[
    {
        "start": 19.22,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: The Uniform\nCode of Military Justice"
    },
    {
        "start": 23.84,
        "text": "specifies court martial for\nany officer who sends a soldier"
    },
    {
        "start": 27.53,
        "text": "into battle without a weapon."
    },
    {
        "start": 30.62,
        "text": "There ought to be a similar\nprotection for students"
    },
    {
        "start": 32.995,
        "text": "because students\nshouldn't go out"
    },
    {
        "start": 34.37,
        "text": "into life without the\nability to communicate,"
    },
    {
        "start": 38.07,
        "text": "and that's because\nyour success in life"
    },
    {
        "start": 40.34,
        "text": "will be determined largely\nby your ability to speak,"
    },
    {
        "start": 43.76,
        "text": "your ability to write, and\nthe quality of your ideas,"
    },
    {
        "start": 47.84,
        "text": "in that order."
    },
    {
        "start": 50.84,
        "text": "I know that I can be\nsuccessful in this"
    },
    {
        "start": 52.67,
        "text": "because the quality\nof communication,"
    },
    {
        "start": 57.05,
        "text": "your speaking, your\nwriting, is largely"
    },
    {
        "start": 59.45,
        "text": "determined by this formula."
    },
    {
        "start": 61.88,
        "text": "It's a matter of how\nmuch knowledge you have,"
    },
    {
        "start": 65.15,
        "text": "how much you practice\nwith that knowledge,"
    },
    {
        "start": 67.67,
        "text": "and your inherent\ntalent, and notice"
    },
    {
        "start": 70.1,
        "text": "that the T is very small."
    },
    {
        "start": 72.23,
        "text": "What really matters\nis what you know."
    },
    {
        "start": 75.86,
        "text": "This point came to me suddenly\na few decades ago when"
    },
    {
        "start": 79.97,
        "text": "I was skiing at Sun Valley."
    },
    {
        "start": 82.61,
        "text": "I had heard that it was\nCelebrity Weekend, and one"
    },
    {
        "start": 85.43,
        "text": "of the celebrities\nwas Mary Lou Retton,"
    },
    {
        "start": 90.8,
        "text": "famous Olympic gymnast,\nperfect 10s in the vault."
    },
    {
        "start": 95.48,
        "text": "And I heard that she\nwas a novice at skiing,"
    },
    {
        "start": 98.51,
        "text": "so when the opportune\nmoment arrived,"
    },
    {
        "start": 100.07,
        "text": "I looked over on\nthe novice slope"
    },
    {
        "start": 102.47,
        "text": "and saw this young woman who,\nwhen she became unbalanced,"
    },
    {
        "start": 106.27,
        "text": "went like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 108.35,
        "text": "And I said that's got to be her."
    },
    {
        "start": 110.33,
        "text": "That must be the gymnast."
    },
    {
        "start": 113.57,
        "text": "But then, it occurred to\nme, I'm a much better skier"
    },
    {
        "start": 116.21,
        "text": "than she is, and she's an\nOlympic athlete-- not only"
    },
    {
        "start": 118.82,
        "text": "an ordinary Olympic\nathlete, an outstanding one."
    },
    {
        "start": 123.23,
        "text": "And I was a better skier because\nI had the K, and I had the P,"
    },
    {
        "start": 128.12,
        "text": "and all she had\nwas the T. So you"
    },
    {
        "start": 130.729,
        "text": "can get a lot better\nthan people who"
    },
    {
        "start": 132.86,
        "text": "may have inherent\ntalents if you have"
    },
    {
        "start": 135.14,
        "text": "the right amount of knowledge."
    },
    {
        "start": 137.46,
        "text": "So that's what my objective is\ntoday, and here's my promise."
    },
    {
        "start": 140.96,
        "text": "Today, you will\nsee some examples"
    },
    {
        "start": 144.83,
        "text": "of what you can put in your\narmamentarium of speaking"
    },
    {
        "start": 148.4,
        "text": "techniques, and it\nwill be the case"
    },
    {
        "start": 152.81,
        "text": "that some one of those examples,\nsome heuristic, some technique,"
    },
    {
        "start": 157.64,
        "text": "maybe only one, will make--"
    },
    {
        "start": 160.04,
        "text": "will be the one that\ngets you the job."
    },
    {
        "start": 163.05,
        "text": "And so this is a very\nnon-linear process."
    },
    {
        "start": 165.6,
        "text": "You never know when\nit's going to happen,"
    },
    {
        "start": 167.752,
        "text": "but that is my promise."
    },
    {
        "start": 168.71,
        "text": "By the end of the\nnext 60 minutes,"
    },
    {
        "start": 172.35,
        "text": "you'll have been exposed to\na lot of ideas, some of which"
    },
    {
        "start": 175.49,
        "text": "you'll incorporate into\nyour own repertoire,"
    },
    {
        "start": 178.18,
        "text": "and they will ensure that you\nget the maximum opportunity"
    },
    {
        "start": 183.08,
        "text": "to have your ideas\nvalued and accepted"
    },
    {
        "start": 189.41,
        "text": "by the people you speak with."
    },
    {
        "start": 191.9,
        "text": "Now, in order to\ndo that, we have"
    },
    {
        "start": 194.3,
        "text": "to have a rule of\nengagement, and that"
    },
    {
        "start": 197.15,
        "text": "is no laptops, no cell phones."
    },
    {
        "start": 202.71,
        "text": "So if you could\nclose those, I'll"
    },
    {
        "start": 204.6,
        "text": "start up as soon as you're done."
    },
    {
        "start": 207.3,
        "text": "Some people ask why that\nis a rule of engagement,"
    },
    {
        "start": 211.8,
        "text": "and the answer\nis, we humans only"
    },
    {
        "start": 214.83,
        "text": "have one language processor."
    },
    {
        "start": 216.99,
        "text": "And if your language\nprocessor is enga--"
    },
    {
        "start": 218.76,
        "text": "could you shut the\nlaptop, please?"
    },
    {
        "start": 220.59,
        "text": "If your language processor\nis engaged browsing the web"
    },
    {
        "start": 224.85,
        "text": "or reading your email,\nyou're distracted."
    },
    {
        "start": 228.03,
        "text": "And worse yet, you distract\nall of the people around you."
    },
    {
        "start": 230.88,
        "text": "Studies have shown that."
    },
    {
        "start": 232.57,
        "text": "And worse yet, if I see a\nopen laptop somewhere back"
    },
    {
        "start": 236.16,
        "text": "there or up here, it drives\nme nuts, and I do a worse job."
    },
    {
        "start": 242.47,
        "text": "And so that ensures\nthat all of your friends"
    },
    {
        "start": 244.71,
        "text": "who are paying attention\ndon't get the performance"
    },
    {
        "start": 248.52,
        "text": "that they came to have."
    },
    {
        "start": 251.23,
        "text": "So that's it for preamble."
    },
    {
        "start": 253.83,
        "text": "Let's get started."
    },
    {
        "start": 256.62,
        "text": "First thing we talk about,\nof course, is how to start."
    },
    {
        "start": 265.47,
        "text": "Some people think\nthe right thing to do"
    },
    {
        "start": 268.74,
        "text": "is to start a talk with a joke."
    },
    {
        "start": 279.53,
        "text": "I don't recommend\nit, and the reason"
    },
    {
        "start": 284.3,
        "text": "is that, in the\nbeginning of a talk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 286.82,
        "text": "people are still putting\ntheir laptops away."
    },
    {
        "start": 289.42,
        "text": "They're becoming adjusted\nto your speaking parameters,"
    },
    {
        "start": 292.25,
        "text": "to your vocal parameters, and\nthey're not ready for a joke."
    },
    {
        "start": 298.67,
        "text": "So it doesn't work very well."
    },
    {
        "start": 300.09,
        "text": "They usually fall flat."
    },
    {
        "start": 302.42,
        "text": "What you want to do instead is\nstart with empowerment promise."
    },
    {
        "start": 309.56,
        "text": "You want to tell\npeople what they're"
    },
    {
        "start": 311.06,
        "text": "going to know at\nthe end of the hour"
    },
    {
        "start": 313.66,
        "text": "that they didn't know at\nthe beginning of the hour."
    },
    {
        "start": 316.56,
        "text": "It's an empowerment promise."
    },
    {
        "start": 317.808,
        "text": "It's the reason for being here."
    },
    {
        "start": 321.66,
        "text": "What would be an example?"
    },
    {
        "start": 322.91,
        "text": "Oh, I see."
    },
    {
        "start": 324.23,
        "text": "At the end of this 60\nminutes, you will know things"
    },
    {
        "start": 328.82,
        "text": "about speaking you\ndon't know now,"
    },
    {
        "start": 330.952,
        "text": "and something among\nthose things you know"
    },
    {
        "start": 332.66,
        "text": "will make a difference\nin your life."
    },
    {
        "start": 334.31,
        "text": "Yeah, that's an\nempowerment promise,"
    },
    {
        "start": 336.2,
        "text": "so that's the best way to start."
    },
    {
        "start": 338.96,
        "text": "So now that I've talked a\nlittle bit about how to start,"
    },
    {
        "start": 341.54,
        "text": "what I want to do is give you\nsome samples of heuristics"
    },
    {
        "start": 344.9,
        "text": "that are always on my\nmind when I give a talk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 348.97,
        "text": "and first of these heuristics is\nthat it's a good idea to cycle"
    },
    {
        "start": 353.185,
        "text": "on the subject."
    },
    {
        "start": 356.48,
        "text": "Go around it."
    },
    {
        "start": 357.98,
        "text": "Go round it again."
    },
    {
        "start": 359.36,
        "text": "Go round it again."
    },
    {
        "start": 361.25,
        "text": "Some people say, tell him\nwhat you want to tell him."
    },
    {
        "start": 365.9,
        "text": "Tell him again, and then\ntell him a third time,"
    },
    {
        "start": 368.69,
        "text": "as if people\nweren't intelligent."
    },
    {
        "start": 371.9,
        "text": "But the point is--"
    },
    {
        "start": 372.83,
        "text": "the reason is-- well, there\nare many reasons, one of which"
    },
    {
        "start": 376.19,
        "text": "is, at any given\nmoment, about 20% of you"
    },
    {
        "start": 379.34,
        "text": "will be fogged out no\nmatter what the lecture is."
    },
    {
        "start": 382.03,
        "text": "So if you want to ensure that\nthe probability that everybody"
    },
    {
        "start": 384.53,
        "text": "gets it is high, you need\nto say it three times."
    },
    {
        "start": 389.12,
        "text": "So cycling is one of\nthe things that I always"
    },
    {
        "start": 391.25,
        "text": "think about when I give a talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 393.5,
        "text": "Another thing I think about\nis, in explaining my idea,"
    },
    {
        "start": 398.19,
        "text": "I want to build a fence around\nit so that it's not confused"
    },
    {
        "start": 405.59,
        "text": "with somebody else's idea."
    },
    {
        "start": 408.03,
        "text": "So if you were from Mars,\nand I was teaching you"
    },
    {
        "start": 410.9,
        "text": "about what an arch is,\nI might say to you,"
    },
    {
        "start": 413.51,
        "text": "well, that's an arch."
    },
    {
        "start": 415.333,
        "text": "And that's not to be confused\nwith some other things"
    },
    {
        "start": 417.5,
        "text": "that other people\nmight think is--"
    },
    {
        "start": 418.97,
        "text": "this is not an arch."
    },
    {
        "start": 422.6,
        "text": "That's not an arch."
    },
    {
        "start": 424.01,
        "text": "I'm building a\nfence around my idea"
    },
    {
        "start": 425.78,
        "text": "so that it can be distinguished\nfrom somebody else's idea."
    },
    {
        "start": 429.02,
        "text": "So in a more technical\nsense, I might say, well,"
    },
    {
        "start": 432.33,
        "text": "my algorithm might similar--"
    },
    {
        "start": 433.99,
        "text": "might seem similar\nto Jones's algorithm,"
    },
    {
        "start": 435.74,
        "text": "except his is exponential,\nand mine's linear."
    },
    {
        "start": 438.285,
        "text": "That's putting a\nfence around your idea"
    },
    {
        "start": 439.91,
        "text": "so that people can not\nbe confused about how it"
    },
    {
        "start": 442.998,
        "text": "might relate to something else."
    },
    {
        "start": 446.96,
        "text": "The third thing on\nthis list of samples"
    },
    {
        "start": 450.23,
        "text": "is the idea of\nverbal punctuation."
