Feat: Project code

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 __pycache__/
-references/
+references/
+nano_gpt_model.pt

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# Pre-Training
+
+This section focuses on Embeddings and Pre-training.
+
+![LLM Training Steps](./assets/LLMfromScratch2.png)
+
+In this project, a GPT (decoder-only) model is trained on Shakespeare data. The model architecture follows the original GPT design with multi-head self-attention and feed-forward layers. Key specifications include:
+
+- 8 transformer layers
+- 8 attention heads 
+- 384 embedding dimensions
+- 512 context window size
+- ~50k vocabulary size
+
+The model is trained using cross-entropy loss and AdamW optimizer with weight decay. Training is done on Shakespeare's works to learn the language patterns and writing style. The trained model can generate Shakespeare-style text given a prompt.
+
+
+
+### Project Structure
+
+```
+.
+├── assets              # Images for README
+├── nano_gpt_model.pt   # Trained model
+├── S12Trained.ipynb    # Notebook for training
+├── input.txt           # Shakespeare data
+├── README.md           # This file
+└── requirements.txt    # Dependencies
+```
+
+### Install Dependencies
+
+```
+pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
+
+### Run the Notebook
+
+```
+jupyter notebook S12Trained.ipynb
+```
+
+### Training Logs
+
+Training logs for few steps are shown below:
+
+```bash
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,000 | loss: 0.5863 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.74ms | tok/sec: 5981.86 | norm: 3.94
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,100 | loss: 0.5372 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.72ms | tok/sec: 5955.88 | norm: 3.74
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,200 | loss: 0.6054 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.72ms | tok/sec: 5973.31 | norm: 5.71
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,300 | loss: 0.5850 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.01ms | tok/sec: 5970.77 | norm: 4.36
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,400 | loss: 0.3319 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.77ms | tok/sec: 5981.53 | norm: 4.68
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,500 | loss: 0.4140 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.41ms | tok/sec: 5984.70 | norm: 3.21
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,600 | loss: 0.4008 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.34ms | tok/sec: 5994.10 | norm: 3.58
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,700 | loss: 0.3951 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.49ms | tok/sec: 5975.26 | norm: 3.81
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,800 | loss: 0.3022 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.40ms | tok/sec: 5958.64 | norm: 3.06
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 10,900 | loss: 0.4287 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.75ms | tok/sec: 5964.31 | norm: 3.60
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,000 | loss: 0.2447 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.35ms | tok/sec: 5959.12 | norm: 3.35
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,100 | loss: 0.2773 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 688.83ms | tok/sec: 5946.35 | norm: 2.71
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,200 | loss: 0.2839 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.56ms | tok/sec: 5957.31 | norm: 3.90
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,300 | loss: 0.3481 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.68ms | tok/sec: 5982.32 | norm: 3.68
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,400 | loss: 0.1913 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.73ms | tok/sec: 5973.18 | norm: 2.93
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,500 | loss: 0.2605 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.74ms | tok/sec: 5973.11 | norm: 2.96
+    
+GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB
+step 11,600 | loss: 0.2029 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 689.04ms | tok/sec: 5944.49 | norm: 2.84
+    
+
+Reached target loss! Final loss: 0.0889 at step 11,663
+Model saved to gpt_model.pt
+```
+
+### Model Output
+
+```bash
+Once upon a time to not;
+More slaughter'd, sweet Rivers, I receive my children, and title with pardon hither
+That one stuff'd with a conquest; and teeth, of my? Why, in life thee,
+Which now not joy of foe, thought o'n slaughter bed,
+And, is mine own soul me, not so heavy in every day:
+The tyrant from one curst my death lies;
+For the ground is nothing henceforth fell executioner come
+```
+
+### Try it out
+
+App Link

S12Trained.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@
+{
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "LzOshnYOpqP_"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "# NanoGPT\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Training a decoder-only model (NanoGPT) to genereate text in Shakespear stype"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "J93p7rk7qK-P"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Install Modules"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 1,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "8MnYOQ4xcKXa",
+        "outputId": "0b15787f-f2a8-4ba6-d744-a60d08f9d152"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "\u001b[?25l   \u001b[90m━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\u001b[0m \u001b[32m0.0/1.2 MB\u001b[0m \u001b[31m?\u001b[0m eta \u001b[36m-:--:--\u001b[0m\r\u001b[2K   \u001b[91m━━━━━━\u001b[0m\u001b[91m╸\u001b[0m\u001b[90m━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\u001b[0m \u001b[32m0.2/1.2 MB\u001b[0m \u001b[31m6.7 MB/s\u001b[0m eta \u001b[36m0:00:01\u001b[0m\r\u001b[2K   \u001b[90m━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\u001b[0m \u001b[32m1.2/1.2 MB\u001b[0m \u001b[31m17.2 MB/s\u001b[0m eta \u001b[36m0:00:00\u001b[0m\n",
+            "\u001b[?25h"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# Tiktoken for tokenization\n",
+        "!pip install tiktoken --quiet"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "uHuCVeKYqWvo"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Import Modules"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 2,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "igAl5bXSqZWo"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# Standard Library Imports\n",
+        "import os\n",
+        "import math\n",
+        "import time\n",
+        "import inspect\n",
+        "from dataclasses import dataclass\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Third-Party Imports\n",
+        "import tiktoken\n",
+        "import torch\n",
+        "import torch.nn as nn\n",
