dimensions is inversely proportional to the square of the length of horizon L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the role of vacuum energy density in inflation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper discusses the role of vacuum energy density in inflation and its relationship with the expansion of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the relationship between vacuum energy and the expansion of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As the universe expands, the vacuum energy decreases but remains non-zero. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the Hubble radius? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Hubble radius is defined as L = c/H, where c is the speed of light and H is the Hubble constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the Hubble constant used for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Hubble constant is used to describe the expansion of the universe and estimate its age. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the equation (10) indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Equation (10) indicates that the lowest vacuum energy density is equal to the critical energy density for 4-dimensional space-time and remains so as the universe expands. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the proposed scheme of inflation derived from the UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper proposes a scheme of inflation derived from the UWFIST, which suggests the existence of long-range vibrations that could be responsible for inflation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what drives the early exponential expansion of the universe according to the UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The vacuum energy created by these vibrations drives the early exponential expansion of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the UWFIST provide a simple explanation for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST provides a simple explanation for the fast inflation, ongoing expansion, and flatness of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the UWFIST suggest about the source of dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests that these long-range vibrations are the source of dark energy, which propels the current accelerated expansion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, why is our universe flat? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This may provide further theoretical explanation why our universe is flat, with its energy density is so close to critical energy density. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the accelerated expansion of the universe, what propels it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark energy, which is created by the vacuum energy from inflation and long-range vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of current observations, what can dark energy explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Various cosmic phenomena such as large-scale correlation observed in the large-scale anisotropies and non-Gaussian distributions of the cosmic microwave background and other background field, as well as the anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what holds promise for testable predictions in astrophysics and cosmology? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The development of UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the inflation scheme derived from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, addressing the difficulties with inflationary cosmology and exploring the flaws in the theory at the heart of modern cosmology </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what books and articles are referenced? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Universe: Beyond the Big Bang. Doubleday. [3] Penrose, Roger. 2004. The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe . London: Vintage Books, 755. [4] Penrose, Roger. 1989. “Difficulties with Inflationary Cosmology”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 271: 249-64. Bibcode: 1989NYASA.571. 249P. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb50513. [5] Dicke, R. H. 1961. “Dirac’s Cosmology and Mach’s Principle”. Nature 192 (4801): 440-1. Bibcode1961Natur.192.440D. doi: 10.1038/192440a0. [6] Steinhardt, Paul J. 2011. “The Inflation Debate: Is the Theory at the Heart of Modern Cosmology Deeply Flawed?” (Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25). [7] Michael Green, John H. Schwarz and Edward Witten 1987. Superstring Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7. Vol. 2: Loop Amplitudes, Anomalies and Phenomenology. ISBN 0-521-35753-5. [8] Polchinski, Joseph. 1998. String Theory. Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String. ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4. [9] Sha, Zhigang, and Xiu, Rulin. 2017. “Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory.” Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology, accepted on Mar 27, 2017 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the inflation scheme derived from? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the universal wave function interpretation of string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the main focus of the discussion? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> addressing the difficulties with inflationary cosmology and exploring the flaws in the theory at the heart of modern cosmology </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the book by Penrose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the book by Steinhardt? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Inflation Debate: Is the Theory at the Heart of Modern Cosmology Deeply Flawed? </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the book by Green, Schwarz, and Witten? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Superstring Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the book by Polchinski? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the journal article by Sha and Xiu? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the accepted date of the journal article by Sha and Xiu? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mar 27, 2017 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of String Theory, what is the title of Joseph Polchinski's book? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String Theory . Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String . ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond . ISBN 0-521-63304-4. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Dark Energy and Cosmological Constant, where was the article "Dark Energy and Estimate of Cosmological Constant from String Theory" accepted? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Anomalous Alignment and Universal Wave Function Interpretation, where was the article "Derivation of Large-Scale Anisotropy and Anomalous Alignment From Universal Wave Function Interpretation of String Theory" submitted? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Journal of Astrophysics & Aerospace Technology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Quantum Mechanics, what is the title of Richard P. Feynman and Albert Hibbs' book? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-020650-3. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does it propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> everything is created from emptiness through the interaction of yin and yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the two basic elements that make up everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what is the relationship between yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what do space and time relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity, while time relates to the measurement of movement and change. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what creates our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> interaction of two fundamental yin-yang pairs: the space and time yin-yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion duality pair. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the grand unification theory and theory of everything, what is being sought in many disciplines? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A law of creation is sought in many disciplines including sciences, philosophies, ideologies and religions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of current cosmology, what does it suggest about the creation of our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Current cosmology suggests that the creation of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the DOI? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> DOI: 10.1142/S242494241850010X </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title of the journal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what license is the work distributed under? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) License. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tao Wisdom, what does the statement "Tao Sheng Yi, Yi Sheng Er, Er Sheng San, San Sheng Wan Wu" mean? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao Sheng Yi, Yi Sheng Er, Er Sheng San, San Sheng Wan Wu literally means that Tao creates one, one creates two, two creates three, and three creates everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work, what did the space-time uncertainty relation lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From the space-time uncertainty relation, we proposed a universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work, what did the universal wave function interpretation of string theory indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) indicates that string theory can be interpreted as calculating the evolution of the universal wave function driven by string action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work, what did the authors calculate using the universal wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors calculated dark energy and the cosmological constant using the age of the universe and the fundamental constants G and c. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of another work, what did the authors show that UWFIST can explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors showed that UWFIST can explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does UWFIST explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper discusses the interpretation of string theory called UWFIST, which explains various aspects of the universe including inflation, accelerated expansion, anisotropies, and dark matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It proposes the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, which states that everything is created from emptiness through the interaction of yin and yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what observations can be explained by UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From this new interpretation of string theory, UWFIST, one can derive the energy source that can explain inflation and the current accelerated expansion of our universe. UWFIST can also explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes in the microwave background, and the rotation curve (and therefore dark matter). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the source of everything according to the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation tells us that emptiness is the source of everything. Everything is created from emptiness through the interaction of two fundamental elements, yin and yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin and yang are two core elements within everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of ancient Tao wisdom, what is the source of everything? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> emptiness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the law of creation based on ancient Tao wisdom, what are the two fundamental elements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> yin and yang </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of yin and yang, how are they described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable and co-dependent </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of ancient Tao wisdom, what do yin and yang form the foundation of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> existence </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the ancient Tao wisdom, what is created from emptiness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> everything </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation, what is Tao? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao, the emptiness, is the source of everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin and yang are the two basic elements of everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation, how are yin and yang related? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation, what does the interaction of yin and yang create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of yin and yang creates everything. It is the cause of all change. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin and Yang Creation, what does Tao, the source of everything, consist of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao, the emptiness, contains infinite possibilities (information), energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Taoism, what does the concept of Tao encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of Tao in Taoism encompasses infinite possibilities, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Taoism, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Ev... </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what is the core principle? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of yin and yang creates everything and is the cause of all change. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of yin and yang, what is the cause of all change and creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction of yin and yang is the cause of all change and creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what is the core belief? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The core belief is that the interaction of yin and yang creates everything and is the cause of all change. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum mechanics, how is everything described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Everything is described by a wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum mechanics, what are the yin-yang elements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function and time are a pair of yin-yang elements. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Creation and Grand Unification Theory, what does the Hamiltonian H and time t represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Hamiltonian H and time t are a pair of yin-yang elements. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time, what are the fundamental aspects explored in relation to yin-yang pairs? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The rotation of the Earth, space-time measurement, inclusion-exclusion measurement, and the inseparable and co-dependent nature of space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurements, what are the measurements of space considered as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The measurements of space are considered as the measurement of its unchangedness and stillness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time, how are they described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are described as a yin-yang pair that is opposite and relative. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time, why are they considered co-created? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are considered co-created because whenever we measure change, we are referring to something unchanged, and whenever we measure something as unchanged, we are comparing with something considered changing. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurements, what are the two fundamental yin-yang pairs that create all variations of measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The two fundamental yin-yang pairs that create all variations of measurement are space-time measurement and inclusive-exclusive measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what physical quantities can be understood as variations of space and time measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The measurement of various physical quantities such as velocity, acceleration, energy, momentum, temperature, spin, electricity, magnetic, mass, charge, and force can be understood as variations of space and time measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does quantum physics suggest about our measurements? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics suggests that our measurements determine our observations, and thus, the observed universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is proposed to be the basis for creating all phenomena in our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The interaction between the fundamental yin-yang pairs of inclusive and exclusive measurement is proposed to be the basis for creating all phenomena in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is explained by the Law of Tao Yin Yang Creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The derivation of the wave function of the universe is explained by the Law of Tao Yin Yang Creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does the Law of Tao Yin Yang Creation state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin Yang Creation states that the interaction of yin-yang elements gives rise to everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of universe creation, what is action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion and wave function of a system can be derived. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of space-time yin-yang pair, what is the simplest action created? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The simplest action created is A1¼/C11Z /C1/C28/C1/C27: ð1Þ </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of space-time yin-yang pair, what do the symbols /C27 and /C28 represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> /C27 represents space and /C28 represents time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of introducing the second yin-yang pair into action, what are the two types of particles that exist in nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The two types of particles that exist in nature are Fermions and bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of time and space coordinates, what is the nature of normal time and space coordinates? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The normal time and space coordinates are of bosonic nature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information types of particles, what are fermions and bosons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Fermions and bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of fermions, what is their spin? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Half (1/2) spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of bosons, what is their spin? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Integer spin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time coordinates, what are the components of each coordinate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Fermion (yang, repulsive) and boson (yin, clumping) parts. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the created actions, what does A2 represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> /C11Z