    },
    {
        "start": 464.78,
        "text": "And the idea here is\nthat, because people"
    },
    {
        "start": 468.05,
        "text": "will occasionally fog out and\nneed to get back on the bus,"
    },
    {
        "start": 472.73,
        "text": "you need to provide some\nlandmark places where"
    },
    {
        "start": 476.21,
        "text": "you're announcing that it's\na good time to get back on."
    },
    {
        "start": 480.26,
        "text": "So I might, in this\ntalk, say something"
    },
    {
        "start": 482.48,
        "text": "about this being my outline."
    },
    {
        "start": 485.84,
        "text": "The first thing we're going to\ndo is talk about how to start."
    },
    {
        "start": 489.03,
        "text": "Then we're going to deal\nwith these four samples,"
    },
    {
        "start": 491.48,
        "text": "and among these\nfour samples, I've"
    },
    {
        "start": 493.88,
        "text": "talked about the first\nidea-- that's cycling."
    },
    {
        "start": 496.55,
        "text": "The second idea,\nbuilding-- and now,"
    },
    {
        "start": 498.2,
        "text": "the third idea is\nverbal punctuation."
    },
    {
        "start": 502.04,
        "text": "So I'm enumerating\nand providing numbers."
    },
    {
        "start": 504.77,
        "text": "I'm giving you a sense that\nthere's a seam in the talk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 508.04,
        "text": "and you can get back on."
    },
    {
        "start": 513.299,
        "text": "So now, we're on a roll,\nand since we're on a roll,"
    },
    {
        "start": 518.13,
        "text": "can you guess what fourth\nidea might be here--"
    },
    {
        "start": 522.27,
        "text": "an idea that helps people\nget back on the bus?"
    },
    {
        "start": 528.8,
        "text": "AUDIENCE: Ask a question."
    },
    {
        "start": 531.405,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: Yes?"
    },
    {
        "start": 532.28,
        "text": "AUDIENCE: Ask a question."
    },
    {
        "start": 533.322,
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 533.86,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nAsk a question, yes."
    },
    {
        "start": 535.57,
        "text": "Thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 538.22,
        "text": "So ask a question."
    },
    {
        "start": 545.42,
        "text": "And so I will ask a question--\nhow much dead air can there be?"
    },
    {
        "start": 549.03,
        "text": "How long can I pause?"
    },
    {
        "start": 551.01,
        "text": "I counted seven seconds."
    },
    {
        "start": 553.08,
        "text": "It seemed like an eternity to\nme to wait and not say anything"
    },
    {
        "start": 556.3,
        "text": "for seven seconds, but that's\nthe standard amount of time"
    },
    {
        "start": 559.74,
        "text": "you can wait for an answer."
    },
    {
        "start": 560.91,
        "text": "And of course, the question\nhas to be carefully chosen."
    },
    {
        "start": 563.7,
        "text": "It can't be too obvious\nbecause then people"
    },
    {
        "start": 565.62,
        "text": "will be embarrassed to say\nit, but the answers can't"
    },
    {
        "start": 568.41,
        "text": "be too hard because then nobody\nwill have anything to say."
    },
    {
        "start": 572.58,
        "text": "So here are some\nsample heuristics"
    },
    {
        "start": 574.8,
        "text": "you can put in\nyour armamentarium"
    },
    {
        "start": 577.11,
        "text": "and build up your repertoire\nof ideas about presentation."
    },
    {
        "start": 583.46,
        "text": "And now, if this\npersuades you that there"
    },
    {
        "start": 587.34,
        "text": "is something to know,\nthat there is knowledge,"
    },
    {
        "start": 592.62,
        "text": "then I've already succeeded\nbecause what I want to convince"
    },
    {
        "start": 595.5,
        "text": "you of, is if you watch the\nspeakers you admire and feel"
    },
    {
        "start": 599.16,
        "text": "are effective,\nand ask yourselves"
    },
    {
        "start": 601.14,
        "text": "why they're successful,\nthen you can"
    },
    {
        "start": 603.03,
        "text": "build up your own\npersonal repertoire"
    },
    {
        "start": 606.0,
        "text": "and develop your\nown personal style."
    },
    {
        "start": 608.01,
        "text": "And that's my\nfundamental objective,"
    },
    {
        "start": 610.83,
        "text": "and the rest of this\ntalk is about some"
    },
    {
        "start": 612.9,
        "text": "of the things that are\nin my armamentarium"
    },
    {
        "start": 615.18,
        "text": "that I think are effective."
    },
    {
        "start": 617.55,
        "text": "So next thing on\nour agenda, as we"
    },
    {
        "start": 620.28,
        "text": "start to discuss\nthese other things,"
    },
    {
        "start": 622.83,
        "text": "is a discussion\nof time and place."
    },
    {
        "start": 625.17,
        "text": "So what do you think is a\ngood time to have a lecture?"
    },
    {
        "start": 630.612,
        "text": "11 AM?"
    },
    {
        "start": 631.66,
        "text": "Yeah."
    },
    {
        "start": 638.28,
        "text": "And the reason is most people\nat MIT are awake by then,"
    },
    {
        "start": 644.67,
        "text": "and hardly anyone has\ngone back to sleep."
    },
    {
        "start": 648.17,
        "text": "It's not right after a meal."
    },
    {
        "start": 650.1,
        "text": "People aren't fatigued\nfrom this or that."
    },
    {
        "start": 652.56,
        "text": "It's a great time\nto have a lecture."
    },
    {
        "start": 654.97,
        "text": "So that brings me, next,\nto the question of what"
    },
    {
        "start": 656.97,
        "text": "about the place?"
    },
    {
        "start": 658.546,
        "text": "And the most important\nthing about the place"
    },
    {
        "start": 661.44,
        "text": "is that it be well lit."
    },
    {
        "start": 669.32,
        "text": "This room is well lit."
    },
    {
        "start": 671.99,
        "text": "Problem with other kinds\nof rooms is that we humans,"
    },
    {
        "start": 676.37,
        "text": "whenever the lights\ngo down, or whenever"
    },
    {
        "start": 678.74,
        "text": "the room is dimly\nlighted, it signals"
    },
    {
        "start": 681.41,
        "text": "that we should go to sleep."
    },
    {
        "start": 683.35,
        "text": "So whenever I go\nsomewhere to give a talk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 685.1,
        "text": "even today, the\nfirst thing I do when"
    },
    {
        "start": 687.44,
        "text": "I speak to the\naudio-visual people"
    },
    {
        "start": 689.22,
        "text": "is say, keep the lights full up."
    },
    {
        "start": 694.4,
        "text": "Oh, they might reply, people\nwill see the slides better"
    },
    {
        "start": 699.0,
        "text": "if we turn the lights\noff, and then I reply,"
    },
    {
        "start": 702.61,
        "text": "it's extremely hard to see\nslides through closed eyelids."
    },
    {
        "start": 710.35,
        "text": "What else can you\nsay about the place?"
    },
    {
        "start": 713.07,
        "text": "Well, the place\nshould be cased, and I"
    },
    {
        "start": 718.71,
        "text": "mean that in a colloquial\nsense, of like if you're"
    },
    {
        "start": 721.68,
        "text": "robbing a bank, you\nwould go to the bank"
    },
    {
        "start": 725.52,
        "text": "some occasions before\nto see what it's like,"
    },
    {
        "start": 728.4,
        "text": "so there are no surprises\nwhen you do your robbery."
    },
    {
        "start": 733.17,
        "text": "So whenever I go\nsomewhere to speak,"
    },
    {
        "start": 735.75,
        "text": "the first thing I ask my host\nto do is to take me to the place"
    },
    {
        "start": 738.6,
        "text": "where I'll be speaking so that\nif there are any weirdnesses,"
    },
    {
        "start": 742.32,
        "text": "I'll be able to deal with it."
    },
    {
        "start": 746.52,
        "text": "Sometimes, it might\nrequire some intervention."
    },
    {
        "start": 749.01,
        "text": "Sometimes, it just might\nrequire me to understand"
    },
    {
        "start": 751.8,
        "text": "what the challenges are."
    },
    {
        "start": 753.66,
        "text": "So when I came\nhere this morning,"
    },
    {
        "start": 756.96,
        "text": "I did what I typically do."
    },
    {
        "start": 759.203,
        "text": "I imagined that\nall the seats were"
    },
    {
        "start": 760.62,
        "text": "filled with disinterested\nfarm animals,"
    },
    {
        "start": 764.34,
        "text": "and that way, I knew that,\nno matter how bad it was,"
    },
    {
        "start": 766.83,
        "text": "it wouldn't be as bad as that."
    },
    {
        "start": 771.46,
        "text": "So finally, it should\nbe reasonably--"
    },
    {
        "start": 775.54,
        "text": "it should be\nreasonably populated."
    },
    {
        "start": 783.95,
        "text": "It should be the case that--"
    },
    {
        "start": 787.34,
        "text": "if there were 10\npeople in this hall,"
    },
    {
        "start": 789.37,
        "text": "everyone would be\nwondering, what's"
    },
    {
        "start": 791.05,
        "text": "going on that's so much more\ninteresting that nobody's here."
    },
    {
        "start": 794.23,
        "text": "So you want to get a\nright sized place that's--"
    },
    {
        "start": 797.055,
        "text": "doesn't have to\nbe packed, but it"
    },
    {
        "start": 798.43,
        "text": "has to be more than half full."
    },
    {
        "start": 800.95,
        "text": "So those are some thoughts\nabout a time and place."
    },
    {
        "start": 804.55,
        "text": "Next thing I want to\ntalk about is a subject"
    },
    {
        "start": 807.64,
        "text": "of boards and props and slides."
    },
    {
        "start": 818.23,
        "text": "Well, these are the\ntools of the trade."
    },
    {
        "start": 821.23,
        "text": "I believe that this is the\nright tool for speaking"
    },
    {
        "start": 829.42,
        "text": "when your purpose is informing."
    },
    {
        "start": 832.33,
        "text": "The slides are good when\nyour purpose is exposing,"
    },
    {
        "start": 836.29,
        "text": "but this is what I use when I'm\ninforming, teaching, lecturing,"
    },
    {
        "start": 840.61,
        "text": "and there's several\nreasons why I use it."
    },
    {
        "start": 842.44,
        "text": "For one thing, when\nyou use the board,"
    },
    {
        "start": 844.48,
        "text": "you have a graphic quality."
    },
    {
        "start": 850.49,
        "text": "It's the case that, when\nyou have a board, then"
    },
    {
        "start": 854.44,
        "text": "you can easily exploit the\nfact that you can use graphics"
    },
    {
        "start": 859.99,
        "text": "in your presentation."
    },
    {
        "start": 862.668,
        "text": "So that's the graphic quality\nthat I like, and the next thing"
    },
    {
        "start": 865.21,
        "text": "I like is the speed property."
    },
    {
        "start": 870.31,
        "text": "The speed with which you\nwrite on the blackboard"
    },
    {
        "start": 872.44,
        "text": "is approximately the speed at\nwhich people can absorb ideas."
    },
    {
        "start": 876.22,
        "text": "If you go flipping\nthrough a bunch of slides,"
    },
    {
        "start": 879.04,
        "text": "nobody can go that fast."
    },
    {
        "start": 884.03,
        "text": "Finally, one great\nproperty of a board"
    },
    {
        "start": 887.26,
        "text": "is that it can be a target."
    },
    {
        "start": 893.83,
        "text": "Many people who are\nnovices at speaking"
    },
    {
        "start": 899.2,
        "text": "find themselves suddenly\naware of their hands."
    },
    {
        "start": 904.0,
        "text": "It's as if their hands were\nprivate parts that shouldn't"
    },
    {
        "start": 906.37,
        "text": "be exposed in public, so right\naway, they go into the pockets,"
    },
    {
        "start": 910.82,
        "text": "and this is considered insulting\nin some parts of the world."
    },
    {
        "start": 914.29,
        "text": "Or alternatively,\nmaybe the hands"
    },
    {
        "start": 916.12,
        "text": "will go in back like this."
    },
    {
        "start": 919.69,
        "text": "I was once in a convent\nin Serbia, and my host--"
    },
    {
        "start": 927.82,
        "text": "as soon as we entered,\na nun came up to us"
    },
    {
        "start": 930.37,
        "text": "and offered us a refreshment."