+        "from torch.nn import functional as F"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "6QNqCz2fqSX0"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Transformer Achitecture"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 3,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "jgXGx_-YqVNH"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def __init__(self, config):\n",
+        "        super().__init__()\n",
+        "        assert config.n_embd % config.n_head == 0\n",
+        "        # key, query, value projections for all heads, but in a batch\n",
+        "        self.c_attn = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, 3 * config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        # output projection\n",
+        "        self.c_proj = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        self.c_proj.NANGPT_SCALE_INIT = 1\n",
+        "        # regularization\n",
+        "        self.n_head = config.n_head\n",
+        "        self.n_embd = config.n_embd\n",
+        "        self.register_buffer(\"bias\", torch.tril(torch.ones(config.block_size, config.block_size)).view(1, 1, config.block_size, config.block_size))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def forward(self, x):\n",
+        "        B, T, C = x.size() # batch size, sequence length, embedding dimensionality (n_embd)\n",
+        "        # calculate query, key, values for all heads in batch and move head forward to be the batch dim\n",
+        "        # nh is \"number of heads\", hs is \"head size\", and C (number of channels) = nh * hs\n",
+        "        # e.g. in GPT-2 (124M), n_head=12, hs=64, so nh*hs=C=768 channels in the Transformer\n",
+        "        qkv = self.c_attn(x)\n",
+        "        q, k, v = qkv.split(self.n_embd, dim=2)\n",
+        "        k = k.view(B, T, self.n_head, C // self.n_head).transpose(1, 2) # (B, nh, T, hs)\n",
+        "        q = q.view(B, T, self.n_head, C // self.n_head).transpose(1, 2) # (B, nh, T, hs)\n",
+        "        v = v.view(B, T, self.n_head, C // self.n_head).transpose(1, 2) # (B, nh, T, hs)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # att = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * (1.0 / math.sqrt(k.size(-1)))\n",
+        "        # att = att.masked_fill(self.bias[:, :, :T, :T] == 0, float('-inf'))\n",
+        "        # att = F.softmax(att, dim=-1)\n",
+        "        # y = att @ v # (B, nh, T, T) x (B, nh, T, hs) -> (B, nh, T, hs)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal = True) # Flash attention\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(B, T, C) # re-assemble all head outputs side by side\n",
+        "        # output projection\n",
+        "        y = self.c_proj(y)\n",
+        "        return y\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "class MLP(nn.Module):\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def __init__(self, config):\n",
+        "        super().__init__()\n",
+        "        self.c_fc    = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, 4 * config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        self.gelu    = nn.GELU(approximate='tanh')\n",
+        "        self.c_proj  = nn.Linear(4 * config.n_embd, config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        self.c_proj.NANOGPT_SCALE_INIT = 1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def forward(self, x):\n",
+        "        x = self.c_fc(x)\n",
+        "        x = self.gelu(x)\n",
+        "        x = self.c_proj(x)\n",
+        "        return x\n",
+        "\n",
+        "class Block(nn.Module):\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def __init__(self, config):\n",
+        "        super().__init__()\n",
+        "        self.ln_1 = nn.LayerNorm(config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(config)\n",
+        "        self.ln_2 = nn.LayerNorm(config.n_embd)\n",
+        "        self.mlp = MLP(config)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def forward(self, x):\n",
+        "        x = x + self.attn(self.ln_1(x))\n",
+        "        x = x + self.mlp(self.ln_2(x))\n",
+        "        return x\n",
+        "\n",
+        "class GPT(nn.Module):\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def __init__(self, config):\n",
+        "        super().__init__()\n",
+        "        self.config = config\n",
+        "        self.gradient_checkpointing = True\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        self.transformer = nn.ModuleDict(dict(\n",
+        "            wte = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.n_embd),\n",
+        "            wpe = nn.Embedding(config.block_size, config.n_embd),\n",
+        "            h = nn.ModuleList([Block(config) for _ in range(config.n_layer)]),\n",
+        "            ln_f = nn.LayerNorm(config.n_embd),\n",
+        "        ))\n",
+        "        self.lm_head = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, config.vocab_size, bias=False)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # weight sharing\n",
+        "        self.transformer.wte.weight = self.lm_head.weight\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # weight initialization\n",
+        "        self.apply(self._init_weights)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def _init_weights(self, module):\n",
+        "        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):\n",
+        "            std = 0.02\n",
+        "            if hasattr(module, 'NANGPT_SCALE_INIT'):\n",
+        "                std *= (2 * self.config.n_layer) ** -0.5\n",
+        "            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean = 0.0, std = std)\n",
+        "            if module.bias is not None:\n",
+        "                torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)\n",
+        "        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):\n",
+        "            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std = 0.02)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def forward(self, idx, targets=None):\n",
+        "        # idx is of shape (B, T)\n",
+        "        B, T = idx.size()\n",
+        "        assert T <= self.config.block_size, f\"Cannot forward sequence of length {T}, block size is only {self.config.block_size}\"\n",
+        "        # forward the token and posisition embeddings\n",
+        "        # pos = torch.arange(0, T, dtype=torch.long, device=idx.device) # shape (T)\n",
+        "        # pos_emb = self.transformer.wpe(pos) # position embeddings of shape (T, n_embd)\n",
+        "        # tok_emb = self.transformer.wte(idx) # token embeddings of shape (B, T, n_embd)\n",
+        "        pos = torch.arange(0, T, dtype=torch.long, device=idx.device)\n",
+        "        pos_emb = self.transformer.wpe(pos)\n",