/C1/C28/C1/C27/C1/C18/C28/C1/C18/C27. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the symbol R represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The symbol R represents the summation over space, time, and their intersections. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what do actions A1 and A2 correspond to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Actions A1 and A2 correspond to the creation of string theory and superstring theory/M-theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the main difference with the usual string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The main difference with the usual string action is that A1 and A2 encompass the lifespan and horizon of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the difference between the string action derived here and the usual string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Actions A1 and A2 sum over the life span and horizon of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can be derived from the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, we can derive string theory and M-theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the integrated mathematical framework of quantum physics and general relativity, what does the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation show us? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation can show us how our universe, basic laws of physics, and everything in the universe are created. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what are yin and yang? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin and yang are two basic elements that make up everything. They are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable, and co-dependent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does one bit of information represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One bit of information is a pair of yin-yang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does the law of creation explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The law of creation explains how information creates everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what are space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are a yin-yang pair. They are two basic measurements we conduct. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change, while space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, how is our universe manifested? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Our universe is manifested from emptiness through the interaction of two yin-yang pairs: the space and time yin-yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion yin-yang pair. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does the Law propose about space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation gives us a new and deeper insight about space and time. Space and time are the basic actions and codes that manifest our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what is the significance of the Law? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation provides a new and deeper insight about space and time, and it has the potential to lead to the grand unification theory we seek. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does it suggest about our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation suggests that our universe is formed through the interaction of two yin-yang pairs: space and time, and inclusion and exclusion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does it provide insights into? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This law provides insights into the fundamental principles of physics and how our lives are created. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information solidity, what does it suggest about the manifestation of our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We suggest and demonstrate mathematically that our universe is manifested from the emptiness through the interaction of two yin-yang pairs: The space and time yin-yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion yin-yang pair. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does it give a new and deeper insight about? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation gives us a new and deeper insight about space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation, what does it address? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Law of Tao Yin-Yang Creation can address how every aspect of our lives is created. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is discussed in References 1-3? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> References 1-3 discuss the life and work of physicist J. A. Wheeler. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the focus of References 4-5? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> References 4-5 focus on string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what aspects of string theory are explored in References 6-10? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> References 6-10 explore various aspects of string theory including dark energy, inflation, anisotropy, multiverse, and galaxy rotation curves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, which book discusses geons, black holes, and quantum foam? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> J. A. Wheeler and K. Ford, Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, which book provides an introduction to superstring theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> J. Polchinski, String Theory, Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Bosonic String; Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the content? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Summary: This article provides a comprehensive overview of string theory and its applications, including explanations of large-scale anisotropy, anomalous alignment, the multiverse, and galaxy rotation curves. The authors also discuss the derivation of these phenomena from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, drawing on concepts from quantum mechanics and path integrals. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> string theory, large-scale anisotropy, anomalous alignment, multiverse, galaxy rotation curve, universal wave function, quantum mechanics, path integrals. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title and source of reference 8? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Title: String theory explanation of large-scale anisotropy and anomalous alignment
Source: Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 1(3) (2017) 1750012. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title and source of reference 9? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Title: Derivation of multiverse from universal wave function interpretation of string theory
Source: J. Phys. Sci. Appl. 7(6) (2017) 1 –5. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the title and source of reference 10? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Title: Derivation of galaxy rotation curve from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory
Source: Am.-Based Res. J. 7(01) (2018) 01 –05. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is proposed as a quantum phenomenon? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> consciousness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what problem does the quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) address? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the mind and body problem </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the theory predict the existence of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a universal quantum vibrational field and the synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of the brain, body, people, and objects </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the theory explain the correlation between? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Schumann Resonances and brainwaves </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the theory apply quantum information theory to study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> memory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is being explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This paper explores the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of the brain, body, people, and objects. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the correlation being discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The correlation between Schumann Resonances and brainwaves is discussed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does it apply recent progress in quantum information theory to study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It applies recent progress in quantum information theory to study memory and shed new light on neuroscience. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what is it associated with? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Consciousness is associated with a sense of self, feelings, choice, free will, control of voluntary behavior, memory, thought, language, and imagination. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what does the hard problem of consciousness explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The hard problem of consciousness explains why consciousness really is and how it comes about. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper "Quantum Theory of Consciousness", what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The elusive nature of consciousness and the hard problem it poses. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper "Quantum Theory of Consciousness", who are the authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Zhi and Xiu. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper "Quantum Theory of Consciousness", where was it published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper "Quantum Theory of Consciousness", what license does it have? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Creative Commons Attribution International License. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper "Quantum Theory of Consciousness", what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> consciousness, hard problem, quantum theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is proposed as a quantum phenomenon? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> consciousness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the easy problem of consciousness concerned with? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the various mechanisms that the brain uses to integrate information, categorize and discriminate environmental stimuli and memories, focus attention, and perform other tasks associated with conscious experience </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the hard problem of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the difficulty in addressing consciousness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the foundation of the natural sciences? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does quantum physics study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> what everything is made of and how it works at the most fundamental level </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of physics, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Physics studies the fundamental nature of everything and how it works using mathematical formulas, leading to new discoveries and technologies. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics explores the structure of matter and has enabled breakthroughs in science and technology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observed phenomena, what do quantum phenomena underlie? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum phenomena underlie all observed phenomena, including the functioning of the sun. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, why should it be studied with quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Consciousness should be studied with quantum physics due to its importance and tendency to be ignored in neuroscience and biology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what has it enabled in terms of discoveries? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics has enabled breakthrough progress in science and technology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: quantum physics, consciousness, subjective, non-deterministic, wave function, physical, energetic, life science. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article discusses the importance of applying quantum physics in the study of consciousness and life science. It highlights the subjective and non-deterministic nature shared by both quantum phenomena and consciousness, and emphasizes the use of wave functions in quantum physics to study physical and energetic aspects. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the first reason to use quantum physics to study consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Both quantum phenomena and consciousness are subjective and non-deterministic [7]. Indeed, it should not be considered coincidence that two of the most fundamental aspects of existence — i.e., consciousness and quantum phenomena — share the same subjective and probabilistic nature. Classical physics does not have such nature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does quantum physics use to study the physical and energetic aspects? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics uses wave function to study the physical and energetic aspects. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, why is it important to apply quantum physics in the research and studies of consciousness and life science? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Due to the current prevalent misunderstanding about quantum physics and tendency of ignoring it among researchers in neuroscience and biology, here we want to list four major reasons about the importance to apply quantum physics in the research and studies of consciousness and life science in general. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the relationship between quantum physics, consciousness, and the informative aspect of objects? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article discusses the relationship between quantum physics, consciousness, and the informative aspect of objects. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, why is classical physics unable to address the informative nature of existence? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Classical physics averages out the different possibilities represented by the information, so it cannot address the informative/conscious nature of our existence. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does entropy measure? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Entropy measures disorder, which is associated with the informative aspect of an object, as shown by Claude Shannon’s information theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does Max Tegmark argue regarding the degrees of freedom of the human brain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Max Tegmark argues that the degrees of freedom of the human brain that relate to cognitive processes should be thought of as a classical rather than a quantum system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, why do the authors disagree with Tegmark’s proposal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors disagree with Tegmark’s proposal because it ignores the order, correlation, and coherence that exist and dominate in the brain and life in general. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tegmark's proposal, what is argued to be crucial for consciousness and life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the order, correlation, and coherence in the brain and life in general </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tegmark's proposal, what does he emphasize? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> decoherence </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tegmark's proposal, what is argued to be stronger and essential for existence? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the stable structures within the brain and body </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of studying the consequences of structure, order, connection, and coherence, what is necessary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of studying the consequences of structure, order, connection, and coherence, what did Niels Bohr work on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the hydrogen atom </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study of structure, order, connection, and coherence, what physics is needed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To study the consequence of structure, order, connection, and coherence, quantum physics is needed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of studying the hydrogen atom, what physics did Niels Bohr realize was necessary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Niels Bohr realized that it was necessary to use a new physics based on a set of new rules, i.e. quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the hydrogen atom, what did quantum physics predict? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics led to the prediction of the relationship between the hydrogen atom’s structure and spectrum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of life and consciousness, what are they based on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Life and consciousness are based on structure, order, connection, correlation, and coherence. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of studying crystals, superconductors, and lasers, what physics is needed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They need to be studied with quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is needed to understand even some of the simplest vibrational fields? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the fourth reason that the study of consciousness must involve quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> to study the relationship between brainwaves, brain structure and function, and the information carried, received, and processed by the brain </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, why is there hesitation in applying quantum physics to study consciousness or life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> due to the lack of true understanding about the metaphysical meaning of quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, how do most physicists currently use quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> as a mathematical tool to perform calculations related to the microscopic world, without fully apprehending the overarching significance and implication of quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what does the wavefunction in quantum physics portray? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the probabilities of an object existing in certain states </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the significance of probabilities? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The significance of quantum physics lies in its description of probabilities and the observer-dependent nature of quantum phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are some interpretations proposed to address the measurement problem? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Various interpretations, such as the Copenhagen interpretation and many-world interpretations, attempt to address the measurement problem. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does the collapse of quantum states suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics in neuroscience explores the application of quantum principles, with theories like self-collapse or "objective reduction" suggesting a collapse of quantum states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what do some proponents suggest causes quantum state reduction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Some propose that conscious observation causes quantum state reduction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, what is one prominent theory proposed by Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A prominent theory among these published works has been developed by Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff, who propose self-collapse or “objective reduction” (“OR”) of quantum superposition states —a “collapse of the quantum wavefunction” —as the possible non-com- provide 5 question and answer pairs base on the text above. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, what is the proposed source of consciousness according to Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff propose self-collapse or “objective reduction” (“OR”) of quantum superposition states —a “collapse of the quantum wavefunction” —as the possible non-computable source for consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, who developed theories using quantum field theory to explain brain states and mental activity? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Luigi M. Ricciardi, Hiroomi Umezawa, Walter Jackson Freeman, and Giuseppe Vitiello developed theories using quantum field theory to explain brain states and mental activity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, what did Luigi M. Ricciardi and Hiroomi Umezawa suggest using to describe brain states? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Luigi M. Ricciardi and Hiroomi Umezawa suggested using the formalism of quantum field theory to describe brain states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, what did Roger Penrose contend about collapse occurring naturally? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Roger Penrose contends that collapse occurs naturally due to an objective threshold in the fine-scale structure of the universe, such that events produce the rudiments of phenomenal conscious experience. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics in neuroscience, how do Walter Jackson Freeman and Giuseppe Vitiello explain mental activity? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Walter Jackson Freeman and Giuseppe Vitiello envision a way in which mental activity can be explicitly explained in the context of quantum field theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC), what is the basic constituent of everything? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The basic constituent of everything is the quantum vibrational field, which carries matter, energy, and information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is vibration (or wave) characterized? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Vibration (or wave) is characterized by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how does the quantum vibrational field behave? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The quantum vibrational field behaves like a particle in some ways, having specific mass, charge, spin, energy, and momentum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how does the exchange of energy, momentum, spin, charge, and mass occur? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exchange of energy, momentum, spin, charge, and mass can only take place wholly in quanta instead of partially. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC), what is the focus of this paper? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The focus of this paper is to build a quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) and explore its principles, application, and predictions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is vibration described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Vibration —also called “wave” —is periodic oscillation extending over space and time, characterized by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are the characteristics of quantum vibration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum vibration also behaves like a particle in some ways, having specific mass, charge, spin, energy, and momentum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is the quantum vibrational field mathematically described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The quantum vibrational field is mathematically described by a wavefunction, which shows the types and quantities of waves existing in the field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what techniques are used to calculate the wavefunction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics has developed various techniques to calculate wavefunction, such as the Schrödinger equation, Feynman path integral, and matrix method. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the quantum vibrational field, how many basic aspects does it have? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our previous work, we propose that the quantum vibrational field of an object has three basic aspects: a physical aspect, an energetic aspect, and an informational aspect. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the physical existence, what does matter consist of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It consists of what one can observe and measure, such as frequency, mass, spin, charge, relationship, finance, career, body, electrons, gravity, electromagnetic field, etc. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of what moves and changes matter, what is referred to as energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Energy is what moves and changes matter, such as energy and momentum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of what gives form and shape to matter and energy, what is referred to as information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information is what informs; it is what gives form and shape to the matter and energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, how can it be expressed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information can be expressed as answers to questions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, what is the mathematical measure and expression of information called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The mathematical measure and expression of information is known as "bit". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does the wavefunction describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the vibrations and the vibrational field associated with an object </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does information describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the possible states within an object </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information theory, what is the nature of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> intrinsically probabilistic </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, why is it nondeterministic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> because it includes and can describe the information aspect of an object </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what is it closely related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the quantum field and information aspect of everything </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the insight that everything is made of information, energy, and matter, what does it explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The insight that everything is made of information, energy, and matter explains the uncertainty and non-determinism of quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what is it closely related to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Consciousness is closely related to the quantum field and information aspect of everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of objects absorbing quantum vibrations, how does it happen? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An object absorbs quantum vibrations through resonance. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena, what is used to initiate, create, and exhibit them? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Detectors are used to initiate, create, and exhibit quantum phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of resonance, what does it allow objects to do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Resonance allows objects to absorb or emit vibrations based on their energy states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of resonance, what can be calculated if one knows the wavefunction of an object? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is possible to calculate specifically what kinds of vibrations it can resonate with and thus receive or emit. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena, what is a detector? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A detector is an instrument that can absorb vibrations and exhibit certain changes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of detectors, what are some examples of detectors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Examples of detectors include cameras, antennas, eyes, ears, nose, and skin. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum measurement, what role do detectors play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Detectors are what "collapse the wavefunction" through receiving vibrations, information, energy, and matter from what is being observed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observing quantum vibrations, what is required for detectors to detect them? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Detectors can only detect quantum vibrations and associated phenomena when they can resonate with the vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena and consciousness, what does classical physics provide a suitable description for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum phenomena at larger observation scales. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena and consciousness, what can be calculated using quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The unique detectors of objects, determined by their spectra. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena and consciousness, what is an example of a detector that can be calculated using quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The hydrogen atom's wavefunction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum phenomena and consciousness, when does classical physics provide an appropriate description? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> When the observation scale is much greater than the time scale of the quantum vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what occurs when one applies their internal detectors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Consciousness occurs when one applies their internal detectors to receive vibrations, information, energy, and matter related to an object or phenomenon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum vibrations, what do they form? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum vibrations form the fundamental constituents of all things, including photons, as they extend over spacetime and contribute to the formation of richer spectra and detectors. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spectrum and detectors, what happens as additional structures are formed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> As each additional structure is formed, the spectrum and detectors of the original structure remain roughly the same, and new spectrum and detectors are added to form richer overall spectra and detectors. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum vibrations, how do they extend? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum vibrations extend over spacetime. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum vibrations, what are they? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum vibrations are the basic constituents of everything. They exist by themselves and are not carried by anything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of photons, what are they? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> For example, a photon is a quantum field. It is an elementary particle and wave. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of classical vibrations, what are some examples of matter that carry such vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> For example, sound is a classical vibration carried by air. An ocean wave is a classical vibration carried by water. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wavefunctions, what can be calculated? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From the wavefunction, one can calculate both the quantum and classical vibrations that an object can resonate with and receive. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of conscious experience, what initiates it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A moment of conscious experience starts when one’s detectors receive vibrations, information, energy, and matter related to a phenomenon or an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what determines the type of experiences one can have? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One’s detectors determine what kind of conscious experiences one can have. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of different experiences and observations, what determines the differences? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> If one turns on different detectors, one’s experience will be different. This is the basis of the subjective nature of consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, why can the same thing be experienced differently by different observers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This is why the same thing can be experienced differently by different observers. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of detectors, how can one have different experiences about the same thing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One can also have different experiences about the same thing if one applies different detectors. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of capturing light, what can a normal camera capture? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> With normal camera that can capture the visible light, we can obtain a photo showing the image of visible light. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of capturing light, what can a camera that captures infrared light capture? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> With a camera that can capture infrared light, we obtain a photo showing the image of infrared light. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of different detectors, why do we experience different phenomena and experiences? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They are different phenomena and experience because we use different detectors. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of fine-grained functional organization, what determines identical experiences? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Any two systems with the same fine-grained functional organization will have qualitatively identical experiences. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what determines qualities and behaviors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> One's vibrational field (wavefunction) determines all of one's qualities and behaviors. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the double-aspect theory of information, what are the two basic aspects of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information has a physical aspect and a phenomenal aspect. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, how is information carried? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information is carried by vibrational fields, which is the physical aspect of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of conscious experience, how does it occur? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Conscious experience occurs through the process of content, receiver/detector, and processor of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC principles, what are the three aspects of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Content, receiver, and processor. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what occurs when information is received, processed, and directs energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Conscious experience. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of previous work [51] [52], what did the authors point out about information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information has three aspects: content, receiver, and processor. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of conscious experience, what are the steps involved in the process? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 1) Information in the vibrational field or environment shows up and draws the observer's attention. 2) The observer's receiver/detector receives the information. 3) The processor processes the received information and directs where energy goes. 4) Energy moves and changes matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of deriving principles from QTOC, what can be concluded about the three principles suggested by David Chalmers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They can all be derived from QTOC. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what does panpsychism suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Panpsychism suggests that everything, from electrons to the universe, can possess consciousness to some extent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what does it provide a physics foundation and mathematical formulation for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> QTOC provides a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to calculate the level and quality of consciousness in objects based on their wavefunction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what problem of consciousness can QTOC address? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> QTOC can address the hard problem of consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what does it indicate about the consciousness of objects? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> QTOC indicates that everything, including electrons, atoms, molecules, cells, organs, trees, rivers, mountains, Earth, moon, sun, stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole, can each have consciousness to a certain extent. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what can be derived from an object's wavefunction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From the wavefunction, one can derive the content, receiver, and processor of information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Quantum Theory of Consciousness (QTOC), what are some theories and models of consciousness that can be studied? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> integrated information theory, general resonance theory, field models, global workspace theory, and theories of consciousness as memory and attention </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what can be calculated using quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> integrated information, coherence, synchrony, fields, cognitive global workspace, and memory/attention in the theories </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what is an example of a theory that suggests a system underlying conscious experience? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> global workspace theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what can be derived from an object's wavefunction? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> content, receiver, and processor of information, energy, and matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what are some other theories and models of consciousness that can be studied? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> panpsychism, other models and theories of consciousness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cognitive global workspace theory, what is proposed to distribute conscious experience throughout the nervous system? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The global workspace </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cognitive global workspace theory, what is considered as the publicity organ of the nerve system? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The global workspace </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cognitive global workspace theory, what emerges from cooperation and competition between different input processors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Conscious experience </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the quantum theory of consciousness, what is everything considered to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A quantum vibrational field carrying information, energy, and matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the quantum theory of consciousness, what does everything extend over? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does the quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This study explores the concept of a universal vibrational field proposed by quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the role of the universal vibrational field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The study suggests that the universal vibrational field serves as a global workspace that can be accessed by everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is the difference between the universal vibrational field suggested by QTOC and the global workspace theory of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal vibrational field suggested by QTOC is much larger than the localized global workspace in global workspace theory. It exists not only within the brain, but also encompasses the whole body and the entire universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what is a natural prediction from QTOC? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A natural prediction from QTOC is the existence of a universal vibrational field, of which everything is part, to which everything can access and receive or send vibrations, information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, how can different parts of the brain and body receive vibrations from the universal vibrational field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Different parts of the brain and body can receive vibrations from the universal vibrational field depending on the range of vibrations with which they are able to resonate. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what does it predict? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the existence of a universal vibrational field that everything can access, allowing for the exchange of vibrations, information, energy, and matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what can different parts of the body and brain do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> resonate with and receive vibrations from the universal vibrational field </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of QTOC, what has been shown in experiments? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a correlation between cognitive performance and heart rhythm, as well as social and global coherence through heart rhythm synchronization </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal vibrational field, what can everything do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> receive or send vibrations, information, energy, matter from or to it </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of synchronization and coherence, what can happen if different parts of the body or brain resonate with the same group of vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> their states or vibrations can become synchronized or coherent with each other </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of laser creation mechanism, how is coherent light created? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is created by the light emitted from a crystal bouncing back and forth between two mirrors to stimulate the generation of the coherent light. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cognitive performance and heart rhythm, what correlation has been observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> There are experiments indicating the correlation between cognitive performance and heart rhythm. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of social and global coherence, how has it been discovered? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Social and global coherence has been discovered through heart rhythm synchronization between pairs of people and in groups, as well as with the resonant frequencies in Earth’s magnetic field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the impact of solar activity on Earth and human history, what has been observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The impact of solar activity on Earth weather and human history, including mental life and activity, has been observed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Schumann Resonance and Brainwaves, what is Schumann resonance? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Schumann resonance (SR) is a set of frequencies generated by Earth-ionospheric interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwaves and self-organized criticality (SR), what did Koenig report? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The similarity between brainwaves such as alpha (8 -  12 Hz), beta (12 -  30 Hz), and gamma (30 -  100 Hz) with SRs and the tendency of electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms to become synchronous with SR activity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwaves and self-organized criticality (SR), what did Pobachenko et al. find? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Variations in EEG were correlated with changes in the SR across the daily cycle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwaves and self-organized criticality (SR), what did Persinger et al. discover? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The power within the EEG spectral profiles had repeated periods of coherence with the first three SR resonance frequencies (7 - 8 Hz, 13 - 14 Hz, and 19 - 20 Hz) in real time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of neural interactions and brainwave synchrony, what is the dominant mechanism within classical physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Axodendritic synaptic transmission or gap junction coupling. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of neural interactions and brainwave synchrony, what do Freeman and Vitiello apply to describe long-range coherent brainwaves? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Many-body quantum field theory developed in condensed matter physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of global brainwave activity, what cannot fully explain the coherence and synchrony? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> axodendritic synaptic transmission or gap junction coupling </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwave activity, what are the potential explanations for coherence and synchrony? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum field theory and resonance theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwave activity, what role do Quantum vibrational field resonances play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They play a significant role in brainwave activity, leading to coherence and synchrony among different brain regions in alpha, beta, gamma, and other frequency bands. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwave synchrony, what do Freeman and Vitiello apply to describe long-range coherent brainwaves? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> many-body quantum field theory developed in condensed matter physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brainwave synchrony, what theory do Hunt and Schooler propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> general resonance theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of coherence and synchrony among different parts of the brain and body, as well as with external entities, what facilitates this process? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the ability to resonate with specific vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of coherence and synchrony among different parts of the brain and body, what is exchanged between individuals and their surroundings? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> information, energy, and matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of coherence and synchrony among different parts of the brain and body, what can stimulate different parts of the brain simultaneously? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> SRs going back and forth inside our brain </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of coherence and synchrony among different parts of the body, people, and different objects on Earth, what has been shown in experiments? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> coherence and synchronicity </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of why the body developed the ability to resonate with SR, what does this ability enable the body to receive and send? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> information, energy, and matter from and to the Earth as well as all other entities situated on this planet </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can information, energy, and matter be vital for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> survival, vitality, health, well-being, immunity, communication, inspiration, purpose and meaning of life, and for physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health and development. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can resonating with vibrations help one connect with? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> each other, the Earth, sun, galaxy, and universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does studying the brain's neural network as a quantum information system involve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> applying quantum information theory to study neural networks. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does quantum information science provide an information-theoretic understanding of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> correlation, especially the concepts of quantum entanglement and entanglement entropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does normal entropy measure? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the degree of correlation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum information theory, what are the new concepts called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> “quantum entanglement” and “entanglement entropy.” </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum information theory, what does normal entropy measure? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The degree of disorder and uncertainty existing within an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum information theory, what does entanglement entropy measure? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The connection, correlation, and coherence existing within an object or between objects. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum information theory, what can the interaction and connection among neighboring units lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Entanglement and bring about long-range order and various phase transitions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum information theory, what are some of the new phase states? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The patterns of many-body entanglement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of condensed matter, what are the new phase states? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The new phase states in condensed matter are patterns of many-body entanglement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum systems, what are quantum error-correcting codes used for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum error-correcting codes are used to protect quantum systems from decoherence caused by interactions with the environment. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of memory formation in the brain, what is involved? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Memory in the brain involves reactivation of specific groups of neurons and changes in neural connections. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain functions, what does the quantum brain model aim to describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The quantum brain model aims to describe nonlocality in brain functions, including memory storage and recall. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the brain utilize to protect memory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> quantum error correction codes </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are some of the structures that exhibit entanglement, coherence, and correlation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> proteins, DNA, microtubules, membranes, neurons, and neural networks </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the role of entanglement, coherence, and correlation in the brain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> forming connections and interactions among neurons </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, how are synapses in each neuron connected? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> through the same cell body </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what can lead to special states or phase transition? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> entanglement and coherence </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does it suggest about consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper suggests that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is proposed as a quantum theory of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper proposes a quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is discussed regarding the use of quantum error correction codes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper discusses the use of quantum error correction codes in the brain to protect memory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is prevalent at both the neuronal and vibrational levels? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum entanglement is prevalent at both the neuronal and vibrational levels. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what may lead to breakthroughs in understanding consciousness and life? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The study of the brain, DNA, and life as quantum information systems may lead to breakthroughs in understanding consciousness and life. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is consciousness suggested to be? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what can lead to the solution of the hard problem of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the solution of quantum measurement problem </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is proposed as a quantum theory of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is everything said to arise from? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a vibrational field carrying matter, energy, and information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the QTOC predict the existence of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a universal quantum vibrational field </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This research explores the correlation between brain activity and Schumann Resonances, as well as the potential coherence between various parts of the brain, external objects, and the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what does it suggest applying? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The research suggests applying quantum information theory to study the brain's neural network and memory mechanisms. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what do the authors conclude? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors conclude that further discussion and development of this quantum theory of consciousness is warranted. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what was the research supported by? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The research was supported by the National Science Foundation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what are the keywords associated with it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The keywords associated with the research are quantum theory of consciousness, brain activity, Schumann Resonances, coherence, quantum information theory, neural network, and memory mechanisms. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, who supported it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The research was supported by the National Science Foundation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what is being explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The research explores the nature of consciousness and its philosophical debates. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, who are some of the referenced authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The referenced authors include Cohen, Rapport, Chalmers, Seth, and Koch. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, who are the authors grateful to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors express gratitude to Dr. Rugina and Daniela Rambaldini for their contributions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, are there any conflicts of interest declared? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> No conflicts of interest are declared. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what topics are covered? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> mathematical theory of communication, quantum decoherence in brain processes, positive information, and the multidisciplinary nature of neuroscience </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is discussed regarding the concept of wholeness and the implicate order? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of wholeness and the implicate order is also discussed </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is emphasized regarding the importance of understanding information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article emphasizes the importance of understanding information in various fields and provides valuable insights into the nature of consciousness </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what theories and perspectives are discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information provided discusses various theories and perspectives on consciousness, including quantum mechanics, the implicate order, and the relative state formulation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum mechanics, what is the role of observers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It also mentions the role of observers in quantum mechanics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what is the connection explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It explores the connection between consciousness and the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: consciousness, quantum mechanics, implicate order, relative state formulation, observers, universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what does the information provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information provided discusses various theories and perspectives on consciousness, including quantum mechanics, the implicate order, and the relative state formulation. It also mentions the role of observers in quantum mechanics and explores the connection between consciousness and the universe. Keywords: consciousness, quantum mechanics, implicate order, relative state formulation, observers, universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of neuroscience and psychology, what does this article discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article discusses the application of quantum theory in neuroscience and psychology, presenting a neurophysical model of mind-brain interaction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of mind-brain interaction, what concept does the article explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article explores the concept of a participating observer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain function, what potential explanations are introduced in the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article introduces the idea of quantum consciousness and coherence field theory as potential explanations for brain function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain processing, what possibility is suggested in the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article suggests the possibility of processing with nuclear spins in the brain. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain and physics, what previous work is referenced in the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article references the work of Ricciardi and Umezawa on brain and physics of many-body problems. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum consciousness, what is the mechanism that synchronizes quantum mechanics with relativity? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The mechanism that synchronizes quantum mechanics with relativity is discussed in [34] and is based on a new model of consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain function, what is the basis for a model of brain function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Coherence Field Theory proposes that quantum coherence is the basis for a model of brain function, as explained in [35]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of conscious events, what is the concept of orchestrated space-time selections? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of orchestrated space-time selections in conscious events is discussed in [36] by Hameroff and Penrose. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of consciousness, what is the Penrose-Hameroff "Orch OR" model of consciousness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Penrose-Hameroff "Orch OR" model of consciousness is described in [37] and suggests that quantum computation occurs in brain microtubules. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of brain function, what is the brain's dual nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The brain is considered both a neurocomputer and a quantum computer, as proposed by Hameroff in [38]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of memory, what are the stability and non-local properties of memory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The stability and non-local properties of memory in mixed system brains are explored in [39]. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the concept being explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This collection of articles explores the concept of the brain as both a neurocomputer and a quantum computer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what topics are discussed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Topics such as the stability and non-local properties of memory, neural dynamics as a macroscopic ordered state, quantum brain dynamics and consciousness, memory capacity in the quantum brain model, dissipative quantum brain dynamics, and the role of quantum noise, entanglement, and chaos in the quantum field theory of mind/brain states are discussed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of reference [38]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Brain Is both Neurocomputer and Quantum Computer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of reference [41]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the articles, what is the title of reference [44]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum Noise, Entanglement and Chaos in the Quantum Field Theory of Mind/Brain States. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: consciousness, quantum field theory, mind/brain states, quantum noise, entanglement, chaos, fractals, squeezed coherent states, brain dynamics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does it discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This article discusses the fundamental approaches towards understanding consciousness and explores the role of quantum field theory in explaining mind/brain states. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what concepts are examined in relation to the dynamics of the brain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It examines the concepts of quantum noise, entanglement, and chaos. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is highlighted as a manifestation of brain dynamics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Additionally, it highlights the connection between fractals and squeezed coherent states as manifestations of brain dynamics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and author of the first source? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Title: No Matter, Never Mind: Proceedings of toward a Science of Consciousness: Fundamental Approaches
Authors: Senta, T.D., Eds. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research, what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The use of many-body physics and thermodynamics to describe the dynamics of rhythmic generators in sensory cortices engaged in memory and learning. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research, what does it discuss as a macroscopic manifestation of underlying many-body field dynamics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Nonlinear brain dynamics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research, what concepts does the study highlight? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dissipation, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and vortices in brain waves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research, what does it emphasize in guiding behavior and informing the subject through awareness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The entanglement of matter and mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this research, what does it provide insights into? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The relationship between physics, cognition, and consciousness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what are some of the topics covered? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information provided includes articles and books on topics such as quantum physics, consciousness, Taoism, and atomic structure. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what are the key themes? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The key themes include the entanglement of matter and mind, the role of consciousness in quantum physics, and the relationship between spirituality and physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what is the title of the journal article by Freeman and Vitiello? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The title of the journal article by Freeman and Vitiello is "Matter and Mind Are Entangled in Two Streams of Images Guiding Behavior and Informing the Subject through Awareness". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what is the title of the book by Sha and Xiu? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The title of the book by Sha and Xiu is "Tao Science: The Science, Wisdom, and Practice of Creation and Grand Unification". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what is the title of the journal article by Sha and Xiu? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The title of the journal article by Sha and Xiu is "A New Interpretation of Quantum Physics Based on a New Definition of Consciousness". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are some of the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: atomic spectra, brain resonances, consciousness, panpsychism, integrated information theory, resonance theory of consciousness, cognitive rhythms, mind-brain interaction. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title and author of reference [55]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Herzberg, G. (1944) Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title and author of reference [56]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Grossberg, S. (2017) Towards Solving the Hard Problem of Consciousness: The Varieties of Brain Resonances and the Conscious Experiences That They Support. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title and author of reference [57]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bruntrup, G. and Jaskolla, L. (2017) Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title and author of reference [58]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tononi, G., Boly, M., Massimini, M. and Koch, C. (2016) Integrated Information Theory: From Consciousness to Its Physical Substrate. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of paper 378? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> https ://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00378 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of paper 60? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Rhythms for Cognition : Communication through Coherence </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of paper 61? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A Testable Field Theory of Mind-Brain Interaction </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of paper 62? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Conscious Electromagnetic Information Field Theory : The Hard Problem Made Easy? </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of paper 63? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness : A Testable Hypothesis about the Characteristics of Conscious as Opposed to Non-Conscious Fields </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are some potential effects of electromagnetic fields on epileptics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> potential effects on sudden unexpected death in epileptics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is explored in the field of nonlinear brain dynamics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Nonlinear brain dynamics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is discussed regarding the brain's holonomy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The brain's holonomy and structure in figural processing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is discussed regarding language processing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> experimental paradoxes in language processing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title of reference [75]? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Synchronization of Human Autonomic Nervous System Rhythms with Geomagnetic Activity in Human Subjects </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum information, quantum matter, entanglement, topological phases, brain, perception, figural processing, neuropsychology. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the title of the book by Zeng et al.? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum Information Meets Quantum Matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, who authored the book "Brain and Perception: Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> K.H. Pribram </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the publication year of the book "Languages of the Brain: Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in Neuropsychology"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 1971 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, where was the book "Quantum Information Meets Quantum Matter" published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Springer, Berlin </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the content? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Philosophy Study, February 2017, Vol. 7, No. 2, 66-74, doi: 10.17265/2159-5313/2017.02.002