    },
    {
        "start": 932.26,
        "text": "And I was about to\nsay, no, thank you,"
    },
    {
        "start": 933.98,
        "text": "and he said, eat\nthat stuff or die."
    },
    {
        "start": 938.41,
        "text": "It's a question of local\ncustom and politeness."
    },
    {
        "start": 942.37,
        "text": "But then before\nanything happened there,"
    },
    {
        "start": 946.15,
        "text": "the nun pulled my\nhands out like this"
    },
    {
        "start": 949.36,
        "text": "because it was extraordinarily\ninsulting in that culture"
    },
    {
        "start": 952.33,
        "text": "to have your hands\nbehind your back."
    },
    {
        "start": 954.88,
        "text": "So why is that?"
    },
    {
        "start": 956.08,
        "text": "Well, it's usually\nsupposed that that's"
    },
    {
        "start": 959.21,
        "text": "that it has to do with whether\nyou're concealing a weapon."
    },
    {
        "start": 962.17,
        "text": "So if your hands are in your\npockets or behind your back,"
    },
    {
        "start": 965.86,
        "text": "then it looks like you\nmight have a weapon,"
    },
    {
        "start": 969.81,
        "text": "and that's what I\nmean by the virtue--"
    },
    {
        "start": 972.01,
        "text": "one of these virtues\nof the board."
    },
    {
        "start": 973.583,
        "text": "Now, you have something\nto do with your hands."
    },
    {
        "start": 975.5,
        "text": "You can point out the stuff."
    },
    {
        "start": 980.15,
        "text": "I was once watching Seymour\nPapert give a lecture,"
    },
    {
        "start": 982.31,
        "text": "and I thought it was terrific."
    },
    {
        "start": 984.11,
        "text": "So I went a second time--"
    },
    {
        "start": 985.85,
        "text": "first time to absorb\nthe content, second time"
    },
    {
        "start": 988.17,
        "text": "to note style."
    },
    {
        "start": 989.88,
        "text": "And what I discovered is\nthat Papert was constantly"
    },
    {
        "start": 992.09,
        "text": "pointing at the board."
    },
    {
        "start": 993.568,
        "text": "And then I thought\nabout it a little while,"
    },
    {
        "start": 995.36,
        "text": "and I noted that none of\nthe stuff he was pointing to"
    },
    {
        "start": 998.638,
        "text": "had anything to do with\nwhat he was saying."
    },
    {
        "start": 1003.19,
        "text": "Nevertheless, it was\nan effective technique."
    },
    {
        "start": 1009.2,
        "text": "So that's just a little\nbit about the virtue"
    },
    {
        "start": 1012.07,
        "text": "of blackboards."
    },
    {
        "start": 1013.26,
        "text": "Now, I want to talk about props."
    },
    {
        "start": 1016.85,
        "text": "The custodians of\nknowledge about props"
    },
    {
        "start": 1019.82,
        "text": "are the playwrights."
    },
    {
        "start": 1021.89,
        "text": "Many decades ago, I saw\na play by Henrik Ibsen."
    },
    {
        "start": 1025.73,
        "text": "It was Hedda Gabler."
    },
    {
        "start": 1027.589,
        "text": "I remember vaguely that it was\nabout a woman in an unhappy"
    },
    {
        "start": 1031.67,
        "text": "marriage, and her husband was in\ncompetition for an academic job"
    },
    {
        "start": 1036.349,
        "text": "with somebody else."
    },
    {
        "start": 1037.599,
        "text": "And he was going to lose\npartly because he was boring,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1040.91,
        "text": "and partly because the\ncompetitor had just"
    },
    {
        "start": 1043.22,
        "text": "written a magnificent book."
    },
    {
        "start": 1045.65,
        "text": "By the way, this\nis back in the days"
    },
    {
        "start": 1047.15,
        "text": "before there were copying\nmachines and computers."
    },
    {
        "start": 1050.71,
        "text": "Anyhow, as the play opens,\nthere's a potbellied stove,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1063.59,
        "text": "and in the beginning\nof the play,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1067.0,
        "text": "the potbelly stove,\nwith its open door,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1070.13,
        "text": "just has some slightly\nglowing embers."
    },
    {
        "start": 1074.33,
        "text": "But the potbellied\nstove is always there,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1077.0,
        "text": "and as tension\nmounts in the play,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1079.64,
        "text": "and you see this\nmanuscript, this"
    },
    {
        "start": 1081.17,
        "text": "prop that Ibsen so artfully\nused, you just know"
    },
    {
        "start": 1086.21,
        "text": "that something's\ngoing to happen,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1088.52,
        "text": "because as the play goes on,\nthe fire gets bigger and hotter"
    },
    {
        "start": 1093.89,
        "text": "and finally all\nconsuming, and you just"
    },
    {
        "start": 1095.75,
        "text": "know that that manuscript is\ngoing to go into that fire."
    },
    {
        "start": 1101.21,
        "text": "This memorable thing is what\nI remember about the play."
    },
    {
        "start": 1106.07,
        "text": "So playwrights have got\nthis all figured out,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1109.59,
        "text": "but on the other hand,\nthey're not the only people"
    },
    {
        "start": 1111.86,
        "text": "who can use props."
    },
    {
        "start": 1114.38,
        "text": "Here's an example of\nthe use of a prop, also"
    },
    {
        "start": 1118.01,
        "text": "due to Seymour Papert."
    },
    {
        "start": 1119.75,
        "text": "He was talking about how\nit's important to look"
    },
    {
        "start": 1122.54,
        "text": "at the problem in the\nright way, and here's"
    },
    {
        "start": 1125.26,
        "text": "an example that not only teaches\nthat, but makes it possible"
    },
    {
        "start": 1130.015,
        "text": "for you to embarrass\nyour friends"
    },
    {
        "start": 1131.39,
        "text": "in mechanical engineering."
    },
    {
        "start": 1133.19,
        "text": "So here's what you do."
    },
    {
        "start": 1135.11,
        "text": "Take a bicycle wheel, and\nyou start it spinning."
    },
    {
        "start": 1138.14,
        "text": "And then you put some\ntorque on the axle,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1142.01,
        "text": "or equivalently, you\nblow on the edge."
    },
    {
        "start": 1146.24,
        "text": "And the issue is,\ndoes it go that way,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1149.57,
        "text": "or does it go that way?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1152.79,
        "text": "Now, the mechanical engineers\nwill immediately say, oh, yes,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1156.59,
        "text": "I see-- right hand screw wheel."
    },
    {
        "start": 1158.25,
        "text": "And they'll put their\nfingers in this position,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1160.97,
        "text": "but forget exactly how\nto align their fingers"
    },
    {
        "start": 1164.09,
        "text": "with the various\naspects of the problem."
    },
    {
        "start": 1167.87,
        "text": "And so it's usually the\ncase that they get it right"
    },
    {
        "start": 1170.42,
        "text": "with about a 50% probability."
    },
    {
        "start": 1174.26,
        "text": "So their very fancy\neducation gets them up"
    },
    {
        "start": 1178.67,
        "text": "to the point where they're\nequivalent to flipping a coin."
    },
    {
        "start": 1183.06,
        "text": "But it doesn't\nhave to be that way"
    },
    {
        "start": 1185.72,
        "text": "because you can think about the\nproblem a little differently."
    },
    {
        "start": 1189.03,
        "text": "So here's what you do."
    },
    {
        "start": 1190.98,
        "text": "You take some duct\ntape, and you put it"
    },
    {
        "start": 1194.08,
        "text": "around the part of\nthe wheel like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1197.45,
        "text": "And now, you start to think\nabout, not the whole wheel,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1200.25,
        "text": "but just a little piece that's\nunderneath the duct tape."
    },
    {
        "start": 1203.92,
        "text": "So here, that piece comes\nrolling over the top,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1206.72,
        "text": "and at this point, you blow\non it with a puff of air."
    },
    {
        "start": 1209.455,
        "text": "Forgetting about the\nrest of the wheel,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1211.08,
        "text": "what happens to that\nlittle piece that's"
    },
    {
        "start": 1212.747,
        "text": "under the duct tape?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1213.655,
        "text": "It must want to go\nthat way because you"
    },
    {
        "start": 1215.28,
        "text": "banged on it like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1217.04,
        "text": "It's already going\ndown like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1219.42,
        "text": "And what about the next piece?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1220.91,
        "text": "Same thing."
    },
    {
        "start": 1221.83,
        "text": "Next piece?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1222.33,
        "text": "Same thing."
    },
    {
        "start": 1223.2,
        "text": "So the only thing\nthat can happen"
    },
    {
        "start": 1225.62,
        "text": "is that the wheel\ngoes over like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1228.09,
        "text": "And so now, you'll\nnever wonder again"
    },
    {
        "start": 1230.37,
        "text": "because you're thinking about\nthe problem in the right way,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1233.0,
        "text": "and it's demonstrated\nby the use of a prop."
    },
    {
        "start": 1238.703,
        "text": "You can try this\nafter we're done."
    },
    {
        "start": 1244.69,
        "text": "Another example I\nlike to remember"
    },
    {
        "start": 1247.98,
        "text": "is one from when\nI was taking 8.01."
    },
    {
        "start": 1250.88,
        "text": "Alan Lazarus was the\ninstructor at the time,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1253.96,
        "text": "and he was talking about the\nconservation of energy, kinetic"
    },
    {
        "start": 1257.22,
        "text": "and potential."
    },
    {
        "start": 1259.45,
        "text": "And there was a long wire in\na ceiling in 26-100 attached"
    },
    {
        "start": 1264.42,
        "text": "to a much bigger\nsteel ball, but one--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1267.8,
        "text": "not one like this."
    },
    {
        "start": 1269.27,
        "text": "And Lazarus took the ball up\nagainst the wall like this."
    },
    {
        "start": 1275.1,
        "text": "He put his head flat against\nthe wall to steady himself,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1279.21,
        "text": "and then he let go,\nand the pendulum"
    },
    {
        "start": 1282.39,
        "text": "takes many seconds\nto go over and back,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1285.75,
        "text": "and then gently\nkisses Lazarus's nose."
    },
    {
        "start": 1291.3,
        "text": "And so you have many\nseconds to think,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1293.7,
        "text": "this guy really believes in\nthe conservation of energy."
    },
    {
        "start": 1303.27,
        "text": "Do not try this at home."
    },
    {
        "start": 1306.6,
        "text": "The problem is that, the\nfirst time you do this,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1310.18,
        "text": "you may not just let go."
    },
    {
        "start": 1311.82,
        "text": "There's a natural\nhuman tendency to push."
    },
    {
        "start": 1321.51,
        "text": "So that's a little bit\non a subject of props."
    },
    {
        "start": 1344.612,
        "text": "It's interesting."
    },
    {
        "start": 1345.32,
        "text": "Whenever surveys are taken,\nstudents always say more chalk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1349.81,
        "text": "less PowerPoint."
    },
    {
        "start": 1351.8,
        "text": "And why would that be?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1354.23,
        "text": "Props are also very effective."
    },
    {
        "start": 1357.08,
        "text": "Why would that be?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1359.42,
        "text": "I'll give you my lunatic\nfringe view on this."
    },
    {
        "start": 1362.87,
        "text": "It has to do with what I would\ncall empathetic mirroring."
    },
    {
        "start": 1382.35,
        "text": "When you're sitting up there\nwatching me write on the board,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1385.02,
        "text": "all those little mirror neurons\nin your head, I believe,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1388.95,
        "text": "become actuated, and\nyou can feel yourself"
    },
    {
        "start": 1391.56,
        "text": "writing on the blackboard."
    },
    {
        "start": 1393.06,
        "text": "And even more so, when I talk\nabout this steel ball going"
    },
    {
        "start": 1398.56,
        "text": "that way and this way,\nyou can feel the ball"
    },
    {
        "start": 1402.27,
        "text": "as if you were me, and you\ncan't do that with a slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1406.38,
        "text": "You can't do it with a picture."
    },
    {
        "start": 1408.19,
        "text": "You need to see it in\nthe physical world."
    },
    {
        "start": 1411.82,
        "text": "That's why I think that--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1414.09,
        "text": "oh, yes, of course, it's--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1415.803,
        "text": "there are speed\nquestions involved, too,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1417.47,
        "text": "that have to be separated out."
    },
    {
        "start": 1419.64,
        "text": "But I think the\nempathetic mirroring"
    },
    {
        "start": 1421.14,
        "text": "is why props and the use of a\nblackboard are so effective."