+        "        tok_emb = self.transformer.wte(idx)\n",
+        "        x = tok_emb + pos_emb\n",
+        "        # forward the blocks of the transformer\n",
+        "        for block in self.transformer.h:\n",
+        "            x = block(x)\n",
+        "        # Modify the transformer blocks section to use gradient checkpointing\n",
+        "        if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training:\n",
+        "            for block in self.transformer.h:\n",
+        "                x = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(block, x)\n",
+        "        else:\n",
+        "            for block in self.transformer.h:\n",
+        "                x = block(x)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        x = self.transformer.ln_f(x)\n",
+        "        logits = self.lm_head(x)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        loss = None\n",
+        "        if targets is not None:\n",
+        "            loss = F.cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, logits.size(-1)), targets.view(-1))\n",
+        "        return logits, loss\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    @classmethod\n",
+        "    def from_pretrained(cls, model_type):\n",
+        "        \"\"\"Loads pretrained GPT-2 model weights from huggingface\"\"\"\n",
+        "        assert model_type in {'gpt2', 'gpt2-medium', 'gpt2-large', 'gpt2-xl'}\n",
+        "        from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel\n",
+        "        print(\"loading weights from pretrained gpt: %s\" % model_type)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # n_layer, n_head and n_embd are determined from model_type\n",
+        "        config_args = {\n",
+        "            'gpt2':         dict(n_layer=12, n_head=12, n_embd=768),  # 124M params\n",
+        "            'gpt2-medium':  dict(n_layer=24, n_head=16, n_embd=1024), # 350M params\n",
+        "            'gpt2-large':   dict(n_layer=36, n_head=20, n_embd=1280), # 774M params\n",
+        "            'gpt2-xl':      dict(n_layer=48, n_head=25, n_embd=1600), # 1558M params\n",
+        "        }[model_type]\n",
+        "        config_args['vocab_size'] = 50257 # always 50257 for GPT model checkpoints\n",
+        "        config_args['block_size'] = 1024 # always 1024 for GPT model checkpoints\n",
+        "        # create a from-scratch initialized minGPT model\n",
+        "        config = GPTConfig(**config_args)\n",
+        "        model = GPT(config)\n",
+        "        sd = model.state_dict()\n",
+        "        sd_keys = sd.keys()\n",
+        "        sd_keys = [k for k in sd_keys if not k.endswith('.attn.bias')] # discard this mask / buffer, not a param\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # init a huggingface/transformers model\n",
+        "        model_hf = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained(model_type)\n",
+        "        sd_hf = model_hf.state_dict()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # copy while ensuring all of the parameters are aligned and match in names and shapes\n",
+        "        sd_keys_hf = sd_hf.keys()\n",
+        "        sd_keys_hf = [k for k in sd_keys_hf if not k.endswith('.attn.masked_bias')] # ignore these, just a buffer\n",
+        "        sd_keys_hf = [k for k in sd_keys_hf if not k.endswith('.attn.bias')] # same, just the mask (buffer)\n",
+        "        transposed = ['attn.c_attn.weight', 'attn.c_proj.weight', 'mlp.c_fc.weight', 'mlp.c_proj.weight']\n",
+        "        # basically the openai checkpoints use a \"Conv1D\" module, but we only want to use a vanilla Linear\n",
+        "        # this means that we have to transpose these weights when we import them\n",
+        "        assert len(sd_keys_hf) == len(sd_keys), f\"mismatched keys: {len(sd_keys_hf)} != {len(sd_keys)}\"\n",
+        "        for k in sd_keys_hf:\n",
+        "            if any(k.endswith(w) for w in transposed):\n",
+        "                # special treatment for the Conv1D weights we need to transpose\n",
+        "                assert sd_hf[k].shape[::-1] == sd[k].shape\n",
+        "                with torch.no_grad():\n",
+        "                    sd[k].copy_(sd_hf[k].t())\n",
+        "            else:\n",
+        "                # vanilla copy over the other parameters\n",
+        "                assert sd_hf[k].shape == sd[k].shape\n",
+        "                with torch.no_grad():\n",
+        "                    sd[k].copy_(sd_hf[k])\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        return model\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def configure_optimizers(self, weight_decay, learning_rate, device_type):\n",
+        "        # start with all of the candidate parameters (that require grad)\n",
+        "        param_dict = {pn: p for pn, p in self.named_parameters()}\n",
+        "        param_dict = {pn: p for pn, p in param_dict.items() if p.requires_grad}\n",
+        "        # create optim groups. Any parameters that is 2D will be weight decayed, otherwise no.\n",
+        "        # i.e. all weight tensors in matmuls + embeddings decay, all biases and layernorms don't.\n",
+        "        decay_params = [p for n, p in param_dict.items() if p.dim() >= 2]\n",
+        "        nodecay_params = [p for n, p in param_dict.items() if p.dim() < 2]\n",
+        "        optim_groups = [\n",
+        "            {'params': decay_params, 'weight_decay': weight_decay},\n",
+        "            {'params': nodecay_params, 'weight_decay': 0.0}\n",
+        "        ]\n",
+        "        num_decay_params = sum(p.numel() for p in decay_params)\n",
+        "        num_nodecay_params = sum(p.numel() for p in nodecay_params)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        print(f\"num decayed parameter tensors: {len(decay_params)}, with {num_decay_params:,} parameters\")\n",
+        "        print(f\"num non-decayed parameter tensors: {len(nodecay_params)}, with {num_nodecay_params:,} parameters\")\n",
+        "        # Create AdamW optimizer and use the fused version if it is available\n",
+        "        fused_available = 'fused' in inspect.signature(torch.optim.AdamW).parameters\n",
+        "        use_fused = fused_available and device_type == \"cuda\"\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        print(f\"using fused AdamW: {use_fused}\")\n",
+        "        optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(optim_groups, lr=learning_rate, betas=(0.9, 0.95), eps=1e-8, fused=use_fused)\n",
+        "        return optimizer"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "C3Xev9Ycq7Qe"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Configuration Parameters"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 4,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "27h8bNasq-Xe"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "@dataclass\n",