Summary: This article, published in the Philosophy Study journal, provides a comprehensive analysis of a specific topic within the field of philosophy, highlighting key findings and insights from the research conducted in February 2017. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, where was it published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Philosophy Study journal </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does it analyze? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A specific topic within the field of philosophy </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does it highlight? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Key findings and insights from the research conducted in February 2017 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the DOI? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 10.17265/2159-5313/2017.02.002 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does the combination of ancient Chinese Tao wisdom and quantum physics propose about the creation of our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This work combines ancient Chinese Tao wisdom with quantum physics to propose that our universe is manifested from emptiness through duality measurements of space and time, as well as inclusion and exclusion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does the new mathematical description provide insights into? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It provides insights into the meaning and function of space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what role do human actions play in manifesting the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests that human actions play a role in manifesting the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what alternative approach does it offer to understanding and interpreting string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It offers an alternative approach to understanding and interpreting string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does it propose about the creation and evolution of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It proposes a new mathematical description of the creation and evolution of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is David Publishing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> David Publishing is an organization that provides comprehensive information and resources. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided content, what keywords are associated with David Publishing? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: David Publishing, single line rich summary </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text above, what type of information does David Publishing provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> David Publishing provides comprehensive information and resources. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given content, what does DAVID PUBLISHING refer to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> DAVID PUBLISHING refers to an organization that provides comprehensive information and resources. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the provided information, what does DAVID PUBLISHING provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> DAVID PUBLISHING provides comprehensive information and resources. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of SPACE, TIME, AND THE CREATION OF UNIVERSE, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Space, time, creation of universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of SPACE, TIME, AND THE CREATION OF UNIVERSE, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Summary: The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the origins of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the most fundamental physics theory so far? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what has quantum physics been shown to yield about nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The most accurate predictions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what does quantum physics study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> What everything is made of and how it behaves at the microscopic level. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The mathematical formula that expresses the types and quantity of vibrations or waves inside a system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what three ways does quantum physics challenge the foundation of natural science? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Predictability, objectivity, and locality of natural phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what are the three ways in which it challenges the foundation of natural science? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics challenges predictability, objectivity, and locality of natural phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is a wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Wave function is the mathematical formula that expresses the types and quantity of vibrations or waves inside a system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, is it still an active pursuit in physics and philosophy to understand it metaphysically? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yes, understanding quantum physics metaphysically is still an active pursuit in physics and philosophy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of astrophysics, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Astrophysics studies what is made of the heavenly bodies, such as sun, stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, interstellar medium, and the cosmic microwave background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cosmology, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Cosmology studies the origin, evolution, large-scale structures, dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe, as well as the scientific laws that govern the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cosmology, what does dark energy describe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the unknown energy source for the observed accelerated expansion of our universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cosmology, what does dark matter account for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the unknown matter necessary for the appearance of the large-scale structure detected in our universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the grand unification theory, what is another name for it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the theory of everything </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the vibration of string create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> particles and forces </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is missing for it to become the grand unification theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Something is still missing if string theory will ever become the grand unification theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what are some potential testable predictions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory has the potential to predict the dimension of space-time, the particle and interaction spectrum, to unify all the forces and fundamental particles, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, why has it not yet become the grand unification theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Something is still missing if string theory will ever become the grand unification theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of theoretical physics, what question remains unanswered? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Where our universe comes from and how it is created at the fundamental level. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of exploring Tao wisdom about creation, what will be mathematically formulated? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao wisdom will be mathematically formulated and the one formula about our universe will be derived. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space-time, what is proposed about its nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> At the deeper level, space-time is one of the two yin-yang pairs that manifest our universe from the emptiness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space, time, creation of universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation and existence of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the exploration of space and time lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation and existence of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the importance of space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They are crucial for understanding the creation and existence of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the main focus of the exploration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Tao wisdom, what is the origin and creator of everyone, everything, and our whole universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Tao is the origin and creator of everyone, everything, and our whole universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of Yin yang, what does yin represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Yin represents the part that is passive, dark, contracting, feminine, down. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of yin and yang, what are the four aspects of their relation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The four aspects of the relation between yin and yang are: (1) Yin and yang are opposite and relative, (2) Yin and yang are co-created, (3) Yin and yang are inseparable and co-dependent, and (4) The interaction of yin and yang creates everyone and everything. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text above, what is Tao according to physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In physics, emptiness is sometimes called vacuum. In classical physics, emptiness is nothingness. There is nothing in the emptiness. In quantum physics, the emptiness is not nothingness any longer. Vibrations can pop out of as well as go back to the emptiness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text above, what is the phenomenon of vacuum fluctuation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Vibrations can pop out of as well as go back to the emptiness. This phenomenon is the so called the vacuum fluctuation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text above, what do quantum physicists encounter when attempting to calculate the information, energy, and matter in the emptiness? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They encounter the infinity. Infinity is something so huge or so small it cannot be counted. It is bigger than the biggest. It is smaller than the smallest. Within emptiness, there are countless information, energy, and matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation and existence of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the exploration of space and time lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation and existence of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the significance of space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They provide insights into the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the main focus of the exploration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Understanding the creation and existence of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what important fact does renormalization theory reveal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Natural phenomena may appear different when observed at different space and time scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does the interaction between matter and emptiness create? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Infinity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the action of observation called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the role of observers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Phenomena in quantum physics are subjective and depend on the action of observers. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the determining factor for what is being observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The measurement process is a determining factor for what is being observed in quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the revelation about quantum phenomena, what can lead to a grand unification theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Understanding the revelation about measurement in creating quantum phenomena, combined with Tao wisdom, may lead to a grand unification theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time, what do we need to understand in order to find out the yin yang pairs that create our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To find out the yin yang pairs that create our universe, we need to understand what space and time are. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of all cultures and traditions, what are two mysteries that have been explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are two mysteries that have been explored by all people in all cultures and traditions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Space, Time, Creation of Universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe, what does it provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> SPACE, TIME, AND THE CREATION OF UNIVERSE </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe, how many question and answer pairs are provided? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 5 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information explores the relationship between space and time in the creation of the universe, what should the questions begin with? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> "In the context of ..." </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum entanglement and vibrations, what happens when one vibration is observed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> When one vibration is observed, the other vibrations with which it is quantum entangled will instantly turn into the state that is determined by the quantum entanglement, regardless of distance. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does it defy in terms of space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics defies our understanding of space and time, as they cannot be measured simultaneously with complete accuracy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the uncertainty principle? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The uncertainty principle in quantum physics states that we cannot measure certain pairs of properties, such as time and energy, or space and momentum, simultaneously with complete accuracy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time, what do they represent in the yin-yang code? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space represents stillness and solidity, while time represents movement and change in the yin-yang code. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of space and time measurement in quantum physics, what is the process of observation and measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observation and measurement of space and time in quantum physics is a creation process for the phenomena we observe, and it is not simply assigning a number to a ruler, clock, or event. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the keywords associated with the topic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: emptiness, time, space, measurement, movement, change, yang, yin-yang, quantum physics, duality, stillness, solidity, co-creation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the interconnected concepts involving measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Emptiness, time, and space are interconnected concepts that involve the measurement of movement and change (time) and stillness and solidity (space). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the yin-yang duality represented by emptiness, time, and space? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They represent a yin-yang duality, co-created through our observations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does quantum physics emphasize regarding the observed world? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics emphasizes the role of measurement in manifesting the observed world. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the inseparable nature of space and time based on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The inseparable nature of space and time lies in their opposite and relative characteristics, where change and stillness are intertwined. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Space, time, creation of universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what does the exploration of space and time lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is being explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the text, what is the main focus? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement, what are the two basic yin yang pairs? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> space-time and inclusive-exclusive </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement, what are some examples of variations of these yin yang pairs? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> velocity, temperature, and mass </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement, how does the balance method determine mass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> by utilizing both space-time and inclusive-exclusive measurement </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measurement, what are all measurements combinations of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> space-time and inclusive-exclusive measurement </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of space-time and inclusive-exclusive measurements, what is the fundamental action represented by equation (1)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The fundamental action is represented by equation (1), which involves measuring space and time durations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of measuring the unknown mass, what is used to ensure that the two arms of the balance are equal and still? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time measurement is used to ensure that the two arms of the balance are equal and still. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the derivation of the wave function of the universe, what is action in physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what does equation (1) represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Equation (1) represents the simplest action created by the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the summation over space and time in equation (1), what do the symbols T and L represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In equation (1), T represents the age of our universe and L represents the horizon of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what does the action A1=αòDtDs represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action A1=αòDtDs represents the measurement of space and time duration. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, how is the constant α determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The constant α is determined by the Planck time (tp) and Planck length (lp). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what are the Planck time and Planck length? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Planck time (tp) is the smallest time scale in nature, approximately 5.4×10-44 second. The Planck length (lp) is the smallest length scale in nature, approximately 1.6×10-35 meter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what are fermions and bosons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Fermions are particles with half (1/2) spin that repel each other, such as electrons, muons, neutrinos, and quarks. Bosons are particles with integer spin that tend to clump together, such as photons, gravitons, and gluons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the interaction of the space-time yin yang pair, what is supersymmetry (SUSY)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry (SUSY) is a proposed symmetry to connect the concepts of fermions and bosons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the two types of particles in nature? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> fermions and bosons </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the spin of fermions? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> half (1/2) spin </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, how do fermions interact with each other? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They repel each other </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the clumping tendency of bosons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They tend to clump </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is supersymmetry (SUSY) proposed to connect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> fermions and bosons </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Space, time, creation of universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the exploration of space and time lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the main focus? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can be learned from the exploration of space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and superstring theory, what is used to calculate the behavior of particles and the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Wave functions and path integrals. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is everything mathematically represented? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Everything is mathematically represented by wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superstring theory, what does the universal wave function formulation encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function formulation encompasses all fundamental particles and interactions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does Feynman’s path integral formulation do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Feynman’s path integral formulation is a way to calculate a quantum amplitude or wave function by summing over all possible trajectories. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of superstring theory, what can be created from the combination of superstring action and string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> All fundamental particles, interactions, and our observed space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function derived from superstring theory and M theory, what does it suggest about our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function suggests that our universe is a hologram, with the observed space-time, particles, and forces being projections from this hologram. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what does it reveal about dark matter and dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The wave function reveals the existence of dark matter and dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, how does it estimate vacuum energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Estimates of vacuum energy from this equation align with experimental data. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what do the different cycles in our observed space-time account for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Large cycles account for macroscopic phenomena, while small cycles contribute to microscopic phenomena like quarks. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory and M theory, what can be created from the combination of superstring action and string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> All fundamental particles, interactions, and our observed space-time can be created from the combination of superstring action and string action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant, what does the universal wave function suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function suggests that our observed space-time is composed of different cycles, encompassing macroscopic and microscopic phenomena, while also providing insight into the multiverse structure of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant, what is the consistency between experimental data and the properties? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant are consistent with experimental data. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant, what is the role of the universal wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function also tells us that our observed space-time is made of different cycles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant, what are the macroscopic phenomena composed of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The large space and time cycles make up the macroscopic phenomena such as planets, stars, galaxies, and large scale-structure in our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant, what are the microscopic phenomena composed of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The small space and time cycles make up microscopic phenomena, such as quarks, electrons, photons, atoms, molecules and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation of the universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the exploration of space and time lead to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> An understanding of the creation of the universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the relationship between space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The exploration of space and time </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the main focus of the content? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The creation of the universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this work, what is proposed about our universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Our universe is manifested through measurement of space, time, inclusion, and exclusion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this work, what does it offer a path to derive? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It offers a path to derive the grand unification theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this work, what role does human action play in manifesting the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Human action plays a crucial role in manifesting the universe from emptiness. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this study, what do space and time determine? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Space and time are fundamental actions that determine the possibilities manifested from Tao. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this work, what does it shed light on? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It sheds light on the philosophical questions of understanding our world and expressing natural laws mathematically. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of SPACE, TIME, AND THE CREATION OF UNIVERSE, what are the keywords? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Keywords: Space, Time, Creation of Universe </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of SPACE, TIME, AND THE CREATION OF UNIVERSE, what is the summary? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Summary: The exploration of space and time leads to an understanding of the creation of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the content, what topics are covered? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry, string theory, quantum mechanics, inflationary universe, microwave anisotropy probe observations, Taoism, superstring theory, loop amplitudes, anomalies, and phenomenology are covered in this collection of books and articles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information, what is the title and author of a book on Supersymmetry and String Theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model by Michael Dine. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information, which book discusses Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals by Richard Phillips Feynman, Albert R. Hibbs, and Daniel F. Styer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information, what is the title and author of a book on Lao Tzu and Taoism? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Lao Tzu and Taoism by Max Kaltenmark. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information, which book is an introduction to Superstring Theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Superstring Theory by Michael Green, John H. Schwarz, and Edward Witten. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the role of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is said that the heart plays a crucial role in determining our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the integration of quantum physics and spiritual phenomena explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It explains the role of the spiritual heart in determining physical reality and the process of manifestation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is spirit defined as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Spirit is defined as the content of information, spiritual heart, and mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what can quantum measurement phenomena explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It can explain the role of the spiritual heart in determining physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, where does the integration of natural and spiritual concepts have significance? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It has significance in the natural sciences, social sciences, and consciousness studies. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual heart and mind, what determines physical reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> our soul, spiritual heart, and mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of integrating nature and spirituality, what does this work suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> it is possible to integrate nature and spirituality </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of significance in various fields, which fields does this work have significance in? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> natural sciences, social sciences, and consciousness studies </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual heart, what does the Buddhist Anityata sutra state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> all the images we see and the phenomena we observe come from our heart </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual heart, what does Proverbs 4:23 in the Bible say? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the review article, what is the role of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is said that the heart plays a crucial role in determining our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the review article, how does the article define spirit? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We propose to define spirit as the content of information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the review article, what is the role of quantum measurement? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum measurement indicates the role the spiritual heart plays in determining physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the review article, what are some spiritual phenomena explained by quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Intuition, telepathy, and distant healing. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the review article, what is the purpose of integrating science and spirituality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To explore the manifestation of physical reality and explain spiritual phenomena using scientific principles. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena and quantum physics, what is the role of the heart and mind? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It discusses how quantum measurement can explain the influence of the spiritual heart and mind on physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena and quantum physics, what can quantum measurement explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It can explain the role the spiritual heart plays in determining physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena and quantum physics, what does the process of quantum measurement reveal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It reveals the process of manifestation and how our physical reality is determined by our soul, spiritual heart, and mind. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena and quantum physics, what does the integration of natural science and spirituality suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests that it is possible to integrate natural science and spirituality together scientifically in one scientific and mathematical framework. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena and quantum physics, what disciplines does this work have significance in? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It has significance in various disciplines such as social sciences, philosophy, psychology, consciousness studies, and religion. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the concept of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The article discusses the concept of the spiritual heart mentioned in various wisdom traditions, such as Buddhism and the Bible. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the article propose about quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It proposes that quantum physics may provide an explanation for how the spiritual heart creates our reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics is the study of what everything is made of and how it behaves at atomic and subatomic levels. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is everything composed of according to quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to quantum physics, everything is composed of vibrations or waves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the medium through which the article is distributed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The medium through which the article is distributed is open access. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is quantum physics? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics is the study of the atomic and subatomic levels, revealing that everything is made of vibrations or waves. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the spiritual heart refer to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In this work, we refer to the heart mentioned in a spiritual context as spiritual heart. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the previous work establish about everything? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our previous work, we demonstrated that everyone and everything is made of matter, energy, and information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the role of the mind? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We show that these definitions make it possible to use quantum physics to explain spiritual phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the main aim? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The paper aims to demonstrate how these definitions and understanding can be applied to utilize quantum physics in explaining spiritual phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the concept introduced? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It introduces the concept of the spiritual heart as a crucial determinant of our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what is explored to explain how they determine our physical reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The spiritual heart, mind, and quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what is bridging the gap between science and spirituality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This work. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what significant implications does it offer? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Significant implications for natural and social sciences, religion, and the healing arts. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does it refer to as the "spiritual heart"? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The heart mentioned in a spiritual context. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the work, what does it show can be used to explain spiritual phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the integration of quantum physics and spirituality, what is emphasized? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> vibrations and information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the scientific framework, what does quantum physics indicate everything is made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> various vibrations or waves </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is a wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the mathematical formula that expresses the properties and quantity of vibrations or waves </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work by Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu, what is everything defined as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> information, energy, and matter </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the understanding of spirit or soul, what is the receiver of information called? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spiritual heart </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the content of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spirit or soul </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the receiver of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spiritual heart </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is defined as the processor of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the paper aim to explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> how the spiritual heart determines our physical reality </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is used to explain spiritual phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the integration of science with spirituality, what does quantum physics reveal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics reveals how the spiritual heart determines physical phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of understanding the constituents of everything, what are the three components of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The three components of information are content, receiver, and processor. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of matter, what are some examples of its properties and phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Some examples of properties and phenomena of matter are length, width, height, distance, weight, mass, charge, electric field, spin, and force. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of energy, what does it enable? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Energy enables movement and change of matter. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information, what does it do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Information informs and gives form to observed phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of information theory, what are the three components of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the content of the information, the receiver of the information, and the processor of the information. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of defining spirit or soul, what is proposed as the content of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the spirit or soul. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what carries information, energy, and matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> a vibrational field. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum entanglement, how can vibrations influence people and things without direct physical contact? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> By turning our soul, the content of the information, into a specific state, we can affect the people and things we are vibrationally entangled or quantum entangled with instantly without direct physical contact. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum entanglement, how can people and things that are quantum entangled with us influence us without direct physical contact? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the same way, the people and things that are quantum entangled with us can influence us instantly without direct physical contact. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of spiritual phenomena, what can quantum entanglement scientifically explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum entanglement can explain scientifically such spiritual phenomena as distant viewing, telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, distant healing and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how are soul, spiritual heart, and mind defined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to our definition of soul, spiritual heart, and mind, everything has a soul, a spiritual heart, and a mind, including elementary particles, molecules, plants, stones, planets. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the spiritual heart, what does it relate to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The spiritual heart relates to our ability to receive information. It describes how much and what kind of information we can receive, that in turn determines what kinds of vibrations we absorb. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the role of a detector in observing quantum phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In quantum physics, to observe a quantum phenomenon, one must use a detector or detectors to receive vibrations from what is being observed. A detector is an instrument specially designed to absorb vibrations and show visible and measurable changes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how is the vibrational field mathematically described? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In quantum physics, everything is a vibrational field, which is mathematically described by the wave function. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what does information theory state? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> According to information theory, information describes possibilities and potentialities within an object. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, what is the function of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The spiritual heart relates to our ability to receive information. It describes how much and what kind of information we can receive, that in turn determines what kinds of vibrations we absorb. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics, how does a single concrete outcome emerge from the many possibilities? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To understand how this happens, we need first to know the role of a detector in observing quantum phenomena. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observing quantum phenomena, what is the role of a detector? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A detector is an instrument specially designed to absorb vibrations and show visible and measurable changes as a result. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of detecting quantum phenomena, what are examples of detectors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Examples of detectors include photographic film, digital detectors, and cameras. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of observing quantum phenomena, how do different detectors exhibit different phenomena? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Different detectors exhibit different phenomena because they absorb different vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics experiments, how does the placement of a detector affect the location of photons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Where we place the detector determines where we find the photons. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of detecting light, what determines the polarization of the detected light? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The direction we put the polarizer determines the polarization of the detected light. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics experiments, what determines where we find the photons? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> where we place the detector </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics experiments, what determines the polarization of the detected light? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the direction we put the polarizer </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of detectors, what do they receive? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> vibrations </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what determines which part of our spiritual heart we apply? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the content of information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what moves matter? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> energy </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what role does the spiritual heart play? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The spiritual heart influences our mind's processing and directs energy, ultimately shaping our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what supports the significance of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics and spiritual wisdom. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what determines how our mind processes information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The kind of information and vibrations received by our spiritual heart. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what does energy do after our mind processes information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Energy then directs how much energy is used and where it goes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the manifestation process, what establishes our physical reality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The soul, spiritual heart, mind, and energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what is the role of the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The role of the spiritual heart is to act as a receiver of information and determine our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what are the keywords associated with the topic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The keywords associated with the topic are spiritual heart, physical reality, quantum physics, mind, energy, soul, and manifestation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does quantum physics explain about the spiritual heart? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Quantum physics may explain why and how the spiritual heart plays a crucial role in determining our physical reality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, who are the authors? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors of this paper are Dr. Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of this paper, what does the concept of the spiritual heart connect to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The concept of the spiritual heart connects to quantum physics and the mind-body connection. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of integration of science and spirituality using quantum physics, what is the understanding of soul, spiritual heart, and mind? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We conclude that this understanding and the definitions that soul is the content of information, spiritual heart is the receiver of information, and mind is the processor of information provides a way to integrate science with spirituality. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work, what does the understanding of soul, spiritual heart, and mind make possible? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our previous work, we demonstrate that this understanding makes it possible to use quantum physics to explain spiritual phenomena such as intuition, telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, distant healing, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of integrating science with spirituality, what can the integration help further? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We believe the integration of science with spirituality can help further the development of science and spirituality to the next level. It can help us reach a deeper understanding about our existence. It can further enlighten humanity and empower humanity with greater abilities and potentials. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the applications of this work, which fields can benefit from the integration of science and spirituality? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This work has great application in the natural sciences, such as physics, medicine, biology, environmental science, and geology as well as social sciences such as education, psychology, philosophy, economics, politics, personal development, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of future work, what applications will be explored? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It also has application in the emerging science of healing. We will explore these applications in our future work. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are some of the fields in which quantum physics has great application? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> natural sciences, physics, medicine, biology, environmental science, geology, social sciences, education, psychology, philosophy, economics, politics, personal development, healing </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does the article encourage individuals to do? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> apply this work to different areas and disciplines </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the focus of the future work mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> exploring the applications of quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what are some references provided? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bohr, N., Born, M., Schrödinger, Erwin, Zhi Gang Sha and Rulin Xiu </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the topic of the International Journal of Current Research? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the composition of existence and the definition of spirit, heart, and mind according to quantum physics </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what anomalies were discovered in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The discovery of anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicates large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes of the anisotropy with each other and with both the ecliptic and equinoxes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does further analysis indicate about the statistical anisotropy and non-Gaussian temperature fluctuations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Further analysis indicates that the statistical anisotropy and non-Gaussian temperature fluctuations are mainly due to long-range correlations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what remains unknown about the large-scale correlation and anomalous alignment in CMB? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> However, the source of the large-scale correlation and the cause of the anomalous alignment in CMB remains unknown. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In this work, we show a new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) indicates the existence of large-scale quantum vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what can the large-scale quantum vibrations in string theory explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These large-scale quantum vibrations can cause the large-scale correlation and anomalous alignment observed in the background field. They can explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes in the microwave background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the universal wave function interpretation suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) suggests the presence of large-scale quantum vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) can be explained by the universal wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) can explain anomalies such as large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What are the keywords associated with the universal wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The keywords associated with the universal wave function interpretation of string theory are: Dark energy, CMB anomalies, string theory, large-scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What does the new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST), indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function interpretation of string theory (UWFIST) indicates the existence of large-scale quantum vibrations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What can the large-scale quantum vibrations in string theory explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The large-scale quantum vibrations in string theory can explain the observed large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments of the quadrupole and octupole modes in the cosmic microwave background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is the content? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This Open Access article published in Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences provides an overview of the research findings in the field of physical sciences. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the DOI of the article? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> DOI: 10.1142/S2424942417500128 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), what is anisotropic? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is anisotropic with small fluctuations in temperature. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the big bang cosmology, what does the CMB indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The CMB provides critical evidence for the big bang cosmology. It indicates that our universe started from a big bang. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the CMB, what is the recombination epoch? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The recombination epoch is the time period when neutral atoms first formed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of CMB experiments, what anomalies have been detected? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> CMB experiments have detected anomalies, including large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the CMB, what can inflation theory explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Inflation theory can explain short-range anisotropies in the CMB. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the WMAP and Planck Surveyor satellites, what anomalies were detected in the CMB? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> They detected anomalies in the CMB, including large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the CMB anomalies, what is the most significant anomaly? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The most significant anomaly is the unexplained alignment of low-l multipoles with the ecliptic and equinox. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the low-l multipole controversy, what is the anomalous alignment referring to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The anomalous alignment refers to the unexplained alignment of the quadrupole and octupole modes of the anisotropy with each other and with the plane of the earth around the sun (ecliptic) and the moment in which the plane of Earth's equator passes through the ecliptic (equinox). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole, what principle does it potentially violate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole with ecliptic and equinox potentially violates the Copernican principle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole, what is it referred to as by Land and Magueijo? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Land and Magueijo refer to this alignment as the "axis of evil". </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole with the ecliptic and equinox, what is this alignment referred to as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The alignment of the low-l multipole with the ecliptic and equinox is referred to as the "axis of evil." </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole with the ecliptic and equinox, what does this alignment challenge? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This alignment challenges the Copernican principle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the anomalous alignment of the low-l multipole with the ecliptic and equinox, what does it suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests the presence of new physics at large scales. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the proposed explanation for the observed anisotropies, non-Gaussian distributions, and anomalous alignments, what is the proposed explanation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The proposed explanation is the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the grand unification theory, what is string theory considered as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory is considered a promising candidate for the grand unification theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does it study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory studies the quantum dynamics of a string, creating particles and interactions at the Planck scale. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the potential of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It has the potential to predict the dimension of space-time, unify forces and particles, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it suggest about the universe's wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST suggests that the universe's wave function is created from a string-like action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what does it encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It encompasses elementary particles, fundamental forces, dark energy, dark matter, and the large structure of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of dark energy, what may be the source of it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Long-range quantum vibrations in the universe may be the source of dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of vibrations in our universe, what could be the source of dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These long-range vibrations could be the source of dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function of the universe, what can be calculated? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From the derived wave function of the universe, we can calculate the vacuum energy of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of fundamental constants, what can be used to estimate dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Using the age of our universe and fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant, and the speed of light, UWFIST may yield an estimate of the dark energy consistent with the current experimental observation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of large-scale quantum vibrations, what is their role in the expansion of the universe? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The long-range vibration is the candidate for inflation and provides the energy driving the expansion of the universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of large-scale quantum vibrations, what effects can they cause in the CMB radiation and other background matter and radiation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These large-scale quantum vibrations can cause large-scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions in the CMB radiation as well as in other background matter and radiation, thus providing UWFIST an explanation for large-scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions from fundamental principles and theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the uncertainty relation between space and time measurements suggest? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It suggests quantization and non-commutation of space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the explanation provided by string theory for large-scale anisotropy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory's explanation of large-scale anisotropy is explored. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> uncertainty relation, quantization, non-commutation, space-time, string theory, large-scale anisotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the suggested non-commutation relation between space and time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The suggested non-commutation relation between space and time is ½/C27;/C28/C138¼ilptp. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what is the Planck length and Planck time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Planck length is lp¼ð}G/c3Þ1=2¼1:616/C210/C035m, and the Planck time is tp¼ð}G=c5Þ1=2¼5:39/C210/C044s. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum physics and the quantization procedure, what does the space-time uncertainty relation and non-commutation relation indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The space-time uncertainty relation and non-commutation relation indicate a string action. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the form of the string action? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The string action is given by As = ∫dτdσ Lptp. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the universal wave function interpretation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Equation (4) represents the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what is the deviation from the usual interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> UWFIST deviates from the usual interpretation in two ways: the world-sheet space and time integration is over the causal region, and the universal wave function is introduced. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of UWFIST, what are T and L in equation (5)? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> T and L are the age and length of the causal horizon, respectively, and they relate to the age of our universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the Universal Wave Function in String Theory (UWFIST) introduce? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The Universal Wave Function in String Theory (UWFIST) introduces the concept of a wave function for the universe, including all fundamental particles, gauge interactions, and gravity. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the UWFIST encompass? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST can be considered as the wave function of our universe, encompassing its large structures up to the scale of the horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what can still be applied in the UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The usual string theory calculation can still be applied in the UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the observed space-time in relation to the 2-dimensional world-sheet? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observed space-time is a projection from the 2-dimensional world-sheet to a higher dimensional space-time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does the action in terms of the observed space-time involve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The action in terms of the observed space-time involves the derivative of the coordinates with respect to the world-sheet coordinates. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what are the two sets of space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the 2-dimensional world-sheet and the observed space-time X/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the observed space-time? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> X/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In terms of X/C22ð/C27;/C28Þ, what is the action equation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Asin (3) equation </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What does the action equation involve? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the integration of certain variables and their derivatives </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : What is the observed space-time a projection from? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the world-sheet to a possibly higher dimensional space-time </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory and the universal wave function in the presence of background fields, what is the general form of the action in the presence of a massless background field? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The general form of the action in the presence of a massless background field is given by equation (7): As=i∫dT∫dL g1/2(g11g12G22G23@11X22@12X23+"/11/12B22B23@11X22@12X23+1/4/8R) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function in the presence of background fields, what is the expression for the universal wave function? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The expression for the universal wave function in the presence of background fields is given by equation (8): /9(X¹(L;T),G22G23(L;T),B22B23(L;T),/8(L;T))=∫DX¹Dg22g23DB22B23D/8 exp(i∫dT∫dL g1/2(g11g12G22G23@11X22@12X23+"/11/12B22B23@11X22@12X23+1/4/8R)/21) </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of extending the universal wave function, what can be included? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of extending the universal wave function, other massive vibrations can be included. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of extending the string action, what can be included? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of extending the string action, the cases of superstring and heterotic string can be included to include all fundamental particles, all gauge interactions, gravity, and more. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what does it provide the probability for? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In the context of the universal wave function, it provides the probability for our universe to be at space-time coordinate X¹(L;T) and background fields G22G23(L;T), B22B23(L;T), /8(L;T). </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what does it tell us? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The universal wave function tells us the probability for our universe to be at space –time coordinate X¹ðL;TÞand background ¯elds G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,/C8ðL;TÞ. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the universal wave function, what can we do to transform it? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We can do a Fourier transformation to transform the wave function /C9ðX¹ðL;TÞ,G/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,B/C22/C23ðL;TÞ,/C8ðL;TÞÞ to be expressed in the vibrational space expressed by the various vibrations ( !¹,/C20/C22/C23, ...) . </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of long-range vibrations, what is the largest wavelength? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The largest wavelength is on the order of the length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of long-range vibrations, why are these vibrations difficult to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are very ¯ne in the sense that they vary in space and time very slowly, therefore it is very di±cult to detect them. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of long-range vibrations, how long does it take to detect a vibration with a wavelength L? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c or it requires the </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what does Planck length represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> String theory proposes that the Planck length, which represents the smallest possible length, is also the length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, why are the vibrations difficult to detect? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Detecting these vibrations requires a detector of similar size to the wavelength because these vibrations vary in space and time very slowly. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the size requirement for detecting vibrations with a wavelength L? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> To detect the vibration with the wavelength L, it takes the time L/c or it requires a detector that is at least on the order of L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what is the largest wavelength comparable to? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The largest wavelength in string theory is comparable to the length of the causal horizon. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of string theory, what do these vibrations represent? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations are difficult to detect due to their slow variation in space and time. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can large-scale quantum vibrations potentially explain? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Large-scale quantum vibrations, derived from string theory, can potentially explain dark energy and the small cosmological constant. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what did the previous work show about long-range vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> In our previous work, we showed that these long-range vibrations can be the source of dark energy and provide the way to derive and explain why the cosmological constant is so small. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what can the large-scale quantum vibrations potentially serve as? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> These vibrations can also serve as a new inflation scheme. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the scale of the correlation caused by the long-range vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The correlation caused by the long-range vibrations varies on the order of the length of the horizon L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what does the result (9) indicate about the correlation caused by the long-range vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The result (9) indicates that the correlation caused by the long-range vibration is non-zero and varies on the order of the length of the horizon L. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of wave function interpretation of string theory, what are some of the consequences of the large-distance correlation derived from UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It can cause large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and large-scale correlation in the CMB and other radiation or matter background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the long-range vibrations in string theory, how is their alignment determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Their alignment is determined by the measurement. It is similar to the observation of the polarization of light. The observed polarization is determined by the direction of the polarizer. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the WMAP data and large-scale structure surveys, what evidence supports the interpretation of large-distance correlation in wave function interpretation of string theory? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Evidence of correlations found in WMAP data and large-scale structure surveys supports this interpretation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the correlation caused by long-range vibration in string theory, what does the result (9) indicate about the correlation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The result (9) indicates that the correlation caused by the long-range vibration is non-zero. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the wave function interpretation of string theory, why does the large-distance correlation appear naturally in UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> It is a direct and obvious derivation from UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what aligns with the observation of large-scale structure, the hard X-ray background, and the NVSS survey of radio galaxies? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The observation of large-scale structure, the hard X-ray background, and the NVSS survey of radio galaxies align with the UWFIST theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of quantum vibrations, how is the alignment of long-range vibrations determined? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Because these long-range vibrations are quantum vibrations, their alignment is determined by the measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the alignment of quadrupole and octupole modes, what determines their alignment? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The alignment of the quadrupole and octupole modes is determined by the measurement. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the ecliptic plane, where are all the detectors placed? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> All of our detectors are placed in the solar system and Earth in the ecliptic plane. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the alignment of quadrupole and octupole modes, with what should the alignment be done? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The alignment of both quadrupole and octupole modes should be done with the ecliptic plane and equinox. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what does it propose? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The UWFIST theory explains large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment in cosmic background radiation. It proposes that these phenomena are caused by long-range quantum vibrations and provides critical experimental evidence for UWFIST. Additionally, UWFIST suggests that these observations can also provide information about dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what does it suggest about the large-scale quantum vibrations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We conclude that UWFIST can explain the large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment. They are due to the large-scale quantum vibrations predicted in UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what does it suggest about the large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> We suggest that the large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment provide the critical experimental evidence for UWFIST. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what does it suggest about the relationship between large-scale quantum vibrations and dark energy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Furthermore, UWFIST suggests that since the large-scale quantum vibrations are the source for dark energy, the large-scale anisotropies, non-Gaussian distribution, and anomalous alignment can also provide some detailed information about dark energy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the UWFIST theory, what does it suggest about the anomalous alignment with the solar system? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The anomalous alignment with the solar system is due to the fact that the measurement is made in the solar system. The anomalous alignment does not violate the Copernican principle. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the anomalous alignment of cosmic microwave background radiation and other matter and radiation with the solar system imply? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The anomalous alignment with the solar system is due to the fact that the measurement is made in the solar system. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what theory does the authors propose is supported by the alignment? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors propose that this alignment supports the validity of the Unified Wave Field Interpretation of Space-Time (UWFIST) as a grand unified theory. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the authors suggest for further exploration? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The authors suggest further exploration of the correlation function and its validation. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the previous work mentioned, what can be estimated using UWFIST? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> From UWFIST, we can estimate the vacuum energy and cosmological constant consistent with the experimental result using the age of the universe and the fundamental constants G and c. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the paper, what does the calculation of the correlation function indicate? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The calculation of the correlation function caused by the long-range vibration indicates that the correlation function is proportional to the measurement time /C1T. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of acknowledgments, who is acknowledged for editing the research papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Edward Wuenschel </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of references, what is the title of paper 1? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Cosmic black-body radiation </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of references, what is the title of paper 2? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of references, what is the title of paper 3? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Anisotropies in the CMB </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the content, what does the research paper discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The string theory explanation of large-scale anisotropy </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, what does the collection of references provide? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> an overview of the theoretical and observational aspects of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, including the COBE, MAXIMA-1, and WMAP missions. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, what topics are covered in the collection of references? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the inflationary universe, structure in CMB maps, and measurements of the CMB angular power spectrum. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, who wrote the theoretical overview of cosmic microwave background anisotropy? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> E. L. Wright. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the title of the book where the theoretical overview is published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Measuring and Modeling the Universe. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the collection of references, what is the ISBN of the book where the theoretical overview is published? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> 0-521-75576-X. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what are some topics covered in the collection of papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Topics covered include foreground emission, temperature analysis, data processing, determination of cosmological parameters, and the detection of B-mode polarization in the CMB. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what missions are discussed in the collection of papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The MAXIMA-1 and WMAP missions are discussed. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, what is the arXiv identifier for one of the papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> arXiv:astro-ph/9905100. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, which paper discusses the measurement of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy on angular scales of 10-5? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Paper 11, "MAXIMA-1: A measurement of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy on angular scales of 10-5/C14" by S. Hanany et al. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the given information, which paper provides the first-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations on foreground emission? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Paper 13, "First-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: Foreground emission" by C. Bennett et al. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what are some of the cosmological parameters determined using first-year WMAP observations? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The research includes the determination of cosmological parameters using first-year WMAP observations. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what was detected by BICEP2? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what was identified in the WMAP data? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Non-Gaussian signatures. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what was mapped in the WMAP data? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The large-scale anisotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the research, what evidence was provided in the WMAP data? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Evidence of vorticity and shear at large angular scales. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the papers, what do they discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The papers discuss the mapping of large-scale anisotropy in the WMAP data and provide evidence of vorticity and shear at large angular scales, suggesting a violation of cosmological isotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title of paper 21? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Mapping the large-scale anisotropy in the WMAP data </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title of paper 22? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Evidence of vorticity and shear at large angular scales in the WMAP data: A violation of cosmological isotropy? </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the publication of paper 21? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Astron. Astrophys. 464(2) (2005) 479 –485 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the publication of paper 22? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Astrophys. J. 629 (2005) L1 –L4 </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, what aspects are discussed in the collection of papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> This collection of papers discusses various aspects of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, including power spectrum analysis, foreground effects, anomalies, and the presence of a preferred axis. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, what role do dark energy and string theory play in understanding the CMB? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> The papers also explore the role of dark energy and string theory in understanding the CMB. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the first-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe data, what is the title of the paper authored by Banday, S. Levin, and P. B. Lilje? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Bayesian power spectrum analysis of the first-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe data </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of WMAP, which paper assesses the effects of foregrounds and sky removal? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Assessing the effects of foregrounds and sky removal in WMAP </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the first-year WMAP data, which paper explores multipole vector anomalies? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Multipole vector anomalies in the first-year WMAP data: A cut-sky analysis </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does it explore? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> radiation anisotropy and its connection to string theory, dark energy, and the cosmic microwave background </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does the paper review? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the current understanding of CMB anisotropy science </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the study, what does the paper discuss? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the estimation of the cosmological constant from string theory and the inflation scheme derived from the universal wave function interpretation of string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title of reference 36? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> CMB anisotropy science: A review </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title of reference 37? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Dark energy and estimate of cosmological constant from string theory </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article compilation, what topics are discussed in the books and scientific papers? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> topics such as long-range correlation in cosmic microwave background radiation, the correlation between the cosmic microwave sky and large-scale structure, and the string theory explanation of large-scale anisotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article compilation, what are the keywords mentioned? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> books, scientific papers, long-range correlation, cosmic microwave background radiation, large-scale structure, string theory, anisotropy. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the publication information of the book from McGraw Hill? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> (McGraw Hill, 1965) ISBN 0-07-020650-3. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and authors of the scientific paper on long-range correlation in cosmic microwave background radiation? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> M. Sadegh Movahed, F. Ghasemi, S. Rahvar and M. Reza Rahimi Tabar, Long range correlation in cosmic microwave background radiation, Phys. Rev. E. 84(2011) 021103. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the information provided, what is the title and authors of the scientific paper on the correlation between the cosmic microwave sky and large-scale structure? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> S. Boughn and R. Crittenden, A correlation of the cosmic microwave sky with large scale structure, Nature 427 (2004) 45 –47. </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does quantum physics propose everyone and everything is made of? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> matter, energy, and information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, how does the article define spirit? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the content of information </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is defined as the receiver of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> spiritual heart </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what is defined as the processor of information? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> mind </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what can the integration of spirituality and natural science using quantum physics unlock? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> the true potential of human beings </s>

Here is a question based on Taoscience. ### Question : In the context of the article, what does physics study? answer in detail ### Answer : <s> Physics studies all the material aspects of our existence. </s>