    },
    {
        "start": 1427.89,
        "text": "Well, let's see-- oh, yes,\nthere is one more thing"
    },
    {
        "start": 1433.99,
        "text": "by way of the\ntools, and that has"
    },
    {
        "start": 1437.1,
        "text": "to do with the use of slides."
    },
    {
        "start": 1442.26,
        "text": "I repeat, I think they're\nfor exposing ideas,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1445.14,
        "text": "not for teaching ideas, but\nthat's what we do in a job talk"
    },
    {
        "start": 1448.44,
        "text": "or conference talk--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1451.23,
        "text": "expose ideas."
    },
    {
        "start": 1452.13,
        "text": "We don't teach them."
    },
    {
        "start": 1454.09,
        "text": "So let me tell you a little\nbit about my views on that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1460.51,
        "text": "I remember, once, I was in\nTerminal A at Logan Airport."
    },
    {
        "start": 1469.06,
        "text": "I'd just come back from a\nreally miserable conference,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1473.24,
        "text": "and the flight was\nreally horrible."
    },
    {
        "start": 1475.155,
        "text": "It was one of those that feels\nlike an unbalanced washing"
    },
    {
        "start": 1477.53,
        "text": "machine."
    },
    {
        "start": 1479.095,
        "text": "And for the only\ntime in my life,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1480.47,
        "text": "I decided to stop on my way to\nmy car and have a cup of coffee"
    },
    {
        "start": 1486.62,
        "text": "and relax a little bit."
    },
    {
        "start": 1488.56,
        "text": "And as I was there for a few\nminutes, someone came up to me"
    },
    {
        "start": 1491.45,
        "text": "and said, are you\nProfessor Winston?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1494.69,
        "text": "I think so, I said."
    },
    {
        "start": 1497.808,
        "text": "I don't know."
    },
    {
        "start": 1498.35,
        "text": "I guess I was\ntrying to be funny."
    },
    {
        "start": 1500.57,
        "text": "In any event, he said,\nI'm on my way to Europe"
    },
    {
        "start": 1502.7,
        "text": "to give a job talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 1504.32,
        "text": "Would you mine\ncritiquing my slides?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1507.44,
        "text": "Not at all, I said."
    },
    {
        "start": 1508.61,
        "text": "You have too many, and\nthey have too many words."
    },
    {
        "start": 1512.75,
        "text": "How did you know, he\nsaid, thinking perhaps I"
    },
    {
        "start": 1515.28,
        "text": "had seen a talk of his before."
    },
    {
        "start": 1517.79,
        "text": "I hadn't."
    },
    {
        "start": 1519.8,
        "text": "My reply was, because\nit's always true."
    },
    {
        "start": 1522.77,
        "text": "There are always too many\nslides, always too many words."
    },
    {
        "start": 1526.31,
        "text": "So let me show you some extreme\nexamples of how not to use"
    },
    {
        "start": 1529.725,
        "text": "slides."
    },
    {
        "start": 1534.11,
        "text": "Well, for this demonstration,\nI need to be way over here"
    },
    {
        "start": 1542.27,
        "text": "and when I get over here, then\nI can start to say things like,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1548.51,
        "text": "one of the things you shouldn't\ndo is read your transparencies."
    },
    {
        "start": 1551.342,
        "text": "People in your audience\nknow how to read,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1553.05,
        "text": "and reading will\njust annoy them."
    },
    {
        "start": 1555.41,
        "text": "Also, you should\nbe sure that you"
    },
    {
        "start": 1556.94,
        "text": "have only a few words\non each transparency,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1559.7,
        "text": "and that the words\nare easy to read."
    },
    {
        "start": 1562.16,
        "text": "And I hope I'm driving\nyou crazy because I'm"
    },
    {
        "start": 1565.31,
        "text": "committing all kinds of\ncrimes, the first of which"
    },
    {
        "start": 1568.55,
        "text": "is that there are too\nmany words on the slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1572.54,
        "text": "Second of which is,\nI'm way over there,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1574.63,
        "text": "and the slide's way over there."
    },
    {
        "start": 1576.56,
        "text": "So you get into this\ntennis match feeling"
    },
    {
        "start": 1580.07,
        "text": "of shifting back and\nforth between the slide"
    },
    {
        "start": 1583.7,
        "text": "and the speaker."
    },
    {
        "start": 1584.6,
        "text": "You want the slides to\nbe condiments to what"
    },
    {
        "start": 1586.79,
        "text": "you're saying, not the main\nevent or the opposite way"
    },
    {
        "start": 1589.73,
        "text": "around."
    },
    {
        "start": 1591.15,
        "text": "So how can we fix this?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1593.42,
        "text": "Step number one is to get\nrid of the background junk."
    },
    {
        "start": 1597.86,
        "text": "That's always distraction."
    },
    {
        "start": 1600.56,
        "text": "Step number two is to\nget rid of the words."
    },
    {
        "start": 1603.59,
        "text": "When I reduced the\nwords to these,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1606.32,
        "text": "then everything I\nread a previous time,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1610.21,
        "text": "I'm not licensed to say,\nbecause it's not on the slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1613.27,
        "text": "I'm not reading\nmy slides anymore,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1615.09,
        "text": "but I'm saying what was\nwritten on the slides"
    },
    {
        "start": 1618.37,
        "text": "in a previous example."
    },
    {
        "start": 1622.01,
        "text": "So what else can we\ndo to simplify this?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1625.31,
        "text": "Well, we can get\nrid of the logos."
    },
    {
        "start": 1627.76,
        "text": "We don't need them."
    },
    {
        "start": 1630.75,
        "text": "Simplification."
    },
    {
        "start": 1633.03,
        "text": "What else can we do?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1635.4,
        "text": "Get rid of the title."
    },
    {
        "start": 1637.41,
        "text": "Now, I want to talk to you\nabout some rules for slide"
    },
    {
        "start": 1640.24,
        "text": "preparation."
    },
    {
        "start": 1641.25,
        "text": "I'm telling you the title."
    },
    {
        "start": 1642.84,
        "text": "It doesn't have to be up there."
    },
    {
        "start": 1644.88,
        "text": "By reducing the number\nof words on the slide,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1647.37,
        "text": "I'm allowing you to pay\nmore attention to me"
    },
    {
        "start": 1649.35,
        "text": "and less to what's\nwritten on the slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1652.295,
        "text": "I mentioned it before--\nwe-- have only one language"
    },
    {
        "start": 1654.42,
        "text": "processor, and we can\neither use it to read stuff"
    },
    {
        "start": 1658.14,
        "text": "or to listen to the speaker."
    },
    {
        "start": 1660.17,
        "text": "And so if we have too\nmany words on the slide,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1663.24,
        "text": "it forces people in the\naudience to read this stuff"
    },
    {
        "start": 1665.7,
        "text": "and not listen."
    },
    {
        "start": 1669.27,
        "text": "A student of mine did an\nexperiment a few years ago."
    },
    {
        "start": 1672.57,
        "text": "He taught some students some\nweb-based programming ideas."
    },
    {
        "start": 1680.13,
        "text": "Half the information was on\nslides, he said the other half,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1684.58,
        "text": "and then for a control\ngroup, he reversed it."
    },
    {
        "start": 1687.63,
        "text": "And the question was,\nwhat did the subjects--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1690.96,
        "text": "that is to say, freshmen\nat his fraternity--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1693.24,
        "text": "what did the subjects\nremember best, what he said,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1698.04,
        "text": "or what they read on the slide?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1701.26,
        "text": "And the answer is, what\nthey read on the slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1706.432,
        "text": "When their slides have\na lot of material on it,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1708.39,
        "text": "they don't pay attention\nto the speaker."
    },
    {
        "start": 1710.11,
        "text": "In fact, in the after action\nreport, one of the subjects"
    },
    {
        "start": 1713.19,
        "text": "said, I wish you\nhadn't talked so much."
    },
    {
        "start": 1716.1,
        "text": "It was distracting."
    },
    {
        "start": 1721.0,
        "text": "Well, the last item\nis eliminate clutter."
    },
    {
        "start": 1724.12,
        "text": "Here's some clutter."
    },
    {
        "start": 1726.23,
        "text": "No reason even\nfor those bullets."
    },
    {
        "start": 1729.71,
        "text": "So the too many words\nproblem is a consequence"
    },
    {
        "start": 1731.78,
        "text": "of a crime Microsoft\nhas committed"
    },
    {
        "start": 1735.41,
        "text": "by allowing you to use\nfonts that are too small."
    },
    {
        "start": 1739.35,
        "text": "So you should all have\na sample slide like this"
    },
    {
        "start": 1743.57,
        "text": "that you can use to determine\nwhat the minimum font"
    },
    {
        "start": 1746.24,
        "text": "size is that's easily legible."
    },
    {
        "start": 1749.48,
        "text": "[INAUDIBLE],, what do\nyou think of those?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1754.745,
        "text": "AUDIENCE: Which size is right?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1756.212,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: What's that?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1757.19,
        "text": "AUDIENCE: Did you ask\nme what size is right?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1759.023,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nYeah, minimum, maybe."
    },
    {
        "start": 1761.56,
        "text": "AUDIENCE: 40 or 50."
    },
    {
        "start": 1762.77,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: Yeah,\nhe says 40 or 50."
    },
    {
        "start": 1764.99,
        "text": "I think that's about right."
    },
    {
        "start": 1767.05,
        "text": "35 is beginning to get\ntoo small, not necessarily"
    },
    {
        "start": 1769.73,
        "text": "because you can't read it,\nbut because you're probably"
    },
    {
        "start": 1772.917,
        "text": "using it to get too\nmany words on the slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 1777.38,
        "text": "What other crimes do we have?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1779.94,
        "text": "Well, we have the\nlaser pointer crime."
    },
    {
        "start": 1783.755,
        "text": "And for that-- in\nthe old days, when"
    },
    {
        "start": 1786.89,
        "text": "we didn't have laser\npointers, we used wooden ones,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1789.12,
        "text": "and people would go waving\nthese things around."
    },
    {
        "start": 1792.59,
        "text": "And pretty soon it became almost\nlike a baton twirling contest,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1799.45,
        "text": "so here's what I\nrecommended in the old days"
    },
    {
        "start": 1802.4,
        "text": "for dealing with\nthis kind of pointer."
    },
    {
        "start": 1808.97,
        "text": "This is an example\nof use of a prop."
    },
    {
        "start": 1814.07,
        "text": "Jim Glass up there saw this\ntalk about 20 years ago,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1817.09,
        "text": "and said, oh, yeah,\nI remember that talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 1819.38,
        "text": "That's the one where\nyou broke the pointer."
    },
    {
        "start": 1823.25,
        "text": "It's amazing how\nprops tend to be"
    },
    {
        "start": 1825.2,
        "text": "the things that are remembered."
    },
    {
        "start": 1827.48,
        "text": "Well, now, we don't have\nphysical pointers anymore."
    },
    {
        "start": 1832.215,
        "text": "We've got laser pointers."
    },
    {
        "start": 1835.88,
        "text": "It's a wonder more people aren't\ndriven into epileptic fits"
    },
    {
        "start": 1839.09,
        "text": "over this sort of stuff."
    },
    {
        "start": 1841.19,
        "text": "Well, here's what\ntends to happen."
    },
    {
        "start": 1843.848,
        "text": "Look at that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1844.39,
        "text": "It's a lovely recursive picture,\nand I can become part of it"
    },
    {
        "start": 1849.17,
        "text": "by putting that laser beam\nright on the back of my head"
    },
    {
        "start": 1852.026,
        "text": "up there."
    },
    {
        "start": 1856.1,
        "text": "Then what do you see?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1858.72,
        "text": "You see the back of my head."
    },
    {
        "start": 1861.44,
        "text": "I have no eye contact,\nno engagement, nothing."
    },
    {
        "start": 1864.83,
        "text": "I was sitting with a student\nwatching a talk one day,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1868.3,
        "text": "and she said, you know\nwhat, we could all leave,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1871.79,
        "text": "and he wouldn't know."
    },
    {
        "start": 1876.065,
        "text": "So what happens when\nyou use a laser pointer?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1877.94,
        "text": "You can't use a laser pointer\nwithout turning your head"
    },
    {
        "start": 1881.09,
        "text": "and pointing it at something,\nand when you do that,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1885.05,
        "text": "you lose contact\nwith the audience."