+        "class GPTConfig:\n",
+        "    block_size: int = 512 # max sequence length\n",
+        "    vocab_size: int = 50304 # number of tokens: 50,000 BPE merges + 256 bytes tokens + 1 <|endoftext|> token\n",
+        "    n_layer: int = 8 # number of layers\n",
+        "    n_head: int = 8 # number of heads\n",
+        "    n_embd: int = 384 # embedding dimension 768"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "GHpQZ_avrMyd"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## DataLoader"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 5,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "NcXgug8hrPO-"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "class DataLoaderLite:\n",
+        "    def __init__(self, B, T):\n",
+        "        self.B = B\n",
+        "        self.T = T\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        # Modify path to your input file location in Drive\n",
+        "        input_path = 'input.txt'  # Update this path\n",
+        "        try:\n",
+        "            with open(input_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:\n",
+        "                text = f.read()\n",
+        "            print(f\"Successfully loaded text from {input_path}\")\n",
+        "        except Exception as e:\n",
+        "            print(f\"Error loading file: {e}\")\n",
+        "            raise\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        enc = tiktoken.get_encoding('gpt2')\n",
+        "        tokens = enc.encode(text)\n",
+        "        self.tokens = torch.tensor(tokens)\n",
+        "        print(f'Loaded {len(self.tokens):,} tokens')\n",
+        "        print(f'1 epoch = {len(self.tokens) // (B * T):,} batches')\n",
+        "        print(f'Input text size: {len(text):,} characters')\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        self.current_position = 0\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    def next_batch(self):\n",
+        "        B, T = self.B, self.T\n",
+        "        buf = self.tokens[self.current_position: self.current_position + B * T + 1]\n",
+        "        x = (buf[:-1]).view(B, T) # inputs\n",
+        "        y = (buf[1:]).view(B, T) # targets\n",
+        "        # advance the position in the tensor\n",
+        "        self.current_position += B*T\n",
+        "        # if loading the next batch would be out of bounds, reset\n",
+        "        if self.current_position + (B * T + 1) > len(self.tokens):\n",
+        "            self.current_position = 0\n",
+        "        return x, y"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "y0eEHPNrrz6b"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Device Configutration"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 6,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "w_OS901rr3SO",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "0c386cef-8cc3-4964-916a-178cd5668959"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "CUDA available: True\n",
+            "CUDA device: Tesla T4\n",
+            "Total GPU memory: 15.84 GB\n",
+            "Using device: cuda\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# Add CUDA check and memory info\n",
+        "print(f\"CUDA available: {torch.cuda.is_available()}\")\n",
+        "if torch.cuda.is_available():\n",
+        "    print(f\"CUDA device: {torch.cuda.get_device_name(0)}\")\n",
+        "    print(f\"Total GPU memory: {torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0).total_memory / 1e9:.2f} GB\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Modify the device selection\n",
+        "device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'\n",
+        "print(f\"Using device: {device}\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "p74YZyRe_3_Z"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Utilities"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 7,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "q1Q1T5az_7Pb"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "def get_lr(it):\n",
+        "    if it < warmup_steps:\n",
+        "        return max_lr * (it + 1) / warmup_steps\n",
+        "    if it > max_steps:\n",
+        "        return min_lr\n",
+        "    decay_ratio = (it - warmup_steps) / (max_steps - warmup_steps)\n",
+        "    assert 0 <= decay_ratio <=1\n",
+        "    coeff = 0.5 * (1.0 + math.cos(math.pi * decay_ratio))\n",
+        "    return min_lr + coeff * (max_lr - min_lr)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "veEWTXgVsIVz"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Model Training"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 9,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "NjuBy6HGb9Ta",
+        "outputId": "78a7feb8-c362-4343-a3d1-8a1cbf744491"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Successfully loaded text from input.txt\n",
+            "Loaded 338,025 tokens\n",
+            "1 epoch = 330 batches\n",
+            "Input text size: 1,115,394 characters\n",
+            "num decayed parameter tensors: 34, with 33,669,120 parameters\n",
+            "num non-decayed parameter tensors: 66, with 40,704 parameters\n",
+            "using fused AdamW: True\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stderr",
+          "text": [
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/_inductor/compile_fx.py:1604: UserWarning: Tesla T4 does not support bfloat16 compilation natively, skipping\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/_inductor/compile_fx.py:1604: UserWarning: Tesla T4 does not support bfloat16 compilation natively, skipping\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/_inductor/compile_fx.py:1604: UserWarning: Tesla T4 does not support bfloat16 compilation natively, skipping\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/_inductor/compile_fx.py:1604: UserWarning: Tesla T4 does not support bfloat16 compilation natively, skipping\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n",
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/_dynamo/eval_frame.py:632: UserWarning: torch.utils.checkpoint: the use_reentrant parameter should be passed explicitly. In version 2.5 we will raise an exception if use_reentrant is not passed. use_reentrant=False is recommended, but if you need to preserve the current default behavior, you can pass use_reentrant=True. Refer to docs for more details on the differences between the two variants.\n",
+            "  return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.55GB\n",