    },
    {
        "start": 1887.57,
        "text": "You don't want to do it."
    },
    {
        "start": 1889.59,
        "text": "So what do you do if you\nneed to identify something"
    },
    {
        "start": 1892.705,
        "text": "in your image,\nand you don't want"
    },
    {
        "start": 1894.08,
        "text": "to point at it with a laser?"
    },
    {
        "start": 1895.28,
        "text": "This is what you do."
    },
    {
        "start": 1896.84,
        "text": "Put a little arrow\non there and say,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1898.34,
        "text": "now, look at that guy at\nthe end of arrow number one."
    },
    {
        "start": 1901.73,
        "text": "You don't need to have\nlaser pointer to do that."
    },
    {
        "start": 1908.933,
        "text": "The too-heavy\ncrime-- when people"
    },
    {
        "start": 1912.48,
        "text": "ask me to review\na presentation, I"
    },
    {
        "start": 1915.37,
        "text": "ask them to print it out\nand lay it out on a table."
    },
    {
        "start": 1921.06,
        "text": "When they do that, it's easy\nto see whether the talk is"
    },
    {
        "start": 1924.45,
        "text": "too heavy, too much\ntext, not enough air, not"
    },
    {
        "start": 1928.74,
        "text": "enough white space,\nnot enough imagery."
    },
    {
        "start": 1932.95,
        "text": "This is a good example\nof such a talk--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1936.54,
        "text": "way too heavy."
    },
    {
        "start": 1939.3,
        "text": "The presenter has taken\nadvantage of a small font sizes"
    },
    {
        "start": 1942.982,
        "text": "to get as much on the\nslide as he wanted."
    },
    {
        "start": 1947.6,
        "text": "Lots of other crimes here,\nbut the too-heavy-- the fact"
    },
    {
        "start": 1951.08,
        "text": "that it's too heavy is what\nI wanted to illustrate."
    },
    {
        "start": 1953.8,
        "text": "So here, by contrast,\nanother talk--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1956.75,
        "text": "one I gave a few years ago."
    },
    {
        "start": 1957.89,
        "text": "It's not-- it wasn't a\ndeeply technical talk,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1961.52,
        "text": "but I show it to you\nbecause there's air in it."
    },
    {
        "start": 1966.8,
        "text": "It's mostly pictures of things."
    },
    {
        "start": 1969.11,
        "text": "There are three or four\nslides that have text on them,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1972.93,
        "text": "but when I come to those, I give\nthe audience time to read them."
    },
    {
        "start": 1976.282,
        "text": "And they're there\nbecause they might have"
    },
    {
        "start": 1977.99,
        "text": "some historical significance."
    },
    {
        "start": 1980.613,
        "text": "The first slide with\na lot of text on it"
    },
    {
        "start": 1982.28,
        "text": "is an extraction from the 1957--"
    },
    {
        "start": 1986.12,
        "text": "from the proposal for the 1957\nAI conference at Dartmouth."
    },
    {
        "start": 1990.83,
        "text": "Extraordinarily\ninteresting event,"
    },
    {
        "start": 1993.19,
        "text": "and that historical\nextraction from the proposal"
    },
    {
        "start": 1997.79,
        "text": "helps drive that point home."
    },
    {
        "start": 2000.96,
        "text": "What else have we got here?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2003.08,
        "text": "Oh, yeah, your vocabulary\nword for the day."
    },
    {
        "start": 2005.68,
        "text": "This is an hapax legomenon."
    },
    {
        "start": 2008.77,
        "text": "What that means is, this\nis the kind of slide"
    },
    {
        "start": 2011.17,
        "text": "you can get away with exactly\nonce in your presentation."
    },
    {
        "start": 2016.54,
        "text": "This is a slide that got\nsome currency some years"
    },
    {
        "start": 2018.91,
        "text": "ago because it shows the\ncomplexity of governing"
    },
    {
        "start": 2023.5,
        "text": "in Afghanistan by showing\nhow impossibly complex it is."
    },
    {
        "start": 2029.64,
        "text": "It's something you in the\naudience can't understand,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2032.48,
        "text": "and that's the point, but\nyou can't have many of these."
    },
    {
        "start": 2035.92,
        "text": "You can have one per work,\none per presentation,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2038.59,
        "text": "one per paper, one per book."
    },
    {
        "start": 2040.78,
        "text": "That's what hapax legomenon is,\nand this is an example of it."
    },
    {
        "start": 2046.725,
        "text": "Well, I've shown\nyou some crimes."
    },
    {
        "start": 2048.1,
        "text": "So you might be asking, do\nthese crimes actually occur?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2052.739,
        "text": "So they do."
    },
    {
        "start": 2056.861,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2061.775,
        "text": "There's the hands in\nthe pockets crime."
    },
    {
        "start": 2066.54,
        "text": "There's a crime and time\nand place selection here."
    },
    {
        "start": 2072.21,
        "text": "This is how you get\nto the Bartos Theater."
    },
    {
        "start": 2075.837,
        "text": "First thing you do is\nyou get on these steps"
    },
    {
        "start": 2077.67,
        "text": "over at the Media Lab, then you\ncross this large open space,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2084.12,
        "text": "then you turn right\ndown this corridor."
    },
    {
        "start": 2085.92,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2087.201,
        "text": "At this point,\nwhenever I go in there,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2088.86,
        "text": "I wonder if there are torture\nimplements around the corner."
    },
    {
        "start": 2091.962,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2092.462,
        "text": "And then when you\nget in there, you"
    },
    {
        "start": 2094.53,
        "text": "get into this\ndark, gloomy place."
    },
    {
        "start": 2097.68,
        "text": "So it's well named when they\ncall it the Bartos Theater"
    },
    {
        "start": 2100.418,
        "text": "because it's a place where\nyou can watch a movie,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2102.46,
        "text": "but it's not a place\nwhere you can give a talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 2107.33,
        "text": "Now, on a subject\nof does it happen,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2110.7,
        "text": "here's a talk I attended\na while back in Stata."
    },
    {
        "start": 2114.87,
        "text": "Notice that the speaker is\nfar away from the slides."
    },
    {
        "start": 2119.15,
        "text": "Speaker's using a laser pointer."
    },
    {
        "start": 2122.75,
        "text": "And you say to me, well,\nwhat's happening here?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2126.11,
        "text": "It's, by the way,\nthe 80th - 80th!"
    },
    {
        "start": 2129.5,
        "text": "slide of the presentation."
    },
    {
        "start": 2131.46,
        "text": "Notice that it extends\nwith the words,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2133.32,
        "text": "this is the first of\n10 conclusions slides."
    },
    {
        "start": 2135.81,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2137.96,
        "text": "So what's the audience reaction?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2141.74,
        "text": "That's the sponsor\nof the meeting."
    },
    {
        "start": 2143.572,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2144.84,
        "text": "He's reading his email."
    },
    {
        "start": 2147.32,
        "text": "This is the co-sponsor\nof the meeting."
    },
    {
        "start": 2150.24,
        "text": "He's examining the lunch menu."
    },
    {
        "start": 2152.012,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2154.552,
        "text": "What about this person?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2158.83,
        "text": "This person looks like\nhe's paying attention,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2162.25,
        "text": "but just because\nit's a still picture."
    },
    {
        "start": 2164.863,
        "text": "If you were to see a\nvideo, what you would see"
    },
    {
        "start": 2166.78,
        "text": "is something like this [YAWNS]."
    },
    {
        "start": 2170.555,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2174.35,
        "text": "So yeah, it does happen."
    },
    {
        "start": 2177.96,
        "text": "Well, now, that's a\nquick review of tools."
    },
    {
        "start": 2183.08,
        "text": "Now, I want to talk\nabout some special cases."
    },
    {
        "start": 2190.3,
        "text": "We could talk a little\nbit about the informing"
    },
    {
        "start": 2192.83,
        "text": "or to say another way,\ndoing what I'm doing now."
    },
    {
        "start": 2198.01,
        "text": "But I'll just say a\nfew words about that."
    },
    {
        "start": 2200.36,
        "text": "In that kind of\npresentation, you"
    },
    {
        "start": 2202.34,
        "text": "want to start with a promise\nlike I did for this hour"
    },
    {
        "start": 2206.87,
        "text": "that we're going through now."
    },
    {
        "start": 2208.255,
        "text": "And then it comes\nto the question"
    },
    {
        "start": 2209.63,
        "text": "of how do you inspire people?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2212.888,
        "text": "I've given this talk\nfor a long time,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2214.43,
        "text": "and a few years ago,\nour department chairman"
    },
    {
        "start": 2218.3,
        "text": "said, would you please give\nthis talk to a new faculty,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2222.26,
        "text": "and be sure to emphasize what\nit takes to inspire students."
    },
    {
        "start": 2226.732,
        "text": "And strangely, I hadn't thought\nabout that question before."
    },
    {
        "start": 2229.19,
        "text": "So I started a survey."
    },
    {
        "start": 2231.29,
        "text": "I'd talked to some of my\nincoming freshmen advisees,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2234.49,
        "text": "and I talked to senior\nfaculty and everything"
    },
    {
        "start": 2237.29,
        "text": "in between about how\nthey've been inspired."
    },
    {
        "start": 2241.52,
        "text": "What I found from\nthe incoming freshmen"
    },
    {
        "start": 2243.963,
        "text": "is that they were inspired by\nsome high school teacher who"
    },
    {
        "start": 2246.38,
        "text": "told them they could do it."
    },
    {
        "start": 2249.05,
        "text": "What I found in\nthe senior faculty,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2252.14,
        "text": "they were inspired\nby someone who"
    },
    {
        "start": 2255.28,
        "text": "helped them see a\nproblem in a new way."
    },
    {
        "start": 2258.31,
        "text": "And what I saw from everyone\nis that they were inspired when"
    },
    {
        "start": 2264.05,
        "text": "someone exhibited passion\nabout what they were doing,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2269.68,
        "text": "exhibited passion about\nwhat they were doing."
    },
    {
        "start": 2272.92,
        "text": "So that's one way\nto be inspiring."
    },
    {
        "start": 2277.72,
        "text": "It's easy for me because I\ndo artificial intelligence."
    },
    {
        "start": 2283.31,
        "text": "And how can you\nnot be interested"
    },
    {
        "start": 2286.03,
        "text": "in artificial intelligence?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2287.23,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2288.04,
        "text": "I mean, if you're not interested\nin artificial intelligence,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2290.842,
        "text": "you're probably not interested\nin interesting things."
    },
    {
        "start": 2295.63,
        "text": "So when I'm lecturing in my\nAI class, it's natural for me"
    },
    {
        "start": 2300.64,
        "text": "to talk about what\nI think is cool"
    },
    {
        "start": 2303.55,
        "text": "and how exciting\nsome new idea is."
    },
    {
        "start": 2307.32,
        "text": "So that's the kind of\nexpression of passion"
    },
    {
        "start": 2311.08,
        "text": "that makes a difference\nwhile informing with respect"
    },
    {
        "start": 2314.95,
        "text": "to this question of inspiring."
    },
    {
        "start": 2319.96,
        "text": "Oh, yeah and of course,\nduring this promise phase,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2323.54,
        "text": "you can also express\nhow cool stuff is."
    },
    {
        "start": 2327.07,
        "text": "Let me give you an example of\na lecture that starts this way."
    },
    {
        "start": 2330.67,
        "text": "I'm talking about\nresource allocation."
    },
    {
        "start": 2333.06,
        "text": "It's the same sort of stuff\nyou would think of when your--"
    },
    {
        "start": 2335.76,
        "text": "it's the same sort\nof ideas you would"
    },
    {
        "start": 2337.302,
        "text": "need if you're allocating\naircraft to a flight schedule"
    },
    {
        "start": 2341.29,
        "text": "or trying to schedule a\nfactory or something like that."
    },
    {
        "start": 2344.0,
        "text": "But the example\nis putting colors"
    },
    {
        "start": 2346.06,
        "text": "on the states in\nthe United States"
    },
    {
        "start": 2348.76,
        "text": "without any bordering states\nhaving the same color."
    },
    {
        "start": 2351.38,
        "text": "So here it goes."
    },
    {
        "start": 2355.39,
        "text": "This is what I show at the\nbeginning of the class."
    },
    {
        "start": 2358.6,
        "text": "This is a way of\ndoing that coloring."