+            "step 0 | loss: 10.9470 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 23182.17ms | tok/sec: 176.69 | norm: 5.03\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 100 | loss: 5.9936 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.63ms | tok/sec: 5956.71 | norm: 0.90\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 200 | loss: 6.1430 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.82ms | tok/sec: 6016.26 | norm: 0.85\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 300 | loss: 5.7334 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.30ms | tok/sec: 5985.65 | norm: 1.32\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 400 | loss: 5.5456 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.26ms | tok/sec: 6021.24 | norm: 1.12\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 500 | loss: 4.7860 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.16ms | tok/sec: 6004.47 | norm: 1.53\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 600 | loss: 5.4306 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.22ms | tok/sec: 5995.14 | norm: 1.23\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 700 | loss: 5.3188 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.26ms | tok/sec: 5994.79 | norm: 1.21\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 800 | loss: 5.1400 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.78ms | tok/sec: 5964.07 | norm: 1.84\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 900 | loss: 4.9057 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.29ms | tok/sec: 6020.97 | norm: 1.59\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,000 | loss: 4.8926 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.95ms | tok/sec: 5980.04 | norm: 1.48\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,100 | loss: 4.7693 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.51ms | tok/sec: 5975.12 | norm: 2.60\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,200 | loss: 5.0689 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.40ms | tok/sec: 6002.35 | norm: 1.57\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,300 | loss: 4.5868 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.93ms | tok/sec: 5997.68 | norm: 1.86\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,400 | loss: 4.8036 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.67ms | tok/sec: 5999.99 | norm: 1.92\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,500 | loss: 4.5739 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.74ms | tok/sec: 5999.33 | norm: 1.89\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,600 | loss: 4.3767 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.53ms | tok/sec: 6009.97 | norm: 2.48\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,700 | loss: 4.7170 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.21ms | tok/sec: 6004.05 | norm: 2.88\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,800 | loss: 4.5040 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.62ms | tok/sec: 6009.23 | norm: 2.25\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 1,900 | loss: 4.4489 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.54ms | tok/sec: 5966.18 | norm: 2.01\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,000 | loss: 3.9155 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.89ms | tok/sec: 5989.27 | norm: 2.26\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,100 | loss: 4.1443 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.80ms | tok/sec: 6007.60 | norm: 2.33\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,200 | loss: 4.6614 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.72ms | tok/sec: 6008.37 | norm: 2.44\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,300 | loss: 3.6722 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.94ms | tok/sec: 5980.11 | norm: 2.75\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,400 | loss: 4.0311 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.12ms | tok/sec: 5987.25 | norm: 2.90\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,500 | loss: 4.1794 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.70ms | tok/sec: 5964.77 | norm: 2.67\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,600 | loss: 3.7992 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.41ms | tok/sec: 6011.09 | norm: 3.10\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,700 | loss: 4.5840 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.54ms | tok/sec: 6001.09 | norm: 3.52\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,800 | loss: 3.6126 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.40ms | tok/sec: 6002.35 | norm: 2.92\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 2,900 | loss: 3.6538 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.88ms | tok/sec: 6006.93 | norm: 3.04\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,000 | loss: 3.4119 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.70ms | tok/sec: 5982.20 | norm: 2.96\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,100 | loss: 3.4817 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.39ms | tok/sec: 5967.42 | norm: 3.22\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,200 | loss: 3.7793 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.57ms | tok/sec: 6000.86 | norm: 4.25\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,300 | loss: 3.6155 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.45ms | tok/sec: 5975.64 | norm: 4.07\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,400 | loss: 3.7451 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.79ms | tok/sec: 5963.94 | norm: 3.34\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,500 | loss: 3.5069 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.91ms | tok/sec: 5962.97 | norm: 4.46\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,600 | loss: 3.5325 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.46ms | tok/sec: 5993.08 | norm: 4.59\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,700 | loss: 3.6000 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.37ms | tok/sec: 5993.87 | norm: 4.69\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,800 | loss: 2.7920 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.15ms | tok/sec: 6013.37 | norm: 3.43\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 3,900 | loss: 3.5265 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.23ms | tok/sec: 5986.29 | norm: 3.96\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,000 | loss: 3.5139 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.86ms | tok/sec: 6015.93 | norm: 4.81\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,100 | loss: 3.4394 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.96ms | tok/sec: 6015.00 | norm: 4.55\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,200 | loss: 3.1918 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.53ms | tok/sec: 6001.21 | norm: 5.20\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,300 | loss: 3.2290 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.99ms | tok/sec: 5979.67 | norm: 4.89\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,400 | loss: 3.0279 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 678.78ms | tok/sec: 6034.36 | norm: 4.00\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,500 | loss: 3.3566 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 680.69ms | tok/sec: 6017.44 | norm: 4.92\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,600 | loss: 2.9366 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.88ms | tok/sec: 5989.36 | norm: 4.65\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,700 | loss: 3.1994 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 679.04ms | tok/sec: 6032.08 | norm: 7.23\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,800 | loss: 2.9273 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.97ms | tok/sec: 6006.12 | norm: 3.98\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 4,900 | loss: 2.8992 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.39ms | tok/sec: 5967.48 | norm: 5.38\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,000 | loss: 2.9706 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.26ms | tok/sec: 5977.31 | norm: 4.36\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,100 | loss: 2.7330 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.23ms | tok/sec: 6003.81 | norm: 4.92\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,200 | loss: 2.8838 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.10ms | tok/sec: 5996.15 | norm: 6.76\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,300 | loss: 2.3963 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.79ms | tok/sec: 5972.66 | norm: 4.91\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,400 | loss: 2.4825 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.18ms | tok/sec: 5986.69 | norm: 4.63\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,500 | loss: 3.0586 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.38ms | tok/sec: 5976.21 | norm: 5.94\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,600 | loss: 2.2882 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.35ms | tok/sec: 5985.27 | norm: 5.28\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,700 | loss: 2.3943 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 681.74ms | tok/sec: 6008.12 | norm: 5.19\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,800 | loss: 2.5011 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.10ms | tok/sec: 5969.99 | norm: 5.41\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 5,900 | loss: 2.3386 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.09ms | tok/sec: 5996.32 | norm: 5.78\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,000 | loss: 2.6910 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.64ms | tok/sec: 5973.95 | norm: 5.91\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,100 | loss: 1.9940 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.09ms | tok/sec: 6005.04 | norm: 4.81\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,200 | loss: 2.1706 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.09ms | tok/sec: 5961.39 | norm: 6.18\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,300 | loss: 1.8759 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.62ms | tok/sec: 5965.47 | norm: 4.45\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,400 | loss: 1.8825 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.07ms | tok/sec: 5970.20 | norm: 5.26\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,500 | loss: 2.1047 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.22ms | tok/sec: 5960.26 | norm: 5.17\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,600 | loss: 2.2490 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.49ms | tok/sec: 5992.75 | norm: 6.13\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,700 | loss: 2.0222 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.05ms | tok/sec: 5987.87 | norm: 4.83\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,800 | loss: 1.7948 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.00ms | tok/sec: 5962.19 | norm: 5.72\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 6,900 | loss: 1.9430 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.17ms | tok/sec: 5978.09 | norm: 6.76\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,000 | loss: 1.9375 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.81ms | tok/sec: 5972.46 | norm: 5.95\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,100 | loss: 1.4104 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.53ms | tok/sec: 5966.27 | norm: 5.39\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,200 | loss: 1.7128 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.73ms | tok/sec: 5999.47 | norm: 4.76\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,300 | loss: 1.7015 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.85ms | tok/sec: 5963.47 | norm: 4.74\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,400 | loss: 1.6215 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.93ms | tok/sec: 5988.95 | norm: 6.07\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,500 | loss: 1.5474 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.24ms | tok/sec: 5986.21 | norm: 5.89\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,600 | loss: 1.5799 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.59ms | tok/sec: 5983.12 | norm: 5.08\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,700 | loss: 1.4209 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.21ms | tok/sec: 5977.75 | norm: 4.84\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,800 | loss: 1.4405 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.67ms | tok/sec: 5965.03 | norm: 4.81\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 7,900 | loss: 1.1260 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.51ms | tok/sec: 5975.15 | norm: 6.15\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,000 | loss: 1.6376 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.51ms | tok/sec: 5975.14 | norm: 7.62\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,100 | loss: 1.2116 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.44ms | tok/sec: 5984.46 | norm: 5.31\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,200 | loss: 1.2855 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.78ms | tok/sec: 5964.02 | norm: 6.41\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,300 | loss: 1.2305 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.39ms | tok/sec: 5967.49 | norm: 4.97\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,400 | loss: 1.1149 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.69ms | tok/sec: 5973.56 | norm: 5.16\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,500 | loss: 1.4075 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.20ms | tok/sec: 