    },
    {
        "start": 2361.52,
        "text": "And you might say, well, why\ndon't we wait till it finishes?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2365.44,
        "text": "Would you like to do that?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2367.19,
        "text": "No?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2369.283,
        "text": "Well, we're not going\nto wait till it finishes"
    },
    {
        "start": 2371.2,
        "text": "because the sun will have\nexploded and consumed the earth"
    },
    {
        "start": 2373.99,
        "text": "before this program finishes."
    },
    {
        "start": 2375.43,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2376.96,
        "text": "But with a slight adjustment\nto how the program works, which"
    },
    {
        "start": 2381.52,
        "text": "I tell my students you will\nunderstand in the next 50"
    },
    {
        "start": 2384.07,
        "text": "minutes, this is what you get."
    },
    {
        "start": 2389.85,
        "text": "Isn't that cool?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2393.41,
        "text": "You got to be\namazed by stuff that"
    },
    {
        "start": 2395.16,
        "text": "takes a computation from\nlonger than the lifetime"
    },
    {
        "start": 2397.83,
        "text": "of the solar system\ninto a few seconds."
    },
    {
        "start": 2400.92,
        "text": "So that's what I mean by\nproviding a promise upfront"
    },
    {
        "start": 2405.757,
        "text": "and expressing some\npassion about what"
    },
    {
        "start": 2407.34,
        "text": "you're talking about."
    },
    {
        "start": 2410.4,
        "text": "Well, the last item\nin this little block"
    },
    {
        "start": 2412.08,
        "text": "here is it has to\ndo with what people"
    },
    {
        "start": 2415.11,
        "text": "think that they do it at MIT."
    },
    {
        "start": 2416.64,
        "text": "You ask faculty what the\nmost important purpose is,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2419.88,
        "text": "and they'll say, well, the\nmost important thing I do"
    },
    {
        "start": 2423.48,
        "text": "is teach people how to think."
    },
    {
        "start": 2426.06,
        "text": "And then you say\noh, that's great."
    },
    {
        "start": 2429.09,
        "text": "How do you teach\npeople how to think?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2432.03,
        "text": "Blank stare."
    },
    {
        "start": 2435.25,
        "text": "No one can quite\nrespond to that part,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2438.04,
        "text": "that natural next question."
    },
    {
        "start": 2440.693,
        "text": "So how do you teach\npeople how to think?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2442.36,
        "text": "Well, I believe that we\nare storytelling animals."
    },
    {
        "start": 2448.84,
        "text": "And that we start\ndeveloping our story,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2452.518,
        "text": "understanding and\nmanipulating skills"
    },
    {
        "start": 2454.06,
        "text": "with fairy tales in\nchildhood and continue on"
    },
    {
        "start": 2457.81,
        "text": "through professional schools\nlike law, business, medicine,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2462.49,
        "text": "everything."
    },
    {
        "start": 2463.87,
        "text": "And we continue doing\nthat throughout life."
    },
    {
        "start": 2466.69,
        "text": "So if that is what\nthinking is all about."
    },
    {
        "start": 2469.87,
        "text": "And we want to teach\npeople how to think,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2471.73,
        "text": "you provide them with the\nstories they need to know,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2474.49,
        "text": "the questions they need to\nask about those stories,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2477.07,
        "text": "mechanisms for\nanalyzing those stories,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2479.35,
        "text": "ways of putting\nstories together,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2480.89,
        "text": "ways of evaluating how\nreliable a story is."
    },
    {
        "start": 2484.76,
        "text": "And that's what I think you\nneed to do when you teach people"
    },
    {
        "start": 2488.08,
        "text": "how to think."
    },
    {
        "start": 2489.77,
        "text": "But that's all about education."
    },
    {
        "start": 2491.92,
        "text": "And many of you here\nare not necessarily"
    },
    {
        "start": 2495.79,
        "text": "for that, but rather\nfor this part,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2499.87,
        "text": "for persuading, which breaks\ndown into several categories,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2503.41,
        "text": "oral exams, not shown,\nshop talks, getting famous."
    },
    {
        "start": 2508.21,
        "text": "I won't say much about oral\nexams other than the fact"
    },
    {
        "start": 2511.72,
        "text": "that they used to be a lot\nscarier than they are today."
    },
    {
        "start": 2514.93,
        "text": "In the old days,\nreading the literature"
    },
    {
        "start": 2519.28,
        "text": "in a foreign language\nwas a part of that."
    },
    {
        "start": 2521.41,
        "text": "And there was a\nhigh failure rate."
    },
    {
        "start": 2524.35,
        "text": "And when you look back\non those failures,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2528.79,
        "text": "the most usual reason for\npeople failing an oral exam"
    },
    {
        "start": 2532.54,
        "text": "is failure to situate and\na failure to practice."
    },
    {
        "start": 2537.46,
        "text": "By situate, I mean,\nit's important to talk"
    },
    {
        "start": 2540.43,
        "text": "about your research in context."
    },
    {
        "start": 2542.68,
        "text": "This is a problem that's being\npursued all over the world."
    },
    {
        "start": 2545.53,
        "text": "There hasn't been any progress\nbefore me in the past 30 years."
    },
    {
        "start": 2550.45,
        "text": "Everyone is looking\nfor a solution"
    },
    {
        "start": 2552.16,
        "text": "because it will\nhave impact on so"
    },
    {
        "start": 2553.84,
        "text": "many other things, such\nsituating and time and place"
    },
    {
        "start": 2557.38,
        "text": "and feel."
    },
    {
        "start": 2558.86,
        "text": "And then as far as\npractice is concerned, yes,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2561.97,
        "text": "practice is important."
    },
    {
        "start": 2563.53,
        "text": "But that doesn't mean showing\nyour slides to the people"
    },
    {
        "start": 2568.09,
        "text": "you share an with."
    },
    {
        "start": 2570.37,
        "text": "The problem with that is that if\npeople know what you're doing,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2574.023,
        "text": "they will hallucinate\nthat there's"
    },
    {
        "start": 2575.44,
        "text": "material in your\npresentation that isn't there"
    },
    {
        "start": 2577.48,
        "text": "if it isn't there."
    },
    {
        "start": 2579.748,
        "text": "A variation on the\nscene, by the way,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2581.29,
        "text": "is your faculty supervisor\nis not a very good person"
    },
    {
        "start": 2586.33,
        "text": "to help you debug a talk\nbecause they, in fact, know"
    },
    {
        "start": 2589.3,
        "text": "what you're doing."
    },
    {
        "start": 2590.2,
        "text": "And they will, in\nfact, hallucinate"
    },
    {
        "start": 2591.94,
        "text": "there's material in your\npresentation that isn't there."
    },
    {
        "start": 2594.818,
        "text": "So you need to get together\nwith some friends who"
    },
    {
        "start": 2596.86,
        "text": "don't know what you're\ndoing and have them--"
    },
    {
        "start": 2600.18,
        "text": "well, you start the\npractice session by saying,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2603.76,
        "text": "if you can't make me cry,\nI won't value as a friend"
    },
    {
        "start": 2607.33,
        "text": "anymore."
    },
    {
        "start": 2607.84,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2608.98,
        "text": "And then when you get to\nthe faculty on a oral exam,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2613.6,
        "text": "it will be easy."
    },
    {
        "start": 2615.35,
        "text": "You see, difficulty--\nthe amount of flak"
    },
    {
        "start": 2619.0,
        "text": "you'll get from somebody\nis proportional to age."
    },
    {
        "start": 2621.99,
        "text": "The older somebody\nis, the more they"
    },
    {
        "start": 2625.39,
        "text": "understand where they\nare in the world."
    },
    {
        "start": 2627.16,
        "text": "But the young people are\ntrying to show the old people"
    },
    {
        "start": 2629.47,
        "text": "how smart they are, so\nit's subtly vicious."
    },
    {
        "start": 2632.122,
        "text": "So whenever you\nhave an opportunity"
    },
    {
        "start": 2633.58,
        "text": "to have an examining\ncommittee that's"
    },
    {
        "start": 2635.14,
        "text": "full of people with gray\nhair, that's what you want."
    },
    {
        "start": 2639.49,
        "text": "Well, that's just a word\nor two about something"
    },
    {
        "start": 2641.5,
        "text": "I haven't listed here."
    },
    {
        "start": 2642.46,
        "text": "Let's get into the\nsubject of job talks."
    },
    {
        "start": 2645.61,
        "text": "So I was sitting in a bar\nmany years ago in San Diego."
    },
    {
        "start": 2654.23,
        "text": "I was a member of the\nNavy Science Board,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2656.68,
        "text": "and I was sitting with a couple\nof my colleagues on the board"
    },
    {
        "start": 2661.42,
        "text": "Delores Etter from the\nUniversity of Colorado."
    },
    {
        "start": 2664.91,
        "text": "She made me so jealous I could\nspit because she'd written 21"
    },
    {
        "start": 2667.96,
        "text": "books, and I'd only written 17."
    },
    {
        "start": 2670.66,
        "text": "And then the other\none was Bill Weldon"
    },
    {
        "start": 2675.13,
        "text": "from the University of Texas."
    },
    {
        "start": 2678.23,
        "text": "He was an electromagnetism\nguy, and he"
    },
    {
        "start": 2681.28,
        "text": "knew how to use rail guns to\ndrive steel rods through tank"
    },
    {
        "start": 2685.03,
        "text": "armor."
    },
    {
        "start": 2685.66,
        "text": "These were interesting people."
    },
    {
        "start": 2687.59,
        "text": "So I said, what do you look\nfor in a faculty candidate?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2693.88,
        "text": "And within one\nmicrosecond, Delores"
    },
    {
        "start": 2698.0,
        "text": "said, they have\nto show us they've"
    },
    {
        "start": 2700.27,
        "text": "got some kind of vision, quickly\nfollowed by Bill who said,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2705.94,
        "text": "they have to show us that\nthey've done something."
    },
    {
        "start": 2715.16,
        "text": "Oh, that sounds good, I said."
    },
    {
        "start": 2718.55,
        "text": "And then I said\nto them, how long"
    },
    {
        "start": 2720.56,
        "text": "does a candidate have to\nestablish these two things?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2724.64,
        "text": "What do you think?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2726.85,
        "text": "Well, compare your\nanswer to theirs."
    },
    {
        "start": 2733.97,
        "text": "Five minutes."
    },
    {
        "start": 2736.803,
        "text": "So if you haven't\nexpressed your vision,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2738.47,
        "text": "if you haven't told people that\nyou've done something in five"
    },
    {
        "start": 2742.85,
        "text": "minutes, you've already lost."
    },
    {
        "start": 2745.88,
        "text": "So you have to be\nable to do that."
    },
    {
        "start": 2747.63,
        "text": "And let me just mention a couple\nof things in that connection."
    },
    {
        "start": 2751.25,
        "text": "Here, the vision is\nin part, a problem"
    },
    {
        "start": 2754.19,
        "text": "that somebody cares about and\nsomething new in your approach."
    },
    {
        "start": 2766.35,
        "text": "So the problem is\nunderstanding the nature"
    },
    {
        "start": 2768.56,
        "text": "of human intelligence."
    },
    {
        "start": 2770.48,
        "text": "And the approach\nis asking questions"
    },
    {
        "start": 2772.64,
        "text": "about what makes us\ndifferent from chimpanzees"
    },
    {
        "start": 2776.51,
        "text": "and Neanderthals."
    },
    {
        "start": 2778.13,
        "text": "Is it merely a\nmatter of quantity,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2779.72,
        "text": "or we're just a little bit\nsmarter in some continuous way?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2783.32,
        "text": "Or do we have something\nthat's fundamentally different"
    },
    {
        "start": 2786.49,
        "text": "that chimpanzees don't have\nand Neanderthals either?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2790.55,
        "text": "And the answer is yes, we\ndo have something different."
    },
    {
        "start": 2794.63,
        "text": "We are symbolic creatures."
    },
    {
        "start": 2796.9,
        "text": "And because we're\nsymbolic creatures,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2799.55,
        "text": "we can build\nsymbolic descriptions"
    },
    {
        "start": 2804.56,
        "text": "of relations and events."
    },
    {
        "start": 2806.33,
        "text": "We can string them\ntogether and make stories."
    },
    {
        "start": 2808.835,
        "text": "And because we can make stories,\nthat's what makes us different."
    },
    {
        "start": 2811.76,
        "text": "So that's my stump speech."