5977.81 | norm: 6.99\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,600 | loss: 0.8826 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.54ms | tok/sec: 6001.15 | norm: 4.75\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,700 | loss: 0.9010 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.27ms | tok/sec: 5985.97 | norm: 5.06\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,800 | loss: 1.2441 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.10ms | tok/sec: 5961.29 | norm: 5.49\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 8,900 | loss: 0.8399 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.32ms | tok/sec: 5994.27 | norm: 7.54\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,000 | loss: 0.7800 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.11ms | tok/sec: 5969.91 | norm: 4.41\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,100 | loss: 0.8157 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.21ms | tok/sec: 5977.69 | norm: 4.66\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,200 | loss: 0.7936 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.71ms | tok/sec: 5982.08 | norm: 5.31\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,300 | loss: 1.0805 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.98ms | tok/sec: 5979.70 | norm: 5.38\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,400 | loss: 0.5698 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.32ms | tok/sec: 6003.03 | norm: 4.22\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,500 | loss: 0.6732 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.20ms | tok/sec: 5995.35 | norm: 5.23\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,600 | loss: 0.4544 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.71ms | tok/sec: 5973.34 | norm: 3.60\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,700 | loss: 0.4766 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 682.04ms | tok/sec: 6005.54 | norm: 4.36\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,800 | loss: 0.6707 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.59ms | tok/sec: 5974.41 | norm: 4.26\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 9,900 | loss: 0.6953 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.24ms | tok/sec: 5994.98 | norm: 5.27\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,000 | loss: 0.5863 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.74ms | tok/sec: 5981.86 | norm: 3.94\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,100 | loss: 0.5372 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.72ms | tok/sec: 5955.88 | norm: 3.74\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,200 | loss: 0.6054 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.72ms | tok/sec: 5973.31 | norm: 5.71\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,300 | loss: 0.5850 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.01ms | tok/sec: 5970.77 | norm: 4.36\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,400 | loss: 0.3319 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.77ms | tok/sec: 5981.53 | norm: 4.68\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,500 | loss: 0.4140 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.41ms | tok/sec: 5984.70 | norm: 3.21\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,600 | loss: 0.4008 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 683.34ms | tok/sec: 5994.10 | norm: 3.58\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,700 | loss: 0.3951 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.49ms | tok/sec: 5975.26 | norm: 3.81\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,800 | loss: 0.3022 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.40ms | tok/sec: 5958.64 | norm: 3.06\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 10,900 | loss: 0.4287 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 686.75ms | tok/sec: 5964.31 | norm: 3.60\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,000 | loss: 0.2447 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.35ms | tok/sec: 5959.12 | norm: 3.35\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,100 | loss: 0.2773 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 688.83ms | tok/sec: 5946.35 | norm: 2.71\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.67GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,200 | loss: 0.2839 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 687.56ms | tok/sec: 5957.31 | norm: 3.90\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,300 | loss: 0.3481 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 684.68ms | tok/sec: 5982.32 | norm: 3.68\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.78GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,400 | loss: 0.1913 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.73ms | tok/sec: 5973.18 | norm: 2.93\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,500 | loss: 0.2605 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 685.74ms | tok/sec: 5973.11 | norm: 2.96\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "GPU Memory: 0.68GB / 1.77GB\n",
+            "step 11,600 | loss: 0.2029 | lr: 6.00e-05 | dt: 689.04ms | tok/sec: 5944.49 | norm: 2.84\n",
+            "    \n",
+            "\n",
+            "Reached target loss! Final loss: 0.0889 at step 11,663\n",
+            "Model saved to gpt_model.pt\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# SEED\n",
+        "torch.manual_seed(1337)\n",
+        "if torch.cuda.is_available():\n",
+        "    torch.cuda.manual_seed(1337)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# STOP\n",
+        "num_return_sequences = 5\n",
+        "max_length = 30\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Mixed precision and model\n",
+        "torch.set_float32_matmul_precision('high')\n",
+        "model = GPT(GPTConfig())\n",
+        "model.to(device)\n",
+        "model = torch.compile(model)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# CODE UPDATE HERE\n",
+        "max_lr = 6e-4\n",
+        "min_lr = max_lr * 0.1\n",
+        "warmup_steps = 10\n",
+        "max_steps = 50\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Dataloader\n",
+        "train_loader = DataLoaderLite(B = 4, T = 256)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Optimizer\n",
+        "optimizer = model.configure_optimizers(weight_decay=0.1, learning_rate=6e-4, device_type=device)\n",
+        "step = 0\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Add memory optimization settings\n",
+        "torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True\n",
+        "torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = True\n",
+        "torch.set_float32_matmul_precision('high')\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# In the training loop, add gradient accumulation\n",
+        "gradient_accumulation_steps = 4  # Accumulate gradients over 4 steps\n",
+        "\n",
+        "while True:\n",
+        "    t0 = time.time()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Reset gradients at the start of accumulation\n",
+        "    optimizer.zero_grad()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Accumulate gradients\n",
+        "    for _ in range(gradient_accumulation_steps):\n",
+        "        x, y = train_loader.next_batch()\n",
+        "        x, y = x.to(device), y.to(device)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        with torch.autocast(device_type=device, dtype=torch.bfloat16):\n",
+        "            logits, loss = model(x, y)\n",
+        "            # Scale loss by accumulation steps\n",
+        "            loss = loss / gradient_accumulation_steps\n",
+        "\n",
+        "        loss.backward()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    # Clip gradients and update weights once per accumulation\n",
+        "    norm = torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 1.0)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    lr = get_lr(step)\n",
+        "    for param_group in optimizer.param_groups:\n",
+        "        param_group['lr'] = lr\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    optimizer.step()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    if device == 'cuda' and step % 100 == 0:  # Print memory every 100 steps\n",
+        "        torch.cuda.synchronize()\n",
+        "        print(f\"GPU Memory: {torch.cuda.memory_allocated() / 1e9:.2f}GB / {torch.cuda.memory_reserved() / 1e9:.2f}GB\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    t1 = time.time()\n",
+        "    dt = (t1 - t0) * 1000\n",
+        "    tokens_per_sec = (train_loader.B * train_loader.T * gradient_accumulation_steps) / (t1 - t0)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    if step % 100 == 0:  # Print details every 100 steps\n",
+        "        print(f'step {step:,} | loss: {loss.item()*gradient_accumulation_steps:.4f} | lr: {lr:.2e} | dt: {dt:.2f}ms | tok/sec: {tokens_per_sec:.2f} | norm: {norm:.2f}')\n",
+        "        print(\"    \")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    actual_loss = loss.item() * gradient_accumulation_steps\n",
+        "    if actual_loss < 0.09:\n",
+        "        print(f'\\nReached target loss! Final loss: {actual_loss:.4f} at step {step:,}')\n",
+        "        save_path = 'gpt_model.pt'\n",
+        "        torch.save(model.state_dict(), save_path)\n",
+        "        print(f\"Model saved to {save_path}\")\n",
+        "        break\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    step += 1"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ZmZ4Yk9LQehd"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Save Model"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 10,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "ByO3iW55Qehd",
+        "outputId": "81185c36-fd16-416e-e439-64788940776f"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Total model parameters: 33,709,824\n",
+            "Model saved to nano_gpt_model.pt\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# Print total model parameters\n",
+        "total_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())\n",
+        "print(f\"Total model parameters: {total_params:,}\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Save the model\n",
+        "save_path = 'nano_gpt_model.pt'\n",
+        "torch.save(model.state_dict(), save_path)\n",
+        "print(f\"Model saved to {save_path}\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "Tj9Rs-dysuOg"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## Inference"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": 11,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "CE2_CV1TcttD",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "420c8d5e-7c65-4f6c-bc1e-467350ea6468"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "\n",
+            "Generating text samples...\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stderr",
+          "text": [
+            "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/torch/utils/checkpoint.py:87: UserWarning: None of the inputs have requires_grad=True. Gradients will be None\n",
+            "  warnings.warn(\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "\n",
+            "Generated text:\n",
+            "\n",
+            "Once upon a time to not;\n",
+            "More slaughter'd, sweet Rivers, I receive my children, and title with pardon hither\n",
+            "That one stuff'd with a conquest; and teeth, of my? Why, in life thee,\n",
+            "Which now not joy of foe, thought o'n slaughter bed,\n",
+            "And, is mine own soul me, not so heavy in every day:\n",
+            "The tyrant from one curst my death lies;\n",
+            "For the ground is nothing henceforth fell executioner come\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# Text generation\n",
+        "print(\"\\nGenerating text samples...\")\n",
+        "enc = tiktoken.get_encoding('gpt2')\n",
+        "context = \"Once upon a time\"\n",
+        "x = torch.tensor([enc.encode(context)], dtype=torch.long, device=device)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "max_length = 100  # Generate 100 tokens\n",
+        "torch.manual_seed(42)\n",
+        "if torch.cuda.is_available():\n",
+        "    torch.cuda.manual_seed(42)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "while x.size(1) < max_length:\n",
+        "    with torch.no_grad():\n",
+        "        with torch.autocast(device_type=device, dtype=torch.bfloat16):\n",
+        "            logits = model(x)[0]\n",
+        "        logits = logits[:, -1, :]\n",
+        "        probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)\n",
+        "        topk_probs, topk_indices = torch.topk(probs, 50, dim=-1)\n",
+        "        ix = torch.multinomial(topk_probs, num_samples=1)\n",
+        "        xcol = torch.gather(topk_indices, -1, ix)\n",
+        "        x = torch.cat([x, xcol], dim=1)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(\"\\nGenerated text:\")\n",
+        "tokens = x[0].tolist()  # Take first sequence\n",
+        "decoded = enc.decode(tokens)\n",
+        "print(f\"\\n{decoded}\")"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "accelerator": "GPU",
+    "colab": {
+      "gpuType": "T4",
+      "provenance": []
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "display_name": "Python 3",
+      "name": "python3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "python"
+    }
+  },
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0
+}

requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+torch>=2.0.0
+gradio>=3.50.0
+tiktoken>=0.5.1
+numpy>=1.24.0
+jupyter>=1.0.0