    },
    {
        "start": 2814.19,
        "text": "That's how I start\nmost of my talks"
    },
    {
        "start": 2816.56,
        "text": "on my own personal research."
    },
    {
        "start": 2819.26,
        "text": "How do you express the notion\nthat you've done something?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2824.99,
        "text": "By listing the steps that need\nto be taken in order to achieve"
    },
    {
        "start": 2830.24,
        "text": "the solution to that problem."
    },
    {
        "start": 2832.602,
        "text": "You don't have to have\ndone all of those steps."
    },
    {
        "start": 2834.56,
        "text": "But you can say here's\nwhat needs to be done."
    },
    {
        "start": 2838.37,
        "text": "An example, here's\nwhat needs to be done."
    },
    {
        "start": 2840.66,
        "text": "We need to specify\nsome behavior."
    },
    {
        "start": 2843.26,
        "text": "We need to enumerate\nthe constraints that"
    },
    {
        "start": 2845.84,
        "text": "make it possible to\ndeal with that behavior."
    },
    {
        "start": 2848.69,
        "text": "We have to implement a system\nbecause we're engineers,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2851.03,
        "text": "and we don't think that\nwe've understood something"
    },
    {
        "start": 2853.19,
        "text": "unless we can build it."
    },
    {
        "start": 2855.333,
        "text": "And we've built such\na system, and we're"
    },
    {
        "start": 2857.0,
        "text": "about to demonstrate\nit to you today."
    },
    {
        "start": 2858.542,
        "text": "That would be an example of\nenumerating a series of steps"
    },
    {
        "start": 2862.04,
        "text": "needed to realize the vision."
    },
    {
        "start": 2865.29,
        "text": "So then blah, blah, blah,\nblah, blah, blah, blah, blah."
    },
    {
        "start": 2869.28,
        "text": "And then you conclude by--"
    },
    {
        "start": 2871.25,
        "text": "you conclude by enumerating\nyour contributions."
    },
    {
        "start": 2881.11,
        "text": "It's kind of mirror\nof these steps."
    },
    {
        "start": 2883.93,
        "text": "And it helps to establish\nthat you've done something."
    },
    {
        "start": 2886.61,
        "text": "So that's a kind of\ngeneral purpose framework"
    },
    {
        "start": 2888.73,
        "text": "for doing a technical talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 2892.18,
        "text": "Now, only a few more\nthings left to do today."
    },
    {
        "start": 2896.93,
        "text": "Getting famous is the\nnext item on our agenda"
    },
    {
        "start": 2899.36,
        "text": "because once you've\ngot the job, you"
    },
    {
        "start": 2900.92,
        "text": "need to think a\nlittle bit about how"
    },
    {
        "start": 2902.42,
        "text": "you're going to be\nrecognized for what you do."
    },
    {
        "start": 2905.79,
        "text": "So oh, first of all, why should\nyou care about getting famous?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2918.14,
        "text": "I thought about\nthis in connection"
    },
    {
        "start": 2920.36,
        "text": "with a fundraising\nevent I attended"
    },
    {
        "start": 2924.92,
        "text": "once, a fundraising\nevent for raising money"
    },
    {
        "start": 2929.92,
        "text": "to save Venice from going under\nwater and having all of its art"
    },
    {
        "start": 2932.68,
        "text": "destroyed."
    },
    {
        "start": 2933.82,
        "text": "Anyway, I was sitting here,\nand JC was sitting here."
    },
    {
        "start": 2940.21,
        "text": "That was Julia, the\nlate Julia Child."
    },
    {
        "start": 2948.19,
        "text": "And as the evening wore\non, more and more people"
    },
    {
        "start": 2950.95,
        "text": "would come up and ask Julia\nto autograph something"
    },
    {
        "start": 2954.76,
        "text": "or express a feeling that\nshe had changed their life."
    },
    {
        "start": 2959.59,
        "text": "And it just happened\nover and over again."
    },
    {
        "start": 2963.38,
        "text": "So eventually, I turned to\nJulia, and I said, Ms. Child,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2967.81,
        "text": "is it fun to be famous?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2970.157,
        "text": "And she thought about\nit for a second."
    },
    {
        "start": 2971.74,
        "text": "And she said, you\nget used to it."
    },
    {
        "start": 2974.752,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 2975.9,
        "text": "But you know what occured to me?"
    },
    {
        "start": 2978.07,
        "text": "You never get used\nto being ignored."
    },
    {
        "start": 2981.59,
        "text": "So it's-- here's a\nway to think about it."
    },
    {
        "start": 2985.24,
        "text": "Your ideas are\nlike your children."
    },
    {
        "start": 2987.1,
        "text": "And you don't want them to\ngo into the world in rags."
    },
    {
        "start": 2990.37,
        "text": "So what you want\nto do is to be sure"
    },
    {
        "start": 2991.87,
        "text": "that you have these\ntechniques, these mechanisms,"
    },
    {
        "start": 2995.39,
        "text": "these thoughts about how to\npresent ideas that you have so"
    },
    {
        "start": 2998.47,
        "text": "that they're recognized for\nthe value that is in them."
    },
    {
        "start": 3002.28,
        "text": "So that's why it's a legitimate\nthing to concern yourself"
    },
    {
        "start": 3005.37,
        "text": "with packaging."
    },
    {
        "start": 3008.01,
        "text": "Now, how do you get remembered?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3011.07,
        "text": "Well, there's something I\nlike to call Winston's star."
    },
    {
        "start": 3014.72,
        "text": "And every one of the items\nI'm about to articulate starts"
    },
    {
        "start": 3020.13,
        "text": "with an S. So if you want\nyour presentation ideas"
    },
    {
        "start": 3024.51,
        "text": "to be remembered, one of\nthe things you need to do"
    },
    {
        "start": 3027.24,
        "text": "is to make sure that you have\nsome kind of symbol associated"
    },
    {
        "start": 3032.82,
        "text": "with your work."
    },
    {
        "start": 3034.59,
        "text": "So this arch example is\nactually from my PhD thesis"
    },
    {
        "start": 3037.98,
        "text": "many, many years ago."
    },
    {
        "start": 3039.78,
        "text": "And in the course of\nmy work at that time,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3045.0,
        "text": "this work on arch learning\nbecame mildly famous,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3047.82,
        "text": "and I didn't know why."
    },
    {
        "start": 3049.77,
        "text": "It was only many years\nlater that I realized"
    },
    {
        "start": 3051.63,
        "text": "that that work accidentally\nhad all of the elements"
    },
    {
        "start": 3054.66,
        "text": "on this star."
    },
    {
        "start": 3056.22,
        "text": "So the first element is that\nthere was a kind of symbol."
    },
    {
        "start": 3059.91,
        "text": "It's the arch itself."
    },
    {
        "start": 3065.51,
        "text": "Next thing you need is\nsome kind of slogan,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3070.48,
        "text": "a kind of phrase that\nprovides a handle on the work."
    },
    {
        "start": 3073.74,
        "text": "And in this case, the phrase\nwas one shot learning."
    },
    {
        "start": 3080.12,
        "text": "And it was one shot\nbecause the program I wrote"
    },
    {
        "start": 3083.34,
        "text": "learned something definite\nfrom every example that"
    },
    {
        "start": 3087.03,
        "text": "was presented to us."
    },
    {
        "start": 3088.86,
        "text": "So in going from a model\nbased on this configuration"
    },
    {
        "start": 3092.97,
        "text": "to something that isn't an arch\nbase on that configuration,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3095.94,
        "text": "the program learned that\nit has to be on top,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3098.64,
        "text": "one shot learning."
    },
    {
        "start": 3101.49,
        "text": "So that's a symbol, slogan."
    },
    {
        "start": 3105.21,
        "text": "And now we need a surprise."
    },
    {
        "start": 3111.33,
        "text": "Yeah, the surprise is you\ndon't need a million examples"
    },
    {
        "start": 3114.29,
        "text": "of something to learn."
    },
    {
        "start": 3115.91,
        "text": "You can do it with\none example if you're"
    },
    {
        "start": 3118.01,
        "text": "smart enough to make use of\nthat example appropriately."
    },
    {
        "start": 3122.18,
        "text": "So that was the surprise."
    },
    {
        "start": 3123.23,
        "text": "You can learn something\ndefinite from each example."
    },
    {
        "start": 3127.16,
        "text": "Next item was a salient idea."
    },
    {
        "start": 3133.28,
        "text": "Now, when I say salient\nidea, I don't mean important."
    },
    {
        "start": 3136.785,
        "text": "What I mean is an\nidea that sticks out."
    },
    {
        "start": 3141.26,
        "text": "Some theses, funnily enough,\nhave too many good ideas,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3144.08,
        "text": "and you don't know what it's all\nabout because which one is it?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3147.11,
        "text": "So you need an idea\nthat sticks out."
    },
    {
        "start": 3149.29,
        "text": "And the idea that stuck out here\nwas the notion of a near miss."
    },
    {
        "start": 3159.28,
        "text": "You see, this is not an arch,\nbut it doesn't miss by much."
    },
    {
        "start": 3163.65,
        "text": "So it's a near miss."
    },
    {
        "start": 3165.49,
        "text": "And finally, you need\nto tell the story"
    },
    {
        "start": 3170.92,
        "text": "of how you did it, how it\nworks, why it's important."
    },
    {
        "start": 3176.16,
        "text": "So that's a bit on how to\nnot so much get famous,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3181.72,
        "text": "but how to ensure that\nyour work is recognized."
    },
    {
        "start": 3186.24,
        "text": "Well, we're almost\nfinished because now we're"
    },
    {
        "start": 3188.89,
        "text": "down to this last item,\nwhich is how to stop."
    },
    {
        "start": 3193.47,
        "text": "And when we come\nto that, there's"
    },
    {
        "start": 3194.998,
        "text": "a question of all right,\nwell, what is the final slide?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3202.412,
        "text": "And what are the final words?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3210.61,
        "text": "So for the final\nslide, let me give you"
    },
    {
        "start": 3212.83,
        "text": "some examples of possibilities."
    },
    {
        "start": 3217.588,
        "text": "How about this one?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3222.15,
        "text": "Well, you might see that\nslide and think to yourself,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3230.61,
        "text": "there are 1,000 faculty at MIT."
    },
    {
        "start": 3233.73,
        "text": "Nice piece of work,\nbut not so much,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3235.77,
        "text": "but it's only a tiny piece of\nwork if you divide by 1,000."
    },
    {
        "start": 3241.05,
        "text": "So when you show a whole\ngigantic list of collaborators"
    },
    {
        "start": 3243.81,
        "text": "at the end of a talk,\nit's a kind of let down"
    },
    {
        "start": 3247.38,
        "text": "because it suggests\nthat nobody knows."
    },
    {
        "start": 3249.15,
        "text": "Well, did you do\nanything significant?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3252.65,
        "text": "Now, you've got to recognize\nyour collaborators, right?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3255.18,
        "text": "So where do you do that?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3256.97,
        "text": "Not on the last slide,\non the first slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 3259.877,
        "text": "All this was on the first slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 3261.21,
        "text": "These are the\ncollaborators, so you don't"
    },
    {
        "start": 3263.263,
        "text": "want to put them at the end."
    },
    {
        "start": 3264.43,
        "text": "You don't want a\nslide like this."
    },
    {
        "start": 3268.29,
        "text": "How about this one?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3271.06,
        "text": "This is the worst possible\nway to end a talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 3273.05,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3274.7,
        "text": "Because this slide can be\nup there for 20 minutes."
    },
    {
        "start": 3279.41,
        "text": "I've seen it happen."
    },
    {
        "start": 3280.66,
        "text": "It squanders real estate."
    },
    {
        "start": 3283.82,
        "text": "It squanders an opportunity\nto tell people who you are."
    },
    {
        "start": 3287.42,
        "text": "It's just--"
    },
    {
        "start": 3291.777,
        "text": "What about this one?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3296.78,
        "text": "I often see it."
    },
    {
        "start": 3297.8,
        "text": "I never see anybody\nwrite it down."
    },
    {
        "start": 3301.3,
        "text": "Also, it wastes opportunity."
    },
    {
        "start": 3306.58,
        "text": "Oh my God, even worse."
    },
    {
        "start": 3314.97,
        "text": "All of these lines\ndo nothing for you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3318.18,
        "text": "They waste an opportunity\nfor you to tell people--"
    },
    {
        "start": 3321.84,
        "text": "to leave people with what you--"
    },
    {
        "start": 3323.73,
        "text": "with who you are."
    },
    {
        "start": 3326.36,
        "text": "Well, what about this?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3329.0,
        "text": "Is this a good one?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3331.45,
        "text": "It might seem so at first,\nbut here's the problem."
    },
    {
        "start": 3338.34,
        "text": "If you say these\nare my conclusions,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3341.04,
        "text": "these are perfectly\nlegitimate conclusions"
    },
    {
        "start": 3342.96,
        "text": "that nobody cares about."
    },
    {
        "start": 3344.91,
        "text": "What they care about\nis what you have done."
    },
    {
        "start": 3347.557,
        "text": "And that's why your\nfinal slide should"
    },
    {
        "start": 3349.14,
        "text": "have this label, contributions."
    },
    {
        "start": 3353.46,
        "text": "It's a mirror of what I said\nover there about how job talks"
    },
    {
        "start": 3356.51,
        "text": "ought to be like a sandwich."
    },
    {
        "start": 3357.83,
        "text": "And the final slide,\nthe one that's"
    },
    {
        "start": 3359.46,
        "text": "up there while people are\nasking questions and filing out,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3362.24,
        "text": "it ought to be the one that\nhas your contributions on it."
    },
    {
        "start": 3365.47,
        "text": "Here's an example from\nmy own stump speech."
    },
    {
        "start": 3369.14,
        "text": "Yeah, this is what\nI talk about a lot."
    },
    {
        "start": 3373.02,
        "text": "Yes, here are the things\nthat I typically demonstrate."
    },
    {
        "start": 3381.16,
        "text": "And I wait for\npeople to read it."
    },
    {
        "start": 3383.146,
        "text": "And the final element there is\nthis is what we get out of it,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3387.616,
        "text": "so that's an example of\na contribution slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 3392.78,
        "text": "All right, now, what\nabout the other part?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3397.67,
        "text": "You got your final\nslide up there."
    },
    {
        "start": 3399.74,
        "text": "It's a contribution slide."
    },
    {
        "start": 3401.15,
        "text": "Somehow you have to tell\npeople you're finished."
    },
    {
        "start": 3404.43,
        "text": "So let's see it, check\nout a few possibilities."
    },
    {
        "start": 3410.14,
        "text": "One thing you could\ndo in the final words"
    },
    {
        "start": 3414.7,
        "text": "is you could tell a joke."
    },
    {
        "start": 3419.84,
        "text": "It's OK."
    },
    {
        "start": 3422.232,
        "text": "By the time you're done,\npeople have adjusted themselves"
    },
    {
        "start": 3424.565,
        "text": "to your voice parameters."
    },
    {
        "start": 3425.728,
        "text": "They're ready for a joke."
    },
    {
        "start": 3430.04,
        "text": "I was sitting in another bar,\nthis time in Austin, Texas"
    },
    {
        "start": 3433.01,
        "text": "with a colleague of\nmine named Doug Lenat."
    },
    {
        "start": 3436.31,
        "text": "And Doug's a fantastic speaker."
    },
    {
        "start": 3438.88,
        "text": "And so I said to\nDoug, Doug, you're"
    },
    {
        "start": 3441.92,
        "text": "a fantastic speaker,\nwhat's your secret?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3444.86,
        "text": "And he said, oh, I always\nfinish with a joke,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3449.44,
        "text": "and that way, people think\nthey've had fun the whole time."
    },
    {
        "start": 3452.12,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3455.48,
        "text": "So yeah, a joke will\nwork down there."
    },
    {
        "start": 3459.54,
        "text": "How about this one?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3470.77,
        "text": "Thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3474.03,
        "text": "I don't recommend it."
    },
    {
        "start": 3475.65,
        "text": "It's a weak move."
    },
    {
        "start": 3478.41,
        "text": "You will not go to\nhell if you conclude"
    },
    {
        "start": 3480.33,
        "text": "your talk by saying thank\nyou, but it's a weak move,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3482.73,
        "text": "and here's why."
    },
    {
        "start": 3484.88,
        "text": "When you say thank you, even\nworse, thank you for listening,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3488.46,
        "text": "it suggests that\neverybody has stayed"
    },
    {
        "start": 3490.35,
        "text": "that long out of politeness and\nthat they had a profound desire"
    },
    {
        "start": 3494.31,
        "text": "to be somewhere else."
    },
    {
        "start": 3495.632,
        "text": "But they're so polite,\nthey stuck it out."
    },
    {
        "start": 3497.34,
        "text": "And that's what you're\nthanking them for."
    },
    {
        "start": 3500.43,
        "text": "So once wild\napplause has started,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3501.99,
        "text": "you can mouth a thank\nyou, and there's"
    },
    {
        "start": 3504.24,
        "text": "nothing wrong with that."
    },
    {
        "start": 3505.38,
        "text": "But the last thing you do\nshould not be saying thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3509.992,
        "text": "Now, you say to me, well,\ndoesn't everybody say"
    },
    {
        "start": 3511.95,
        "text": "thank you?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3513.57,
        "text": "Well, what everybody does is\nnot necessarily the right thing."
    },
    {
        "start": 3517.8,
        "text": "And I like to illustrate\nhow some talks can"
    },
    {
        "start": 3520.11,
        "text": "end without saying thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3521.58,
        "text": "I like to draw from\npolitical speeches,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3525.21,
        "text": "but the ones that I've heard\nrecently aren't so good, so--"
    },
    {
        "start": 3527.956,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3530.24,
        "text": "So I'm going to have to\ngo go back a little bit."
    },
    {
        "start": 3535.5,
        "text": "So here is Governor Christie."
    },
    {
        "start": 3537.01,
        "text": "He gave the Republican\nkeynote address one year."
    },
    {
        "start": 3543.68,
        "text": "This is the end of his talk."
    },
    {
        "start": 3545.04,
        "text": "Let's see what he does."
    },
    {
        "start": 3547.214,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3548.966,
        "text": "CHRIS CHRISTIE: And together,\neverybody, together."
    },
    {
        "start": 3551.92,
        "text": "We will stand up once again\nfor American greatness"
    },
    {
        "start": 3556.06,
        "text": "for our children\nand grandchildren."
    },
    {
        "start": 3558.19,
        "text": "God bless you, and\nGod bless America."
    },
    {
        "start": 3560.583,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3563.241,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: So that's a\nclassic benediction ending."
    },
    {
        "start": 3567.26,
        "text": "God bless you,\nGod bless America."
    },
    {
        "start": 3570.62,
        "text": "Now, I don't want to\nbe partisan about this."
    },
    {
        "start": 3572.61,
        "text": "So I think I'd better switch\nto the keynote address"
    },
    {
        "start": 3575.57,
        "text": "in the Democratic Convention."
    },
    {
        "start": 3578.84,
        "text": "It was delivered that year\nby Bill Clinton, who knows"
    },
    {
        "start": 3582.05,
        "text": "something about how to speak."
    },
    {
        "start": 3585.01,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3586.38,
        "text": "BILL CLINTON: If that\nis what you want,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3588.94,
        "text": "if that is what you\nbelieve, you must vote,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3592.3,
        "text": "and you must re-elect\nPresident Barack Obama."
    },
    {
        "start": 3597.046,
        "text": "God bless you, and\nGod bless America."
    },
    {
        "start": 3598.588,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3600.061,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3609.39,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nNow, watch this."
    },
    {
        "start": 3611.41,
        "text": "Let's go back a little\nbit and redo it."
    },
    {
        "start": 3613.297,
        "text": "What I want you to see\nis that at one point,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3615.13,
        "text": "he seems to be almost pressing\nhis lips together, forcing"
    },
    {
        "start": 3618.43,
        "text": "himself not to say thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3620.315,
        "text": "Then there's another place\nwhere he does a little salute."
    },
    {
        "start": 3622.69,
        "text": "So watch for those\nthis time around."
    },
    {
        "start": 3624.784,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3625.65,
        "text": "BILL CLINTON: If that\nis what you want,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3628.21,
        "text": "if that is what you\nbelieve, you must vote,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3631.47,
        "text": "and you must re-elect\nPresident Barack Obama."
    },
    {
        "start": 3636.31,
        "text": "God bless you., and\nGod bless America."
    },
    {
        "start": 3638.47,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3639.625,
        "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: That's\nwhere he's pursing his lips."
    },
    {
        "start": 3642.208,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3643.186,
        "text": "There's the salute."
    },
    {
        "start": 3645.142,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3649.455,
        "text": "Yeah, I think\nthat's pretty good."
    },
    {
        "start": 3650.83,
        "text": "Now, what are we gonna\ntake away from this?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3652.64,
        "text": "Well, I suppose I could conclude\nthis talk by saying God bless"
    },
    {
        "start": 3657.91,
        "text": "you, and God bless the\nMassachusetts Institute"
    },
    {
        "start": 3660.96,
        "text": "of Technology, but it\nmight not work so well."
    },
    {
        "start": 3664.732,
        "text": "But what you can\nget out of this is"
    },
    {
        "start": 3666.19,
        "text": "you don't have to say thank you."
    },
    {
        "start": 3668.11,
        "text": "There are other\nthings you can do."
    },
    {
        "start": 3669.85,
        "text": "And it's interesting that over\ntime, people figure this out,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3673.06,
        "text": "and there's some stock\nways of ending things."
    },
    {
        "start": 3675.73,
        "text": "So in the Catholic church,\nand the good old Latin mass,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3681.18,
        "text": "it ended with ite\nmissa est, which"
    },
    {
        "start": 3687.99,
        "text": "translates approximately\nto OK, the mass is over,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3691.38,
        "text": "you can go home now."
    },
    {
        "start": 3692.718,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER]"
    },
    {
        "start": 3694.47,
        "text": "And of course, at\nmusical concerts,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3697.44,
        "text": "you know that it's time to clap\nnot at the end of the song,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3702.23,
        "text": "but rather when the conductor\ngoes over and shakes hands"
    },
    {
        "start": 3705.81,
        "text": "with the concert master."
    },
    {
        "start": 3707.28,
        "text": "Those are conventions that tell\nyou that the event is over."
    },
    {
        "start": 3713.47,
        "text": "So those are all\npossibilities for here."
    },
    {
        "start": 3718.5,
        "text": "But one more\npossibility, and that"
    },
    {
        "start": 3720.18,
        "text": "is that you can\nsalute the audience."
    },
    {
        "start": 3727.32,
        "text": "And by that, I mean,\nyou can say something"
    },
    {
        "start": 3729.07,
        "text": "about how much you value\nyour time at a place."
    },
    {
        "start": 3733.06,
        "text": "So I could say, well, it's\nbeen great fun being here."
    },
    {
        "start": 3740.0,
        "text": "It's been fascinating to see\nwhat you folks are doing here"
    },
    {
        "start": 3742.78,
        "text": "at MIT."
    },
    {
        "start": 3744.19,
        "text": "I've been much\nstimulated and provoked"
    },
    {
        "start": 3747.535,
        "text": "by the kinds of questions\nyou've been asking,"
    },
    {
        "start": 3749.41,
        "text": "it's been really great."
    },
    {
        "start": 3750.8,
        "text": "And I look forward\nto coming back"
    },
    {
        "start": 3753.38,
        "text": "on many occasions in the future."
    },
    {
        "start": 3755.21,
        "text": "So that salutes the audience."
    },
    {
        "start": 3756.693,
        "text": "You can do that."
    },
    {
        "start": 3760.67,
        "text": "Well, there it is."
    },
    {
        "start": 3762.52,
        "text": "You know what?"
    },
    {
        "start": 3765.26,
        "text": "I'm glad you're here."
    },
    {
        "start": 3766.94,
        "text": "And the reason is\nby being here, I"
    },
    {
        "start": 3768.83,
        "text": "think you have demonstrated\nan understanding"
    },
    {
        "start": 3771.59,
        "text": "that how you present and how\nyou package your ideas is"
    },
    {
        "start": 3774.77,
        "text": "an important thing."
    },
    {
        "start": 3776.51,
        "text": "And I salute you for that."
    },
    {
        "start": 3778.013,
        "text": "[LAUGHTER] And I suggest that\nyou come back again and bring"
    },
    {
        "start": 3783.5,
        "text": "your friends."
    },
    {
        "start": 3785.99,
        "text": "[APPLAUSE]"
    }
]